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Voltage shunt Feedback:

Fig. 1, shows the voltage shunt feedback amplifier using OPAMP.

Fig. 1

The input voltage drives the inverting terminal, and the amplified as well as inverted output
signal is also applied to the inverting input via the feedback resistor Rf. This arrangement forms a
negative feedback because any increase in the output signal results in a feedback signal into the
inverting input signal causing a decrease in the output signal. The non-inverting terminal is
grounded. Resistor R1 is connected in series with the source.

The closed loop voltage gain can be obtained by, writing Kirchoff's current equation at the input
node V2.

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The negative sign in equation indicates that the input and output signals are out of phase by 180.
Therefore it is called inverting amplifier. The gain can be selected by selecting Rf and R1 (even <
1).

Inverting Input at Virtual Ground:

In the fig. 1, shown earlier, the noninverting terminal is grounded and the- input signal is applied
to the inverting terminal via resistor R1. The difference input voltage vd is ideally zero, (vd= vO/
A) is the voltage at the inverting terminals (v2) is approximately equal to that of the noninverting
terminal (v1). In other words, the inverting terminal voltage (v1) is approximately at ground
potential. Therefore, it is said to be at virtual ground.

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Input Resistance with Feedback:

To find the input resistance Miller

equivalent of the feedback resistor
Rf, is obtained, i.e. Rf is splitted
into its two Miller components as
shown in fig. 2. Therefore, input
resistance with feedback Rif is then

Fig. 2

Output Resistance with Feedback:

The output resistance with

feedback Rof is the resistance
measured at the output terminal of
the feedback amplifier. The output
resistance can be obtained using
Thevenin's equivalent
circuit,shown in fig. 3.

iO = ia + ib

Since RO is very small as compared

to Rf +(R1 || R2 )

Therefore,i.e. iO= ia

vO = RO iO + A vd.

vd= vi � v2 = 0 - B vO
Fig. 3

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Similarly, the bandwidth increases

by (1+ AB) and total output offset
voltage reduces by (1+AB).

Example - 1

(a).An inverting amplifier is implemented with R1 = 1K and Rf = 100 K. Find the percentge
change in the closed loop gain A is the open loop gain a changes from 2 x 105 V / V to 5 x
104 V/V.
(b) Repeat, but for a non-inverting amplifier with R1 = 1K at Rf = 99 K.

Solution: (a). Inverting amplifier

Here Rf = 100 K
R1 = 1K

When,

(b) Non-inverting amplifier

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Here Rf = 99 K
R1 = 1K

Example - 2

An inverting amplifier shown in fig. 4 with R1 = 10Ω and R2 = 1MΩ is driven by a source v1 =
0.1 V. Find the closed loop gain A, the percentage division of A from the ideal value - R2 / R1,
and the inverting input voltage VN for the cases A = 100 V/V, 105 and 105 V/V.

Solution:

we have
when A = 103,

Fig. 4

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Example - 3

Find VN, V1 and VO for the circuit shown in fig. 5.

Solution:

Applying KCL at N

or 2VN + VN = VO.

Now VO - Vi = 6 as point A and N are virtually

shorted.
VO - VN = 6 V
Therefore, VO = VN + 6 V

Fig. 5

Therefore, VN = Vi = 3 V.