MARCH 2020 •

INSIGHTFUL READING
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പുതിയ
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 കേന്ദ്ര, സംസ്ഥാന
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 INSIGHTFUL READING
2020
MARCH
VOL/06
ISSUE/02

MATHRUBHUMI M M PRESS, CHEROOTTY ROAD, KOZHIKODE 673 001

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COVER STORY
മരണം
വിതയ്ക്കുന്ന വൈറസ്‌
ജെയ്സ് മെർലിൻ പി. അഗസ്റ്റിൻ
കൗതുകമുണർത്തുന്ന രഞ്ജിത്ത് ആർ. നായർ/12
വിജ്ഞാന
ശകലങ്ങൾ ക�ൊറ�ോണയെ
P 04-11 ത�ോൽപ്പിച്ച
‘വൈറൽ’നുണകൾ
വുഹാൻ നഗരത്തിൽ മാസ്‌ക്
അണിഞ്ഞ് കാണപ്പെട്ട പ്രതിമ
ബി. എസ്. ബിമിനിത്/18
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ECONOMY OSCAR COLUMNS

കേന്ദ്രബജറ്റ്‌വിപണിയെ ഉണർത്തുമ�ോ? ചരിത്രം തിരുത്തി 20 ARTIFICIAL
ഡ�ോ. കെ. രാജേഷ്‌/ 28 പാരസൈറ്റ് INTELLIGENCE
അനാമിക/48 21 GEO CULTURE
നികുതിയിലെ മാറ്റം: ഗുണമാർക്ക്? 27 THE BEACON
ലിനീഷ് പി./32 42 BOOK SHELF
43 BIOPICS
ജനക്ഷേമവും സംസ്ഥാന ബജറ്റും 47 QUEST
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54 THE PERSON
ENVIRONMENT
56 INFINITY
57 THE FOODIE
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74 QUIZ ZONE
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60 IMPROVE YOUR ENGLISH 69 FREAKISH QUESTIONS 88 CRACK CSAT

62 KAS, CIVIL SERVICES 70 BANK EXAMS 96 GK PUZZLES
EXAM FOCUS MAINS 81 GENERAL ENGLISH 98 CURRENT AFFAIRS
66 UGC CLASSROOM 84 PSC EXAM CRACKER QUESTIONS
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മാതൃഭൂമി ജി കെ & കറന്റ് അഫയേഴ്‌സ്‌

4
നിരായുധർ...
ക�ൊറ�ോണ വൈറസ് ബാധയെത്തുടർന്ന്, വുഹാനിലെ തിയാൻഹെ അന്താരാഷ്ട്ര വിമാനത്താവളത്തിൽ
സജ്ജരായി നിൽക്കുന്ന ചൈനീസ് മിലിട്ടറി മെഡിക്കൽ സ്റ്റാഫ് (ഫെബ്രുവരി 2)

മാർച്ച്‌2020
5
 s‑e Ø‑n-X‑n s‑X-s‑Ã‑m-c‑m-i‑z‑m-k‑w ]-I-c‑p-¶-X‑m-s‑W-¶‑m-
W‑v t‑I-{‑µ kÀ-¡‑mÀ U‑n-k‑w-_À 30þ-\‑v ]‑p-d-¯‑p-h‑n-«
2017þ19 hÀ-j-¯‑n-s‑e C-´‑y t‑Ì-ä‑v H‑m-^‑v t‑^‑m-d-Ì‑v
d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑v k‑q-N‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v.
H‑m-t‑c‑m c-ï‑v hÀ-j-h‑p‑w ]‑p-d-¯‑n-d-¡‑p-¶ s‑F.F-
k‑v.F-^‑v. d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑v A-\‑p-k-c‑n-¨‑v 2017þ19 I‑m-e-b-

ആശ്വാസമേകി f-h‑n C-´‑y-b‑n- 5188 N-X‑p-c-{‑i I‑n.a‑o. hÀ-[‑n-¨‑v

s‑a‑m-¯‑w h-\-`‑q-a‑n 712‑,249 N-X‑p-c-{‑i I‑n-t‑e‑m-a‑o-ä-d‑m-b‑n.
hÀ-[‑n-¨ h-\-`‑q-a‑n-b‑n 3976 N-X‑p-c-{‑i I‑n.a‑o. h-\‑m-h-

ഇന്ത്യൻ ഫ�ോറസ്റ്റ് c-W-h‑p‑w 1212 N-X‑p-c-{‑i I‑n.a‑o. h‑r-£‑m-h-c-W-h‑p-a‑m-W‑v.

A-X‑m-b-X‑v ]‑p-X‑n-b I-W-¡‑p-IÄ {‑]-I‑m-c‑w C-´‑y-b‑p-s‑S
21.67 i-X-a‑m-\-h‑p‑w h-\-a‑m-W‑v. s‑a‑m-¯‑w h‑r-£‑m-h-c-

റിപ്പോർട്ട്‌ W-a‑m-I-s‑« 95027 N-X‑p-c-{‑i I‑n.a‑o. B-b‑n. A-X‑m-b-X‑v

cmPy-¯nsâ 2.89 i-X-a‑m-\‑w.
2017þ-t‑e-X‑n-s‑\ A-t‑]-£‑n-¨‑v h-\-h‑n-k‑v-X‑r-X‑n-b‑nÂ
G-ä-h‑p‑w I‑q-S‑p-XÂ hÀ-[-\ t‑c-J-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n-b k‑w-Ø‑m-
\‑w IÀ-W‑m-S-I-b‑m-W‑v: 1025 N-X‑p-c-{‑i I‑n.a‑o. X‑p-SÀ-¶‑v
B-{‑Ô-{‑]-t‑Z-i‑v: 990 N-X‑p-c-{‑i I‑n.a‑o. t‑I-c-f‑w: 823
N-X‑p-c-{‑i I‑n.a‑o.‑, P-½‑p I-i‑v-a‑oÀ: 371 N-X‑p-c-{‑i I‑n.a‑o.‑,
l‑n-a‑m-NÂ {‑]-t‑Z-i‑v: 334 N-X‑p-c-{‑i I‑n.a‑o. F-¶‑n-h-b‑m-
W‑v s‑X‑m-«-S‑p-¯ Ø‑m-\-§-f‑nÂ. ]-t‑£‑, s‑]‑m-X‑p-t‑h
]-¨-¸‑p-\‑n-d-ª h-S-¡‑p-I‑n-g-¡³ k‑w-Ø‑m-\-§-f‑m-I-s‑«
\‑n-c‑m-i-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p-I-b‑m-W‑p-ï‑m-b-X‑v. A-k‑w‑, {‑X‑n-]‑p-c
F-¶‑n-h H-g‑n-s‑I-b‑p-Å k‑w-Ø‑m-\-§-f‑n-s‑e-Ã‑m‑w h-\-h‑n-
k‑v-X‑r-X‑n-b‑n K-W‑y-a‑m-b I‑p-d-h‑p-ï‑m-b‑n.

#ENVIRONMENT I-ïÂ-¡‑m-S‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S h‑n-k‑v-X‑r-X‑n-b‑n-e‑p‑w B-i‑m-h-l-

B-a-t‑k‑m¬‑, H‑m-k‑v-t‑{‑S-e‑n-b³ I‑m-«‑p-X‑o-I-f‑n-e‑p‑w
A-\‑n-b-{‑´‑n-X h-\-\-i‑o-I-c-W-¯‑n-e‑p‑w t‑e‑m-I-s‑a-§‑p‑w
h‑n-d-§-e‑n-¨‑p-\‑n-¶ hÀ-j-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p 2019. B-b‑n-c-
¡-W-¡‑n-\‑v s‑l-ÎÀ h-\-`‑q-a‑n-b‑m-W‑v B-a-t‑k‑m¬‑,
H‑m-k‑v-t‑{‑S-e‑n-b³ I‑m-«‑p-X‑o-I-f‑n s‑h-´‑v s‑h-®‑o-d‑m-b-X‑v.
I‑m-c‑y‑w C-§-s‑\-s‑b‑m-s‑¡-b‑m-s‑W-¦‑n-e‑p‑w C-´‑y-b‑n-
a‑m-b a‑m-ä-a‑p-ï‑m-¡‑m³ k‑m-[‑n-¨‑p. 54 N-X‑p-c-{‑i I‑n.a‑o.
hÀ-[-\-b‑m-W‑v C‑u t‑a-J-e-b‑n s‑s‑I-h-c‑n-¨-X‑v. a‑p-f-¦‑m-
S‑p-IÄ 3229 N-X‑p-c-{‑i I‑n.a‑o. hÀ-[‑n-¨‑v s‑a‑m-¯‑w h‑n-k‑v-
X‑r-X‑n 160,037 N-X‑p-c-{‑i I‑n.a‑o-ä-d‑m-b‑n. I‑q-S‑m-s‑X h-\-
§-f‑n-s‑e I‑mÀ-_¬ t‑Ì‑m-¡‑n-e‑p‑w 42.6 Z-i-e-£‑w S¬
hÀ-[-\-t‑b‑m-s‑S s‑a‑m-¯‑w t‑i-J-c‑w 7,124.6 Z-i-e-£‑w
S¬ B-b‑n. C-´‑y³ h-\-§-f‑p-s‑S 21.40 i-X-a‑m-\-h‑p‑w
I‑m-«‑p-X‑o k‑m-[‑y-X‑m t‑a-J-e-b‑m-s‑W-¶‑m-W‑v d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑n-
s‑e {‑]-[‑m-\ h‑n-e-b‑n-c‑p-¯Â.

SIXTEEN A LIFE FULL OF

STORMY DAYS ADVENTURE
THE STORY OF THE CAPTAIN
FIRST AMENDMENT
OF THE CONSTITUTION M.S.KOHLI
OF INDIA Roli Books
TRIPURDAMAN
SINGH
Penguin Books

#GOOD
READS
C-´‑y³ `-c-W-L-S-\-b‑p-s‑S B-Z‑y t‑`- F-h-d-Ì‑v I‑o-g-S-¡‑n-b B-Z‑y C-´‑y-
Z-K-X‑n C-´‑y‑m-N-c‑n-{‑X-¯‑n-s‑e {‑]-[‑m-\ ¡‑m-c³(1965) I‑y‑m-]‑v-ä³ F‑w.F-
A-[‑y‑m-b-§-f‑n-s‑e‑m-¶‑m-W‑v. A-X‑n-s‑\- k‑v.t‑I‑m-e‑n-b‑p-s‑S B-ß-I-Y
¸-ä‑n-b‑m-W‑v C‑u ]‑p-k‑v-X-I‑w.

മാതൃഭൂമി ജി കെ & കറന്റ് അഫയേഴ്‌സ്‌

6
ഗ്രാമിയിൽ തിളങ്ങി ബില്ലി ഐലിഷ്;
ബാഫ്റ്റ കീഴടക്കി ‘1917’
#RED CARPET
62þ‑m‑w {‑K‑m-a‑n ]‑p-c-k-‑vI‑m-c {‑]-J‑y‑m-]-\-t‑h-Z‑n-s‑b Å‑nb - m‑ W- v‑
_‑n-Ã‑n s‑F-e‑n-j‑v F-¶ 18I‑m-c‑n I‑o-g-S-¡‑n. {‑K‑m-a‑n-b‑n-s‑e _‑nà - n‑
{‑]-[‑m-\-s‑¸-« A-©‑v ]‑p-c-k-‑vI‑m-c-§-f‑n-e‑pÄ-s‑¸-S‑p-¶ X‑nf- § - n‑ b - -
a‑n-I-¨ K‑m-\‑w‑, a‑n-I-¨ ]‑p-X‑p-a‑p-J k‑w-K‑o-X-Ú‑, a‑n-I-¨ X‑v. a‑nI - ¨ -
BÂ-_‑w‑, a‑n-I-¨ s‑d-t‑¡‑m-U‑v F-¶‑o h‑n-`‑m-K-§-f‑n-e‑m- h‑oU - n‑ t- b‑ m‑ ,‑ a‑nI- ¨ - {‑Kq‑ ¸ - v‑ s‑]À-t^ ‑ m‑ a - ³-kv‑ F-¶o‑ h‑n`- m‑ K - -
b‑n \‑m-e‑v ]‑p-c-k-‑vI‑m-c-§Ä C‑u A-t‑a-c‑n-¡-¡‑m-c‑n t‑\- §-fn‑ e - m‑ b - n‑ c-ïp‑ ] - p‑ c
- k
- I -v‑ m‑ c
- § - Ä e‑n \‑mk - v‑ F-Ik -v‑ v‑
S‑n. 1981þÂ {‑I‑n-Ì-^À t‑{‑I‑m-k‑n-\‑p-t‑i-j‑w B-Z‑y-a‑m-b‑n t‑\S- n‑ .
\‑m-e‑v A-h‑mÀ-U‑p-I-f‑p‑w H-¶‑n-¨‑p-t‑\-S‑p-¶ k‑w-K‑o-X-Ú- F-g‑p-]-¯‑n-a‑q-¶‑m-a-X‑v {‑_‑n-«‑o-j‑v A-¡‑m-Z-a‑n (_‑m-^‑v-ä‑)
s‑b-¶ h‑n-t‑i-j-W‑w C-\‑n _‑n-Ã‑n-¡‑v k‑z-´‑w. ]‑p-c-k-‑vI‑m-c-§Ä k‑m‑w s‑a³-U-k‑v k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\‑w
_‑n-Ã‑n-b‑p-s‑S B-Z‑y k‑w-K‑o-X BÂ-_-a‑m-b s‑N-b‑v-X ‘1917‑' h‑m-c‑n-¡‑q-«‑n. a‑n-I-¨-N‑n-{‑X‑w‑, {‑_‑n-«‑o-
"s‑h³ h‑n H‑mÄ t‑^‑mÄ F-É‑o-¸‑v, t‑hÀ U‑p h‑n j‑v-N‑n-{‑X‑w F-¶‑n-h-b‑v-¡‑v-- ]‑p-d-t‑a k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\‑w‑,
t‑K‑m‑' C‑u hÀ-j-s‑¯ G-ä-h‑p‑w a‑n-I-¨ BÂ- O‑m-b‑m-{‑K-l-W‑w‑, s‑{‑]‑m-U-Ivj³ U‑n-s‑s‑k³‑,
_-a‑m-b‑p‑w "_‑m-U‑v s‑s‑K‑' G-ä-h‑p‑w a‑n-I-¨ i-Ðw‑ ,‑ k‑s v- ]‑ j- Â h‑nj - z‑ Â F-^Î - k--v‑ v‑ F-¶n‑ h - -
K‑m-\-a‑m-b‑p‑w X‑n-c-s‑ª-S‑p-¡-s‑¸-«‑p. a‑n-I-¨ b‑¡-v p‑ a
- p‑ Å
- ]‑pc - k - I -v‑ m‑ c
- a- m‑ W
- v‑ 1917 t‑\S- n‑ b - X
- v.‑
BÂ-_-¯‑n-\‑v ]‑p-c-k-‑vI‑m-c‑w t‑\-S‑p-¶ G-ä- t‑P‑m-¡-d‑n-s‑e {‑]-I-S-\-¯‑n-\‑v t‑h‑m-I‑z‑n³
h‑p‑w {‑]‑m-b‑w I‑p-d-ª X‑m-c-s‑a-¶ s‑S-b‑v--eÀ ^‑o-\‑n-I-‑vk‑v a‑n-I-¨ \-S-\‑m-b‑n. d‑n-\‑o s‑kÂ-
k‑z‑n-^‑v-ä‑n-s‑â s‑d-t‑¡‑m-U‑p‑w C-\‑n _‑n-Ã‑n- s‑h-K-d‑m-W‑v a‑n-I-¨ \-S‑n(‑'P‑q-U‑n‑'‑). "¢‑u-k‑v'
b‑p-s‑S t‑]-c‑n-e‑m-h‑p‑w. _‑n-Ã‑n-b‑p- B-W‑v a‑n-I-¨ B-\‑n-t‑a-j³ N‑n-{‑X‑w. a‑n-I-¨
s‑S k-t‑l‑m-Z-c-\‑p‑w k‑w-K‑o-X h‑n-t‑Z-i N‑n-{‑X-¯‑n-\‑p‑w H-d‑n-P‑n-\Â
\‑nÀ-a‑m-X‑m-h‑p-a‑m-b ^‑n-\‑n-b‑m- X‑n-c-¡-Y-b‑v-¡‑p-a‑p-Å ]‑p-c-k-‑v
k‑v H. t‑I‑m-s‑W-e‑n-\‑v a‑n-I-¨ I‑m-c‑w s‑I‑m-d‑n-b³ N‑n-{‑X‑w
k‑w-K‑o-X \‑nÀ-a‑m-X‑m-h‑n- "]‑m-c-s‑s‑k-ä‑v--' k‑z-´-a‑m-¡‑n.
\‑p-Å ]‑p-c-k-‑vI‑m-c‑w {‑]-[‑m-\ t‑\‑m-a‑n-t‑\-j‑p-
e-`‑n-¨‑p. e‑n-t‑Ê‑m‑, I-f‑p‑w ]‑p-c-k-‑vI‑m-c-§-
A-c‑n-b‑m-\ f‑p-s‑a-Ã‑m‑w s‑h-f‑p-¯
{‑K‑m³-s‑U‑, e‑n h‑w-i-PÀ-¡‑v am{X-
\‑mk - v‑ F-Ik -v‑ ,v‑ ambXv h-e‑n-b
e‑m\ - s‑UÂ h‑n-aÀ-i-\-¯‑n-\‑v
t‑d F-¶n‑ h - s - c‑ - C-S-b‑m-b‑n.
s‑bm‑ s - ¡
‑ ]‑n´ - -

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മാതൃഭൂമി ബുക്‌സ്‌

C-´‑y-b‑p-s‑S H-f‑n-w]‑n-I-‑vk‑v k‑z-]‑v-\-§- A-k‑w-X‑r-]‑v-X-a‑m-b t‑P‑m-e‑n-b‑n ]‑m-c‑n-Ø‑n-X‑n-I k‑p-Ø‑n-c-X-t‑b‑m-s‑S-

s‑f-b‑p‑w k-a-I‑m-e‑n-I b‑m-Y‑mÀ-Y‑y-§-s‑f- X-f-¨‑n-S-s‑¸-«-hÀ-¡‑v k‑z-]‑v--\-t‑P‑m-e‑n-b‑n- b‑p-Å \-h-t‑I-c-f-k‑r-ã‑n F-§-s‑\
b‑p‑w ]-ä‑n 2020þ-t‑S‑m-t‑I‑y‑m H-f‑n-w]‑n-I-‑v t‑e-¡‑v c-£-s‑]-s‑«-¯‑m³ k-l‑m-b‑n- k‑m-[‑y-a‑m-¡‑m-s‑a-¶‑v h‑n-i-Z-a‑m-¡‑p-¶
k‑n-s‑â s‑h-f‑n-¨-¯‑n X-¿‑m-d‑m-¡‑n-b ¡‑p-¶ {‑K-Ù‑w. ]T-\‑w.
]‑p-k‑v-X-I‑w.

മാർച്ച്‌2020
7
അഴിമതിയിൽ മുന്നിൽ;
ജനാധിപത്യത്തിൽ
പിന്നിൽ
A-g‑n-a-X‑n-b‑p-s‑S I‑m-c‑y-¯‑n C-´‑y a‑p-t‑¶‑m-«‑v
X-s‑¶-s‑b-¶‑v {‑S‑m³-k‑v-]-c³-k‑n CâÀ-\‑m-j-W-e‑n-s‑â
d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑v. G-ä-h‑p‑w ]‑p-X‑n-b k‑q-N‑n-I-b‑nÂ(I-d-]‑v-j³
s‑]À-s‑k-]‑v-j³ C³-U-I‑v-k‑v-þ2019) 180 c‑m-P‑y-§-f‑nÂ
C-´‑y 80þ‑m‑w Ø‑m-\-¯‑m-W‑v. I-g‑n-ª hÀ-j‑w 78þ‑m‑w
Ø‑m-\-¯‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. 87 a‑mÀ-¡‑p-a‑m-b‑n s‑U-·‑mÀ-¡‑p‑w
\‑y‑q-k‑o-e³-U‑p-a‑m-W‑v A-g‑n-a-X‑n-c-l‑n-X c‑m-P‑y-§-f‑p-s‑S
]-«‑n-I-b‑n H-¶‑m-a-X‑v. ^‑n³-e³-U‑v- (86), k‑z‑n-ä‑v-kÀ-
e³-U‑v- (85), k‑z‑o-U³ (85), k‑n‑w-K-¸‑qÀ (85) F-¶‑n-h
B-Z‑y ]-¯‑n C-S‑w t‑\-S‑n. k‑q-N‑n-I-b-\‑p-k-c‑n-¨‑v
]‑q-P‑y‑w a‑p-XÂ 100 h-s‑c-b‑m-W‑v H‑m-t‑c‑m c‑m-P‑y-¯‑n-\‑p‑w
\Â-I‑p-¶-X‑v. C-´‑y-b‑v-¡‑v 41 a‑mÀ-¡‑m-W‑p-Å-X‑v. s‑U-
·‑mÀ-¡‑n-\‑p‑w \‑y‑q-k‑o-e³-U‑n-\‑p‑w 87 a‑mÀ-¡‑p‑w.
s‑k‑m-a‑m-e‑n-b(9), Z-£‑n-W k‑p-U‑m³(12), k‑n-d‑n-b(13)
F-¶‑n-h-b‑m-W‑v ]-«‑n-I-b‑n ]‑n-¶‑n-e‑p-Å c‑m-P‑y-§Ä.
s‑b-a³(15), s‑h-\-t‑k‑z-e(16), A-^‑v-K‑m-\‑n-k‑v-X‑m³(16)
X‑p-S-§‑n-b c‑m-P‑y-§-f‑p‑w A-g‑n-a-X‑n-b‑n a‑p-¶‑n-e‑m-W‑v.
k‑q-N‑n-I-b‑p-s‑S ]‑qÀ-W-c‑q-]‑w: www.transparency.org/
cpi
C-¡-t‑W‑m-a‑n-I-‑vk‑v Câ-
#INDEX
e‑n-P³-k‑v b‑q-W‑n-ä‑v (EIU)
{‑]-k‑n-²‑o-I-c‑n-¨ P-\‑m-[‑n-]-
X‑y k‑q-N‑n-I-b‑n C-´‑y
a‑p³-hÀ-j-t‑¯-¡‑mÄ ]-¯‑v Ø‑m-\‑w ]‑n-¶‑n-e‑m-b‑n.
C-t‑¸‑mÄ 51 B-W‑v C-´‑y-b‑p-s‑S Ø‑m-\‑w. A-\‑m-t‑c‑m-
K‑y-I-c-a‑m-b P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y‑w F-¶ ]-Z-h‑n-b‑n-t‑e-¡‑m-W‑v
c‑m-P‑y‑w F-¯‑n-t‑¨À-¶‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. 2006þ d‑m-¦‑n-M‑v
X‑p-S-§‑n-b-X‑v a‑p-X ]-c‑n-t‑i‑m-[‑n-¨‑m C-t‑¸‑m-g-s‑¯
\‑n-e G-ä-h‑p‑w t‑a‑m-i-a‑m-W‑v. 2018þÂ 7.23 B-b‑n-c‑p-¶
k‑v-t‑I‑mÀ 2019þÂ 6.9 B-b‑n I‑p-d-ª‑p. ]‑u-c‑m-h-I‑m-i
e‑w-L-\-a‑m-W‑v C-X‑n-\‑v {‑]-[‑m-\ I‑m-c-W-a‑m-b‑n N‑q-ï‑n-
¡‑m-«‑p-¶-X‑v.
2018þÂ 41þ‑m‑w Ø‑m-\-¯‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p C-´‑y. X‑n-c-
s‑ª-S‑p-¸‑v {‑]-{‑I‑n-b‑, _-l‑p-k‑z-c-X‑, ]‑u-c-k‑z‑m-X-{‑´‑y‑w‑,
kÀ-¡‑m-c‑n-s‑â {‑]-hÀ-¯-\‑w‑, c‑m-{‑ã‑o-b ]-¦‑m-f‑n-¯‑w‑,
c‑m-{‑ã‑o-b k‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c‑w F-¶‑n-h A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\-a‑m-¡‑n-b‑m-
W‑v k‑q-N‑n-I X-¿‑m-d‑m-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. H‑m-t‑c‑m c‑m-P‑y-¯‑n-\‑p‑w
e-`‑n-¨ k‑v-t‑I‑m-d‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\-¯‑n k-¼‑qÀ-W
P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y‑w‑, s‑s‑h-I-e‑y-a‑p-Å P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y‑w‑,
`‑m-K‑n-I P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y‑w‑, t‑k‑z-Ñ‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y‑w F-¶‑n-§-s‑\
\‑m-e‑m-b‑n X-c‑w-X‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. s‑s‑h-I-e‑y-a‑p-Å P-\‑m-[‑n-
]-X‑y-¯‑n-e‑m-W‑v C-t‑¸‑mÄ C-´‑y-b‑p-s‑S Ø‑m-\‑w. 165
c‑m-P‑y-§-s‑f-b‑m-W‑v ]T-\ h‑n-t‑[-b-a‑m-¡‑n-b-X‑v. 2019þÂ
i-c‑m-i-c‑n B-t‑K‑m-f k‑v-t‑I‑mÀ 5.44 B-b‑n X‑m-g‑v-¶-X‑m-b‑n
C.s‑F.b‑p. N‑q-ï‑n-¡‑m-«‑p-¶‑p. k‑q-N‑n-I-b‑p-s‑S ]‑qÀ-®-c‑q-
]‑w: www.eiu.com/topic/democracy-index
മാതൃഭൂമി ജി കെ & കറന്റ് അഫയേഴ്‌സ്‌
8
#Research
പന്നിപ്പനിക്കെതിരെ
ഇന്ത്യയുടെ വാക്സിൻ
]¶n-IÄ-¡p-h-cp-¶ am-c-Iam-b ]-\n(¢m-
kn-¡Â sskz³ ^o-hÀ AY-hm tlm-Kv
tImfd)s‑¡-X‑n-s‑c ]‑p-X‑n-b h‑m-I-‑vk‑n-\‑p-a‑m-b‑n
C-´‑y³ I‑u¬-k‑n H‑m-^‑v A-{‑K‑n-IÄ-¨-dÂ
d‑n-kÀ-¨‑n-\‑v I‑o-g‑n-e‑p-Å C-´‑y³ s‑h-ä-d‑n-\-
d‑n C³-Ì‑n-ä‑y‑q-«‑v. \‑n-e-h‑n-e‑p-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑p-¶
e‑m-¸‑n-s‑s‑\-k‑v-U‑v k‑n.F-k‑v.F-^‑v. h‑m-I-‑vk‑n-
s‑\-¡‑mÄ {‑]-X‑n-t‑c‑m-[-t‑i-j‑n-I‑q-S‑n-b-X‑m-W‑v
]‑p-X‑n-b h‑m-I-‑vk‑n³. ]-g-b h‑m-I-‑vk‑n³ a‑q-¶‑p-
a‑m-k‑w a‑p-XÂ B-d‑p-a‑m-k‑w-h-s‑c {‑]-X‑n-t‑c‑m-[-
t‑i-j‑n \Â-I‑p-s‑a-¦‑n ]‑p-X‑n-b h‑m-I‑v-k‑n³
c-ï‑p-hÀ-j‑w-h-s‑c t‑c‑m-K‑w-h-c‑m-s‑X I‑m-¡‑p‑w.
]-g-b h‑m-I-‑vk‑n³ a‑p-b-e‑p-I-f‑nÂ-\‑n-¶mWv
D-X‑v-]‑m-Z‑n-¸‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶-s‑X-¦‑n ]‑p-X‑n-b h‑m-I-‑v
k‑n³ \‑nÀ-a‑n-¨-X‑v s‑k IÄ-¨-d‑n-e‑q-s‑S-b‑m-
W‑v.
c‑m-P‑y-s‑¯ B-s‑I a‑m‑w-k‑y D-X‑v-]‑m-Z-\-
¯‑n ]-¯‑v i-X-a‑m-\‑w h-c‑p-¶ ]-¶‑n-I-s‑f
_‑m-[‑n-¡‑p-¶ C‑u A-k‑p-J‑w‑, C‑u t‑a-J-e-b‑v-
¡‑v 400 t‑I‑m-S‑n-b‑n-t‑e-s‑d \-ã‑w h-c‑p-¯‑n-s‑h-
¡‑m-d‑p-ï‑v. 2019þ-s‑e s‑k³-k-k‑v {‑]-I‑m-c‑w‑,
C-´‑y-b‑n-s‑e ]-¶‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S F-®‑w 2012þ-s‑\-
¡‑mÄ I‑p-d-ª‑p. \‑n-e-h‑n-s‑e I-W-¡‑p-IÄ
A-\‑p-k-c‑n-¨‑v C-´‑y-b‑n H-c‑p-hÀ-j‑w 2.2
t‑I‑m-S‑n t‑U‑m-k‑v a-c‑p-¶‑v B-h-i‑y-a‑m-b‑n h-c‑p‑w.
\‑n-e-h‑n H-c‑p a‑p-b-e‑n-s‑â ¹‑o-l-b‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v
50 t‑U‑m-k‑v a-c‑p-¶‑m-W‑v \‑nÀ-a‑n-¡‑m-\‑m-I‑p-I.
A-X‑n-s‑â A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\-¯‑n B-s‑I 12
e-£‑w t‑U‑m-k‑p-I-t‑f \‑nÀ-a‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-Å‑q.
 വെള്ളത്തെ
ഓർക്കാന�ൊരു ദിനം
a‑mÀ-¨‑v 22þ-\‑m-W‑v A-´‑m-c‑m-{‑ã P-e-Z‑n-\‑w. s‑F-
I‑y-c‑m-{‑ã k‑w-L-S-\-b‑p-s‑S B-`‑n-a‑p-J‑y-¯‑n F-Ã‑m
hÀ-j-h‑p‑w C-X‑m-N-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. a-\‑p-j‑y-c‑m-i‑n-b‑p-s‑S-
b‑p‑w {‑]-I‑r-X‑n-b‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w \‑n-e-\‑nÂ-¸‑n i‑p-²-P-e-
¯‑n-s‑â {‑]‑m-[‑m-\‑y‑w h‑y-à-a‑m-¡‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v C-X‑n-s‑â
e-£‑y‑w. A-S‑p-¯

#Reminder
t‑e‑m-I-a-l‑m-b‑p-²‑w
I‑p-S‑n-s‑h-Å-¯‑n-\‑v
t‑h-ï‑n-b‑m-I‑p-s‑a-¶
N‑n-´-b‑n \‑n-¶‑m-
W‑v P-e-k‑w-c-£-W-s‑¯-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑v NÀ-¨-IÄ D-bÀ-¶‑p-
h-¶-X‑v. 1992þÂ {‑_-k‑o-e‑n-s‑e d‑n-t‑b‑m U‑n P-s‑s‑\-
t‑d‑m-b‑n \-S-¶ b‑p.F³. t‑I‑m¬-^-d³-k‑v H‑m¬
F¬-h-t‑b‑m¬-s‑aâ‑v B³-U‑v U-h-e-]‑v--s‑aâ‑n-e‑m-W‑v I-b‑p‑w a‑m-d‑p-¶ I‑m-e‑m-h-Ø-b‑v-¡‑v A-\‑p-k‑r-X-
(UNCED) t‑e‑m-I-P-e-Z‑n-\‑w F-¶ B-i-b‑w D-Z‑n-¨-X‑v. a‑m-b‑n k‑p-Ø‑n-c P-e-h‑n-X-c-W k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\‑w
1993 a‑mÀ-¨‑v 22 a‑p-XÂ t‑e‑m-I-P-e-Z‑n-\‑w B-N-c‑n-¡‑m³ B-h‑n-j‑v--I-c‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p-a‑m-W‑v C-¯-h-W-s‑¯
b‑p.F³. P-\-d A-k‑w-»‑n X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\‑n-¨‑p. 2030þ-H‑m- P-e-Z‑n-\‑w e-£‑y‑w s‑h-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. A-´-c‑o-£-
s‑S F-Ã‑m-hÀ-¡‑p‑w i‑p-²-P-e‑w e-`‑y-a‑m-¡‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v ¯‑n-e‑p-b-c‑p-¶ l-c‑n-X K‑r-l-h‑m-X-I-§-f‑p-s‑S
s‑F-I‑y-c‑m-ã k‑w-L-S-\-b‑p-s‑S e-£‑y‑w. A-f-h‑v I‑p-d-b‑v-¡‑p-I‑, I‑q-S‑p-XÂ I‑m-c‑y-£-a-a‑m-
"P-e-h‑p‑w I‑m-e‑m-h-Ø-b‑p‑w‑' F-¶ h‑n-j-b-s‑¯ b‑n s‑h-Å‑w D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑p-I‑, F-¶‑o X-¯‑z-
B-[‑m-c-a‑m-¡‑n-b‑m-W‑v 2020þÂ P-e-Z‑n-\‑w B-N-c‑n-¡‑p-¶- §-f‑n-e‑q-¶‑n-b‑m-I‑p‑w 2020þse t‑e‑m-I P-e-Z‑n-\‑m-
X‑v. t‑e‑m-I-¯‑m-I-a‑m-\‑w P-e k‑p-c-£ D-d-¸‑p-h-c‑p-¯‑p- N-c-W‑w.

വെള്ളത്തിനടിയിൽ മെട്രോ ട്രെയിന�ോടും

s‑I‑mÂ-¡-¯-b‑n \‑nÀ-a‑m-W‑w ]‑p-t‑c‑m-K-a‑n-¡‑p-¶ ¶‑v e-`‑n-¨ 4160 t‑I‑m-S‑n-c‑q-]-b‑p-s‑S h‑m-b‑v-]-b‑m-W‑v 48.5
C-´‑y-b‑n-s‑e B-Z‑y-s‑¯ "AïÀ hm«À' s‑a-t‑{‑S‑m 2022 i-X-a‑m-\‑w ]-²-X‑n ]‑qÀ-¯‑o-I-c-W-¯‑n-\‑v D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-
a‑mÀ-¨‑n ]‑qÀ-¯‑n-b‑m-I‑p‑w. s‑I‑mÂ-¡-¯ s‑a-t‑{‑S‑m s‑d- ¨-X‑v.
b‑n t‑I‑mÀ-¸-t‑d-j-s‑â t‑aÂ-t‑\‑m-«-¯‑n \‑nÀ-a‑n-¡‑p-¶ c‑m-P‑y-s‑¯ G-ä-h‑p‑w ]-g-¡‑w s‑N-¶ s‑a-t‑{‑S‑m-I-f‑n-
C‑u-Ì‑v s‑h-Ì‑v s‑a-t‑{‑S‑m s‑d-b‑n ]-²-X‑n-b‑p-s‑S `‑m-K-a‑m- s‑e‑m-¶‑m-W‑v l‑q-¥‑n s‑a-t‑{‑S‑m. 1984þ kÀ-h‑o-k‑v B-c‑w-`‑n-
WnXv. l‑q-¥‑n \-Z‑n-b‑n-e‑m-W‑v \‑nÀ-a‑m-W‑w. P-¸‑m-\‑nÂ-\‑n- ¨-X‑n-\‑p-t‑i-j‑w 2014þ \-h‑o-I-c-W {‑]-hÀ-¯-\-§Ä-
¡‑v X‑p-S-¡‑w
I‑p-d‑n-¨‑p.
t‑d‑m-U‑n-\‑m-
b‑p-Å Ø-e‑w #Transport
A-\-[‑n-I‑r-X
I‑p-S‑n-t‑b-ä-¡‑mÀ s‑s‑I-b-S-¡‑n-b-t‑X‑m-s‑S ]-²-X‑n \‑o-ï‑p-
t‑]‑m-b‑n. 4900 t‑Im‑ S- n‑ b - n‑ Â-\n‑ ¶ - v‑ 8600 t‑Im‑ S- n‑ b- n‑ t- e
‑ ¡
- v‑
s‑Ne - h - v‑ hÀ-[n‑ ¡- p‑ I- b - p‑ w‑ s‑Nb - X -v‑ p‑ . \‑nÀ-am‑ W
- w‑ ]‑pt- c ‑ m‑ K- -
a‑n¡
- p‑ ¶ - ]-²X - n‑ ¡
- v‑ \-Kc - ¯- n‑ s- e ‑ 20% P-\k - w‑ J- y‑ s- b‑
DÄ-s¡ ‑ m‑ Å - m‑ \
- m‑ I- p‑ w‑ . C-t¸ ‑ m‑ Ä \-Zn‑ I-S¡ - m‑ ³ 20 a‑n\ - n‑ ä
- p‑ w‑
l‑ud - ] - ‑m-e‑w I-S-¡‑m³ sImÂ-¡-¯-bn-se K-Xm-K-X-
¡p-cp-¡n H-c‑p-a-W‑n-¡‑q-d‑p‑w k-a-b-a‑m-s‑W-S‑p-¡‑p-¶-X‑v.
s‑a-t‑{‑S‑m-b‑p-s‑S h-c-t‑h‑m-s‑S C-X‑v K-W‑y-a‑m-b‑n I‑p-d-b‑p‑w.

മാർച്ച്‌2020
9
 വനം നിർമിക്കും ഈ ഡ്രോണുകൾ
h-\-k‑w-c-£-W-¯‑n-\‑v ]‑p-X‑p-a‑m-\-§Ä \Â-I‑n
h-\‑w-X-s‑¶ \‑nÀ-a‑n-s‑¨-S‑p-¡‑m³ a‑p-¶‑n-«‑n-d-§‑n-b
H-t‑«-s‑d-t‑¸-s‑c \-a‑p-¡-d‑n-b‑m‑w. F-¶‑m a-\‑p-j‑y-\‑v
H-c‑p-Z‑n-h-k‑w ]-c-a‑m-h-[‑n F-{‑X s‑N-S‑n-IÄ s‑h-¨‑p-]‑n-
S‑n-¸‑n-¡‑m-\‑m-I‑p‑w? C-X‑v a-\-Ê‑n-e‑m-¡‑n I‑m-\-U-b‑n-s‑e
{‑]-I‑r-X‑n-k‑w-c-£-W k‑w-L-S-\-b‑m-b ^‑v-f‑m-j‑v t‑^‑m-
d-Ì‑v d‑o-t‑^‑m-d-t‑Ì-j³ I-¼-\‑n ]‑p-X‑n-s‑b‑m-c‑p k‑m-
t‑¦-X‑n-I-h‑n-Z‑y I-s‑ï-¯‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v. t‑{‑U‑m-
W‑p-I-f‑n-e‑q-s‑S h‑n-¯‑p‑w t‑]‑m-j-I-§-f‑p‑w A-S-§‑n-b
s‑N-d‑p-t‑K‑m-f-§Ä A-Y-h‑m t‑]‑m-U‑p-IÄ (Pods) h‑n-
X-d‑p-¶-X‑m-W‑v C‑u \‑q-X-\-c‑o-X‑n. H‑m-t‑c‑m t‑]‑m-U‑p-I-
f‑p‑w s‑h-S‑n-b‑p-ï-s‑b-t‑]‑m-s‑e i-à-nb‑m-b‑n X‑m-t‑g-¡‑v
s‑X-d‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-w-. C‑u i-à‑n-b‑n t‑]‑m-U‑p-IÄ a-®‑nÂ
B-g‑v-¶‑n-d-§‑p-¶‑p. H‑m-t‑c‑m t‑]‑m-U‑n-e‑p‑w a‑q-¶‑v- h‑n-¯‑p-
I-f‑p‑w A-h-b‑v-¡‑v h-f-c‑m³ B-h-i‑y-a‑m-b t‑]‑m-j-I-
§-f‑p‑w e-h-W-§-f‑p‑w \‑n-d-¨‑n-«‑p-ï‑m-I‑p‑w.
I‑m-\-U-b‑n-s‑e s‑S‑m-d-t‑â‑m B-Ø‑m-\-a‑m-b‑n {‑]-hÀ-
¯‑n-¡‑p-¶ ^‑v-f‑m-j‑v t‑^‑m-d-Ì‑v d‑o-t‑^‑m-d-t‑Ì-j-s‑â
k‑n.C.H.b‑p‑w k-l-Ø‑m-]-I-\‑p-a‑m-b s‑s‑{‑_-k‑v
വരുന്നു രാജവീഥിക്ക് പുതുമ�ോടി
#ADMINISTRATON
{‑_‑n-«‑o-j‑v i‑n-e‑v-]‑n-I-f‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶ s‑lÀ-_À-«‑v t‑_-
¡-d‑p‑w F-S‑v-h‑n³ e‑y‑q-«‑n³-k‑p‑w 1927þÂ ]-W‑n-I-g‑n-¸‑n-
¨-X‑m-W‑v \‑n-e-h‑n-s‑e ]‑mÀ-e-s‑aâ‑v a-µ‑n-c‑w. 93 hÀ-j-
§Ä-¡‑n-¸‑p-dw UÂ-l‑n c‑m-P‑v-]-Y‑n h³-a‑m-ä-§Ä-¡‑v
h-g‑n-s‑b‑m-c‑p-§‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v. CXn k‑p-{‑]-[‑m-\‑w \‑n-e-h‑n-
s‑e ]‑mÀ-e-s‑aâ‑v hf¸n\‑p-Å‑n a-s‑ä‑m-¶‑v \‑nÀ-a‑n-¡‑p-
10 മാതൃഭൂമി ജി കെ & കറന്റ് അഫയേഴ്‌സ്‌
#TECHNOLOGY
t‑P‑m¬-k‑n-s‑â e-£‑y‑w \‑q-d‑p-t‑I‑m-S‑n h‑r-£-§fm-
Wv. 2028þÂ e-£‑y‑w t‑`-Z‑n-¡‑p-s‑a-¶‑m-W‑v s‑s‑{‑_-k‑n-
s‑â A-h-I‑m-i-h‑m-Z‑w. H-c‑p s‑l-Î-d‑n 2000 s‑N-S‑n-
IÄ F-¶ I-W-¡‑n H-c‑p-Z‑n-h-k‑w 20‑,000 a-c-§Ä
h-s‑c s‑h-¨‑p-]‑n-S‑n-¸‑n-¡‑m³ I-g‑n-b‑p-¶ t‑{‑U‑m-W‑p-I-
f‑m-W‑v I-¼-\‑n h‑n-I-k‑n-¸‑n-s‑¨-S‑p-¯‑n-«‑p-Å-X‑v.
¶‑p F-¶-X‑m-W‑v. C-t‑¸‑m-g‑p-Å \‑nÀ-a‑n-X‑n-¡‑v t‑I‑m-«‑w
X-«‑m-s‑X {‑X‑n-t‑I‑m-W‑m-I‑r-X‑n-b‑n-e‑m-W‑v ]‑p-X‑n-b-X‑v \‑nÀ-
a‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. ]‑mÀ-e-s‑aâ‑n-s‑â k‑w-b‑p-à t‑b‑m-K-§Ä
\-S-¯‑p-¶X‑v C-h‑n-s‑S-b‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p‑w. ]‑p-X‑n-b c‑m-P‑y-k-`-
b‑v-¡‑p‑w s‑k³-{‑SÂ l‑m-f‑n-\‑p‑w a‑p³-]-t‑¯-¡‑mÄ h‑n-k‑v-
X‑r-X‑n-b‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p‑w.
C-X‑p-I‑q-S‑m-s‑X {‑]-[‑m-\-a-{‑´‑n-b‑p-s‑S h-k-X‑n-b‑p‑w H‑m-
^‑o-k‑p‑w ]‑p-X‑p-X‑m-b‑n \‑nÀ-a‑n-¡‑p‑w. C-t‑¸‑m-g-s‑¯ t‑e‑m-I‑v
I-e‑y‑m¬-a‑mÀ-K‑v (]-g-b 7‑, t‑d-k‑v t‑I‑m-g‑v-k‑v t‑d‑m-U‑v)
1984þÂ c‑m-P‑o-h‑v K‑m-Ô‑n-b‑m-W‑v {‑]-[‑m-\-a-{‑´‑n-b‑p-s‑S
HutZymKnI h-k-X‑n-b‑m-¡‑p-¶-X‑v.
t‑I-{‑µ-kÀ-¡‑m-c‑n-s‑â F-Ã‑m h-I‑p-¸‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w
I‑m-c‑y‑m-e-b-§Ä ]-e-b‑n-S-¯‑m-b‑n N‑n-X-d‑n-¡‑n-S-¡‑p-I-
b‑m-W‑v. A-X‑n-\‑m F-«‑p-\‑n-e-IÄ h‑o-X-a‑p-Å ]-¯‑v
s‑k-{‑I-t‑«-d‑n-t‑b-ä‑v t‑I‑m‑w-¹-I‑v-k‑p-I-f‑m-W‑v c‑m-P‑v-]-Y‑n-\‑v
C-c‑p-h-i-¯‑p-a‑m-b‑n \‑nÀ-a‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. P‑o-h-\-¡‑mÀ-¡‑v
F-f‑p-¸-¯‑n C-h‑n-s‑S-s‑¡-¯‑m³ `‑q-KÀ-` s‑a-t‑{‑S‑m kÀ-
h‑o-k‑p‑w B-c‑w-`‑n-¡‑p‑w. C-t‑¸‑m-g‑p-Å t‑\‑mÀ-¯‑v, k‑u-¯‑v
t‑»‑m-¡‑p-IÄ 1857þ-\‑v a‑p³-]‑p‑w t‑i-j-h‑p-a‑p-Å C-´‑y-
s‑b ]-c‑n-N-b-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p-¶ a‑y‑q-k‑n-b-§-f‑m-¡‑n a‑m-ä‑p‑w.
C-c‑p t‑»‑m-¡‑p-IÄ-¡‑p‑w ]‑n-d-I‑n-e‑m-b‑n _-t‑b‑m-s‑s‑U-t‑h-
g‑v-k‑n-ä‑n ]‑mÀ-¡‑p‑w \‑nÀ-a‑n-¡‑m³ ]-²-X‑n-b‑p-ï‑v. 2022þÂ
]‑p-X‑n-b ]‑mÀ-e-s‑aâ‑v a-µ‑n-c-h‑p‑w 2024þÂ a-ä‑v ]-W‑n-I-f‑p‑w
]‑qÀ-¯‑n-b‑m-¡‑m-\‑m-W‑v X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\‑n-¨‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v.
ഹായ് ഐ ആം വ്യോമമിത്ര....
N-{‑µ-b‑m³ 2þ-s‑â A-{‑]-X‑o-£‑n-X ]-c‑m-P-b‑w Hcm-sf-bmWv A-b-b‑v-¡‑p-I. K-K³-b‑m³ ]-²-X‑n-¡‑v
C-´‑y³ _-l‑n-c‑m-I‑m-i-K-t‑h-j-W t‑a-J-e-b‑v-¡‑v c‑q-]-t‑c-J-IÄ X-¿‑m-d‑m-¡‑n-b l‑y‑q-s‑a³ k‑v-t‑]-k‑v ^‑v-
\Â-I‑n-b £‑o-W‑w s‑N-d‑p-X-Ã. ]-t‑£‑, ]-c‑m-P-b-§Ä s‑s‑f-ä‑v s‑kâÀ (HSFL) 2019 P-\‑p-h-c‑n 30þ-\‑v s‑_‑w-K-
F-¶‑p‑w A-S‑p-¯ e-£‑y-¯‑n-t‑e-¡‑p-Å N-h‑n-«‑p-]-S‑n f‑q-c‑p-h‑n Ø‑m-]‑n-X-a‑m-bn.
a‑m-{‑X-a‑m-W‑v F-¶-X‑n-s‑â k‑p-i-à-a‑m-b s‑X-f‑n-h‑m-W‑v
K-K³-b‑m-\‑p‑w t‑h‑y‑m-a-a‑n-{‑X-b‑p‑w.
2022þÂ a-\‑p-j‑y-s‑\ _-l‑n-c‑m-I‑m-i-s‑¯-¯‑n-¡‑m-
\‑p-Å C-´‑y³ _-l‑n-c‑m-I‑m-i K-t‑h-j-W t‑I-{‑µ-¯‑n-
s‑â ]-²-X‑n-b‑m-W‑v K-K³-b‑m³. C-X‑n-\‑v a‑p-t‑¶‑m-S‑n-b‑m-
b‑n C‑u hÀ-j‑w U‑n-k‑w-_-d‑n-e‑p‑w 2021 P‑q-e‑m-b‑n-e‑p‑w
]-c‑o-£-W‑mÀ-Y‑w \-S-¯‑m³ ]-²-X‑n-b‑n-S‑p-¶ _-l‑n-c‑m-
I‑m-i-b‑m-{‑X-b‑n-e‑m-W‑v a-\‑p-j‑y-k‑m-Z‑r-i‑y-a‑p-Å l‑y‑q-a-
t‑\‑m-b‑n-U‑v t‑d‑m-t‑_‑m-«‑n-s‑\ A-b-b‑v-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. t‑h‑y‑m-a-
a‑n-{‑X F-¶‑v t‑]-c‑n-«‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶ C‑u l‑y‑q-a-t‑\‑m-b‑n-U‑v
k‑p-µ-c‑n-¡‑v a-ä‑v _-l‑n-c‑m-I‑m-i-b‑m-{‑X‑n-I-s‑c X‑n-c‑n-¨-d‑n-
ª‑v B-i-b-h‑n-\‑n-a-b‑w \-S-¯‑m-\‑p‑w k‑w-i-b-\‑n-h‑m-c-
W‑w \-S-¯‑m-\‑p‑w I-g‑n-b‑p‑w. I‑m-e‑p-I-f‑n-Ã‑m-¯-X‑n-\‑mÂ
t‑h‑y‑m-a-a‑n-{‑X-s‑b AÀ-[-l‑y‑q-a-t‑\‑m-b‑n-U‑v A-Y-h‑m l‑m-
^‑v l‑y‑q-a-t‑\‑m-b‑n-U‑v h‑n-`‑m-K-¯‑n-e‑m-W‑v s‑]-S‑p-¯‑n-
b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. F-¦‑n-e‑p‑w a‑p-¶‑n-t‑e-¡‑p‑w h-i-§-
f‑n-t‑e-¡‑p‑w N-e‑n-¡‑m³ t‑h‑y‑m-a-a‑n-{‑X-b‑v-¡‑m-I‑p‑w.
_-l‑n-c‑m-I‑m-i-¯‑v a-\‑p-j‑y-\‑v ]-I-c-a‑m-b‑n
]-c‑o-£-W-§Ä \-S-¯‑p-I F-¶-X‑m-W‑v
t‑h‑y‑m-a-a‑n-{‑X-b‑p-s‑S t‑P‑m-e‑n. C-´‑y-b‑p-s‑S
K-K-\-N‑m-c‑n-I-f‑m-b‑n X‑n-c-s‑ª-S‑p-¯‑n-c‑n-
¡‑p-¶-X‑v \‑m-e‑v t‑h‑y‑m-a-t‑k-\‑m s‑s‑]-
e-ä‑p-a‑m-s‑c-b‑m-W‑v. 2022þÂ h‑n-t‑£-
]‑n-¡‑p-s‑a-¶‑v I-c‑p-X-s‑¸-S‑p-¶
K-K³-b‑m-\‑n C-h-c‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v #SPACE

കേരളത്തിന്റെ സൂപ്പർ ഫാബ് ലാബ്

#Industry
C-´‑y-b‑n-s‑e ¹‑m-k‑v-a s‑a-ä I-«‑n-M‑v, t‑e-kÀ I-«‑n-M‑v, C-e-I‑v-t‑{‑S‑m-
B-Z‑y-s‑¯ k‑q- W‑n-I‑v B³-U‑v s‑s‑a-t‑{‑I‑m t‑{‑]‑m-k-t‑k-g‑v-k‑v, {‑X‑o-U‑n
¸À ^‑m-_‑v e‑m-_‑v {‑]‑nâ‑n-M‑v B³-U‑v k-I v-‑ m‑ \
- n‑ M- v‑ X‑pS- § - n‑ \‑nc - h - [ - n‑ k‑mt- ¦ ‑ -
t‑I-c-f-¯‑n {‑]-hÀ-¯-\-a‑m-c‑w-`‑n-¨‑p. t‑I-c-f Ì‑mÀ-«-¸‑v X‑nI
- h- n‑ Z- y‑ I
- Ä C‑u ^‑m_ - v‑ e‑m_ - n‑ e - p‑ ï
- v.‑ h‑nZ- y‑ m‑ `- y‑ m‑ k
- ,‑
a‑n-j-\‑p‑w b‑p.F-k‑v.F-b‑n-s‑e a-k‑m-N‑y‑p-skävkv _‑nk - n‑ \
- k
- v‑ t‑{] ‑ m‑ t- «‑ m‑ s- s‑ S‑ ¸- p‑ I
- Ä \‑nÀ-an‑ ¡ - m‑ \- p‑ w‑
C³-Ì‑n-ä‑y‑q-«‑v H‑m-^‑v s‑S-I‑v-t‑\‑m-f-P‑n-b‑p-a‑m-b‑n k‑q¸ - À ^‑m_ - v‑ e‑m_ - v‑ k-lm‑ b - I
- a - m‑ I - p‑ w‑ . l‑mÀ-
(F‑w.s‑F.S‑n.) t‑NÀ-¶‑m-W‑v k‑q-¸À ^‑m-_‑v e‑m- U‑t-v h ‑ À c‑wK- ¯ - p‑ w‑ a‑nI - ¨ - I‑mÂ-sh ‑ ¸ - m‑ W - n‑ X - v.‑
_‑v \‑nÀ-a‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. s‑I‑m-¨‑n I-f-a-t‑È-c‑n-b‑n- C-´‑y-b‑n B-Z‑y-a‑m-b‑n X‑p-d-¶ ^‑m-_‑v
s‑e Câ-t‑{‑K-ä-U‑v Ì‑mÀ-«-¸‑v t‑I‑m‑w-s‑¹-I-‑vk‑n e‑m-_‑m-b h‑n-Ú‑m³ B-{‑i-a-a‑m-W‑v b‑p.F-
10,000 N-X‑p-c-{‑i-b-S‑n Ø-e-¯‑m-I‑p‑w Ø‑m-]- k‑n-\‑v ]‑p-d-¯‑v Ø‑m-]‑n-¨ B-Z‑y ^‑m-_‑v e‑m-
\-¯‑n-s‑â {‑]-hÀ-¯-\‑w. b‑p.F-k‑n-\‑v ]‑p-d-¯‑v _‑v. 2002þ-e‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p C-X‑n-s‑â \‑nÀ-a‑m-W‑w.
F‑w.s‑F.S‑n. Ø‑m-]‑n-¨ G-I k‑q-¸À ^‑m-_‑v t‑I-c-f-¯‑n s‑I‑m-¨‑n-b‑n-e‑p‑w X‑n-c‑p-h-\-´-]‑p-
e‑m-_‑m-W‑n-X‑v. `‑u-X‑n-I-t‑e‑m-I-h‑p‑w U‑n-P‑n-ä c-¯‑p-a‑m-b‑n c-ï‑v ^‑m-_‑v e‑m-_‑p-I-f‑p-ï‑v. k‑o-
t‑e‑m-I-h‑p‑w X-½‑n-e‑p-Å A-´-c‑w I‑p-d-b‑v-¡‑p-I- t‑h-P‑v h‑r-¯‑n-b‑m-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v c‑q-]-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n-b
b‑m-W‑v U‑n-P‑n-ä ^‑m-{‑_‑n-t‑¡-j³ F-¶‑v ]‑qÀ-W-c‑q-]- _³-U‑n-¡‑q-«‑v t‑d‑m-t‑_‑m-«‑v, P-e-¯‑n-\-S‑n-b‑n {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-
a‑p-Å ^‑m-_‑v e‑m-_‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S e-£‑y‑w. ¡‑p-¶ t‑{‑U‑m-W‑m-b S‑q-W X‑p-S-§‑n-b-h c‑q-]-IÂ-¸-\-
B-t‑K‑m-f \‑n-e-h‑m-c-¯‑n-e‑p-Å k‑n.F³.k‑n. I-«‑n-M‑v, s‑N-b‑v-X-X‑v C‑u ^‑m-_‑v e‑m-_‑p-I-f‑n-e‑m-W‑v.

മാർച്ച്‌2020
11
 ജെയ്സ് മെർലിൻ പി. അഗസ്റ്റിൻ
രഞ്ജിത്ത് ആർ. നായർ

CORONAVIRUS
OUTBREAK
ല�ോകം
ഞെട്ടിവിറച്ച
ദിനങ്ങൾ
സാർസിനും എബ�ോളയ്ക്കും
ശേഷം ല�ോകത്തെ ഭീതിയുടെ
മുൾമുനയിലെത്തിച്ച വൈറസാണ്‌
ക�ോവിഡ്-19. ദിവസേന നൂറുകണക്കിന്
ജീവനെടുക്കുന്ന വൈറസിനു മുന്നിൽ
ചൈനയ്ക്ക് അടിപതറുകയാണ്.
മരണം 2700 കവിഞ്ഞിരിക്കുന്നു

s‑s‑N -\-b‑n ]-X‑n-s‑\‑m-¶‑v Z-i-e-£-t‑¯‑m-f‑w

P-\-§Ä X‑m-a-k‑n-¡‑p-¶ lyqs_ {‑]-h‑n-i‑y-b‑p-s‑S
X-e-Ø‑m-\-a‑m-b h‑p-l‑m-\‑n-e‑m-W‑v COVID - 19 F-¶‑v
i‑m-k‑v-{‑X-t‑e‑m-I‑w t‑]-c‑n-«‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶ ]‑p-X‑n-b s‑I‑m-t‑d‑m-W
s‑s‑h-d-k‑n-s‑â D-Z‑v-`-h‑w. 2019 U‑n-k‑w-_À A-h-k‑m-\-
t‑¯‑m-s‑S h‑y-à-a‑m-b I‑m-c-W-§-f‑n-Ã‑m-s‑X \‑q-d‑p-I-
W-¡‑n-\‑m-f‑p-IÄ-¡‑v \‑y‑p-t‑a‑m-W‑n-b _‑m-[‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w
\‑n-e-h‑n-e‑p-Å h‑m-I‑v-k‑n-\‑p-I-s‑f‑m-¶‑p‑w ^-e‑n-¡‑m-s‑X
h-c‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-X-t‑X‑m-s‑S-b‑m-W‑v s‑I‑m-t‑d‑m-W s‑s‑h-d-
s‑k-¶ `‑o-j-W‑n-s‑b-¸-ä‑n B-t‑c‑m-K‑y-h‑n-Z-K‑v-[À N‑n-´‑n-¨‑p-
X‑p-S-§‑n-b-X‑v. a‑p³-]‑v- X‑n-c‑n-¨-d‑n-ª-X‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v h‑y-X‑y-
k‑v-X-a‑m-b P-\‑n-X-I-L-S-\-b‑p-Å ssh-d-kn\v t‑\‑m-hÂ

12 മാതൃഭൂമി ജി കെ & കറന്റ് അഫയേഴ്‌സ്‌

 ല�ോകാര�ോഗ്യ സംഘടനയുടെ കണക്ക് പ്രകാരം 2003-ൽ തിരിച്ചറിഞ്ഞ സാർസ്
വൈറസ് പടർന്നുപിടിച്ച രാജ്യങ്ങളുടെ എണ്ണം: 26

s‑I‑m-t‑d‑m-W s‑s‑h-d-k‑v (nCoV) F¶m-Wv BZyw \

ÂIn-b t]cv. CXv ]‑m-¼‑p-I-f‑nÂ-\‑n-t‑¶‑m h-Æ‑m-e‑p-I-
f‑nÂ-\‑n-t‑¶‑m a-ä‑p P-´‑p-¡-f‑n {‑]-t‑h-i‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w
A-h-b‑p-s‑S a‑m‑w-k-¯‑n-e‑q-s‑S-b‑p‑w k-¼À-¡-¯‑n-e‑q-s‑S- 2019 ഡിസംബറിൽ കണ്ടെത്തിയ
b‑p‑w a-\‑p-j‑y-c‑n F-¯‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-X-X‑m-I‑m-s‑a-
¶‑m-W‑v h‑n-e-b‑n-c‑p-¯Â. s‑s‑h-d-k‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S P-\‑n-X-I- COVID-19 ഉൾപ്പെടെ ഏഴുതരം
]-c‑n-hÀ-¯-\-t‑a‑m ]-£‑n-a‑r-K‑m-Z‑n-I-f‑p-a‑m-b‑p-Å A-a‑n-X ക�ൊറ�ോണ വൈറസുകളെയാണ്
C-S-]-g-I-t‑e‑m a‑q-e-a‑m-I‑m‑w C‑u s‑s‑h-d-k‑v a-\‑p-j‑y-c‑n-t‑e- ഇതുവരെ തിരിച്ചറിഞ്ഞിട്ടുള്ളത്.
¡‑v h‑y‑m-]‑n-¨-X‑v. C-¯-c-¯‑n a‑r-K-§-f‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v a-\‑p-
j‑y-c‑n-t‑e-¡‑v s‑s‑h-d-k‑v ]-I-c‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v "k‑v-]‑nÂ-H‑m-hÀ‑' ചുമയ്ക്കുമ്പോഴും തുമ്മുമ്പോഴും
F-¶‑m-W‑v ]-d-b‑p-I.
a-\‑p-j‑y-c‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v a-\‑p-j‑y-c‑n-t‑e-¡‑v t‑\‑m-h s‑I‑m-
പുറത്തേക്ക് തെറിക്കുന്ന
t‑d‑m-W s‑s‑h-d-k‑v ]-I-c‑m-\‑p-Å k‑m-[‑y-X-b‑n-s‑Ã-¶ സ്രവങ്ങളിലൂടെയാണ്‌ഈ ര�ോഗം
h‑n-i‑z‑m-k-s‑¯ X‑n-c‑p-¯‑n-s‑¡‑m-ï‑v, t‑c‑m-K‑w I‑q-S‑p-XÂ മനുഷ്യരിൽനിന്ന് മനുഷ്യരിലേക്ക്
B-f‑p-I-f‑n-t‑e-¡‑v ]-SÀ-¶‑p-]‑n-S‑n-¨-t‑X‑m-s‑S I-S‑p-¯
]-c‑n-{‑`‑m-´‑n-b‑p-s‑S Z‑n-\-§-f‑n-e‑q-s‑S-b‑m-W‑v s‑s‑N-\-b‑p‑w പ്രധാനമായും പകരുന്നത്
a-ä‑p-t‑e‑m-I-c‑m-P‑y-§-f‑p‑w I-S-¶‑p-t‑]‑m-Ip¶-X‑v. t‑hÄ-U‑v
s‑lÂ-¯‑v H‑mÀ-K-s‑s‑\-t‑k-j³ (WHO) ‘B-t‑c‑m-K‑y
A-S‑n-b-´-c‑m-h-Ø‑' (Health Emergency) {‑]-J‑y‑m-]‑n-
¡‑m³ X-¡-h‑n-[‑w t‑I‑m-t‑d‑m-W s‑s‑h-d-k‑v `‑o-X‑n-b‑p-WÀ-
¯‑n-b-t‑¸‑mÄ‑, C-X‑v s‑s‑N-\-b‑p-s‑S s‑s‑P-h‑m-b‑p-[-a‑m-t‑W‑m-
s‑b-¶‑p-t‑]‑m-e‑p‑w k‑w-i-b‑n-¡-s‑¸-«‑p. C-´‑y-b‑n-e‑m-Z‑y-a‑m-b‑n
X‑r-È‑q-c‑n t‑c‑m-K‑w Ø‑n-c‑o-I-c‑n-¡-s‑¸-«-t‑X‑m-s‑S \‑n-]
s‑s‑h-d-k‑n-\‑p-t‑i-j‑w a-e-b‑m-f‑n-IÄ-¡‑v ]‑p-X‑n-b s‑h-Ã‑p-
h‑n-f‑n-b‑m-b‑n s‑s‑h-d-k‑v-_‑m-[ a‑m-d‑n. ]‑n-¶‑o-S‑v B-e-¸‑p-g-b‑n-
e‑p‑w I‑m-kÀ-t‑I‑m-«‑p‑w c-ï‑v t‑I-k‑p-IÄ I‑q-S‑n d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑v
s‑N-b‑v-X-t‑¸‑mÄ C-X‑v k‑w-Ø‑m-\-Z‑p-c-´-a‑m-b‑n {‑]-J‑y‑m-]‑n-
¡-s‑¸-«‑p (s‑^-{‑_‑p-h-c‑n 7þ-\‑v C-X‑v ]‑n³-h-e‑n-¨‑p‑).
P-e-t‑Z‑m-j s‑s‑h-d-k‑v
P-e-t‑Z‑m-j‑w -a‑p-XÂ k‑mÀ-k‑v (SARS-Severe Acute
Respiratory Syndrome), s‑aÀ-k‑v (MERS-Middle
East Respiratory Syndrome) X‑p-S-§‑n-b a‑m-c-I-t‑c‑m-K-
§Ä-¡‑p-h-s‑c I‑m-c-W-a‑m-t‑b-¡‑m-h‑p-¶ s‑s‑h-d-k‑p-I-f‑p- ¯‑n-b COVID - 19 DÄ-s‑¸-s‑S G-g‑p-X-c‑w s‑I‑m-t‑d‑m-W
s‑S I‑p-S‑p‑w-_-a‑m-W‑v s‑I‑m-t‑d‑m-W. ]-i‑p‑, ]-¶‑n X‑p-S-§‑n-b s‑s‑h-d-k‑p-I-s‑f-b‑m-W‑v C-X‑p-h-s‑c X‑n-c‑n-¨-d‑n-ª‑n-«‑p-Å-
a‑r-K-§-f‑n A-X‑n-k‑m-c-a‑p-ï‑m-¡‑p-¶ (Diarrhoea) X‑v. N‑p-a-b‑v-¡‑p-t‑¼‑m-g‑p‑w X‑p-½‑p-t‑¼‑m-g‑p‑w ]‑p-d-t‑¯-¡‑v
C‑u t‑c‑m-K‑m-W‑p t‑I‑m-g‑n-I-f‑n i‑z‑m-k-t‑I‑m-i-t‑c‑m-K- s‑X-d‑n-¡‑p-¶ {‑k-h-§-f‑n-e‑q-s‑S-b‑p‑w X‑p-Å‑n-I-f‑n-e‑q-s‑S-b‑p-
§-f‑m-W‑p-ï‑m-¡‑p-I. I‑n-c‑o-S‑w‑, {‑]-`‑m-h-e-b‑w F-¶‑o a‑m-W‑v C‑u t‑c‑m-K‑w a-\‑p-j‑y-c‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v a-\‑p-j‑y-c‑n-t‑e-¡‑v
AÀ-Y-§-f‑p-Å "s‑I‑m-t‑d‑m-W‑'s‑b-¶ e‑m-ä‑n³ ]-Z-¯‑nÂ- {‑]-[‑m-\-a‑m-b‑p‑w ]-I-c‑p-¶-X‑v.
\‑n-¶‑m-W‑v s‑s‑h-d-k‑n-\‑v C‑u t‑]-c‑p-I‑n-«‑n-b-X‑v. I‑n-c‑o-S‑w
t‑]‑m-s‑e t‑X‑m-¶‑n-¡‑p-¶ H-c‑m-h-c-W‑w s‑s‑h-d-k‑n-\‑p X‑m-d‑p-a‑m-d‑m-b P-\-P‑o-h‑n-X‑w
N‑p-ä‑p‑w D-Å-X‑n-\‑m-e‑p‑w‑, k‑q-c‑y-s‑â {‑]-`‑m-h-e-b-t‑¯‑m-S‑v s‑I‑m-t‑d‑m-W s‑s‑h-d-k‑v _‑m-[ h‑y‑m-]-I-a‑m-b-t‑X‑m-s‑S
c‑q-]-k‑m-Z‑r-i‑y‑w D-Å-X‑n-\‑m-e‑p-a‑m-W‑v C‑u t‑]-c‑p-h-¶-X‑v. s‑s‑N-\‑o-k‑v ]‑u-c-·‑m-c‑p-s‑S s‑]‑m-X‑p-h‑y-h-l‑m-c-§-s‑f-
a-\‑p-j‑y-c‑n-t‑e-¡‑p‑w a‑r-K-§-f‑n-t‑e-¡‑p‑w ]-I-c‑p-¶ H-c‑p Ã‑m‑w {‑]-X‑n-k-Ô‑n-b‑n-e‑m-b‑n. h‑p-l‑m-\‑n-s‑e a-Õ‑y-þ-a‑m‑w-k
k‑y‑q-t‑W‑m-«‑n-I‑v (Zoonotic) s‑s‑h-d-k‑m-W‑v s‑I‑m-t‑d‑m-W. a‑mÀ-¡-ä‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v t‑c‑m-K‑w ]-SÀ-¶-X‑m-b‑m-W‑v \‑n-K-a-\‑w.
_‑m-Î‑o-c‑n-b‑, s‑s‑h-d-k‑v F-¶‑n-h-b‑n-e‑q-s‑S a-\‑p-j‑yÀ-¡‑p‑w t‑c‑m-K‑w _‑m-[‑n-¨-h-c‑p-s‑S I‑p-S‑p‑w-_‑m‑w-K-§-f‑n-t‑e-¡‑p‑w
a‑r-K-§Ä-¡‑p-a‑n-S-b‑n ]-S-c‑p-¶ t‑c‑m-K-§-f‑m-W‑v k‑q- B-t‑c‑m-K‑y-{‑]-hÀ-¯-I-c‑n-t‑e-¡‑p‑w s‑s‑h-d-k‑v _‑m-[‑n-¨-
t‑W‑m-«‑n-I‑v t‑c‑m-K-§Ä. t‑X‑m-s‑S C‑u ]-IÀ-¨-h‑y‑m-[‑n-b‑p-s‑S X‑o-{‑h-X-t‑b-d‑n. s‑s‑N-
1960þ-I-f‑n-e‑m-W‑v s‑I‑m-t‑d‑m-W s‑s‑h-d-k‑v I-ï‑p-]‑n-S‑n- \-b‑n C-c‑p-]-¯-¿‑m-b‑n-c-¯‑n-e-[‑n-I-a‑m-f‑p-I-s‑f t‑c‑m-K‑w
¡-s‑¸-«-X‑v. A-W‑p-_‑m-[-b‑p-ï‑m-b t‑I‑m-g‑n-¡‑p-ª‑p-§-f‑p- _‑m-[‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w A-ª‑q-d‑n-e-[‑n-I-a‑m-f‑p-IÄ a-c‑n-¡‑p-
s‑S i‑z‑m-k-t‑I‑m-i-¯‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑p‑w P-e-t‑Z‑m-j‑w ]‑n-S‑n-s‑]-« I-b‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-X-t‑X‑m-s‑S t‑c‑m-K-_‑m-[‑n-X-c‑m-b B-f‑p-IÄ
a-\‑p-j‑y-c‑p-s‑S a‑q-¡‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑p-a‑m-W‑v B-Z‑y-a‑m-b‑n C‑u X‑m-a-k‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶ lyqs_ {‑]-h‑n-i‑y X‑oÀ-¯‑p‑w H-ä-s‑¸-
s‑s‑h-d-k‑p-I-s‑f X‑n-c‑n-¨-d‑n-ª-X‑v. l‑y‑q-a³ s‑I‑m-t‑d‑m-W «‑p. t‑I‑m-t‑d‑m-W _‑m-[‑n-¨‑v a-c‑n-¨-h-c‑p-s‑S a-c-W‑m-\-´-c-¨-
s‑s‑h-d-k‑v 229E, l‑y‑q-a³ s‑I‑m-t‑d‑m-W s‑s‑h-d-k‑v OC43 S-§‑p-IÄ \-S-¯‑p-¶-X‑v h‑n-e-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w a‑r-X-t‑Z-l-§Ä
F-¶‑n-h-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p A-h. 2019 U‑n-k‑w-_-d‑n I-s‑ï- X‑m-a-k-Ø-e-§-f‑n X-s‑¶ {‑]-t‑X‑y-I‑w X-¿‑m-d‑m-¡‑n-b

മാർച്ച്‌2020
13
 C-S-§-f‑n k‑w-k-‑vI-c‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-¿-W-s‑a-¶‑p‑w
s‑s‑N-\‑o-k‑v kÀ-¡‑mÀ D-¯-c-h‑n-d-¡‑n-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p.
h‑p-l‑m-\‑n-e‑p‑w k-a‑o-]-\-K-c-§-f‑n-e‑p-a‑m-b‑n A-©‑p-
t‑I‑m-S‑n-t‑b‑m-f‑w B-f‑p-I-f‑m-W‑v h‑o-S‑p-I-f‑n X-s‑¶
X-§‑m³ \‑nÀ-_-Ô‑n-X-c‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. C-h‑n-t‑S-¡‑p-Å
K-X‑m-K-X-k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\-§Ä ]‑qÀ-W-a‑m-b‑p‑w \‑n-t‑c‑m-[‑n-
¡‑p-I-I‑q-S‑n s‑N-b‑v-X-t‑X‑m-s‑S s‑s‑N-\‑o-k‑v \-K-c-§Ä
X‑oÀ-¯‑p‑w H-ä-s‑¸-«‑p. ]‑p-X‑p-h-Õ-c‑m-h-[‑n-¡‑p-t‑i-j‑w
s‑s‑N-\-b‑n-s‑e Ø‑m-]-\-§-f‑p‑w h‑y‑m-]‑m-c-t‑I-{‑µ-§-f‑p‑w
s‑s‑h-d-k‑v _‑m-[ a‑q-e‑w A-h-[‑n \‑o-«‑n-b-X‑v s‑]‑m-X‑p-P-\-
§-f‑p-s‑S s‑s‑Z-\‑w-Z‑n-\-P‑o-h‑n-X-s‑¯ k‑m-c-a‑m-b‑n _‑m-[‑n-
¨‑p. ]-e-c‑p‑w t‑c‑m-K-_‑m-[‑n-X-s‑c h‑o-S‑n-\‑p-Å‑n ]‑q-«‑n-b‑n-«‑v
`-£-W-h‑p‑w s‑h-Å-h‑p‑w \Â-I‑m-s‑X H-ä-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑m-\‑p‑w
A-[‑n-I‑r-X-s‑c s‑s‑I-t‑b-ä‑w s‑N-¿‑m-\‑p‑w X‑p-S-§‑n-b-t‑X‑m-
s‑S A-c-£‑n-X‑m-h-Ø-b‑p-s‑S Z‑n-\-§-f‑n-e‑q-s‑S-b‑m-W‑v
c‑m-P‑y‑w I-S-¶‑p-t‑]‑m-b-X‑v. s‑s‑h-d-k‑v _‑m-[ s‑s‑I-I‑m-c‑y‑w
s‑N-¿‑p-¶-X‑n h‑o-g‑v-N-]-ä‑n-s‑b-¶‑v X‑p-d-¶‑p-k-½-X‑n-¨
s‑s‑N-\-b‑p-s‑S s‑]‑m-f‑n-ä‑v _‑y‑q-t‑d‑m Ø‑n-c‑w-k-a‑n-X‑n A-\-
[‑n-I‑r-X h-\‑y-P‑o-h‑n h‑y‑m-]‑m-c-t‑I-{‑µ-§-f‑p‑w h‑n-e‑v-]-
\-b‑p‑w X-S-b‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑p-Å \-S-]-S‑n k‑z‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑m³
X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\‑n-¨‑p. c‑m-P‑y-¯‑n-s‑â k‑m-¼-¯‑n-I-þ-k‑m-a‑q-l‑n-I
k‑p-Ø‑n-c-X-s‑b s‑I‑m-t‑d‑m-W s‑s‑h-d-k‑v k‑m-c-a‑m-b‑n
_‑m-[‑n-s‑¨-¶‑v {‑]-k‑n-Uâ‑v j‑n P‑n³-]‑n-M‑v A-S-¡-a‑p-Å-
hÀ k-½-X‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑p.
\‑n-]-b‑p‑w sIm-tdm-Wbpw
2018þÂ t‑I‑m-g‑n-t‑¡‑m-S‑v t‑]-c‑m-{‑¼-
b‑n d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑v s‑N-b‑v-X \‑n-]-s‑s‑h-d-k‑v
_‑m-[ a‑q-e‑w 18 t‑]À a-c‑n-s‑¨-¦‑n-e‑p‑w a-ä‑v
P‑n-Ã-I-f‑n-t‑e-¡‑v ]-SÀ-¶‑p-]‑n-S‑n-¡‑m-s‑X
X-S-b‑m-\‑m-b-X‑v B-t‑c‑m-K‑y-h-I‑p-¸‑n-s‑â-
b‑p‑w s‑]‑m-X‑p-k-a‑q-l-¯‑n-s‑â-b‑p‑w I‑q-«‑m-b
{‑]-b-X‑v-\-¯‑n-e‑q-s‑S-b‑m-W‑v. 2019þÂ H-c‑p
\‑n-] s‑s‑h-d-k‑v t‑I-k‑v F-d-W‑m-I‑p-f‑w
P‑n-Ã-b‑n d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑v s‑N-b‑v-X‑n-c‑p-¶‑p-s‑h-
¦‑n-e‑p‑w ^-e-{‑]-Z-a‑m-b \‑n-b-{‑´-W-k‑w-
h‑n-[‑m-\-§-f‑n-e‑q-s‑S t‑c‑m-K‑w ]-S-c‑m-s‑X
k‑q-£‑n-¡‑m³ k‑m-[‑n-¨‑p. \‑n-] _‑m-[‑n-X-
c‑p-a‑m-b‑n A-S‑p-¯‑n-S-]-g-I‑n-b B-f‑p-I-s‑f
I-s‑ï-¯‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑p-Å "_‑m-¡‑v {‑S‑m-¡‑n-M‑v'
c‑o-X‑n-b‑m-W‑v s‑I‑m-t‑d‑m-W-b‑p-s‑S I‑m-c‑y-¯‑n-
e‑p‑w {‑]‑m-t‑b‑m-K‑n-I-a‑m-¡‑n-b-X‑v. \‑n-]-s‑b
A-t‑]-£‑n-¨‑v s‑I‑m-t‑d‑m-W s‑s‑h-d-k‑v _‑m-[
X‑m-c-a-X-t‑a‑y-\ A-]-I-S‑w I‑p-d-ª-X‑m-W‑v.
\‑n-] s‑s‑h-d-k‑v a‑q-e-a‑p-f-f a-c-W-\‑n-c-¡‑v 40
a‑p-XÂ 75 i-X-a‑m-\‑w h-s‑c-b‑m-I‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ
s‑I‑m-t‑d‑m-W-b‑n C-X‑v c-ï‑v a‑p-X \‑m-e‑v
i-X-a‑m-\‑w h-s‑c-b‑m-W‑v.
14 മാതൃഭൂമി ജി കെ & കറന്റ് അഫയേഴ്‌സ്‌
ല�ോകത്തിന്റെ വിവിധഭാഗ
ങ്ങളിലുള്ള 33 രാജ്യങ്ങളിലേ
ക്കാണ് ക�ൊറ�ോണ വൈറസ്
പടർന്നുപിടിച്ചത്. 80,000-
ത്തിലേറെ ആളുകൾക്ക്
ര�ോഗം ബാധിച്ചതായാണ്
സംശയിക്കപ്പെടുന്നത്
A-t‑X-k-a-b‑w s‑s‑N-\‑o-k‑v e-t‑_‑m-d-«d‑n-I-f‑n s‑s‑h-
d-k‑n-s‑\ k‑w-_-Ô‑n-¨ I‑q-S‑p-XÂ ]T-\-§-f‑p‑w \‑n-c‑o-£-
W-§-f‑p‑w \-S-¶‑p. ]-¯‑p-Z‑n-h-k‑w-s‑I‑m-ï‑v A-X‑y‑m-[‑p-
\‑n-I k-Ö‑o-I-c-W-§-f‑p-Å c-ï‑v B-i‑p-]-{‑X‑n-I-f‑m-W‑v
h‑p-l‑m-\‑n s‑s‑N-\ \‑nÀ-a‑n-¨-X‑v. C-X‑n H-¶‑n 1000
I‑n-S-¡-I-f‑p‑w c-ï‑m-a-s‑¯-X‑n 1500 I‑n-S-¡-I-f‑p-a‑p-ï‑v.
t‑c‑m-K-_‑m-[‑n-X-c‑m-b ]-e-c‑p‑w k‑p-J‑w-{‑]‑m-]‑n-¨-X‑v B-i‑z‑m-
k-a‑m-b‑n. s‑s‑N-\-b‑n a-c-W-s‑¸-«-h-c‑n G-d‑n-b ]-¦‑p‑w
{‑]‑m-b-a‑m-b-h-t‑c‑m a-ä‑p t‑c‑m-K-§-f‑p-Å-h-t‑c‑m B-s‑W-¶‑m-
W‑v s‑s‑N-\‑o-k‑v kÀ-¡‑mÀ ]-d-b‑p-¶-X‑v.
kmt¦-Xn-I-X-bp-sS k-lmbw s‑I‑m-t‑d‑m-W s‑s‑h-d-
k‑v ]-SÀ-¶‑p-]‑n-S‑n-¡‑p-¶ k‑m-l-N-c‑y‑w I-W-¡‑n-s‑e-S‑p-¯‑v
I‑q-S‑p-XÂ a‑p³-I-c‑p-X-e‑p-I-f‑p‑w N‑n-I‑n-Õ‑m-c‑o-X‑n-I-f‑p‑w
k‑z‑o-I-c‑n-t‑¡-ï‑n h-¶‑p. t‑c‑m-K‑n-b‑p-a‑m-b‑n C-S-]-g-t‑I-ï‑n-
h-c‑p-¶-X‑v s‑s‑h-d-k‑v _‑m-[-b‑p-ï‑m-I‑m³ k‑m-l-N-c‑y-
s‑a‑m-c‑p-¡‑p-s‑a-¶-X‑n-\‑m X-s‑¶ A-¯-c‑w k‑m-l-N-c‑y-
§Ä I‑p-d-b‑v-¡‑m-t‑\‑m H-g‑n-h‑m-¡‑m-t‑\‑m D-Å {‑i-a-§-f‑p‑w
\-S-¡‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. A-X‑n-\‑m-b‑n s‑d‑m-t‑_‑m-«‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S
k-l‑m-b-h‑p‑w k‑z‑o-I-c‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. k‑m-t‑¦-X‑n-I-h‑n-Z‑y-b‑nÂ
a‑p³-]-´‑n-b‑n-e‑p-Å s‑s‑N-\ s‑I‑m-t‑d‑m-W-t‑c‑m-K‑n-IÄ-¡‑p‑w
\‑n-c‑o-£-W-¯‑n ]‑mÀ-¸‑n-¨‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-hÀ-¡‑p‑w a-c‑p-¶‑p‑w
`-£-W-h‑p‑w \Â-I‑m³ \‑nÀ-a‑n-X-_‑p-²‑n-b‑p-s‑S k-l‑m-b-
t‑¯‑m-s‑S {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¡‑p-¶ t‑d‑m-t‑_‑m-«‑p-I-s‑f D-]-t‑b‑m-
K‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. a‑p³-I-c‑p-XÂ {‑i-a-§-f‑p-s‑S `‑m-K-a‑m-b‑n
s‑s‑N-\‑o-k‑v \-K-c-§-f‑n I‑w-]‑y‑q-«À k-l‑m-b-t‑¯‑m-s‑S
{‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¡‑p-¶ B-f‑n-Ã‑m k‑q-¸À a‑mÀ-¡-ä‑p-I-f‑p‑w kÀ-
¡‑mÀ k-Ö-a‑m-¡‑n-b‑n-«‑p-ï‑v.
s‑s‑N-\-b‑n-s‑e a-ä‑n-S-§-f‑n-t‑e-¡‑p‑w t‑c‑m-K‑w _‑m-[‑n-¨-
t‑X‑m-s‑S h‑p-l‑m-\‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v 800 I‑n-t‑e‑m-a‑o-äÀ A-I-s‑e-
b‑p-Å s‑j-P‑n-b‑m-M‑v {‑]-h‑n-i‑y-b‑n-s‑e s‑h³-j‑p \-K-c-
h‑p‑w A-S-¨‑n-S‑m³ A-[‑n-I‑r-XÀ \‑nÀ-_-Ô‑n-X-c‑m-b‑n. 90
e-£-t‑¯‑m-f‑w B-f‑p-IÄ X‑m-a-k‑n-¡‑p-¶ s‑h³-j‑p-h‑nÂ
a‑m-{‑X‑w C-c‑p-¶‑q-ä-¼-X‑n-e-[‑n-I-a‑m-f‑p-I-f‑n s‑I‑m-t‑d‑m-W
Ø‑n-c‑o-I-c‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. t‑e‑m-I-¯‑n-s‑â h‑n-h‑n-[-`‑m-K-§-f‑n-
e‑p-Å 33 c‑m-P‑y-§-f‑n-t‑e-¡‑m-W‑v s‑I‑m-t‑d‑m-W s‑s‑h-d-k‑v
]-SÀ-¶‑p-]‑n-S‑n-¨-X‑v. 80,000þ¯nte-sd B-f‑p-IÄ-¡‑v t‑c‑m-
K‑w _‑m-[‑n-¨-X‑m-b‑m-W‑v k‑w-i-b‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-¶-X‑v. s‑I‑m-
 ചെറുപ്രാണികളിലൂടെ മനുഷ്യരിലേക്ക് പകരുന്ന ര�ോഗമാണ് ടുലറേമിയ. ഇതിന്റെ
മറ്റൊരു പേര് : റാബിറ്റ് ഫീവർ
t‑d‑m-W s‑s‑h-d-k‑n-s‑\-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑v B-Z‑y-a‑m-b‑n a‑p-¶-d‑n-b‑n-¸‑v
\Â-I‑n-b s‑s‑N-\‑o-k‑v t‑U‑m-ÎÀ-a‑m-c‑p-s‑S k‑w-L-¯‑n-e‑p-
ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶ h‑p-l‑m³ s‑k³-{‑SÂ B-i‑p-]-{‑X‑n-b‑n-s‑e
t‑\-{‑X-t‑c‑m-K-h‑n-Z-K‑v-[³ e‑o s‑h³-e‑n-b‑m-§‑p‑w tcm-Kw
]n-Sn-s]«v a-c-W-¯‑n-\‑v-- I‑o-g-S-§‑n-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p.
s‑{‑^-_‑p-h-c‑n H-¶‑n-\‑v ^‑n-e‑n-¸‑o³-k‑n 41 h-b-
Ê‑p-Å s‑s‑N-\-¡‑m-c³ a-c‑n-¨-t‑X‑m-s‑S s‑I‑m-t‑d‑m-W
_‑m-[‑n-¨‑p-Å a-c-W‑w s‑s‑N-\-b‑v-¡‑v s‑h-f‑n-b‑n-t‑e-¡‑p‑w
h‑y‑m-]‑n-¨‑p-s‑h-¶-X‑v Ø‑n-c‑o-I-c‑n-¡-s‑¸-«‑p. A-t‑a-c‑n-¡‑, H‑m-
k‑v--t‑{‑S-e‑n-b‑, _‑w-¥‑m-t‑Z-i‑v, \‑y‑q-k‑o-e³-U‑v, C-{‑k-t‑bÂ‑,
a‑w-t‑K‑m-f‑n-b‑, d-j‑y‑, t‑\-¸‑mÄ X‑p-S-§‑n-b c‑m-P‑y-§Ä
X-§-f‑p-s‑S A-X‑nÀ-¯‑n-IÄ A-S-¨-t‑X‑m-s‑S s‑s‑N-\ X‑n-
I-¨‑p‑w H-ä-s‑¸-« A-h-Ø-b‑n-e‑m-b‑n. ]-e c‑m-P‑y-§-f‑p‑w
s‑s‑N-\-b‑n-t‑e-¡‑p-Å b‑m-{‑X-b‑v-¡‑v h‑n-e-t‑¡À-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p-
I-b‑p‑w h‑n-a‑m-\-§Ä d-±‑m-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑p.
COVID-19 I‑q-S‑p-XÂ A-]-I-S-I‑m-c‑n
H-c‑p-I‑q-«‑w s‑s‑h-d-k‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S "^‑m-a‑n-e‑n‑'b‑m-W‑v s‑I‑m-
t‑d‑m-W s‑s‑h-d-k‑v. C-t‑¸‑mÄ s‑]‑m-«‑n-¸‑p-d-s‑¸-«‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶
s‑s‑h-d-k‑v _‑m-[-b‑v-¡‑v COVID-19 F-¶m-Wv t]-cv
\Â-In-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv. s^-{_p-h-cn 11þ\m-Wv temIm-
tcm-Ky kwLS-\ Cu t]-cv {]-Jym-]n-¨-Xv. Coronavi-
rus disease-2019 F-¶-Xnsâ Np-cp-¡-cq-]-am-WnXv.
s‑I‑m-t‑d‑m-W s‑s‑h-d-k‑v a‑p³-]‑v-- ]-e-t‑c‑m-K-§Ä-¡‑p‑w
I‑m-c-W-a‑m-b‑n-«‑p-s‑ï-¦‑n-e‑p‑w P-\‑n-X-I-a‑m-ä‑w k‑w-`-h‑n-¨
s‑s‑h-d-k‑m-W‑v C-t‑¸‑mÄ I-s‑ï-¯‑n-b-X‑v. 2003þÂ
k‑mÀ-k‑v, 2012þ s‑aÀ-k‑v F-¶‑o t‑c‑m-K-§Ä-¡‑v I‑m-
c-W-a‑m-b-X‑p‑w s‑I‑m-t‑d‑m-W s‑s‑h-d-k‑v X-s‑¶-b‑m-W‑v.
s‑I‑m-t‑d‑m-W s‑s‑h-d-k‑n-s‑â P-\‑n-X-I-L-S-I‑w H-ä C-g-
b‑p-Å BÀ.F³.F. (Single stranded RNA Genome
-ssRNA) B-W‑v.
a‑p³-]‑v-- F-®‑q-d‑n-t‑e-s‑d t‑]-c‑p-s‑S a-c-W-¯‑n-\‑n-S-b‑m-
¡‑n-b k‑mÀ-k‑v t‑c‑m-K-¯‑n-\‑v I‑m-c-W-a‑m-b s‑I‑m-t‑d‑m-W
s‑s‑h-d-k‑p-a‑m-b‑n G-s‑d k‑m-a‑y-a‑p-Å-h-b‑m-W‑v ]‑p-X‑n-b
s‑I‑m-t‑d‑m-W s‑s‑h-d-k‑v. \‑n-] s‑s‑h-d-k‑n-\‑p-k-a‑m-\-a‑m-b‑n
h-Æ‑m-e‑p-IÄ X-s‑¶-b‑m-W‑v k‑mÀ-k‑v t‑c‑m-K-h‑p‑w ]-c-¯‑n-
b-s‑X-¶‑m-W‑v \‑n-K-a-\‑w. t‑e‑m-I-s‑¯ k-k‑v-X-\‑n-I-f‑nÂ
20 i-X-a‑m-\‑w h-Æ‑m-e‑p-I-f‑m-W‑v. h-f-s‑c Z‑q-c‑w ]-d-¡‑m³
t‑i-j‑n-b‑p-Å G-I k-k‑v-X-\‑n-b‑m-b-X‑n-\‑mÂ-X-s‑¶
a‑m-c-I-s‑s‑h-d-k‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S h‑y‑m-]-\-¯‑n h-Æ‑m-e‑p-IÄ-
¡‑v h-f-s‑c-b-[‑n-I‑w ]-¦‑p-s‑ï-¶‑v s‑s‑h-t‑d‑m-f-P‑n-Ì‑p-IÄ
A-`‑n-{‑]‑m-b-s‑¸-S‑p-¶‑p.
h‑y-h-k‑m-b-t‑a-J-e-b‑v-¡‑v `‑o-j-W‑n
s‑I‑m-t‑d‑m-W s‑s‑h-d-k‑v _‑m-[-s‑b-¯‑p-SÀ-¶‑v s‑s‑N-\-
b‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v D-X‑v-]-¶-§-s‑f-¯‑m³ s‑s‑h-Ip¶Xv C-´‑y-
b‑n-s‑e s‑S-e‑n-h‑n-j³‑, s‑a‑m-s‑s‑_Â t‑^‑m¬ t‑a-J-e-I-
s‑f c‑q-£-a‑m-b‑n _‑m-[‑n-¨‑p. s‑S-e‑n-h‑n-j³‑, s‑a‑m-s‑s‑_Â
F-¶‑n-h-b‑p-s‑S ]‑mÀ-S‑v--k‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S 75 i-X-a‑m-\-h‑p‑w s‑s‑N-
\‑o-k‑v C-d-¡‑p-a-X‑n-b‑m-W‑v. C-´‑y-b‑n \‑nÀ-a‑n-¡‑p-¶
h‑n-t‑Z-i-{‑_‑m³-U‑p-I-f‑m-b j-t‑h‑m-a‑n‑, H-t‑¸‑m‑, h‑n-t‑h‑m‑,
h¬-¹-k‑v, S‑n.k‑n.FÂ.‑, s‑e-t‑\‑m-t‑h‑m‑, B-¸‑nÄ‑, d‑n-bÂ-
a‑n F-¶‑n-h-b‑p-s‑S \‑nÀ-a‑m-W-L-S-I-§Ä a‑n-¡-h-b‑p‑w
s‑s‑N-\-b‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v C-d-¡‑p-a-X‑n s‑N-¿‑p-¶-h-b‑m-W‑v.
]‑p-X‑p-h-Õ-c A-h-[‑n-¡‑v t‑i-j‑w P-\‑p-h-c‑n A-h-k‑m-
s‑s‑P-h‑m-b‑p-[-{‑]-t‑b‑m-K-t‑a‑m‑,
]-c‑o-£-W-t‑a‑m?
s‑s‑P-h‑m-b‑p-[ b‑p-²-h‑n-Z-K‑v-[-\‑p‑w C-{‑k-
t‑b s‑s‑k-\‑n-I Câ-e‑n-P³-k‑v a‑p³
H‑m-^‑o-k-d‑p-a‑m-b U‑m-\‑n t‑l‑m-j-¯‑m-W‑v
s‑I‑m-t‑d‑m-W s‑s‑h-d-k‑v H-c‑p s‑s‑P-h‑m-b‑p-
[-a‑m-I‑m-s‑a-¶‑v B-Z‑y-a‑m-b‑n A-`‑n-{‑]‑m-b-
s‑¸-«-X‑v. h‑p-l‑m-\‑n-s‑e A-X‑n-\‑q-X-\-a‑m-b
s‑s‑h-t‑d‑m-f-P‑n C³-Ì‑n-ä‑y‑q-«‑n a-\‑p-j‑y-P‑o-
h-\‑v l‑m-\‑n-I-c-a‑m-b a‑m-c-I-s‑s‑h-d-k‑p-IÄ
\‑nÀ-a‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-s‑ï-¶ A-`‑y‑q-l‑w s‑I‑m-
t‑d‑m-W s‑s‑h-d-k‑v C-¯-c-¯‑n s‑s‑N-\
h‑n-I-k‑n-¸‑n-s‑¨-S‑p-¯ s‑s‑P-h‑m-b‑p-[-a‑m-
s‑W-¶ h‑m-Z-¯‑n-\‑v {‑]-N‑m-c‑w \Â-I‑p-¶-
X‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. F-¶‑m h‑y‑m-]‑m-c-c‑w-K-¯‑v
a‑p-t‑¶-d‑p-¶ s‑s‑N-\-s‑b X-IÀ-¡‑m³ A-t‑a-
c‑n-¡ {‑]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨ s‑s‑P-h‑m-b‑p-[-a‑m-sW¶v
F-X‑nÀ-{‑]-N‑m-c-W-§-f‑p-a‑p-ï‑v.
a-c-W-I‑m-c‑n-I-f‑m-b s‑s‑h-d-k‑v, _‑m-Î‑o-
c‑n-b‑, ^‑w-K-k‑v X‑p-S-§‑n-b t‑c‑m-K‑m-W‑p-¡-
f‑n-e‑q-s‑S-b‑p‑w s‑s‑P-h-h‑n-j-{‑]-t‑b‑m-K-§-f‑n-
e‑q-s‑S-b‑p‑w i-{‑X‑p-¡-s‑f t‑c‑m-K‑n-I-f‑m-¡‑n
I‑o-g‑v--s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p-¶ X-{‑´-a‑m-W‑v s‑s‑P-h‑m-
b‑p-[-{‑]-t‑b‑m-K‑w. ]‑p-c‑m-X-\-I‑m-e‑w a‑p-X-t‑e
c‑m-P‑y-§Ä C‑u b‑p-²-X-{‑´‑w D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-
¨‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. s‑h-Å-¯‑n-t‑e‑m‑, `-£-W-¯‑n-
t‑e‑m t‑c‑m-K‑m-W‑p-¡-s‑f I-eÀ-¯‑p-I-t‑b‑m‑,
i-c‑o-c-¯‑n I‑p-¯‑n-h-b‑v-¡‑p-I-t‑b‑m‑, A-´-
c‑o-£-¯‑n-t‑e-¡‑v k‑v--t‑{‑] s‑N-¿‑p-I-t‑b‑m
s‑N-¿‑p-¶-XmWv N‑n-e c‑o-X‑n-I-Ä. B-{‑´‑m-
I-‑v-k‑v, t‑_‑m-«‑p-e‑n-k‑w‑, k‑v-t‑a‑mÄ-t‑]‑m-I-‑vk‑v,
t‑¹-K‑v, S‑p-e-t‑d-a‑n-b‑, h-k‑q-c‑n‑, a-t‑e-d‑n-b‑,
t‑I‑m-f-d‑, s‑s‑S-^-k‑v, F³-s‑k-s‑^-s‑s‑e-ä‑n-
k‑v X‑p-S-§‑n-b t‑c‑m-K-§Ä C-¯-c-¯‑nÂ
s‑s‑P-h‑m-b‑p-[-{‑]-t‑b‑m-K-§Ä-¡‑m-b‑n ]-e
c‑m-P‑y-§-f‑p‑w D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-ï‑v.
മാർച്ച്‌2020
15
 \‑w s‑s‑N-\‑o-k‑v I-¼-\‑n-IÄ X‑p-d-¡‑m-\‑n-c‑n-s‑¡-b‑m-W‑v
s‑s‑h-d-k‑v _‑m-[-a‑q-e‑w a‑p³-I-c‑p-XÂ \-S-]-S‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S
`‑m-K-a‑m-b‑n ^‑m-Î-d‑n-IÄ I‑q-«-t‑¯‑m-s‑S ]‑q-«‑n-b‑n-S‑m³
A-[‑n-I‑r-XÀ X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\‑n-¨-X‑v. \‑nÀ-a‑m-W-L-S-I-§Ä
e-`‑y-a-Ã‑m-X‑m-I‑p-¶-t‑X‑m-s‑S C-´‑y³ I-¼-\‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S
D-X‑v-]‑m-Z-\‑w \‑nÀ-¯‑n-h-b‑v-t‑¡-ï k‑m-l-N-c‑y-a‑p-ï‑m-I‑p-
s‑a-¶‑m-W‑v _‑n-k‑n-\-k‑v {‑K‑q-¸‑p-IÄ ]-d-b‑p-¶-X‑v. C-X‑v
I-b-ä‑p-a-X‑n-b‑n-e-S-¡‑w C-´‑y-b‑p-s‑S h‑y‑m-]‑m-c-c‑w-K-¯‑v
e-£-¡-W-¡‑n-\‑v t‑U‑m-f-d‑n-s‑â \-ã-a‑p-ï‑m-¡‑p-s‑a-¶‑v
h‑n-e-b‑n-c‑p-¯-s‑¸-S‑p-¶‑p. C-e-t‑{‑Î‑m-W‑n-I‑v D-]-I-c-W-§Ä
I‑q-S‑m-s‑X k-‑v-I‑qÄ _‑m-K‑v, FÂ-C-U‑n s‑s‑e-ä‑p-IÄ‑,
t‑N‑m-t‑¢-ä‑p-IÄ‑, s‑X‑m-g‑nÂ-þ-I‑mÀ-j‑n-I D-]-I-c-W-§Ä‑,
s‑I‑m-X‑p-I‑p-_‑m-ä‑v X‑p-S-§‑n-b-h-b‑p‑w s‑s‑N-\-b‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v
C-´‑y-b‑n-t‑e-¡‑v C-d-¡‑p-a-X‑n s‑N-¿‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑m C-h-b‑p-
s‑S h‑y‑m-]‑m-c-c‑w-K-¯‑v a‑m-µ‑y-a‑p-ï‑m-I‑p-s‑a-¶‑p‑w k‑q-N-\-
I-f‑p-ï‑v.
{‑]-X‑n-t‑c‑m-[‑w X‑oÀ-¯‑v t‑I-c-f‑w
s‑I‑m-t‑d‑m-W s‑s‑h-d-k‑v _‑m-[‑n-¡‑m³ k‑m-[‑y-X-b‑p-Å
30 t‑e‑m-I-c‑m-P‑y-§-f‑n C-c‑p-]-¯‑n-a‑q-¶‑m-a-X‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p
C-´‑y-b‑p-s‑S Ø‑m-\‑w. C-´‑y-b‑n B-Z‑y-a‑m-b‑n d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-
«‑v s‑N-b‑v-X a‑q-¶‑v s‑I‑m-t‑d‑m-W s‑s‑h-d-k‑v t‑I-k‑p-I-f‑p‑w
t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-e‑m-s‑W-¶ h-k‑v-X‑p-X k‑w-Ø‑m-\-¯‑n-s‑â
B-t‑c‑m-K‑y-k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\-§-s‑f t‑Z-i‑o-b-{‑i-²-b‑n-t‑e-
¡‑v D-bÀ-¯‑n. s‑I‑m-t‑d‑m-W d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑v s‑N-b‑v-X‑v B-Z‑y
A-©‑p-a-W‑n-¡‑q-d‑n X-s‑¶ 20 s‑F-s‑k‑m-t‑e-j³ h‑mÀ-
U‑p-IÄ X-¿‑m-d‑m-¡‑m³ B-t‑c‑m-K‑y-h-I‑p-¸‑n-\‑v k‑m-[‑n-¨‑p.
a‑q-¶‑m-a-s‑¯ s‑I‑m-t‑d‑m-W-t‑I-k‑v I‑q-S‑n Ø‑n-c‑o-I-c‑n-¨-
t‑X‑m-s‑S C-X‑v k‑w-Ø‑m-\-Z‑p-c-´-a‑m-b‑n {‑]-J‑y‑m-]‑n-¨‑p.
F-Ã‑m h-I‑p-¸‑n-s‑e-b‑p‑w D-t‑Z‑y‑m-K-Ø-c‑p-s‑S ]-¦‑m-f‑n-¯‑w
D-d-¸‑p-h-c‑p-¯‑n 24 a-W‑n-¡‑q-d‑p‑w {‑]-hÀ-¯-\-k-Ö-a‑m-b
kÀ-¡‑mÀ k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\-§Ä {‑I-a‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑m³ B-t‑c‑m-K‑y-

ക�ൊറ�ോണ
ഭീഷണി
ല�ോകത്തെ മ�ൊത്തം
വൈറസ് ബാധ: 80,239
ചൈന
മരണം: 2666
വൈറസ്ബാധ: 77,780

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33 രാജ്യങ്ങൾ രാജ്യങ്ങളും വൈറസ്
വൈറസ് ബാധ: 2459 ബാധിച്ചവരുടെ എണ്ണവും
മരണം: 34
സിംഗപ്പൂർ ...............90 റഷ്യ...............................2
മലേഷ്യ ......................22 സ്‌പെയിൻ...................2
ഫിലിപ്പീൻസ് വിയറ്റ്‌നാം ................. 16 ബെൽജിയം.................1
വൈറസ്ബാധ: 3 ഓസ്‌ട്രേലിയ .............22 ഫിൻലൻഡ്‌...................1
മരണം: 1 കംബ�ോഡിയ...............1 ഇസ്രയേൽ...................2
ജപ്പാൻ തായ്‌ലൻഡ്‌...............37 സ്വീഡൻ.........................1
വൈറസ്ബാധ: 157 ഇന്ത്യ.............................3 യു.എ.ഇ.....................13
മരണം: 1 നേപ്പാൾ.........................1 ഈജിപ്ത്.....................1
ക�ൊറിയ ശ്രീലങ്ക..........................1 ഇറാൻ......................... 61
വൈറസ്ബാധ: 977 യു.എസ്.എ..............53 ലെബനൻ.....................1
മരണം: 10 കാനഡ....................... 10 അഫ്ഗാനിാൻ.........1
ജർമ്മനി..................... 16 ബഹ്‌റൈൻ.................8
ഫ്രാൻസ് യു.കെ........................13 ഇറാഖ്............................1
വൈറസ്ബാധ: 12 ഇറ്റലി........................229 ഒമാൻ...........................2
മരണം: 1
25-02-2020 വരെയുള്ള കണക്ക്‌

16 മാതൃഭൂമി ജി കെ & കറന്റ് അഫയേഴ്‌സ്‌


s‑k-{‑I-«-d‑n-b‑p-s‑S t‑\-X‑r-
X‑z-¯‑n-e‑p-Å k‑w-L‑w
a‑p³-s‑s‑I-s‑b-S‑p-¯‑p.
AXp-sIm-ïpX-s¶ tcm-
Kw a-säm-cm-fn-te¡pw
]-S-cm-sX \n-b-{´n-¡m
-\mbn.
]-c‑n-t‑i‑m-[-\-b‑p‑w
N‑n-I‑n-Õ-b‑p‑w
s‑I‑m-t‑d‑m-W s‑s‑h-d-k‑v
_‑m-[ Ø‑n-c‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p-
¶-X‑n-\‑p-Å s‑S-Ì‑v c-ï‑v
L-«-a‑m-b‑m-W‑v \-S-¯‑p-¶-
X‑v. B-Z‑y-L-«-¯‑n t‑c‑m-
ലക്ഷണങ്ങൾ
പനി
ക്ഷീണം
വൃക്ക
തകരാർ
വയറിളക്കം
ക�ൊറ�ോണ വൈറസിനെക്കുറിച്ചുള്ള
ല�ോകാര�ോഗ്യസംഘടനയുടെ വീഡിയ�ോ
കാണാൻ ക്യൂ ആർ ക�ോഡ് സ്‌കാൻ ചെയ്യുക
C-X‑p-h-s‑c I-s‑ï-¯‑n-b s‑I‑m-t‑d‑m-W s‑s‑h-d-k‑p-IÄ
s‑s‑h-d-k‑v.............................................................................................. hÀ-j‑w
1 l‑y‑q-a³ s‑I‑m-t‑d‑m-W s‑s‑h-d-k‑v 229E (HCoV-229E)........................1960
2 l‑y‑q-a³ s‑I‑m-t‑d‑m-W s‑s‑h-d-k‑v OC43(HCoV-OC43).....................1960
3 k‑mÀ-k‑v (SARS -CoV).........................................................................2003
4 l‑y‑q-a³ s‑I‑m-t‑d‑m-W s‑s‑h-d-k‑v NL63 (HCoV-NL63)......................2004
5 l‑y‑q-a³ s‑I‑m-t‑d‑m-W s‑s‑h-d-k‑v HKU1 (HCoV- HKU1).................2005
6 s‑aÀ-k‑v (MERS-CoV)..........................................................................2012
7 COVID-19.............................................................................................2019
K‑n-b‑p-s‑S {‑k-h‑w D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨‑v \-S-¯‑p-¶ d‑n-bÂ-s‑s‑S‑w
t‑]‑m-f‑n-a-t‑d-k‑v s‑N-b‑n³ d‑n-b‑m-I‑v--j³ (RTPCR) s‑S-Ì‑m-
W‑v \-S-¯‑p-I. c-ï‑m‑w L-«-a‑m-b‑n P‑o³ k‑o-I‑z³-k‑n-M‑v
s‑S-Ì‑p‑w \-S-¯‑p-¶‑p. C-t‑X‑m-s‑S t‑c‑m-K-_‑m-[ ]‑qÀ-W-a‑m-
b‑p‑w Ø‑n-c‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑m-\‑m-I‑p‑w. s‑I‑m-t‑d‑m-W s‑s‑h-d-k‑n-\‑v
\‑n-e-h‑n ^-e-{‑]-Z-a‑m-b {‑]-X‑n-t‑c‑m-[ h‑m-I-‑vk‑n-t‑\‑m
N‑n-I‑n-Õ-b‑v-¡‑p-Å a-c‑p-t‑¶‑m I-s‑ï-¯‑n-b‑n-«‑n-Ã‑m-¯-
X‑n-\‑mÂ‑, N‑p-a‑, i‑z‑m-k-X-S-Ê‑w‑, ]-\‑n F-¶‑o e-£-W-
§-f‑p-Å-hÀ-¡‑v C‑u t‑c‑m-K‑m-h-Ø-IÄ a‑qÀ-Ñ‑n-¡‑m-X‑n-
c‑n-¡‑m-\‑p-Å a-c‑p-¶‑v \Â-I‑p-I-a‑m-{‑X-a‑m-W‑v s‑N-¿‑p-¶-X‑v.
F-¶‑mÂ‑, s‑I‑m-t‑d‑m-W s‑s‑h-d-k‑n-\‑p-Å a-c‑p-¶‑v \‑nÀ-a‑n-
¡‑m-\‑p-f-f {‑i-a-§Ä h‑n-h‑n-[-c‑m-P‑y-§-f‑n-s‑e ]-c‑o-£-W-
i‑m-e-I-f‑n ]‑p-t‑c‑m-K-a‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v.
s‑s‑h-d-k‑v _‑m-[-b‑p-s‑S C³-I‑y‑p-t‑_-j³ ]‑o-c‑n-
b-U‑m-b 14 Z‑n-h-k-¯‑n-s‑â C-c-«‑n-Z‑n-\-§Ä \‑n-c‑o-
£-W-¯‑n I-g‑n-b‑p-¶-t‑X‑m-s‑S t‑c‑m-K-_‑m-[-b‑p-
ï‑m-I‑p-t‑a‑m-s‑b-¶‑v Ø‑n-c‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑m³ k‑m-[‑n-¡‑p‑w.
t‑c‑m-K-_‑m-[‑n-X-c‑p-a‑m-t‑b‑m‑, s‑s‑h-d-k‑v _‑m-[ I-s‑ï-
¯‑n-b {‑]-t‑Z-i-§-f‑p-a‑m-t‑b‑m t‑\-c‑n-«‑v _-Ô-s‑¸-«
B-f‑p-I-s‑f 28 Z‑n-h-k‑w h‑o-S‑n-\‑p-Å‑nÂ-¯-s‑¶ I-g‑n-
ª‑v k‑z-b‑w \‑n-c‑o-£-W‑w \-S-¯‑m³ t‑{‑]-c‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶
"I‑z‑m-d-s‑s‑â³ c‑o-X‑n‑'b‑m-W‑v s‑s‑h-d-k‑v \‑n-b-{‑´‑n-¡‑m³
C-t‑¸‑mÄ A-h-e‑w-_‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v.
k‑mÀ-k‑p‑w s‑aÀ-k‑p‑w
2003þ s‑s‑N-\-b‑n h‑y‑m-]-I-a‑m-b‑n I‑m-W-s‑¸-«
H-c‑p i‑z‑m-k-t‑I‑m-i-t‑c‑m-K-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p k‑mÀ-k‑v A-Y-h‑m
k‑n-h‑n-bÀ A-I‑y‑q-«‑v s‑d-k‑v-]‑n-t‑d-ä-d‑n k‑n³-t‑{‑U‑m‑w. C-X‑v
ജലദ�ോഷം i‑z‑m-k-t‑I‑m-i-{‑]-i‑v-\-§Ä-¡‑p‑w h-b-d‑n-f-¡‑w‑, £‑o-W‑w‑,
ചുമ h‑r-¡-b‑n-s‑e X-I-c‑m-d‑p-IÄ F-¶‑n-h-b‑v-¡‑p‑w I‑m-c-W-a‑m-
ത�ൊണ്ടവേദന I‑p‑w. F-®‑m-b‑n-c-t‑¯‑m-f‑w t‑]À-¡‑v t‑c‑m-K-_‑m-[-b‑p-ï‑m-
ശ്വാസ തടസ്സം h‑p-I-b‑p‑w F-®‑q-t‑d‑m-f‑w-t‑]À a-c‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑n-
ന്യുമ�ോണിയ c‑p-¶‑p. a‑n-U‑n C‑u-Ì‑v s‑d-k‑v-]‑n-t‑d-ä-d‑n k‑n³-t‑{‑U‑m‑w
(s‑aÀ-k‑v) B-Z‑y-a‑m-b‑n d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑v s‑N-¿-s‑¸-«-X‑v 2012þÂ
k‑u-Z‑n A-t‑d-_‑y-b‑n-e‑m-W‑v. a-ä‑p-t‑c‑m-K-§-s‑f-¡‑mÄ
X‑o-{‑h-a‑m-b i‑z‑m-k-t‑I‑m-i-{‑]-i‑v-\-§-f‑m-W‑v C‑u t‑c‑m-K‑w
ശ്വേത _‑m-[‑n-¨-hÀ-¡‑p-ï‑m-I‑p-I. H-«-I-§-f‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑m-W‑v s‑aÀ-
രക്താണുക്കളുടെ k‑v a-\‑p-j‑y-c‑n-t‑e-¡‑v ]-SÀ-¶-s‑X-¶‑v t‑e‑m-I‑m-t‑c‑m-K‑y-k‑w-
കുറവ്‌
L-S-\ h‑y-à-a‑m-¡‑n-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p.
മാർച്ച്‌2020
17
 ബി.എസ്.ബിമിനിത്

ക�ൊറ�ോണയെ ത�ോൽപ്പിച്ച
‘ഇൻഫ�ോഡെമിക് ’
നുണക്കഥകൾ പ്രകാശവേഗത്തിൽ സഞ്ചരിക്കുന്ന സമൂഹമാധ്യമങ്ങളിൽ
ക�ൊറ�ോണയെ സംബന്ധിച്ച വ്യാജവാർത്തകളും വലിയ പ്രശ്‌നം സൃഷ്ടിച്ചു.
മുഖ്യധാരാ മാധ്യമങ്ങൾപ�ോലും ഈ നുണകൾ ഏറ്റുപിടിച്ചു

t‑e‑m -I-¯‑m-I-a‑m-\‑w s‑I‑m-t‑d‑m-W‑m s‑s‑h-d-k‑n-s‑\- t‑k‑m-j‑y a‑o-U‑n-b ]-SÀ-¯‑n-b t‑e‑m-I-s‑¯ G-ä-

¡‑mÄ t‑h-K‑w ]-SÀ-¶-X‑v A-t‑X-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p-Å h‑y‑m-P- h‑p‑w h-e‑n-b "C³-t‑^‑m-s‑U-a‑n-I‑v' F-¶‑m-W‑v t‑e‑m-I‑m-t‑c‑m-
h‑mÀ-¯-I-f‑m-W‑v. s‑s‑N-\-b‑n-s‑e h‑p-l‑m-\‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v- ]-SÀ- K‑y-k‑w-L-S-\ \‑n-e-h‑n-s‑e k‑m-l-N-c‑y-s‑¯ h‑n-t‑i-j‑n-¸‑n-
¶‑p-]‑n-S‑n-¨ t‑I‑m-h‑n-U‑v-þ19 (COVID-19) s‑s‑h-d-k‑v ¨-X‑v. h‑y‑m-P-h‑mÀ-¯-I-f‑p‑w h-f-s‑¨‑m-S‑n-¨ h‑mÀ-¯-I-f‑p‑w
_‑m-[-s‑b-¯‑p-SÀ-¶‑v t‑e‑m-I‑m-t‑c‑m-K‑y-k‑w-L-S-\ B-t‑c‑m- s‑I‑m-ï‑v t‑e‑m-I-s‑¯ `‑o-X‑n-b‑n-e‑m-g‑v-¯‑n-b G-ä-h‑p‑w
K‑y A-Sn‑ b - ´ - c - m‑ h
- Ø- {‑]J- y‑ m‑ ]- n‑ ¡ - p‑ ¶- X
- n‑ \ - v‑ F-{X ‑ t- b ‑ m‑ h-e‑n-b k‑w-`-h-a‑m-b‑n A-X‑v. t‑k‑m-j‑y a‑o-U‑n-b h-g‑n
a‑p³-]p‑ X- s- ¶‑ t‑km‑ j - y‑ Â a‑oU - n‑ b - m‑ t‑em‑ I - ¯ - m‑ I - a - m‑ \
- w‑ ]-SÀ-¶‑p-]‑n-S‑n-¡‑p-¶ ]-IÀ-¨-h‑y‑m-[‑n F-¶-\‑n-e-b‑nÂ
A-Sn‑ b
- ´- c - m‑ h- Ø- {‑]J
- y‑ m‑ ]- n‑ ¨- p‑ I
- g- n‑ ª
- n‑ c
- p‑ ¶
- p‑ . c‑m{- ã ‑ o‑ b- ,‑ C‑u "C³-t‑^‑m-s‑U-a‑n-I‑v' G-s‑d NÀ-¨-s‑N-¿-s‑¸-«‑p.
k‑m¼- ¯ - n‑ I - ,‑ k‑ma - q‑ l
- n‑ I
- c‑wK - s - ¯ ‑ F-Xn‑ c - m‑ f- n‑ I
- f - ‑p‑w U‑n-k‑w-_À ]-I‑p-X‑n-t‑b‑m-s‑S-b‑m-W‑v h‑p-l‑m-\‑n-s‑e l‑p-
A-X‑v H-c‑p k-µÀ-`-a‑m-b‑n I-ï‑v- {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¨‑p. h‑m-\‑m³ k‑o-^‑p-U‑v a‑mÀ-¡-ä‑p-a‑m-b‑n _-Ô-s‑¸-«-hÀ-¡‑v
t‑c‑m-K-e-£-W-§Ä I-ï‑p-X‑p-S-§‑p-¶-X‑v. X‑p-S-¡-¯‑nÂ
s‑I‑m-t‑d‑m-W-s‑b-¶‑v Ø‑n-c‑o-I-c‑n-¨‑n-Ã F-¶‑p-a‑m-{‑X-a-Ã‑,

18 മാതൃഭൂമി ജി കെ & കറന്റ് അഫയേഴ്‌സ്‌

A-¡‑m-c‑y‑w NÀ-¨-s‑N-b‑v-X B-t‑c‑m-K‑y-{‑]-hÀ-¯-IÀ-s‑¡-
X‑n-t‑c-h-s‑c \‑n-b-a-\-S-]-S‑n-IÄ k‑z‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-
X‑p. kÀ-t‑h‑m-]-c‑n C-s‑X-Ã‑m‑w \-S-¶-X‑v s‑s‑N-\-b‑n-e‑m-W‑v
F-¶-X‑v h‑y‑m-P-h‑mÀ-¯-I-f‑p-s‑S k‑m-[‑y-X hÀ-[‑n-¸‑n-¨‑p.
C-t‑¸‑m-g‑p‑w {‑]-N-c‑n-¡‑p-¶
s‑s‑P-h‑m-b‑p-[ I-Y-
s‑s‑N-\ s‑s‑P-h‑m-b‑p-[‑w h‑n-I-k‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑n-s‑S
A-_-²-¯‑n k‑w-`-h‑n-¨-X‑m-W‑v s‑I‑m-t‑d‑m-W s‑s‑h-d-
k‑v- h‑y‑m-]-\-s‑a-¶‑v t‑e‑m-I-h‑y‑m-]-I-a‑m-b‑n {‑]-N‑m-c-W‑w
\-S-¶‑p. P-\‑n-X-I F³-P‑n-\‑o-b-d‑n-§‑n-s‑â b‑m-s‑X‑m-c‑p
s‑X-f‑n-h‑p‑w C-X‑p-h-s‑c ]‑p-d-¯‑p-h-¶‑n-«‑n-s‑Ã-¶‑p‑w A-X‑n-\‑v
k‑m-[‑y-X-b‑n-s‑Ã-¶‑p‑w i‑m-k‑v-{‑X-t‑e‑m-I‑w ]-e-X-h-W h‑m-
Z‑n-¨‑n-«p‑ w‑ A-¡m‑ c - y‑ w‑ {‑]N- c
- n‑ ¨
- p‑ s- I
‑ m‑ ï
- n‑ c- p‑ ¶
- p‑ . s‑^{- _ ‑ p‑ h
- c- n‑ -
b‑n b‑p.F-kv.‑ s‑k\ - ä- À t‑Sm‑ w‑ t‑Im‑ «- ¬ X-s¶ ‑ i-àa - m‑ -
b‑n C‑u B-tc ‑ m‑ ]
- W - w‑ D-¶b - n‑ ¡
- p‑ I- b
- p‑ w‑ s‑Nb - Xv-‑ p‑ .
h-Æ‑m-e‑p-I-f‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑m-W‑v ]‑p-X‑n-b s‑I‑m-t‑d‑m-W s‑s‑h-
d-k‑v ]-SÀ-¶-X‑v F-¶‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p {‑]‑m-Y-a‑n-I \‑n-K-a-\‑w.
h‑p-l‑m³ s‑s‑h-t‑d‑m-f-P‑n C³-Ì‑n-ä‑y‑q-«‑n-\‑p‑w A-h‑n-S-s‑¯
s‑s‑h-t‑d‑m-f-P‑n i‑m-k‑v-{‑X-Ú³ j‑n s‑k-M‑v-¥‑n-¡‑n-\‑p‑w {‑]-N-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. F-s‑Å-® ]‑p-c-«‑n-b‑m s‑I‑m-t‑d‑m-W
h‑n-\-b‑m-b-X‑p‑w A-X‑p-X-s‑¶-b‑m-W‑v. h‑p-l‑m³ s‑s‑h-t‑d‑m-f- s‑s‑h-d-k‑v _‑m-[‑n-¡‑n-s‑Ã-¶-X‑p‑w D-Õ-h-¸-d-¼‑n-e‑p‑w
P‑n C³-Ì‑n-ä‑y‑q-«‑n s‑s‑P-h‑m-b‑p-[‑w h‑n-I-k‑n-¸‑n-¡‑m-\‑p-Å a-ä‑p‑w \-S-¡‑p-¶ s‑h-S‑n-s‑¡-«‑n-s‑â ]‑p-I s‑s‑h-d-k‑n-s‑\
K-t‑h-j-W-§Ä \-S-¡‑p-¶-X‑m-b‑p‑w A-h‑n-s‑S-\‑n-¶‑v- ]‑p-d- s‑I‑m-Ã‑p-s‑a-¶-X‑p‑w "A-´‑m-c‑m-{‑ã X-e-¯‑nÂ‑' {‑]-N-c‑n-¨
¯‑p-h-¶ s‑s‑h-d-k‑m-W‑v C-s‑X-¶‑p‑w h‑m-j‑n-M‑v-S¬ s‑s‑S‑w- {‑]-X‑n-h‑n-[‑n-I-f‑m-W‑v. h‑n³-U‑n F-¶ k‑z-I‑m-c‑y I‑m-e‑m-
k‑m-W‑v d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑v-s‑N-b‑v-X-X‑v. h‑n-h‑n-[ c‑m-P‑y-§-f‑n-s‑e h-Ø‑m-\‑n-c‑o-£-W B-¸‑n-s‑â Z‑r-i‑y‑w F-U‑n-ä‑v-s‑N-b‑v-X‑v
\‑n-c-h-[‑n a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä A-X‑v G-ä‑p-]‑n-S‑n-¨‑p. ]‑n-¶‑m-s‑e h‑p-l‑m-\‑n kÄ-^À U-t‑b‑m-I‑v-s‑s‑k-U‑n-s‑â A-f-h‑v
h‑m-j‑n-M‑v-S¬ s‑s‑S‑w-k‑n-s‑e h‑mÀ-¯ s‑X-ä‑m-s‑W-¶‑v I‑q-S‑p-X-e‑m-s‑W-¶‑p‑w A-h‑n-s‑S ]‑p-d-¯‑p-h-¶ I-W-¡‑n-
{‑]-a‑p-J a‑m-[‑y-a-a‑m-b h‑m-j‑n-M‑v-S¬ t‑]‑m-Ì‑v t‑e-J-\‑w s‑\-¡‑mÄ I‑q-S‑p-XÂ-t‑]À a-c‑n-¨‑p-s‑h-¶-X‑n-\‑v s‑X-f‑n-
{‑]-k‑n-²‑o-I-c‑n-s‑¨-¦‑n-e‑p‑w A-[‑n-I-a‑m-c‑p‑w {‑i-²‑n-¨‑n-Ã. h‑m-s‑W-¶‑p‑w {‑]-N‑m-c-W-a‑p-ï‑m-b‑n. C-X‑v a‑p-J‑y-[‑m-c‑m
A-t‑¸‑m-t‑g-¡‑p‑w h-Æ‑m-e‑p-I-f‑n-e‑q-s‑S ]-S-c‑p-¶ s‑s‑h-d-k‑p- a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä-h-s‑c h‑mÀ-¯-b‑m-¡‑n-b-X‑v A-S‑p-¯ Z‑n-h-k-
I-f‑n-t‑e-¡‑v ]T-\‑w \-S-¯‑p-¶ j‑n s‑k-M‑v-¥‑n-¡‑n-s‑\-X‑n- §-f‑n-e‑m-W‑v. s‑s‑N-\‑o-k‑v I-f‑n-¸‑m-«-§-f‑p‑w s‑s‑N-\-b‑nÂ-
t‑c s‑s‑k-_À B-{‑I-a-W‑w h‑y‑m-]-I-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. A-X‑v \‑n-¶‑p-Å ]‑m-g‑v-k-e‑p-I-f‑p‑w h‑m-§-c‑p-s‑X-¶ {‑]-N‑m-c-W-
C-t‑¸‑m-g‑p‑w X‑p-SÀ-¶‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. h‑p‑w X-I‑r-X‑n-b‑m-b‑n \-S-¡‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v.
s‑s‑h-d-e‑m-b s‑s‑h-d-k‑v- C-S-s‑]-S-e‑p-IÄ-
h‑p-l‑m-\‑p-I‑mÀ h-Æ‑m-e‑p-I-s‑f ]-¨-b‑v-¡‑v `-£‑n-¡‑p-¶- 'C³-t‑^‑m-s‑U-a‑n-I‑v' C-{‑X-t‑b-s‑d c‑q-£-a‑m-b k‑m-l-
X‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑m-W‑v \‑n-t‑b‑m s‑I‑m-t‑d‑m-W s‑s‑h-d-k‑v ]-SÀ- N-c‑y-¯‑n-e‑m-W‑v t‑e‑m-I‑m-t‑c‑m-K‑y-k‑w-L-S-\ C-S-s‑]-«-X‑v.
¶-s‑X-¶‑v {‑]-N-c‑n-¸‑n-¨-X‑n-\‑v {‑]-[‑m-\ D-¯-c-h‑m-Z‑n-IÄ A-h-c‑p-s‑S \‑nÀ-t‑Z-i-{‑]-I‑m-c‑w U‑n-P‑n-ä _‑n-k‑n-\-k‑v
b‑p.s‑I.b‑n-s‑e s‑U-b‑v-e‑n s‑a-b‑n-e‑p‑w d-j‑y³ a‑m-[‑y-a-a‑m-b s‑k‑m-e‑y‑q-j³ a‑m-t‑\-P-c‑m-b B³-{‑U‑y‑q ]‑m-ä‑n-k¬
d-j‑y S‑p-t‑U-b‑p-a‑m-W‑v. H-c‑p s‑s‑N-\‑o-k‑v b‑p-h-X‑n h-Æ‑m- I‑m-e‑n-t‑^‑mÀ-W‑n-b-b‑n-s‑e a‑u-ï³ h‑y‑q-h‑n-s‑e s‑^-b‑v-
e‑n-s‑\ I-g‑n-¡‑p-¶ h‑o-U‑n-t‑b‑m DÄ-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p- k‑v-_‑p-I‑v B-Ø‑m-\-¯‑v {‑]-a‑p-J t‑k‑m-j‑y a‑o-U‑n-b
¶‑p A-h-c‑p-s‑S d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑p-IÄ. s‑s‑N-\‑o-k‑v {‑S‑m-h I-¼-\‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S {‑]-X‑n-\‑n-[‑n-I-s‑f h‑n-f‑n-¨‑p-h-c‑p-¯‑n
h‑v-t‑f‑m-KÀ h‑m-M‑v s‑a-M‑y‑p³ 2016þÂ ]-e‑u Z‑z‑o-]‑nÂ-s‑h- k‑w-k‑m-c‑n-¨‑p. K‑q-K‑nÄ‑, B-¸‑nÄ‑, F-bÀ _‑n.F³._‑n.‑,
¨‑v j‑q-«‑v-s‑N-bX v-‑ _‑mä - v‑ k‑q¸- n‑ s
- â‑ h‑oU - n‑ t- b
‑ m‑ b - m‑ b - n‑ c - p‑ ¶
- p‑ b‑q-_À X‑p-S-§‑n-b C-X-c I-¼-\‑n-I-f‑p‑w £-W‑n-X‑m-¡-
A-sX ‑ ¶ - v‑ ]‑n¶- o‑ S- v‑ ]‑pd- ¯- p‑ h- s- ¶‑ ¦ - n‑ e
- p‑ w‑ A-t¸ ‑ m‑ t- g‑ ¡ - p‑ w‑ f‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. t‑k‑m-j‑y a‑o-U‑n-b h-g‑n ]-S-c‑p-¶ h‑y‑m-P-
B {‑]N - m‑ c
- W
- w‑ t‑km‑ j - y‑ Â a‑oU - n‑ b
- G-sä ‑ S- p‑ ¯- n‑ c - p‑ ¶- p‑ . h‑mÀ-¯-IÄ I-s‑ï-¯‑n X-S-b-W-s‑a-¶‑v S‑n-I‑v t‑S‑m-I‑v,
h‑m-I‑v-k‑n³-h‑n-c‑p-²-c‑p‑w Ø‑n-c‑w B-t‑c‑m-]-W-h‑p-a‑m- S‑z‑n-äÀ‑, s‑^-b‑v-k‑v-_‑p-¡‑v X‑p-S-§‑n-b I-¼-\‑n-IÄ-¡‑v \‑nÀ-
b‑n c‑w-K-s‑¯-¯‑n-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. s‑s‑N-\‑o-k‑v i‑m-k‑v-{‑X-ÚÀ t‑Z-i‑w \Â-I‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑p.
\-b‑n-¡‑p-¶‑, I-t‑\-U‑n-b³ s‑s‑h-d-k‑v d‑n-kÀ-¨‑v e‑m- A-´À-t‑Z-i‑o-b-X-e-¯‑n {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¡‑p-¶ B-t‑c‑m-
_‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v t‑a‑m-ã‑n-¨‑v s‑s‑N-\-b‑n X‑p-d-¶‑p-h‑n-«-X‑m-W‑v K‑y-k‑w-L-S-\-I-f‑p‑w h‑n-Z-K‑v-[-c‑p‑w {‑]‑m-t‑Z-i‑n-I A-[‑n-I‑r-
s‑I‑m-t‑d‑m-W s‑s‑h-d-k‑v F-¶‑p-h-s‑c {‑]-N‑m-c-W-a‑p-ï‑m-b‑n. X-c‑p‑w A-d‑n-b‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\-\‑p-k-c‑n-¨‑p‑w k‑z-´-a‑m-b‑p‑w
I-g‑n-ª P‑q-e‑m-b‑n-s‑e I-t‑\-U‑n-b³ t‑{‑_‑m-U‑v-I‑m-Ì‑n-M‑v A-hÀ h‑y‑m-P-h‑mÀ-¯-IÄ I-s‑ï-¯‑n H-g‑n-h‑m-¡‑p-¶‑p-
t‑I‑mÀ-¸-t‑d-j-s‑â \‑y‑q-k‑v BÀ-«‑n-¡‑nÄ A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\-s‑¸- s‑ï-¶‑v I-¼-\‑n-IÄ {‑]-J‑y‑m-]‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑p.
S‑p-¯‑n-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p C‑u {‑]-N‑m-c-W‑w. ]-t‑£‑, k-X‑y‑w s‑N-c‑n-¸‑n-«‑v h-c‑p-t‑¼‑m-t‑g-¡‑p‑w \‑p-W-IÄ
s‑I‑m-t‑d‑m-W-b‑p-s‑S A-´‑m-c‑m-{‑ã ]-X‑n-¸‑p-a‑p-XÂ c-ï‑p-h-«‑w t‑e‑m-I‑w N‑p-ä‑n h-¶‑n-c‑n-¡‑p‑w F-¶-X‑m-W-t‑Ã‑m
\‑m-S³ ]-X‑n-¸‑p-h-s‑c h‑m-S‑v-k‑v-B-]‑v {‑K‑q-¸‑p-IÄ-h-g‑n C-t‑¸‑m-g-s‑¯ A-h-Ø‑!

മാർച്ച്‌2020
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 AI P.S. RAKESH
a glance into the future
‘വിക്കി ’ തിരുത്താൻ
ഇനി നിർമിതബുദ്ധി
t‑e‑m -I-¯‑n-s‑e G-ä-h‑p‑w h-e‑n-b "d-^-d³-k‑v
{‑K-Ù-a‑m-W‑v' h‑n-¡‑n-]‑o-U‑n-b. 2001þÂ P‑n-½‑n s‑h-
b‑nÂ-k‑p‑w e‑m-d‑n k‑m³-K-d‑p‑w t‑NÀ-¶‑v k‑r-ã‑n-¨ C‑u
H‑m¬-s‑s‑e³ h‑n-Ú‑m-\-t‑I‑m-i-¯‑n 301 h‑y-X‑y-k‑v-X
`‑m-j-I-f‑n-e‑m-b‑n \‑m-e‑v t‑I‑m-S‑n-b‑n-t‑e-s‑d t‑e-J-\-§-f‑p-
ï‑v. H‑m-t‑c‑m a‑m-k-h‑p‑w A-¼-X‑p-t‑I‑m-S‑n-b‑n-e-[‑n-I‑w B-f‑p-
IÄ A-d‑n-h‑v t‑X-S‑n h‑n-¡‑n-]‑o-U‑n-b s‑s‑k-ä‑n-s‑e-¯‑p-¶‑p.
C-{‑X-b-[‑n-I‑w B-f‑p-IÄ I-b-d‑n-b‑n-d-§‑p-¶ h‑n-¡‑n-]‑o-U‑n-
b-b‑v-¡‑m-b‑n h‑n-h-c-§Ä t‑i-J-c‑n-¡‑m-\‑p‑w A-h t‑{‑I‑m-
U‑o-I-c‑n-¨‑v {‑]-k‑n-²‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑m-\‑p‑w F-{‑X-t‑]À t‑P‑m-e‑n
s‑N-¿‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v? H-c‑mÄ t‑]‑m-e‑p-a‑n-Ã F-¶-X‑m-W‑p-¯-c‑w.
t‑e‑m-I-s‑a-§‑p-a‑m-b‑n h‑y‑m-]‑n-¨‑p-I‑n-S-¡‑p-¶ t‑h‑m-fâ‑n-bÀ-
a‑m-c‑m-W‑v H-c‑p s‑s‑]-k-t‑]‑m-e‑p‑w {‑]-X‑n-^-e‑w h‑m-§‑m-s‑X
t‑e-J-\-§Ä A-]‑v-t‑e‑m-U‑v s‑N-¿‑p-¶-X‑v. I‑q-«‑m-b‑v-a-b‑p-s‑S
C‑u k‑u-µ-c‑y‑w X-s‑¶-b‑m-W‑v h‑n-¡‑n-]‑o-U‑n-b-b‑p-s‑S {‑]-
[‑m-\ B-IÀ-j-W‑w.
C-t‑¸‑m-g‑n-X‑m h‑n-¡‑n-]‑o-U‑n-b-s‑b k-l‑m-b‑n-¡‑m³
\‑nÀ-a‑n-X-_‑p-²‑n D-]-t‑b‑m-K-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v H-c‑p k‑w-
L‑w K-t‑h-j-IÀ. A-t‑a-c‑n-¡-b‑n-s‑e a-k‑m-¨‑p-s‑k-ä‑v-k‑v
C³-Ì‑n-ä‑y‑q-«‑v H‑m-^‑v s‑S-I‑v-t‑\‑m-f-P‑n(F‑w.s‑F.S‑n.)b‑n-s‑e
F.F.F.s‑F. t‑I‑m¬-^d³-k‑v H‑m¬ BÀ-«‑n-^‑n-
j‑y Câ-e‑n-P³-k‑n C-X‑v k‑w-_-Ô‑n-¨ {‑]-_-Ô‑w
I-g‑n-ª a‑m-k‑w A-h-X-c‑n-¸‑n-¡-s‑¸-«‑p. C-´‑y-¡‑m-c-
\‑p‑w F‑w.s‑F.S‑nb‑n-s‑e I‑w-]‑y‑q-«À k-b³-k‑v B³-U‑v
20 മാതൃഭൂമിജികെ&കറന്റ്അഫയേഴ്‌സ്‌
BÀ-«‑n-^‑n-j‑y Câ-e‑n-P³-k‑v e-t‑_‑m-d-«-d‑n (k‑n.F-
k‑v.F.s‑F.FÂ.)b‑n-s‑e K-t‑h-j-I-h‑n-Z‑y‑mÀ-Y‑n-b‑p-a‑m-b
ZÀ-i‑v j‑m-b‑p-s‑S t‑\-X‑r-X‑z-¯‑n-e‑p-Å k‑w-L-a‑m-W‑v K-t‑h-
j-W‑w \-S-¯‑n {‑]-_-Ô‑w {‑]-k‑n-²‑o-I-c‑n-¨-X‑v.
t‑e-J-\-§-f‑n-s‑e I‑m-e-l-c-W-s‑¸-« `‑m-K-§Ä
BÀ-«‑n-^‑n-j‑y Câ-e‑n-P³-k‑n-s‑â k-l‑m-b-t‑¯‑m-s‑S
X‑n-c‑p-¯‑n-s‑b-g‑p-X‑m-\‑m-h‑p‑w F-¶‑m-W‑v {‑]-_-Ô-¯‑nÂ
]-d-b‑p-¶-X‑v. a-\‑p-j‑yÀ \-S-¯‑p-¶ F-U‑n-ä‑n-M‑v t‑]‑m-
s‑e X-s‑¶-b‑p-ï‑m-h‑p‑w F.s‑Fb‑p-s‑S X‑n-c‑p-¯-s‑e-¶‑p‑w
h‑m-b‑n-¨‑m h‑y-X‑y‑m-
k‑w t‑X‑m-¶‑p-I-t‑b-b‑n-
s‑Ã-¶‑p‑w K-t‑h-j-IÀ
A-h-I‑m-i-s‑¸-S‑p-¶‑p.
""h‑n-¡‑n-]‑o-U‑n-b
t‑e-J-\-§-f‑n \‑n-c-
´-c‑w t‑`-Z-K-X‑n-IÄ
h-c‑p-t‑¯-ï-X‑p-ï‑v.
a-\‑p-j‑y-k-l‑m-b-a‑n-Ã‑m-
s‑X B t‑`-Z-K-X‑n-IÄ
h-c‑p-¯‑m³ ]-ä‑p-s‑a-¦‑n K‑p-W-I-c-a‑m-t‑b-s‑\. C-t‑¸‑mÄ
\‑q-d‑p-I-W-¡‑n-\‑v B-f‑p-IÄ t‑NÀ-¶‑m-W‑v X‑n-c‑p-¯-
e‑p-IÄ \-S-¯‑p-¶-X‑v. F.s‑F. h-c‑p-¶-t‑X‑m-s‑S X‑n-c‑p-
¯-e‑p-IÄ k‑z‑m-`‑m-h‑n-I-a‑m-b‑n k‑w-`-h‑n-¨‑p-s‑I‑m-Å‑p‑w.
t‑e-J-\-§-f‑p-s‑S K‑p-W-\‑n-e‑m-c-h‑p‑w I‑q-S‑p‑w‑'‑'þ ZÀ-i‑v j‑m
]-d-b‑p-¶‑p.
H‑m-t‑«‑m-t‑a-ä-U‑v k‑v-{‑I‑n-]‑v-ä‑p-I-f‑n {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¡‑p-¶
t‑k‑m-^‑v-ä‑v-t‑hÀ B-¹‑n-t‑¡-j-\‑m-b t‑_‑m-«‑p-IÄ D-]-t‑b‑m-
K‑n-¨‑v C-t‑¸‑mÄ X-s‑¶ h‑n-¡‑n-]‑o-U‑n-b-b‑n X‑n-c‑p-¯-
e‑p-IÄ h-c‑p-¯‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. ]-t‑£‑, t‑\-c-s‑¯ \‑n-Ý-b‑n-¨
s‑S‑w-t‑¹-ä‑p-IÄ A-\‑p-k-c‑n-¨‑v {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¡‑m-\‑p‑w Z‑p-ã-
e-£‑y-t‑¯‑m-s‑S X‑p-SÀ-¨-b‑m-bn sN-¿p¶ F-U‑n-ä‑n-M‑v
X-S-b‑m-\‑p‑w a‑m-{‑X-t‑a t‑_‑m-«‑p-IÄ-¡‑v k‑m-[‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p-
Å‑q. H‑m-t‑c‑m t‑e-J-\-h‑p‑w h‑m-b‑n-¨‑v A-X‑n-s‑e U‑m-ä-b‑nÂ
I‑m-t‑e‑m-N‑n-X-a‑m-b‑n a‑m-ä‑w h-c‑p-¯‑m³ F-f‑p-¸-¯‑nÂ
k‑m-[‑n-¡‑p‑w F-¶-X‑m-W‑v \‑nÀ-a‑n-X-_‑p-²‑n-b‑p-s‑S K‑p-W‑w.
\‑nÀ-a‑n-X-_‑p-²‑n-b‑p-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨‑p-Å h‑n-¡‑n-]‑o-U‑n-b
F-U‑n-ä‑n-M‑v C-t‑¸‑m-g‑p‑w ]-c‑o-£-W-L-«-¯‑n-e‑m-W‑v.
F.s‑F. D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨‑p-Å F-U‑n-ä‑n-M‑n-s‑e h-k‑v-X‑p-X‑m
h‑n-h-c-§Ä-¡‑v A-©‑n \‑m-e‑v a‑mÀ-¡‑p‑w `‑m-j-b‑v-¡‑v
A-©‑n 3.85 a‑mÀ-¡‑p-a‑m-W‑v ]-c‑n-t‑i‑m-[-IÀ \ÂIn-
bXv. \‑q-d‑p-i-X-a‑m-\‑w I‑p-ä-a-ä-X‑m-¡‑n-b-X‑n-\‑v t‑i-j‑w
F.s‑F. F-U‑n-ä‑n-M‑v h‑y‑m-]-I-a‑m-b‑n D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑m³
h‑n-¡‑n-]‑o-U‑n-b B-t‑e‑m-N‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v.
GEOCULTURE
PLACES, TRADITIONS and life
SOUMYA BHUSHAN

പൈതൃക ാരകമായി ‘പിങ്ക് ’ നഗരം

N -c‑n-{‑X-\-K-c-a‑m-b P-b‑v-]‑pÀ‑, b‑p-s‑\-k‑v-t‑I‑m-b‑p-s‑S C‑u k‑u-[‑w 1799þ-e‑m-W‑v a-l‑m-c‑m-P k-h‑m-b‑v {‑]-X‑m-]‑v-

s‑s‑]-X‑r-I-¸-«‑n-I-b‑n DÄ-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n-s‑¡‑m-ï‑p-Å k‑m-
£‑y-]-{‑X‑w b‑p-s‑\-k‑v-t‑I‑m U-b-d-ÎÀ H‑m-{‑U‑n A-k‑u-
s‑e s^{_p-h-cn 5þ\mWv t‑I-{‑µ \-K-c-h‑n-I-k-\-h-I‑p-
¸‑v a-{‑´‑n i‑m-´‑n [-c‑n-h‑m-f‑n-\‑v \Â-I‑n-b-X‑v. C-´‑y-b‑n-s‑e
G-ä-h‑p‑w h-e‑n-b k‑w-Ø‑m-\-a‑m-b c‑m-P-Ø‑m-s‑â I‑n-g-
¡‑p-`‑m-K-¯‑v Ø‑n-X‑n-s‑N-¿‑p-¶ \-K-c-a‑m-W‑v P-b‑v-]‑pÀ.
a-WÂ-¡-Ã‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v \‑nÀ-a‑n-¨ ]‑n-¦‑v \‑n-d-¯‑n-e‑p-Å
s‑I-«‑n-S-§-f‑m-W‑v P-b‑v-]‑p-c‑n-s‑â {‑]-t‑X‑y-I-X. \-K-c-s‑¯
]‑n-¦‑v k‑n-ä‑n F-¶‑v h‑n-f‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑p‑w C-X‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑p-
X-s‑¶. 1853þÂ s‑h-b‑nÂ-k‑v c‑m-P-I‑p-a‑m-c-\‑m-b BÂ-
_À-«‑n-s‑\ h-c-t‑hÂ-¡‑m-\‑m-b‑m-W‑v s‑I-«‑n-S-§Ä-¡‑v
]‑n-¦‑v \‑n-d‑w \Â-I‑n-b-X‑v. X‑p-SÀ-¶‑n-t‑§‑m-«‑v \-K-c-¯‑n-
s‑e {‑]-[‑m-\ s‑X-c‑p-h‑n-\‑v t‑\À-¡‑p-\‑nÂ-¡‑p-¶ F-Ã‑m
s‑I-«‑n-S-§Ä-¡‑p‑w ]‑n-¦‑v \‑n-d‑w \‑n-e-\‑nÀ-¯‑n-t‑¸‑m-c‑p-¶‑p.
]‑p-c‑m-X-\ l‑n-µ‑p‑, B-[‑p-\‑n-I a‑p-KÄ H-¸‑w ]‑m-Ý‑m-
X‑y-k‑w-k‑v-I‑m-c§ - f - p‑ w‑ k-a\ - z‑ b- n‑ ¸
- n‑ ¨
- m‑ W
IÂ-¸\ - s‑Nb - Xv-‑ n‑ «- p‑ Å
- X - v.‑ A-Xm‑ b - X
]‑mÝ - m‑ X - y‑ \‑mS- p‑ I
- f - n‑ Â-\n‑ ¶ - -v‑ k‑zo‑ I - c - n‑ ¨
F-¶m‑ Â N‑uI - c - n‑ F-¶p‑ t- ] ‑ c - p‑ Å
- ]-«W
]‑pc- m‑ X
- \ - C-´y‑ ³ ]‑mc - ¼
- c - y‑ ¯- n‑ s - â ‑ A-Sb
a-l‑m-c‑m-P k-h‑m-b‑v P-b‑v k‑n-M‑v II, 1727-e‑m-W‑v
c‑m-P-Ø‑m-s‑â X-e-Ø‑m-\-a‑m-b‑n P-b‑v-]‑p-c‑n-s‑\ \‑n-Ý-b‑n-
¡‑p-¶-X‑v. 1699þ1743 B-W‑v I-O‑v-h-l‑m c-P-]‑p-{‑X-\‑m-b
A-t‑±-l-¯‑n-s‑â `-c-W-I‑m-e‑w. P-b‑v-]‑p-c‑n-\‑v- a‑p-³
]v- B--¼-À \-K-c-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p X-e-Ø‑m-\‑w. ]‑qÀ-W-a‑m-b
B-k‑q-{‑X-W-¯‑n-e‑q-s‑S \‑nÀ-a‑n-s‑¨-S‑p-¯ C-´‑y-b‑n-s‑e
B-Z‑y \-K-c‑w-I‑q-S‑n-b‑m-W‑v P-b‑v-]‑pÀ.
l-h‑m a-lÂ
G-ä-h‑p‑w {‑]-k-¶-h‑p‑w c-P-]‑p-{‑X-I-e‑m-h‑n-k‑v-a-b-¯‑n-
s‑â a‑m-ÌÀ-]‑o-k‑p-a‑m-b‑n I-W-¡‑m-¡‑p-¶ s‑I‑m-«‑m-c-a‑m-W‑v
l-h‑m a-l A-Y-h‑m I‑m-ä‑n-s‑â s‑I‑m-«‑m-c‑w. c‑m-[‑m-þ-I‑r-
j‑v-W {‑]-W-b-k‑v-a‑m-c-I-s‑a-¶‑v h‑n-t‑i-j‑n-¸‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-¶
k‑n-M‑v ]-W‑n-I-g‑n-¸‑n-¨-X‑v. 50 A-S‑n D-b-c-a‑p-Å s‑I‑m-«‑m-c-
¯‑n-\‑v I‑m-ä‑p‑w s‑h-f‑n-¨-h‑p‑w b-t‑Y-ã‑w Ibdn-b‑n-d-§‑m-
\‑m-b‑n 953 P-\‑m-e-I-f‑p-ï‑v. {‑]-i-k‑v-X h‑m-k‑v-X‑p-i‑nÂ-¸‑n
D-k‑v-X‑m-Z‑v e‑mÂ-N-µ‑m-W‑v c‑q-]-IÂ-¸-\ s‑N-b‑v-X-X‑v.
P-´À a-´À
t‑e‑m-I s‑s‑]-X‑r-I-k‑v-a‑m-c-I-¸-«‑n-I-b‑n 2010þÂ
Ø‑m-\‑w ]‑n-S‑n-¨ `‑u-a-i‑m-k‑v-{‑X-\‑n-c‑o-£-W \‑nÀ-a‑n-X‑n-
b‑m-W‑v P-´À a-´À. t‑P‑y‑m-X‑n-i‑m-k‑v-{‑X-¯‑n-s‑e-b‑p‑w
`‑u-a-i‑m-k‑v-{‑X-¯‑n-s‑e-b‑p‑w B-i-b-§Ä DÄ-s‑¡‑m-ï‑p-
s‑I‑m-ï‑m-W‑v C-X‑v ]-W‑n-I-g‑n-¸‑n-¨‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. "P-´À‑'
F-¶ h‑m-¡‑n-\‑v D-]-I-c-W‑w F-¶‑p‑w "a-´À‑' F-¶-X‑n-\‑v
k‑q-{‑X-h‑m-I‑y-s‑a-¶‑p-a‑m-W‑v AÀ-Y‑w. k-h‑m-b‑v P-b‑v-k‑n-M‑v
c-ï‑m-a³ A-©‑v h‑m-\-\‑n-c‑o-£-W-i‑m-e-IÄ ]-W‑n-I-g‑n-
¸‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. A-h-b‑v-¡‑v F-Ã‑m-¯‑n-\‑p‑w C-t‑X t‑]-c‑p-X-
- v‑ \-Kc - w‑ c‑q] - - s‑¶-b‑m-W‑v A-t‑±-l‑w \Â-I‑n-b-X‑v. P-b‑v-]‑p-c‑n-\‑v- ]‑p-d-t‑a
- ,‑v {‑Kn‑ U- v‑ c‑q] - I- Â-¸\ - UÂ-l‑n‑, D-s‑s‑Ö-\‑n‑, h‑m-c‑m-W-k‑n‑, a-Y‑p-c F-¶‑n-h‑n-S-
- n‑ c
- n‑ ¡- p‑ ¶ - X - m‑ W
- .‑v §-f‑n-e‑m-W‑v a-ä‑v P-´À a-´-d‑p-IÄ.
- t- I ‑ {- µ
‑ § - Ä k‑p-hÀ-W {‑X‑n-t‑I‑m-W‑w-
- m‑ f - a- m‑ W- v.‑ D-¯-c-þ-]-Ý‑n-t‑a-´‑y-b‑n-s‑e G-ä-h‑p‑w I‑q-S‑p-XÂ B-f‑p-
IÄ k-µÀ-i‑n-¡‑p-¶ a‑q-¶‑v- \-K-c-§-f‑m-W‑v UÂ-l‑n‑,
B-{‑K‑, P-b‑v-]‑pÀ. C-h-s‑b H-¶‑n-¨‑p-t‑NÀ-¯‑p-]-d-b‑p-¶
t‑]-c‑m-W‑v k‑p-hÀ-W {‑X‑n-t‑I‑m-W‑w A-Y-h‑m t‑K‑mÄ-U³
{‑S-b‑m‑w-K‑nÄ. 2019 -h-s‑c-b‑p-Å I-W-¡‑p-{‑]-I‑m-c‑w 167
c‑m-P‑y-§-f‑n \‑n-¶‑m-b‑n 1‑,121 t‑I-{‑µ-§-f‑m-W‑v B-t‑K‑m-f
s‑s‑]-X‑r-I-¸-«‑n-I-b‑n C-S‑w-]‑n-S‑n-¨-X‑v. C-´‑y-b‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v-
38 t‑I-{‑µ-§-f‑p-ï‑v C-¡‑q-«-¯‑nÂ. C-X‑n 30 F-®‑w
k‑m‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c‑n-I {‑]‑m-[‑m-\‑y-a‑p-Å-h-b‑p‑w G-s‑g-®‑w ]-c‑n-
Ø‑n-X‑n {‑]‑m-[‑m-\‑y-a‑p-Å-h-b‑p-a‑m-W‑v. H-¶‑v k‑m‑w-k-‑v
I‑m-c‑n-I-h‑p‑w ]‑m-c‑n-Ø‑n-X‑n-I-h‑p-a‑m-b‑n {‑]‑m-[‑m-\‑y-h‑p-a‑p-
Å-X‑v. G-ä-h‑p‑w I‑q-S‑p-XÂ s‑s‑]-X‑r-I-t‑I-{‑µ-§-f‑p-Å-X‑v
C-ä-e‑n-b‑n-e‑p‑w s‑s‑N-\-b‑n-e‑p-a‑m-W‑v. C-c‑p-c‑m-P‑y-§-f‑nÂ
\‑n-¶‑p‑w 55 t‑I-{‑µ-§Ä h‑o-X‑w ]-«‑n-I-b‑n-e‑p-ï‑v.

മാർച്ച്‌2020
21
 Health വൈശാഖ് വർമ
ഭൂമുഖത്ത് നിന്ന് പൂർണമായും തുടച്ചുനീക്കാൻ വൈദ്യശാസ്ത്രം കിണഞ്ഞു
ശ്രമിച്ചിട്ടും വഴങ്ങാതെ നിൽക്കുന്ന മാരകവ്യാധിയാണ് ക്ഷയം അഥവാ ടി.ബി.
ഓര�ോ വർഷവും 15 ലക്ഷം പേർ ര�ോഗം ബാധിച്ച് മരിച്ചുക�ൊണ്ടിരിക്കുന്നു
ഇപ്പോഴും
ക്ഷയം:
അവസാനിക്കാത്ത ഭീഷണി
a -\‑p-j‑y-c‑m-i‑n-s‑b `‑o-X‑n-b‑n-e‑m-g‑v-¯‑n-b ]-IÀ-¨-
h‑y‑m-[‑n-b‑m-W‑v £-b‑w A-Y-h‑m S‑y‑q-_À-I‑y‑p-t‑e‑m-k‑n-k‑v
(S‑n._‑n.). 1882-Â t‑d‑m-_À-«‑v t‑I‑m-¨‑v (Robert Koch)
£-b-t‑c‑m-K-¯‑n-\‑v- I‑m-c-W-a‑m-I‑p-¶ s‑s‑a-t‑I‑m-_‑m-
Î‑o-c‑n-b‑w S‑y‑q-_À-I‑y‑p-t‑e‑m-k‑n-k‑v (Mycobacterium
tuberculosis) F-¶ k‑q-£‑v-a‑m-W‑p I-s‑ï-¯‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ
A-t‑a-c‑n-¡-b‑n-e‑p‑w b‑q-t‑d‑m-¸‑n-e‑p‑w D-ï‑m-I‑p-¶ G-g‑v- a-c-
W-§-f‑n H-¶‑v k‑w-`-h‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶-X‑v £-b-t‑c‑m-K‑w
_‑m-[‑n-¨‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. 1990þ-I-t‑f‑m-s‑S C‑u a-l‑m-h‑y‑m-[‑n
X‑p-S-¨‑p-a‑m-ä-s‑¸-«‑p A-s‑Ã-¦‑n ]‑qÀ-W-a‑m-b‑p‑w \‑n-b-
{‑´-W-¯‑n-e‑m-s‑b-¶‑v- t‑e‑m-I‑w h‑n-i‑z-k‑n-¨‑p. F-¶‑mÂ‑,
A-X‑n-\‑p-t‑i-j-h‑p‑w £-b-t‑c‑m-K-{‑]-X‑n-t‑c‑m-[-¯‑n-s‑e
22 മാതൃഭൂമി ജി കെ & കറന്റ് അഫയേഴ്‌സ്‌
]‑p-t‑c‑m-K-X‑n k-¼‑qÀ-W-X-b‑n-s‑e-¯‑n-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑n-Ã. ]‑p-X‑p-
X‑m-b‑n £-b-t‑c‑m-K‑w _‑m-[‑n-¡‑p-¶-h-c‑p-s‑S F-®-¯‑nÂ
{‑]-X‑n-hÀ-j‑w H-¶‑p-a‑p-XÂ c-ï‑p i-X-a‑m-\‑w a‑m-{‑X-a‑m-W‑v
I‑p-d-ª-X‑v. 2030þ-H‑m-s‑S t‑e‑m-I-¯‑p-\‑n-¶‑v £-b-t‑c‑m-K‑w
]‑qÀ-W-a‑m-b‑p‑w X‑p-S-¨‑p-\‑o-¡‑m-\‑m-W‑v t‑e‑m-I‑m-t‑c‑m-K‑y-k‑w-
L-S-\-b‑p-s‑S {‑i-a‑w. A-X‑n-\‑p‑w A-©‑p-hÀ-j‑w a‑p³-t‑]
2025þ-H‑m-s‑S c‑m-P‑y-s‑¯ £-b-t‑c‑m-K-a‑p-à-a‑m-¡‑p-s‑a-¶‑m-
W‑v C-´‑y-b‑p-s‑S {‑]-J‑y‑m-]-\‑w. F-¶‑m £-b-t‑c‑m-K-\‑n-
b-{‑´-W-¯‑n-s‑e ]‑p-t‑c‑m-K-X‑n {‑]-X‑o-£‑n-¨ t‑h-K‑w s‑s‑I-
h-c‑n-¨‑n-«‑n-s‑Ã-¶-X‑m-W‑v h‑m-k‑v-X-h‑w. F-¨‑v.s‑F.h‑n.b‑p‑w
S‑n._‑n.b‑p‑w t‑NÀ-¶ a‑m-c-I-a‑m-b t‑c‑m-K‑m-h-Ø t‑e‑m-
I-s‑¯-¼‑m-S‑p‑w {‑]-t‑X‑y-I‑n-¨‑v C-´‑y-b‑n hÀ-[‑n-¡‑p-
 ക്ഷയര�ോഗബാധ ഇന്ത്യയിൽ സങ്കീർണമായിക്കൊണ്ടിരിക്കുകയാണ്.
മരുന്നുകള�ോട് പ്രതികരിക്കാത്ത ക്ഷയര�ോഗാണുക്കൾ വ്യാപകമായി പെരുകുന്നു

¶p-s‑h-¶-X‑v B-i-¦‑m-P-\-I-a‑m-W‑v. a-c‑p-¶‑p-I-t‑f‑m-S‑v {‑]-[‑m-\ I‑m-c-W‑w. B-s‑c-¦‑n-e‑p-s‑a‑m-c‑mÄ t‑c‑m-K‑m-W‑p

{‑]-X‑n-I-c‑n-¡‑m-¯ (Drug Resistant) £-b-t‑c‑m-K-h‑p‑w i‑z-k‑n-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ A-X‑v t‑c‑m-K-{‑]-X‑n-t‑c‑m-[ k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-
hÀ-[‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. \-¯‑m D-S³ X-s‑¶ \-i‑n-¡‑p-I-t‑b‑m i‑z‑m-k-t‑I‑m-i-
¯‑n-t‑e-¡‑v {‑]-t‑h-i‑n-¡‑p-I-t‑b‑m s‑N-¿‑m‑w. s‑]-s‑«-¶‑p-Å
{‑]-X‑n-hÀ-j‑w 15 e-£‑w a-c-W‑w
C-¶‑v, £-b-t‑c‑m-K‑w a-t‑ä-s‑X‑m-c‑p t‑c‑m-K-I‑m-c‑n-s‑b-¡‑m-
f‑p‑w I‑q-S‑p-XÂ B-f‑p-I-s‑f s‑I‑m-Ã‑p-¶‑p. e-£-¡-W-
¡‑n-\‑p-t‑]-c‑m-W‑v hÀ-j‑w-t‑X‑m-d‑p‑w £-b-t‑c‑m-K‑w _‑m-[‑n-
¨‑v- a-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. t‑e‑m-I‑m-t‑c‑m-K‑y k‑w-L-S-\ (WHO)
I-W-¡‑p-IÄ {‑]-I‑m-c‑w 2018-þÂ 10 a‑n-e‑y¬ B-f‑p-IÄ
t‑c‑m-K-_‑m-[‑n-X-c‑m-h‑p-I-b‑p‑w A-X‑n 1.5 a‑n-e‑y¬ a-c-W-
s‑¸-S‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-bvXp. a-t‑e-d‑n-b _‑m-[‑n-¡‑p-¶-h-c‑p-s‑S
F-®-¯‑n-s‑â a‑q-¶‑n-c-«‑n-b‑n-e-[‑n-I-a‑m-W‑n-X‑v.
B-Z‑y-I‑m-e-§-f‑n £-b-t‑c‑m-K‑w _‑m-[‑n-¨-h-s‑c
a‑m-ä‑n-¯‑m-a-k‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-I‑, A-h-c‑p-a‑m-b‑p-Å k-¼À-¡‑w
H-g‑n-h‑m-¡‑p-I F-¶-X‑p-a‑m-{‑X-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p k‑z‑o-I-c‑n-¨‑n-
c‑p-¶ {‑]-X‑n-t‑c‑m-[-{‑]-hÀ-¯-\‑w. k-a‑q-l-¯‑n-s‑e F-Ã‑m-
h‑n-`‑m-K-§-f‑n-t‑e-¡‑p‑w ]-SÀ-¶‑p-]‑n-S‑n-¨ £-b-t‑c‑m-K‑w
Bâ‑n-_-t‑b‑m-«‑n-¡‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w I‑p-«‑n-IÄ-¡‑p-Å h‑m-I‑v-
-k‑n-\‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w I-s‑ï-¯-t‑e‑m-s‑S N‑n-I‑n-Õ‑n-¨‑v- t‑`-Z-
a‑m-¡‑m-s‑a-¶ A-h-Ø h-¶‑p. F-¶‑mÂ‑, 1990 a‑p-XÂ
S‑n._‑n.s‑¡-X‑n-c‑m-b {‑]-hÀ-¯-\-§-s‑f c-ï‑v k‑w-`-h-h‑n-
I‑m-k-§Ä k-¦‑oÀ-W-a‑m-¡‑n. A-X‑n-s‑e‑m-¶‑m-W‑v F-¨‑v-.
s‑F.h‑n. h‑y‑m-]-\‑w a-s‑ä‑m-¶‑v Bâ‑n-_-t‑b‑m-«‑n-¡‑p-I-s‑f
£-b-t‑c‑m-K‑m-W‑p-¡Ä s‑N-d‑p-¯‑p-t‑X‑mÂ-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v.
1921þse _‑n.k‑n.P‑n. (Bacillus Calmette Guerin)
h‑m-I‑v-k‑n-s‑â I-s‑ï-¯Â h-e‑n-s‑b‑m-c‑p ]-c‑n-[‑n-h-s‑c
I‑p-«‑n-I-s‑f £-b-t‑c‑m-K-¯‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v- c-£‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p.
A-t‑X-k-a-b‑w‑, i‑z‑m-k-t‑I‑m-i-s‑¯ _‑m-[‑n-¡‑p-¶
£-b-t‑c‑m-K‑w ]‑qÀ-W-t‑X‑m-X‑n {‑]-X‑n-t‑c‑m-[‑n-¡‑m³
_‑n.k‑n.P‑n. h‑m-I‑v-k‑n-\‑v k‑m-[‑n-¡‑m-¯-X‑v s‑h-Ã‑p-h‑n-f‑n- H-f‑n-ª‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶
b‑m-W‑v. t‑e‑m-I-¯‑v d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑v s‑N-¿-s‑¸-S‑p-¶ £-b-t‑c‑m-
K-§-f‑n _-l‑p-`‑q-c‑n-]-£-h‑p‑w i‑z‑m-k-t‑I‑m-i-s‑¯ £-b-t‑c‑m-K‑w (Latent TB)
_‑m-[‑n-¡‑p-¶-h-b‑m-s‑W-¶‑v H‑mÀ-¡-W‑w. I‑q-S‑m-s‑X t‑e‑mI‑m-t‑c‑m-K‑y-k‑w-L-S-\-b‑p-s‑S I-W-¡‑p-
a-c‑p-¶‑p-I-t‑f‑m-S‑v {‑]-X‑n-I-c‑n-¡‑m-¯ £-b-t‑c‑m-K-¯‑n- IÄ {‑]-I‑m-c‑w t‑e‑mI-¯‑v a‑q-¶‑n H-c‑mÄ-¡‑v
s‑â (Drug Resistant TB, Multi Drug Resistant TB, H-f‑n-ª‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶ £-b-t‑c‑m-K-a‑pï‑v (Latent
Extensively Drug Resistant TB) h‑y‑m-]-\-h‑p‑w B-t‑K‑m- tuberculosis infection- LTBI). H-f‑n-ª‑n-
f-X-e-¯‑n hÀ-[‑n-¨‑p-h-c‑n-I-b‑m-W‑v. 2018þ- dn-t¸mÀ-«v c‑n-¡‑p-¶ £-b-t‑c‑m-K-a‑p-Å-h-c‑ps‑S (Latent
sNbvX 500‑,000 t¯mfw ]‑p-X‑n-b t‑I-k‑p-IÄ k‑m-[‑m- TB) i-c‑o-c-¯‑n s‑s‑at‑I‑m_‑mÎ‑oc‑n-b‑w
c-W \Â-I‑p-¶ {‑]‑m-Y-a‑n-I a-c‑p-¶‑p-IÄ D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨‑v S‑y‑q-_À-I‑y‑p-t‑e‑m-k‑n-k‑v Bâ‑n-P-\‑pIÄ (
N‑n-I‑n-Õ‑n-¡‑m³ I-g‑n-b‑m-¯-hbpamb‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. I‑q-S‑m-s‑X Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens)
A-¯-c‑w t‑I-k‑p-I-f‑n-s‑e B-d‑p-i-X-a‑m-\‑w b‑m-s‑X‑m-c‑p- D-s‑ï-¦‑ne‑p‑w A-h kP‑oh £-b-t‑c‑m-K-
h‑n-[ a-c-¶‑p-I-t‑f‑m-S‑p‑w {‑]-X‑n-I-c‑n-¡‑m-¯-h-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. ¯‑ns‑â (Active TB) e-£-W-§Ä I‑m-
a-c‑p-¶‑p-I-t‑f‑m-S‑v- {‑]-X‑n-I-c‑n-¡‑m-¯ S‑n._‑n. d-j‑y-b‑n-e‑p‑w W-‑n¡‑m-d‑nÃ. A-hÀ-¡‑v i‑m-c‑oc‑n-I A-k‑z-
a-ä‑v a‑p³ I-a‑y‑q-W‑n-Ì‑v c‑m-P‑y-§-f‑n-e‑p‑w i-à-a‑m-b‑n ]‑n-S‑n- ØX-I-t‑f‑m A-k‑p-Jt‑a‑m D-ï‑m-h‑p-I-b‑nÃ.
a‑p-d‑p-¡‑n-b‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. ]‑p-X‑n-b-X‑m-b‑n t‑c‑m-K‑w-_‑m-[‑n-¡‑p-¶ F-¶‑m `‑m-h‑n-b‑n A-hÀ¡‑v F-t‑¸‑mÄ-
A-©‑v- t‑I-k‑p-I-f‑n H-¶‑v t‑aÂ-¸-d-ª c‑m-P‑y-§-f‑n-e‑m- t‑h-W-s‑a-¦‑ne‑p‑w kP‑oh £-b-t‑c‑m-K‑w
W‑v d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑v s‑N-¿‑p-¶-X‑v. (Active TB) ]‑n-S‑n-s‑]-t‑«-¡‑m‑w. H-f‑n-ª‑n-
c‑n-¡‑p-¶ £-b-t‑c‑m-K-a‑p-Å-hc‑p‑w N‑n-I‑n-Õ-
t‑c‑m-K-h‑y‑m-]-\‑w t‑X-S-W-s‑a-¶‑p-a‑m-W‑v t‑e‑m-I‑m-t‑c‑y‑m-K‑y-k‑w-
N‑p-a-b‑v-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ‑, X‑p-½‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ A-s‑Ã-¦‑n k‑w- L-S-\- \‑nÀ-t‑±-i‑n-¡‑p-¶X‑v. C-´‑y-b‑n 50
k‑m-c‑n-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ ]‑p-d-s‑¯-¯‑p-¶ t‑c‑m-K‑m-W‑p-¡-f‑n-e‑q- t‑I‑m-S‑n-b‑n-e-[‑n-I‑w t‑]À-¡‑v H-f‑n-ª‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶
s‑S-b‑m-W‑v £-b-t‑c‑m-K‑w ]-I-c‑p-¶-X‑v. £-b-t‑c‑m-K-¯‑n-\‑v £-b-t‑c‑m-K-a‑p-s‑ï-¶‑m-W‑v A-\‑p-a‑m\‑w.
A-k‑m-[‑m-c-W-a‑m-b H-c‑p P‑o-h‑n-X-N-{‑I‑w D-s‑ï-¶-X‑m-
W‑v A-X‑n-s‑\ X‑p-S-¨‑p-\‑o-¡‑m³ k‑m-[‑n-¡‑m-¯-X‑n-s‑â

മാർച്ച്‌2020
23
 Health
e-£-W-§-f‑p-ï‑m-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑p-]-I-c‑w‑, £-b-t‑c‑m-K‑m-
W‑p-¡Ä k‑m-[‑m-c-W-a‑m-b‑n I‑p-d-¨‑p-\‑mÄ {‑]-hÀ-¯-\-
c-l‑n-X-a‑m-b‑n i‑z‑m-k-t‑I‑m-i-¯‑n X‑p-S-c‑p‑w; A-X‑m-b-X‑v
t‑c‑m-K‑w ]-c-¯‑m-s‑X A-W‑p-_‑m-[ hÀ-j-§-t‑f‑m-f‑w
H-f‑n-ª‑n-c‑n-¡‑p‑w. t‑e‑m-I-P-\-k‑w-J‑y-b‑n aq¶n-sem¶v
t‑]À-¡‑p‑w A-¯-c‑w H-f‑n-ª‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶ S‑n._‑n. (Latent
TB Infection-LRBI) D-s‑ï-¶‑m-W‑v I-W-¡‑m-¡‑p-¶-X‑v.
F-¶‑m t‑c‑m-K‑m-W‑p I-S-¶-h-c‑n 10 i-X-a‑m-\‑w t‑]-
c‑n a‑m-{‑X-t‑a t‑c‑m-K-e-£-W-§Ä D-ï‑m-I‑q.
]-e-t‑¸‑m-g‑p‑w‑, t‑c‑m-K-{‑]-X‑n-t‑c‑m-[-t‑i-j‑n Z‑pÀ-_-e-a‑m-b-
h-c‑n a‑m-{‑X-a‑m-W‑v t‑c‑m-K-e-£-W-§Ä {‑]-X‑y-£-s‑¸-
S‑p-I. F-¨‑v-.s‑F.h‑n. _‑m-[‑n-¨-h-c‑n A-]-I-S-k‑m-[‑y-X
I‑q-S‑p-X-e‑m-W‑v. F-¨‑v-.s‑F.h‑n. t‑]‑m-k‑n-ä‑o-h‑v a-c-W-§-
f‑n 40 i-X-a‑m-\‑w a-c-W-h‑p‑w S‑n._‑n. a‑q-e-a‑m-W‑v D-ï‑m-
I‑p-¶-X‑v. a-ä‑p-Å-h-c‑n t‑]‑m-j-I‑m-l‑m-c-¡‑p-d-h‑p-Å-
hÀ‑, ]‑p-I-h-e‑n-¡‑mÀ‑, a-Z‑y-]‑m-\‑n-IÄ F-¶‑n-h-c‑n-e‑m-W‑v
£-b-t‑c‑m-K-e-£-W-§Ä I‑m-W‑m-d‑p-Å-X‑v. a-c‑p-¶‑p-
I-t‑f‑m-S‑v- I‑m-c‑y-a‑m-b‑n {‑]-X‑n-I-c‑n-¡‑m-¯ £-b-t‑c‑m-K
N‑n-I‑n-Õ Z‑p-j‑v-I-c-a‑m-W‑v. Z‑oÀ-L-I‑m-e‑w hocyw I‑q-S‑n-b
a-c‑p-¶‑p-IÄ I-g‑n-t‑¡-ï‑n-h-c‑p‑w. I‑q-S‑m-s‑X ]‑mÀ-i‑z-^-
e-§-f‑p-ï‑m-¡‑p-¶ I‑p-¯‑n-h-b‑v-]‑p-I-f‑p‑w t‑h-ï‑n-h-c‑p‑w.
C-{‑X-sb‑m-s‑¡ ]‑mÀ-i‑z-^-e-§-s‑f A-h-K-W‑n-¨‑v C‑u
a-c‑p-¶‑p-IÄ \Â-I‑n-b‑m-e‑p‑w t‑c‑m-K-¯‑n \‑n-¶‑v t‑a‑m-N-
\‑w e-`‑n-¡‑p-¶-h-c‑p-s‑S \‑n-c-¡‑v 25þ50 i-X-a‑m-\‑w a‑m-{‑X-
a‑m-W‑v.
s‑h-Ã‑p-h‑n-f‑n-IÄ
C-¶‑v, £-b-t‑c‑m-K‑w h‑y‑m-]-I-a‑m-b‑n d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑v- s‑N-¿-
s‑¸-S‑p-¶ c‑m-P‑y-§-f‑n I‑p-«‑n-IÄ-¡‑v t‑c‑m-K‑w h-c‑m-X‑n-
c‑n-¡‑m-\‑m-b‑n _‑n.k‑n.P‑n. h‑m-I‑v-k‑n³ \Â-I‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v.
t‑c‑m-K-\‑nÀ-W-b‑w \-S-¯‑m-\‑p-Å I‑q-S‑p-XÂ B-[‑p-\‑n-I-
a‑m-b k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\-§-f‑p‑w \‑n-e-h‑n-e‑p-ï‑v. {‑]‑m-c‑w-`-L-«-
¯‑nÂ-X-s‑¶ t‑c‑m-K-\‑nÀ-W-b‑w \-S-¯‑n-b‑m ]‑qÀ-W-a‑m-
b‑p‑w t‑c‑m-K-a‑p-à‑n t‑\-S‑m³ C-¶‑p k‑m-[‑n-¡‑p‑w. ]-t‑£‑,
]-e-t‑¸‑m-g‑p‑w t‑c‑m-K-_‑m-[ A-]-I-S-I-c-a‑m-b c‑o-X‑n-b‑n-
t‑e-¡‑v h-fÀ-¶-t‑i-j-a‑m-W‑v h-e‑n-s‑b‑m-c‑p i-X-a‑m-\-h‑p‑w
N‑n-I‑n-Õ-b‑v-¡‑m-b‑n B-i‑p-]-{‑X‑n-I-s‑f k-a‑o-]‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑p-
t‑]‑m-e‑p‑w.
t‑c‑m-K‑w _‑m-[‑n-¨-hÀ-¡‑v D-S-\-S‑n N‑n-I‑n-Õ \Â-I‑p-
¶-X‑v £-b-t‑c‑m-K‑w X-S-b‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v \‑nÀ-W‑m-b-I-a‑m-W‑v.
t‑e‑m-I‑m-t‑c‑m-K‑y k‑w-L-S-\-b‑p-s‑S ]T-\-§-f-\‑p-k-c‑n-¨‑v
£-b-t‑c‑m-K-a‑p-Å H-c‑m-f‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v H-c‑p-hÀ-j-¯‑n-\‑n-s‑S
15 t‑]À-s‑¡-¦‑n-e‑p‑w t‑c‑m-K‑w _‑m-[‑n-t‑¨-¡‑m‑w. F-¶‑mÂ
2018þ-s‑e ]‑p-X‑n-b t‑I-k‑p-I-f‑n a‑q-¶‑n-s‑e‑m-¶‑n-e‑p‑w t‑c‑m-
K-\‑nÀ-W-b‑w t‑]‑m-e‑p‑w \-S-¯‑n-b‑n-«‑n-Ã.
a-s‑ä‑m-c‑p {‑]-[‑m-\ {‑]-i‑v-\‑w‑, t‑c‑m-K-h‑y‑m-]-\‑w I‑q-S‑p-X-
e‑m-b‑p-Å {‑]-t‑Z-i-§-f‑n k‑m-¼-¯‑n-I-{‑]-i‑v-\-§Ä-
a‑q-e‑w t‑c‑m-K-\‑nÀ-W-b-¯‑n-\‑v A-X‑y‑m-[‑p-\‑n-I-k‑u-I-c‑y-
§Ä {‑]-t‑b‑m-P-\-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p-¶‑n-à F-¶-X‑m-W‑v. C-¶‑p‑w
h‑y‑m-]-I-a‑m-b‑n D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑p-¶ t‑c‑m-K-\‑nÀ-W-b-c‑o-X‑n
I‑m-e-l-c-W-s‑¸-«-X‑m-s‑W-¶-X‑m-W‑v h‑m-k‑v-X-h‑w: H-c‑p
s‑s‑a-t‑{‑I‑m-k‑v-t‑I‑m-¸‑n-\‑v I‑o-g‑n H-c‑p t‑c‑m-K‑n-b‑p-s‑S
I-^‑w/D-a‑n-\‑o-c‑n tcm-Km-Wp-¡-fptïms‑b-¶‑v ]-c‑n-
t‑i‑m-[‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. C‑u ]-c‑n-t‑i‑m-[-\-b‑n-e‑q-s‑S k-P‑o-h-
a‑m-b S‑n._‑n. t‑I-k‑p-I-f‑n ]-I‑p-X‑n-t‑b‑m-f‑w a‑m-{‑X-t‑a
24 മാതൃഭൂമി ജി കെ & കറന്റ് അഫയേഴ്‌സ്‌
t‑e‑m-I‑w
$ 2018þÂ £-b-t‑c‑m-K‑w _‑m-[‑n-¨‑v- a-c‑n-¨-hÀ
1.5 a‑n-e‑y¬. C-X‑n 2‑,51‑,000 t‑]À-¡‑v
F-¨‑v.s‑F.h‑n. _‑m-[-b‑p-a‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p.
F-¨‑v.s‑F.h‑n. _‑m-[‑n-X-c‑p-s‑S a-c-W-¯‑n-
\‑p {‑]-[‑m-\ I‑m-c-W-a‑m-I‑p-¶-X‑v S‑n._‑n.
B-W‑v.
$ 2018þÂ £-b-t‑c‑m-K‑w _‑m-[‑n-¨-X‑v 10 a‑n-
e‑y¬ t‑]À-¡‑m-W‑v. ]‑p-c‑p-j³-a‑mÀ 5.7
a‑n-e‑y¬. k‑v-{‑X‑o-IÄ 3.2 a‑n-e‑y¬. I‑p-«‑n-
IÄ 1.1 a‑n-e‑y¬
$ 2018þÂ G-ä-h‑p‑w I‑q-S‑p-XÂ S‑n._‑n.
t‑I-k‑p-IÄ d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑v s‑N-¿-s‑¸-« t‑a-
J-e-IÄ: s‑X-¡‑v-þ-I‑n-g-¡³ G-j‑y 44
i-X-a‑m-\‑w, B-{‑^‑n-¡ 24 i-X-a‑m-\‑w,
]-S‑n-ª‑m-d³ ]-k‑n-^‑n-I‑v 18 i-X-a‑m-\‑w,
I‑n-g-¡³ s‑a-U‑n-ä-t‑d-\‑n-b³ 8 i-X-a‑m-\‑w,
A-t‑a-c‑n-¡-IÄ 3 i-X-a‑m-\‑w, b‑q-t‑d‑m-¸‑v 3
i-X-a‑m-\‑w
$ 2018þÂ t‑e‑m-I-¯‑v d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑v s‑N-¿-s‑¸-«
S‑n._‑n. t‑I-k‑p-I-f‑n a‑q-¶‑n c-s‑ï-®-
h‑p‑w F-«‑v- c‑m-P‑y-§-f‑n-e‑m-W‑v I-s‑ï-¯‑n-
b-X‑v.
1. C-´‑y .......................................27 %
2. s‑s‑N-\ .......................................9 %
3. C³-s‑U‑m-\‑o-j‑y .....................8 %
4. ^‑n-e‑n-¸‑o³-k‑v............................6 %
5. ]‑m-I‑n-k‑v-X‑m³...........................6 %
6. s‑s‑\-P‑o-c‑n-b...............................4 %
7. _‑w-¥‑m-t‑Z-i‑v...............................4 %
8. Z-£‑n-W‑m-^‑n-¡........................3 %
$ a-c‑p-t‑¶Â-¡‑m-¯ £-b-t‑c‑m-K‑w I‑q-S‑p-
X-e‑m-b‑n 2018þÂ d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑v s‑N-¿-s‑¸-«
c‑m-P‑y-§Ä
1. C-´‑y........................................27 %
2. s‑s‑N-\...................................... 14 %
3. d-j‑y............................................9 %
Source: WHO Global TB Report 2019
I-s‑ï-¯‑m³ k‑m-[‑n-¡‑q. {‑k-h k‑m-¼‑n-f‑p-I-f‑nÂ
\‑n-¶‑p‑w t‑I-h-e‑w c-ï‑p-a-W‑n-¡‑q-d‑n-\‑p-Å‑n £-b-t‑c‑m-K
P‑o-\‑p-I-s‑f I-s‑ï-¯‑m-\‑p‑w A-h-b‑p-s‑S k‑z-`‑m-h‑w \‑nÀ-
W-b‑n-¡‑m-\‑p‑w k‑m-[‑n-¡‑p-¶ D-]-I-c-W-§Ä Z-i‑m-Ð-
¡‑m-e-a‑m-b‑n \‑n-e-h‑n-e‑p-ï‑v. F-¶‑m N‑n-I‑n-Õ‑m-s‑¨-e-h‑v
D-bÀ-¯‑p-s‑a-¶-X‑n-\‑m ]-e c‑m-P‑y-§-f‑n-e‑p‑w C-¯-c‑w
B-[‑p-\‑n-I k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\-§Ä t‑c‑m-K-\‑nÀ-W-b-¯‑n-\‑m-b‑n
D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑m-d‑n-Ã.
 ക്ഷയര�ോഗത്തിന്റെ ലക്ഷണങ്ങൾ കണ്ടുതടുങ്ങുമ്പോൾ തന്നെ
ചികിത്സ തേടാത്തതാണ് പലപ്പോഴും ര�ോഗം രൂക്ഷമാക്കുന്നത്
h‑m-ി-\‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S I‑p-d-h‑v
S‑n._‑n.s‑b \‑n-b-{‑´‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑p-Å G-ä-h‑p‑w h-e‑n-b
B-b‑p-[‑w C-t‑¸‑mÄ e-`‑y-a‑m-b H-t‑c-s‑b‑m-c‑p h‑m-I‑v--
k‑n³ BCG (Bacillus Calmette- Guerin) X-s‑¶-b‑m-
W‑v. C-X‑v I‑p-«‑n-I-f‑n-s‑e S‑n._‑n.s‑b‑, a-k‑v-X‑n-j‑v-I-s‑¯
_‑m-[‑n-¡‑p-¶ X‑o-{‑h-a‑m-b £-b-t‑c‑m-K-s‑¯-t‑¸‑m-e‑p‑w
X-S-b‑p-¶-X‑n ^-e-{‑]-Z-a‑m-W‑v. F-¶‑m a‑p-X‑nÀ-¶-h-
c‑n h‑y‑m-]-I-a‑m-b i‑z‑m-k-t‑I‑m-i-s‑¯ _‑m-[‑n-¡‑p-¶
£-b-t‑c‑m-K-s‑¯ X-S-b‑m³ C‑u h‑m-I‑v--k‑n-\‑v k‑m-[‑n-
¡‑n-Ã. C-t‑¸‑mÄ‑, _‑n.k‑n.P‑n.b‑p-s‑S h‑n-I‑m-k-¯‑n-\‑v H-c‑p
\‑q-ä‑m-ï‑n-\‑p-t‑i-j‑w ]‑p-X‑n-b N‑n-e h‑m-I‑v--k‑n-\‑p-IÄ
h‑n-I-k‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-s‑â A-h-k‑m-\-L-«-¯‑n-e‑m-W‑v.
I‑q-S‑p-XÂ I‑m-c‑y-£-a-a‑m-b h‑m-I‑v--k‑n-\‑p-IÄ h‑n-I-k‑n-¸‑n-
s‑¨-S‑p-¡‑p-¶-t‑X‑m-s‑S £-b-t‑c‑m-K-s‑¯ X‑p-S-¨‑p-\‑o-¡‑m³
k‑m-[‑n-¡‑p-s‑a-¶‑m-W‑v i‑m-k‑v-{‑X-t‑e‑m-I-¯‑n-s‑â {‑]-X‑o-£.
£-b-t‑c‑m-K‑w C-´‑y-b‑nÂ
£-b-t‑c‑m-K‑n-IÄ F-ä-h‑p‑w I‑q-S‑p-X-e‑p-Å 22 c‑m-P‑y-§-
f‑n-s‑e‑m-¶‑m-W‑v C-´‑y. c‑m-P‑y-¯‑v 40 i-X-a‑m-\‑w t‑]-c‑nÂ
Hfn-ªn-cn-¡p-¶ £-b-tcm-K-ap-sï-¶m-Wv (Latent
TB Infection - LTBI) I-W-¡‑v. t‑e‑m-I‑m-t‑c‑m-K‑y-k‑w-
L-S-\-b‑p-s‑S d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑p-IÄ {‑]-I‑m-c‑w 2018þÂ a‑m-{‑X‑w
C-´‑y-b‑n £-b-t‑c‑m-K‑w _‑m-[‑n-¨‑p a-c‑n-¨-hÀ 4‑,49‑,000
t‑]-c‑m-W‑v.
t‑I-{‑µ B-t‑c‑m-K‑y I‑p-S‑p‑w-_-t‑£-a a-{‑´‑m-e-b-¯‑n-
s‑â I-W-¡‑p-IÄ {‑]-I‑m-c‑w c‑m-P‑y-¯‑v G-ä-h‑p‑w I‑q-S‑p-
XÂ S‑n._‑n. t‑I-k‑p-IÄ d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑v s‑N-¿-s‑¸-S‑p-¶-X‑v
D-¯À-{‑]-t‑Z-i‑n-e‑m-W‑v (20 i-X-a‑m-\‑w‑). 10 i-X-a‑m-\-h‑p-
a‑m-b‑n a-l‑m-c‑m-{‑ã-b‑m-W‑v c-ï‑m‑w Ø‑m-\-¯‑v. a‑q-¶‑m-a-X‑v
c‑m-P-Ø‑m³, a-[‑y-{‑]-t‑Z-i‑v, K‑p-P-d‑m-¯‑v (7 i-X-a‑m-\‑w‑
hoXw) F-¶‑o k‑w-Ø‑m-\-§-f‑m-W‑v.
F-¨v.s‑F.h‑n.‑, ‑{‑]-t‑a-l‑w‑, ]‑p-I-h-e‑n X‑p-S-§‑n-b-h
£-b-t‑c‑m-K-¯‑n-s‑â B-L‑m-X‑w I‑q-«‑p‑w. F-¨‑v.s‑F.h‑n.
_‑m-[‑n-XÀ-¡‑v £-b-t‑c‑m-K‑w _‑m-[‑n-¨‑m I‑q-S‑p-
XÂ Z‑p-j‑v-I-c-a‑m-I‑p‑w. t‑e‑m-I-¯‑v G-ä-h‑p‑w I‑q-S‑p-XÂ
F-¨‑v.s‑F.h‑n. _‑m-[‑n-X-c‑p-Å a‑q-¶‑m-a-s‑¯ c‑m-P‑y-a‑m-W‑v
C-´‑y.
{‑]-t‑a-l-¯‑n-s‑â I‑m-c‑y-¯‑n-e‑p‑w C-´‑y-b‑n-s‑e
Ø‑n-X‑n \‑n-c‑m-i‑m-P-\-I-a‑m-W‑v. c‑m-P‑y-¯‑v 6.9 t‑I‑m-S‑n
t‑]-c‑m-W‑v {‑]-t‑a-l‑w a‑q-e‑w _‑p-²‑n-a‑p-«‑p-¶-X‑v. 2025þ-H‑m-
s‑S C-´‑y t‑e‑m-I-¯‑n-s‑e {‑]-t‑a-l-¯‑n-s‑â X-e-Ø‑m-
\‑w (Diabetes Capital of World) B-I‑p-s‑a-¶‑m-W‑v
t‑e‑m-I‑m-t‑c‑m-K‑y-k‑w-L-S-\-b‑p-s‑S a‑p-¶-d‑n-b‑n-¸‑v. c‑m-P‑y-¯‑v
d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑v--s‑N-¿-s‑¸-S‑p-¶ S‑n._‑n. t‑I-k‑p-I-f‑n A-©‑p-e-
മാർച്ച്‌2020
25
 Health
£-¯‑n-e-[‑n-I‑w t‑]À {‑]-t‑a-l-t‑c‑m-K‑n-I-f‑m-W‑v.
F-്. U‑n.BÀ.S‑n._‑nb‑p‑w
C-´‑y-b‑n-s‑e-¯‑n
£-b-t‑c‑m-K-¯‑n-s‑â a‑m-c-I-a‑m-b-c‑q-]‑w F-I‑v-k‑v.U‑n.
BÀ. S‑n._‑n.b‑p‑w 2019þ C-´‑y-b‑n d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑p s‑N-¿-
s‑¸-«‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. N‑n-I‑n-Õ‑n-¨‑p-a‑m-ä‑m-\‑m-h‑m-¯ £-b-t‑c‑m-K‑w
(F-I‑v-k‑v-s‑ä³-k‑n-h‑v-e‑n {‑U-K‑v s‑d-k‑n-Ìâ‑v S‑y‑q-_À-I‑p-
t‑e‑m-k‑n-k‑v) ]‑p-s‑W-b‑n-e‑m-W‑v d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑v s‑N-b‑v-X-X‑v.
2015þ19 I‑m-e-b-f-h‑n 55 t‑]À-¡‑v C‑u t‑c‑m-K‑w _‑m-[‑n-
¨-X‑m-b‑m-W‑v I-s‑ï-¯‑n-b-X‑v.
k‑m-[‑m-c-W £-b-t‑c‑m-K‑w h‑m-I‑v-k‑n-\‑p-IÄ-s‑I‑m-ï‑p‑w
a-c‑p-¶‑p-IÄ-s‑I‑m-ï‑p‑w t‑h-K-¯‑n \‑n-b-{‑´‑n-¡‑m‑w.
F-¶‑m a-c‑p-¶‑p-I-s‑f {‑]-X‑n-t‑c‑m-[‑n-¡‑p-¶ £-b-t‑c‑m-
K‑w (Drug Resistant) N‑n-I‑n-Õ‑n-¨‑p-t‑`-Z-a‑m-¡‑m³ I‑q-
S‑p-XÂ I‑m-e-s‑a-S‑p-¡‑p‑w. £-b-t‑c‑m-K-¯‑n-\‑v- \Â-I‑p-¶
{‑]‑m-Y-a‑n-I a-c‑p-¶‑p-I-s‑f s‑N-d‑p-¡‑m³ I-g‑n-h‑p-Å t‑c‑m-K‑m-
W‑p-¡-f‑m-W‑v aÄ-«‑n {‑U-K‑v d-k‑n-Ìâ‑v S‑n._‑n. (F‑w.U‑n.
BÀ.S‑n._‑n.) D-ï‑m-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. c-ï‑p-hÀ-j‑w \‑o-f‑p-¶
c-ï‑m‑w-\‑n-c a-c‑p-¶‑p-I-f‑m-W‑v F‑w.U‑n.BÀ.S‑n._‑n.b‑p-s‑S
N‑n-I‑n-Õ-b‑v-¡‑m-b‑n \Â-I‑p-¶-X‑v. ]‑mÀ-i‑z-^-e-§-f‑p-Å
C‑u a-c‑p-¶‑p-IÄ-¡‑v h‑n-e-b‑p‑w I‑q-S‑p-X-e‑m-W‑v. c-ï‑m‑w-
\‑n-c a-c‑p-¶‑p-I-s‑f-b‑p‑w s‑N-d‑p-¡‑p-¶ t‑c‑m-K‑m-W‑p-¡-f‑m-W‑v
F-I‑v-k‑v.U‑n.BÀ.S‑n._‑n. D-ï‑m-I‑p-¶-X‑v. F-I‑v-k‑v.U‑n.
BÀ.S‑n._‑n. D-Å-h-c‑n N‑n-I‑n-Õ B-c‑w-`‑n-¨‑p-I-g‑n-ª‑m-
e‑p‑w G-s‑d-¡‑m-e‑p‑w t‑c‑m-K-_‑m-[‑n-X-c‑m-b‑n X‑p-S-c‑p‑w C-X‑v
I‑p-S‑p‑w-_-¯‑n-s‑e a-ä‑p-Å-h-c‑n-t‑e-¡‑p‑w t‑c‑m-K‑w ]-I-c‑p-
¶-X‑n-\‑v I‑m-c-W-a‑m-I‑p‑w. B-Z‑y-a‑m-b‑n S‑n._‑n. t‑c‑m-K‑w
h-c‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ I‑r-X‑y-a‑m-b a-c‑p-¶‑p-I-g‑n-¨‑n-s‑Ã-¦‑n {‑U-K‑v
d-k‑n-Ìâ‑v S‑n._‑n. h-c‑m-\‑p-Å k‑m-[‑y-X-I‑q-S‑p-X-e‑m-W‑v.
F‑w.U‑n.BÀ.S‑n._‑n.b‑p‑w F-I‑v-k‑v.U‑n.BÀ.S‑n._‑n.b‑p‑w
C-¯-c-¯‑n N‑n-I‑n-Õ ]‑qÀ-W-a‑m-¡‑m-¯ k‑m-N-c‑y-
¯‑n h-c‑m-\‑p-Å k‑m-[‑y-X hÀ-[‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p.
t‑h-ï-X‑v a‑p³-I-c‑p-XÂ
t‑Z-i‑o-b £-b-t‑c‑m-K \‑n-b-{‑´-W ]-²-X‑n-b‑p-s‑S `‑m-K-
a‑m-b‑n (RNTCP) £-b-t‑c‑m-K‑w I-s‑ï-¯‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑p‑w
N‑n-I‑n-Õ‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑p‑w t‑c‑m-K‑w ]‑qÀ-W-a‑m-b‑n t‑`-Z-a‑m-¡‑n
F-¶‑p-d-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑p-a‑p-Å k-{‑¼-Z‑m-b-a‑m-W‑v t‑U‑m-S‑v-
k‑v (Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course).
kÀ-¡‑mÀ t‑a-J-e-b‑n-e‑p‑w k‑z-I‑m-c‑y-t‑a-J-e-b‑n-e‑p‑w
C‑u k‑u-I-c‑y‑w e-`‑y-a‑m-W‑v. 2025þ-H‑m-s‑S c‑m-P‑y-s‑¯
£-b-t‑c‑m-K-a‑p-à-a‑m-¡‑m-\‑p-Å {‑]-hÀ-¯-\-§Ä t‑I-{‑µ-
þ-k‑w-Ø‑m-\ kÀ-¡‑m-c‑p-IÄ \-S-¯‑n-h-c‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. C-´‑y-
b‑n F-Ã‑m-h‑n-[ S‑n._‑n. t‑c‑m-K-§Ä-¡‑p‑w kÀ-¡‑mÀ-X-
e-¯‑n k‑u-P-\‑y N‑n-I‑n-Õ-b‑p‑w \Â-I‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v.
c‑m-P‑y-s‑¯ £-b-t‑c‑m-K‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S h‑n-h-c-§Ä H‑m¬-
s‑s‑e-\‑m-b‑n t‑c-J-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑m-\‑p‑w ]‑p-t‑c‑m-K-X‑n \‑n-c‑o-
£‑n-¡‑m-\‑p-a‑m-b‑n \‑n-£-b‑v (NIKSHAY) F-¶ s‑h-_‑v
B-¹‑n-t‑¡-j\pw t‑I-{‑µ-kÀ-¡‑mÀ \-S-¸‑m-¡‑n-b‑n-«‑p-ï‑v.
t‑c‑m-K‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S h‑n-h-c-§-f‑p‑w ]‑p-t‑c‑m-K-X‑n-b‑p‑w \‑n-c‑o-£‑n-
¡‑p-¶-t‑X‑m-t‑S‑m-¸‑w t‑c‑m-K‑n-IÄ-¡‑v F-k‑v.F‑w.F-k‑v.
h-g‑n \‑nÀ-t‑Z-i‑w \Â-I‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-¿‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. \‑n-£-b‑v
t‑]‑m-j¬ t‑b‑m-P-\ {‑]-I‑m-c‑w (Nikshay Poshan Yo-
jana -NPY) £-b-t‑c‑m-K-_‑m-[‑n-XÀ-¡‑v U‑n._‑n.S‑n. (Di-
26 മാതൃഭൂമിജികെ&കറന്റ്അഫയേഴ്‌സ്‌
C-´‑y
$ P-\-k‑w-J‑y: 135.3 t‑I‑m-S‑n
$ 2018þÂ £-b-t‑c‑m-K‑w _‑m-[‑n-¨-hÀ:
26‑,90‑,000
$ ]‑p-c‑p-j³-a‑mÀ: 56 i-X-a‑m-\‑w. k‑v-{‑X‑o-IÄ:
31 i-X-a‑m-\‑w. I‑p-«‑n-IÄ: 13 i-X-a‑m-\‑w
$ 2018þÂ £-b-t‑c‑m-K‑w _‑m-[‑n-¨‑p a-c‑n-¨-
hÀ: 449‑,000 (C-h-c‑n 9‑,700 t‑]À-¡‑v
F-¨‑v.s‑F.h‑n-b‑p‑w _‑m-[‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶‑p‑)
$ 2018þ a-c‑p-t‑¶Â-¡‑m-¯ £-b-t‑c‑m-K‑w
_‑m-[‑n-¨-hÀ: 130‑,000
$ 2018þÂ S‑n._‑n.b‑p‑w F-¨‑v.s‑F.h‑n.b‑p‑w
_‑m-[‑n-¨-hÀ: 92‑,000
Source: WHO Global TB Report 2019
rect Benifit Transfer) ]-²-X‑n-b‑n-e‑q-s‑S 2018 G-{‑]‑nÂ
H-¶‑p-a‑p-XÂ t‑]‑m-j-I‑m-l‑m-c‑w D-d-¸‑m-¡‑m-\‑p-Å \-S-]-
S‑n-I-f‑p‑w k‑z‑o-I-c‑n-¨‑p-h-c‑p-¶‑p. 2019 P-\‑p-h-c‑n H-¶‑p-h-s‑c-
b‑p-Å I-W-¡‑p-IÄ {‑]-I‑m-c‑w \‑n-£-b‑v ]-²-X‑n-b‑nÂ
c-P‑n-ÌÀ s‑N-¿-s‑¸-«‑n-«‑p-Å £-b-t‑c‑m-K‑n-I-f‑n 42 i-X-
a‑m-\‑w t‑]À-¡‑p‑w F³.]‑n.s‑s‑hb‑n-e‑q-s‑S k-l‑m-b‑w e-`‑n-
¨‑p. Cu ]-²-X‑n {‑]-I‑m-c‑w t‑]‑m-j-I‑m-l‑m-c-¯‑n-\‑m-b‑n
N‑n-I‑n-Õ‑m-I‑m-e-b-f-h‑n t‑c‑m-K‑n-b‑p-s‑S _‑m-¦‑v A-¡‑u-
ï‑n-t‑e-¡‑v {‑]-X‑n-a‑m-k‑w 500 c‑q-] h‑o-X-a‑m-W‑v t‑I-{‑µ-kÀ-
¡‑mÀ \Â-I‑p-¶-X‑v.
2018þÂ BÀ.F³.S‑n._‑n.]‑n. (Revised Nation-
al Tuberculosis Programme) {‑]-I‑m-c‑w 21.5 e-£‑w
£-b-t‑c‑m-K-_‑m-[‑n-X-s‑c-b‑m-W‑v I-s‑ï-¯‑n-b-X‑v.
2017þ-t‑e-X‑n-t‑\-¡‑mÄ 16 i-X-a‑m-\-¯‑n-s‑â hÀ-[-\-
b‑m-W‑v D-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. t‑e‑m-I‑m-t‑c‑m-K‑y-k‑w-L-
S-\-b‑p-s‑S I-W-¡‑p-IÄ {‑]-I‑m-c‑w 27 e-£-t‑¯‑m-f‑w
£-b-t‑c‑m-K-_‑m-[‑n-XÀ c‑m-P‑y-¯‑p-ï‑v. A-X‑m-bXv 5.5
e-£-t‑¯‑m-f‑w £-b-t‑c‑m-K‑n-I-s‑f c‑m-P‑y-s‑¯ B-t‑c‑m-K‑y-
{‑]-hÀ-¯-IÀ-¡‑v I‑r-X‑y-a‑m-b‑n I-s‑ï-¯‑m³ k‑m-[‑n-¨‑n-
«‑n-Ã. C-h-s‑c-¡‑q-S‑n I-s‑ï-¯‑m-s‑X £-b-t‑c‑m-K‑w ]-S-c‑p-
¶-X‑v \‑n-b-{‑´‑n-¡‑m-\‑m-h‑n-Ã.
{‑]-[‑m-\ s‑h-Ã‑p-h‑n-f‑n {‑]‑m-Y-a‑n-I-L-«-¯‑n X-s‑¶
N‑n-I‑n-Õ t‑X-S‑p-¶‑n-s‑Ã-¶-X‑m-W‑v. A-Y-h‑m N‑n-I‑n-Õ
t‑X-S‑n-b‑m-e‑p‑w £-b-t‑c‑m-K‑w ]‑qÀ-W-a‑m-b‑p‑w h‑o-«‑p-a‑m-d‑p-
¶-X‑p-h-s‑c a-c‑p-¶‑p-IÄ I-g‑n-¡‑m-\‑p‑w ]-e-c‑p‑w X-¿‑m-d‑m-
I‑p-¶‑n-Ã. A-§-s‑\ C-S-b‑v-¡‑p-s‑h-¨‑v- a-c‑p-¶‑v- \‑nÀ-¯‑p-
¶-t‑X‑m-s‑S a-c‑p-¶‑p-I-s‑f {‑]-X‑n-t‑c‑m-[‑n-¡‑p-¶ I‑q-S‑p-XÂ
A-]-I-S-I-c-a‑m-b £-b-t‑c‑m-K‑w ]‑n-S‑n-s‑]-S‑m-\‑p‑w A-X‑v-
]-SÀ-¶‑p-]‑n-S‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑p‑w C-S-h-c‑p‑w. t‑c‑m-K‑w h-¶-t‑i-
j-a‑p-Å N‑n-I‑n-Õ-s‑b-¡‑m-t‑f-s‑d t‑c‑m-K-s‑¯-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑p-Å
t‑_‑m-[-h-X‑v-I-c-W-§-f‑p‑w t‑c‑m-K‑w h-c‑m-X‑n-c‑n-¡‑m-\‑p-Å
a‑p³-I-c‑p-X-e‑p-I-f‑p‑w {‑]-X‑n-t‑c‑m-[-{‑]-hÀ-¯-\-§-f‑p‑w
i-à-a‑m-¡‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v t‑h-ï-X‑v.
THE BEACON
the LANDMARK CASES IN HISTORY
Adv. K. SREEJA
ഭരണഘടനയുടെ ഇഴകീറിയ
കേശവാനന്ദഭാരതി കേസ്‌
k‑z -X-{‑´ C-´‑y-b‑p-s‑S N-c‑n-{‑X-¯‑n G-s‑d h‑y‑m-
J‑y‑m-\‑n-¡-s‑¸-«‑n-«‑p-Å k‑p-{‑]-[‑m-\ t‑I-k‑p-I-f‑n-s‑e‑m-¶‑m-
W‑v t‑I-i-h‑m-\-µ-`‑m-c-X‑n t‑I-k‑v (Keshavanand Bharti
Vs. State of Kerala, AIR1973 SC1461: (1973) 4 SCC.
225). C-X‑v a‑u-e‑n-I‑m-h-I‑m-i t‑I-k‑v (Fundamental
Right Case) F-¶p-a-d‑n-b-s‑¸-S‑p-¶‑p. C-X‑p-h-s‑c k‑p-{‑]‑o‑w-
t‑I‑m-S-X‑n ]‑p-d-s‑¸-S‑p-h‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-Å h‑n-[‑n-I-f‑n G-ä-h‑p‑w
I‑q-S‑p-XÂ t‑]-P‑p-I-f‑p-Å h‑n-[‑nbmWnXv. D-¶-X t‑I‑m-S-
X‑n-I-f‑n G-ä-h‑p‑w I‑q-S‑p-X D-²-c‑n-¡-s‑¸-« t‑I-k‑p-I-
f‑n a‑q-¶‑m‑w-Ø‑m-\-h‑p‑w C-X‑n-\‑m-W‑v. k‑p-{‑]‑o‑w-t‑I‑m-S-X‑n-
b‑n C-X‑p-h-s‑c c‑q-]-h-X‑v-I-c‑n-¡-s‑¸-«-X‑n G-ä-h‑p‑w
h-e‑n-b `-c-W-L-S-\‑m ^‑pÄ-s‑_-©‑m-W‑v h‑m-Z‑w
t‑I-«-X‑v. A-¶-s‑¯ N‑o-^‑v P-Ì‑n-k‑v B-b‑n-
c‑p-¶ P-Ì‑n-k‑v k‑n-{‑I‑n-b‑p‑w 12 P-U‑v-P‑na‑m-c‑p-
a‑m-W‑v 68 Z‑n-h-k‑w \‑o-ï‑p-\‑n-¶ h‑n-k‑v-X‑m-c-
¯‑n ]-s‑¦-S‑p-¯‑v h‑n-[‑n-s‑b-g‑p-X‑n-b-X‑v.
]-Ý‑m-¯-e‑w
k‑z‑m-X-{‑´‑y‑m-\-´-c‑w h-¶ `‑q-]-c‑n-j‑v-I-
c-W-\‑n-b-a‑w a‑u-e‑n-I‑m-h-I‑m-i-§-f‑m-b k-a-
X‑z-¯‑n-\‑p-Å A-h-I‑m-i‑w‑, X‑p-e‑y-X-b‑v-¡‑p-Å
A-h-I‑m-i‑w‑, k‑z-¯-h-I‑m-i‑w (A-\‑p-t‑Ñ-Z‑w 14‑, 15‑, 31)
F-¶‑n-h C-Ã‑m-X‑m-¡‑p-¶‑p-s‑h-¶‑v D-¶-b‑n-¨‑v ]-e s‑s‑l-
t‑¡‑m-S-X‑n-I-f‑n-e‑p‑w d‑n-«‑v lÀ-P‑n-IÄ ^-b s‑N-¿-s‑¸-«‑p.
A-¶‑v k‑z-¯-h-I‑m-i‑w a‑u-e‑n-I‑m-h-I‑m-i-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p.
t‑I-c-f-kÀ-¡‑mÀ \-S-¸‑n-e‑m-¡‑n-b `‑q-]-c‑n-j‑v-I-c-W \‑n-b-
a-¯‑n-s‑â `‑m-K-a‑m-b‑n I‑m-kÀ-t‑I‑m-S‑n-\‑v k-a‑o-]-a‑p-Å
F-S-\‑oÀ aT-¯‑n-s‑e k‑z-¯‑p-¡Ä t‑I-c-f kÀ-¡‑mÀ
G-s‑ä-S‑p-¯-t‑X‑m-s‑S A-¶-s‑¯ aTm-[‑n-]-X‑n-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶
k‑z‑m-a‑n t‑I-i-h‑m-\-µ-`‑m-c-X‑n-b‑p‑w t‑I‑m-S-X‑n-s‑b k-a‑o-]‑n-
¨‑p. a‑p-J‑y-a‑m-b‑p‑w `‑q-]-c‑n-j‑v-I-c-W \‑n-b-a-¯‑n-s‑â-b‑p‑w
I‑q-S‑m-s‑X 24‑, 25 `-c-W-L-S-\‑m-t‑`-Z-K-X‑n \‑n-b-a-¯‑n-s‑â-
b‑p‑w k‑m-[‑p-X t‑I-i-h‑m-\-µ-`‑m-c-X‑n t‑N‑m-Z‑y‑w-s‑N-b‑v-X‑p.
t‑I-i-h‑m-\-µ `‑m-c-X‑n-b‑p‑w a-ä‑p-Å-h-c‑p‑w k-aÀ-¸‑n-¨
l-ÀP‑n-I-f‑n \‑n-c-h-[‑n t‑N‑m-Z‑y-§Ä D-¶-b‑n-¡-s‑¸-
«‑p. C-X‑v ]‑n-¶‑o-S‑v `-c-W-L-S-\ t‑`-Z-K-X‑n s‑N-¿‑m-\‑p-Å
A-[‑n-I‑m-c‑w k‑w-_-Ô‑n-¨ t‑I-k‑m-b‑n a‑m-d‑n. a‑u-e‑n-
I‑m-h-I‑m-i-§Ä I-hÀ-s‑¶-S‑p-¡‑p-¶ X-c-¯‑n-e‑p-Å
`-c-W-L-S-\‑m-t‑`-Z-K-X‑n-IÄ-t‑]‑m-e‑p‑w s‑N-¿‑m-\‑p-Å
]‑mÀ-e-s‑aâ‑n-s‑â A-[‑n-I‑m-c-h‑y‑m-]‑v-X‑n-b‑n-t‑e-¡‑v t‑I-k‑v
h‑n-cÂ-N‑q-ï‑n. A-\‑p-t‑Ñ-Z‑w 368 A-\‑p-k-c‑n-¨‑v ]‑mÀ-e-
s‑aâ‑n-\‑v `-c-W-L-S-\ t‑`-Z-K-X‑n s‑N-¿‑m-\‑p-Å A-[‑n-I‑m-
c-a‑p-ï‑v-. F-¶‑m CXnsâ h‑y‑m-]‑v-X‑n-b‑p‑w k‑z-`‑m-h-h‑p‑w
t‑I-i-h‑m-\-µ-`‑m-c-X‑n t‑I-k‑n XÀ-¡-h‑n-j-b-a‑m-b‑n.
C‑u t‑I-k‑n-\‑v a‑p³-]‑v- `-c-W-L-S-\-b‑n t‑`-Z-K-X‑n
h-c‑p-¯‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v I‑r-X‑y-a‑m-b \‑n-b-{‑´-W-§Ä C-Ã‑m-
b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. t‑K‑m-e-I‑v-\‑m-Y‑v V/s ]-©‑m-_‑v k‑w-Ø‑m-\‑w
(1967 AIR1643, 1967 SCR(2) 762) F-¶ t‑I-k‑nÂ
`-c-W-L-S-\ t‑`-Z-K-X‑n s‑N-¿‑m-\‑p-Å A-[‑n-I‑m-c‑w ]‑mÀ-
e-s‑aâ‑n-\‑n-s‑Ã-¶‑v k‑p-{‑]‑o‑w-t‑I‑m-S-X‑n h‑n-[‑n-¨‑p. F-¶‑mÂ
X‑p-SÀ-¶‑v ]‑mÀ-e-s‑aâ‑v 24þ‑m‑w `-c-W-L-S-\‑m-t‑`-Z-K-X‑n
\‑n-b-a‑w ]‑m-k‑m-¡‑n. C-X‑p-h-g‑n, a‑m-ä‑w-h-c‑p-¯‑n-t‑b‑m d-±‑m-
¡‑n-t‑b‑m \‑n-e-h‑n-e‑p-Å G-X‑v h-I‑p-¸‑p-I-f‑p‑w t‑`-Z-K-X‑n
s‑N-¿‑m³ ]‑mÀ-e-s‑aâ‑n-\‑v I-g‑n-b‑p-s‑a-¶‑m-b‑n. F-¶‑mÂ
t‑I-i-h‑m-\-µ-`‑m-c-X‑n t‑I-k‑n-e‑q-s‑S t‑K‑m-e-I‑v-\‑m-Y‑v t‑I-
k‑n-s‑â h‑n-[‑n-b‑p‑w 24‑, 25 `-c-W-L-S-\‑m-t‑`-Z-K-X‑n-
I-f‑p‑w k‑p-{‑]‑o‑w-t‑I‑m-S-X‑n a-d‑n-I-S-¶‑p.
`-c-W-L-S-\-b‑p-s‑S A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\-L-S-\-
b‑n a‑m-ä‑w h-c‑p-¯‑m-s‑X t‑`-Z-K-X‑n B-I‑m-
s‑a-¶‑v t‑I-i-h‑m-\-µ-`‑m-c-X‑n t‑I-k‑v h‑n-[‑n-¨‑p.
C‑u t‑I-k‑n-e‑q-s‑S ]‑mÀ-e-s‑aâ‑n-s‑â A-\‑n-
b-{‑´‑n-X A-[‑n-I‑m-c‑w `-c-W-L-S-\-b‑p-s‑S
A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\ L-S-\‑m k‑n-²‑m-´‑w (Doctrine
of Basic structure) h-g‑n \‑n-b-{‑´‑n-¡-s‑¸-«‑p.
]‑mÀ-e-s‑aâ‑n-\‑v t‑`-Z-K-X‑n s‑N-¿‑m³ I-g‑n-b‑p-¶-
X‑p‑w t‑`-Z-K-X‑n s‑N-¿‑m³ ]-ä‑m-¯-X‑p-a‑m-b `‑m-K-§Ä
`-c-W-L-S-\-b‑v-¡‑p-ï‑v. A-X‑n t‑`-Z-K-X‑n s‑N-¿‑m³
I-g‑n-b‑m-¯ `‑m-K-§Ä `-c-W-L-S-\-b‑p-s‑S `‑m-K-a‑m-b‑n
F-¶‑p‑w \‑n-e-\‑nÂ-t‑¡-ï-X‑p-ï‑v F-¶ t‑I-{‑µ B-i-b-
a‑m-W‑v A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\ L-S-\‑m k‑n-²‑m-´‑w F-¶-X‑p-s‑I‑m-
ï‑v D-t‑±-i‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v.
k‑m-P³ k‑n-M‑v t‑I-k‑n-e‑m-W‑v `-c-W-L-S-\-b‑p-s‑S
A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\-L-S-\‑m k‑n-²‑m-´‑w B-Z‑y-a‑m-b‑n {‑]-X‑n-]‑m-
Z‑n-¨-s‑X-¦‑n-e‑p‑w A-X‑n-\‑v a‑p-g‑p-c‑q-]‑w h-¶-X‑v t‑I-i-h‑m-\-
µ-`‑m-c-X‑n t‑I-k‑n I‑q-S‑n-b‑m-W‑v. F-s‑´‑m-s‑¡-b‑m-W‑v
`-c-W-L-S-\-b‑p-s‑S A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\ L-S-\ F-¶-X‑n-\‑v
k-a-{‑K-a‑m-b e‑n-Ì‑v t‑I‑m-S-X‑n X-¿‑m-d‑m-¡‑m-s‑X h‑n-«‑p.
A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\ k‑z-`‑m-h‑w Fs´m-s¡-sb-¶v ap³-Iq«n
X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\‑n-¨‑m k-a‑q-l-¯‑n h-c‑p-¶ a‑m-ä-§-s‑f C‑u
t‑`-Z-K-X‑n-¡‑v DÄ-s‑¡‑m-Å‑m³ ]-ä‑m-s‑X h-c‑p-s‑a-¶‑v I-ï‑v
t‑I-k‑p-IÄ-¡-\‑p-k-c‑n-¨‑v X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\‑n-¡‑m-s‑a-¶‑v t‑I‑m-S-X‑n
h‑n-[‑n-¨‑p. ]‑nÂ-¡‑m-e h‑n-[‑n-\‑y‑m-b-§-f‑n-e‑q-s‑S a-t‑X-X-c-
X‑z‑w‑, k‑z-X-{‑´-a‑m-b X‑n-c-s‑ª-S‑p-¸‑v F-¶‑n-§-s‑\ ]-e
B-i-b-§-f‑p‑w A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\-L-S-\‑m k‑n-²‑m-´-¯‑n-s‑â
`‑m-K-a‑m-s‑W-¶‑v t‑I‑m-S-X‑n ]-d-ª‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. C-´‑y³ P-\‑m-
[‑n-]-X‑y-¯‑n H-c‑p \‑m-g‑n-I-¡-Ã‑m-b‑n t‑I-i-h‑m-\-µ-`‑m-c-
X‑n t‑I-k‑n-s‑\ h‑n-t‑i-j‑n-¸‑n-¡‑m‑w.
മാർച്ച്‌2020
27
 ഡ�ോ. കെ. രാജേഷ്‌

UNION BUDGET 2020-21

വിപണിക്ക്
ശക്തി പകരുമ്പോൾ
സാമ്പത്തിക പ്രതിസന്ധിയും ധനകമ്മിയും വേട്ടയാടുന്ന ഇന്ത്യൻ സമ്പദ്
വ്യവസ്ഥയുടെ ഉത്തേജനം, പദ്ധതികളുടെ പെരുമഴ, ഓഹരി വിൽപ്പന എന്നിവ
സമാസമം ചേർത്ത് അവതരിപ്പിച്ച പ�ൊതുബജറ്റ് സാധാരണ ജനജീവിതത്തിൽ
അഭിവൃദ്ധി വരുത്തുമ�ോയെന്ന് കണ്ടറിയണം

[ -\-a-{‑´‑n \‑nÀ-a-e‑m k‑o-X‑m-c‑m-a³ s‑^-{‑_‑p-h-c‑n k‑m-¼-¯‑n-I {‑]-X‑n-k-Ô‑n-t‑b‑m

H-¶‑n-\‑v A-h-X-c‑n-¸‑n-¨ _-P-ä‑v h‑n-e-b‑n-c‑p-¯‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ‑,
A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\-]-c-a‑m-b‑n c-ï‑p-I‑m-c‑y-§Ä \‑m‑w A-d‑n-ª‑n-
c‑n-¡-W‑w. H-¶‑v \-½‑p-s‑S C-t‑¸‑m-g-s‑¯ k‑m-¼-¯‑n-I‑m-
h-Ø. c-ï‑v, _-P-ä‑n-\‑v- a‑p-t‑¶‑m-S‑n-b‑m-b‑n ]‑p-d-¯‑p-h-¶
k‑m-¼-¯‑n-I‑m-h-t‑e‑m-I-\ d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑v.
X-IÀ-¨-t‑b‑m?
k‑m-¼-¯‑n-I {‑]-X‑n-k-Ô‑n-b‑m-t‑W‑m X-IÀ-¨-b‑m-t‑W‑m
F-¶ t‑N‑m-Z‑y-¯‑n-\‑v A-`‑n-{‑]‑m-b s‑F-I‑y‑w C-s‑Ã-¦‑n-e‑p‑w‑,
k‑m-¼-¯‑n-I-]-c‑m-[‑o-\-X-IÄ k-a-I‑m-e‑n-I C-´‑y³
k-¼-Z‑v-h‑y-h-Ø-b‑n-e‑p-ï‑v F-¶-X‑v H-c‑p h-k‑v-X‑p-X-

28 മാതൃഭൂമിജികെ&കറന്റ്അഫയേഴ്‌സ്‌
 സ്വതന്ത്ര ഇന്ത്യയിലെ ആദ്യ ധനകാര്യമന്ത്രിയായിരുന്ന ആർ.കെ.ഷൺമുഖം ചെട്ടി
ആദ്യ പ�ൊതുബജറ്റ് അവതരിപ്പിച്ച തീയതി: 1947 നവംബർ 26

b‑m-W‑v. h-fÀ-¨-\‑n-c-¡‑n G-ä-¡‑p-d-¨‑n-e‑p-s‑ï-¦‑n-e‑p‑w

C-´‑y³ k-¼-Z‑v--h‑y-h-Ø G-s‑d h-fÀ-¶‑p-s‑h-¶-X‑v A‑w-
K‑o-I-c‑n-t‑¨ ]-ä‑q. h-fÀ-¨-b‑p-s‑S K‑p-W-^-e‑w X‑m-s‑g-¯-
«‑n I‑m-c‑y-a‑m-b‑n {‑]-X‑n-^-e‑n-¡‑p-¶‑n-s‑Ã-¦‑n-e‑p‑w X-fÀ-¨-
b‑p-s‑S {‑]-X‑n-^-e-\‑w I‑r-X‑y-a‑m-b‑n I‑m-W‑m-s‑a-¶-X‑m-W‑v
C-t‑¸‑m-g-s‑¯ {‑]-X‑n-k-Ô‑n. I-g‑n-ª ]-X‑n-s‑\‑m-¶‑p-hÀ-
j-s‑¯ G-ä-h‑p‑w s‑N-d‑n-b hÀ-[-\-b‑m-W‑v t‑Z-i‑o-b-h-c‑p-
a‑m-\-¯‑n h-¶‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v; s‑h-d‑p‑w A-©‑p-i-X-a‑m-\‑w.
I‑mÀ-j‑n-I-t‑a-J-e-b‑n I-g‑n-ª \‑m-e‑p-hÀ-j-s‑¯
G-ä-h‑p‑w I‑p-d-ª h-fÀ-¨-\‑n-c-¡‑v (2.8 i-X-a‑m-\‑w‑) t‑c-
J-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n-b-X‑n-\‑p-]‑p-d-t‑a‑, k‑z-I‑m-c‑y D-]-t‑`‑m-K-¯‑nÂ
(Private consumption) I-g‑n-ª G-g‑p-hÀ-j-s‑¯-b‑p‑w
a‑q-e-[-\-h-fÀ-¨-b‑n (Investment) I-g‑n-ª 17 hÀ-j-
s‑¯-b‑p‑w \‑nÀ-a‑m-W-t‑a-J-e (manufacturing sector)
I-g‑n-ª 15 hÀ-j-s‑¯-b‑p‑w F-ä-h‑p‑w I‑p-d-ª h-fÀ-
¨-\‑n-c-¡‑n-e‑q-s‑S-b‑m-W‑v C-t‑¸‑mÄ I-S-¶‑p-t‑]‑m-I‑p-¶-X‑v.
I-g‑n-ª 45 hÀ-j-¯‑n-s‑e G-ä-h‑p‑w h-e‑n-b s‑X‑m-g‑n-
e‑n-Ã‑m-b‑v-a-b‑p‑w [-\-¡-½‑n-b‑p‑w‑, C-t‑¸‑mÄ D-bÀ-¶‑p-h-¶
(7.35 i-X-a‑m-\‑w‑) ]-W-s‑¸-c‑p-¸-h‑p‑w I‑q-S‑n I-W-¡‑n-
s‑e-S‑p-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ‑, C‑u _-P-ä‑v, Z‑oÀ-L-I‑m-e-t‑¯-¡‑p‑w
{‑l-k‑z-I‑m-e-t‑¯-¡‑p‑w h‑y-X‑y-k‑v-X-X-c‑w ]-²-X‑n-IÄ
h‑n-`‑m-h-\‑w s‑N-t‑¿-ï-X‑p-ï‑v. A-X‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑p-X-s‑¶
X‑m-c-X-t‑a‑y-s‑\ Z‑p-j‑v--I-c-a‑m-W‑v C‑u hÀ-j-s‑¯ _-P-ä‑v
X-¿‑m-d‑m-¡Â.
k‑m-¼-¯‑n-I kÀ-t‑h A-h-t‑e‑m-I-\-¯‑nÂ‑, 2024þÂ
s‑s‑I-h-c‑n-¡‑m³ t‑]‑m-I‑p-¶ h-fÀ-¨-s‑b-¸-ä‑n‑, A-©‑v-- {‑S‑n-
e‑y¬ t‑U‑m-fÀ (G-X‑m-ï‑v 350 e-£‑w t‑I‑m-S‑n c‑q-]‑)
F-¶‑p-X-s‑¶-b‑m-W‑v D‑u-¶‑n-¸-d-ª‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. c‑m-P‑y-
¯‑v ]-W‑w k‑r-ã‑n-¡-e‑m-W‑v kÀ-¡‑m-c‑n-s‑â {‑]-J‑y‑m-]‑n-X
e-£‑y-s‑a-¶‑v kÀ--t‑h ]-d-b‑p-¶‑p. A-X‑n-\‑p-t‑h-ï‑n-b‑p-Å
a‑mÀ-K-§Ä‑, A-Z‑r-i‑y-I-c-§-s‑f (invisible hand)
i-à‑n-s‑¸-S‑p-¯-e‑p‑w h‑n-i‑z‑m-k-¯‑n-s‑â s‑s‑I (hand of
trust) _-e-s‑¸-S‑p-¯-e‑p-a‑t{X. A-Z‑r-i‑y-I-c‑w F-¶-X‑p-
s‑I‑m-ï‑v D-t‑±-i‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v h‑n-]-W‑n C-\‑n-b‑p‑w k‑z-X-
{‑´-a‑m-¡‑p-s‑a-¶‑p‑w kÀ-¡‑mÀ C-S-s‑]-SÂ K-W‑y-a‑m-b‑n
I‑p-d-b‑v-¡‑p-s‑a-¶‑p-a‑m-W‑v. {‑]-[‑m-\-s‑¸-« a-s‑ä‑m-c‑p h-k‑v-
X‑p-X‑, "s‑a-b‑v-¡‑v C³ C-´‑y‑' F-¶ t‑{‑]‑m-P-Î‑v, "A-s‑Ê‑w-
_‑nÄ C³ C-´‑y‑'b‑m-¡‑n a‑m-ä-W‑w F-¶ \‑nÀ-t‑Z-i-a‑m-
W‑v. a‑m-\‑p-^‑m-I‑v-N-d‑n-M‑v t‑a-J-e-b‑p-s‑S h-fÀ-¨-b‑n-e‑q-s‑S‑,
s‑s‑N-\‑, a-t‑e-j‑y X‑p-S-§‑n-b c‑m-P‑y-§-s‑f-t‑¸‑m-s‑e‑,
h‑n-I-k-\-¯‑n-s‑â t‑X-c‑n-t‑e-d‑n I‑p-X‑n-¡‑m-s‑a-¶ e-£‑y-
a‑m-W‑v s‑a-b‑v-¡‑v C³ C-´‑y a‑p-t‑¶‑m-«‑p-s‑h-¨‑n-c‑p-¶-X‑v.
F-¶‑m {‑]-X‑o-£‑n-¨ ]‑p-t‑c‑m-K-X‑n s‑s‑I-h-c‑n-¡‑m³ k‑m-
[‑n-¨‑n-s‑Ã-¶‑p‑w s‑s‑N-\-b‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑p‑w a-ä‑p‑w C-d-¡‑p-a-X‑n
s‑N-¿‑p-¶ D-X‑v--]-¶-§Ä ]‑m-b‑v-¡‑v s‑N-¿‑m³ a‑m-{‑X-t‑a
k‑m-[‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-Å‑q F-¶‑p-a‑p-Å B-t‑c‑m-]-W‑w (]‑m-b‑v-¡‑v
C³ C-´‑y‑) A-¡‑m-Z-a‑n-I‑v t‑e‑m-I-¯‑v i-à-a‑m-W‑v. C‑u
B-t‑c‑m-]-W-s‑¯ i-à‑n-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p-¶‑p kÀ-t‑h-b‑n-s‑e
N‑p-h-S‑p-a‑m-ä‑w.
t‑I‑mÀ-¸-t‑d-ä‑p-IÄ-¡‑v X-t‑e‑m-SÂ
k‑m-¼-¯‑n-I {‑]-X‑n-k-Ô‑n N‑m-{‑I‑n-I-a‑m-s‑W-¶‑v A-h-
I‑m-i-s‑¸-« kÀ-¡‑mÀ‑, A-X‑n-s‑\ ]-c‑n-K-W‑n-¨‑n-t‑«-b‑n-Ã
F-¶-X‑m-W‑v h‑m-k‑v-X-h‑w. A-t‑X-k-a-b‑w‑, [-\-a-{‑´‑n-b‑p-
X‑m-e‑n-t‑W‑m-a‑n-I-‑vk‑v
C-´‑y-b‑n-s‑e k‑w-L-S‑n-X t‑a-J-e-b‑n-
s‑e H-c‑p i-c‑m-i-c‑n s‑X‑m-g‑n-e‑m-f‑n c-ï‑p-t‑\-
c-s‑¯ D‑u-W‑n-\‑v-- s‑N-e-h‑m-¡‑p-¶ {‑I-b-t‑i-
j‑n‑, 2006þ07 a‑p-XÂ 2019þ20 h-s‑c-b‑p-Å
I‑m-e-¯‑v hÀ-[‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-ï‑v F-¶‑m-W‑v X‑m-e‑n-
t‑W‑m-a‑n-I-‑vk‑n-s‑â h-à‑m-¡Ä A-h-I‑m-i-
s‑¸-S‑p-¶-X‑v. C‑u hÀ-[-\‑, s‑h-P‑n-t‑ä-d‑n-b³
`-£-W-¯‑n-\‑v 29 i-X-a‑m-\-h‑p‑w t‑\‑m¬
s‑h-P‑n-t‑ä-d‑n-b³ `-£-W-¯‑n-\‑v 19 i-X-
a‑m-\-h‑p-a‑m-s‑W-¶‑v I-W-¡‑m-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-¶‑p.
{‑]-k‑v-X‑p-X kÀ-t‑h A-\‑p-k-c‑n-¨‑v P‑mÀ-J-
Þ‑m-W‑v C-´‑y-b‑n H-¶‑m‑w Ø‑m-\-¯‑v
\‑nÂ-¡‑p-¶-X‑v.
s‑S ]-e \‑nÀ-t‑Z-i-§-f‑p‑w Z‑oÀ-L-I‑m-e‑m-S‑n-Ø‑m-\-¯‑nÂ
k-¼-Z‑v--h‑y-h-Ø-b‑n {‑]-X‑n-^-e-\‑w D-ï‑m-¡‑p-¶-h-
b‑m-W‑v. t‑I‑mÀ-¸-t‑d-ä‑v t‑a-J-e DÄ-s‑¸-s‑S-b‑p-Å k‑z-I‑m-
c‑y t‑a-J-e-s‑b t‑{‑]‑m-Õ‑m-l‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-I X-s‑¶-b‑m-W‑v
kÀ-¡‑mÀ-\-b-s‑a-¶‑v C‑u _-P-ä‑p‑w A-S‑n-h-c-b‑n-«‑p-]-d-b‑p-
¶‑p. {‑]-X‑n-k-Ô‑n-b‑p-s‑S t‑]-c‑n kÀ-¡‑mÀ {‑]-J‑y‑m-]‑n-¨
B-i‑z‑m-k-]-²-X‑n-I-f‑n-e‑p‑w I‑q-S‑p-XÂ s‑a-¨‑w I‑n-«‑n-b-X‑v
t‑I‑mÀ-¸-t‑d-ä‑v t‑a-J-e-b‑v-¡‑m-W‑v. A-X‑n-s‑â {‑]-X‑n-^-e-\‑w‑,
k‑m-¼-¯‑n-I X‑n-c‑n-¨-S‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S C‑u I‑m-e-L-«-¯‑n-e‑p‑w
H‑m-l-c‑n h‑n-]-W‑n-b‑n I‑m-W‑m‑w. H-¶‑m‑w t‑a‑m-Z‑n-kÀ-
¡‑mÀ A-[‑n-I‑m-c-t‑aÂ-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ 25‑,000 B-b‑n-c‑p-¶
_‑n.F-k‑v.C. s‑k³-s‑k-I‑v--k‑v (BSE Sensex) C-t‑¸‑mÄ
40‑,000 I-S-¶‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v-- I‑m-c-W‑w a-s‑ä‑m-¶-Ã. C‑u
_-P-ä‑n-e‑p‑w h‑n-]-W‑n-¡‑v e-`‑n-¨ s‑a-¨-§Ä G-s‑d-b‑m-W‑v.
t‑I‑mÀ-¸-t‑d-ä‑v \‑n-I‑p-X‑n I‑p-d-¨‑v 22 i-X-a‑m-\-¯‑n-t‑e-¡‑v
s‑I‑m-ï‑p-h-c‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ G-ä-h‑p‑w I‑p-d-ª \‑n-I‑p-X‑n-b‑p-Å
c‑m-P‑y-a‑m-b‑n C-´‑y a‑m-d‑n. \‑n-t‑£-]-I-s‑c t‑{‑]‑m-Õ‑m-
l‑n-¸‑n-¡‑m-s‑\-t‑¶‑m-W‑w U‑n-h‑n-Uâ‑v U‑n-k‑v-{‑S‑n-_‑y‑q-j³

മാർച്ച്‌2020
29

S‑m-I‑v--k‑v (Dividend Distribution Tax) H-g‑n-h‑m-¡‑n-b-X‑n-
e‑q-s‑S J-P-\‑m-h‑n-\‑v G-X‑m-ï‑v 25‑,000 t‑I‑m-S‑n c‑q-]-b‑p-s‑S
I‑p-d-h‑m-W‑p-ï‑m-h‑p-I.
]-²-X‑n-IÄ-¡‑v- ]-ª-a‑n-Ã
I‑mÀ-j‑n-I‑, a-Õ‑y‑, {‑K‑m-a‑o-W t‑a-J-e-b‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w
]‑p-t‑c‑m-K-X‑n-¡‑m-b‑n ]-X‑n-h‑p-t‑]‑m-s‑e N‑n-e ]-²-X‑n-IÄ
\‑nÀ-t‑Z-i‑n-¡-s‑¸-«‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. k-_‑v--k‑n-U‑n-IÄ I‑p-d-¨‑p-
s‑I‑m-ï‑p-h-c‑n-I F-¶ e-£‑y-t‑¯‑m-s‑S a-s‑®-®-b‑p-s‑S
k-_‑v--k‑n-U‑n s‑h-«‑n-¡‑p-d-¨-X‑v IÀ-j-s‑c {‑]-X‑n-I‑q-e-a‑m-
b‑n _‑m-[‑n-¡‑m‑w. {‑K‑m-a‑o-W‑, I‑mÀ-j‑n-I t‑a-J-e-b‑p-s‑S
k‑w-b‑p-à \‑o-¡‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¸‑v 2.83 e-£‑w t‑I‑m-S‑n c‑q-]-b‑m-
W‑v. C-t‑¸‑m-g‑p‑w kÀ-¡‑mÀ ]-d-b‑p-¶-X‑v 2022þ-H‑m-S‑p-I‑q-S‑n
IÀ-j-I-s‑â h-c‑p-a‑m-\‑w C-c-«‑n-b‑m-¡‑p-s‑a-¶‑p-X-s‑¶.
{‑]‑m-hÀ-¯‑n-I--a‑m-¡‑m³ F-f‑p-¸-a‑p-Å {‑]-J‑y‑m-]-\-a-Ã‑n-
X‑v. C-¡‑m-c‑y‑w ]T‑n-¡‑m³ i‑p-]‑mÀ-i s‑N-b‑v-X \‑o-X‑n
B-t‑b‑m-K‑n-s‑â 2017þ-s‑e d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«-\‑p-k-c‑n-¨‑v B hÀ-
j‑w a‑p-XÂ I‑mÀ-j‑n-I-t‑a-J-e 14.6 i-X-a‑m-\‑w h-fÀ-¨
t‑\-S‑n-b‑m a‑m-{‑X-t‑a A-X‑v k‑m-[‑y-a‑m-h‑p-I-b‑p-Å‑q. I‑mÀ-
j‑n-I-t‑a-J-e-b‑p-s‑S h-fÀ-¨‑m-K-X‑n i‑p-`-a-Ã.
IÀ-j-I-h-c‑p-a‑m-\‑w C-c-«‑n-b‑m-¡‑m-\‑m-b‑p-Å ]-X‑n-\‑m-
d‑n-\ \‑nÀ-t‑Z-i-§-f‑p‑w C-¯-h-W-s‑¯ _-P-ä‑n-e‑p-ï‑v.
I-g‑n-ª X-h-W ]-d-ª G-g‑n-\ \‑nÀ-t‑Z-i-§-f‑p-s‑S
\‑n-P-Ø‑n-X‑n ]-d-ª-X‑p-a‑n-Ã. 12 a‑p-XÂ 15 t‑I‑m-S‑n
h-s‑c IÀ-j-I-c‑p-ï‑v F-¶‑v A-\‑p-a‑m-\‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-¶ c‑m-
P‑y-s‑¯ 6.11 t‑I‑m-S‑n P-\-§Ä-¡‑v {‑]-[‑m-\-a-{‑´‑n-b‑p-s‑S
I‑n-k‑m³ k-½‑m³ \‑n-[‑n-b‑p-s‑S K‑p-W‑w I‑n-«‑n-b-X‑m-b‑n
30 മാതൃഭൂമിജികെ&കറന്റ്അഫയേഴ്‌സ്‌
പ�ൊതുമേഖലാ സ്ഥാപനങ്ങളുടെ
ഓഹരി വിറ്റഴിക്കലിലൂടെ,
ചരിത്രത്തിലെ ഏറ്റവും വലിയ
ലക്ഷ്യമാണ് (2.1 ലക്ഷം ക�ോടി
രൂപ) ഇത്തവണത്തെ ബജറ്റിൽ
മുന്നോട്ടുവയ്ക്കുന്നത്
a-{‑´‑n ]-d-b‑p-¶‑p. a-ä‑p-Å-h-c‑p-s‑S A-h-Ø kÀ-¡‑mÀ
k‑q-N‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶‑n-Ã. I‑n-k‑m³ s‑d-b‑nÂ‑, I‑r-j‑n D-U‑m³
F-¶-s‑X‑m-s‑¡ t‑IÄ-¡‑m³ C-¼-a‑p-Å t‑]-c‑p-I-s‑f-¦‑n-
e‑p‑w k‑z-I‑m-c‑y-þ-s‑]‑m-X‑p-t‑a-J-e k-l-I-c-W-t‑¯‑m-s‑S
(Public Private Partnership - PPP) \-S-¸‑m-¡‑p-s‑a-¶‑v
{‑]-J‑y‑m-]‑n-¨ C‑u ]-²-X‑n-IÄ IÀ-j-I-c‑p-s‑S P‑o-h‑n-X-
¯‑n F-´‑v a‑m-ä‑w s‑I‑m-ï‑p-h-c‑p-s‑a-¶‑v I-ï‑p-X-s‑¶
A-d‑n-b-W‑w. D-X‑v--]‑m-Z-\-£-a-X hÀ-[‑n-¸‑n-¡‑m-\‑p‑w I‑mÀ-
j‑n-t‑I‑m-X‑v--]-¶-§-f‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v I‑q-S‑p-XÂ a‑q-e‑y-hÀ-[‑n-X
D-X‑v--]-¶-§Ä h‑n-I-k‑n-¸‑n-¡‑m-\‑p‑w C-S-\‑n-e-¡‑m-c-s‑â
N‑q-j-W-¯‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v IÀ-j-I-s‑\ c-£‑n-¡‑m-\‑p‑w I-g‑n-
ª‑m a‑m-{‑X-t‑a IÀ-j-I-\‑v F-s‑´-¦‑n-e‑p‑w B-i‑z‑m-k‑w
e-`‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p-Å‑q.
s‑X‑m-g‑n-e‑p-d-¸‑v ]-²-X‑n-b‑p-s‑S h‑n-l‑n-X‑w a‑p³-hÀ-
j-s‑¯ A-t‑]-£‑n-¨‑v 71‑,000 t‑I‑m-S‑n-b‑n \‑n-¶‑v 61‑,500
t‑I‑m-S‑n-b‑m-¡‑n I‑p-d-b‑v-¡‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v kÀ-¡‑mÀ s‑N-b‑v-X-
X‑v. s‑X‑m-g‑n-e‑p-d-¸‑v ]-²-X‑n ]-e k‑w-Ø‑m-\-§-f‑n-e‑p‑w
]‑qÀ-W t‑X‑m-X‑n D-]-t‑b‑m-K-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p-¶‑n-à F-¶‑m-W‑v
Ø‑n-X‑n-h‑n-h-c-¡-W-¡‑p-IÄ k‑q-N‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v.
H‑m-l-c‑n h‑nÂ-¡Â
X-s‑â I-¶‑n _-P-ä‑n \‑nÀ-a-e‑m k‑o-X‑m-c‑m-a³
H‑m-l-c‑n h‑n-ä-g‑n-¡-e‑n-e‑q-s‑S 1.05 e-£‑w t‑I‑m-S‑n-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-
¶‑p e-£‑y-a‑n-«-X‑v. ]‑n-¶‑o-S-X‑v 65‑,000 t‑I‑m-S‑n c‑q-]-b‑m-b‑n
]‑p-\À-\‑nÀ-W-b‑n-¨‑p. s‑]‑m-X‑p-t‑a-J-e‑m Ø‑m-]-\-§-f‑p-s‑S
H‑m-l-c‑n h‑n-ä-g‑n-¡-e‑n-e‑q-s‑S‑, N-c‑n-{‑X-¯‑n-s‑e G-ä-h‑p‑w
h-e‑n-b e-£‑y-a‑m-W‑v (2.1 e-£‑w t‑I‑m-S‑n c‑q-]‑) C-¯-h-
W-s‑¯ _-P-ä‑n a‑p-t‑¶‑m-«‑p-h-b‑v-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. _‑n.F-k‑v.
F³.FÂ. DÄ-s‑¸-S-b‑p-Å s‑]‑m-X‑p-t‑a-J-e‑m-Ø‑m-]-§-
f‑p-s‑S h‑n-I-k-\-¯‑n-\‑m-b‑n H-c‑p {‑I‑n-b‑m-ß-I \‑nÀ-t‑Z-i‑w
_-P-ä‑n-e‑n-Ã. s‑F.U‑n._‑n.s‑F.‑, F-bÀ C-´‑y X‑p-S-§‑n
\-ã-¯‑n {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¡‑p-¶ Ø‑m-]-\-§-f‑p-s‑S H‑m-
l-c‑n h‑n-e‑v-]-\-b‑n I‑m-c‑y-a‑p-s‑ï-¶‑v-- a-\-Ê‑n-e‑m-¡‑m‑w.
F-¶‑mÂ‑, h‑n-]-W‑n-b‑p-s‑S F-g‑p-]-X‑p-i-X-a‑m-\‑w s‑s‑I-b‑m-
f‑p-¶ FÂ.s‑F.k‑n. ( Life Insurance Corporation)
t‑]‑m-e‑p‑w h‑n-e‑v-]-\-b‑v-¡‑v h-b‑v-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-s‑â b‑p-à‑n h‑n-
aÀ-i-\-§Ä-¡‑v h-g‑n-s‑X-f‑n-¡‑p‑w.
 550 ക�ോടി രൂപയുടെ ധനകമ്മിയുള്ളതുക�ൊണ്ട് ‘ബ്ലാക്ക് ബജറ്റ് ’ എന്ന പേരിൽ
കുപ്രസിദ്ധി നേടിയ ബജറ്റ്: 1973-74
h‑n-aÀ-i-\-§Ä:
$ s‑X‑m-g‑n-e‑n-Ã‑m-b‑v-a DÄ-s‑¸-s‑S-b‑p-Å k-a-I‑m-
e‑n-I {‑]-i‑v-\-§-s‑f t‑h-K-¯‑n t‑\-c‑n-S‑m-\‑p-Å
t‑]‑m‑w-h-g‑n-IÄ \‑nÀ-t‑Z-i‑n-¨‑n-«‑n-Ã.
$ LIC DÄ-s‑¸-s‑S e‑m-`-¯‑n-e‑p-Å s‑]‑m-X‑p-t‑a-J-e‑m
Ø‑m-]-\-§Ä-t‑]‑m-e‑p‑w h‑n-ä-g‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p.
$ k‑z-I‑m-c‑y t‑a-J-e-s‑b ]-c‑n-[‑n-h‑n-«‑v t‑{‑]‑m-X‑v--k‑m-
l‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p.
$ [-\-¡-½‑n I‑p-d-b‑v-¡‑p-s‑a-¶‑v ]-d-b‑p-¶‑p-s‑h-
¦‑n-e‑p‑w A-X‑n-\‑p-Å h‑y-à-a‑m-b \-S-]-S‑n-IÄ
F-s‑´-¶‑v k‑q-N‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶‑n-Ã.
$ \‑n-I‑p-X‑n-b‑p‑w t‑Z-i‑o-b-h-c‑p-a‑m-\-h‑p‑w X-½‑n-e‑p-Å
A-\‑p-]‑m-X‑w s‑a-¨-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑m-\‑p-Å \-S-]-S‑n-IÄ
I‑m-c‑y-a‑m-b‑n {‑]-J‑y‑m-]‑n-¨‑n-«‑n-Ã.
$ k‑m-a‑q-l‑y-t‑£-a ]-²-X‑n-IÄ G-s‑d {‑]-J‑y‑m-
]‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-s‑ï-¦‑n-e‑p‑w C-h-b‑p-s‑S \‑n-e-h‑n-s‑e
Ø‑n-X‑n h‑y-à-a-Ã.
tI-{µ-_P-äv H-ä-t\m-«-¯nÂ
t‑\-«-§Ä:
$ `‑m-h‑n a‑p-¶‑n I-ï‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\-
k‑u-I-c‑y-h‑n-I-k-\‑w DÄ-s‑¸-S-b‑p-Å H-t‑«-s‑d
]-²-X‑n-IÄ h‑n-`‑m-h-\‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p.
$ I-¨-h-S-h‑p‑w h‑y-h-k‑m-b-§-f‑p‑w X‑p-S-§‑m-\‑p-Å
k‑u-I-c‑y-§-f‑p‑w H-c‑p-¡‑p-¶-X‑n {‑i-² s‑N-e‑p-
¯‑n-b‑n-«‑p-ï‑v.
$ I‑q-S‑p-XÂ-t‑]-s‑c h-c‑p-a‑m-\-\‑n-I‑p-X‑n-b‑p-s‑S ]-c‑n-
[‑n-b‑n s‑I‑m-ï‑p-h-c‑m-\‑p-Å {‑i-a‑w.
$ k‑w-c‑w-`-I-X‑z h‑n-I-k-\-¯‑n-\‑v \Â-I‑n-b‑n-c‑n-
¡‑p-¶ D‑u-¶Â.
$ F³. BÀ. sF ]Z-hn Zp-cp-]-tbm-Kw sN-
¿p¶-Xv X-Sªv, \n-Ip-Xn h-cp-am-\w Iq-«m-
\p-Å {iaw.
$ h-cp-am-\- \n-Ip-Xn Ém-_n h-cp¯n-b
am-äw H-cp hn-`m-K-¯n-\v Kp-Ww sN-¿pw.
\‑n-I‑p-X‑n-L-S-\-b‑n-s‑e a‑m-ä‑w
\‑n-I‑p-X‑n-L-S-\-b‑p-s‑S a‑m-ä-¯‑n {‑]-X‑y-£-¯‑nÂ
P-\-§Ä-¡‑v h-e‑n-b t‑\-«‑w I‑n-«‑m-\‑n-s‑Ã-¦‑n-e‑p‑w‑, I‑q-S‑p-
XÂ B-f‑p-I-s‑f \‑n-I‑p-X‑n \Â-I‑m³ t‑{‑]-c‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶
X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\-s‑a-¶‑v h‑n-t‑i-j‑n-¸‑n-¡‑m‑w. C-´‑y-b‑n \‑n-I‑p-
X‑n \Â-t‑I-ï-hÀ G-s‑d-b‑p-s‑ï-¦‑n-e‑p‑w C-¶‑p‑w B
k‑w-J‑y H-¼-X‑p-t‑I‑m-S‑n-b‑n X‑m-s‑g a‑m-{‑X-a‑m-W‑v. A-t‑X-
k-a-b‑w‑, h‑n-h‑n-[ ]-²-X‑n-I-f‑n \‑n-t‑£-]‑w \-S-¯‑n
C-f-h‑v t‑\-S‑p-¶ c‑o-X‑n ]‑n³-h-e‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ B t‑a-
J-e-I-s‑f A-X‑v F-{‑X-I-ï‑v _‑m-[‑n-¡‑p-s‑a-¶‑v I-ï-d‑n-b-
W‑w. h‑o-S‑v ]-W‑n ]‑qÀ-¯‑n-b‑m-b‑n-s‑Ã-¦‑n-e‑p‑w X‑n-c‑n-¨-S-h‑v
X‑p-S-§‑p-¶-X‑v a‑p-XÂ \‑n-I‑p-X‑n C-f-h‑n-\‑v ]-c‑n-K-W‑n-¡‑m-
s‑a-¶ h‑y-h-Ø ]‑p-X‑p-X‑m-b‑n s‑I‑m-ï‑p-h-¶‑n-«‑p-ï‑v.
NRI (Non Resident Indian) ]-Z-h‑n-IÄ Z‑p-c‑p-]-
t‑b‑m-K‑w s‑N-¿‑m-X‑n-c‑n-¡‑m-\‑p‑w‑, \‑n-I‑p-X‑n ]‑n-c‑n-h‑p-IÄ
I‑m-c‑y-£-a-a‑m-¡‑m-\‑p-a‑p-Å \‑nÀ-t‑Z-i-§Ä _-P-ä‑n-e‑p-ï‑v.
h‑n-t‑Z-i C-´‑y-¡‑m-c‑p-s‑S \‑nÀ-h-N-\-¯‑n t‑`-Z-K-X‑n
h-c‑p-¯‑n-b-X‑m-W‑v I‑m-c‑y-a‑m-b a-s‑ä‑m-c‑p a‑m-ä‑w. \‑n-e-h‑nÂ‑,
182 Z‑n-h-k‑w H-c‑mÄ h‑n-t‑Z-i-¯‑v-- X‑m-a-k‑n-¨‑mÂ‑, h‑n-t‑Z-i
C-´‑y³ (NRI) F-¶ ]-Z-h‑n-¡‑v AÀ-l-\‑m-h‑p-I-b‑p‑w
\‑n-I‑p-X‑n-b‑n-f-h‑p-IÄ e-`‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-¿‑p‑w. F-¶‑mÂ
C-\‑n-a‑p-XÂ C‑u ]-Z-h‑n e-`‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑m-b‑n I‑p-d-ª-
X‑v 240 Z‑n-h-k‑w t‑P‑m-e‑n s‑N-¿-W‑w. I-¸-e‑n t‑P‑m-e‑n
s‑N-¿‑p-¶-hÀ‑, s‑F.S‑n. t‑a-J-e-b‑n h‑n-t‑Z-i-t‑¯-¡‑v
I‑p-d-¨‑p-I‑m-e‑w t‑{‑]‑m-P-Î‑v s‑N-¿‑m³ \‑n-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡-s‑¸-
S‑p-¶-hÀ X‑p-S-§‑n-b-h-s‑c-s‑b‑m-s‑¡ C-X‑v k‑m-c-a‑m-b‑n
_‑m-[‑n-¡‑m-\‑n-S-b‑p-ï‑v. h‑n-t‑Z-i-¯‑v-- X‑m-a-k‑n-¡‑p-¶
C-´‑y-¡‑m-t‑c‑m A-h-c‑p-s‑S a-¡-t‑f‑m (Persons of Indian
Origin - PIOs) C-t‑¸‑mÄ C-´‑y-b‑n NRI ]-Z-h‑n-t‑b‑m-
s‑S X‑m-a-k‑n-¡‑p-¶-hÀ (c-t‑ï‑m A-X‑n-e-[‑n-I-t‑a‑m c‑m-
മാർച്ച്‌2020
31

P‑y-¯‑v t‑P‑m-e‑n s‑N-b‑v-X‑v H-c‑p c‑m-P‑y-¯‑p‑w \‑n-I‑p-X‑n
s‑I‑m-S‑p-¡‑m-¯-hÀ‑) C-\‑n-a‑p-XÂ h-c‑p-a‑m-\ \‑n-I‑p-X‑n
\Â-I-W‑w. N-c‑n-{‑X-¯‑n B-Z‑y-a‑m-b‑m-W‑v, h‑n-t‑Z-i-
h-c‑p-a‑m-\-¯‑n-\‑v C-´‑y-b‑n \‑n-I‑p-X‑n s‑I‑m-S‑p-t‑¡-
ï‑n-h-c‑p-¶-X‑v. t‑I-c-f-s‑¯-t‑¸‑m-s‑e‑, {‑]-h‑m-k‑n-IÄ
G-s‑d-b‑p-Å k‑w-Ø‑m-\-§-f‑n-s‑e P-\-§-s‑f C‑u
X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\‑w _‑m-[‑n-¡‑p‑w.
A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\-k‑u-I-c‑y-§Ä-¡‑v D‑u-¶Â
B-b‑m-k-c-l‑n-X-a‑m-b‑n h‑y-h-k‑m-b‑w s‑N-¿‑m-\‑p-Å
t‑e‑m-I-_‑m-¦‑n-s‑â d‑m-¦‑n-§‑n G-s‑d a‑p-t‑¶‑m-«‑p-t‑]‑m-
I‑m³ k‑m-[‑n-¨‑p F-¶‑p-Å-X‑v kÀ-¡‑m-c‑n-s‑â t‑\-«-a‑m-
W‑v. 2014þ 189 c‑m-P‑y-§-f‑p-s‑S ]-«‑n-I-b‑n 142þ‑m‑w
Ø‑m-\-¯‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶ C-´‑y 2019þÂ‑, 63þ‑m‑w Ø‑m-\-
t‑¯-¡‑v I‑p-X‑n-¨‑p-bÀ-¶-X‑v h‑y-h-k‑m-b-c‑w-K-¯‑v i‑p-
`-k‑q-N-\-IÄ \Â-I‑p-¶‑p. B d‑m-¦‑v, 50þÂ X‑m-s‑g
s‑I‑m-ï‑p-h-c‑n-I F-¶-X‑m-W‑v kÀ-¡‑m-c‑n-s‑â a-s‑ä‑m-c‑p
e-£‑y-s‑a-¶‑v _-P-ä‑n [-\-a-{‑´‑n ]-d-b‑p-¶‑p.
K-X‑m-K-X‑w DÄ-s‑¸-s‑S-b‑p-Å‑, A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\-k‑u-
I-c‑y-§-f‑p-s‑S h‑n-I-k-\-¯‑n-\‑v _-P-ä‑v a‑p³-X‑q-¡‑w
\Â-I‑n-b‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. s‑a‑m-¯‑w 1.70 e-£‑w t‑I‑m-S‑n c‑q-]
\‑o-¡‑n-s‑h-¨‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. a‑n-j³ 2024 F-¶ ]-²-X‑n-
b‑p-s‑S `‑m-K-a‑m-b‑n‑, A-S‑p-¯ \‑m-e‑p-hÀ-j-¯‑n-\‑p-
Å‑n \‑q-d‑v ]‑p-X‑n-b h‑n-a‑m-\-¯‑m-h-f-§-f‑p‑w 6000
I‑n-t‑e‑m-a‑o-äÀ t‑Z-i‑o-b-]‑m-X-I-f‑p‑w ]-W‑n-b‑p-s‑a-¶‑v
kÀ-¡‑mÀ ]-d-b‑p-¶‑p. 70‑,250 t‑I‑m-S‑n c‑q-]-b‑m-W‑v s‑d-
b‑nÂ-t‑h-b‑v-¡‑p-t‑h-ï‑n-b‑p-Å \‑o-¡‑n-s‑h-¸‑v--. C-h-b‑p-
s‑S K‑p-W-^-e-§Ä `‑m-h‑n-b‑n c‑m-P‑y-¯‑n-\‑v a‑p-XÂ-
¡‑q-«‑m-I‑p‑w. A-S‑p-¯ A-©‑p-hÀ-j-¯‑n-\‑p-Å‑n 100
e-£‑w t‑I‑m-S‑n c‑q-]-b‑m-W‑v A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\ k‑u-I-c‑y-h‑n-
I-k-\-¯‑n-\‑m-b‑n h-I-b‑n-c‑p-¯‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. C‑u
k‑w-J‑y F-§-s‑\ I-s‑ï-¯‑p-s‑a-¶-X‑n-s‑\-¸-ä‑n-b‑p-Å
h‑y-à-a‑m-b \‑nÀ-t‑Z-i-§Ä _-P-ä‑n-e‑n-Ã. k‑m-t‑¦-
X‑n-I-h‑n-Z‑y I‑q-S‑p-XÂ {‑]-t‑b‑m-P-\-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n-b‑p-Å
k‑w-c‑w-`-§Ä-¡‑p‑w a-ä‑p k‑w-c‑w-`-I-X‑z-¯‑n-\‑p-a‑p-Å
t‑{‑]‑m-Õ‑m-l-\-§Ä a‑m-X‑r-I‑m-]-c-a‑m-W‑v.
t‑Z-i‑o-b h‑n-Z‑y-`‑y‑m-k-\-b-h‑p‑w k‑v-{‑X‑o-I-f‑p-s‑S
h‑n-h‑m-l-{‑]‑m-b‑w ]‑p-\À-\‑nÀ-W-b‑n-¡‑m-\‑p-Å ]T-\-
§-f‑p‑w A-W‑n-b-d-b‑n X-¿‑m-d‑m-b‑n h-c‑p-¶‑p-s‑h-¶‑p‑w
a-{‑´‑n k‑q-N‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. A-X‑p-t‑]‑m-s‑e X-s‑¶‑,
t‑Z-i‑o-b t‑e‑m-P‑n-Ì‑n-I‑v--k‑v t‑]‑m-f‑n-k‑n-b‑p‑w D-S³ \‑n-e-
h‑nÂ-h-c‑p‑w. t‑e‑m-I‑w G-s‑d NÀ-¨ s‑N-¿‑p-¶‑, \‑o-e
k-¼-Z‑v--h‑y-h-Ø (Blue Economy) _-P-ä‑v ]-c‑m-aÀ-
i‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-s‑ï-¦‑n-e‑p‑w c‑m-P‑y-¯‑n-\‑v B c‑w-K-¯‑p-Å
t‑aÂ-s‑s‑¡ {‑]-t‑b‑m-P-\-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑m-\‑p-Å ]-²-X‑n-I-
f‑p-s‑S A-`‑m-h‑w h‑y-à‑w. I‑r-j‑n DÄ-s‑¸-s‑S-b‑p-Å
k-a-k‑v-X t‑a-J-e-I-f‑p‑w I‑m-e‑m-h-Ø‑m-h‑y-X‑n-b‑m-\-
¯‑n-s‑â Z‑q-j‑y-^-e‑w A-\‑p-`-h‑n-¡‑p-t‑¼‑m-g‑p‑w N‑n-e
\-K-c-§-f‑n-s‑e A-´-c‑o-£ a-e‑n-\‑o-I-c-W‑w a‑m-{‑X-a‑m-
W‑v C-¡‑m-c‑y-¯‑n ]-c‑m-aÀ-i‑n-¡-s‑¸-«-X‑v. C-t‑¸‑m-
g‑p‑w B h‑n-j-b‑w AÀ-l‑n-¡‑p-¶ K‑u-c-h-t‑¯‑m-s‑S
a-\-Ê‑n-e‑m-¡‑n-b‑n-Ã F-¶-X‑n-s‑â s‑X-f‑n-h‑m-W-X‑v.
(t‑e-J-I³ I‑p-t‑^‑m-k‑n-s‑e k‑m-¼-¯‑n-I-i‑m-k‑v-{‑X h‑n-`‑m-K‑w
A-[‑y‑m-]-I-\‑m-W‑v)
32 മാതൃഭൂമിജി കെ & കറന്റ് അഫയേഴ്‌സ്‌
ലിനീഷ് പി.
വരുമാന
നികുതിയിലെ
മാറ്റം
t‑I- {‑µ _P-ä‑v \‑n-I‑p-X‑nZ‑m-b-IÀ-¡‑v \Â-I‑p¶-
X‑v h‑y-X‑yk‑v-Xamb c-ï‑v B-Z‑m-b-\‑n-I‑p-X‑n \‑nÀ-
W-bcoXn-I-fmWvv. 15 e-£‑w c‑q-]h-s‑c h‑mÀj‑n-
Ih-c‑p-a‑m-\-a‑p-Å-hÀ-¡‑v c-ï‑n-s‑e‑m-c‑p c‑o-X‑n
X‑n-c-s‑ª-S‑p-¡‑m-s‑a-¶ {‑]-t‑X‑y-I-X \‑n-I‑p-X‑n\‑nÀ-
W-b N-c‑n-{‑X-¯‑nÂ-X-s‑¶ B-Z‑y-a‑m-W‑v.
i-¼-f-h-c‑p-a‑m-\-¡‑m-c‑p-s‑S \‑n-I‑p-X‑n I-W-¡‑m-
¡e‑n G-äh‑p‑w B-IÀ-j-Ia‑m-b 80 C H-g‑n-h‑m-
¡‑p¶-X‑v C¯-c‑w h-c‑p-a‑m-\-¡‑m-c‑p-s‑S k-¼‑m-Z‑y-
i‑o-e-s‑¯ {‑]-X‑n-I‑q-e-a‑m-b‑n _‑m-[‑n-¡‑m-\‑n-S-b‑pï‑v.
C-X‑v K‑mÀl‑n-I t‑k-h‑n-M‑v-k‑v hc‑p‑whÀ-j-§f‑nÂ
{‑I-a‑m-X‑o-X-a‑m-b‑n I‑p-db‑m³ C-S-b‑m-¡‑p-s‑a-¶X‑nÂ
k‑w-i-b-a‑nÃ.
2018 [-\-I‑m-c‑y-hÀ-j¯‑n GDP b‑p-s‑S 17.2%
a‑m-{‑X-a‑m-W‑v K‑mÀl‑n-I t‑k-h‑n-M‑v-k‑v (2012þÂ 23.6%)
GXv Xn-c-sª-Sp¡pw
\‑n-I‑p-X‑n-\‑nÀ-W-b-h‑p-a‑m-b‑n _-Ô-s‑¸-«‑v G-X‑v
c‑o-X‑n X‑n-c-s‑ª-S‑p¡-W‑w F-¶ X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\‑w A-{‑X
F-f‑p-¸aÃ. sNeh‑p‑w K‑p-Wh‑p-w I-W-¡‑m¡‑n (Cost
- Benefit Analysis) ]-g-bX‑n X‑p-S-ct‑W‑m ]‑p-X‑n-b-
c‑o-X‑n ]‑n³-X‑p-S-c-Wt‑a‑m F-¶‑v X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\‑n-¡W‑w.
H-c‑p hÀ-j‑w X‑n-c-s‑ª-S‑p-¡‑p-¶ \‑n-I‑p-X‑n-\‑nÀ-
W-b c‑o-X‑n A-S‑p-¯-hÀ-j‑w a‑md‑m³ X-S-Ê-a‑nÃ.
]t‑£‑, s‑a‑m-¯ h-c‑p-a‑m-\¯‑n (GTI) _‑n-k‑n-
\k‑n \‑n-¶‑p-Å h-c‑p-a‑m-\-a‑p-s‑ï¦‑n ]‑pX‑n-b
c‑o-X‑n X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\‑n-¨‑mt‑e‑m \‑n-e-h‑n-e‑p-ÅX‑n X‑p-SÀ-
¶‑mt‑e‑m A-t‑X c‑o-X‑n-X-s‑¶ h-c‑p‑w-hÀ-j-§f‑n X‑p-
S-t‑c-ï‑n-h-c‑p‑w. ]-g-b-c‑o-X‑nb‑n 4 É‑m-_‑p-I-f‑m-W‑v
D-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶X‑v.
]‑pX‑n-b \‑nc-¡‑v {‑]-I‑m-c‑w G-g‑v É‑m-_‑p-I-f‑m-W‑v
\‑nÀ-t‑Z-i‑n-¨‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶X‑v.
]‑pX‑n-b c‑o-X‑n X‑n-c-s‑ª-S‑p¯‑m s‑k-I‑v-j³
80 D‑w s‑k-I‑v-j³ 10 Dw {‑]-I‑m-cw, Np-h-sS-¸-d-bp¶
U‑n-U-£-\‑p-If‑p‑w \‑n-I‑p-X‑n h‑n-t‑[-b-aÃ‑m-¯ h-c‑p-
a‑m-\h‑p‑w \‑n-I‑p-X‑n-Z‑m-b-IÀ-¡‑v \-ã-s‑¸-S‑p‑w.
1. FÂ.S‑n.k‑n. (Sec 10)
2. h‑o-«ph‑m-S-I A-e-h³k‑v Spesified limit (Sec10)
3. Ì‑m³-t‑UU‑v U‑n-‑U-I‑vj³ (Rs. 50,000) (Sec 16)
4. h‑n-t‑\‑m-Z‑m-h-i‑y-§Ä-¡‑p-Å A-e-h³k‑v (kÀ-
¡‑mÀP‑o-h-\-¡‑mÀ¡‑v‑) (Sec 16)
5. h‑o-«‑m-h-i‑y-¯‑n-\‑p-Å t‑e‑m-W‑n-s‑â ]e‑n-i (Sec
24) Rs. 2,00, 000
 \n-Ip-Xn- I-W-¡m-¡-en-se hy-Xymkw (60 h-b-Ê‑nÂ‑ Ipdª Øn-c-hmkn)
\‑n-e-h‑nepÅXv ]p-XnbXv
s‑a‑m-¯-h-c‑p-a‑m-\‑w 10,00,000 10,00,000
Ì‑m³-t‑UÀ-U‑v U‑n-UIvj³ (Sec 16) 50,000 (\‑ne
- h
- n‑ e
- p‑ Å
- H-cp‑ I‑ng- n‑ h
- p‑ w‑ _‑m[
- I
- a- Ã
- )‑
9,50,000 Upto 2,50,000 Nil
`-h-\-h‑m-b‑v-] ]-e‑n-i (Sec 24) 2,00,000 Next 2,50,000 @5% 12,500
7,50,000 Next 2,50,000 @10% 25000
UnUIvj³: 80c, 80ccd, 80ccc 1,50,000 Next 2,50,000 @ 15% 37500
6,00,000 75,000
F³.]‑n.F-k‑v. (A-U‑o-j-WÂ 80ccd) 50,000 4% s‑k-Ê‑v (h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k B-t‑c‑m-K‑y‑) 3000
5,50,000 78,000
s‑a-U‑n-s‑¢-b‑n‑w-þ80D 25,000 75,000
a‑m-X‑m-]‑n-X‑m-¡Ä (k‑o-\‑n-bÀ‑) 50,000
4,75,000
80TTA (Interest) 10,000
4,65,000
Net Tax payable Nil h‑y-X‑y‑m-k‑w (78000‑)

6. ^‑m-a‑n-e‑n s‑]³-j³-I‑mÀ-¡‑pÅ Rs. 15,000 2‑,73‑,000 c‑q-]. A-X‑mb-X‑v 78000 c‑q-]-b‑p-s‑S \‑n-I‑p-X‑n t‑k-
7. ]‑n.F^‑v‑, s‑s‑e-^‑v C³-j‑pd³-k‑v {‑]‑o-a‑nb‑w‑, S‑y‑q-j³ h‑n-M‑vk‑v. ]-t‑£, UnU-£-s\m¶pw ]-cn-K-Wn-¡m-sX-
^‑o-k‑v (cïv I‑p-«‑n-IÄ¡‑v‑) C-I‑y‑p-ä‑n e‑n-¦‑v-U‑v t‑k-h‑n-M‑v- bp-Å I-W-¡m-WnXv. \‑n-I‑p-X‑n-Z‑mb-I³ s‑k-I‑v-j³
k‑v k‑v-Io‑w‑, F³.]‑n.Fk‑v (Sec 80 C) 80 {‑]-I‑m-c-a‑p-Å U‑n-U-I‑v-j³ D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑m-
8. s‑a-U‑n-¡Â C³-j‑q-d³-k‑v {‑]‑o-a‑nb‑w (Sec 80 D) s‑W¦‑n CX‑n h-c‑p-¶ a‑m-ä‑w t‑\‑m-¡‑m‑w.
9. `‑n-¶-t‑i-j‑n-¡‑mc‑m-b B-{‑i‑n-XÀ-¡‑p-Å U‑n-U-I‑vj³ Sec. 80 C Rs150000, Sec 80D 25000, Sec 24 Rs 2, 00, 000
(Rs. 75000/125000) 80 DD (Housing loan interest) F¶o UnU-Iv j-\p-IÄ e-`y-am-
10. h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k h‑m-b‑v-]-bv¡p-Å ]e‑n-i (80E) sW-¦n \‑n-I‑p-X‑n-h‑n-t‑[-b-h-c‑p-a‑m\‑w 11,25,000 cq-]-bm-
11. N‑m-c‑n-ä‑n Ø‑m-]-\-§Ä-¡‑p-Å k‑w-`‑mh-\ (80G) Ip¶-Xv ImWmw:
tkhn-Mv-kv D-Å-hÀ-¡v ]-g-b-coXn (–)
15, 00, 000
2, 00, 000
[-\-a{‑´‑nk‑q-N‑n-¸‑n-¨-XvC-§-s\-bmWv: 15 e-£‑w
h‑mÀj‑n-I h-c‑p-a‑m-\-a‑p-Å \‑n-I‑p-X‑n-Z‑mb-IÀ ]‑pX‑n-b c‑o-X‑n- 80C  150000 13, 00, 000
{‑]-I‑m-c‑w H-c‑p U‑n-U-I‑v-j\‑p‑w F-S‑p-¡‑m-s‑X 1‑,95‑,000 c‑q-] 80D  +25000 (--)1,75, 000
S‑m-I‑v-k‑v s‑I‑m-S‑p¯‑m aX‑n. \‑n-e-h‑n-e‑p-Å c‑o-X‑nb‑nÂ
11, 25, 000
C‑u k‑m-l-N-c‑y¯‑n \‑n-I‑p-X‑n-_‑m[‑y-X ]‑pX‑n-b c‑o-X‑n-
Ém_v b‑n-e‑p-Å 1,95,000 c‑q-]-b‑v-¡‑v ]I-c‑w 1, 56,000 c‑q-] a‑m-{‑X-a‑m-
b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p‑w. 39,000 c‑q-]bpsS h‑y-X‑y‑mk‑w‑. A-X‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑p-
\‑n-e-h‑n ]‑p-X‑n-b-X‑v
X-s‑¶ ]-g-b-c‑o-X‑n-b‑n X‑p-S-c‑p-¶-X‑m-W‑v \Ã-X‑v. G-X‑v
Up to Rs. 2,50,000 Nil Upto Rs. 2,50,000 Nil c‑o-X‑n X‑p-Sc-W‑w F-¶‑pÅ-X‑v H-c‑p h‑y-à‑n F-{‑X-t‑¯‑m-f‑w
2,50,001-5,00,000 5% 2,50,001-5,00,000 5% s‑k-I‑v-j³ 80 þDw Sec 10 þDw D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p F-¶-
X‑n-s‑\ B-{‑i-b‑n-¨‑n-c‑n-¡‑p‑w. a‑p-X‑nÀ-¶ ]‑u-c-·‑mÀ¡‑p‑w
5,00,001-10,00,000 20% 5,00,001-7,50,000 10% ]‑pX‑n-b s‑X‑mg‑n t‑\-S‑n-b-hÀ¡‑p‑w A-X‑mb-X‑v l‑u-k‑n-M‑v
above 10,00,000 30% 7,50,001-10,00,000 15% t‑e‑m-W‑p-If‑p‑w h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-kh‑m-b‑v-]b‑p‑w s‑s‑e-^‑v C³-jp‑
10,00,001-12,50,000 20% d³-k‑v t‑]‑m-f‑n-k‑n-If‑p‑w I‑q-S‑p-X-e‑m-b‑n D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑m-¯
h‑n-`‑m-K-¯‑n-\‑v ]‑pX‑n-b c‑o-X‑n X‑n-c-s‑ª-S‑p-¡-e‑mh‑p‑w
12,50,001-15,00,000 25% K‑p-W-Ic‑w.
Above 15,00,000 30% (t‑e-J-I³ tIm-gn-t¡m-Sv a-e-_mÀ {In-Ìy³ tIm-tf-Pn-se
sIm-ta-gv-kv & am-t\-Pv-saâv kv-ä-Uo-kv hn-`m-Kw A-[ym-]-I--\mWv)

മാർച്ച്‌2020
33
 Economy ഡ�ോ. സി. പ്രദീപ്
KERALA
BUDGET
2020-21
മാന്ദ്യകാലത്തെ
ജനക്ഷേമം
B- t‑K‑m-f-X-e-¯‑n-s‑e-b‑p‑w t‑Z-i‑o-b-X-e-¯‑n-s‑e-
b‑p‑w k‑m-¼-¯‑n-I-a‑m-µ‑y‑w k‑r-ã‑n-¨ {‑]-X‑n-k-Ô‑n-I-
f‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w ]-c‑n-a‑n-X‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w \-S‑p-h‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑m-W‑v
t‑U‑m. t‑X‑m-a-k‑v s‑F-k-¡‑v X-s‑â ]-X‑n-s‑\‑m-¶‑m-a-s‑¯
k‑w-Ø‑m-\ _-P-ä‑v A-h-X-c‑n-¸‑n-¨-X‑v. k‑w-Ø‑m-\-s‑¯
I‑p-d-ª \‑n-I‑p-X‑n-þ-\‑n-I‑p-X‑n-b‑n-X-c h-c‑p-a‑m-\‑w‑, I‑mÀ-
j‑n-I-t‑a-J-e-b‑n-s‑e s‑\-K-ä‑o-h‑v h-fÀ-¨-\‑n-c-¡‑v, t‑N‑m-Z-\-
¡‑p-d-h‑v, D-bÀ-¶ s‑X‑m-g‑n-e‑n-Ã‑m-b‑v-a‑, \‑n-t‑£-]-¡‑p-d-h‑v,
A-S‑n-¡-S‑n D-ï‑m-I‑p-¶ {‑]-I‑r-X‑n-t‑£‑m-`-§Ä‑, s‑I‑m-t‑d‑m-
t‑W‑m s‑s‑h-d-k‑v t‑]‑m-e‑p-Å ]-IÀ-¨-h‑y‑m-[‑n-IÄ X‑p-S-
§‑n-b s‑h-Ã‑p-h‑n-f‑n-I-s‑f-b‑m-W‑v-- k‑w-Ø‑m-\ _-P-ä‑n-\‑v
34 മാതൃഭൂമിജികെ&കറന്റ്അഫയേഴ്‌സ്‌
A-`‑n-a‑p-J‑o-I-c‑n-t‑¡-ï‑n-b‑n-c‑p-¶-X‑v. 1‑,44‑,211.83 t‑I‑m-S‑n
c‑q-] B-s‑I h-c‑p-a‑m-\-h‑p‑w 1‑,29‑,837.37 t‑I‑m-S‑n c‑q-] d-h-
\‑y‑q s‑N-e-h‑p‑w 15‑,201.47 t‑I‑m-S‑n c‑q-] d-h-\‑y‑q I-½‑n-b‑p‑w
{‑]-X‑o-£‑n-¡‑p-¶ _-P-ä‑m-W‑v 2020þ21 k‑m-¼-¯‑n-I-hÀ-
j-t‑¯-¡‑v \‑n-b-a-k-`-b‑n A-h-X-c‑n-¸‑n-¨‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v.
632.93 t‑I‑m-S‑n c‑q-]-b‑p-s‑S A-[‑n-I-s‑¨-e-h‑p‑w 1103 t‑I‑m-S‑n
c‑q-]-b‑p-s‑S A-[‑n-I h‑n-`-h-k-a‑m-l-c-W-h‑p‑w e-£‑y-a‑n-
S‑p-¶ _-P-ä‑n [-\-I-½‑n a‑q-¶‑p-i-X-a‑m-\-a‑m-b‑n \‑n-e-
\‑nÀ-¯‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. k‑v-{‑X‑o-i‑m-à‑o-I-c-W‑w‑, {‑]-h‑m-
k‑n-t‑£-a‑w‑, t‑N‑m-Z-\ hÀ-[-\‑, I‑n-^‑v-_‑n-b‑n-e‑q-s‑S-b‑p-Å
A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\-k‑u-I-c‑y-h‑n-I-k-\‑w‑, P-\-t‑£-a‑w F-¶‑n-
 112-ാം ഭരണഘടന അനുച്ഛേദത്തിലാണ് ബജറ്റിനെക്കുറിച്ച്‌പരാമർശിക്കുന്നത്.
എന്നാൽ ‘ബജറ്റ്‌’ എന്നതിന് പകരം ആനുവൽ ഫിനാൻഷ്യൽ സ്റ്റേറ്റ്‌മെന്റ്‌എന്നാണ്‌
ഭരണഘടനയിലുള്ളത്

kw-Øm-\ _P-äv 2020þ21 Hä t\m-«-¯n (X‑p-I t‑I‑m-S‑n-b‑nÂ‑)-

2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21
(RE) (BE)
dh\yq h-cp-am\w 75611.72 83020.14 92854.47 99042.58 114635.90
aqe-[-\ h-cp-am\w 26762.51 27221.29 27241.61 26300.36 29575.93
BsI h-cp-am\w 102374.23 110241.43 120096.08 125342.94
t\m¬ ¹m³ sN-e-hpIÄ 79569.30 84681.58 98071.87 102939.30 116261.97
¹m³ sN-e-hpIÄ 22813.25 25556.23 21997.95 22703.63 28003.33
BsI sN-e-hpIÄ 102382.55 110237.81 120069.82 125642.93 144265.30
dh\yq I½n 15484.59 16928.21 17461.92 17474.27 15201.47
dh\yq I½n Pn.F-kv.Un.]n-.bn-se i-X-am\w 2.51 2.41 2.23 2.01 1.55
[\I½n 26448.35 26837.41 26958.31 26186.24 29295.39
[\I½n Pn.F-kv.Un.]n.-bn-se i-X-am\w 4.29 3.83 3.45 3.00 3.00
{]m-Yan-I I½n 14331.85 11717.48 10210.39 7751.67 9445.39

h-b‑v-¡‑v a‑p³-K-W-\ \Â-I‑p-¶ k‑w-Ø‑m-\ _-P-ä‑m-W‑v

A-h-X-c‑n-¸‑n-¨‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v.
[-\-I‑m-c‑y-Ø‑n-X‑n s‑a-¨-s‑¸-S‑p-¯Â-
t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-s‑â [-\-I‑m-c‑y-Ø‑n-X‑n I‑m-c‑y-£-a-a‑m-¡‑p-
¶-X‑n-\‑m-b‑n H-«-\-h-[‑n \-S-]-S‑n-IÄ _-P-ä‑v a‑p-t‑¶‑m-«‑p-
h-b‑v-¡‑p-¶-X‑v B-i‑m-h-l‑w-X-s‑¶. s‑N-d‑p-X‑m-s‑b-¦‑n-e‑p‑w
h-c‑p-a‑m-\‑w hÀ-[‑n-¸‑n-¡‑m-\‑p‑w s‑N-e-h‑v N‑p-c‑p-¡‑m-\‑p‑w
_-P-ä‑n-\‑v- ]‑p-d-t‑a I‑n-^‑v-_‑n-b‑n-e‑q-s‑S [-\-k-a‑m-l-c-W‑w
\-S-¯‑m-\‑p‑w {‑i-a‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v.
N-c-¡‑v-þ-t‑k-h-\ \‑n-I‑p-X‑n \‑n-e-h‑nÂ-h-¶-t‑X‑m-s‑S
k‑w-Ø‑m-\ _-P-ä‑n \‑n-I‑p-X‑n ]-c‑n-j‑v-I-c-W-¯‑n-e‑p-Å
k‑m-[‑y-X-IÄ ]-c‑n-a‑n-X-s‑¸-«‑p. N-c-¡‑p-t‑k-h-\ \‑n-I‑p-
X‑n-b‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v- {‑]-X‑o-£‑n-¨ h-c‑p-a‑m-\‑w e-`‑n-¨‑n-s‑Ã-¶‑p
a‑m-{‑X-a-Ã t‑I-{‑µ-kÀ-¡‑m-c‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v- \-ã-]-c‑n-l‑m-c-
¯‑p-I I‑r-X‑y-a‑m-b‑n e-`‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑n-Ã. 15þ‑m‑w
t‑I-{‑µ [-\-I‑m-c‑y I-½‑n-j-\‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v- D-bÀ-¶ h‑n-l‑n-
X‑w t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-\‑v e-`‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. 2020þ21 hÀ-j-t‑¯-
¡‑v 15þ‑m‑w [-\-I‑m-c‑y I-½‑n-j³ h‑n-l‑n-X-a‑m-b‑n B-s‑I
23‑,441.36 t‑I‑m-S‑n c‑q-] e-`‑n-¨-X‑v t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-\‑v h-e‑n-b
B-i‑z‑m-k-a‑m-b‑n. 2019þ20 hÀ-j-¯‑n 21‑,506.56 t‑I‑m-S‑n-
b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-s‑â h‑n-l‑n-X‑w. I‑q-S‑p-XÂ I-S‑w
F-S‑p-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v [-\ D-¯-c-h‑m-Z‑n-X‑z \‑n-b-a‑w A-\‑p-h-
Z‑n-¡‑p-¶‑n-Ã. 2019þ20 Â 24‑,915 t‑I‑m-S‑n-¡‑v t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-\‑v
AÀ-l-X D-ï‑m-b‑n-«‑p‑w 5325 t‑I‑m-S‑n I‑p-d-¨‑v 19‑,590 t‑I‑m-
S‑n c‑q-] a‑m-{‑X-a‑m-W‑v t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-\‑v e-`‑n-¨-X‑v.
\‑n-I‑p-X‑n-h-c‑p-a‑m-\‑w I‑q-«‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑m-b‑n `‑q-a‑n-b‑p-s‑S
A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\-h‑n-e hÀ-[‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w h‑m-l-\-\‑n-I‑p-X‑n
I‑q-«‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑p. k‑m-¼-¯‑n-I {‑]-X‑n-k-Ô‑n-a‑q-
e‑w `‑q-a‑n s‑s‑I-a‑m-ä-h‑p‑w d‑n-b F-t‑Ì-ä‑v t‑a-J-e-b‑p‑w
h‑m-l-\ h‑n-]-W‑n-b‑p‑w {‑]-X‑n-k-Ô‑n-b‑n-e‑m-W‑v. A-X‑p-s‑I‑m-
ï‑p-X-s‑¶ C‑u \‑n-I‑p-X‑n hÀ-[-\-s‑I‑m-ï‑v \‑n-I‑p-X‑n h-c‑p-
സ്ത്രീശാക്തീകരണം,
പ്രവാസിക്ഷേമം, ച�ോദന
വർധന, കിഫ്ബിയിലൂടെയുള്ള
അടിസ്ഥാനസൗകര്യ വികസനം,
ജനക്ഷേമം എന്നിവയ്ക്ക്
മുൻഗണന നൽകുന്നതാണ്‌
ബജറ്റ്‌
a‑m-\‑w hÀ-[‑n-¡‑m-\‑p-Å k‑m-[‑y-X h-f-s‑c I‑p-d-h‑m-W‑v.
t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-s‑â X-\-X‑p \‑n-I‑p-X‑n-h-c‑p-a‑m-\‑w C-\‑n-
b‑p‑w hÀ-[‑n-¸‑n-t‑¡-ï-X‑p-ï‑v. 2012þ13 Â 68.13 i-X-
a‑m-\-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶-X‑v 2018þ19 Â 54.54 i-X-a‑m-\-a‑m-b‑n
I‑p-d-ª‑p. 2018þ19 Â 50‑,644 t‑I‑m-S‑n a‑m-{‑X-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p
X-\-X‑p-h-c‑p-a‑m-\‑w. C-X‑n N-c-¡‑p-t‑k-h-\-\‑n-I‑p-X‑n
41.49 i-X-a‑m-\-h‑p‑w h‑n-e‑v-]-\-\‑n-I‑p-X‑n 37.96 i-X-a‑m-
\-h‑p‑w h‑m-l-\-\‑n-I‑p-X‑n 7.39 i-X-a‑m-\-h‑p‑w Ì‑m-¼‑p‑w
c-P‑n-k‑v-t‑{‑S-j-\‑p‑w 7.29 i-X-a‑m-\-h‑p‑w a-ä‑p-Å-h 5.38
i-X-a‑m-\-h‑p-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. P‑n.F-k‑v.S‑n. \‑n-I‑p-X‑n-]‑n-c‑n-h‑nÂ
h-c‑p-¯‑n-b A-e‑w-`‑m-h-a‑m-W‑v k‑m-¼-¯‑n-I-{‑]-X‑n-k-
Ô‑n-b‑p-s‑S a‑q-e-I‑m-c-W‑w. C-þ-t‑h _‑n k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\‑w
I‑m-c‑y-£-a-a‑m-¡‑p-s‑a-¶‑p‑w P‑n.F-k‑v.S‑n. h-I‑p-¸‑n-s‑e 75

മാർച്ച്‌2020
35
 Economy
i¼f-s¨e-hv hnhn-[ hÀ-j-§-fnÂ

33025
31906

32117
31510
28045

23422
23525

22711
22260

21864
21411
തുക ക�ോടിയിൽ

19431
16384
14797

9646

9646

9603
9406
8614
7141
6614

2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20 2020-21

സർക്കാർ ജിവനക്കാരുടെ ശമ്പളം എയ്ഡഡ് സ്ഥാപനങ്ങളിലെ ശമ്പളച്ചെലവ് ആകെ

i-X-a‑m-\‑w D-t‑Z‑y‑m-K-Ø-s‑c-b‑p‑w \‑n-I‑p-X‑n-]‑n-c‑n-h‑n-t‑e-¡‑v

a‑m-{‑X-a‑m-b‑n h‑n-\‑y-k‑n-¡‑p-s‑a-¶‑p‑w a-{‑´‑n {‑]-J‑y‑m-]‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-
P‑n.F-k‑v.S‑nb‑p‑w _-P-ä‑p‑w
t‑I-{‑µ-þ k‑w-Ø‑m-\ kÀ-¡‑m-c‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S h-c‑p-a‑m-\‑w
ï‑v. t‑I-{‑µ-kÀ-¡‑m-c‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v e-`‑n-t‑¡-ï P‑n.F-k‑v.S‑n. hÀ-[‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-I-s‑b-¶ e-£‑y-t‑¯‑m-s‑S-b‑m-W‑v 2017 P‑q-e‑m-
I‑p-S‑n-È‑n-I h‑m-§‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑p‑w I‑q-S‑p-X {‑i-a‑w A-X‑y-´‑m- b‑v- a‑p-X C-´‑y-b‑n P‑n.F-k‑v.S‑n. \-S-¸‑n-e‑m-¡‑n-b-X‑v.
t‑]-£‑n-X-a‑m-W‑v. s‑a‑m-¯ h-c‑p-a‑m-\‑w 2019þ20 s‑e 99‑,043 F-¶‑m \-S-¸‑n-e‑m-¡‑n-b-X‑n-s‑e ]‑m-f‑n-¨-IÄ-a‑q-e‑w t‑I-
t‑I‑m-S‑n-b‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v- 2020þ21  1‑,14‑,636 t‑I‑m-S‑n-b‑m-b‑n {‑µ-¯‑n-t‑\‑m k‑w-Ø‑m-\-§Ä-t‑¡‑m {‑]-X‑o-£‑n-¨ h-c‑p-
hÀ-[‑n-¸‑n-¡‑m³ I-g‑n-b‑p-s‑a-¶‑m-W‑v {‑]-X‑o-£‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. a‑m-\‑w e-`‑n-¡‑p-¶‑n-Ã. 2017þ18þÂ 12007.69 t‑I‑m-S‑n-b‑p‑w
s‑a‑m-¯ h-c‑p-a‑m-\-¯‑n 88‑,355 t‑I‑m-S‑n \‑n-I‑p-X‑n-h-c‑p-a‑m- 2018þ19þ 21014.71 t‑I‑m-S‑n-b‑p‑w 2019þ20þ 23‑,689.62
\-¯‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑p‑w _‑m-¡‑n 26‑,281 t‑I‑m-S‑n \‑n-I‑p-X‑n-b‑n-X-c t‑I‑m-S‑n c‑q-]-b‑p-a‑m-W‑v P‑n.F-k‑v.S‑n.b‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v- t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-
h-c‑p-a‑m-\-¯‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑p-a‑m-W‑v {‑]-X‑o-£‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. h‑n-e‑v- \‑v- e-`‑n-¨-X‑v. C-X‑v 2020þ21þÂ 32‑,388.11 t‑I‑m-S‑n A-X‑m-b-
]-\-\‑n-I‑p-X‑n-b‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v- 23‑,263 t‑I‑m-S‑n-b‑p‑w `‑q-\‑n-I‑p-X‑n- X‑v B-s‑I h-c‑p-a‑m-\-¯‑n-s‑â 48.05 i-X-a‑m-\‑w P‑n.F-
b‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v- 376 t‑I‑m-S‑n-b‑p‑w h‑m-l-\-\‑n-I‑p-X‑n-b‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v- k‑v.S‑n.b‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v- e-`‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑m-h-i‑y-a‑m-b \‑n-c-h-[‑n
3968 t‑I‑m-S‑n-b‑p‑w c-P‑n-k‑v-t‑{‑S-j³ h-I‑p-¸‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v- 4306 \-S-]-S‑n-I-f‑m-W‑v _-P-ä‑n h‑n-i-Z‑o-I-c‑n-¨‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v.
t‑I‑m-S‑n-b‑p-a‑m-W‑v 2020þ21 Â {‑]-X‑o-£‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. \‑n-I‑p-X‑n-i‑r‑w-J-e h‑n-]‑p-e‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p‑w‑, hÀ-j‑m-´‑y d‑n-t‑«-

X-t‑±-i Øm]\§Ä-¡‑p-Å _-P-ä‑v h‑n-l‑n-X‑w (X‑p-I t‑I‑m-S‑n-b‑nÂ‑)-

]-c-¼-c‑m-K-X B-k‑v-X‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S h‑n-I-k-\-h‑p‑w- B-s‑I
N‑p-a-X-e- k‑w-c-£-W‑w A-`‑n-h‑r-²‑n-b‑p‑w
t‑I‑mÀ-¸-t‑d-j-\‑p-IÄ-............................143.37..................................... 228.08....................................803.21........................1174.66
a‑p-\‑n-k‑n-¸‑m-e‑n-ä‑n-IÄ-.............................221.47..................................... 324.07..................................1278.69....................... 1824.23
P‑n-Ã‑m ]-©‑m-b-¯‑p-IÄ-....................... 53.77......................................626.15................................... 864.74....................... 1544.66
t‑»‑m-¡‑v ]-©‑m-b-¯‑p-IÄ-.................. 76.48........................................ 95.11................................... 864.74....................... 1036.33
{‑K‑m-a ]-©‑m-b-¯‑p-IÄ-..................... 1222.12....................................1670.88..................................3346.61....................... 6239.61
B-s‑I- 1717.23 2943.82 7158.00 11‑,819.05

36 മാതൃഭൂമിജികെ&കറന്റ്അഫയേഴ്‌സ്‌
 കേന്ദ്ര ആസൂത്രണ കമ്മിഷൻ ദാരിദ്ര്യരേഖ
എന്ന ആശയം അവതരിപ്പിച്ച വർഷം: 1962

kw-Øm-\¯n\pÅ I-S-_m[yX
sN-dpIn-S k-¼m-Zy-§Ä tI-{µ¯n \n-¶p-Å
hÀjw B-`y-´-c ISw BsI
s{]m-hnUâv ^ïv, a-äpÅ-h hm-bv-]-Ifpw ap³-Iq-dp-Ifpw
2010-11 48,528.10 23,786.06 6,359.08 78,673.24
2011-12 55, 397.39 27,625.10 6,395.69 89, 418.18
2012-13 65,628.41 31,310.65 6,621.78 103,560.84
2013-14 76804.35 35,542.51 6,662.21 119,009.07
2014-15 89,067.91 39,307.28 7, 065.05 135,440.24
2015-16 102, 496.26 47,639.01 7,234.71 157,370.33
2016-17 118,268.72 60571.01 7, 614.14 186,453.87
2017-18 135,500.53 67,777.83 7, 483.99 210,762.36
2018-19 150,991.04 77,397.04 7,243.41 235,631.49
2019-20(RE) 169,573.99 84,087.63 8,647.70 262,309.33
2020-21(BE) 192,871.54 89,373.30 9,842.06 292,086.90

W‑p-IÄ k‑q-£‑v-a ]-c‑n-t‑i‑m-[-\-b‑v-¡‑v h‑n-t‑[-b-a‑m-¡‑p‑w‑, ¡‑m³ a‑p-t‑¶‑m-«‑p-s‑h-¨‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. k‑z‑m-K-X‑mÀ-l-a‑m-b

‑U-mä A-\-e‑n-ä‑n-I‑v--k‑v a‑mÀ-K-§-f‑n-e‑q-s‑S P‑n.F-k‑v.S‑n.
h‑n-h-c-§Ä h‑n-i-I-e-\‑w s‑N-¿‑p‑w‑, A-X‑nÀ-¯‑n-I-f‑n-s‑e
I‑y‑m-a-d-I-f‑n-e‑q-s‑S N-c-¡‑p h‑m-l-\-§-f‑p-s‑S h‑n-h-c-§Ä
t‑i-J-c‑n-¨‑v C-þ t‑h _‑n-Ã‑p-a‑m-b‑n H-¯‑p-t‑\‑m-¡‑n I-Å-¡-
S-¯‑v X-S-b‑p‑w‑, d‑n-t‑«-W‑p-IÄ h‑n-h‑n-[ t‑{‑k‑m-X-Ê‑p-I-f‑nÂ-
\‑n-¶‑v-- t‑i-J-c‑n-¡‑p‑w‑, 2020 t‑I-{‑µ ^‑n-\‑m³-k‑v _‑n-Ã‑nÂ
DÄ-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n-b‑n-«‑p-Å k‑n.P‑n.F-k‑v.S‑n. t‑`-Z-K-X‑n-IÄ-¡‑v
k-a‑m-\-a‑m-b t‑`-Z-K-X‑n-IÄ k‑w-Ø‑m-\ P‑n.F-k‑v.S‑n.
\‑n-b-a-¯‑n-e‑p‑w DÄ-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p‑w X‑p-S-§‑n-b \‑n-c-h-[‑n
\‑nÀ-t‑Z-i-§-f‑m-W‑v P‑n.F-k‑v.S‑n. h-c‑p-a‑m-\‑w hÀ-[‑n-¸‑n-
\‑nÀ-t‑Z-i-§-f‑m-W‑v C-h-s‑b-Ã‑m‑w. \-S-¸‑n-e‑m-¡‑p-¶-X‑v I‑m-
c‑y-£-a-a‑m-b‑m P‑n.F-k‑v.S‑n. h-c‑p-a‑m-\‑w hÀ-[‑n-¸‑n-¡‑m³
I-g‑n-b‑p‑w. D-]-t‑`‑m-à‑r k‑w-Ø‑m-\-a‑m-b t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-\‑v
h-f-s‑c-t‑b-s‑d {‑]-t‑b‑m-P-\-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑m-h‑p-¶ \‑n-I‑p-X‑n-b‑m-
W‑v P‑n.F-k‑v.S‑n.
s‑N-e-h‑p-N‑p-c‑p-¡Â \-S-]-S‑n-IÄ
t‑I-c-f‑w t‑\-c‑n-S‑p-¶ k‑p-{‑]-[‑m-\ s‑h-Ã‑p-h‑n-f‑n-I-f‑n-s‑e‑m-
¶‑v I‑p-d-b‑v-¡‑p-h‑m³ I-g‑n-b‑m-¯ s‑N-e-h‑p-I-f‑m-W‑v.
2018þ19þÂ 1‑,20‑,069 t‑I‑m-S‑n c‑q-]-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶-X‑v

\nIp-Xnþ\n-Ip-Xn-bn-X-c h-cp-am-\w hÀ-j-§-fn-eqsS

88355
74671
69682
63293
57401
തുക ക�ോടിയിൽ

51686
43159
39464

26281
24371
23172
19727
17437

18210
14792
9713
7456
1275

2000-01 2013-14 2014-15 2016-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20RE 2020-21RE

നികുതിയും തീരുവയും നികുതിയിതര വരുമാനം

മാർച്ച്‌2020
37
 Economy
cq]-bp-sS hchv cq-]-bp-sS t]m¡v
a-äv \n-Ip-Xn-bn-X-c hm-bv-]
kwØm-\ \n-Ip-Xn-I-fpw hnI-k-\
h-cp-am-\w 20.11% sNehv 15.29%
Xo-cp-h-I-fpw 51.93% sNehv
52.55%

tI-{µ-
\n-Ip-Xn a-äp
I½n 11.71% ]eni 0.13% sN-e-hpIÄ kwØm-\ `-c-W sNehv
hn-ln-Xw
16.12% 17.73% \n-Ip-Xn sNehv 12.94%
1.49%

2020þ21þÂ 1‑,44‑,265.30 t‑I‑m-S‑n-b‑m-b‑m-W‑v D-b-c‑p-¶-X‑v.

2018þ19 hÀ-j-s‑¯ s‑a‑m-¯‑w s‑N-e-h‑n ]-²-X‑n s‑N-
e-h‑v 18.32 i-X-a‑m-\-h‑p‑w ]-²-X‑n-t‑b-X-c s‑N-e-h‑v 81.68
i-X-a‑m-\-h‑p-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k‑w‑, B-t‑c‑m-K‑y‑w‑,
I‑r-j‑n‑, a‑r-K-k‑w-c-£-W‑w‑, h‑y-h-k‑m-b‑w‑, s‑X‑m-g‑nÂ
കേരളത്തിലെ പ�ൊതുമേഖലാ
X‑p-S-§‑n-b-h-b‑m-W‑v h‑n-I-k-\ s‑N-e-h‑p-IÄ. ]-e‑n-i‑, സ്ഥാപനങ്ങളുടെ നഷ്ടം
s‑]³-j³ X‑p-S-§‑n-b-h h‑n-I-k-t‑\-X-c s‑N-e-h‑p-I-f‑p- വർധിച്ചുവരുകയാണ്. ലാഭം
a‑m-W‑v. d-h-\‑y‑q-s‑N-e-h‑n-s‑â k‑n‑w-l-`‑m-K-h‑p‑w i-¼-f‑w‑,
s‑]³-j³‑, I-S-¯‑n-s‑â X‑n-c‑n-¨-S-h‑v, X-t‑±-i kÀ-¡‑mÀ
തരുന്നില്ലെന്നു മാത്രമല്ല,
h‑n-l‑n-X‑w X‑p-S-§‑n-b-h-b‑m-W‑v. ഇപ്പോൾതന്നെ പ്രതിസന്ധിയിലായ
2019þ20þÂ B-s‑I d-h-\‑y‑q s‑N-e-h‑v 1‑,24‑,125 t‑I‑m- സംസ്ഥാന ഖജനാവിൽനിന്ന്
S‑n-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶-X‑n 65‑,502 t‑I‑m-S‑n (52.77 i-X-a‑m-\‑w‑) ശമ്പളവും പെൻഷനും നൽകേണ്ട
h‑n-I-k-\ s‑N-e-h‑p‑w 58‑,622 t‑I‑m-S‑n (47.23 i-X-a‑m-\‑w‑)
h‑n-I-k-t‑\-X-c s‑N-e-h‑p-I-f‑p-a‑m-W‑v. s‑a‑m-¯‑w d-h-\‑y‑q അവസ്ഥയാണ്
s‑N-e-h‑n-s‑â 71.81 i-X-a‑m-\-h‑p‑w _‑m-[‑y-X-s‑¸-« s‑N-e-h‑p-
I-f‑m-b s‑]³-j³‑, i-¼-f‑w‑, ]-e‑n-i X‑n-c‑n-¨-S-h‑v, X-t‑±-i
kÀ-¡‑mÀ h‑n-l‑n-X‑w F-¶‑n-h-b‑m-W‑v. C‑u s‑N-e-h‑p-I-s‑f
F-§-s‑\-s‑b-Ã‑m‑w I‑p-d-b‑v-¡‑m-s‑a-¶‑p-Å-X‑v ]-c‑n-t‑i‑m-
[‑n-t‑¡-ï-X‑m-W‑v. P‑o-h-\-¡‑m-c‑p-s‑S ]‑p-\À-h‑n-\‑y‑m-k‑w‑,
k‑v--I‑q-f‑p-I-f‑n-s‑e A-[‑y‑m-]-I-k‑r-ã‑n-¡‑p-Å \‑n-b-{‑´- \‑nÀ-t‑Z-i-§-f‑m-W‑v [-\-I‑m-c‑y-a-{‑´‑n _‑m-[‑y-X-s‑¸-«
W-§Ä‑, t‑I‑m-t‑f-P‑p-I-f‑n-s‑e A-[‑y‑m-]-IÀ-¡‑v A-©‑p- s‑N-e-h‑p-IÄ \‑n-b-{‑´‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑m-b‑n \‑nÀ-t‑Z-i‑n-¨‑n-c‑n-
hÀ-j-¯‑n-\‑p-t‑i-j-a‑p-Å Ø‑n-c t‑h-X-\‑w X‑p-S-§‑n-b ¡‑p-¶-X‑v.

കേരള ബജറ്റ് : വരുമാനങ്ങൾ

2016 þ-17 2017 þ-18 2018 þ-19 2019 þ-20 (RE) 2020 þ-21 (BE)
d-h-\yq h-cp-am\w 75611.72 83020.14 92854.47 99042.58 114635.00
kw-Øm-\ X-\-Xp \n-Ip-Xn h-cp-am\w 42176.38 46459.61 50644.10 55671.18 67420
kwØm-\ X\-Xp \n-Ip-Xn C-X-c h-cp-am\w 9699.98 11199.61 11783.24 13243.82 14587.00
tI-{µ \n-Ip-Xn-bp-sSbpw {Kmâp-I-fp-sSbpw hn-lnXw 23735.37 25360.92 30427.13 30127.58 32628.89
aqe-[-\ h-cp-am\w 26762.51 27221.29 27241.61 26300.36 29575.93
B-sI h-cp-am\w 102374.23 110241.43 120096.08 125342.94 144211.83

38 മാതൃഭൂമിജികെ&കറന്റ്അഫയേഴ്‌സ്‌
 ]-e‑n-i s‑N-e-h‑v (t‑I‑m-S‑n-b‑nÂ‑)
hÀ-j‑w ]-e‑n-i s‑N-e-h‑v
2000-þ01 2258
2012þ-13 7205
2013-þ14 8265
2014þ-15 9770
2015þ-16 11111
2016þ-17 12117
2017þ-18 15120
2018þ-19 15626
2019-þ20 (RE) 18435
2020þ-21 (BE) 19850
I‑m-c‑y-£-a-X hÀ-[‑n-¸‑n-t‑¡-ï
s‑]‑m-X‑p-t‑a-J-e‑m Ø‑m-]-\-§Ä
\‑n-I‑p-X‑n-t‑b-X-c h-c‑p-a‑m-\-¯‑n k‑p-{‑]-[‑m-\-]-¦‑v
h-l‑n-t‑¡-ï h-c‑p-a‑m-\-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p s‑]‑m-X‑p-t‑a-J-e‑m
Ø‑m-]-\-§-f‑p-s‑S e‑m-` h‑n-l‑n-X‑w. t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-s‑e s‑]‑m-
X‑p-t‑a-J-e‑m Ø‑m-]-\-§-f‑p-s‑S \-ã‑w hÀ-[‑n-¨‑p-h-c‑p-I-
b‑m-W‑v. s‑]‑m-X‑p-t‑a-J-e‑m Ø‑m-]-\-§Ä e‑m-`‑w X-c‑p-¶‑n-
s‑Ã-¶‑p a‑m-{‑X-a-Ã‑, C-t‑¸‑mÄ-X-s‑¶ {‑]-X‑n-k-Ô‑n-b‑n-e‑m-b
k‑w-Ø‑m-\ J-P-\‑m-h‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v-- i-¼-f-hpw s‑]³-j-\‑p‑w
\Â-t‑I-ï A-h-Ø-b‑m-W‑v. 2017 a‑mÀ-¨‑v 31 h-s‑c 130
s‑]‑m-X‑p-t‑a-J-e‑m Ø‑m-]-\-§-f‑m-W‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶-X‑v.
C-X‑n 45 Ø‑m-]-\-§Ä a‑m-{‑X-a‑m-W‑v \‑m-a-a‑m-{‑X-a‑m-b
e‑m-`-¯‑n {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. 64 Ø‑m-]-\-§Ä
\-ã-¯‑n-e‑m-W‑v. 2017þ 64 Ø‑m-]-\-§Ä h-c‑p-¯‑n-
s‑h-¨ \-ã‑w 2216 t‑I‑m-S‑n c‑q-]-b‑m-W‑v. 45 k‑w-Ø‑m-\
s‑]‑m-X‑p-t‑a-J-e‑m-Ø‑m-]-\-§-f‑p-s‑S B-s‑I e‑m-`‑w 382
t‑I‑m-S‑n a‑m-{‑X-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. A-ä \-ã‑w 1833 t‑I‑m-S‑n c‑q-]-
b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. s‑]‑m-X‑p-t‑a-J-e‑m Ø‑m-]-\-a‑m-b s‑I.F-k‑v.
BÀ.S‑n.k‑n.¡‑v k‑w-Ø‑m-\ J-P-\‑m-h‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v-- 1000
t‑I‑m-S‑n c‑q-]-b‑m-W‑v a‑m-ä‑n-s‑h-¨‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. ]‑p-X‑n-b
_-k‑p-IÄ h‑m-§‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑p-]-I-c‑w i-¼-f-h‑p‑w s‑]³-j-
\‑p‑w s‑I‑m-S‑p-¡‑p-h‑m-\‑m-b‑n C‑u ]-W‑w D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑p‑w.
hÀ-[‑n-¨‑p-h-c‑p-¶ i-¼-f-_‑m-[‑y-X
t‑I-c-f‑w t‑\-c‑n-S‑m³ t‑]‑m-I‑p-¶ h³ _‑m-[‑y-X-b‑m-b‑n-
c‑n-¡‑p‑w h-c‑m-\‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶ i-¼-f-_‑m-[‑y-X-b‑p‑w U‑n.F.
I‑p-S‑n-È‑n-I h‑n-X-c-W-h‑p‑w. i-¼-f ]-c‑n-j‑v-I-c-W-¯‑n-\‑m-
h-i‑y-a‑m-b ]-W‑w C‑u _-P-ä‑n h-I-b‑n-c‑p-¯‑n-b‑n-«‑n-Ã.
_‑m-[‑y-X ]‑qÀ-W-a‑m-b‑p‑w h-c‑p-¶ _-P-ä‑p-I-f‑n-e‑m-b‑n-c‑n-
¡‑p‑w. 2014þ15þÂ 21‑,411 t‑I‑m-S‑n-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶ i-¼-f-s‑¨-e-
h‑v 2020þ21þÂ 33‑,025 t‑I‑m-S‑n-b‑m-b‑m-W‑v hÀ-[‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v.
23‑,422 t‑I‑m-S‑n c‑q-] kÀ-¡‑mÀ P‑o-h-\-¡‑m-c‑p-s‑S i-¼-f-
h‑p‑w 9603 t‑I‑m-S‑n F-b‑n-U-U‑v P‑o-h-\-¡‑m-c‑p-s‑S i-¼-f-
h‑p-a‑m-W‑v.
-k‑v-{‑X‑o-k‑u-l‑r-Z _-P-ä‑v
k‑v-{‑X‑o-IÄ-¡‑p-a‑m-{‑X-a‑m-b‑n 1509 t‑I‑m-S‑n-
b‑p-s‑S ]-²-X‑n-I-f‑m-W‑v _-P-ä‑n DÄ-s‑¡‑m-
Å‑n-¨‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. C-X‑v B-s‑I ]-²-X‑n-I-f‑p-
s‑S 18.4 i-X-a‑m-\‑w h-c‑p‑w. I-g‑n-ª-hÀ-j‑w
k‑v-{‑X‑o-IÄ-¡‑p-a‑m-{‑X-a‑m-b‑n 11.5 i-X-a‑m-\‑w
a‑m-{‑X-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p h‑n-l‑n-X‑w. k‑v-{‑X‑o-IÄ-¡‑v 4
i-X-a‑m-\‑w ]-e‑n-i-b‑v-¡‑v h‑m-b‑v-]‑, F-Ã‑m P‑n-Ã-
I-f‑n-e‑p‑w j‑n t‑e‑m-U‑v-P‑p-IÄ‑, I‑p-S‑p‑w-_-{‑i‑o-¡‑v
I‑q-S‑p-XÂ h‑n-l‑n-X‑w‑, 10‑,000 \-g‑v--k‑p-a‑mÀ-¡‑v
h‑n-t‑Z-i-¯‑v t‑P‑m-e‑n e-`‑n-¡‑p-h‑m³ t‑h-ï‑n-
b‑p-Å ]-c‑n-i‑o-e-\‑w F-¶‑n-h-s‑b-Ã‑m‑w k‑v-{‑X‑o-
I-f‑p-s‑S B-ß-h‑n-i‑z‑m-k‑w hÀ-[‑n-¸‑n-¡‑m-\‑p‑w
h‑n-\‑n-t‑b‑m-K-¯‑n-\‑v I‑q-S‑p-XÂ ]-W‑w F-¯‑n-
t‑¨-c‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑p‑w I‑m-c-W-a‑m-I‑p‑w. t‑£-a
s‑]³-j-\‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S hÀ-[-\ I‑q-S‑p-XÂ ]-W‑w
h‑n-]-W‑n-b‑n-s‑e-¯‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑p‑w h-t‑b‑m-P-
\-§-f‑p-s‑S D-¶-a-\-¯‑n-\‑p‑w D-]-I-c‑n-¡‑p‑w.
IÀ-j-I-s‑¯‑m-g‑n-e‑m-f‑n s‑]³-j³‑, h‑mÀ-[-
I‑y-I‑m-e s‑]³-j³‑, i‑m-c‑o-c‑n-I-þ a‑m-\-k‑n-I
s‑h-Ã‑p-h‑n-f‑n t‑\-c‑n-S‑p-¶-h-c‑p-s‑S s‑]³-j³‑,
A-h‑n-h‑m-l‑n-XÀ‑, h‑n-[-h F-¶‑n-h-c‑p-s‑S
s‑]³-j³ 100 c‑q-] hÀ-[‑n-¸‑n-¨‑p. {‑]‑o-þ-s‑s‑{‑]-
a-d‑n A-[‑y‑m-]‑n-I-a‑mÀ‑, B-i‑m-hÀ-¡À-a‑mÀ‑,
k‑v--I‑qÄ ]‑m-N-I s‑X‑m-g‑n-e‑m-f‑n-IÄ X‑p-S-§‑n
k-a‑q-l-¯‑n-s‑e A-S‑n-¯-«‑n t‑k-h-\-a-\‑p-
j‑vT‑n-¡‑p-¶-hÀ-¡‑p-h-s‑c t‑h-X-\‑w hÀ-[‑n-¸‑n-
¨-X‑v t‑£-a-k-¦-e‑v-]-¯‑n-\‑v a‑m-ä‑p-I‑q-«‑p-¶-X‑n-
\‑p‑w h‑n-]-W‑n-b‑n t‑N‑m-Z-\‑w D-bÀ-¯‑m-\‑p‑w
D-]-I-c‑n-¡‑p-w.
മാർച്ച്‌2020
39
 Economy
I-S-_‑m-[‑y-X
2020þ21þÂ t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-s‑â I-S-_‑m-[‑y-X 2‑,98‑,724
t‑I‑m-S‑n-b‑m-b‑n hÀ-[‑n-¡‑p‑w. 2001þÂ I-S-_‑m-[‑y-X 25‑,754
t‑I‑m-S‑n-a‑m-{‑X-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. ]-e‑n-i DÄ-s‑¸-s‑S X‑n-c‑n-¨-S-
t‑¡-ï h‑m-b‑v-]-I-s‑f-b‑m-W‑v I-S‑w F-¶‑p ]-d-b‑p-¶-X‑v.
B-`‑y-´-c I-S‑w‑, t‑I-{‑µ-kÀ-¡‑m-d‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑p-Å h‑m-b‑v-]‑,
a‑p³-I‑qÀ h‑m-b‑v-]‑, s‑N-d‑p-I‑n-S k-¼‑m-Z‑y ]-²-X‑n-IÄ
X‑p-S-§‑n-b-h-s‑b-Ã‑m‑w I-S-¯‑n-s‑â L-S-I-§-f‑m-W‑v.
I-g‑n-ª A-©‑p-hÀ-j-a‑m-b‑n I-½‑n I‑p-d-b‑v-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v
h‑n-]-W‑n-b‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑p-Å I-S-s‑a-S‑p-¸‑v hÀ-[‑n-¨‑p-h-c‑p-I-b‑m-
W‑v. I-S-¯‑n-\‑v \Â-t‑I-ï ]-e‑n-i I‑q-S‑n-h-c‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v.
2019þ20 _-P-ä‑n 18‑,435 t‑I‑m-S‑n c‑q-]-b‑m-W‑v ]-e‑n-i-
b‑v-¡‑m-b‑n h-I-b‑n-c‑p-¯‑n-b-s‑X-¦‑n 2020þ21 _-P-ä‑nÂ
C-X‑v 19‑,850 t‑I‑m-S‑n-b‑m-b‑n hÀ-[‑n-¨‑p. 2000þ01þÂ ]-e‑n-
i-s‑¨-e-h‑v 2‑,258 t‑I‑m-S‑n a‑m-{‑X-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. I-S-_‑m-
[‑y-X I‑p-d-b‑v-¡‑p-I-b‑m-s‑W-¦‑n ]-e‑n-i-_‑m-[‑y-X-b‑p‑w
I‑p-d-b‑p‑w. I-S-_‑m-[‑y-X-b‑p‑w ]-e‑n-i-b‑p‑w I‑p-d-b‑v-t‑¡-ï-
X‑v k‑w-Ø‑m-\ [-\-I‑m-c‑y-Ø‑n-X‑n i-c‑n-b‑m-b c‑o-X‑n-b‑nÂ
\‑n-e-\‑nÀ-¯‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v A-X‑y-´‑m-t‑]-£‑n-X-a‑m-W‑v.
X-t‑±-i Ø‑m-]-\-§Ä
X-t‑±-i Ø‑m-]-\-§Ä-¡‑v e-`‑y-a‑m-¡‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶
_-P-ä‑v h‑n-l‑n-X‑w ]-c‑y‑m-]‑v-X-a-Ã. {‑]-I‑r-X‑n-t‑£‑m-`-§-
f‑p‑w ]-IÀ-¨-h‑y‑m-[‑n-I-f‑p‑w hÀ-[‑n-¨‑p-h-c‑p-¶ I‑m-e-¯‑v
k-P‑o-h-a‑m-b‑n C-S-s‑]-t‑S-ï‑p-¶ X-t‑±-i Ø‑m-]-\-§Ä-
¡‑p-Å h‑n-l‑n-X‑w hÀ-[‑n-¸‑n-t‑¡-ï‑n-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. P-\‑m-[‑n-]-
X‑y-¯‑n-s‑â A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\-i‑n-e-b‑m-W‑v ]-©‑m-b-¯‑o-c‑m-P‑v
Ø‑m-]-\-§Ä. X-t‑±-i Ø‑m-]-\-§-f‑p-s‑S [-\-I‑m-c‑y
Ø‑n-X‑n-s‑b I‑p-d‑n-¨‑v ]T‑n-¨‑v d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑v k-aÀ-¸‑n-¨ t‑U‑m.
_‑n.F. {‑]-I‑m-i‑n-s‑â t‑\-X‑r-X‑z-¯‑n-e‑p-Å A-©‑m‑w
[-\-I‑m-c‑y I-½‑n-j³ \‑nÀ-t‑Z-i-§Ä C-X‑p-h-s‑c ]‑qÀ-W-
a‑m-b‑n \-S-¸‑n-e‑m-¡‑n-b‑n-«‑n-Ã. \-s‑Ã‑m-c‑p i-X-a‑m-\‑w X-t‑±-i
Ø‑m-]-\-§Ä P‑o-h-\-¡‑mÀ-¡‑p-Å i-¼-f‑w t‑]‑m-e‑p‑w
\-e‑v-I‑p-h‑m³ {‑]-b‑m-k-s‑¸-S‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. [-\-]-c-a‑m-b‑n
i‑m-à‑o-I-c‑n-¨‑mÂ-a‑m-{‑X-t‑a X-t‑±-i Ø‑m-]-\-§Ä-¡‑v
^-e-{‑]-Z-a‑m-b‑n s‑]‑m-X‑p-P-\-§-f‑p-s‑S {‑]-i‑v-\-§-f‑n C-S-
s‑]-S‑p-h‑m³ I-g‑n-b‑q.
15-þm‑w t‑I-{‑µ [-\-I‑m-c‑y I-½‑n-j-\‑p‑w
t‑I-c-f-h‑p‑w
C-´‑y³ `-c-W-L-S-\-{‑]-I‑m-c‑w c‑m-{‑ã-]-X‑n-b‑m-W‑v
k‑w-Ø‑m-\-§-s‑f k‑m-¼-¯‑n-I-a‑m-b‑n k-l‑m-b‑n-¡‑p-¶-
X-t‑±-i-Ø‑m-]-\-§Ä¡pÅ _P-äv [-\-k-lmbw
X-t‑±-i-Ø‑m-]-\-§Ä 2017þ-18
t‑I‑mÀ-¸-t‑d-j³ 835.76
a‑p-\‑n-k‑n-¸‑m-e‑n-ä‑n 1116‑.17
P‑n-Ã‑m ]-©‑m-b-¯‑v 936.09
t‑»‑m-¡‑v ]-©‑m-b-¯‑v 823.83
{‑K‑m-a ]-©‑m-b-¯‑v 4758.38
B-s‑I 8470.23
40 മാതൃഭൂമിജികെ&കറന്റ്അഫയേഴ്‌സ്‌
t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-\‑p-Å
t‑I-{‑µ [-\-I‑m-c‑y I-½‑n-j³
\‑n-I‑p-X‑n-h‑n-l‑n-X‑w
I-½‑n-j³ ........................................i-X-a‑m-\‑w
1 .....................................................................2.50
2 .....................................................................3.64
3 .....................................................................3.55
4 .....................................................................3.59
5 .....................................................................3.83
6 .....................................................................3.92
7 .....................................................................3.95
8 .....................................................................3.76
9 .....................................................................3.73
10 ...................................................................3.88
11 ....................................................................3.06
12 ...................................................................2.67
13 ...................................................................2.34
14 ...................................................................2.50
15 ................................................................... 1.94
X‑n-\‑p‑w \‑n-I‑p-X‑n-h‑n-l‑n-X‑w \‑n-Ý-b‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑p‑w t‑I-{‑µ
[-\-I‑m-c‑y I-½‑n-j-s‑\ A-©‑p hÀ-j-¯‑n-s‑e‑m-c‑n-¡Â
\‑n-b-a‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. 2017 \-h‑w-_-d‑n F³.s‑I. k‑n-M‑v
s‑N-bÀ-a‑m-\‑m-b‑n 15þ‑m‑w t‑I-{‑µ [-\-I‑m-c‑y I-½‑n-j³
c‑q-]-h-X‑v--I-c‑n-¨‑p. I-½‑n-j³ B-Z‑y d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑v 2020þ21
hÀ-j-t‑¯-¡‑p-Å-X‑v 2019 \-h‑w-_-d‑n c‑m-{‑ã-]-X‑n-¡‑v
k-aÀ-¸‑n-¨‑p. t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-s‑â B-h-i‑y-§-t‑f‑m-S‑v A-\‑p-
`‑m-h-]‑qÀ-h-a‑m-b k-a‑o-]-\-a‑m-W‑v 15þ‑m‑w [-\-I‑m-c‑y-I-
½‑n-j³ s‑s‑I-s‑I‑m-ï-X‑v. 2020þ21 t‑I-{‑µ _-P-ä‑nÂ
k‑w-Ø‑m-\ h‑n-l‑n-X-a‑m-b‑n 15‑,256 t‑I‑m-S‑n c‑q-]-b‑m-b‑n
\-e‑v-I‑p-s‑a-¶‑v t‑I-{‑µ [-\-a{´n _-P-ä‑v {‑]-k‑w-K-¯‑nÂ
A-d‑n-b‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶‑p.
]-X‑n-\-©‑m‑w t‑I-{‑µ [-\-I‑m-c‑y I-½‑n-j-s‑â h‑n-l‑n-
X-a‑m-b‑n 1.943 i-X-a‑m-\-a‑m-W‑v t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-\‑v e-`‑n-¡‑p-
2018þ-19 2019-þ20 (RE) 2020þ-21 (BE)
898.61 1210.35 1174.66
1195.84 1617.37 1824.23
1086.78 1564.30 1544.66
807.39 1090.58 1036.33
4628.83 6384.60 6239.61
8617.45 11867.20 11‑,819.05
¶-X‑v. C-X‑n-\‑p-]‑p-d-t‑a {‑K‑m-a‑o-W ]-©‑m-b-¯‑o-c‑m-P‑v
Ø‑m-]-\-§Ä-¡‑v 2.68 i-X-a‑m-\‑w h‑n-l‑n-X-h‑p‑w \-K-c
X-t‑±-i Ø‑m-]-\-§Ä-¡‑v 2.68 i-X-a‑m-\‑w h‑n-l‑n-X- cm{ão-b-¯n-se
h‑p‑w e-`‑n-¡‑p‑w. 15þ‑m‑w [-\-I‑m-c‑y I-½‑n-j³-h‑n-l‑n-X- enw-K\oXn
a‑m-b‑n t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-\‑v C‑u hÀ-j‑w 20‑,934.80 t‑I‑m-S‑n
c‑q-]-b‑p‑w t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-s‑e X-t‑±-i Ø‑m-]-\-§Ä-¡‑v Female senior member of government, by country*, %
2506.56 t‑I‑m-S‑n c‑q-]-b‑p‑w DÄ-s‑¸-s‑S 23441.36 t‑I‑m-S‑n
c‑q-]-b‑m-W‑v AÀ-l-X-b‑p-Å-X‑v. [-\-I‑m-c‑y I-½‑n-j-\‑p-
IÄ t‑I-{‑µ \‑n-I‑p-X‑n-h‑n-l‑n-X‑w‑, t‑I-{‑µ {‑K‑mâ‑v‑, BÀ-
«‑n-¡‑nÄ 275 {‑]-I‑m-c-a‑p-Å d-h-\‑y‑q I-½‑n I‑p-d-b‑v-¡‑p-
¶-X‑n-\‑p-Å {‑K‑mâ‑v C³ F-b‑n-U‑v F-¶‑n-§-s‑\-b‑p-Å
a‑q-¶‑p h‑n-`‑m-K-§-f‑n-e‑m-b‑m-W‑v k‑w-Ø‑m-\-§Ä-¡‑v
[-\-k-l‑m-b‑w \-e‑v-I‑n-h-c‑p-¶-X‑v. 12þ‑m‑w [-\-I‑m-c‑y
I-½‑n-j³ \‑n-I‑p-X‑n-h‑n-l‑n-X-a‑m-b‑n 30.5 i-X-a‑m-\-h‑p‑w
13þ‑m‑w [-\-I‑m-c‑y I-½‑n-j³ 32 i-X-a‑m-\-h‑p‑w 14þ‑m‑w
[-\-I‑m-c‑y I-½‑n-j³ 42 i-X-a‑m-\-h‑p‑w 15þ‑m‑w [-\-I‑m-
c‑y I-½‑n-j³ 41 i-X-a‑m-\-h‑p-a‑m-W‑v k‑w-Ø‑m-\-§-f‑p-
a‑m-b‑n t‑I-{‑µ‑w \‑n-I‑p-X‑n-h‑n-l‑n-X‑w ]-¦‑p-s‑h-¨-X‑v.
I‑n-^‑v-_‑n-b‑n-e‑q-s‑S A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\
k‑u-I-c‑y h‑n-I-k-\‑w ]mÀ-e-saân-se
t‑I-c-f-¯‑n _-P-ä‑n-e‑q-s‑S-b‑p-Å A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\
k‑u-I-c‑y h‑n-I-k-\‑w I‑p-d-ª‑p-h-c‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v. h‑n-`-h
h\n-Xm {]m-Xn-\n[yw
]-c‑n-a‑n-X‑n-b‑m-W‑v {‑]-[‑m-\ {‑]-i‑v-\‑w. a‑q-e-[-\ h‑n-l‑n- Seats held as % of total, October 2019
X‑w 2018þ19þÂ 7‑,430 t‑I‑m-S‑n c‑q-] a‑m-{‑X-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p.
2017þ18þÂ 8‑,748 t‑I‑m-S‑n c‑q-]-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p _-P-ä‑nÂ-
I‑q-s‑S-b‑p-Å a‑q-e-[-\-s‑¨-e-h‑v. a‑q-e-[-\ \‑n-t‑£-]
P‑n.F-k‑v.U‑n.]‑n. A-\‑p-]‑m-X‑w 2017þ18þÂ 1.25 i-X-a‑m-
\-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶-X‑v 2018þ19þÂ 0.95 i-X-a‑m-\-a‑m-b‑n I‑p-d-
ª‑p. A-X‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑p-X-s‑¶ A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\ k‑u-I-c‑y
h‑n-I-k-\-¯‑n-\‑m-b‑n I‑n-^‑v-_‑n-s‑b-b‑m-W‑v 2020þ21
k‑w-Ø‑m-\ _-P-ä‑v B-{‑i-b‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. I-bÀ h‑n-I-
k-\-¯‑n-\‑m-b‑n b-{‑´-a‑n-Ã‑p-IÄ‑, s‑a-t‑{‑S‑m h‑n-]‑p-e‑o-I-
c-W‑w‑, j‑o t‑S‑m-b‑v-s‑e-ä‑v, A-X‑n-t‑h-K {‑K‑o³ ^‑oÂ-U‑v
sdbnÂ-th¡v Ø-e‑w G-s‑ä-S‑p-¡Â‑, P-e-]‑m-X
h‑n-I-k-\‑w‑, J-c-a‑m-e‑n-\‑y ]-²-X‑n X‑p-S-§‑n-b \‑n-c-
h-[‑n A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\-k‑u-I-c‑y h‑n-I-k-\ ]-²-X‑n-IÄ
_-P-ä‑n A-h-X-c‑n-¸‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. _-P-ä‑n-\‑p-]‑p-d-¯‑p-Å
[-\-k-a‑m-l-c-W-¯‑n-\‑v Ø‑n-c-X D-d-¸‑n-¡‑p-h‑m³ I-g‑n-
thX-\-¯n-se
b‑p-t‑a‑m-s‑b-¶‑v h‑y-à-a-Ã. enw-K A-k-aXzw
s‑N-d‑p-I‑n-S-þ-J‑m-Z‑n t‑a-J-e-I-s‑f k‑w-Ø‑m-\ _-P-ä‑v
]-c‑n-K-W‑n-¨‑n-«‑n-Ã. s‑X‑m-g‑n-e‑n-Ã‑m-b‑v-a D-bÀ-¶‑p-\‑n-e‑v- Male minus female wages, divided by male wages, %
2017 of latest
¡‑p-¶ C-¡‑m-e-¯‑v k‑z-b‑w-s‑X‑m-g‑n-e‑n-\v \-e‑v-I‑n-b‑n-c‑n-
¡‑p-¶ t‑{‑]‑m-Õ‑m-l-\‑w A-]-c‑y‑m-]‑v-X-a‑m-W‑v. {‑]-J‑y‑m-
]‑n-¨ ]-²-X‑n-IÄ \-S-¸‑n-e‑m-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v I‑q-S‑p-XÂ
{‑i-² \Â-t‑I-ï-X‑p-ï‑v. _-P-ä‑n A-h-X-c‑n-¸‑n-
¡‑p-¶ ]-e-]-²-X‑n-I-f‑p‑w ]‑nÂ-¡‑m-e-¯‑v D-t‑]-£‑n-
¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w ]‑p-X‑n-b t‑]-c‑p-I-f‑n h‑o-ï‑p‑w {‑]-X‑y-£-
s‑¸-S‑p-¶ c‑o-X‑n-b‑p‑w a‑m-t‑d-ï‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. _-P-ä‑nÂ
{‑]-X‑o-£‑n-¡‑p-¶ h-c‑p-a‑m-\‑w ]-e-t‑¸‑m-g‑p‑w D‑u-X‑n-s‑¸-
c‑p-¸‑n-¨-X‑p‑w H-c‑n-¡-e‑p‑w t‑\-S‑p-h‑m³ I-g‑n-b‑m-¯-X‑p-a‑m-
b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p‑w. _-P-ä‑v I-W-¡‑n I‑r-X‑y-X-b‑p‑w _-P-ä‑v
]-c‑n-]‑m-h-\-X-b‑p‑w k‑q-£‑n-t‑¡-ï D-¯-c-h‑m-Z‑n-X‑z‑w
`-c-W-t‑\-X‑r-X‑z‑w s‑s‑I-b‑m-f‑p-¶-hÀ-¡‑p-ï‑v.
Courtesy: The Economist
മാർച്ച്‌2020
41
 BOOK SHELF
A Chequered Brilliance
The Many Lives of
V.K. Krishna Menon
Jairam Ramesh
Penguin Books
കൃഷ്ണമേന�ോന്റെ
വേഷപ്പകർച്ചകൾ
s‑h-d‑p-¡‑p-I-t‑b‑m B-c‑m-[‑n-¡‑p-I-t‑b‑m s‑N-¿‑m-s‑a-
¶-Ã‑m-s‑X BÀ-¡‑p‑w A-h-K-W‑n-¨‑v- X-Å‑n-¡-f-b‑m-
\‑m-h‑m-s‑¯‑m-c‑p h‑y-à‑n F-¶‑m-W‑v h‑n.s‑I. I‑r-j‑v-
W-t‑a-t‑\‑m-s‑\ ]-ä‑n {‑]-i-k‑v-X ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-I-\‑p‑w
t‑a-t‑\‑m-s‑â B-Z‑y-P‑o-h-N-c‑n-{‑X-I‑m-c-\‑p-a‑m-b S‑n.s‑P.F-k‑v.
t‑P‑mÀ-P‑v A-`‑n-{‑]‑m-b-s‑¸-«-X‑v. A-X‑n-t‑\-¡‑mÄ t‑NÀ-¶
H-c‑p h‑n-t‑i-j-W‑w a-e-b‑m-f‑n-b‑m-b C‑u t‑e‑m-I-]‑u-c-\‑v
I‑n-«‑m-\‑n-Ã. I‑r-j‑v-W-t‑a-t‑\‑m-s‑â P‑o-h‑n-X‑w B[m-c-
am¡n A{X-sbm-¶pw ]p-kv-X-I§Ä F-g‑p-X-s‑¸-«‑n-
«‑n-Ã. C‑u h‑n-S-h‑v \‑n-I-¯‑p-¶ H-¶‑v F-¶‑v h‑n-t‑i-j‑n-
¸‑n-¡‑m-h‑p-¶ _‑r-l-¯‑m-b H-c‑p P‑o-h-N-c‑n-{‑X-a‑m-W‑v
P-b-d‑m‑w c-t‑a-j‑v c-N‑n-¨ 'A Chequered Brilliance: The
Many Lives of V.K. Krishna Menon' F-¶ I‑r-X‑n.
1974þ-e‑m-W‑v k‑w-`-h-_-l‑p-e-a‑m-b B P‑o-h‑n-X‑w A-h-
k‑m-\‑n-¨-X‑v. I‑r-j‑v-W-t‑a-t‑\‑m-s‑\ ]-c‑n-N-c‑n-b-a‑n-Ã‑m-¯
ജയറാം രമേഷ്‌
42 മാതൃഭൂമിജി കെ & കറന്റ് അഫയേഴ്‌സ്‌
N.E.SUDHEER
H-c‑p X-e-a‑p-d C-X‑n-\-I‑w t‑e‑m-I-¯‑v h-fÀ-¶‑p-h-¶‑p
I-g‑n-ª‑p. A-h-s‑c a-\-Ê‑n I-ï‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑m-W‑v C‑u
P‑o-h-N-c‑n-{‑X‑w X-¿‑m-d‑m-¡‑n-b‑n-«‑p-Å-X‑v.
C-´‑y-b‑v-¡‑v k‑z‑m-X-{‑´‑y‑w e-`‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v- a‑p³-
]‑p-X-s‑¶ I‑r-j‑v-W-t‑a-t‑\‑m³ t‑e‑m-I-a-d‑n-b‑p-¶ {‑]-X‑n-
`‑m-i‑m-e‑n-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. \-½‑p-s‑S k‑z‑m-X-{‑´‑y‑w F-{‑X
{‑]-[‑m-\-s‑¸-«-X‑m-s‑W-¶‑v {‑_‑n-«‑o-j‑v P-\-X-s‑b t‑_‑m-[‑y-
s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n-b-X‑v I‑r-j‑v-W-t‑a-t‑\‑m-\‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. 1930þ-I-
f‑n-e‑p‑w 1940þ-I-f‑n-e‑p‑w t‑a-t‑\‑m³ e-ï-\‑n {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-
¨‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑m-W‑v C‑u Z‑u-X‑y‑w \‑nÀ-h-l‑n-¨-X‑v. {‑_‑n-«‑o-j‑v
`-c-W-I‑q-S‑w C-´‑y-t‑b‑m-S‑v I‑m-W‑n-¡‑p-¶ A-\‑o-X‑n F-{‑X-
b‑m-s‑W-¶‑v A-t‑±-l‑w t‑e‑m-I-t‑¯‑m-S‑v h‑n-f‑n-¨‑p-]-d-ª‑p.
C-´‑y‑m e‑o-K‑n-s‑e Cu {‑]-t‑£‑m-`-I‑m-c‑nbpsS t‑k-h-\‑w
P-h‑m-lÀ-e‑m s‑\-l‑v-d‑p X‑n-c‑n-¨-d‑n-ª‑p. A§s\ s‑\-
l‑v-d‑p-h‑n-s‑â G-ä-h‑p-a-S‑p-¯ k‑p-l‑r-¯‑v F-¶ \‑n-e-b‑n-
e‑p‑w t‑a-t‑\‑m³ {‑i-²‑n-¡-s‑¸-«‑p.
e-ï-\‑n-s‑e X‑m-a-k-¡‑m-e-¯‑v t‑a-t‑\‑m³ {‑]-k‑m-[-I-
c‑w-K-¯‑v s‑N-e‑p-¯‑n-b k‑z‑m-[‑o-\-h‑p‑w h-f-s‑c
h-e‑p-X‑m-W‑v. t‑e‑m-I-{‑]-i-k‑v-X {‑]-k‑m-[-I-
c‑m-b s‑]³-K‑z‑n³ _‑p-I‑v-k‑n-s‑â Ø‑m-]-I-
c‑n H-c‑m-f‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p A-t‑±-l‑w. A-[‑n-I-a‑m-
c‑p‑w A-d‑n-ª‑n-«‑n-Ã‑m-¯ H-c‑p a‑p-J-a‑m-W‑n-X‑v.
t‑e‑m-I-¯‑v A-¡‑m-e-¯‑v P‑o-h‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶
F-Ã‑m h-e‑n-b a-\‑p-j‑y-c‑p-a‑m-b‑p‑w t‑a-t‑\‑m-\‑v
A-S‑p-¸-a‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. s‑F-I‑y-c‑m-{‑ã-k-`-
b‑n-s‑e G-ä-h‑p‑w {‑i-t‑²-b-\‑m-b {‑]-X‑n-\‑n-[‑n
F-¶ \‑n-e-b‑n-e‑m-W‑v ]‑n-¶‑o-S‑v A-t‑±-l‑w
X‑n-f-§‑n-b-X‑v. C-´‑y-b‑v-¡‑p-t‑h-ï‑n I-i‑v-a‑o-c‑n-s‑\ k-_-
Ô‑n-¨‑v A-t‑±-l‑w b‑p.F-¶‑n \-S-¯‑n-b {‑]-k‑w-K‑w
N-c‑n-{‑X-{‑]-k‑n-²-a‑mW - v.‑ X‑pS- À-¶v‑ 1957 a‑pX - Â 1962 h-sc ‑
C-´y‑ b - p‑ s
- S‑ {‑]X - n‑ t- c‑ m‑ [ - a - {- ´
‑ n‑ F-¶ \‑ne - b - n‑ Â {‑]h - À-
¯‑n¨ - p‑ . s‑sN ‑ \ - m‑ b
- p‑ ² - h - p‑ a- m‑ b
- n‑ _-wÔ-s¸ ‑ «- h‑nh - m‑ Z- §- Ä
A-t±‑ l - ¯ - n‑ s - â‑ c‑mP - n‑ b - n‑ Â I-em‑ i - n‑ ¡
- p‑ I- b - p‑ w‑ s‑Nb - X
v-‑ p‑ .
C-§-s‑\ I‑r-j‑v-W-t‑a-t‑\‑m³ \‑n-d-ª‑m-S‑n-b ]-e-]-e
t‑h-j-§-s‑f B-[‑n-I‑m-c‑n-I-a‑m-b‑n A-S-b‑m-f-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p-
I-b‑m-W‑v {‑K-Ù-I‑m-c³. A-t‑±-l-¯‑n-s‑â k‑z-I‑m-c‑y-t‑i-
J-c-¯‑n-s‑e t‑c-J-I-f‑p‑w A-t‑±-l-h‑p-a‑m-b‑n _-Ô-s‑¸-«
h‑y-à‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S t‑i-J-c-§-f‑n-s‑e t‑c-J-I-f‑p‑w h‑n-e-b‑n-c‑p-
¯‑n-s‑¡‑m-ï‑m-W‑v C‑u P‑o-h-N-c‑n-{‑X‑w X-¿‑m-d‑m-¡‑n-b‑n-«‑p-
Å-X‑v. I-¯‑n-S-]‑m-S‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S ]‑n³-_-e-a‑m-W‑v ]-e I‑m-c‑y-
§-f‑n-e‑p‑w h‑y-à-X I‑n-«‑m³ k-l‑m-b‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-Å-X‑v.
h-e‑n-s‑b‑m-c‑p I‑m-e-¯‑n-s‑â {‑]-X‑n-\‑n-[‑n-b‑m-W‑v t‑a-
t‑\‑m³. A-X‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑p-X-s‑¶ C‑u I‑r-X‑n B I‑m-e-
s‑¯-¡‑q-S‑n A-S-b‑m-f-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p-¶‑p. B P‑o-h‑n-X-¯‑n-s‑â
B-g-h‑p‑w ]-c-¸‑p‑w H-¸‑n-s‑b-S‑p-¡‑p-I F-¶ k‑m-l-k-
¯‑n {‑K-Ù-I‑m-c-\‑m-b P-b-d‑m‑w c-t‑a-j‑v h-e‑n-s‑b‑m-c-f-
h‑n h‑n-P-b‑‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. t‑a-t‑\‑m³ {]hÀ-¯n¨ h‑n-h‑n-[
t‑a-J-e-I-s‑f DÄ-s‑¡‑m-Å‑m-\‑p‑w At±-l-¯nsâ P‑o-h‑n-
X-¯‑n-s‑e C-c‑p-ï G-S‑p-I-f‑n-t‑e-¡‑v s‑h-f‑n-¨‑w h‑o-i‑m-
\‑p‑w C‑u I‑r-X‑n k-l‑m-b‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. C‑u I‑m-e-L-«-¯‑n-
s‑â {‑i-²-b‑n-t‑e-¡‑v h‑n.s‑I. I‑r-j‑v-W-t‑a-t‑\‑m-s‑\-¶
h-e‑n-b c‑m-{‑ã‑o-b-_‑p-²‑n-P‑o-h‑n-s‑b {‑]-X‑n-j‑vT‑n-¡‑m³ C‑u
]‑p-k‑v-X-I‑w h-g‑n-s‑b‑m-c‑p-¡‑p-¶‑p.
 SHIJU SUKUMARAN
CELLULOID REMINDERS of REAL LIFE

ഹാരിയറ്റ്‌
A -S‑n-a-I-s‑f a-\‑p-j‑y-c‑m-
b‑n-t‑¸‑m-e‑p‑w ]-c‑n-K-W‑n-¡‑m-¯
I‑m-e-¯‑v, B \-c-I-P‑o-h‑n-X-
¯‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v k‑m-l-k‑n-I-a‑m-b‑n
c-£-s‑¸-S‑p-I-b‑p‑w \‑q-d‑p-I-W-
¡‑n-\‑v A-S‑n-a-I-s‑f A-X‑n-k‑m-
l-k‑n-I-a‑m-b‑n t‑a‑m-N‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-I-
b‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑v N-c‑n-{‑X‑w-I‑p-d‑n-¨
[‑o-c-h-\‑n-X-b‑m-W‑v l‑m-c‑n-b-ä‑v
S-_‑v-a‑m³ F-¶-d‑n-b-s‑¸-S‑p-¶ A-c-a‑nâ t‑d‑m-k‑v. A-t‑a-
c‑n-¡-b‑n-s‑e B-`‑y-´-c-b‑p-² N-c‑n-{‑X-¯‑n-e‑p‑w (1861)
{‑i-t‑²-b-a‑m-b-Ø‑m-\‑w l‑m-c‑n-b-ä‑n-\‑p-ï‑v. A-h-c‑p-s‑S
P‑o-h‑n-X-¯‑n-s‑e H-t‑c-S‑v a-t‑\‑m-l-c-a‑m-b‑n ]-IÀ-¯‑n-b
N-e-¨‑n-{‑X-a‑m-W‑v l‑m-c‑n-b-ä‑v (2019).
t‑I-k‑n s‑e-½¬-k‑v k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\‑w s‑N-b‑v-X N‑n-{‑X-
b‑m-Y‑mÀ-Y‑y-§-f‑p‑w a‑\‑p-j‑y-c‑p-s‑S k‑z‑m-X-{‑´‑y-Z‑m-l‑w
¯‑n l‑m-c‑n-b-ä‑m-b‑n t‑h-j-a‑n-« k‑n-´‑n-b F-d‑n-t‑h‑m-
A-h-s‑c F-§-s‑\ a‑m-ä‑n-a-d‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-s‑h-¶‑p‑w I‑m-«‑n-¯-
b‑v-¡‑v a‑n-I-¨ \-S‑n-¡‑p-Å H‑m-k-‑vIÀ t‑\‑m-a‑n-t‑\-j-\‑p‑w
c‑p-¶ a‑n-I-¨ N-e-¨‑n-{‑X-§-f‑n-s‑e‑m-¶‑m-W‑v l‑m-c‑n-b-ä‑v.
I‑n-«‑n. a‑n-I-¨ K‑m-\-¯‑n-\‑p-Å a-s‑ä‑m-c‑p t‑\‑m-a‑n-t‑\-j³-
I‑q-S‑n N‑n-{‑X-¯‑n-\‑v I‑n-«‑n-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. H-t‑«-s‑d ^‑n-e‑n‑w s‑^- B-c‑m-W‑v l‑m-c‑n-b-ä‑v?
Ì‑n-h-e‑p-I-f‑n s‑s‑I-b-S‑n t‑\-S‑n-b N‑n-{‑X‑w I‑p-t‑d-t‑b-s‑d 1822þ s‑a-c‑n-e‑m³-U‑n P-\‑n-¨ l‑m-c‑n-b-ä‑v S-_‑v-
]‑p-c-k-‑vI‑m-c-§-f‑p‑w h‑m-c‑n-¡‑q-«‑n. a‑m-³ -(A-c-a‑nâ t‑d‑m-k‑v) X-s‑â 27þ‑m‑w h-b-Ê‑p-h-s‑c
A-t‑a-c‑n-¡-b‑n-s‑e s‑a-c‑n-e‑m³-U‑n A-S‑n-a-P‑o-h‑n-X‑w I‑p-S‑p‑w-_-¯‑n-s‑\‑m-¸‑w A-S‑n-a-P‑o-h‑n-X‑w \-b‑n-¨‑p. ]‑n-¶‑o-S‑v
\-b‑n-¡‑p-¶ A-c-a‑nâ (a‑nâ‑n‑) s‑I‑m-S‑n-b ]‑o-U-\-§Ä- ^‑n-e‑m-UÂ-^‑n-b-b‑n-t‑e-¡‑v c-£-s‑¸-S‑p-I-b‑p‑w A-h‑n-s‑S
s‑¡‑m-S‑p-h‑n `À-¯‑m-h‑v t‑P‑m¬ S-_‑v-a‑m-\‑p-s‑a‑m-¯‑v A-S‑n-a-¯-¯‑n-s‑\-X‑n-t‑c {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¡‑p-¶-hÀ-s‑¡‑m-¸‑w
c-£-s‑¸-S‑m³ ]-²-X‑n-b‑n-S‑p-¶‑p. F-¶‑m H-ä-b‑v-¡‑m- t‑NÀ-¶‑v k‑z‑m-X-{‑´‑y-t‑¸‑m-c‑m-f‑n-b‑m-h‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑p.
h‑p-¶ a‑nâ‑n-b‑p-s‑S c-£-s‑¸-SÂ H-«‑p‑w F-f‑p-¸-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p- 70þ-t‑e-s‑d-t‑¸-s‑c A-X‑n-k‑m-l-k‑n-I-a‑m-b‑n t‑a‑m-N‑n-¸‑n-¨‑p.
¶‑n-Ã. a‑nâ‑n-b‑p-s‑S "D-S-a‑' A-h-s‑f X‑n-c‑n-¨‑p-]‑n-S‑n-¡‑m³ B-`‑y-´-c-b‑p-²-I‑m-e-¯‑v b‑q-W‑n-b³ BÀ-a‑n-b‑p-s‑S
]-c-a‑m-h-[‑n {‑i-a‑n-¨‑p. ]-t‑£‑, A-h-f‑p-s‑S C-Ñ‑m-i- k‑m-b‑p-[-t‑¸‑m-c‑m-f‑n-b‑p‑w N‑m-c-b‑p-a‑m-b‑n {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¨‑p.
à‑n A-h-s‑f ^‑n-e‑m-UÂ-^‑n-b-b‑n F-¯‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. 700þ-t‑e-s‑d A-S‑n-a-I-s‑f C-¡‑m-e-b-f-h‑n t‑a‑m-N‑n-¸‑n-
A-h‑n-s‑S A-S‑n-a-P‑o-h‑n-X-¯‑n \‑n-¶‑v t‑a‑m-N‑n-Xbmb ¨‑p. b‑p-²‑m-\-´-c‑w \‑y‑q-t‑b‑mÀ-¡‑n X‑m-a-k-a‑m-¡‑n-b
t‑a-c‑n _‑p-¡‑m-\-s‑â X-W-e‑n P‑o-h‑n-X‑w X‑n-c‑n-¨‑p-]‑n- l‑m-c‑n-b-ä‑v k‑v-{‑X‑o-k‑z‑m-X-{‑´‑y-h‑p-a‑m-b‑n _-Ô-s‑¸-«
S‑n-¨ l‑m-c‑n-b-ä‑v "t‑a‑m-k-k‑v' F-¶ t‑]-c‑n a-s‑ä‑m-c‑p h‑n-j-b-§-f‑n {‑i-² t‑I-{‑µ‑o-I-c‑n-¨‑p. 1913þ X-s‑â
k‑m-l-k‑n-I-Z‑u-X‑y-¯‑n-\‑n-d-§‑p-¶‑p. A-S‑n-a-I-f‑p-s‑S 90þ‑m‑w h-b-Ê‑n-e‑m-W‑v A-hÀ A-´-c‑n-¨-X‑v. B-{‑^‑n-¡³-
t‑a‑m-N-\-]‑m-X-b‑m-b "A-ïÀ-{‑K‑u-ï‑v s‑d-b‑nÂ-t‑d‑m-U‑v-' þ-A-t‑a-c‑n-¡³ h‑w-i-PÀ-¡‑n-S-b‑n [‑o-c-X-b‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w
h-g‑n k‑m-l-k‑n-I-a‑m-b‑n 70þ-t‑e-s‑d A-S‑n-a-I-s‑f A-hÀ k‑z‑m-X-´‑y-Z‑m-l-¯‑n-s‑â-b‑p‑w BÄ-c‑q-]-§-f‑n-s‑e‑m-¶‑m-W‑v
k‑p-c-£‑n-X-a‑m-b‑n ^‑n-e‑m-UÂ-^‑n-b-b‑n-s‑e-¯‑n-¨‑p. l‑m-c‑n-b-ä‑v S-_‑v-a‑m³.
A-X‑n X-s‑â A-S‑p-¯ _-Ô‑p-¡-f‑p‑w k‑p-l‑r-¯‑p-¡- P‑o-h-N-c‑n-{‑X‑w: Harriet Tubman (Earl Conrad),
f‑p-s‑a‑m-s‑¡ DÄ-s‑¸-S‑p-¶‑p. Harriet Tubman: Myth, Memory, and History(Milton
19þ‑m‑w \‑q-ä‑m-ï‑n-s‑e A-S‑n-a-P‑o-h‑n-X-¯‑n-s‑â I-S‑p-¯- C. Sernett).

മാർച്ച്‌2020
43
 സിസി ജേക്കബ്

47 വർഷത്തെ ബന്ധം
അവസാനിപ്പിച്ച് ബ്രിട്ടൻ
യൂറ�ോപ്യൻ യൂണിയന്റെ
പടിയിറങ്ങി. എന്നാൽ ഇനിയും
പല കടമ്പകൾ കടന്നാലേ
ആഗ്രഹിച്ചതുപ�ോല�ൊരു
വേർപിരിയൽ സാധ്യമാകൂ

ബ്രെക്സിറ്റ്
അവസാനമല്ല;
ആരംഭമാണ്‌!
{‑_‑n- «‑o-j‑v k-a-b‑w P-\‑p-h-c‑n 31þ-\‑v-- c‑m-{‑X‑n 11
A-S‑n-¨-t‑¸‑mÄ {‑_‑n-«³ b‑q-t‑d‑m-]‑y³ b‑q-W‑n-b³ A‑w-K-
a-Ã‑m-X‑m-b‑n. 47 hÀ-j-s‑¯ _-Ô‑w A-§-s‑\ A-h-
k‑m-\‑n-¨‑p. {‑_‑n-«‑o-j‑p-I‑mÀ s‑{‑_-I‑v--k‑n-ä‑n-s‑\ ]‑n-´‑p-W-¨‑v
t‑h‑m-«‑p-s‑N-b‑v-X‑v a‑q-¶-c-s‑¡‑m-Ã‑w I-g‑n-t‑b-ï‑n-h-¶‑p A-X‑v
b‑m-Y‑mÀ-Y‑y-a‑m-I‑m³. A-X‑n-\‑n-s‑S c-ï‑v-- {‑]-[‑m-\-a-{‑´‑n-
a‑mÀ (t‑U-h‑n-U‑v I-a-t‑d‑m¬‑, s‑X-t‑c-k‑m t‑a-b‑v) c‑m-P‑n-
s‑h-¨‑p. F-¶‑n-«‑p‑w s‑{‑_-I‑v--k‑n-ä‑v t‑h‑m-«‑n-\‑v-- h-g‑n-X‑p-d-¶
I¬-kÀ-t‑h-ä‑o-h‑v ]‑mÀ-«‑n-X-s‑¶ A-X‑v-- k‑m-[‑y-a‑m-¡‑n.
""C‑u c‑m-{‑X‑n-b‑n ]-d-b‑m-\‑p-Å G-ä-h‑p‑w {‑]-[‑m-\-I‑m-
c‑y‑w‑, C-X‑v A-h-k‑m-\-a-Ã‑, a-d‑n-¨‑v X‑p-S-¡-a‑m-W‑v F-¶‑m-
W‑v. ]‑p-e-c‑n ]‑n-d-¡‑p-¶ \‑n-a‑n-j-a‑m-W‑n-X‑v. a-l-¯‑m-b
t‑Z-i‑o-b \‑m-S-I-¯‑n-s‑â ]‑p-X‑n-b A-[‑y‑m-b-¯‑n-\‑m-b‑n
X‑n-c-È‑o-e D-b-c‑p-¶ t‑\-c-a‑m-W‑n-X‑v'‑' þ-P-\‑p-h-c‑n 31þ-\‑v
{‑_‑n-«‑o-j‑v {‑]-[‑m-\-a-{‑´‑n t‑_‑m-d‑n-k‑v t‑P‑m¬-k¬ {‑]-k‑v-
X‑m-h‑n-¨-X‑v C-§-s‑\-b‑m-W‑v. ]-t‑£‑, A-{‑X F-f‑p-¸-a-Ã
C-\‑n {‑_‑n-«-\‑v-- I‑m-c‑y-§Ä. C-\‑n-b‑m-W‑v i-c‑n-¡‑p‑w t‑hÀ-
]‑n-c‑n-b-e‑n-t‑e-¡‑p-Å k-©‑m-c‑w X‑p-S-§‑p-¶-X‑v.
P-\‑p-h-c‑n 31þ-\‑v- \-S-¶-X‑v-
b‑q-t‑d‑m-]‑y³ b‑q-W‑n-b³ D-ï‑m-b-X‑n-\‑p-t‑i-j‑w
A-X‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v-- ]‑n-c‑n-ª‑p-t‑]‑m-I‑p-¶ B-Z‑y c‑m-P‑y-a‑m-
W‑v {‑_‑n-«³. b‑q-t‑d‑m-]‑y³ b‑q-W‑n-b-s‑â e‑n-k‑v-_¬
D-S-¼-S‑n-b‑n t‑hÀ-]‑n-c‑n-b \-S-]-S‑n ]-c‑m-aÀ-i‑n-¡‑p-¶
50þ‑m‑w A-\‑p-t‑Ñ-Z-a-\‑p-k-c‑n-¨‑v 2017þÂ s‑{‑_-I‑v--k‑n-ä‑n-
\‑m-b‑n b‑q-t‑d‑m-]‑y³ b‑q-W‑n-b-s‑\ k-a‑o-]‑n-¨-X‑m-W-hÀ.
C‑u A-\‑p-t‑Ñ-Z-{‑]-I‑m-c‑w NÀ-¨-IÄ-¡‑p‑w b‑q-t‑d‑m-]‑y³
b‑q-W‑n-b-\‑p-a‑m-b‑p-Å `‑m-h‑n _-Ô‑w k‑w-_-Ô‑n-¨ I-c‑m-
d‑n-\‑p‑w c‑q-]‑w-s‑I‑m-S‑p-¡‑m³ c-ï‑p-s‑I‑m-Ã-a‑m-W‑v A-\‑p-h-
Z‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. {‑_‑n-«-s‑â B c-ï‑p-s‑I‑m-Ã‑w 2019 a‑mÀ-¨‑nÂ
A-h-k‑m-\‑n-¨‑p. ]-t‑£‑, s‑{‑_-I‑v--k‑n-ä‑v I‑o-d‑m-a‑p-«‑n-b‑m-b‑n
\‑n-¶‑p. I-c‑m-d‑n-Ã‑m-s‑X ]‑n-c‑n-b‑m³ {‑_‑n-«-\‑p‑w b‑q-t‑d‑m-
]‑y³ b‑q-W‑n-b-\‑p‑w s‑s‑h-a-\-k‑y‑w I‑m-«‑n. {‑_‑n-«-\‑v a‑q-¶‑p-
X-h-W (2019 G-{‑]‑nÂ‑, 2019 H-t‑Î‑m-_À‑, 2020 P-\‑p-h-

44 മാതൃഭൂമിജികെ&കറന്റ്അഫയേഴ്‌സ്‌
 ബ്രിട്ടൻ യൂറ�ോപ്യൻ യൂണിയന�ോട് വിട പറഞ്ഞശേഷം സംഘടനയിലെ
അംഗരാഷ്ട്രങ്ങളുടെ എണ്ണം: 27
സാമ്പത്തികമായും
സാംസ്‌കാരികമായും
പ്രാധാന്യമുള്ളതാകയാൽ
ബന്ധം നിലനിർത്തണമെന്ന
ആഗ്രഹം ഇരുകൂട്ടർക്കുമുണ്ട്.
പക്ഷേ, അതിന്റെ സ്വഭാവം
എങ്ങനെ വേണമെന്നതിലാണ്
തർക്കം
c‑n‑) b‑q-t‑d‑m-]‑y³ b‑q-W‑n-b³ k-a-b‑w \‑o-«‑n-s‑¡‑m-S‑p-¯‑p.
b‑q-t‑d‑m-]‑y³ b‑q-W‑n-b-\‑p-a‑m-b‑n t‑_‑m-d‑n-k‑v
t‑P‑m¬-k¬ D-ï‑m-¡‑n-b I-c‑mÀ {‑_‑n-«‑o-j‑v ]‑mÀ-e-
s‑aâ‑v H-S‑p-h‑n A‑w-K‑o-I-c‑n-¨‑p. s‑{‑_-I‑v--k‑n-ä‑v b‑m-Y‑mÀ-Y‑y-
a‑m-b‑n. 50þ‑m‑w A-\‑p-t‑Ñ-Z-¯‑n-s‑â I‑m-e‑m-h-[‑n A-§-s‑\
A-h-k‑m-\‑n-¨‑p. C-\‑n {‑_‑n-«-\‑v H-c‑p X‑n-c‑n-¨‑p-t‑]‑m-¡‑n-Ã.
b‑q-t‑d‑m-]‑y³ b‑q-W‑n-b-\‑n 27 A‑w-K-§Ä a‑m-{‑X‑w.
A-X‑n t‑N-c-W-s‑a-¶‑v {‑_‑n-«³ B-{‑K-l‑n-¨‑m ]‑p-X‑n-b
A‑w-K-s‑a-¶ \‑n-e-b‑n A-t‑]-£ \Â-I-W‑w. 27 A‑w-K-
c‑m-P‑y-§-f‑p‑w B A-t‑]-£ A‑w-K‑o-I-c‑n-¡-W‑w.
]-c‑n-hÀ-¯-\-I‑m-e‑w-
C-\‑n {‑_‑n-«-s‑â ]-c‑n-hÀ-¯-\-I‑m-e‑w (Transition
Period) A-Y-h‑m s‑{‑_-I‑v--k‑n-ä‑v \-S-¸‑m-¡Â I‑m-e-a‑m-W‑v.
C-X‑v 2020 U‑n-k‑w-_À 31þ-h-s‑c \‑o-f‑p‑w. C‑u k-a-b-
¯‑v I‑m-c‑y-a‑m-b a‑m-ä-§-s‑f‑m-¶‑p‑w {‑_‑n-«-s‑â c‑m-{‑ã‑o-b‑,
km-a‑q-l‑n-I P‑o-h‑n-X-¯‑n {‑]-X‑n-^-e‑n-¡‑n-Ã. {‑_‑n-«³
F-Ã‑m b‑q-t‑d‑m-]‑y³ b‑q-W‑n-b³ \‑n-b-a-§-f‑p‑w ]‑m-e‑n-¡-
W‑w. ]-t‑£‑, b‑q-W‑n-b³ A‑w-K-a-Ã‑m-¯-X‑n-\‑m t‑b‑m-
K-§-f‑n ]-s‑¦-S‑p-¡‑m-t‑\‑m A-`‑n-{‑]‑m-b‑w ]-d-b‑m-t‑\‑m
I-g‑n-b‑n-Ã.
`‑m-h‑n _-Ô‑w F-§-s‑\-b‑m-I-W-s‑a-¶-X‑n-s‑\-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑v
C-c‑p-I‑q-«-c‑p‑w NÀ-¨-s‑N-b‑v-X‑v-- X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\‑n-¡‑m-\‑p-Å k-a-b-
a‑m-W‑n-X‑v. C‑u 11 a‑m-k-a‑m-W‑v s‑{‑_-I‑v--k‑n-ä‑n-s‑â G-ä-h‑p‑w
{‑]-b‑m-k-t‑a-d‑n-b I‑m-e-s‑a-¶‑m-W‑v h‑n-Z-K‑v--[-c‑p-s‑S h‑n-e-b‑n-
c‑p-¯Â. t‑hÀ-]‑n-c‑n-b-e‑n-s‑â N-«-§-f‑p‑w h‑y-h-Ø-I-f‑p‑w
C-c‑p-I‑q-«-c‑p‑w A‑w-K‑o-I-c‑n-¨ D-S-¼-S‑n-b‑n-e‑p-ï‑v. C-X-\‑p-k-
c‑n-¨‑v h‑n-i-Z-h‑p‑w k-a-{‑K-h‑p-a‑m-b I-c‑m-d‑p-ï‑m-¡‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v
B-Z‑y-]-S‑n. ]‑qÀ-h-I‑m-e k‑u-l‑r-Z‑w F-§-s‑\ X‑p-S-c-W-
s‑a-¶‑v-- X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\‑n-¡-e‑m-W‑v A-S‑p-¯]-S‑n.
k‑m-¼-¯‑n-I-a‑m-b‑p‑w k‑m‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c‑n-I-a‑m-b‑p‑w {‑]‑m-[‑m-
\‑y-a‑p-Å-X‑m-I-b‑m _-Ô‑w \‑n-e-\‑nÀ-¯-W-s‑a-¶
B-{‑K-l‑w C-c‑p-I‑q-«À-¡‑p-a‑p-ï‑v. ]-t‑£‑, A-X‑n-s‑â
k‑z-`‑m-h‑w F-§-s‑\ t‑h-W-s‑a-¶-X‑n-e‑m-W‑v-- XÀ-¡‑w.
h‑n-S‑p-XÂ I-c‑m-d‑n-s‑\‑m-¸-a‑p-ï‑m-¡‑n-b "c‑m-{‑ã‑o-b-{‑]-J‑y‑m-
]-\‑'a‑m-W‑v C-¡‑m-c‑y-¯‑n-s‑e c‑q-]-t‑c-J. C-X‑p-s‑h-¨‑m-b‑n-
c‑n-¡‑p‑w a‑p-t‑¶‑m-«‑p-Å NÀ-¨ F-¶-Ã‑m-s‑X‑, h‑n-i-Z‑m‑w-i-
§Ä s‑h-f‑n-h‑m-b‑n-«‑n-Ã.
X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\‑n-t‑¡-ï I‑m-c‑y-§Ä-
h‑m-W‑n-P‑y-a‑m-W‑v C-X‑n G-ä-h‑p‑w {‑]-[‑m-\‑w. b‑q-
t‑d‑m-]‑y³ b‑q-W‑n-b-s‑â I-Ì‑w-k‑v b‑q-W‑n-b-\‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑p‑w
H-ä-h‑n-]-W‑n-b‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑p‑w ]‑n-c‑n-b‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v {‑_‑n-«³.
A-X‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑p-X-s‑¶ h‑y-à-a‑m-b D-S-¼-S‑n-b‑p-ï‑m-¡‑m-
\‑m-I‑p‑w c-ï‑p-I‑q-«-c‑p‑w {‑i-a‑n-¡‑p-I. C-t‑¸‑m-g-s‑¯-t‑¸‑m-s‑e
\‑n-I‑p-X‑n-c-l‑n-X h‑m-W‑n-P‑y-¯‑n-\‑p-Å D-S-¼-S‑n-s‑b-¶-X‑m-
I‑p‑w e-£‑y‑w. A-X‑v-- k‑m-[‑y-a‑m-b‑n-s‑Ã-¦‑n t‑e‑m-I-h‑y‑m-
]‑m-c-k‑w-L-S-\-b‑p-s‑S N-«-a-\‑p-k-c‑n-¨‑p-Å h‑m-W‑n-P‑y-{‑I-a-
§-f‑n-t‑e-¡‑v {‑_‑n-«³ I-S-t‑¡-ï‑n-h-c‑p‑w.
k‑p-c-£‑, \‑n-b-a‑w X‑p-S-§‑n-b-h \-S-¸‑m-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-s‑e
k-l-I-c-W‑w‑, {‑_‑n-«‑o-j‑v k-a‑p-{‑Z-¯‑n-s‑e a‑o³-]‑n-S‑n-¯‑w‑,
_‑m-¦‑n-M‑v, t‑U-ä‑, c-l-k‑y‑m-t‑\‑z-j-W-h‑n-h-c‑w s‑s‑I-a‑m-
d X‑p-S-§‑n H-t‑«-s‑d-¡‑m-c‑y-§Ä NÀ-¨-s‑N-b‑v-X‑v-- X‑o-c‑p-
a‑m-\‑n-¡‑m-\‑p-ï‑v. C-X‑p-h-s‑c b‑q-t‑d‑m-]‑y³ b‑q-W‑n-b-\‑p‑w
{‑_‑n-«-\‑p‑w k-l-I-c‑n-¨‑v-- s‑N-b‑v-X‑n-c‑p-¶ I‑m-c‑y-§Ä C-\‑n-
മാർച്ച്‌2020
45

ബ�ോറിസ് ജ�ോൺസൺ
b‑p-s‑a-§-s‑\ k-l-I-c-W‑m-S‑n-Ø‑m-\-¯‑n s‑N-¿‑m‑w
F-¶ I‑m-c‑y-¯‑n-e‑q-¶‑n-b‑m-h‑p‑w NÀ-¨-IÄ.
h-S-¡³ A-bÀ-e³-U‑m-W‑v X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\-a‑m-t‑I-ï
a-s‑ä‑m-c‑p h‑n-j-b‑w. A-bÀ-e³-U‑v A-Y-h‑m d‑n-¸-»‑n-I‑v
H‑m-^‑v A-bÀ-e³-U‑v b‑q-t‑d‑m-]‑y³ b‑q-W‑n-b-s‑â `‑m-K-
a‑m-b c‑m-P‑y-a‑m-W‑v. h-S-¡³ A-bÀ-e³-U‑v B-I-s‑«
{‑_‑n-«-s‑â `‑m-K-h‑p‑w. {‑_‑n-«-s‑\‑m-¸‑w A-X‑p‑w b‑q-t‑d‑m-]‑y³
b‑q-W‑n-b³ h‑n-«‑p.
hÀ-j-§-f‑p-s‑S c-à-c‑q-j‑n-X b‑p-²‑w \-S-¶ h-S-
¡³ A-bÀ-e³-U‑p‑w d‑n-¸-»‑n-I‑v H‑m-^‑v A-bÀ-e³-U‑p‑w
X-½‑n-e‑p-ï‑m-¡‑n-b k-a‑m-[‑m-\-¡-c‑mÀ {‑]-I‑m-c‑w X‑p-d-¶
A-X‑nÀ-¯‑n-b‑m-W‑v C-h X-½‑n-e‑p-Å-X‑v. {‑_‑n-«³ b‑q-t‑d‑m-
]‑y³ b‑q-W‑n-b³ h‑n-« k‑m-l-N-c‑y-¯‑n c-ï‑n-s‑â-b‑p‑w
A-X‑nÀ-¯‑n-b‑n I-Ì‑w-k‑v ]-c‑n-t‑i‑m-[-\-b‑p-ï‑m-I‑p‑w.
A-X‑v ]-g-b I-e‑m-]-I‑m-e-t‑¯-¡‑p-Å X‑n-c‑n-¨‑p-t‑]‑m-¡‑n-
\‑n-S-b‑m-¡‑n-t‑b-¡‑p‑w F-¶ B-i-¦-b‑p-ï‑v. A-X‑n-\‑mÂ‑,
C‑u {‑]-i‑v-\‑w F-§-s‑\ ]-c‑n-l-c‑n-¡‑m‑w F-¶‑v A-h-t‑e‑m-
I-\‑w-s‑N-b‑v-X‑v X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\-a‑p-ï‑m-t‑¡-ï-X‑p-ï‑v. s‑{‑_-I‑v-
-k‑n-ä‑v NÀ-¨-b‑n G-ä-h‑p‑w I‑p-g-¸‑w-]‑n-S‑n-¨ {‑]-i‑v-\-h‑p‑w
C-X‑m-I‑p-s‑a-¶‑m-W‑v h‑n-e-b‑n-c‑p-¯Â.
11a‑m-k‑w- s‑I‑m-ï‑v Fs´Ãmw \-S¡pw?
NÀ-¨-s‑N-b‑v-X‑v, D-S-¼-S‑n-b‑p-ï‑m-¡‑n‑, A-X‑v C-c‑p-I‑q-«-
c‑p‑w A‑w-K‑o-I-c‑n-¨‑v \-S-¸‑n-e‑m-I‑m³ 11 a‑m-k‑w t‑]‑m-c‑m-s‑X-
h-c‑p‑w. ]-c‑n-hÀ-¯-\-I‑m-e‑w B-h-i‑y-s‑a-¦‑n c-ï‑p-hÀ-
j-t‑¯-¡‑v-- \‑o-«‑m‑w. A-X‑m-b-X‑v 2022 A-h-k‑m-\‑w-h-s‑c.
A-t‑¸‑m-t‑g-¡‑p‑w k-a-{‑K D-S-¼-S‑n-b‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡-W‑w.
H-ä-¯-h-W a‑m-{‑X-t‑a ]-c‑n-hÀ-¯-\-I‑m-e‑w \‑o-«‑m-\‑m-I‑q
F-¶-X‑m-W‑v C-X‑n-\‑v-- I‑m-c-W‑w. ]-t‑£‑, 11 a‑m-k-¯‑n-
46 മാതൃഭൂമിജികെ&കറന്റ്അഫയേഴ്‌സ്‌
\-I‑w F-Ã‑m‑w ]‑qÀ-¯‑n-b‑m-¡‑n b‑q-t‑d‑m-]‑y³ b‑q-W‑n-b-
\‑p-a‑m-b‑p-Å _-Ô‑w a‑p-d‑n-¡‑p-s‑a-¶ \‑n-Ý-b-¯‑n-e‑m-W‑v
t‑_‑m-d‑n-k‑v t‑P‑m¬-k¬. ]‑mÀ-e-s‑aâ‑v P-\‑p-h-c‑n-b‑nÂ
A‑w-K‑o-I-c‑n-¨ s‑{‑_-I‑v--k‑n-ä‑v \‑n-b-a-¯‑n ]-c‑n-hÀ-¯-\-
I‑m-e‑w \‑o-«‑m-\‑p-Å h-I‑p-¸‑n-Ã. A-X‑n-\‑p-Å k‑m-[‑y-X-
t‑]‑m-e‑p‑w F-S‑p-¯‑p-I-f-ª‑n-«‑m-W‑v t‑P‑m¬-k¬ _‑nÂ
s‑I‑m-ï‑p-h-¶-X‑v. F-¶‑m \‑n-b-a-§Ä t‑`-Z-K-X‑n s‑N-
¿‑m³ I-g‑n-b‑p-¶-h-b‑m-W-t‑Ã‑m. A-X‑n-\‑mÂ‑, t‑P‑m¬-k-
s‑â X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\‑w A-´‑n-a-a‑m-I‑m-\‑n-S-b‑n-Ã. s‑{‑_-I‑v--k‑n-ä‑n-
s‑â B-Z‑y-]‑m-Z-¯‑n I-ï-X‑p-t‑]‑m-s‑e-b‑p-Å X‑o-b-X‑n
a‑m-ä-§Ä-¡‑v c-ï‑m‑w-]‑m-Z-h‑p‑w k‑m-£‑n-b‑m-t‑b-¡‑p‑w.
b‑q-t‑d‑m-]‑y³ b‑q-W‑n-b-s‑â \‑n-e-]‑m-S‑m-W‑v C‑u
k‑m-[‑y-X-b‑n-t‑e-¡‑v-- h‑n-c N‑q-ï‑p-¶-X‑v. b‑q-t‑d‑m-]‑y³
b‑q-W‑n-b-s‑â h‑n-]-W‑n {‑_‑n-«³ X‑p-SÀ-¶‑p‑w B-{‑K-l‑n-¡‑p-
¶‑p-s‑h-¦‑n A-X‑n-\‑p-Å N-«-§-f‑p‑w \‑n-b-{‑´-W-§-f‑p‑w
]‑m-e‑n-¡-W‑w F-¶-X‑m-W‑v A-h-c‑p-s‑S \‑n-e-]‑m-S‑v. k‑z-
´‑w \‑n-b-a-§-f‑p-ï‑m-¡‑m³ B-{‑K-l‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p F-¶‑m-W‑v
{‑_‑n-«³ ]-d-ª‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. A-X‑n b‑q-t‑d‑m-]‑y³ b‑q-
W‑n-b-\‑v A-X‑r-]‑v-X‑n-b‑p‑w B-i-¦-b‑p-a‑p-ï‑v. A-X‑p-s‑I‑m-
ï‑p-X-s‑¶ {‑_‑n-«-s‑\ h-c-¨-h-c-b‑n \‑nÀ-¯‑m-\‑m-W‑v
A-hÀ B-{‑K-l‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v.
I-c‑m-d‑m-b‑n-s‑Ã-¦‑nÂ-
]-c‑n-hÀ-¯-\-I‑m-e‑w ]‑qÀ-¯‑n-b‑m-b‑n-«‑p‑w I-c‑m-d‑m-b‑n-
s‑Ã-¦‑n-t‑e‑m I‑m-e‑w \‑o-«‑n-b‑n-«‑p‑w I-c‑m-d‑m-b‑n-s‑Ã-¦‑n-t‑e‑m
അയർലൻഡ് അഥവാ
റിപ്പബ്ലിക് ഓഫ് അയർലൻഡ്
യൂറ�ോപ്യൻ യൂണിയന്റെ
ഭാഗമായ രാജ്യമാണ്. വടക്കൻ
അയർലൻഡ് ആകട്ടെ ബ്രിട്ടന്റെ
ഭാഗവും. ബ്രിട്ടന�ൊപ്പം അതും
യൂറ�ോപ്യൻ യൂണിയൻ വിട്ടു
F-´‑m-h‑p‑w k‑w-`-h‑n-¡‑p-I? A-§-s‑\ h-¶‑mÂ‑, h‑o-
ï‑p‑w I-c‑m-d‑n-Ã‑m s‑{‑_-I‑v--k‑n-ä‑v (no deal Brexit) F-¶
Ø‑n-X‑n-h‑n-t‑i-j‑w D-S-s‑e-S‑p-¡‑p‑w. I-c‑m-d‑n-Ã‑m-s‑X ]‑n-c‑n-
ª‑mÂ‑, {‑_‑n-«-s‑\ I‑m-¯‑n-c‑p-¶‑n-c‑p-¶ Z‑p-c-h-Ø-I-s‑f-
Ã‑m‑w C-t‑¸‑m-g‑p‑w A-§-s‑\ X‑p-S-c‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v . ]-c‑n-hÀ-¯-\-
I‑m-e-¯‑n-\‑p-t‑i-j‑w ^-e-h-¯‑m-b I-c‑m-d‑p-ï‑m-¡‑m-s‑X
]‑n-c‑n-ª‑m A-s‑X-Ã‑m‑w h‑m-k‑v-X-h-a‑m-I‑p‑w. s‑N-I‑v--t‑]‑m-
Ì‑p-I-f‑n-s‑e \‑o-ï-\‑n-c‑, `-£-W-¯‑n-\‑p‑w a-c‑p-¶‑n-\‑p‑w
£‑m-a‑w X‑p-S-§‑n-b-h-s‑b-Ã‑m‑w A-\‑p-`-h‑n-t‑¡-ï‑n-h-c‑p‑w.
P-\‑p-h-c‑n 31þ-\‑v s‑{‑_-I‑v--k‑n-ä‑v \‑n-e-h‑nÂ-h-s‑¶-¦‑n-e‑p‑w
H-¶‑p‑w A-h-k‑m-\‑n-¨‑n-«‑n-Ã F-¶ h‑n-e-b‑n-c‑p-¯-e‑n-\‑v-- I‑m-
c-W-h‑p‑w C-X‑m-W‑v.
Quest VINEETH NARAYAN
the ENDLESS QUESTIONS IN SCIENCE
ഹൃദയത്തെ
അർബുദം
ബാധിക്കില്ലേ?
] -e-t‑¸‑m-g‑p‑w \-½Ä t‑I-« t‑N‑m-Z‑y-a‑m-W‑n-X‑v. C-Ã
F-¶ D-¯-c-h‑p‑w ]-e-t‑¸‑m-g‑p‑w t‑I-«‑n-«‑p-ï‑m-h‑p‑w.
F-¶‑m C-X‑v i-c‑n-b‑m-t‑W‑m? l‑r-Z-b-¯‑n AÀ-_‑p-
Z-a‑p-ï‑m-I‑n-t‑Ã? a-\‑p-j‑y-s‑\ _‑m-[‑n-¡‑p-¶ ]-e-X-c-¯‑n-
e‑p-Å AÀ-_‑p-Z-§-s‑f-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑v \‑m‑w t‑I-«‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. X‑z-¡‑v,
A-Ø‑n-IÄ‑, X-e-t‑¨‑mÀ‑, i‑z‑m-k-t‑I‑m-i‑w‑, h‑m-b X‑p-S-§‑n
F-{‑X-t‑b‑m i-c‑o-c-`‑m-K-§-f‑n AÀ-_‑p-Z‑w _‑m-[‑n-¡‑p-
¶‑p. ]-t‑£‑, l‑r-Z-b-¯‑n I‑m³-kÀ _‑m-[‑n-¨-X‑m-b‑n
t‑I-«‑n-«‑p-t‑ï‑m? \-a‑p-¡‑v t‑\‑m-¡‑m‑w.
-F-´‑m-W‑v AÀ-_‑p-Z‑w?-
\-½‑p-s‑S i-c‑o-c‑w I-e-I-f‑m-e‑p‑w t‑I‑m-i-§-f‑m-e‑p‑w
\‑nÀ-a‑n-X-a‑m-s‑W-¶‑v A-d‑n-b‑m-a-t‑Ã‑m. H‑m-t‑c‑m \‑n-a‑n-j-h‑p‑w
i-c‑o-c-¯‑n I-e-IÄ \‑nÀ-a‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-I-b‑p‑w \-i‑n-¡‑p-
I-b‑p‑w s‑N-¿‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. C‑u t‑I‑m-i-§Ä h‑n-`-P‑n-¨‑p-s‑I‑m-
ï‑m-W‑v ]‑p-X‑n-b t‑I‑m-i-§Ä \‑nÀ-a‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-¶-X‑v.
C‑u {‑]-{‑I‑n-b-b‑m-W‑v s‑s‑a-t‑ä‑m-k‑n-k‑v (Mitosis). \-½‑p-s‑S
i-c‑o-c-¯‑n-s‑e P-\‑n-X-I-\‑n-b-{‑´-W-¯‑n-e‑m-W‑v C-X‑v
{‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. F-¶‑m N‑n-e-t‑¸‑mÄ t‑I‑m-i-h‑n-
`-P-\‑w A-a‑n-X-h‑p‑w \‑n-b-{‑´-W‑m-X‑o-X-h‑p-a‑m-I‑p‑w. C‑u
A-h-Ø-b‑m-W‑v AÀ-_‑p-Z‑w.
k‑w-i-b‑n-t‑¡-ï‑, I‑m³-kÀ l‑r-Z-b-s‑¯-b‑p‑w _‑m-[‑n-
¡‑m‑w. ]-t‑£‑, A-]‑qÀ-h-a‑m-s‑W-¶‑p-a‑m-{‑X‑w. b‑p.F-k‑n-
s‑e \‑m-j-W I‑m³-kÀ C³-Ì‑n-ä‑y‑q-«‑v h‑r-¯-§Ä
h‑y-à-a‑m-¡‑p-¶-X‑v l‑r-Z-b-¯‑n AÀ-_‑p-Z-t‑c‑m-K‑w
]‑n-S‑n-s‑]-S‑m-\‑p-Å k‑m-[‑y-X X‑p-t‑e‑m‑w h‑n-c-f-a‑m-s‑W-¦‑n-
e‑p‑w k‑m-[‑y-X-b‑p-s‑ï-¶‑m-W‑v. S‑y‑q-_-d-k‑v k‑v-¢‑o-t‑d‑m-
k‑n-k‑v F-¶ t‑c‑m-K-¯‑n-s‑â `‑m-K-a‑m-b‑n I‑p-«‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S
l‑r-Z-b-s‑¯ _‑m-[‑n-¡‑p-¶ A-X‑y-]‑qÀ-h-a‑m-b AÀ-
_‑p-Z-a‑m-W‑v a‑n-I‑v-t‑k‑m-a (Myxoma). l‑r-Z-b-¯‑n-\‑p-
Å‑n-s‑e G-{‑S‑n-b A-d-I-f‑n a‑m‑w-k-¸-i-t‑]‑m-
s‑e ]-ä‑n-¸‑n-S‑n-¨‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑p‑w A-{‑X
A-]-I-S-I‑m-c‑n-b-Ã‑m-¯-X‑p-a‑m-b
AÀ-_‑p-Z-a‑m-W‑v a‑n-I‑v-t‑k‑m-a.
l‑r-Z-b-h‑mÂ-h‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S
{‑]-hÀ-¯-\-s‑¯-b‑m-W‑v
C-X‑v A-h-X‑m-f-¯‑n-e‑m-¡‑p-
¶-X‑v. i-k‑v-{‑X-{‑I‑n-b-b‑n-e‑q-s‑S
C-h \‑o-¡‑w-s‑N-¿‑m-\‑m-I‑p‑w.
l‑r-Z-b-s‑¯ A-]‑qÀ-h-
a‑m-b‑n _‑m-[‑n-¡‑p-¶ a-s‑ä‑m-c‑p
AÀ-_‑p-Z-a‑m-W‑v I‑mÀ-U‑n-b‑m-I‑v
k‑mÀ-t‑I‑m-a. i-c‑o-c-¯‑n-s‑e
a‑r-Z‑p-t‑I‑m-i-§-s‑f _‑m-[‑n-
¡‑p-¶ AÀ-_‑p-Z-a‑m-W‑n-X‑v.
C-X‑v l‑r-Z-b-s‑¯-b‑p‑w _‑m-[‑n-
¡‑m‑w. I-cÄ‑, i‑z‑m-k-t‑I‑m-i‑w
X‑p-S-§‑n-b A-h-b-h-§-f‑nÂ
_‑m-[‑n-¡‑p-¶ I‑m³-kÀ N‑n-e-t‑¸‑mÄ
l‑r-Z-b-¯‑n-t‑e-¡‑v ]-S-c‑m-\‑p‑w k‑m-[‑y-
X-b‑p-ï‑v. C‑u A-h-Ø s‑a-ä‑m-Ì-k‑n-k‑v (Metastasis)
F-¶-d‑n-b-s‑¸-S‑p-¶‑p.
F-´‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v A-]‑qÀ-h‑w?
\-½‑p-s‑S P-\-\-¯‑n-\‑p-a‑p³-t‑] k-P‑o-h-{‑]-hÀ-¯-\‑w
B-c‑w-`‑n-¡‑p-¶ A-h-b-h-a‑m-W‑v l‑r-Z-b‑w. A-X‑m-b-X‑v
KÀ-`-Ø-i‑n-i‑p-h‑n X‑p-S-§‑n a-c-W‑w-h-s‑c l‑r-Z-b‑w
\‑nÀ-¯‑m-s‑X {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¨‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. l‑r-Z-
b-¯‑n t‑I‑m-i-\nÀ-½m-Wtam \‑m-i-t‑a‑m k‑w-`-h‑n-
¡‑p-¶‑n-Ã F-¶-X‑m-W‑v AÀ-_‑p-Z‑w _‑m-[‑n-¡‑m-\‑p-Å
k‑m-[‑y-X I‑p-d-b‑v-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. s‑N-d‑p-¸-¯‑n H-c‑p \‑n-Ý‑n-X
{‑]‑m-b‑w-h-s‑c l‑r-Z-b-¯‑n ]‑p-X‑n-b t‑I‑m-i-§Ä
c‑q-]-s‑¸-S‑p-¶‑p. C-X‑n-\‑p-t‑i-j‑w t‑I‑m-i-\‑nÀ-a‑m-W‑w
\-S-¡‑p-¶‑n-Ã. ]-I-c‑w \‑n-e-h‑n-s‑e t‑I‑m-i-§Ä k‑z-b‑w
h-f-c‑p-¶-X‑m-W‑v c‑o-X‑n. A-X‑n-\‑mÂ-X-s‑¶ A-h‑n-s‑S
A-a‑n-X-a‑m-b t‑I‑m-i-h-fÀ-¨-b‑v-¡‑v k‑m-[‑y-X-b‑p‑w I‑p-d-
h‑m-W‑v. _-Ô‑n-X-t‑I‑m-i-§Ä (Connective Tissue)
s‑I‑m-ï‑m-W‑v l‑r-Z-b‑w \‑nÀ-a‑n-¨‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. h‑n-`-P-\‑w
\-S-¡‑m-¯ t‑I‑m-i-§-f‑m-W‑n-X‑v. A-X‑n-\‑m C-¯-c‑w
t‑I‑m-i-§-f‑n AÀ-_‑p-Z‑w ]‑n-S‑n-s‑]-S‑m-\‑p-Å k‑m-[‑y-X
X‑o-t‑c I‑p-d-h‑m-W‑v. A-X‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑m-W‑v A-]‑qÀ-h-§-f‑nÂ
A-]‑qÀ-h-a‑m-b‑n a‑m-{‑X‑w l‑r-Z-b-s‑¯ I‑m³-kÀ _‑m-[‑n-
¡‑p-¶-X‑v.
മാർച്ച്‌2020
47
 അനാമിക
ചരിത്രം തിരുത്തി
പാരസൈറ്റ്
s‑X‑m -®‑q-ä‑n-c-ï‑m‑w A-¡‑m-Z-a‑n A-h‑mÀ-U‑v {]
Jym]\w N-c‑n-{‑X-¯‑n C-S‑w-]‑n-S‑n-¨‑p I-g‑n-ª‑p. s‑X‑m-
®‑q-d‑p hÀ-j¯n\n-S-bn N-c‑n-{‑X-¯‑n B-Z‑y-a‑m-b‑n
H-c‑p Z-£‑n-W s‑I‑m-d‑n-b³ N‑n-{‑X‑w {‑]-[‑m-\ H‑m-k-‑vI-d‑p-
IÄ h‑m-c‑n-¡‑q-«‑n. a‑n-I-¨ k‑n-\‑n-a‑, a‑n-I-¨ A-´‑m-c‑m-{‑ã
N‑n-{‑X‑w‑, a‑n-I-¨ k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-b-I³‑, a‑n-I-¨ X‑n-c-¡-Y
F-¶‑o ]‑p-c-k-‑vI‑m-c-§Ä t‑\-S‑n-s‑¡‑m-ï‑m-W‑v t‑_‑m-M‑v
P‑q³ t‑l‑m k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\‑w s‑N-b‑v-X ]‑m-c-s‑s‑k-ä‑v ]‑p-c-
k-‑v-I‑m-c-t‑h-Z‑n-b‑n \‑n-d-ª-X‑v. a‑n-I-¨ N‑n-{‑X-¯‑n-\‑p‑w
A-´‑m-c‑m-{‑ã N‑n-{‑X-¯‑n-\‑p-a‑p-Å ]‑p-c-k-‑vI‑m-c-§Ä
H-¶‑n-¨‑v t‑\-S‑p-¶ B-Z‑y N‑n-{‑X-a‑m-W‑v ]‑m-c-s‑s‑k-ä‑v.
{‑]-X‑o-£‑n-¨-X‑p-t‑]‑m-s‑e, t‑P‑m-¡-d‑n-s‑\ s‑h-Å‑n-¯‑n-c-
b‑n A-\-i‑z-c-a‑m-¡‑n-b t‑h‑m-I‑z‑n³ ^‑o-\‑n-I-‑vk‑v a‑n-I-¨
\-S-\‑m-b‑n. A-t‑a-c‑n-¡³ \-S‑n-b‑p‑w K‑m-b‑n-I-b‑p-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶
P‑q-U‑n K‑mÀ-e³-U‑n-s‑â P‑o-h‑n-X‑w hc¨n« P‑q-U‑n F-¶
N‑n-{‑X-¯‑n P‑q-U‑n-s‑b A-h-X-c‑n-¸‑n-¨ d‑n-s‑\ s‑kÂ-h‑n-
K-d‑m-W‑v a‑n-I-¨ \-S‑n.
48 മാതൃഭൂമിജികെ&കറന്റ്അഫയേഴ്‌സ്‌
ദക്ഷിണക�ൊറിയൻ ചിത്രം
‘പാരസൈറ്റ്’ ഓസ്‌കർ വേദി
കീഴടക്കിയപ്പോൾ വഴിമാറിയത്
ഒരു ചരിത്രം തന്നെയാണ്‌
t_m-Mv Pq³ tlm
H-¶‑m‑w t‑e‑m-I-a-l‑m-b‑p-²-¯‑n-s‑â ]-Ý‑m-¯-e-¯‑nÂ
k‑m‑w s‑a³-U-k‑v A-W‑n-b‑n-s‑¨‑m-c‑p-¡‑n-b '1917‑'þ-\‑v {‑]-X‑o-
£-b‑v-s‑¡‑m-¯‑v ]‑p-c-k-‑vI‑m-c-§Ä I‑n-«‑n-b‑n-Ã. ]-X‑n-
s‑\‑m-¶‑v t‑\‑m-a‑n-t‑\-j-\‑p-IÄ e-`‑n-¨ N‑n-{‑X-¯‑n-\‑v a‑q-¶‑v
]‑p-c-k-‑vI‑m-c-§Ä s‑I‑m-ï‑v X‑r-]‑v-X‑n-s‑¸-t‑S-ï‑n-h-¶‑p.
O‑m-b‑m-{‑K-l-W‑w‑, k‑u-ï‑v a‑n-I-‑vk‑n-M‑v, h‑n-j‑z C-^-Î‑v-
k‑v F-¶‑n-h-b‑v-¡‑m-W‑v ]‑p-c-k-‑vI‑m-c-§Ä.
h¬-k‑v A-t‑¸‑m¬ F s‑s‑S‑w C³ t‑l‑m-f‑n-h‑p-U‑nÂ
¢‑n-^‑v _‑q-¯‑v F-¶ Ì-ï‑v U‑y‑q-¸‑n-s‑\ A-h-X-c‑n-¸‑n-¨
{‑_‑m-U‑v ]‑n-ä‑m-W‑v a‑n-I-¨ k-l-\-S³. a‑m-t‑c-P‑v t‑Ì‑m-d‑n-
b‑n t‑\‑m-d ^³-j‑z F-¶ A-`‑n-`‑m-j-I-b‑p-s‑S t‑h-j-
¯‑n-s‑e-¯‑n-b t‑e‑m-d t‑U¬ a‑n-I-¨ k-l-\-S‑n-b‑m-b‑n.
t‑d‑m-¡-ä‑v-a‑m-\‑n FÂ-«¬ t‑P‑m¬ H-c‑p-¡‑n-b "e-h‑v
a‑n F-s‑K-b‑v³‑' B-W‑v a‑n-I-¨ K‑m-\‑w. t‑S‑m-b‑v t‑Ì‑m-d‑n-þ4
a‑n-I-¨ A-\‑n-t‑a-j³ N‑n-{‑X-a‑m-b‑n.
C-¡‑p-d‑n t‑\‑m-a‑n-t‑\-j-\‑p-IÄ ]‑p-d-¯‑p-h-¶-t‑¸‑mÄ
X-s‑¶ H-t‑«-s‑d h‑n-aÀ-i-\-§Ä D-bÀ-¶‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. k‑v-{‑X‑o-
 92-ാം അക്കാദമി പുരസ്‌കാരത്തിന് ഇന്ത്യയിൽനിന്നുള്ള ഔദ്യോഗിക എൻട്രി സ�ോയ
അക്തർ സംവിധാനം ചെയ്ത ‘ഗള്ളി ബ�ോയ്’ ആയിരുന്നു
I-s‑f-b‑p‑w I-d‑p-¯ h‑w-i-P-s‑c-b‑p‑w ]-c-a‑m-h-[‑n H-g‑n-h‑m-
¡‑n-s‑b-¶-X‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p h‑n-aÀ-i-\-¯‑n-\‑m-[‑m-c‑w. H-t‑«-s‑d
h-\‑n-X‑m k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-b-IÀ C-¡‑p-d‑n {‑i-t‑²-b-a‑m-b k‑w-`‑m-
h-\-IÄ \Â-I‑n-s‑b-¦‑n-e‑p‑w a‑n-I-¨ k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-b-I-c‑p-s‑S
t‑\‑m-a‑n-t‑\-j-\‑n H-c‑p h-\‑n-X t‑]‑m-e‑p‑w DÄ-s‑¸-«‑n-Ã.
a‑n-I-¨ \-S‑n-¡‑p-Å t‑\‑m-a‑n-t‑\-j³ I‑n-«‑n-b k‑n-´‑n-b
F-d‑n-t‑h‑m-s‑b H-g‑n-¨‑p-\‑nÀ-¯‑n-b‑m s‑h-Å-¡‑m-c‑p-s‑S
k-a-{‑K‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-h‑p‑w Z‑r-i‑y‑w. H‑m-k-‑vIÀ t‑h-Z‑n-b‑n-e‑p‑w
C-X‑n-s‑\-X‑n-t‑c {‑]-X‑n-t‑j-[-§Ä D-bÀ-¶‑p. a‑n-I-¨
പുരാരങ്ങൾ
N‑n-{‑X‑w :]‑m-c-s‑s‑k-ä‑v
k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-b-I³ :t‑_‑m-M‑v P‑q³ t‑l‑m
(]‑m-c-s‑s‑k-ä‑v)
\-S³ :t‑h‑m-I‑z‑n³ ^‑o-\‑n-I-‑vk‑v (s‑s‑X-I s‑s‑h-ä‑n-ä‑n‑)
(t‑P‑m-¡À‑)
\-S‑n :d‑n-t‑\ s‑kÂ-h‑n-KÀ -
(P‑q-U‑n‑)
k-l-\-S‑n :t‑e‑m-d t‑U¬ -
(a‑m-t‑c-P‑v t‑Ì‑m-d‑n‑)
k-l-\-S³ :{‑_‑m-U‑v ]‑n-ä‑v
(h¬-k‑v A-t‑¸‑m¬ F s‑s‑S‑w C³ t‑l‑m-f‑n-h‑p-U‑v)
A-´‑m-c‑m-{‑ã N‑n-{‑X‑w :]‑m-c-s‑s‑k-ä‑v (Z. s‑I‑m-d‑n-b‑)
O‑m-b‑m-{‑K-l-W‑w :t‑d‑m-PÀ U‑o-¡‑n³-k‑v (1917)
k‑w-K‑o-X‑w :t‑P‑m-¡À
-(k‑w-K‑o-X k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\‑w: l‑nÂ-UÀ K‑p-t‑Z-\-t‑U‑m-«‑nÀ‑)
H-d‑n-P‑n-\Â K‑m-\‑w :e-h‑v a‑n F-s‑K-b‑v³
(N‑n-{‑X‑w: t‑d‑m-¡-ä‑v-a‑m³‑, K‑m-b-I³: FÂ-«¬ t‑P‑m¬‑)
N‑n-{‑X-k‑w-t‑b‑m-P-\‑w :s‑s‑a-¡Â a-I‑v I-k-‑vIÀ‑, :t‑_‑m‑w-_‑v-s‑jÂ
B³-{‑U‑y‑p _-I‑v-e‑m³-U‑v
(t‑^‑mÀ-U‑v t‑h-g‑v--k-k‑v s‑^-c‑m-c‑n‑)
വ�ോക്വിൻ ഫീനിക്‌സ്
\-S-\‑p-Å ]‑p-c-k-‑vI‑m-c‑w t‑\-S‑n-b t‑h‑m-I‑z‑n³ ^‑o-\‑n-I-‑vk‑v
k‑v-{‑X‑o-]‑p-c‑p-j k-a-X‑z‑w‑, h‑w-i‑o-b-X‑, s‑s‑e‑w-K‑n-I \‑y‑q-
\-]-£-§-f‑p-s‑S A-h-I‑m-i-§Ä X‑p-S-§‑n-b-h ]-c‑m-
aÀ-i‑n-¨‑m-W‑v {‑]-k‑w-K‑n-¨-X‑v. H‑m-k-‑vI-d‑n X-g-b-s‑¸-«
h-\‑n-X‑m-k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-b-I-c‑p-s‑S t‑]-c‑p-IÄ k‑zÀ-W-\‑q-e‑nÂ
X-b‑v-¨ K‑u-W‑p‑w [-c‑n-¨‑m-W‑v \-S‑n \-X‑m-e‑n t‑]‑mÀ-«‑v-a‑m³
t‑h-Z‑n-b‑n-s‑e-¯‑n-b-X‑v. A-h‑mÀ-U‑v t‑P-X‑m-¡-f‑n ]-e-c‑p‑w
]-X‑n-h‑p-h‑n-«‑v t‑h-Z‑n-b‑n c‑m-{‑ã‑o-b‑w ]-d-ª‑p.
A-\‑n-t‑a-j³ N‑n-{‑X‑w
H-d‑n-P‑n-\Â X‑n-c-¡-Y
:t‑S‑m-b‑v t‑Ì‑m-d‑n-þ4
:]‑m-c-s‑s‑k-ä‑v
(t‑_‑m-M‑v-- P‑q³ t‑l‑m‑, l‑m³ P‑n³ t‑h‑m³‑)
A-h-e‑w-_‑n-X X‑n-c-¡-Y :t‑P‑m-t‑P‑m d‑m-_‑n-ä‑v
h-k‑v-{‑X‑m-e-¦‑m-c‑w : e‑n-ä‑n h‑n-a³
-(P‑m-I‑z‑n-e‑n³ U‑p-d‑m³‑)
s‑{‑]‑m-U-I‑v-j³ U‑n-s‑s‑k³ :h¬-k‑v A-t‑¸‑m¬ F
s‑s‑S‑w C³ t‑l‑m-f‑n-h‑p-U‑v
(_‑mÀ-_-d e‑n-M‑v, \‑m³-k‑n t‑l-b‑v)
k‑u-ï‑v F-U‑n-ä‑n-M‑v :t‑^‑mÀ-U‑v t‑h-g-k-k‑v
s‑^-c‑m-c‑n (s‑U‑m-W‑mÄ-U‑v k‑nÂ-h-ÌÀ‑)
k‑u-ï‑v a‑n-I-‑vk‑n-M‑v :1917
(a‑mÀ-¡‑v s‑S-b‑v--eÀ‑, Ì‑p-hÀ-«‑v h‑nÂ-k¬‑)
h‑n-j‑z C-^-Î‑v-k‑v :1917
(K‑z‑n-t‑Ã‑m-s‑a t‑d‑m-s‑¨-t‑c‑m¬‑, s‑{‑K-K‑v _-S‑v--eÀ‑, s‑U‑m-a‑n-\‑n-
¡‑v S‑z-l‑n‑)
t‑a-¡-¸‑v B³-U‑v s‑l-bÀ-k‑v-s‑s‑äÂ
(I-k‑p l‑n-t‑c‑m‑, B³ t‑a‑mÀ-K³‑, h‑n-h‑n-b³ t‑_-¡À‑)
A-\‑n-t‑a-j³ {‑l-k‑z-N‑n-{‑X‑w : s‑l-bÀ e-h‑v
റിനേ സെൽവിഗർ
മാർച്ച്‌2020
49
 പാരസൈറ്റ്‌
D-Å-h-c‑p‑w C-Ã‑m-¯-h-c‑p‑w X-½‑n-
e‑p-Å \‑n-X‑m-´-s‑s‑h-c-¯‑n-s‑â I-Y h‑y-
X‑y-k‑v-X-a‑m-b‑n A-h-X-c‑n-¸‑n-¨ Z-£‑n-W
s‑I‑m-d‑n-b³ N‑n-{‑X-a‑m-W‑v ]‑m-c-s‑s‑k-ä‑v.
C-X‑n B-c‑m-W‑v ]-c‑m-¶-t‑`‑m-P‑n-I-s‑f-
¶‑v t‑{‑]-£-I-\‑v h‑m-b‑n-s‑¨-S‑p-¡‑m³
A-h-k-c‑w \Â-I‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p N-e-
ബ്രാഡ് പിറ്റ് ¨‑n-{‑X-I‑m-c³. A-´‑m-c‑m-{‑ã-X-e-¯‑nÂ
{‑i-t‑²-b-\‑m-b s‑I‑m-d‑n-b³ k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-b-
I-\‑m-W‑v t‑_‑m-M‑v P‑q³ t‑l‑m. 2019þÂ
s‑s‑e-h‑v B-I‑v--j³ {‑l-k‑z-N‑n-{‑X‑w: ]‑p-d-¯‑n-d-§‑n-b N‑n-{‑X-§-f‑n t‑e‑m-
Z‑n s‑\-b‑v--t‑_-g‑v--k‑v h‑n³-t‑U‑m I-¯‑v G-ä-h‑p‑w {‑i-²‑n-¡-s‑¸-« N‑n-{‑X‑w
t‑U‑m-I‑y‑p-s‑aâ-d‑n :A-t‑a-c‑n-¡³ ^‑m-Î-d‑n
t‑U‑m-I‑y‑p-s‑aâ-d‑n ({‑l-k‑z {‑]-t‑a-b‑w‑)
:t‑eÀ-W‑n-M‑v S‑p k‑v-t‑I-ä‑v--
t‑_‑mÀ-U‑v C³ F h‑mÀ-t‑k‑m¬
{‑]-[‑m-\ t‑\‑m-a‑n-t‑\-j-\‑p-IÄ
a‑n-I-¨ N‑n-{‑X‑w: ]‑m-c-s‑s‑k-ä‑v, t‑^‑mÀ-U‑v t‑h-g‑v--k-k‑v
s‑^-c‑m-c‑n‑, Z s‑F-d‑n-j‑v-a‑m³‑, t‑P‑m-t‑P‑m d‑m-_‑n-ä‑v, t‑P‑m-
¡À‑, e‑n-ä‑n h‑n-a³‑, a‑m-t‑c-P‑v t‑Ì‑m-d‑n‑, 1917‑, h¬-k‑v
A-t‑¸‑m¬ F s‑s‑S‑w C³ t‑l‑m-f‑n-h‑p-U‑v
k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\‑w: t‑_‑m-M‑v P‑q³ t‑l‑m (]‑m-c-s‑s‑k-ä‑v)‑, a‑mÀ-
«‑n³ k‑v-t‑I‑mÀ-s‑k-s‑k (Z s‑F-d‑n-j‑v-a‑m³‑)‑, t‑S‑m-U‑v
^‑n-e‑n-]‑v--k‑v (t‑P‑m-¡À‑)‑, k‑m‑w s‑a³-U-k‑v (1917),
I‑z‑nâ³ S-d‑mâ‑o-t‑\‑m (h¬-k‑v A-t‑¸‑m¬ F s‑s‑S‑w
C³ t‑l‑m-f‑n-h‑p-U‑v)
\-S³: t‑h‑m-I‑z‑n³ ^‑o-\‑n-I-‑vk‑v (t‑P‑m-¡À‑)‑, A-t‑â‑m-W‑n-
t‑b‑m _‑m-µ-c‑m-k‑v (s‑]-b‑n³ B³-U‑v t‑¥‑m-d‑n‑)‑, e‑n-
b-\‑m-t‑U‑m U‑n-I‑m-{‑]‑n-t‑b‑m (h¬-k‑v A-t‑¸‑m¬ F
s‑s‑S‑w C³ t‑l‑m-f‑n-h‑p-U‑v)‑, B-Z‑w s‑s‑{‑U-hÀ -(a‑m-t‑c-
P‑v t‑Ì‑m-d‑n‑)‑, s‑P‑m-\‑m-Y³ s‑s‑{‑]-k‑v (Z S‑p t‑]‑m-]‑v--k‑v)
\-S‑n: d‑n-s‑\ s‑kÂ-h‑n-KÀ -(P‑q-U‑n‑)‑, k‑n-´‑n-b F-d‑n-t‑h‑m
(l‑m-c‑n-b-ä‑v)‑, k-‑v-I‑mÀ-e-ä‑v s‑P‑m-l‑m³-k³ -(a‑m-t‑c-P‑v
t‑Ì‑m-d‑n‑)‑, t‑kÀ-j t‑d‑m-W³ -(e‑n-ä‑n h‑n-a³‑)‑, N‑mÀ-
e‑n-k‑v s‑X-t‑d‑m¬ -(t‑_‑m‑w-_‑v--s‑jÂ‑)

F-¶ h‑n-t‑i-j-W‑w ]‑m-c-s‑s‑k-ä‑n-\‑v

\Â-I‑n-b‑m A-[‑n-I-a‑m-h‑n-Ã. I‑m³
s‑^-Ì‑n-h-e‑n ]‑m‑w U‑n H‑mÀ t‑\-S‑n-b
N‑n-{‑X-¯‑n-\‑p-t‑a ]‑n-¶‑o-S‑v ]‑p-c-k-‑vI‑m-c-
§-f‑p-s‑S s‑]-c‑p-a-g X-s‑¶-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p.
ല�ോറ ഡേൺ

50 മാതൃഭൂമിജികെ&കറന്റ്അഫയേഴ്‌സ്‌
Legends C. KARUNAKARAN
the oral history
A -t‑a-c‑n-¡³ `-c-W-I‑q-S-s‑¯ h‑n-aÀ-i‑n-¡‑p-t‑¼‑m-
s‑g‑m-s‑¡ ]-{‑X-a‑m-[‑y-a-§Ä D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑p-¶ t‑]-c‑m-W‑v
A-¦‑nÄ k‑m‑w. c-ï‑p-\‑q-ä‑m-s‑ï-¦‑n-e‑p-a‑m-b‑n A-¦‑nÄ
k‑m‑w A-t‑a-c‑n-¡-b‑v-s‑¡‑m-¸‑w I‑q-S‑n-b‑n-«‑v. I‑mÀ-«‑q¬-I-Y‑m-
]‑m-{‑X-a‑m-b‑n-«‑m-W‑v C-b‑m-s‑f t‑e‑m-I‑w ]-c‑n-N-b-s‑¸-«-X‑v.
A-t‑a-c‑n-¡³ s‑F-I‑y-\‑m-S‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S a-\‑p-j‑y-c‑q-]w-!- A-t‑a
-c‑n-¡-b‑p-s‑S t‑Z-i‑o-b-]-X‑m-I-s‑I‑m-ï‑v X‑p-¶‑n-b h-k‑v-
{‑X-§-f‑n-ª‑, s‑h-f‑p-¯ a‑p-S‑n-b‑p‑w \-c-¨ X‑m-S‑n-b‑p-a‑p-
s‑Å‑m-c‑p h‑r-²-\‑m-W-b‑mÄ. h‑n-aÀ-i-\-§-t‑fÂ-¡‑p-¶
A-t‑a-c‑n-¡-b‑p-s‑S "{‑]-X‑n-\‑n-[‑n‑'b‑m-b‑n-a‑m-d‑n-b I-Y‑m-]‑m-
{‑X‑w s‑]-s‑«-¶‑p-X-s‑¶ t‑e‑m-I-s‑a‑m-«‑m-s‑I {‑]-k‑n-²‑n-t‑\-
S‑n. B-c‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p C‑u I-Y‑m-]‑m-{‑X-s‑a-¶‑v I‑r-X‑y-a‑m-b‑n
അമേരിക്കയുടെ
ആരാണ്
അങ്കിൾ സാം?
BÀ-¡‑p-a-d‑n-b‑n-Ã. ]-t‑£‑, `‑q-c‑n-`‑m-K-h‑p‑w h‑n-i‑z-k‑n-¡‑p-¶
H-c‑p I-Y ]-c-s‑¡ {‑]-N‑m-c-¯‑n-e‑p-ï‑v:
1812þ A-t‑a-c‑n-¡-b‑n h-S-¡‑p-I‑n-g-¡³ {‑]-t‑Z-
i-§-f‑p-a‑m-b‑n B-`‑y-´-c-b‑p-²‑w \-S-¶ k-a-b‑w.
A-¡‑m-e-¯‑v A-t‑a-c‑n-¡³-s‑s‑k-\‑y-¯‑n-\‑v a‑m‑w-k‑w
F-¯‑n-¨‑p-s‑I‑m-S‑p-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑p-Å N‑p-a-X-e \‑y‑q-t‑b‑mÀ-
¡‑p-I‑m-c-\‑m-b k‑m-a‑p-h h‑nÂ-k¬ F-¶-b‑mÄ-¡‑m-
b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. _-Ô‑p-¡-f‑p‑w k‑v-t‑\-l‑n-X-c‑p‑w h‑nÂ-k-s‑W
A-¦‑nÄ k‑m‑w F-¶‑m-W‑v h‑n-f‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶-X‑v.
b‑p-s‑s‑W-ä-U‑v t‑Ì-ä‑v-k‑v F-¶-X‑n-s‑â N‑p-c‑p-¡-a‑m-b
b‑p.F-k‑v. F-¶ A-£-c-§Ä A-t‑a-c‑n-¡³ s‑s‑k-
\‑n-I-c‑p-s‑S h-k‑v-{‑X-§-f‑n-e‑p‑w K-h¬-s‑aâ‑v D-S-a-Ø-X-
b‑n-e‑p-Å h-k‑v-X‑p-h-I-I-f‑n-e‑p-s‑a‑m-s‑¡ ]-X‑n-¡‑m-d‑p-ï‑v.
]-«‑m-f-I‑y‑m-¼‑p-I-f‑n-t‑e-¡‑v k‑m-[-\-§Ä s‑I‑m-ï‑p-t‑]‑m-
I‑m-\‑p-Å I-c‑m-s‑d-S‑p-¯‑n-c‑p-¶-X‑v FÂ-_À-«‑v- B³-t‑U-g‑v-
-k¬ F-s‑¶‑m-c‑m-f‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. B³-t‑U-g‑v-k¬ s‑s‑k-
\‑n-IÀ-¡‑v- s‑I‑m-S‑p-¯-b-¨ s‑]-«‑n-I-f‑n C.F.þ-b‑p.F-k‑v.
F-¶ A-£-c-§Ä ]-X‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. H-c‑n-¡Â C‑u s‑]-
«‑n-IÄ I‑m-W‑m-\‑n-S-b‑m-b H-c‑mÄ C‑u A-£-c-§-f‑p-s‑S
AÀ-Y-s‑a-´‑m-s‑W-¶‑v a-s‑ä‑m-c‑m-t‑f‑m-S‑v- t‑N‑m-Z‑n-¨‑p-h-s‑{‑X.
C.F. F-¶-X‑v FÂ-_À-«‑v- B³-t‑U-g‑v-k¬ F-¶-
X‑n-s‑â N‑p-c‑p-¡-a‑m-s‑W-¶‑v A-b‑mÄ a-d‑p-]-S‑n \Â-I‑n.
A-t‑¸‑mÄ b‑p.F-k‑v. F-¶-t‑X‑m F-¶ ]-c‑n-l‑m-k-t‑N‑m-
Z‑y-¯‑n-\‑v A-X‑v "A-¦‑nÄ k‑m‑w‑'X-s‑¶ F-¶‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p
A-]-c-s‑â X-a‑m-i I-eÀ-¶ a-d‑p-]-S‑n. C-¡-Y ]-X‑p-s‑¡
c‑m-P‑y-s‑a‑m-«‑m-s‑I {‑]-N-c‑n-¨‑p. 1812þ-s‑e b‑p-²-s‑¯ h-S-
¡‑p-I‑n-g-¡³ {‑]-t‑Z-i-¯‑p-I‑m-c‑n \-s‑Ã‑m-c‑p h‑n-`‑m-K-h‑p‑w
F-X‑nÀ-¯‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. C-h‑n-s‑S-b‑p-Å c‑m-{‑ã‑o-b-{‑]-hÀ-¯-I-
c‑p‑w ]-{‑X-§-f‑p‑w ]‑p-Ñ-t‑¯‑m-s‑S A-t‑a-c‑n-¡-s‑b "A-¦‑nÄ
k‑m‑w‑' F-¶‑v- h‑n-f‑n-¡‑m³-X‑p-S-§‑n.
H-¶‑m‑w t‑e‑m-I-a-l‑m-b‑p-²-I‑m-e-¯‑v A-¨-S‑n-a‑m-[‑y-
a-§Ä A-¦‑nÄ k‑m-a‑n-s‑â N‑n-{‑X-h‑p‑w h-c-¨‑p-ï‑m-¡‑n.
s‑P-b‑n‑w-k‑v t‑a‑m¬-t‑S‑m-s‑a-{‑K‑n ^‑v-e-K‑v F-¶-b‑mÄ h-c-¨
d‑n-{‑I‑q-«‑v-s‑aâ‑v t‑\‑m-«‑o-k‑n-e‑q-s‑S-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p X‑p-S-¡‑w.
t‑k-\-b‑n-t‑e-¡‑v s‑N-d‑p-¸-¡‑m-s‑c £-W‑n-¨‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑p-Å
t‑e‑m-U‑v- I‑n-¨‑v-\-d‑p-s‑S X-e-¸-S-t‑¯‑m-S‑p-I‑q-S‑n-b t‑\‑m-«‑o-k‑v
{‑_‑n-«³ C-d-¡‑n-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. C-X‑n-s‑\ {‑]-t‑N‑m-Z-\-a‑m-¡‑n-b‑m-
b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p h-c. I‑n-¨‑v-\À-¡‑p-]-I-c‑w A-¦‑nÄ k‑m-a‑n-s‑â
N‑n-{‑X‑w s‑h-¨‑p. \-c-¨-a‑p-S‑n-b‑p‑w s‑X‑m-¸‑n-b‑p‑w D‑u-i‑m-´‑m-
S‑n-b‑p-a‑p-Å s‑]‑m-¡-a‑p-Å H-c‑p a-\‑p-j‑y³. 1916 P‑q-e‑m-b‑v
e-¡-¯‑n e-k‑v-e‑o-k‑v h‑o-¡‑v-e‑n a‑m-K-k‑n-s‑â apJ-Nn-
{Xhp-a‑m-b‑n. c-ï‑m‑w-t‑e‑m-I-a-l‑m-b‑p-²-I‑m-e-¯‑p‑w C‑u
N‑n-{‑X‑w D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡-s‑¸-«‑p.
1854þÂ‑, 87þ‑m‑w-h-b-Ê‑n-e‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p k‑m-a‑p-h h‑nÂ-
k-s‑â a-c-W‑w. A-t‑a-c‑n-¡-b‑n-s‑e c‑m-P‑y-k‑v-t‑\-l‑n-IÄ
A-t‑±-l-¯‑n-\‑v k‑v-a‑m-c-I-§Ä hsc ]-W‑n-X‑n-«‑p-ï‑v.
a‑m-k-N‑y‑p-s‑k-ä‑v-k‑n-s‑e k‑m-a‑n-s‑â P-·-\-K-c-a‑m-b AÀ-
e‑n-M‑v-S-W‑n-e‑p-Å A-¦‑nÄ k‑m‑w s‑a-t‑½‑m-d‑n-b Ì‑m-N‑y‑q
B-W‑v H-¶‑v. Z‑oÀ-L-I‑m-e‑w A-t‑±-l-¯‑n-s‑â h-k-X‑n-b‑m-
b‑n-c‑p-¶ \‑y‑q-t‑b‑mÀ-¡‑n-s‑e t‑{‑S‑m-b‑n-e‑m-W‑v a-s‑ä‑m-c‑p k‑v-a‑m-
c-I‑w. 1989 a‑p-XÂ A-¦‑nÄ k‑m‑w Z‑n-\-h‑p‑w B-N-c‑n-¨‑p-h-
c‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v.
മാർച്ച്‌2020
51
 Environment
നേർത്ത കവറുകൾ ഉൾപ്പെടെ
ഒറ്റത്തവണ ഉപയ�ോഗിക്കുന്ന
പ്ലാസ്റ്റിക് വസ്തുക്കൾ കേരളത്തിൽ
നിര�ോധിച്ചു കഴിഞ്ഞു

2020 P-\‑p-h-c‑n H-¶‑p-a‑p-XÂ t‑I-c-f-¯‑nÂ

"¹‑m-Ì‑n-I‑v \‑n-t‑c‑m-[-\‑w‑' \-S-¸‑n-e‑m-b‑n-¡-g‑n-ª‑p.
F-¶‑m _-Z-s‑e-´‑m-s‑W-t‑¶‑m \‑n-t‑c‑m-[-\‑w-a‑q-e-a‑p-
ï‑m-I‑p-¶ {‑]-X‑y‑m-L‑m-X-§-s‑f-s‑´-t‑¶‑m C-t‑¸‑m-
g‑p‑w h‑y-à-a-Ã. ¹‑m-Ì‑n-I‑v \‑n-t‑c‑m-[-\-s‑a-¶‑m-W‑v
k‑m-a‑m-\‑y-a‑m-b‑n F-Ã‑m-h-c‑p‑w ]-d-b‑m-d‑p-Å-s‑X-¦‑n-e‑p‑w
b-Y‑mÀ-Y-¯‑n ¹‑m-Ì‑n-I‑v ]‑qÀ-W-a‑m-b‑n \‑n-t‑c‑m-[‑n-
¡‑p-I-b-Ã s‑N-b‑v-X‑n-«‑p-Å-X‑v. H-ä-¯-h-W a‑m-{‑X‑w
D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑m-h‑p-¶ ¹‑m-Ì‑n-I‑v h-k‑v-X‑p-¡-f‑p-s‑S
\‑nÀ-a‑m-W-h‑p‑w h‑nÂ-¸-\-b‑p‑w k‑q-£‑n-¡-e‑p-a‑m-W‑v
\‑n-t‑c‑m-[‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-Å-X‑v. d‑o-s‑s‑k-¢‑n-M‑v k‑m-[‑y-a-Ã‑m-¯‑,
K‑p-W-t‑a-· I‑p-d-ª ¹‑m-Ì‑n-¡‑p-I-f‑m-W‑n-h.
2019 \-h‑w-_À 21þ-\‑v t‑NÀ-¶ k‑w-Ø‑m-\ a-{‑´‑n-

പ്ലാസ്റ്റിക്
പടിക്ക്
പുറത്താകുമ്പോൾ
k-`‑m-t‑b‑m-K-a‑m-W‑v C‑u X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\-s‑a-S‑p-¯-X‑v. X-a‑n-
g‑v-\‑m-S‑v, a-l‑m-c‑m-{‑ã t‑]‑m-e‑p-Å k‑w-Ø‑m-\-§-f‑nÂ
\‑n-t‑c‑m-[-\‑w K‑p-W‑w-s‑N-b‑v-X‑p-s‑h-¶-X‑n-s‑â A-S‑n-
Ø‑m-\-¯‑n-e‑m-W‑v X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\‑w. \‑n-b-a‑w e‑w-L‑n-¡‑p-
¶-h-c‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v B-Z‑y-X-h-W 10‑,000 c‑q-] ]‑n-g-b‑m-
W‑v C‑u-S‑m-¡‑p-I. \‑n-b-a-e‑w-L-\‑w X‑p-SÀ-¶‑mÂ
c-ï‑m‑w-X-h-W 25‑,000 c‑q-]-b‑p‑w a‑q-¶‑m‑w-X-h-W
50‑,000 c‑q-]-b‑p-a‑m-b‑n ]‑n-g hÀ-[‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p‑w. Ø‑m-]-\-
¯‑n-s‑â {‑]-hÀ-¯-\‑w A-h-k‑m-\‑n-¸‑n-¡‑m-\‑p‑w \‑n-b-
a-¯‑n h‑y-h-Ø-b‑p-ï‑v. {‑_‑m³-U-U‑v I-¼-\‑n-IÄ
A-h-c‑p-s‑S D-X‑v-]-¶-¯‑n-s‑â `‑m-K-a‑m-b‑n-h-c‑p-¶
¹‑m-Ì‑n-I‑v h-k‑v-X‑p-¡Ä X‑n-c‑n-s‑¨-S‑p-¡-W‑w. a‑nÂ-a‑,
_‑n-h-t‑d-P-k‑v t‑I‑mÀ-¸-t‑d-j³‑, t‑I-c-s‑^-U‑v X‑p-S-§‑n-b
Ø‑m-]-\-§Ä-¡‑p‑w C‑u h‑y-h-Ø _‑m-[-I-a‑m-W‑v.
\-Ã-h-\‑m-b h‑n-ó-
C-ã-a‑p-Å B-I‑m-c-¯‑n-e‑p‑w c‑q-]-¯‑n-e‑p‑w a‑m-ä‑m-h‑p-¶-
X‑v F-¶ AÀ-Y‑w h-c‑p-¶ ¹‑m-Ì‑n-t‑¡‑m-k‑v F-¶ {‑K‑o-¡‑v
]-Z-¯‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑m-W‑v ¹‑m-Ì‑n-I‑v F-¶ t‑]-c‑v h-¶-X‑v.
{‑]-I‑r-X‑n-Z-¯ d-º-d‑n-s‑\ a‑n-{‑i‑n-X-§Ä t‑NÀ-¯‑v ]-c‑p-
h-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p-¶ {‑]-{‑I‑n-b-b‑p-s‑S I-ï‑p-]‑n-S‑n-¯-a‑m-W‑v
¹‑m-Ì‑n-¡‑n-s‑â \‑nÀ-a‑m-W-¯‑n-t‑e-¡‑v h-g‑n-s‑X-f‑n-¨-X‑v.
B-Z‑y a-\‑p-j‑y-\‑nÀ-a‑n-X ¹‑m-Ì‑n-¡‑n-\‑p-Å t‑]-ä-s‑â-S‑p-¯-
X‑v 1856þ A-e-I‑v-k‑m-ïÀ ]‑mÀ-¡-k‑m-W‑v.

52 മാതൃഭൂമിജികെ &കറന്റ് അഫയേഴ്‌സ്‌

 എം.എസ്. രാഖേഷ് കൃഷ്ണൻ
19þ‑m‑w- \‑q-ä‑m-ï‑n-s‑e h‑y-h-k‑m-b-h‑n-¹-h-¯‑n-s‑â `‑m-K-
a‑m-b‑m-W‑v ¹‑m-Ì‑n-I‑v D-X‑v-]-¶-§-f‑p-s‑S I-S-¶‑p-h-c-h‑p-ï‑m-
b-X‑v. 20þ‑m‑w-\‑q-ä‑m-ï‑n ¹‑m-Ì‑n-¡‑n-\‑v ]-I-c‑w-h-b‑v-¡‑m³
a-s‑ä‑m-¶‑n-s‑Ã-¶ A-h-Ø h-¶‑p. G-X‑v B-I‑r-X‑n-b‑n-e‑p‑w
F-f‑p-¸-¯‑n-e‑p-ï‑m-¡‑m-s‑a-¶-X‑m-W‑v h‑y-h-k‑m-b-t‑e‑m-
I‑w ¹‑m-Ì‑n-¡‑n B-I‑r-ã-c‑m-I‑m³ I‑m-c-W‑w. h‑n-e-
¡‑p-d-h‑v D-]-t‑`‑m-à‑m-¡-s‑f C-X‑n-s‑â B-c‑m-[-I-c‑m-¡‑n.
F-¶‑m ¹‑m-Ì‑n-I‑v D-X‑v-]-¶-§Ä `‑q-a‑n-b‑n e-b‑n-¨‑p-
t‑N-c‑m³ \‑q-ä‑m-ï‑p-I-s‑f-S‑p-¡‑p‑w. ¹‑m-Ì‑n-I‑v-a‑m-e‑n-\‑y-§Ä
X‑oÀ-¡‑p-¶ ]‑m-c‑n-Ø‑n-X‑n-I-{‑]-i‑v-\-§-f‑m-W‑v C-X‑n-s‑â
\‑n-t‑c‑m-[-\-¯‑n-t‑e-s‑¡-¯‑n-¨-X‑v.
N‑n-Ã-d-h‑n-e‑v-]-\-i‑m-e-IÄ‑, h-g‑n-t‑b‑m-c I-¨-h-S-Ø‑m-
]-\-§Ä F-¶‑n-h ¹‑m-Ì‑n-I‑v I-hÀ \Â-I‑p-¶-X‑v
\‑n-t‑c‑m-[‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. \‑n-b-a‑w G-s‑d-¡‑p-t‑d k‑w-Ø‑m-\-¯‑v
\-S-¸‑m-b‑n. I-S-e‑m-k‑v k-©‑n-I-f‑p‑w X‑p-W‑n-k-©‑n-I-f‑p‑w
D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑p-¶ i‑o-e-¯‑n-t‑e-¡‑v P-\-§Ä ]-X‑n-s‑b
X‑n-c‑n-b‑p-¶-X‑n-s‑â e-£-W-§Ä I-ï‑p-X‑p-S-§‑n. a‑m-e‑n-
\‑y-a‑m-b‑n-a‑m-d‑m-h‑p-¶ X‑p-W‑n-¯-c-§-s‑f k-©‑n-I-f‑m-¡‑n-
a‑m-ä‑p-¶ {‑]-hÀ-¯-\-§Ä ‑d-k‑n-s‑Uâ‑v--k‑v A-t‑k‑m-k‑n-
t‑b-j-\‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w k-¶-²-k‑w-L-S-\-I-f‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w
c‑m-{‑ã‑o-b-I-£‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w k-l-I-c-W-t‑¯‑m-s‑S
]-e-b‑n-S-¯‑p‑w \-S-¡‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. C-X‑v B-i‑m-h-l-a‑m-W‑v.
F-¶‑m I‑p-S‑n-s‑h-Å‑w‑, `-£‑y-h-k‑v-X‑p-¡Ä X‑p-S-§‑n-b-
h-b‑v-¡‑m-b‑n D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑p-¶ ¹‑m-Ì‑n-I‑v I‑p-¸‑n-IÄ-¡‑p‑w
I-h-d‑p-IÄ-¡‑p‑w ]-I-c‑w-h-b‑v-¡‑m³ a-ä‑v h-k‑v-X‑p-¡-f‑n-Ã‑m-
¯-X‑v h-e‑n-b {‑]-i‑v-\-a‑m-W‑v.
¹‑m-Ì‑n-I‑v--h-k‑v-X‑p-¡Ä H-ä-b-S‑n-¡‑v \‑n-t‑c‑m-[‑n-¨-X‑p-
s‑I‑m-ï‑v C‑u {‑]-i‑v-\-¯‑n-\‑v ]-c‑n-l‑m-c-a‑m-I‑p-¶‑n-Ã.
\‑n-t‑c‑m-[\‑w a‑m-{‑X‑w \-S-¯‑n kÀ-¡‑m-c‑n-\‑v C-X‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v
c-£-s‑¸-S‑m-\‑p-a‑m-I‑n-Ã. ¹‑m-Ì‑n-¡‑n-\‑v _-ZÂ I-ï‑p-
]‑n-S‑n-¨‑v k-a‑q-l-¯‑n-\‑p-a‑p-¶‑n A-h-X-c‑n-¸‑n-t‑¡-ï
D-¯-c-h‑m-Z‑n-X‑z‑w A-[‑n-I‑r-XÀ-¡‑p-ï‑v. s‑s‑P-h-¹‑m-Ì‑n-I‑v
F-¶ B-i-b-h‑p-a‑m-b‑n ]-e h‑y-h-k‑m-b-k‑w-c‑w-`-§-f‑p‑w
C-t‑¸‑mÄ a‑p-t‑¶‑m-«‑p-h-c‑p-¶ k-a-b-a‑m-W‑v. k-k‑y-P-\‑y-
h-k‑v-X‑p-¡-f‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v \‑nÀ-a‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑m-W‑v s‑s‑P-h-¹‑m-
Ì‑n-I‑v. F-f‑p-¸-¯‑n C-h a-®‑n-t‑\‑m-S‑v e-b‑n-¨‑p-t‑N-c‑p‑w.
D-c‑p-f-¡‑n-g-§‑v, t‑N‑m-f‑w‑, I-¸ F-¶‑n-h-b‑p-s‑S I‑p-g-¼‑nÂ-
\‑n-¶‑v I-¸‑p-I-f‑p‑w t‑¹-ä‑p-I-f‑p‑w \‑nÀ-a‑n-s‑¨-S‑p-¡‑p-¶
h‑y-h-k‑m-b-k‑w-c‑w-`-§Ä X‑p-S-§‑n-¡-g‑n-ª‑p. C-¯-c-
¯‑n-e‑p-Å k‑m-t‑¦-X‑n-I-h‑n-Z‑y-IÄ B-h‑n-j‑v-I-c‑n-¡‑p-¶
K-t‑h-j-W-§Ä-¡‑p‑w kÀ-¡‑m-c‑n-s‑â k-l‑m-b‑w B-h-
i‑y-a‑m-W‑v. A-t‑X-k-a-b‑w‑, s‑s‑P-h-¹‑m-Ì‑n-I‑v F-¶-t‑]-
c‑n C-X‑n-\-I‑w-X-s‑¶ h‑y‑m-P-·‑mÀ c‑w-K-¯‑p-h-¶‑p-I-g‑n-
ª‑p. A-X‑p-I‑m-c-W‑w A-h-b‑p‑w \‑n-t‑c‑m-[‑n-¨‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v
kÀ-¡‑m-c‑n-\‑v D-¯-c-h‑n-t‑S-ï‑n-h-¶‑p.
a‑m-e‑n-\‑y-k‑w-k-‑vI-c-W-¯‑n I‑m-«‑n-b A-e‑w-`‑m-h-
a‑m-W‑v t‑I-c-f-¯‑n ¹‑m-Ì‑n-I‑v H-c‑p h-e‑n-b h‑n-Ã-\‑m-
b‑n a‑m-d‑n-b-X‑n-\‑v-- I‑m-c-W‑w. t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-s‑e s‑a‑m-¯‑w
¹‑m-Ì‑n-I‑v a‑m-e‑n-\‑y-¯‑n H-¼-X‑p-i-X-a‑m-\‑w a‑m-{‑X-t‑a
]‑p-\‑x-N‑w-{‑I-a-W‑w-s‑N-¿‑p-¶‑p-Å‑q-s‑h-¶‑m-W‑v G-I-t‑Z-i
I-W-¡‑v. ¹‑m-Ì‑n-I‑v-a‑m-e‑n-\‑y-§-s‑f s‑]‑m-S‑n-¨‑v t‑d‑m-U‑v S‑m-
d‑n-§‑n D-]-t‑b‑m-K-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑m-\‑p-Å {‑]-hÀ-¯-\-§-f‑p‑w
5R സൂത്രവാക്യം
¹‑m-Ì‑n-I‑v-a‑m-e‑n-\‑y-§Ä-a‑q-e-a‑p-Å {‑]-i‑v-
\‑w I‑p-d-b‑v-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v 5R F-¶ k‑q-{‑X-
h‑m-I‑y‑w i‑m-k‑v-{‑X-t‑e‑m-I‑w A-h-X-c‑n-¸‑n-¡‑m-
d‑p-ï‑v. s‑d-U‑y‑q-k‑v (Reduce), s‑d-^‑y‑q-k‑v
(Refuse), d‑o-b‑q-k‑v (Reuse), d‑o-s‑s‑k-¢‑n-M‑v
(Recycling), d‑n-a‑q-h‑v (Remove) F-¶‑o C‑w-
¥‑o-j‑v ]-Z-§-s‑f-b‑m-W‑v 5R F-¶-X‑p-s‑I‑m-
ï‑v k‑q-N‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v.
¹‑m-Ì‑n-¡‑n-s‑â D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑w I‑p-d-b‑v-¡‑p-I-
s‑b-¶-X‑m-W‑v s‑d-U‑y‑q-k‑v F-¶-X‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v
AÀ-Y-a‑m-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. H‑m-t‑c‑m ¹‑m-Ì‑n-I‑v ]-Z‑mÀ-
Y‑w D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑p-t‑¼‑m-g‑p‑w \-a‑p-¡‑n-X‑v
B-h-i‑y-a‑p-Å-X‑m-t‑W‑m-s‑b-¶‑v B-t‑e‑m-
N‑n-¡-W‑w. B-h-i‑y-a‑p-s‑ï-¦‑n a‑m-{‑X‑w
D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑p-I. B-h-i‑y-a‑n-Ã‑m-¯
¹‑m-Ì‑n-I‑v h-k‑v-X‑p-¡Ä \‑n-c‑m-I-c‑n-¡‑p-I-s‑b-
¶-X‑m-W‑v s‑d-^‑y‑q-k‑v F-¶ ]-Z‑w-s‑I‑m-ï‑v
k‑q-N‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. I-S-b‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v P‑y‑q-k‑v
I‑p-S‑n-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ F-t‑¸‑m-g‑p‑w k‑v--t‑{‑S‑m
D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡-W-s‑a-¶‑p-t‑ï‑m? C-S-b‑v-¡‑v
A-s‑X‑m-¶‑v t‑h-s‑ï-¶‑p-h-b‑v-¡‑p-¶-X‑v C‑u
\‑n-c‑m-I-c‑n-¡-e‑n s‑]-S‑p‑w. ¹‑m-Ì‑n-¡‑n-s‑â
k‑m-¶‑n-[‑y‑w I‑p-d-b‑v-¡‑m-\‑p-X-I‑p-¶ a-s‑ä‑m-c‑p
a‑mÀ-K-a‑m-W‑v A-X‑n-s‑â d‑o-b‑q-k‑v A-Y-h‑m
]‑p-\-c‑p-]-t‑b‑m-K‑w. D-Z‑m-l-c-W-a‑m-b‑n H-c‑p-
X-h-W I-S-b‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v I‑n-«‑p-¶ ¹‑m-Ì‑n-I‑v
k-©‑n h‑o-ï‑p‑w D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v ]-c‑n-
Ø‑n-X‑n-¡‑v K‑p-W-I-c-a‑m-W‑v. d‑o-s‑s‑k-¢‑n-M‑v
A-Y-h‑m ]‑p-\‑x-N‑w-{‑I-a-W-a‑m-W‑v ¹‑m-Ì‑n-I‑v
D-]-t‑`‑m-K‑w I‑p-d-b‑v-¡‑m-\‑p-Å a-s‑ä‑m-c‑p h-g‑n.
\-½Ä ]-d-¼‑n-t‑e-¡‑p‑w a-ä‑p‑w h-e‑n-s‑¨-d‑n-
b‑p-¶ ]-e ¹‑m-Ì‑n-I‑v h-k‑v-X‑p-¡-f‑p‑w ]‑p-\‑x-
N‑w-{‑I-a-W‑w-s‑N-b‑v-X‑v h‑o-ï‑p‑w D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-
¡‑m-\‑m-I‑p‑w. d‑n-a‑q-h‑v F-¶-X‑m-W‑v ¹‑m-Ì‑n-I‑v
a‑m-e‑n-\‑y‑w-s‑I‑m-ï‑p-Å {‑]-i‑v-\‑w ]-c‑n-l-c‑n-
¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑p-Å t‑]‑m‑w-h-g‑n-I-f‑n-s‑e‑m-¶‑v.
]‑p-g-I-f‑n-e‑p‑w I-S-e‑n-e‑p-s‑a‑m-s‑¡ I‑n-S-¡‑p-¶
¹‑m-Ì‑n-I‑v a‑m-e‑n-\‑y‑w F-S‑p-¯‑p-a‑m-ä‑p-¶-X‑v
`‑q-a‑n-t‑b‑m-S‑v s‑N-¿‑p-¶ h-e‑n-b I‑m-c‑y-a‑m-W‑v.
h-e‑n-b-t‑X‑m-X‑n \-S-¡‑p-¶‑n-Ã. X-t‑±-i-k‑z-b‑w-`-c-W-
Ø‑m-]-\-§-f‑n ¹‑m-Ì‑n-I‑v-a‑m-e‑n-\‑y k‑w-k-‑vI-c-W
¹‑mâ‑v \‑nÀ-_-Ô-a‑m-¡‑n-b‑m {‑]-i‑v-\-¯‑n-\‑v ]-c‑n-l‑m-
c-a‑m-I‑p‑w. a‑m-e‑n-\‑y-k‑w-k-‑vI-c-W‑w e-£‑y‑w-s‑h-¨‑p-Å
Ì‑mÀ-«‑v-þ-A-¸‑p-IÄ-¡‑v kÀ-¡‑m-c‑n-s‑â ]‑n-´‑p-W
A-X‑y‑m-h-i‑y-a‑m-W‑v.
മാർച്ച്‌2020
53
 ഡ�ോ. ഒ.കെ. മുരളീകൃഷ്ണൻ

ചൈനയെ മറികടന്ന്
ജനാധിപത്യത്തിലൂടെ
സായ് ഇങ് വെൻ
ചൈനവിരുദ്ധ ജനവികാരം മുൻനിർത്തി വ�ോട്ടുബാങ്ക്‌സമ്പന്നമാക്കാൻ
കഴിഞ്ഞതാണ് സായ് ഇന്ദ് വെന്നിന്റെ വിജയം. എന്നാൽ രണ്ടാമൂഴത്തിൽ
വെന്നിനെ കാത്തിരിക്കുന്നത് ചെറിയ കടമ്പകളല്ല

X‑ -b‑v-h‑m-s‑â B-Z‑y h-\‑n-X‑m {‑]-k‑n-

Uâ‑v k‑m-b‑v C-M‑v s‑h³ c-ï‑m-a‑q-g-¯‑n-
t‑e-¡‑v. 57 i-X-a‑m-\‑w t‑h‑m-«‑v t‑\-S‑n-b‑m-W‑v
k‑m-b‑v h‑n-P-b‑n-¨-X‑v. F-X‑nÀ Ø‑m-\‑mÀ-
Y‑n I‑p-a‑n-M‑v-X‑m-M‑v ]‑mÀ-«‑n-b‑p-s‑S l‑m³ I‑p
b‑p-h‑n-s‑\-¡‑mÄ 82 e-£‑w t‑h‑m-«‑m-W‑v k‑m-b‑v
t‑\-S‑n-b-X‑v. s‑s‑N-\-b‑n s‑U-t‑a‑m-{‑I‑m-ä‑n-I‑v
t‑{‑]‑m-{‑K-k‑o-h‑v ]‑mÀ-«‑n-¡‑p‑w k‑m-b‑v-¡‑p‑w D-ï‑m-b
h‑n-P-b‑w s‑_-b‑v-P‑n-§‑n-\‑p-ï‑m-b X‑n-c‑n-¨-S‑n-b‑m-
b‑m-W‑v c‑m-{‑ã‑o-b-\‑n-c‑o-£-IÀ I‑m-W‑p-¶-X‑v.
C-X‑v s‑s‑N-\-b-s‑b X‑-b‑v-h‑m-t‑\‑m-S‑p‑w A-¸‑p-d-¯‑v
t‑l‑m-M‑v-t‑I‑m-§‑n-t‑\‑m-S‑p-a‑p-Å \-b-¯‑n a‑m-ä‑w-
h-c‑p-¯‑m³ t‑{‑]-c‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-s‑a-¶‑v I-c‑p-X‑p-¶-h-c‑p-
a‑p-ï‑v.
1950þÂ k‑z-X-{‑´-a‑m-s‑b-¦‑n-e‑p‑w X-§-f‑p-
s‑S `‑m-K-a‑m-W‑v X‑b‑v-h‑m-s‑\-¶ s‑s‑N-\-b‑p-s‑S
\‑n-e-]‑m-S‑n-s‑\ i-à-a‑m-b‑n F-X‑nÀ-¯‑p-\‑nÂ-
¡‑p-¶-X‑m-W‑v k‑m-b‑v C-{‑X-b-[‑n-I‑w t‑h‑m-«‑p-t‑\-
S‑m-\‑p-Å I‑m-c-W‑w. s‑s‑N-\-b‑p-a‑m-b‑p-Å C‑u
k‑w-LÀ-j‑w \‑n-e-\‑nÂ-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑mÂ-¯-s‑¶
P-\‑p-h-c‑n 11þ-\‑v \-S-¶ X‑n-c-s‑ª-S‑p-¸‑v d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-
«‑p-s‑N-¿‑m³ 2.33 t‑I‑m-S‑n P-\-k‑w-J‑y-b‑p-Å
C‑u s‑I‑m-¨‑p-c‑m-P‑y-t‑¯-¡‑v t‑e‑m-I-s‑¯ 113 a‑m-
[‑y-a-§-f‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑p-Å 235 ]-{‑X-{‑]-hÀ-¯-IÀ
F-¯‑n-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p.
c-ï‑m-a‑q-g-¯‑n-\‑p-Å k‑m-b‑n-b‑p-s‑S a-Õ-c-
¯‑n F-X‑nÀ-I-£‑n-b‑m-b‑n h-¶-X‑v s‑s‑N-\‑o-
k‑v I-a‑y‑q-W‑n-Ì‑v ]‑mÀ-«‑n-b‑p-s‑S _‑n-\‑m-a‑n F-¶‑v
B-t‑c‑m-]‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-¶ \‑m-j-W-e‑n-Ì‑v- ]‑mÀ-«‑n
(I‑p-a‑n-M‑v-X‑m-M‑v) B-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. X‑n-c-s‑ª-S‑p-¸‑n-\-

54 മാതൃഭൂമിജികെ&കറന്റ്അഫയേഴ്‌സ്‌
S‑p-¸‑n-¨‑v t‑l‑m-M‑v--t‑I‑m-§‑n A-h‑n-S-s‑¯ kÀ-¡‑m-
c‑n-s‑\-X‑n-s‑c-b‑p‑w s‑s‑N-\‑o-k‑v kÀ-¡‑m-c‑n-s‑\-X‑n-
t‑c-b‑p‑w \-S-¶ P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y-{‑]-t‑£‑m-`-¯‑n-s‑â
A-e-s‑b‑m-e‑n-IÄ k-a‑m-\-Ø‑n-X‑n-h‑n-t‑i-j‑w \‑n-e-
h‑n-e‑p-Å X‑-b‑v--h‑m-\‑n-e‑p-a‑p-ï‑m-b‑n. C-X‑v k‑m-b‑v-¡‑v
K‑p-W-I-c-a‑m-b‑n.
2016þÂ k‑m-b‑v A-[‑n-I‑m-c-t‑a-ä-t‑¸‑mÄ-¯-s‑¶
"H-s‑c‑m-ä s‑s‑N-\‑, X‑b‑v--h‑m³ s‑s‑N-\-b‑p-s‑S `‑m-K‑w‑'
F-¶ {‑]-J‑y‑m-]-\‑w s‑s‑N-\ \-S-¯‑n-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p.
X‑-b‑v--h-\‑p-a‑m-b‑p-Å H‑u-t‑Z‑y‑m-K‑n-I-_-Ô-§-f‑p‑w
A-hÀ h‑n-t‑Ñ-Z‑n-¨‑p. a-ä‑v c‑m-P‑y-§-t‑f‑m-S‑p‑w X‑-b‑v--
h‑m³ _-Ô‑w h‑n-t‑Ñ-Z‑n-¡‑m³ B-h-i‑y-s‑¸-S‑p-I-
b‑p‑w s‑N-b‑v-X‑p. C-X‑n-s‑â ^-e-a‑m-b‑n A-X‑p-h-s‑c
X‑m-b‑v--h‑m-\‑p-a‑m-b‑n \-b-X-{‑´-_-Ô‑w ]‑p-eÀ-¯‑n-b‑n-
c‑p-¶ c‑m-P‑y-§-f‑p-s‑S F-®‑w 22þÂ-\‑n-¶‑v 15 B-b‑n
I‑p-d-ª‑p. s‑s‑N-\-b‑p-s‑S C-¯-c‑w \-S-]-S‑n-I-s‑f
]‑n-´‑m-§‑p-¶ I‑p-a‑n-M‑v-X‑m-§‑p-I-t‑f‑m-S‑p-Å h‑n-t‑b‑m-
P‑n-¸‑m-W‑v C-¡‑p-d‑n k‑m-b‑v-¡‑v A-\‑p-I‑q-e-a‑m-b‑n
a‑m-d‑n-b-X‑v.
s‑h-Ã‑p-h‑n-f‑n-IÄ
I-g‑n-ª `-c-W-¯‑n-s‑e t‑]‑m-c‑m-b‑v-a-I-s‑f a-d‑n-
I-S-¡‑m³ k‑z-b‑w-`-c-W‑w‑, ]‑qÀ-W P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y‑w
X‑p-S-§‑n-b a‑p-{‑Z‑m-h‑m-I‑y-§-f‑n-e‑q-s‑S k‑m-b‑v-¡‑v
I-g‑n-ª‑p. k‑m-b‑v C-M‑v-þ-s‑h-¶‑n-\‑v I-t‑Ã-d‑p‑w ]‑q-s‑¨-
ï‑p‑w I‑n-«‑n-b \‑m-e‑p-hÀ-j-a‑m-W‑v I-S-¶‑p-t‑]‑m-b-X‑v.
I-g‑n-ª-hÀ-j‑w k‑z-hÀ-K-h‑n-h‑m-l-¯‑n-\‑v \‑n-b-a-
{‑]‑m-_-e‑y‑w \Â-I‑n-b B-Z‑y G-j‑y³ c‑m-P‑y-a‑m-b‑n
X‑-b‑v--h‑m³ a‑m-d‑n-b-X‑v k‑m-b‑n-b‑p-s‑S \-b-h‑n-P-b-
a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. c‑m-P‑y‑w ]‑m-c-¼-t‑c‑y-X-c D‑uÀ-P-
t‑{‑k‑m-X-Ê‑p-I-f‑n-t‑e-¡‑v a‑m-d‑n-b-X‑n-s‑â `‑m-K-a‑m-b‑n
s‑s‑h-Z‑y-X‑n Z‑uÀ-e-`‑y-a‑p-ï‑m-b-X‑m-b‑n h‑n-aÀ-i-\-a‑p-
bÀ-¶‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. s‑X‑m-g‑n-e‑m-f‑n-IÄ-¡‑v c-ï‑p-Z‑n-h-k‑w
A-h-[‑n \Â-I‑n-b-X‑v h-g‑n D-X‑v-]‑m-Z-\‑w I‑p-d-b‑m³
I‑m-c-W-a‑m-s‑b-¶‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p a-s‑ä‑m-c‑m-t‑c‑m-]-W‑w.
a‑n-\‑n-a‑w t‑h-X-\‑w‑, \‑n-t‑£-]‑w‑, H‑m-l-c‑n C-h-b‑n-
s‑e-Ã‑m‑w ]‑p-t‑c‑m-K-X‑n-b‑p-ï‑m-s‑b-¦‑n-e‑p‑w I-g‑n-ª
`-c-W-s‑¯-¡‑mÄ I-b-ä‑p-a-X‑n I‑p-d-ª‑p-s‑h-¶‑m-
b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p X‑n-c-s‑ª-S‑p-¸‑n k‑m-b‑v--s‑¡-X‑n-c‑m-b‑n
D-bÀ-¶ B-t‑£-]-§-f‑n-s‑e‑m-¶‑v. C-e-I‑v--t‑{‑S‑m-W‑n-
I‑v h‑y-h-k‑m-b-¯‑n t‑e‑m-I-¯‑nÂ-¯-s‑¶ a‑p³-
\‑n-c-b‑n \‑nÂ-¡‑p-¶ C-h‑n-S-s‑¯ 40 i-X-a‑m-\‑w
I-b-ä‑p-a-X‑n-b‑p‑w s‑s‑N-\-b‑n-t‑e-¡‑m-W‑v.
{‑]-X‑n-a‑m-k t‑h-X-\‑w t‑\-c‑n-b-t‑X‑m-X‑n D-bÀ-
¶‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. F-¶‑m C-X‑v G-j‑y-b‑n-s‑e C-t‑X
h-e‑p-¸-a‑p-Å a-ä‑v c‑m-P‑y-§-f‑n-e‑p-Å-X‑n-t‑\-¡‑mÄ
I‑p-d-h‑p-a‑m-W‑v. `-h-\-\‑nÀ-a‑m-W‑w‑, i‑n-i‑p-þ-h-t‑b‑m-P-\
k‑w-c-£-W‑w F-¶‑n-h-b‑n k‑m-b‑v {‑]-t‑X‑y-I
{‑i-²-]‑p-eÀ-¯‑n-b-X‑m-b‑n I‑m-W‑m-h‑p-¶-X‑m-W‑v.
F-¶‑m h-k‑v-X‑p C-S-]‑m-S‑n \‑n-I‑p-X‑n N‑p-a-¯‑p-
¶-X‑n a-S‑n I‑m-W‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-s‑h-¶ h‑n-aÀ-i-\-
a‑p-ï‑v.
\‑n-e-h‑n c‑m-P‑y-¯‑n-s‑â k‑m-¼-¯‑n-I-
Ø‑n-X‑n-b‑n B-i-¦-s‑¸-S‑m-s‑\‑m-¶‑p-a‑n-Ã‑m-¯
Ø‑n-X‑n-b‑m-W‑v. s‑s‑N-\-b‑n-t‑e-¡‑v I‑p-S‑n-t‑b-d‑n-b
സായ് ഇങ് വെൻ
1956þÂ X‑m-b‑v--s‑]-b‑n-s‑e t‑P‑m-M‑v-j‑m-\‑nÂ
P-\‑n-¨‑p. A-ѳ I-¨-h-S-¡‑m-c-\‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p.
\‑m-j-WÂ X-b‑v--h‑m³ b‑q-W‑n-t‑h-g‑v--k‑n-ä‑n-
b‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v \‑n-b-a-_‑n-c‑p-Z-h‑p‑w t‑I‑m-s‑aÂ
b‑q-W‑n-t‑h-g‑v--k‑n-ä‑n t‑e‑m k‑v--I‑q-f‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v
FÂ.FÂ.F-½‑p‑w t‑\-S‑n. e-ï³ k-‑v-I‑qÄ
H‑m-^‑v C-¡-t‑W‑m-a‑n-I‑v--k‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v t‑U‑m-Î-t‑d-ä‑v
e-`‑n-¨‑p. k‑q-N‑u b‑q-W‑n-t‑h-
g‑v--k‑n-ä‑n‑, \‑m-j-WÂ s‑N-
M‑v-N‑n b‑q-W‑n-t‑h-g‑v--k‑n-ä‑n
F-¶‑n-h‑n-S-§-f‑nÂ
\‑n-b-a‑m-[‑y‑m-]‑n-I-b‑m-
b‑n. s‑^-bÀ t‑{‑S-U‑v
I-½‑n-j³‑, t‑I‑m-¸‑n-
s‑s‑d-ä‑v I-½‑n-j³
F-¶‑n-h-b‑nÂ
A‑w-K-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p.
\‑m-j-WÂ s‑k-I‑y‑q-
c‑n-ä‑n I‑u¬-k‑n D-]-
t‑Z-i-I-b‑m-b‑p‑w {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-
¨‑p. 2004þÂ s‑U-t‑a‑m-{‑I‑m-ä‑n-I‑v t‑{‑]‑m-{‑K-k‑o-h‑v
]‑mÀ-«‑n-b‑n t‑NÀ-¶‑p. A-t‑X-hÀ-j‑w b‑p-h‑m³
s‑e-P‑n-t‑É-ä‑o-h‑v A‑w-K-a‑m-b‑n X‑n-c-s‑ª-S‑p-¡-
s‑¸-«‑p. 2016þÂ {‑]-k‑n-Uâ‑v X‑n-c-s‑ª-S‑p-¸‑nÂ
a-Õ-c‑n-¨‑p h‑n-P-b‑n-¨‑p. 2020þÂ c-ï‑m-a-X‑p‑w
{‑]-k‑n-Uâ‑m-b‑n X‑n-c-s‑ª-S‑p-¡-s‑¸-«‑p.
X‑b‑v--h‑m-\‑n-s‑e I-¼-\‑n-I-s‑f-Ã‑m‑w b‑p.F-k‑v-þ-s‑s‑N-\
h‑y‑m-]‑m-c-b‑p-²-s‑¯-¯‑p-SÀ-¶‑v X‑n-c‑n-¨‑v a‑m-X‑r-c‑m-P‑y-t‑¯-
s‑¡-¯‑n-b‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. I-g‑n-ª hÀ-j‑w h‑y-h-k‑m-b-§Ä-¡‑v
kÀ-¡‑mÀ {‑]-J‑y‑m-]‑n-¨ k-l‑m-b-h‑p‑w C‑u a-S-§‑n-h-c-h‑n-\‑v
I‑m-c-W-a‑m-b‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. C-X‑v B-`‑y-´-c D-X‑v-]‑m-Z-\-hÀ-[-\-h‑n-
\‑p‑w s‑X‑m-g‑n-e-h-k-c‑w s‑a-¨-s‑¸-S‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑p‑w I‑m-c-W-a‑m-I‑p‑w.
s‑s‑N-\-b‑p-ï‑m-¡‑p-¶ k‑m-¼-¯‑n-I k-½À-Z-§-s‑f a-d‑n-I-S-
¡‑m³ C-X‑v c‑m-P‑y-s‑¯ k-l‑m-b‑n-¡‑p‑w.
c‑m-P‑y-¯‑n-s‑â k‑m-¼-¯‑n-I‑m-h-Ø-b‑n A-k-´‑p-e‑n-X-
X‑z‑w \‑n-e-\‑nÂ-¡‑p-¶‑p-s‑h-¶-X‑m-W‑v kÀ-¡‑mÀ t‑\-c‑n-S‑p-¶
a-s‑ä‑m-c‑p h‑n-aÀ-i‑w. X‑-b‑v--h‑m-s‑â h-S-¡³ `‑m-K-§Ä k-¼-
¶-a‑m-W‑v. k‑m-t‑¦-X‑n-I-h‑n-Z‑y-b‑p‑w k‑m-¼-¯‑n-I-t‑k-h-\-§Ä
\Â-I‑p-¶ Ø‑m-]-\-§-f‑p-s‑S k‑m-¶‑n-[‑y-h‑p-a‑m-W‑v C-X‑n-\‑v
I‑m-c-W‑w. F-¶‑m I‑r-j‑n-b‑p‑w L-\-h‑y-h-h-k‑m-b-§-
f‑p‑w I‑q-S‑p-X-e‑p-Å s‑X-¡³ t‑a-J-e-b‑p-s‑S Ø‑n-X‑n A-{‑X
s‑a-¨-a-Ã. s‑X‑m-g‑n-e‑n-Ã‑m-b‑v-a \‑n-c-¡‑v I‑p-d-h‑m-s‑W-¦‑n-e‑p‑w
a-[‑y-hÀ-K-¯‑n-s‑â i-¼-f‑w t‑h-ï-{‑X D-b-c‑m-s‑X k‑v-X‑w-`‑n-
¨‑p-\‑nÂ-¡‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v. H-c‑p `‑m-K-¯‑v X‑b‑v--h‑m-s‑\ A-[‑o-\-
X-b‑n-e‑m-¡‑m³ s‑s‑N-\ \-S-¯‑p-¶ k-½À-Z‑w; a-d‑p-h-i-¯‑v
P-\-§-f‑p-s‑S {‑]-X‑o-£-b‑v-s‑¡‑m-¯‑v \-S-¸‑m-t‑¡-ï k‑m-¼-
¯‑n-I-þ-k‑m-a‑q-l‑n-I ]-c‑n-j‑v-I-c-W-§Ä; ]‑p-X‑n-b {‑]-k‑n-
Uâ‑n-\‑v A-S‑p-¯ \‑m-e‑p-hÀ-j‑w s‑h-Ã‑p-h‑n-f‑n-IÄ \‑n-d-ª-
X‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p‑w.
മാർച്ച്‌2020
55
 INFINITY S. RAMKUMAR
SCIENTIFIC BREAKTHROUGH
ഒടുവിൽ പ്ലാനെറ്ററി
സൂപ്പർ കംപ്യൂട്ടർ
പരിഹരിച്ചു
42-ന്റെ പ്രശ്‌നം
F -´‑m-W‑v 42þ-s‑â {‑]-i‑v-\‑w? AXdn-b-W-sa-¦nÂ
65 hÀ-j‑w ]-g-¡-a‑p-Å a-s‑ä‑m-c‑p t‑N‑m-Z‑y-s‑¯-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑v
A-d‑n-b-W‑w. 100þ X‑m-s‑g-b‑p-Å F-®Â-k‑w-J‑y-I-s‑f
G-s‑X-¦‑n-e‑p‑w a‑q-¶‑v k‑w-J‑y-I-f‑p-s‑S I‑y‑q-_‑n-s‑â X‑p-
I-b‑m-b‑n F-g‑p-X‑m³ ]-ä‑p-t‑a‑m F-¶‑v 1954þÂ K-W‑n-X-
ÚÀ-¡‑p-a‑p³-]‑n-t‑e-¡‑v H-c‑p {‑]-i‑v-\-s‑a-¯‑n. A-X‑m-b-X‑v
k F-¶-X‑v 100þ X‑m-s‑g-b‑p-Å H-c‑p F-®Â k‑w-J‑y-
b‑m-s‑W-¦‑n A-X‑n-s‑\ k= x3+y3+z3 F-¶‑v F-g‑p-X‑m³
ആൻൂ സുതർലൻഡ്‌
56 മാതൃഭൂമിജികെ&കറന്റ്അഫയേഴ്‌സ്‌
k‑m-[‑n-¡-W‑w.
]-X‑n-ä‑m-ï‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S {‑]-b-X‑v-\-¯‑n G-s‑d-¡‑p-s‑d
F-Ã‑m k‑w-J‑y-I-f-p‑w a‑q-¶‑v k‑w-J‑y-I-f‑p-s‑S I‑y‑q-_‑n-s‑â
X‑p-I-b‑m-b‑n F-g‑p-X‑m³ ]-ä‑p-s‑a-¶‑v s‑X-f‑n-b‑n-¡-s‑¸-«‑p.
2000þ-¯‑n l‑mÀ-h‑m-U‑v b‑q-W‑n-t‑h-g‑v-k‑n-ä‑n-b‑n-s‑e K-W‑n-
X-i‑m-k‑v-{‑X-Ú³ t‑\‑m‑w FÂ-I‑n-k‑v AÂ-s‑K‑m-c‑n-X‑w
X-¿‑m-d‑m-¡‑n. ]-t‑£‑, c-ï‑v k‑w-J‑y-IÄ ]-c‑n-l‑m-c-a‑n-Ã‑m-
s‑X I‑n-S-¶‑p. 33‑, 42 F-¶‑n-h.
2019þ-e‑m-W‑v b‑p.s‑Ib‑n-s‑e {‑_‑n-ÌÄ b‑q-W‑n-t‑h-g‑v-
-k‑n-ä‑n-b‑n-s‑e B³-{‑U‑q _‑p-¡-d‑n-s‑â c‑w-K-{‑]-t‑h-i‑w.
\-¼À-s‑s‑^ F-¶ {‑]-i-k‑v-X-a‑m-b K-W‑n-X-i‑m-k‑v-{‑X
]-c‑n-]‑m-S‑n-b‑n-e‑q-s‑S-b‑m-W‑v A-t‑±-l‑w 33þ-s‑â-b‑p‑w 42þ-s‑â-
b‑p‑w {‑]-i‑v-\‑w A-d‑n-ª-X‑v. I‑p-t‑d K-t‑h-j-W-§Ä-s‑¡‑m-
S‑p-h‑n ‘Three Cubes’þ-\‑v A-t‑±-l‑w
]‑p-X‑n-s‑b‑m-c‑p AÂ-s‑K‑m-c‑n-X‑w X-¿‑m-d‑m-
¡‑n. b‑q-W‑n-t‑h-g‑v-k‑n-ä‑n-b‑n-s‑e A-X‑y‑m-
[‑p-\‑n-I k‑q-¸À-I‑w-]‑y‑q-«-d‑n-e‑q-s‑S
AÂ-s‑K‑m-c‑n-X‑w ]-c‑o-£‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w
a‑q-¶‑m-g‑v-N-s‑I‑m-ï‑v A-t‑±-l‑w 33þ-s‑\
a‑q-¶‑v L-\-§-f‑m-¡‑n X‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w
s‑N-b‑v-X‑p. A-t‑¸‑m-g‑p‑w 42 t‑N‑m-Z‑y-N‑n-
Ó-a‑m-b‑n X‑p-SÀ-¶‑p.
_‑p-¡À X-s‑â k-l-{‑]-hÀ-¯-I-
\‑m-b B³-{‑U‑‑q k‑p-XÀ-e³-U‑n-s‑â
I‑q-s‑S-¡‑q-S‑n C-t‑¸‑mÄ 42þ-s‑\-b‑p‑w
L-\-§-f‑m-¡‑n ]‑n-c‑n-¨‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p.
¹‑m-s‑\-ä-d‑n k‑q-¸À I‑w-]‑y‑q-«-d‑n-s‑â
k-l‑m-b-t‑¯‑m-s‑S-b‑m-W‑v A-hÀ B
s‑N-d‑n-b t‑N‑m-Z‑y-¯‑n-s‑â h-e‑n-b D-¯-
c‑w I-s‑ï-¯‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v.
42 F-¶‑m -80538738812075974‑,
80435758145817515, 12602123297335631 F-¶‑o
k‑w-J‑y-I-f‑p-s‑S I‑y‑q-_‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S X‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v! A-X‑m-b-X‑v
42 = (-80538738812075974)3 +
(80435758145817515)3 + (12602123297335631)3
Z-i-e-£‑w a-W‑n-¡‑q-d‑n-s‑â ]-c‑n-{‑i-a-¯‑n-e‑q-s‑S D-¯-
c‑w I-s‑ï-¯‑n-¡-g‑n-ª-t‑¸‑mÄ _‑p-¡À ]-d-ª‑p:
""C-t‑¸‑mÄ F-\‑n-¡‑v h-e‑n-b B-i‑z‑m-k‑w t‑X‑m-¶‑p-¶‑p.‑''
ആൻഡ്രൂ ബുക്കർ
The Foodie VANDANA VISWANATHAN
വെറും നൂലല്ല;
‘ന്യൂ’ഡിൽസ്
s‑s‑N -\ F-¶‑v- t‑IÄ-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ a-\-Ê‑n-t‑e-¡‑v
H‑m-S‑n-s‑b-¯‑p-¶-X‑v F-s‑´-Ã‑m-a‑m-W‑v? h³-a-X‑n-e‑p‑w I-a‑y‑q-
W‑n-k-h‑p‑w s‑S-I‑v-t‑\‑m-f-P‑n-b‑p‑w I‑q-s‑S \-Ã H-¶‑m-´-c‑w
\‑y‑q-U‑nÂ-k‑p‑w. \-½-‑p-s‑S X‑o³-t‑a-i-b‑n-s‑e-¯‑p-¶ C‑u
\‑y‑q-U‑nÂ-k‑n-\‑v k-l-{‑k‑m-Ð-§-f‑p-s‑S ]-g-¡-a‑p-s‑ï-¶‑v
]-d-ª‑m h‑n-i‑z-k‑n-¡‑m-\‑m-I‑p-t‑a‑m? h‑n-i‑z-k‑n-t‑¨- a-X‑n-
b‑m-I‑q. _‑n.k‑n.C. c-ï‑m‑w-\‑q-ä‑m-ï‑n P‑o-h‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶
s‑s‑N-\‑o-k‑v I-h‑n j‑q j‑o X-s‑â "H‑m-U‑v S‑p _‑n-M‑v'
F-¶ I-h‑n-X-b‑n \‑y‑q-U‑nÂ-k‑n-s‑\-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑v \-S-¯‑n-b
]-c‑m-aÀ-i‑w-X-s‑¶ A-X‑n-\‑p-Z‑m-l-c-W‑w. _‑n.k‑n.C. 206
a‑p-XÂ k‑n.C. 220 I‑m-e-L-«‑w-h-s‑c s‑s‑N-\ `-c‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶
l‑m³ c‑m-P-h‑w-i-¯‑n-s‑â I‑m-e-¯‑m-W‑v \‑y‑q-U‑nÂ-k‑v
{‑]-N‑m-c-¯‑n h-¶-s‑X-¶‑m-W‑v N-c‑n-{‑X‑w. ]‑n-¶‑o-S‑v A-d-
_‑v‑, b‑q-t‑d‑m-¸‑v-, A-t‑a-c‑n-¡³-c‑m-P‑y-§-f‑n-t‑e-¡‑v \‑y‑q-
U‑nÂ-k‑v t‑N-t‑¡-d‑n. s‑s‑N-\‑o-k‑v h‑n-`-h-s‑a-¶-X‑n-e‑p-]-c‑n‑,
B-t‑K‑m-f-`-£-W-a‑m-b‑n \‑y‑q-U‑nÂ-k‑v h-fÀ-¶-X‑v h-f-s‑c
s‑]-s‑«-¶‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p.
\‑y‑q-U‑nÂ-k‑v t‑e‑m-I-{‑i-² ]‑n-S‑n-¨‑p-]-ä‑n-b-t‑X‑m-s‑S
A-X‑n-s‑â D-S-a-Ø-X-b‑p-s‑S I‑m-c‑y-¯‑n-e‑p‑w XÀ-¡-§Ä
s‑I‑m-S‑p-¼‑n-c‑n-s‑¡‑m-ï‑p. \‑nÀ-a‑m-W-¯‑n-e‑p‑w I‑m-g‑v-N-b‑n-e‑p‑w
k‑m-a‑y-a‑p-Å ]‑m-k‑v-X-b‑p-s‑S P-·-t‑Z-i‑w C-ä-e‑n-b‑m-b-X‑p-
s‑I‑m-ï‑v, \‑y‑q-U‑nÂ-k‑n-s‑â D-Z‑v-`-h-h‑p‑w A-h‑n-s‑S-b‑m-W‑v
F-¶‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p {‑]-[‑m-\ XÀ-¡‑w. I‑q-S‑m-s‑X C-{‑S‑n-b‑w
F-¶ t‑]-c‑n \‑y‑q-U‑nÂ-k‑n-\‑v k-a‑m-\-a‑m-b `-£‑y-h-k‑v-
X‑p P-d‑p-k-t‑e-a‑n \‑n-e-\‑n-¶‑n-c‑p-¶-X‑p‑w XÀ-¡-¯‑n-\‑v
B-¡‑w-I‑q-«‑n. 2005þÂ s‑s‑N-\-b‑n-s‑e s‑e-b‑v-P-s‑b-¶
]‑p-c‑m-h-k‑v-X‑p-t‑I-{‑µ-¯‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v 4‑,000 hÀ-j‑w ]-g-¡-
a‑p-Å \‑y‑q-U‑nÂ-k‑v A-S-§‑n-b ]‑m-{‑X-§Ä I-s‑ï-¯‑n.
A-t‑X‑m-s‑S XÀ-¡-§-f‑p‑w A-S-§‑n.
s‑s‑N-\-b‑n I‑r-j‑n-s‑N-b‑v-X‑n-c‑p-¶ {‑]-t‑X‑y-I-X-c‑w
[‑m-\‑y-a‑p-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨‑m-W‑v ]-ï‑v \‑y‑q-U‑nÂ-k‑v \‑nÀ-a‑n-¨‑n-
c‑p-¶-X‑v. X‑m³ c‑m-P-h‑w-i-¯‑n-s‑â h-c-t‑h‑m-s‑S-b‑m-W‑v
t‑K‑m-X-¼‑v- D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑p-Å \‑y‑q-U‑nÂ-k‑v s‑s‑N-
\-b‑n {‑]-N‑m-c-¯‑n-e‑m-b-X‑v. t‑K‑m-X-t‑¼‑m a-ä‑v [‑m-\‑y-§-
t‑f‑m D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨‑v I-\‑w-I‑p-d-ª‑v \‑q-e‑n-s‑â c‑q-]-¯‑nÂ
\‑nÀ-a‑n-¡‑p-¶ C‑u `-£‑y-h‑n-`-h-¯‑n-s‑â B-Z‑y-c‑q-]‑w
C-§-s‑\-s‑b‑m-¶‑p-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑n-Ã. a‑m-h‑n-s‑â s‑N-d‑p-I-j-W-
§Ä X‑n-f-¨ s‑h-Å-¯‑n-e‑n-«‑v A-X‑n k‑z‑m-Z‑n-\‑m-b‑p-Å
t‑N-c‑p-h-IÄ t‑NÀ-¯‑m-W‑v C-X‑p-ï‑m-¡‑n-b‑n-c‑p-¶-X‑v. a‑n-
b‑m³ ]‑n-b‑m³ F-¶-t‑]-c‑n C-¶‑p‑w s‑s‑N-\-b‑n C-X‑v
{‑]-k‑n-²-a‑m-W‑v. P‑m-¸-\‑o-k‑v, s‑I‑m-d‑n-b³‑, ^‑n-e‑n-¸‑o-t‑\‑m‑,
h‑n-b-ä‑v-\‑m-a‑o-k‑v F-¶‑n-§-s‑\ ]-e \‑y‑q-U‑nÂ-k‑v s‑h-s‑s‑d-
ä‑n-IÄ D-s‑ï-¦‑n-e‑p‑w a‑p-¶‑n \‑nÂ-¡‑p-¶-X‑v s‑s‑N-\‑o-k‑v
\‑y‑q-U‑nÂ-k‑v- X-s‑¶.
\-½‑p-s‑S C-S‑n-b-¸-h‑p‑w s‑hÀ-a‑n-k-e‑n-b‑p-s‑a-Ã‑m‑w A-I-
¶ _-Ô‑p-¡-f‑m-b‑n h-c‑p-s‑a-¦‑n-e‑p‑w X‑n-f-¨ s‑h-Å-¯‑nÂ
a‑p-«-b‑p‑w a-k‑m-e-b‑p-s‑a-Ã‑m‑w t‑NÀ-¯‑v t‑h-h‑n-¡‑p-¶
\‑y‑q-U‑nÂ-k‑n-s‑â c‑p-N‑n-s‑¡‑m-¸‑w \‑nÂ-¡‑m³ a-s‑ä‑m-
¶‑n-\‑p‑w B-I‑n-s‑Ã-¶‑m-W‑v `-£-W-{‑]‑n-b-c‑p-s‑S ]-£‑w.
C-´‑y-b‑n \‑y‑q-U‑nÂ-k‑v H-c‑p {‑_‑m³-U‑m-b‑n- a‑m-d‑n-b-X‑v
1982þÂ s‑\-k‑v-s‑e a‑m-K‑n \‑y‑q-U‑nÂ-k‑v A-h-X-c‑n-¸‑n-¨-
t‑X‑m-s‑S-b‑m-W‑v. B c‑p-N‑n-b‑p-s‑S N‑p-h-S‑p-]‑n-S‑n-¨‑v s‑N-d‑n-b
X-«‑p-I-S-IÄ-t‑]‑m-e‑p‑w \‑y‑q-U‑nÂ-k‑v "k‑u-l‑r-Z‑'a‑m-b‑n.
C-¶‑n-t‑¸‑mÄ t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-s‑e s‑N-d‑p-{‑K‑m-a-§-f‑n-e‑p‑w I‑p-
«‑n-IÄ \‑y‑q-U‑nÂ-k‑n-\‑m-b‑n h‑m-i‑n-]‑n-S‑n-¨‑v I-c-ª‑p-s‑I‑m-
ï‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p.
മാർച്ച്‌2020
57
INFOGRAPHICS Info: VAISAKH
Graphics: SREELAL

t‑em‑ I- ¯- n‑ s - e‑ CâÀ-s\ ‑ ä- v‑
c-ïm‑ a - s- ¯‑ D-]t- b‑ m‑ K
- ¯- n‑ Â
h-en‑ b
- s‑Se - n‑ t- I‑ m‑ w‑ t‑em‑ I
- ¯
- n‑ Â - c-ïm‑ w‑ -
h‑n]
- W - n‑ - Ø‑m\ - w

117.58 ഇന്ത്യയിലെ
ക�ോടി
h-cn‑ ¡
- m‑ À* ടെലിക�ോം 98%
\-Kc
{‑Km‑ a
- h-cn‑ ¡
- o‑ W
- m‑ À: 66.59 t‑Im‑ S- n‑
- h-cn‑ ¡- m‑ À: 50.98t‑Im‑ S- n‑ വിപണി h-bÀ-se
h-cn‑ ¡
‑ k- v‑
- m‑ À
88.90%
s‑Se
- n‑ t- ^
‑ m‑ ¬
66.13
k‑m{- µ ‑ X
- ക�ോടി
ടെലിഫ�ോൺ സാന്ദ്രത
t‑{_
‑ m‑ U
- v‑_
- m‑ ³-Uv‑
kÀ-¡‑nÄ/ k‑w-Ø‑m-\ A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\-¯‑n ‑) h-cn‑ ¡
- m‑ À

_‑n-l‑mÀ 59.28%
D-¯À-{‑]-t‑Z-i‑v 66.14%
a-[‑y-{‑]-t‑Z-i‑v 69.37%
A-k‑w 70.38% ഇന്ത്യൻ ടെലിക�ോം
H-U‑n-j 76.55%
P-½‑p I-i‑v-a‑oÀ 77.45% മേഖലയിലെ
h-S-¡‑p-I‑n-g-¡‑v 84.39% വിദേശനിക്ഷേപം
]-Ý‑n-a _‑w-K‑mÄ 84.27% (എഫ്.ഡി.ഐ.)
c‑m-P-Ø‑m³ 86.19%
B-{‑Ô‑m-{‑]-t‑Z-i‑v 97.58% hÀ-j‑w t‑I‑m-S‑n
c‑q-]-b‑nÂ
l-c‑n-b‑m-W 97.50% 2015þ16 8‑,637
K‑p-P-d‑m-¯‑v 103.97% 2016þ17 37‑,435
a-l‑m-c‑m-{‑ã 106.33% 2017þ18 39‑,748
IÀ-W‑m-S-I 108.61% 2018þ19 18,337
X-a‑n-g‑v-\‑m-S‑v 116.17%
]-©‑m-_‑v 124.35%
t‑I-c-fw 124.69%
l‑n-a‑m-NÂ {‑]-t‑Z-i‑v 148.81%
UÂ-l‑n 238.06%
B-s‑I 88.90%

58 മാതൃഭൂമിജികെ&കറന്റ്അഫയേഴ്‌സ്‌
വയർലെസ് വരിക്കാർ വയർലൈൻ വരിക്കാർ
സേവനദാതാക്കളുടെ അടിസ്ഥാനത്തിൽ
B-sI
‑ : 115.45 t‑Im‑ S- n‑

d‑ne
- b
- ³-kv‑ Pntbm d‑ne
- b
- ³-kv‑ I-ay‑ q‑ .
4.81% 2.70%
s‑hm‑ U
- m‑ t- ^
‑ m‑ ¬
S‑mä- s‑Se
- n‑ .
{‑Km‑ a
- w‑ : 8.49%
s‑FU
1.83%
- n‑ b
-
I‑zm‑ {- U
‑ â‑v
(Quadrant)

50.72
t‑Im‑ S- n‑ 64.73
\-Kc
- w‑ :
F‑w.S‑n.F³.FÂ.
0.95%
t‑Im‑ S- n‑ 14.78%

`‑mc
- X
- n‑ s‑]m‑ X
- p‑ t- a
‑ J
- e
-
F-bÂ-sS‑ Â 60.98%
വയർലെസ് 20.24%
സേവനദാതാക്കളുടെ അടിസ്ഥാനത്തിൽ
_‑n.F-kv‑.
F³.FÂ.
k‑zI
- m‑ c
- y‑ t- a
‑ J
- e
-
s‑]m‑ X
- p‑ t- a
‑ J
- e
- 46.21% 39.02%
10.49%
k‑zI - m‑ c- y‑
t- a
‑ J- e-
89.51%
ബ്രോഡ്ബാൻഡ് വരിക്കാർ
സേവനദാതാക്കളുടെ അടിസ്ഥാനത്തിൽ

d‑n-e-b³-k‑v P‑n-t‑b‑m 32.04% d‑n-e-b³-k‑v P‑n-t‑b‑m 56.07%

`‑m-c-X‑n F-bÀ-s‑SÂ 28.35%
s‑h‑m-U‑m-t‑^‑m¬ s‑F-U‑n-b 29.12%
_‑n.F-k‑v.F³.FÂ. 10.19%
F‑w.S‑n.F³.FÂ. 0.29%
d‑n-e-b³-k‑v I-a‑y‑q. 0.001%
`‑m-c-X‑n F-bÂ-s‑SÂ 21.16%
s‑h‑m-U‑m-t‑^‑m¬ s‑F-U‑n-b 18.13%
_‑n.F-k‑v.F³.FÂ. 3.41%
F-{‑S‑n-b I¬-s‑hÀ-P³-k‑v 0.23%
a-ä‑p-Å-h 1.01%

Source: TRAI, The Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT)
*2019 \hw-_À 30 h-sc
‑ b
- p‑ Å
- I-W¡
- p‑ I
- Ä {‑]I
- m‑ c
- w‑

മാർച്ച്‌2020
59

ARTICLES
Read the following:
1. The man in white cloth is a pastor.
2. A man came here asking for you.
3. It is raining and I want an umbrella to go out.
What do the italicized words (the, a & an) indicate?
They show how the nouns before which they appear
are used in the sentences. For example, the in sentence 1
specifies the noun man - he is a pastor; a in sentence 2 does
not specify the man who came asking for you - his identity
is not definite. Similarly, in sentence 3, the speaker wants
one umbrella. He does not say what type of umbrella he
wants; it can be of any type - any umbrella or one umbrella
will do. So, the italicised words (the, a/an) show how the
nouns before them are used. They are labelled as articles,
one of the several types of determiners. Some of the other
types of determiners are: possessive determiners (my,
our, your, their, his, her & its); quantifiers (some, many,
several, few, a few, a little, etc.); cardinal numbers (one,
two, three, etc.); distributive determiners (each, any,
either, neither); interrogative determiners (which, what);
and demonstrative determiners (this, that, these, those).
ARTICLES:
Articles are of two types: (i) Definite Article (the), and (ii)
Indefinite Article (a/an)
(i) Definite Article (The)
(A). Examine the following:
Sun gives us heat and light.
It is an incorrect sentence. Why? There is the omission of
the before ‘Sun’. We should always say,
The Sun gives us heat and light.
Similarly, The Moon shines by night. (not Moon shines …)
When a noun indicates that it is only one of its kind, the
definite article (the) should invariably be used before
it. The specifies what is peculiar about the sun. The is,
therefore, called Definite Article.
More examples:
The Chief Minister is leaving for New Delhi this evening.
The *Minister of Health visited the victims of the virus
attack.
[*Always say, Minister of Health, not Minister for
Health. Similarly, Minister of Education; Minister of
Finance]
In certain situations, a noun will denote one thing of
its kind at a particular place. In such cases also we use the:
an airport, for example. In most places there will be only
60 മാതൃഭൂമിജികെ&കറന്റ്അഫയേഴ്‌സ്‌
Dr N. Gangadharan Nair
one airport. Therefore, we say,
I went to the airport to receive my uncle.
Here both the speaker and the listener know which
airport it is. Similarly,
In the park I met an old schoolmate of mine.
I went to the school to meet the Headmaster.
(B). Read the following:
1. Ramayana is a great epic.
2. Pacific Ocean is the largest Ocean in the world.
3. Himalayas are the highest mountain ranges in the
world.
4. Titanic sank in Atlantic Ocean in 1912.
5. Syndicate bank has been merged with Canara Bank.
Each of them is wrong because no definite article has
been used before the name of (1) an epic, (2) an ocean, (3)
mountain ranges, (4) a ship, (5) a bank.
We always say,
the Koran, the Bible, the Ramayana, the Iliad, the Odyssey,
the Mahabharata, the Vishnupurana, the Arabian Sea,
the Mediterranean Sea, the Indian Ocean, the Atlantic
Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, the Amazon, the Nile, the
Sahara, the Black Forests, the Alps, the Himalayas.
The names of holy books, epics, seas, oceans, gulfs,
rivers, deserts, forests, mountain ranges, trains, ships,
hotels, restaurants, cinemas, theatres, banks, etc., should
always be preceded by the. But, we do not use the if the
name of the author forms part of the name of an epic:
Valmik’s Ramayana, Homer’s Iliad, Vyasa’s Mahabharata
(not the Valmiki Ramayana, the Homer’s Iliad, etc.)
Though the is used before the names of mountain
systems, it is avoided before the names of single
mountains. So, we say, Everest is the highest mountain in
the world. (not the Everest).
Similarly, if the name of a person or place comes before
the name of an establishment, a bank, a hotel, a theatre,
etc., we avoid the:
Lloyd Bank, Nedungadi Bank, Bajaj Motors
(C). Examine the following:
1. University of London is one of the oldest universities
in the world.
2. The Mahatma Gandhi University is situated at
Kottayam.
In sentence1, there is the omission of the definite article
(the) before ‘University’; and in 2, the definite article is
used before the name of the university which begins with
a person’s name. Both the sentences are wrong. While
writing the names of universities, care should be taken not
to omit the definite article if the word University precedes
the name of the university:
the University of Cambridge, the University of Kerala,
the University of Madras
But, if the name of the university begins with a place
name or a person’s name, the should be avoided:
Kerala University, Mahatma Gandhi University, Oxford
University, Stanford University a structure, the is repeated and is indispensable in both
(D). Look at the following:
The India is a large country in the Asia.
The International Court of Justice is in Hague.
It is wrong to say ‘The India’, ‘Hague’. Why? The names
of countries do not need the before them. We say, Sri
Lanka, Myanmar, India, China, etc. But we say:
the Sudan, the Netherlands, the Philippines, the Punjab,
the Crimea, the Transvaal, the Hague, the Congo.
Also, if the name of a country suggests that it is made up of
a few states, or words like Federal, Republic, United, Sultanate,
Kingdom, etc. appear before them, we should not omit the:
the Republic of South Africa, the United States of
America, the West Indies, the East Indies, the Maldives.
(E). Read the following:
Benoy is smartest boy in the class.
Niranjana is only child of her parents.
In the first, the absence of the before the superlative
(smartest) makes it a wrong sentence, and in the second
also there is an omission of the before ‘only’, which makes
it an incorrect sentence.
While using the superlative of an adjective, or the
adjective only, we should use the. Hence we say:
Benoy is the smartest boy in the class.
Niranjana is the only child of her parents.
(F). Examine the following:
He usually goes to the office by the bus.
I am leaving for Delhi by the air.
Both of them refer to some general mode of conveyance
(bus, air/aeroplane). We should avoid using the when we
refer to the general mode of conveyance like car, bus,
train, plane, etc.
He usually goes to the office by bus. (not by the bus)
(G). Read the following:
Titus is smarter of the two sons of Mr. Daniel.
We have to use the before the comparative degree of an
adjective or an adverb to compare two persons or things.
So we should say,
Titus is the smarter of the two sons of Daniel.
Of the two girls, the younger one is more intelligent.
(H). Examine the following:
The God is the most merciful.
Krishna is a Hindu God, and Durga is a Goddess.
We do not use the before the word ‘God’ when the
reference is to the Supreme Being worshipped in
monotheistic religions.
I believe in God. (not the God)
But we say, a god, a goddess, the gods, the goddess
etc., when the reference is to the divine beings
worshipped in polytheistic religions:
Krishna is a Hindu god; Durga is a goddess.
(I). Read the following:
Earlier you leave, sooner you reach the station.
The above has the more, the more structure. In such
clauses. So, we say,
The earlier you leave, the sooner you reach the station.
The more you work, the more you earn.
(J). Read the following:
Smoking is injurious to the health.
The copper is a good conductor of electricity.
As a rule, we do not use the definite article before an
abstract noun and a material noun; but we use it when we
want to specify the noun:
Smoking is injurious to health. (not the health)
The health of the migrant workers is a cause of concern സ
for the government. മാ
Copper is a good conductor of electricity. (not the
copper) ധാ
The copper in the cable is of poor quality. ആ
(K). Note the following: എ
Often we hear fine statements like,
The rich must help the poor. തി
The blind and the lame require our sympathy. മു
The rich means rich people; the poor means poor people; നി
the blind means blind people; and the dumb means
dumb people. Thus, when the is used before certain പി
adjectives, we get the plural sense.
The bold and the beautiful rule the world.
(L). Read the following:
The mother is busy in the kitchen.
The father is a voracious reader.
We need not use the before words like father and
mother when we refer to our own parents. We should
therefore say,
Mother is busy in the kitchen.
Father is a voracious reader.
സ
Both father and mother are fond of visiting holy places. മാ
We can use the possessive adjective my or our before ധ
‘mother’ and ‘father’.
My/Our mother is busy in the kitchen.
ആ
My/Our father is a voracious reader. എ
But if it is someone else’s parents, we can say, the ത
mother, the father, etc.
Similarly, the definite article is omitted before man and
മു
woman when they are used to represent the species: ന
Man is the most imaginative of animals. (not the man) പ
Woman is the heart of a family. (not the woman)
We do not use the before work, but we use it before office.
He goes to work at 8 in the morning.
മാർച്ച്‌2020
61
 Scoring Points
FOR CIVIL SERVICES MAIN EXAMINATION
9 Pillars of Digital India
To obtain maximum
marks in descriptive
type written exam, your
answer should contain
all the main points. In
the evaluation process,
marks are given to
the vital points. Mark
scoring points for
important questions are
given below. First, study
them and then expand it
in your own language.
1. Discuss the effects
of globalisation on
Indian society.
$ Widening disparities
due to LPG
(Liberalization,
Privatisation and
Globalisation).
$ Income and wealth
inequality-Wealth
concentration and
Poverty level.
$ Rise of the
consumerist culture.
$ ICT (Information
& communication
technology) and the
Digital divide.
$ Impact on women
and employment of
women.
$ Impact on family,
Marriage and kinship
ties.
$ Urbanization and
migration.
$ Commercialization
of indigenous
knowledge.
$ Impact on education.
2. Explain the economic
impact of British rule.
$ Commercialisation of
Indian agriculture.
62 മാതൃഭൂമിജികെ&കറന്റ്അഫയേഴ്‌സ്‌
S. ARAVIND
$ Rural indebtedness hunting frontier
deprived farmers. $ Disaster and Pollution $ Source of the rivers
$ Decline of handicrafts $ Shifting cultivation $ Fertile soil
and industries. $ Invasion of exotic $ Hydroelectricity
$ The Economic drain species $ Forest wealth
of India. $ Climate change $ Agriculture
$ Ruin of old $ Control of pests and $ Tourism
Zamindars and rise of predators $ Pilgrimage
New landlordism $ Population $ Mineral resources
$ Poverty and famine. growth and over- $ Biodiversity and
$ Development of consumption Vegetation
railway network $ Illegal wildlife trade 8. Which are the 9
$ Transforming trade $ Species extinction pillars of Digital
pattern. 6. What are the India?
3. What are the salient federal and unitary $ Broadband Highways
features of Good features of Indian $ Universal Access to
Governance? constitution? mobile connectivity
$ Participation Federal $ Public Internet Access
$ Consensus-oriented $ Government at two programme
$ Accountability levels $ e-Governance:
$ Transparency $ Division of powers- 3 Reforming
$ Responsiveness lists. Government through
$ Effectiveness and $ Written constitution- technology
efficiency the supremacy of the $ e- Kranti- Electronic
$ Equity and constitution. delivery of services
inclusiveness $ Independent judiciary $ Information for all
$ Rule of law Unitary $ Electronics
$ Strategic vision $ Single citizenship manufacturing
4. Write about the Ten $ Emergency powers $ IT for jobs
biogeographical $ Centre's control over $ Early Harvest
regions of India. states. programmes
$ Trans- Himalayan $ More power vests 9. Write about
region with the centre. Government
$ Himalayan Zone $ Single constitution- institutions and
$ Indian desert zone Unified Judiciary. bodies for vulnerable
$ Semi-arid region $ Loksabha is more sections?
$ Western Ghats powerful than the $ National Commission
$ Deccan plateau Rajya Sabha for Women (NCW)
$ Gangetic plain $ Governor's $ National Commission
$ Coastal areas appointment for Scheduled Castes
$ North East region $ New states formation (NCSC)
$ Indian Islands $ All India services. $ National Commission
7. Why are the for Scheduled Tribes
5. What causes
depletion of Himalayas important (NCST)
biodiversity? to India? $ National Commission
$ Habitat fragmentation $ Climatic influence for Backward Classes
$ Overexploitation and $ Defence-Natural (NCBC)
Scoring Points VAISAKH VARMA

FOR KAS MAIN EXAMINATION

ഫെഡറലിസത്തിന്റെ പ്രാധാന്യം
t‑I-c-f A-U‑v-a‑n-\‑n-k‑v--t‑{‑S-ä‑o-h‑v kÀ-h‑o-k‑v (KAS)
a‑p-J‑y-]-c‑o-£-b‑n a‑n-I-¨ a‑mÀ-¡‑v t‑\-S‑m³ I‑r-X‑y-
a‑m-b B-k‑q-{‑X-W‑w B-h-i‑y-a‑m-W‑v. h‑n-h-c-W‑m-ß-I
t‑N‑m-Z‑y-§Ä-¡‑v D-¯-c‑w X-¿‑m-d‑m-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ B-i-b-
§-f‑m k-¼‑p-ã-a‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡-W‑w. ]-c‑o-£-b‑v-¡‑v a‑mÀ-¡‑v
\‑n-Ý-b‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n {‑]-[‑m-\ L-S-I-a‑m-I‑p-¶-X‑p‑w C-X‑p-
X-s‑¶. P-\-d Ì-U‑o-k‑v t‑]-¸-d‑p-I-f‑n t‑N‑m-Z‑n-¡‑m³
k‑m-[‑y-X-b‑p-Å h‑n-j-b-§-f‑p‑w A-X‑n-\‑v D-¯-c-s‑a-g‑p-
X‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ DÄ-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑m-h‑p-¶ B-i-b-§-f‑p‑w ]-c‑n-
t‑i‑m-[‑n-¡‑m‑w. C‑u B-i-b-§Ä h-k‑v-X‑p-X‑m-]-c-a‑m-b‑n
h‑n-i-Z‑o-I-c‑n-¨‑m a‑n-I-¨ D-¯-c-s‑a-g‑p-X‑m-\‑p‑w D-bÀ-¶
a‑mÀ-¡‑v t‑\-S‑m-\‑p‑w k‑m-[‑n-¡‑p‑w. G-X‑v-- t‑N‑m-Z‑y-¯‑n-\‑v
D-¯-c-s‑a-g‑p-X‑p-t‑¼‑m-g‑p‑w B-\‑p-I‑m-e‑n-I k‑w-`-h-§-f‑p-a‑m-
b‑n _-Ô-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n B-i-b-§Ä h‑n-i-Z‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑m³
{‑i-²‑n-¡‑p-I.
P-\-d Ì-U‑o-k‑v; t‑]-¸À -I
1. H-c‑p `‑m-j a-c‑n-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ H-c‑p k‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c‑w a-c‑n-
¡‑p-¶‑p-s‑h-¶‑v ]-d-b‑p-¶-X‑n-s‑â k‑m‑w-K-X‑y‑w h‑n-i-Z-
a‑m-¡‑p-I.
$ t‑e‑m-I-P-\-k‑w-J‑y-b‑p‑w `‑m-j-I-f‑p-s‑S F-®-h‑p‑w.
$ C-Ã‑m-X‑m-I‑p-¶ `‑m-j-I-f‑p‑w k‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c-§-f‑p‑w.
$ ]‑p-c‑m-X-\ k‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c-§-f‑p‑w `‑m-j-I-f‑p‑w; C‑u-P‑n-]‑v-
X‑v-þs‑s‑l-t‑d‑m-¥‑n-^‑n-I‑v--k‑v, C-´‑y-þ-k‑w-k‑v--I‑r-X‑w.
$ C‑w¥ - o‑ j
- v‑ `‑mj
- b
- p‑ w‑ s‑Im‑ t- f
‑ m‑ W
- n‑ b
- Â k‑wk
- I
v-‑ m‑ c
- h
- p‑ w‑ .
$ `‑m-j-b‑p‑w k‑m-l‑n-X‑y-c-N-\-I-f‑p‑w.
$ `‑m-j-b‑p‑w X-\-X‑p-I-e-I-f‑p‑w (`‑m-j-b‑n-e‑p-Å ]-c‑n-
Ú‑m-\-¡‑p-d-h‑v ]-e X-\-X‑p-I-e-I-f‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w
B-k‑z‑m-Z-I-s‑c I‑p-d-b‑v-¡‑p-¶‑p‑)
$ `‑m-j/ k‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c‑w þ C-´‑y³ k‑m-l-N-c‑y-¯‑nÂ
(k‑w-Ø‑m-\ c‑q-]-h-X‑v--I-c-W‑w‑, l‑n-µ‑n-`‑m-j-b‑p-s‑S
A-{‑]-a‑m-Z‑n-X‑z‑w‑, ¢‑m-k‑n-I‑v `‑m-j-IÄ etc.)
$ k‑m-t‑¦-X‑n-I a‑p-t‑¶-ä-h‑p‑w `‑m-j-b‑p‑w (BÀ-«‑n-^‑n-
j‑y Câ-e‑n-P³-k‑p‑w `‑m-j-b‑p‑w‑, h‑n-h‑n-[ h‑n-
hÀ-¯-\ k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\-§Ä etc.)
$ ]‑u-c‑m-W‑n-I `‑m-j-b‑n-e‑p-Å a-X-{‑K-Ù-§-f‑p‑w A-h-
b‑p-s‑S h‑y‑m-J‑m-\-h‑p‑w h‑n-hÀ-¯-\-§-f‑p‑w (h‑n-h‑m-Z-]-
c‑m-aÀ-i-§Ä H-g‑n-h‑m-¡‑m³ {‑i-²‑n-¡‑p-I‑)
$ a‑m-X‑r-`‑m-j-b‑p-s‑S {‑]‑m-[‑m-\‑y‑w t‑h-ï-{‑X K‑u-c-h-
t‑¯‑m-s‑S ]-c‑n-K-W‑n-¡‑p-¶‑n-Ã (A-¡‑m-Z-a‑n-I-c‑w-K-
¯‑p‑w `-c-W-c‑w-K-¯‑p‑w‑)
$ `‑m-j‑m-]T-\-¯‑n-s‑â {‑]‑m-[‑m-\‑y‑w.
$ a‑m-[‑y-a-§-f‑p‑w `‑m-j‑m-h‑n-I-k-\-h‑p‑w.
P-\-d Ì-U‑o-k‑v; t‑]-¸À --II
2. C-´‑y³ s‑^-U-d-e‑n-k-¯‑n-s‑â {‑]‑m-[‑m-\‑y‑w‑,
]‑p-X‑n-b k‑w-Ø‑m-\-§Ä F-¶ B-h-i‑y-s‑¯
a‑p³-\‑nÀ-¯‑n h‑n-i-Z‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p-I.
$ C-´‑y-b‑n-s‑e \‑n-e-h‑n-s‑e k‑w-Ø‑m-\-§-f‑p‑w k‑w-
Ø‑m-\ c‑q-]-h-X‑v--I-c-W N-c‑n-{‑X-h‑p‑w.
$ C-´‑y³ `-c-W-L-S-\-b‑p‑w k‑w-Ø‑m-\-§-f‑p‑w.
$ A-´À-Ê‑w-Ø‑m-\ _-Ô-§-f‑p‑w t‑I-{‑µ-þ-k‑w-Ø‑m-\
_-Ô-§-f‑p‑w
$ ]‑p-X‑n-b k‑w-Ø‑m-\‑w F-¶ B-h-i‑y-h‑p-a‑m-b‑n c‑w-K-
¯‑p-Å {‑]-t‑Z-i-§Ä‑, D-¶-b‑n-¡‑p-¶ I‑m-c-W‑w.
$ k‑w-Ø‑m-\-§-f‑p‑w {‑]-t‑X‑y-I ]-Z-h‑n-b‑p‑w.
$ {‑]-I‑r-X‑n-h‑n-`-h-§-f‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w \‑n-I‑p-X‑n h-c‑p-a‑m-\-¯‑n-
s‑â-b‑p‑w ]-¦‑p-h-b‑v-¡Â -(k‑w-Ø‑m-\-§Ä X-½‑n-e‑p‑w
k‑w-Ø‑m-\-h‑p‑w t‑I-{‑µ-h‑p-a‑m-b‑p‑w‑)
$ t‑I-{‑µ-`-c-W-{‑]-t‑Z-i-§-f‑p‑w k‑w-Ø‑m-\-§-f‑p‑w.
$ C-´‑y-b‑v-¡‑m-h-i‑y‑w h-e‑n-b k‑w-Ø‑m-\-§-t‑f‑m
s‑N-d‑n-b k‑w-Ø‑m-\-§-t‑f‑m?
$ k‑w-Ø‑m-\-§Ä-¡‑v I‑q-S‑p-X A-[‑n-I‑m-c-§Ä
\Â-t‑I-ï-X‑p-t‑ï‑m? (A-t‑a-c‑n-¡³ a‑m-X‑r-I-b‑nÂ‑)

$ National Commission $ Abolition of India Federation $ Increase in size

for Minorities (NCM) provincial dyarchy with British India of legislatures, an
$ National Commission and introduction of territories and extension of the
for Protection dyarchy at the centre. princely states. franchise, division
of Child Rights $ Abolition of $ Elaborate safeguards of subjects into three
(MCPCR) Indian council and and protective lists and retention
10. What are the salient introduction of an instruments for of the communal
features of the advisory body in its minorities. electorate.
Government of India place. $ Supremacy of British $ Separation of Burma
Act 1935? $ Provision for an all Parliament. from India.

മാർച്ച്‌2020
63
 Scoring Points
FOR KAS EXAMINATION
$ c‑m-{‑ão‑ b - X‑mX - ] v-‑ c
- y‑ §
- f - p‑ w‑ k‑wØ
- m‑ \ - c‑q]- h- X - I --v‑ c
- W
- - $ \‑n-X‑y-P‑o-h‑n-X-h‑p-a‑m-b‑n _-l‑n-c‑m-I‑m-i -K-t‑h-j-W‑w
h‑pw‑ ,‑ {‑]m‑ t- Z‑ i
- n‑ I
- c‑m{- ã ‑ o‑ b
- I - £
- n‑ I
- f
- p‑ s- S‑ k‑zm‑ [
- o‑ \
- w‑ . F-§-s‑\ _-Ô-s‑¸-«‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p (D-]-{‑K-l-§-f‑p-s‑S
$ s‑^-U-d-e‑n-k‑w i-à-a‑m-b a-ä‑p c‑m-{‑ã-§-f‑p-a‑m-b‑p-Å k-l‑m-b-¯‑m {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¡‑p-¶ k‑m-t‑¦-X‑n-I-k‑w-
X‑m-c-X-a‑y‑w. h‑n-[‑m-\-§Ä \‑n-X‑y-P‑o-h‑n-X-¯‑n-e‑p-ï‑m-¡‑n-b a‑m-ä-
§Ä‑).
P-\-d Ì-U‑o-k‑v; t‑]-¸À --III $ C-t‑e‑m¬ a-k‑v--I‑n-s‑â k‑v--t‑]-k‑v F-I‑v--k‑v {‑]-t‑X‑y-I‑w
3. I‑m-e‑m-h-Ø‑m-h‑y-X‑n-b‑m-\‑w `‑o-j-W‑n-b‑m-I‑p-¶ I‑m- ]-c‑m-aÀ-i‑n-¡‑m‑w.
e-¯‑v k‑p-Ø‑n-c-h‑n-I-k-\‑w F-¶ B-i-b-¯‑n-s‑â $ s‑F.F-k‑v.BÀ.H.b‑p-s‑S h‑m-W‑n-P‑y-i‑m-J-IÄ; B³-
{‑]‑m-[‑m-\‑y‑w h‑n-i-Z-a‑m-¡‑p-I. {‑S‑n-I‑v--k‑v t‑I‑mÀ-¸-t‑d-j³‑, \‑y‑q k‑v--t‑]-k‑v C-´‑y e‑n-a‑n-
$ F-´‑m-W‑v I‑m-e‑m-h-Ø‑m-h‑y-X‑n-b‑m-\‑w ä-U‑v.
$ t‑e‑m-I‑w t‑\-c‑n-S‑p-¶ I‑m-e‑m-h-Ø‑m `‑o-j-W‑n-IÄ. $ H‑m-t‑c‑m hÀ-j-h‑p‑w C-´‑y-b‑p‑w a-ä‑p t‑e‑m-I-c‑m-{‑ã-§-
$ C-´‑y‑, {‑]-t‑X‑y-I‑n-¨‑v, t‑I-c-f‑w t‑\-c‑n-S‑p-¶ I‑m-e‑m-h- f‑p‑w _-l‑n-c‑m-I‑m-i K-t‑h-j-W-¯‑n-\‑m-b‑n s‑N-e-h-g‑n-
Ø‑m `‑o-j-W‑n-IÄ (a‑p³-hÀ-j-§-f‑n-s‑e {‑]-f-b-s‑¯ ¡‑p-¶ X‑p-I.
t‑I-{‑µ‑o-I-c‑n-¨‑v h‑n-i-Z‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑m‑w‑) $ A-k‑v--t‑{‑S‑m-_-t‑b‑m-f-P‑n-b‑p‑w _-l‑n-c‑m-I‑m-i K-t‑h-j-
$ h‑yh - k- m‑ b - h- X - I v-‑ c - W - h - p‑ w‑ I‑me - m‑ h - Ø- m‑ h - y‑ X- n‑ b
- m‑ \
- h
- p‑ w‑ W-h‑p‑w.
$ P-\-k‑w-J‑y‑m-s‑¸-c‑p-¸‑w I‑m-e‑m-h-Ø-s‑b _‑m-[‑n-¡‑p- $ _-l‑n-c‑m-I‑m-i K-t‑h-j-W-§Ä-¡‑m-b‑n s‑N-e-h-g‑n-
¶‑p-t‑ï‑m? ¡‑p-¶ `‑o-a-a‑m-b X‑p-I F-Ã‑m h‑n-`‑m-K‑w P-\-§Ä-
$ I‑m-e‑m-h-Ø‑m-h‑y-X‑n-b‑m-\-h‑p-a‑m-b‑n _-Ô-s‑¸-« ¡‑p‑w {‑]-t‑b‑m-P-\-s‑¸-S‑p-¶‑p-t‑ï‑m?
A-´‑m-c‑m-{‑ã I-c‑m-d‑p-IÄ‑, k‑w-L-S-\-IÄ‑, h‑y-à‑n- $ ]-cy‑ t- h ‑ £- W - §- Ä _-ln‑ c - m‑ I
- m‑ i
- ¯
- p‑ ï
- m‑ ¡
- p‑ ¶
- a‑m-
IÄ (s‑{‑K-ä X‑y‑p³-t‑_-s‑b \‑nÀ-_-Ô-a‑m-b‑p‑w ]-c‑m- e‑n\ - y‑ {- ]
‑ i- \
-v‑ §- f- p‑ w‑ A-Xp‑ b
- À-¯p‑ ¶ - `‑oj - W
- n‑ I
- f- p‑ w‑ .
aÀ-i‑n-¡-W‑w‑). $ _-l‑n-c‑m-I‑m-i S‑q-d‑n-k‑w; ]-²-X‑n-IÄ‑, ]‑p-t‑c‑m-K-X‑n-
$ h‑ml - \ - s - ¸‑ c- p‑ ¸- h - p‑ w‑ \-Kc - h - X
- I
v-‑ c - W - h - p‑ w‑ k‑rã - n‑ ¡
- p‑ ¶- IÄ‑, k‑m-[‑y-X-IÄ.
A-´c - o‑ £- a - e - n‑ \ - o‑ I- c- W- w‑ ,‑ i-Ða - e- n‑ \
- o‑ I- c- W- w‑
$ a‑m-e‑n-\‑y-\‑nÀ-a‑mÀ-P-\‑w F-¶ s‑h-Ã‑p-h‑n-f‑n; ¹‑m-Ì‑n-I‑v P-\-d Ì-U‑o-k‑v; t‑]-¸À --III
t‑]‑m-s‑e-b‑p-Å-h I-¯‑n-¡‑p-t‑¼‑m-g‑p‑w a-ä‑p-a‑p-ï‑m-I‑p-¶ 5. C-´‑y³ k-¼-Z‑v--h‑y-h-Ø-b‑n I‑r-j‑n-¡‑v F-{‑X
{‑]-X‑y‑m-L‑m-X-§Ä. {‑]‑m-[‑m-\‑y-a‑p-ï‑v? AÀ-l‑n-¡‑p-¶ {‑]‑m-[‑m-\‑y‑w
$ B-t‑K‑m-f-X‑m-]-\‑w‑, H‑m-t‑k‑m¬ ]‑m-f‑n-b‑n-s‑e h‑n-ÅÂ‑, A-X‑n-\‑v e-`‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-s‑ï-¶‑v \‑n-§Ä I-c‑p-X‑p-¶‑p-
FÂ-\‑n-t‑\‑m‑, N-{‑I-h‑m-X-§Ä‑, {‑]-f-b‑w‑, `‑q-I-¼‑w‑, t‑ï‑m?
k‑p-\‑m-a‑n X‑p-S-§‑n A-S‑p-¯-I‑m-e-¯‑p-ï‑m-b {‑]-I‑r- $ k-¼-Z‑v--h‑y-h-Ø-b‑p‑w P‑n.U‑n.]‑n.b‑p‑w (I‑mÀ-j‑n-I-c‑w-
X‑n-t‑£‑m-`-§-s‑f h‑n-i-Z‑o-I-c‑n-¡-W‑w. K‑w‑, h‑y-h-k‑m-b-c‑w-K‑w‑, t‑k-h-\-c‑w-K‑w‑)
$ h-\-\-i‑o-I-c-W‑w (B-a-t‑k‑m¬‑, H‑m-k‑v--t‑{‑S-e‑n-b $ I‑r-j‑n-¡‑v-- {‑]‑m-[‑m-\‑y‑w \Â-I‑p-¶ t‑e‑m-I-c‑m-{‑ã-§Ä
F-¶‑n-h‑n-S-§-f‑n-s‑e I‑m-«‑p-X‑o ]-c‑m-aÀ-i‑n-¡-W‑w‑)‑, i‑p- (P‑n.U‑n.]‑n. A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\-¯‑nÂ‑); B c‑m-{‑ã-§-f‑p-s‑S
²-P-e-¯‑n-s‑â I‑p-d-h‑v F-¶‑n-h-b‑p‑w I‑m-e‑m-h-Ø‑m- h‑n-I-k-\ \‑n-e-h‑m-c‑w.
h‑y-X‑n-b‑m-\-h‑p‑w. $ C-´‑y³ k-¼-Z‑v--h‑y-h-Ø-b‑n-s‑e I‑mÀ-j‑n-I-t‑a-J-e-
$ kÀ-¡‑mÀ-X-e-¯‑n C-´‑y‑, {‑]-t‑X‑y-I‑n-¨‑v, t‑I-c-f‑w b‑p-s‑S k‑w-`‑m-h-\.
I‑m-e‑m-h-Ø‑m-h‑y-X‑n-b‑m-\-s‑¯ t‑\-c‑n-S‑m³ k‑z‑o-I-c‑n- $ t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-s‑â I‑mÀ-j‑n-I-c‑w-K-s‑¯ {‑]-X‑o-£-I-f‑p‑w
¡‑p-¶‑, k‑z‑o-I-c‑n-t‑¡-ï a‑p³-I-c‑p-X-e‑p-IÄ. s‑h-Ã‑p-h‑n-f‑n-I-f‑p‑w.
$ F-´‑m-W‑v k‑p-Ø‑n-c-h‑n-I-k-\‑w; k‑m-[‑y-X-IÄ. $ {‑]I- r‑ X
- n‑ t- £
‑ m‑ `- §
- f
- p‑ w‑ I‑rj
- n‑ b
- p‑ w‑ þ- k-¼Z- h
--v‑ y‑ h
- Ø
- b
- p‑ w‑
$ I‑m-e‑m-h-Ø‑m-h‑y-X‑n-b‑m-\-s‑¯ s‑N-d‑p-¡‑p-¶‑, {‑]-I‑r- $ I‑mÀ-j‑n-I h‑n-¹-h-§-f‑p‑w P-\‑n-X-I-a‑m-ä‑w h-c‑p-¯‑n-b
X‑n-s‑b A-a‑n-X-a‑m-b‑n N‑q-j-W‑w s‑N-¿‑m-¯‑, {‑]-I‑r- h‑n-f-I-f‑p‑w.
X‑n-Z-¯ h‑n-I-k-\ k-¦-e‑v-]-§-f‑p-s‑S B-h-i‑y-I-X. $ I‑mÀ-j‑n-I D-X‑v-]-¶-§-f‑p-s‑S I-b-ä‑p-a-X‑n-b‑p‑w C-d-¡‑p-
a-X‑n-b‑p‑w.
$ I‑mÀ-j‑n-I-t‑a-J-e-b‑n k‑r-ã‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-¶ s‑X‑m-g‑n-e‑p-
P-\-d Ì-U‑o-k‑v; t‑]-¸À --II I-f‑p‑w s‑X‑m-g‑nÂ-k‑p-c-£-b‑p‑w (C-´‑y-b‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w t‑I-
4. _-l‑n-c‑m-I‑m-i ]-c‑y-t‑h-£-W-§Ä c‑m-P‑y-¯‑n-\‑v c-f-¯‑n-s‑â-b‑p‑w k‑m-l-N-c‑y-¯‑n h‑n-i-Z‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑m‑w;
k‑m-¼-¯‑n-I _‑m-[‑y-X-b‑m-s‑W-¶‑v I-c‑p-X‑p-¶‑p- A-´‑m-c‑m-{‑ã I-c‑m-d‑p-I-f‑p‑w ]-c‑m-aÀ-i‑n-¡‑m‑w‑)
t‑ï‑m? I‑m-c-W-k-l‑n-X‑w h‑n-i-Z‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p-I. $ I‑mÀ-j‑n-I-t‑a-J-e-b‑v-¡‑m-b‑n {‑]-t‑X‑y-I ]-²-X‑n-IÄ
$ _-l‑n-c‑m-I‑m-i K-t‑h-j-W-N-c‑n-{‑X‑w t‑I-{‑µ-þ-k‑w-Ø‑m-\ kÀ-¡‑m-c‑p-IÄ B-h‑n-j‑v-I-c‑n-t‑¡-
$ C-´‑y-b‑p‑w _-l‑n-c‑m-I‑m-i K-t‑h-j-W-h‑p‑w; {‑]-[‑m-\ ï-X‑n-s‑â B-h-i‑y-I-X.
h‑y-à‑n-IÄ; {‑]-[‑m-\ Z‑u-X‑y-§Ä. $ `-£‑y-k‑p-c-£‑, t‑]‑m-j-I‑m-l‑m-c-¡‑p-d-h‑v, Z‑m-c‑n-{‑Z‑y‑w‑,
$ h‑n-h‑n-[ c‑m-P‑y-§-f‑p‑w _-l‑n-c‑m-I‑m-i K-t‑h-j-W IÀ-j-I‑m-ß-l-X‑y‑, P-e-£‑m-a-h‑p‑w I‑m-e‑m-h-Ø‑m-h‑y-
Ø‑m-]-\-§fpw; {‑]-[‑m-\ h‑y-à‑n-IÄ; {‑]-[‑m-\ Z‑u- X‑n-b‑m-\-h‑p‑w I‑r-j‑n-b‑p‑w.
X‑y-§Ä. $ B-[‑p-\‑n-I I‑r-j‑n-c‑o-X‑n-I-f‑p‑w I‑o-S-\‑m-i‑n-\‑n-I-f‑p‑w.
$ t‑e‑m-I-s‑¯ a‑m-ä‑n-a-d‑n-¨ {‑]-[‑m-\ _-l‑n-c‑m-I‑m-i-Z‑u-
X‑y-§Ä.

64 മാതൃഭൂമിജികെ&കറന്റ്അഫയേഴ്‌സ്‌
ഖരാക്ഷരങ്ങൾ സന്തോഷ് ഉത്രാടൻ
മലയാളഭാഷയുടെ വർത്തമാനം

പേർഷ്യൻ ‘സർക്കാർ’
ഫ്രഞ്ച് ‘കഫേ’
` -c-W-\‑nÀ-h-l-W‑w P-\-§-f‑p-s‑S `‑m-j-b‑nÂ-¯-s‑¶ \‑n-X‑y-]-c‑n-N‑n-X-a‑m-b _-µ‑p‑w lÀ-¯‑m-e‑p‑w [À-W-b‑p-
B-b‑n-c‑n-¡-W‑w. P-\‑m-[‑n-]-X‑y‑w AÀ-Y-]‑qÀ-W-a‑m-I‑p-¶- s‑a‑m-s‑¡ l‑n-µ‑n-]-Z-§-f‑m-W‑v. `-c-W-`‑m-j ]‑qÀ-W-a‑m-b‑p‑w
X‑n-\‑p‑w A-d‑n-b‑m-\‑p-Å A-h-I‑m-i‑w k‑w-c-£‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n- a-e-b‑m-f-a‑m-¡‑p-t‑¼‑m-g‑p‑w C‑u ]-Z-§Ä C-t‑X-]-S‑n X‑p-S-
\‑p‑w A-X‑v A-\‑n-h‑m-c‑y-a‑m-W‑v. t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-s‑e `-c-W-`‑m-j c‑p-I X-s‑¶-t‑h-W‑w. `-c-W-\‑nÀ-h-l-W‑w P-\-§-f‑p-s‑S
(H‑u-t‑K‑y‑m-K‑n-I-`‑m-j‑) ]‑qÀ-W-a‑m-b‑n a-e-b‑m-f-¯‑n-e‑m-¡‑m- `‑m-j-b‑n-e‑m-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ A-hÀ-¡‑v \‑n-X‑y-]-c‑n-N‑n-X-a‑m-b
\‑p-Å \-S-]-S‑n-IÄ ]‑p-t‑c‑m-K-a‑n-¨‑p-h-c‑p-I-b‑m-W‑v. s‑N-¡‑v, I‑w-]‑y‑q-«À‑, e‑m³-U‑v-t‑^‑m¬ a‑p-X-e‑m-b-]-Z-§Ä
`‑m-j-b‑v-¡‑v ]-e h‑y-h-l‑m-c-a‑p-ï‑v. k‑w-`‑m-j-W-`‑m-j A-t‑X-]-S‑n X‑p-SÀ-t‑¶ a-X‑n-b‑m-h‑q.
k‑m-a‑m-\‑y-h‑y-h-l‑m-c-a‑m-W‑v. k‑m-l‑n-X‑y-`‑m-j-b‑p‑w `-c-W-
`‑m-j-b‑p-s‑a‑m-s‑¡ h‑n-t‑i-j-h‑y-h-l‑m-c-§-Ä. k‑w-`‑m-j-
]dªp-]-gInb ]-c-I‑o-b-]-Z-§Ä-
$ ]‑m-e‑n þ N‑p-¦‑w
W-`‑m-j-b‑n-s‑e {‑]‑m-t‑Z-i‑n-I-`‑m-j‑m-t‑`-Z-§Ä `-c-W-`‑m-
$ a-d‑m-¯‑n þ _‑n-\‑m-a‑n‑, X-]‑mÂ.
j-b‑n D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑m³ ]‑m-S‑n-Ã. `-c-W-`‑m-j-b‑nÂ
$ k‑w-k‑v--I‑r-X‑w þ I‑m-c‑y‑m-e-b‑w‑, D-t‑Z‑y‑m-K‑w‑, D-]-t‑c‑m-[‑w‑,
\‑n-b-X-a‑m-b AÀ-Y-a‑p-Å ]-Z-§Ä a‑m-{‑X-t‑a D-]-t‑b‑m-
P‑o-h-\-¡‑m-c³‑, t‑h-X-\‑w‑, i-¼-f‑w‑, A-h-[‑n‑, B-[‑m-
K‑n-¡‑m-h‑q. `-c-W-`‑m-j-b‑n H-c‑p ]-Z-¯‑n-\‑p‑w C-Ã‑m-¯
c‑w‑, A-h-I‑m-i‑w‑, h‑m-S-I‑, \‑n-b-a‑w
AÀ-Y‑w IÂ-]‑n-¡-c‑p-X‑v. F-¶‑m k‑m-l‑n-X‑y-`‑m-j-b‑n-
$ t‑]À-j‑y³ þ kÀ-Z‑mÀ‑, k‑p-a‑mÀ‑, i-c‑m-i-c‑n‑, i‑n-]‑m-b‑n‑,
e‑p‑w k‑w-k‑m-c-`‑m-j-b‑n-e‑p‑w A-X‑n-\‑v- k‑z‑m-X-{‑´‑y-a‑p-ï‑v.
i‑n-]‑mÀ-i‑, K‑p-a-k‑v-X³‑, J-P‑m³-P‑n‑, I‑m-t‑\-j‑p-a‑m-c‑n,
B-N‑m-c-`‑m-j-b‑p‑w B-e-¦‑m-c‑n-I-`‑m-j-b‑p‑w h‑y‑w-K‑y-`‑m-j-
A-_‑v-I‑m-c‑n
b‑p-s‑a‑m-¶‑p‑w `-c-W-`‑m-j-b‑p-s‑S `‑m-K-a‑m-¡-c‑p-X‑v. `-c-W-
$ l‑n-µ‑n þ I-t‑¨-c‑n‑, e‑m-¯‑n‑, s‑s‑]-k‑, _-¯‑, I-½‑n‑,
`‑m-j k‑m-t‑¦-X‑n-I-a‑m-W‑v. k‑m-t‑¦-X‑n-I-]-Z-§Ä k‑m-t‑¦-
]-«-b‑w‑, e‑m-h-W‑w
X‑n-I-a‑m-b‑n-¯-s‑¶ A-X‑n D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡-W‑w.
$ A-d-_‑n þ A-\‑m-a-¯‑v, A-Z‑m-e-¯‑v, lÀ-P‑n‑, J-P-\‑m-
`-c-W-`‑m-j ]‑qÀ-W-a‑m-b‑p‑w a-e-b‑m-f-¯‑n-e‑m-¡‑m³
h‑v‑, J-P‑m³-P‑n‑, _-ZÂ‑, X-k‑v-X‑n-I‑, I-¯‑v, P‑m-a‑y‑w‑,
C-t‑¸‑mÄ a-e-b‑m-f-¯‑n D-]-t‑b‑m-K-¯‑n-e‑p-Å ]-c-`‑m-
X‑m-e‑q-¡‑v, X-l-k‑oÂ-Z‑mÀ‑, a‑p³-k‑n-¸‑v, a-l-kÀ‑,
j‑m-]-Z-§-s‑f-Ã‑m‑w D-t‑]-£‑n-¡-W-s‑a-¶‑v I-c‑p-X-c‑p-X‑v.
P‑m-a‑y‑w‑, P-]‑v-X‑n‑, a-c‑m-a-¯‑v, c‑m-P‑n‑, h-¡‑oÂ‑, h-¡‑m-
G-X‑p `‑m-j-b‑n-t‑e-X‑m-s‑W-¶‑p-t‑]‑m-e‑p‑w A-d‑n-b‑m-¯‑,
e-¯‑v, X‑m-¡‑o-X‑v, \-¡Â‑, d‑m-¡‑v, d-±‑v, X‑m-c‑n-¸‑v, l‑m-
C-X-c-`‑m-j-I-f‑n-s‑e A-t‑\-I‑w ]-Z-§Ä \‑m‑w D-]-t‑b‑m-
PÀ‑, \‑n-I‑p-X‑n
K‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. X-Z‑v-`-h-a‑m-b‑p‑w X-Õ-a-a‑m-b‑p‑w k‑z‑o-I-c‑n-¨
$ e-¯‑o³ þ ]‑m-¸À‑, t‑]‑m-Ì‑p-t‑a‑mÀ-«‑w
A-h-s‑b `-c-W-`‑m-j-b‑n A-t‑X-]-S‑n \‑n-e-\‑nÀ-¯‑n-t‑b
$ t‑]‑mÀ-¨‑p-K‑o-k‑v þ A-e-a‑m-c‑, I-t‑k-c‑, t‑a-i‑, I-S-e‑m-
a-X‑n-b‑m-h‑q.
k‑v‑, N‑m-¡‑v, t‑]-\‑, h-c‑m-´‑, t‑e-e‑w
t‑I-c-f-kÀ-¡‑mÀ F-¶-X‑n-s‑e t‑I-c-f C‑w-¥‑o-j‑p‑w
$ C‑w-¥‑o-j‑v þ I‑m-_‑n-\-ä‑v, a‑n-\‑n-ÌÀ‑, H‑m-^‑o-k‑v, H‑m-^‑o-
kÀ-¡‑mÀ t‑]À-j‑y³ ]-Z-h‑p-a‑m-W‑v. s‑k-{‑I-«-d‑n-b‑p‑w s‑k-
kÀ‑, ^-bÂ‑, c-P‑n-ÌÀ‑, S‑m-K‑v, ^‑v-f‑m-K‑v, t‑\‑m-«‑o-k‑v,
{‑I-t‑«-d‑n-b-ä‑p‑w C‑w-¥‑o-j‑m-W-t‑Ã‑m. P‑n-Ã‑m ]-©‑m-b-¯‑v
K-k-ä‑v, _‑m-¦‑v, d‑m-e‑n‑, _‑p-¡‑v, s‑N-bÀ-a‑m³‑, B-Î‑v,
F-¶-X‑n-s‑e P‑n-Ã A-d-_‑n-b‑p‑w ]-©‑m-b-¯‑v l‑n-µ‑n-b‑p-
d‑qÄ‑, A-¸‑oÂ‑, d‑n-h‑y‑q‑, t‑I‑m-d‑w‑, A-P³-U, t‑_‑m-
a‑m-W‑v. I‑p-S‑p-_-{‑i‑o I-t‑^-b‑n-s‑e I-t‑^ {‑^-©‑v ]-Z-a‑m-
W-k‑v, t‑U‑m-ÎÀ‑, t‑I-UÀ‑, U‑n-h‑n-j³‑, s‑s‑{‑U-hÀ‑,
W‑v. k‑q-¸À U‑o-e-I‑v-k‑v _-k‑n-s‑e U‑o-e-I‑v-k‑v {‑^-©‑p‑w
s‑s‑^³‑, t‑]-¸À
a-ä‑v c-ï‑p-]-Z-h‑p‑w C‑w-¥‑o-j‑p-a‑m-W‑v. a-e-b‑m-f‑n-IÄ-¡‑v

മാർച്ച്‌2020
65

UGC net exam orientation
PEOPLE, DEVELOPMENT &
ENVIRONMENT
Natural and Energy Resources
Natural resources: Resources that are found in
nature and on which human interventions are not
included are called natural ones. These include
water, air, solar energy, wind energy, tidal energy,
forest, biomass, fossil fuels, soil, biological species
etc.
Biotic and Abiotic resources: Biotic resources
include one that is obtained from living sources.
It includes forest, fossil fuels, biomass etc. Abiotic
resources are those we get from non living
materials. Eg: Air, Water, Soil, Solar energy, Wind
energy etc.
Renewable resources: Resources which can be
renewed, replaced or inexhaustible are said to be
renewable. These include sunlight, air, water, tidal,
wind etc. India intends to raise the renewable
energy by 100 GW capacity in 2020 and a target of
175 GW by 2022 which will account to 18.9% of
the entire power consumption. And this target was
increased from 175 GW to 227 GW recently. Tamil
Nadu has the maximum renewable capacity. As per
2018 reports, maximum electricity was produced
in India from thermal power plants with coal as
the source which contribute up to 57.27% and
about 13.2% was from large hydroelectric power
plants.
Solar energy: It is one of the major renewable
resources. Solar panels having photovoltaic cell
converts sunlight to usable form of solar energy.
66 മാതൃഭൂമിജികെ&കറന്റ്അഫയേഴ്‌സ്‌
Dr. S. SREEDEVI CHERUKULAM
India's largest grid connected solar roof top plant is
established in Amritsar, Punjab. The solar installed
capacity of India was 33.73 GW in 2019. Gujarat
is the leading producer of solar energy followed
by Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh. India target to
produce 100 GW of solar power by 2022 which is
slightly increased to 113 GW and 40 GW of it will
be from rooftop solar panels.
Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission
It was launched in 2010 and it target to produce
20,000 MW of grid connected solar power by 2022.
17 solar parks are approved in India which will
produce around 12,759 MW of solar energy to ensure
establishment of green corridor. World's second
largest solar park in the world is at Kurnool, Andhra
Pradesh with a capacity of 1000 MW.
National Institute of Solar Energy (NISE)
It is the apex national institution on solar energy.
It has its head quarters in Gurgaon, Haryana. The
headquarters of International Solar Alliance (ISA)
was set in the campus of NISE as a result of Paris
conference in 2015 with 122 countries as its members
located between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of
Capricorn.
Wind energy: Indian government intends to produce
60 GW from wind by the year 2022 and it is now
increased to 66 GW. India is the fourth largest
installed wind capacity in the world with a capacity
of 35.288 GW as on 2018. In India, Tamil Nadu has
 the largest wind installation capacity. A National
Offshore Wind Energy Authority (NOWA) will be
constituted which will act as the nodal agency for
offshore wind projects in the country.
Biomass: It is the living matter or its residues which
includes agricultural, forest residues, sewage,
garbage etc. Biomass can be used in electricity
generation or to produce heat for domestic and
industrial sector. The production cost is less hence
it is a cheaper and reliable source of energy. In
India, a total of 4,449 MW has been installed
under bio energy. India target to produce 10 GW
of renewable energy from biomass.
Forests: India ranks 10th in the world with 24.4%
of land under forest cover. But for a sustainable
ecosystem to be established India require 33% of
forest canopy.
Hydroelectric power: Presently up to 25 MW of
energy is produced from small hydro power
projects. India is the 7th largest producer of
hydroelectric power in the world. India targets to
produce 5 GW from small hydropower by 2022.
Nuclear power: India ranks 12th position in nuclear
power generation capacity. There are 7 nuclear
power plants in India. Narora atomic power station
in Uttar Pradesh, Kota in Rajasthan, Tarapur in
Maharashtra, Kaiga in Karnataka, Koodankulam
and Kalpakkam in Tamil Nadu.
Renewable energy
Advantages Disadvantages
Low operating cost Not very efficient in 60% of mammals, birds, reptiles, plants etc which
producing energy in a
large scale
No harm to the They are noisy in nature
environment due to low
carbon emission
Sun, wind, ocean energy Expensive to initially
etc. are available in build
abundant and are free
Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency
(IREDA)
It is a Government of India Enterprise under the
administration of Ministry of New and Renewable
Energy (MNRE). It provides financial support to
establish specific projects for generating energy
through renewable resources.
Non-renewable resources: Resources which
cannot be replaced within a time period are termed
as non-renewable. For example fossil fuels, biological
species etc. Fossil fuels include petroleum, coal,
natural gas etc. whose formation takes millions of
years. The biological species are categorised into
vulnerable, endangered, critically endangered
and extinct by IUCN (International Union for
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources) and
listed in Red data book maintained by them.
Non-renewable Resources
Advantages Disadvantages
Easy to use Will run out
Very effective in nature They are threatening to
the environment
Produce a lot of energy Take millions of years
in short time for its formation
Biodiversity and its Conservation
Our earth has a great biodiversity of flora and
fauna. Human consumption, population explosion,
climate change and pollution have greatly affected
biodiversity.
Hot spots: Biodiversity rich areas which are facing
threats from human invasion are called Hot spots.
These are geographical regions which are rich in
endemic, rare and threatened species. The term
'Hot spot' was given by Norman Myers in 1988.
Conservation of these hot spots will help us to
have a sustainable ecosystem. There are about 35
hot spots around the world harbouring more than
are mostly endemic in nature. Amazon rain forest
has the richest biodiversity in the world. In India,
there are four hotspots, they are the Himalayas,
Indo-Burman, Sundaland of Nicobar Islands and
Western Ghats.
Western Ghats (Sahyadri): It is a mountain range
that runs parallel to the western coast of Indian
Peninsula for about 1600 km from Gujarat to
Tamil Nadu in the south. In 2012, UNESCO Man
and Biosphere programme has included it as a
protected world heritage site. The highest peak
in western ghats is Anamudi in Kerala with an
elevation of 2695 m.
Himalayas: It is the youngest fold mountain in the
world which separates Indian subcontinent from
the Tibetan plateau. There is a wide variety of
endemic flora and fauna like Himalayan Thar,
Snow Leopard, Red Panda and various medicinal
plants etc.
Conservation of Biodiversity
It involves protection and preservation of
biodiversity and its effective management for future
generation without allowing it to degrade.
മാർച്ച്‌2020
67
 In-situ and Ex-situ Conservation MCQs
1. India target for power production from small hydro
In-situ conservation Ex-situ conservation projects by the year 2022:
(a) 1 GW (b) 5 GW
Conservation in its Conservation outside (c)10 GW (d) 15 GW
natural habitat their natural habitat (January-2017)
2. As part of National Climate Change policy, India
Less expensive Construction of protect- is planning to raise the installed capacity of
ing areas are required renewable energy by the year 2022 to:
Protects without any Efficient for conducting (a) 250 GW (b) 350 GW
human intervention various research (c) 175 GW (d) 200 GW
(December-2015)
National park, Wildlife Seed bank, Zoo, 3. The natural gas mainly consist of:
sanctuaries, Biosphere Botanical Garden (a) Butane (b) Methane
reserves (c) Propane (d) Ethane
4. The minimum speed of wind necessary for the
Biosphere Reserves satisfactory working of a wind generator to
These are terrestrial and coastal ecosystems which produce electricity is:
are internationally recognized under UNESCO’s Man (a) 15 km/h (b) 25 km/h
and Biosphere programme. There are 18 biosphere (c) 35 km/h (d) 45 km/h
reserves in India and it protects a larger area of habitat 5. Which of the following is not a renewable natural
which may include one or more National parks. The resource?
first biosphere reserve was established in 1986 known (a) Clean air (b) Fertile soil
as Nilgiri biosphere reserve. (c) Fresh water (d) Salt
(June -2012)
BIOSPHERE RESERVE
6. Which of the following combinations represent
1 Great Rann of Gujarat renewable natural resources?
Kutch (a) Oil, forests and tides
(b) Fertile soil, fresh water and natural gas
2 Gulf of Mannar Tamil Nadu
(c) Clean air, phosphates and biological diversity
3 Sunderbans West Bengal (d) Fishes, fertile soil and fresh water (June- 2015)
7. The percentage share of electrical power from solar
4 Cold desert Himachal Pradesh energy in the total electric power generation from
5 Nanda Devi Uttarakhand all renewable energy sources sought to be achieved
by Indian government by 2022:
6 Dihang Dibang-Arunachal (a) -57.1% (b) -65.5%
Pradesh (c) -47.5% (d) -75%
7 Pachmarhi Madhya Pradesh (August-2016)
8. The biosphere reserve that has been recognised as
8 Seshachalam hills Andhra Pradesh UNESCO’s world heritage site in 2018:
(a) Nanda devi national park
9 Simlipal Odisha
(b) Keibul Lamjao
10 Achanakmar Amarkantak-Madhya (c) Khangchenzonga (d) Silent valley
Pradesh, Chattisgarh 9. First biosphere in India:
(a) Nilgiri biosphere reserve (b) Gulf of Mannar
11 Manas Assam
(c) Sunderbans (d) Panna
12 Khangchendzonga Sikkim 10. The target set by Indian government for
generating power from wind energy by the year
13 Agasthyamalai Kerala, Tamil Nadu 2022 is:
14 Great Nicobar Andaman and Nicobar (a) 60 GW (b) 50 GW
(c) 40 GW (d) 15 GW
15 Nokrek Meghalaya (June-2019)
16 Dibru-Saikhowa Assam
17 Panna Madhya Pradesh Answers:
18 Nilgiri Kerala, Tamil Nadu, 1.(b), 2.(c), 3.(b), 4.(a), 5.(d), 6.(d), 7.(d), 8. (c), 9.(a),
Karnataka 10.(a)

68 മാതൃഭൂമിജികെ&കറന്റ്അഫയേഴ്‌സ്‌
FREAKISH QUESTIONS
പി.എസ്.സി. ചില പരീക്ഷകളിൽ ച�ോദിക്കുകയും ഉദ്യോഗാർത്ഥികളെ വലയ്ക്കുകയും
HARSHAN

ചെയ്ത ച�ോദ്യോത്തരങ്ങളിലൂടെ...

ക�ോംഗ�ോ നദി
ഒഴുകുന്ന വഴി
1. k‑n-aâ‑v B-Z‑y-a‑m-b‑n \‑nÀ-a‑n-¨-X‑v G-X‑v-- c‑m-P‑y-¯‑m-W‑v? t‑_-¡-s‑s‑e-ä‑v
C‑w-¥-ï‑v 14. "t‑I‑m-i‑m-Ø‑n-¡‑q-S‑w‑'F-¶-d‑n-b-s‑¸-S‑p-¶-X‑v F-´‑v?
2. hÀ-¡-e X‑p-c-¸‑v K-X‑m-K-X-¯‑n-\‑v X‑p-d-¶‑p-s‑I‑m-S‑p-¯ F³-t‑U‑m ¹‑m-k‑v-a‑n-¡‑v s‑d-ä‑n-¡‑p-e‑w
hÀ-j-t‑a-X‑v? 15. {‑]-[‑m-\-a-{‑´‑n-b‑m-h‑m-\‑p-Å I‑p-d-ª-{‑]‑m-b‑w
1875 F-{‑X h-b-Ê‑m-W‑v?
3. H‑u-d‑w-K-k‑o-_‑v N-{‑I-hÀ-¯‑n-b‑p-s‑S [-\-I‑m-c‑y-a-{‑´‑n- 25 h-b-Ê‑v
b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶ £-{‑X‑n-b-h‑w-i-P-\‑m-c‑v? 16. s‑s‑P-h-s‑s‑h-h‑n-[‑y c-P‑n-ÌÀ ]‑p-d-¯‑n-d-¡‑n-b t‑I-c-f-
c‑m-P‑m c-L‑p-\‑m-Y‑v d‑m-h‑p ¯‑n-s‑e B-Z‑y-s‑¯ P‑n-Ã-t‑b-X‑v ?
4. a-e-_‑mÀ a‑m-t‑c‑y-P‑v A-t‑k‑m-k‑n-t‑b-j-\‑v-- c‑q-]‑w h-b-\‑m-S‑v
\Â-I‑n-b-X‑v G-X‑v-- hÀ-j‑w? 17. G-X‑v-- h‑n-¹-h-h‑p-a‑m-b‑n _-Ô-s‑¸-« k‑w-`-h-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-
1879 ¶‑p "c-à-c‑q-j‑n-X-a‑m-b R‑m-b-d‑m-g‑v-N‑'?
5. B-c‑p-sS‑ P-·h - m‑ À-jn‑ I- t- ¯
‑ m‑ S- \ - p‑ _
- Ô- n‑ ¨ - m‑ W
- v‑ "F-Iv‑ d-j‑y³ h‑n-¹-h‑w
`‑mc- X
- v‑ t‑{i
‑ j - vT ‑ `‑mc - X
- 'v‑ ]-²X - n‑ {‑]J - y‑ m‑ ]
- n‑ ¨
- X- v?‑ 18. "t‑U‑m-ÎÀ‑' F-¶ A-]-c-\‑m-a-¯‑n A-d‑n-b-s‑¸-S‑p-¶
kÀ-Z‑mÀ h-Ã-`‑v--`‑m-b‑v ]-t‑«-e‑n-s‑â {‑]‑m-t‑Z-i‑n-I-h‑m-X‑w/I‑m-ä‑v G-X‑v ?
6. `‑q-a-[‑y-t‑c-J-s‑b c-ï‑p-h-«‑w a‑p-d‑n-¨‑p-I-S-¡‑p-¶ \-Z‑n lÀ-a‑m-ä¬
G-X‑v? 19. k‑z-X-{‑´ C-´‑y-b‑n-s‑e B-Z‑y-s‑¯ t‑h‑m-«-d‑m-b‑n A-d‑n-
t‑I‑m‑w-t‑K‑m \-Z‑n b-s‑¸-S‑p-¶-X‑m-c‑v?
7. G-ä-h‑p‑w I‑p-d-h‑v \‑n-b-a-k-`‑m a-Þ-e-§-f‑p-Å k‑w- i‑y‑m‑w-k-c¬ t‑\-K‑n
Ø‑m-\‑w G-X‑v? 20. C-S‑n-a‑n-¶-t‑e‑m-S‑p-I‑q-S‑n k‑m-[‑m-c-W-b‑m-b‑n D-¨-b‑v-¡‑p-
k‑n-¡‑n‑w t‑i-j‑w s‑]-¿‑p-¶ a-g-b‑p-s‑S t‑]-s‑c-´‑v?
8. "B-\-s‑¡‑m-¼³‑'G-X‑v-- h‑n-f-b‑p-s‑S \‑m-S³ C-\-¯‑n-\‑v k‑w-h-l-\-h‑r-ã‑n (D-¨-e‑n-X-h‑r-ã‑n‑)
D-Z‑m-l-c-W-a‑m-W‑v? 21. b‑qt- d‑ m‑ ]
- y‑ ³ h³-Ic- b
- n‑ s
- e
‑ G-X--v‑ I‑me
- m‑ h
- Ø- b - n‑ e
- m‑ W
- v‑
s‑h-ï s‑s] ‑ ³‑, ^‑nÀ X‑pS- §- n‑ b- h‑r£- § - Ä h-fc - p‑ ¶
- X- v?‑
9. B-c‑v h-c-¨ N‑n-{‑X-a‑m-W‑v "a-e-_‑mÀ k‑p-µ-c‑n‑'? s‑s‑X-K
c‑m-P‑m c-h‑n-hÀ-a 22. C-´‑y-¡-I-¯‑p‑w‑, ]‑p-d-¯‑p‑w I-e-I-f‑p-s‑S {‑]-N‑m-c-W-
10. "H‑mÀ-aI - f- p‑ s
- S‑ {‑`a - W
- ] - Y - w‑ '‑ B-cp‑ s
- S‑ B-ßI - Y- b - m‑ W
- v?‑ ¯‑n-\‑m-b‑n c‑q-]‑w-s‑I‑m-ï Ø‑m-]-\‑w G-X‑v?
\-¼‑n \‑m-c‑m-b-W³ e-f‑n-X-I-e‑m A-¡‑m-Z-a‑n
11. k‑w-Ø‑m-\ B-t‑c‑m-K‑y-h-I‑p-¸‑v \-S-¸‑n-e‑m-¡‑p-¶ 23. t‑N-c-`-c-W-I‑m-e-¯‑v "]-X-h‑m-c‑w‑' F-¶-d‑n-b-s‑¸-«‑n-
"A-i‑z-t‑a-[‑w‑']-²-X‑n G-X‑v-- t‑c‑m-K-¯‑n-s‑â \‑n-h‑m-c-W- c‑p-¶ \‑n-I‑p-X‑n G-X‑v ?
h‑p-a‑m-b‑n _-Ô-s‑¸-«-X‑m-W‑v? `‑q-\‑n-I‑p-X‑n
I‑p-j‑vT-t‑c‑m-K‑w 24. 1946þ k‑v-{‑X‑o-I-f‑p-s‑S t‑\-X‑r-X‑z-¯‑n "t‑X‑mÂ-h‑n-d-
12. "s‑{‑X-t‑j‑mÄ-U‑v' F-¶ t‑I‑m-U‑p-\‑m-a-a‑p-Å H‑m-¸-t‑d-ä‑n- I‑v k-a-c‑w‑' \-S-¶-s‑X-h‑n-s‑S?
M‑v k‑n-Ì‑w G-X‑v ? N‑o-t‑a-\‑n (I‑m-kÀ-t‑I‑m-S‑v--)
h‑n³-t‑U‑m-k‑v-þ10 25. k‑n-Ô‑p-\-Z‑o-X-S k‑w-k-‑vI‑m-c-t‑I-{‑µ-§-f‑n-s‑e‑m-¶‑m-b
13. k‑m-[‑m-c-W-b‑m-b‑n ]‑m-N-I-¸‑m-{‑X-§-f‑p-s‑S s‑s‑I-¸‑n-S‑n I‑m-e‑n-_‑w-K‑m³ G-X‑v-- \-Z‑n-b‑p-s‑S X‑o-c-¯‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p?
\‑nÀ-a‑n-¡‑m³ D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑p-¶ ¹‑m-Ì‑n-¡‑v G-X‑v? L-¤À \-Z‑n-b‑p-s‑S

മാർച്ച്‌2020
69

Study Materials for various Bank Examinations
COMPUTER APTITUDE
1. Which protocol is used to convert IP addresses to
MAC addresses?
(a) IP (b) RARP
(c) In ARP (d) ARP
(e) None of these
2. Which IEEE Standards is used for Wi-Fi system?
(a) 802.11 (b) 802.1
(c) 802.2 (d) 802.3
(e) 802.10
3. Which key is a minimal super key among Primary
key, Alternate key, Candidate key and Secondary
key?
(a) Primary key (b) Alternate key
(c) Candidate key (d) Secondary key
(e) None of these
4. In which language GRANT and REVOKE
commands are used?
(a) DDL (b) DML
(c) DCL (d) DQL
(e) SQL
5. The abbreviation ISP stands for .........
(a) International spy project
(b) Indian social planning
(c) Internet solution provider
(d) Internet service provider
(e) None of these
6. A barcode is .......... code that represents data with
bars of varying widths or heights.
(a) Optical (b) Magnetic
(c) Laser (d) Read/write
(e) None of these
7. Virtual memory allocates hard disk space to
supplement the immediate, functional memory
capacity of what?
(a) ROM (b) EPROM
(c) The registers (d) Extended memory
(e) RAM
8. Which part of the hardware contains permanent
data and gets updated during the processing of
transactions?
(a) Operating System File(b) Transaction file
(c) Software File (d) Master file
(e) Any File
9. Which is the process used to transfer data intended
for a peripheral device into a disk so that it can
be transmitted to the peripheral device at a more
suitable time or in bulk?
(a) Virtual programming
70 മാതൃഭൂമി ജി കെ & കറന്റ് അഫയേഴ്‌സ്‌
LEYA JOY
(b) Multi programming
(c) Caching
(d) Multitasking
(e) Spooling
10. Decryption & Encryption of data are the
responsibility of which layer?
(a) Physical (b) Data Link
(c) Presentation (d) Session
(e) Application
11.Which is the key set used to open file menu
options in current program?
(a) Ctrl+F (b) Shift+F
(c) Alt+F (d) Alt+Ctrl+F
(e) Tab+F
12.What is the term that refers to an advertisement
hidden inside software that you downloaded from
an internet site?
(a) Spam (b) Cookie
(c) Phish (d) Adware
(e) None of these
13. Which is the software that controls the internal
operations in the computer and controls how the
computer works with all its parts?
(a) Shareware
(b) Public domain software
(c) Application software
(d) Operating system software
(e) None of these
14.Term referring to a person who uses his or her
expertise to gain access to other people’s computers
to get information illegally or do damage?
(a) Hacker (b) Analyst
(c) Instant messenger (d) Programmer
(e) Spammer
15. Computer language COBOL is appropriate for
..........
(a) Commercial purpose (b) Graphic purpose
(c) Scientific purpose (d) All
(e) None of these
16. Among DRAM and SRAM Which is faster?
(a) There is no certainty (b) DRAM
(c) SRAM (d) DRA faster for larger chips
(e) None of these
17. Which part of the Computer Motherboard
contains that houses setting configurations and is
powered by the onboard battery?
(a) CMOS (b) RAM
(c) DRAM (d) CPU (e) None of these
18. What type of technology allows you to verbally
speak with someone over the Internet?
(a) Wiki (b) Ephone
(c) Social network (d) VoIP
(e) None of these
19. Given the following URL - http://www.example.
com: 80/path/to/myfile.html
Here - ‘www.example.com’ and ‘:80‑' stand for ........
and ......... respectively.
(a) IP and source (b) Domain Name and Port
(c) File name and Path (d) Path and Port
(e) IP and Locator
20. The new browser, Microsoft Edge is used in ..........
operating system.
(a) Windows 7 (b) Windows 8
(c) Windows 9 (d) Windows 10
(e) Windows XP
21.A .......... represents approximately one billion
memory location.
(a) Kilobyte (b) Megabyte
(c) Gigabyte (d) Terabyte
(e) Petabyte
22.The address of a memory location is identified by
which among the following?
(a) Address Bus (b) Location Bus
(c) Identity Bus (d) Attrition Bus
(e) Electronic Identification Bus
23. A private network created using World Wide Web
software is called:
(a) a LAN of an organization
(b) a Wide Area Network connecting all branches
of an organization
(c) a Corporate computer networks
(d) a Network connecting all computers of an
organization and using the internet protocol
(e) None of these
24. Which memory appears to exist as main storage
although most of it is supported by data held in
secondary storage?
(a) Core memory (b) Virtual memory
(c) RAM (d) Dynamic memory
(e) None of the above
25 ............... is used to restrict access to selected
websites.
(a) Channels (b) Filters
(c) Browsers (d) Telnet
(e) None of these
Answers (Computer Awareness)
1. (d) The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) feature
performs a required function in IP routing. ARP
finds the hardware address, also known as Media
Access Control (MAC) address, of a host from its
known IP address. ARP maintains a cache (table) in
which MAC addresses are mapped to IP addresses.
2. (a) Wi-Fi is based on the IEEE 802.11 family of
standards and is primarily a Local Area Network
(LAN) technology designed to provide in-building
broadband coverage.
3. (c) A candidate key is a column, or set of columns,
in a table that can uniquely identify any database
record without referring to any other data. Each
table may have one or more candidate keys, but one
candidate key is unique, and it is called the primary
key. The candidate key is a minimal super key.
4. (c) DCL (Data Control Language) is used to control
the user access to the database, tables, views,
procedures, functions and packages. Using the
DCL command, it allows or restricts the user from
accessing data in the database schema. DCL uses two
commands to control access- GRANT and REVOKE.
5. (d) An Internet service provider (ISP) is an
organization that provides services accessing and
using the Internet. Internet service providers may
be organized in various forms, such as commercial,
community-owned, non-profit, or otherwise
privately owned.
6. (a) A barcode is an optical, machine-readable,
representation of data; the data usually describes
something about the object that carries the barcode.
7. (e) Most operating systems support virtual
memory, which allocates space on the hard disk
to supplement the immediate, functional memory
capacity of RAM.
8. (a) Operating System File is a type of file that
contains permanent data and gets updated later
after creation or even during the processing of
transactions.
9. (e) Spooling is a technique to hold data temporarily
in the computer memory and provide to devices
when they need it. The temporary holding area of
the memory is sometimes referred to as the buffer.
One common example of spooling is printing,
where files are stored in the buffer and sent to the
printer when it is ready.
10. (c) The presentation layer is responsible for
character-code translation, data conversion, data
encryption and decryption, and data translation.
11. (c)
12. (d) Adware is software that automatically displays
or downloads advertising material such as banners
or pop-ups when a user is online.
13. (d) An Operating System (OS) is a program
or software that manages and coordinates the
functions of all the components of a computer. It
also acts as an interface between the user and the
hardware of a computer.
14. (a) Hacker is someone who seeks and exploits
weaknesses in a computer system.
15. (a) COBOL (Common Business Oriented
Language) is a programming language that reads
like Regular English and is often used for business
and administrative purposes.
16. (c) Static random access memory (SRAM) is a
മാർച്ച്‌2020
71
 type of memory that is faster and more reliable
than the more common DRAM (Dynamic RAM).
The term static is derived from the fact that it
doesn’t need to be refreshed like Dynamic RAM.
17. (a) The CMOS is a physical part of the
motherboard: it is a memory chip that houses
setting configurations and is powered by the
onboard battery. The CMOS is reset and loses all
custom settings in case the battery runs out of
energy, additionally, the system clock resets when
the CMOS loses power.
18. (d) VoIP (Voice Over Internet Protocol) is the
transmission of voice and multimedia content over
Internet Protocol (IP) networks. VoIP is enabled by
a group of technologies and methodologies used
to deliver voice communications over the internet,
enterprise local area networks or wide area networks.
19. (b) www.example.com is domain name and:80 is
the port number in the given URL.
20. (d) Microsoft Edge is the new browser built for
Windows 10. Edge is faster, safer and gives you
longer battery life.
21. (c) A gigabyte represents approximately one
GENERAL AWARENESS
1. The Joint Military Exercise Tiger Triumph was held
between the countries -
(a) India & USA. (b) India & Srilanka
(c) India & France (d) India and Malaysia
2. What is the Theme of New Delhi World Book Fair
2020?
(a) Books for Readers with Special Needs
(b) Manushi - Books Written on and by Women
(c) Gandhi: The Writers’ Writer
(d) Environment and climate change
3. National Science Congress 2020 was held at -
(a) Jammu (b) Mumbai
(c) Punjab (d) Bangalore
4. Percentage Forest Cover of India W.R.T the
geographical area of the country:
(a) 24.56% (b) 24.39%
(c) 24.56% (d) 21.54%
5. Name of India’s first UNESCO Heritage City:
(a) Mahabalipuram (b) Ahmedabad
(c) Ballari (d) Gangaikonda Cholapuram
6. Headquarter of International Atomic Energy
Agency (IAEA) is located at-
(a) Toronto (b) Tokyo
(c) Newyork (d) Vienna
7. Great Himalayan National Park belongs to which
state?
(a) Himachal Pradesh (b) Jammu and Kashmir
72 മാതൃഭൂമി ജി കെ & കറന്റ് അഫയേഴ്‌സ്‌
billion(109) memory location.
1 Kilobyte (1KB) = 1024 (103) bytes
1 Megabyte (1 MB) = 106 bytes
1 Terabyte (1 TB) = 1012 bytes
1 Petabyte (1 PB) = 1015 bytes
22. (a) An address bus is a computer bus architecture
used to transfer data between devices that are
identified by the hardware address of the physical
memory (the physical address), which is stored in
the form of binary numbers to enable the data bus
to access memory storage.
23. (d)
24. (b) This process is done temporarily and is
designed to work as a combination of RAM and
space on the hard disk. This means that when
RAM runs low, virtual memory can move data
from it to a space called a paging file. This process
allows for RAM to be freed up so that a computer
can complete the task.
25. (b) We can use the filters to block Web pages or
websites that contain objectionable content or
advertisement.
(c) Uttarakhand (d) Sikkim
8. The cricketer Peter Siddle belongs to which
country?
(a) England (b) New Zealand
(c) West Indies (d) Australia.
9. 10th February is celebrated as:
(a) World Pulses Day (b) National Freedom Day
(c) World Cancer Day (d) World Radio Day
10. Hemant Soren has been recently appointed as CM
of which state?
(a) Bihar (b) Jharkhand
(c) Madhyapradesh (d) Uthrakhand
11. National Youth Day is celebrated on 12 January in
the memory of:
(a) Swami Vishnu Devananda
(b) Swami Vivekananda.
(c) Sree Sankaracharya
(d) Sree Narayana Guru
12. Young Scientist Laboratories is associated with:
(a) ISRO (b) ICAR
(c) DRDO (d) BARC
13. Headquarters of SWIFT is located in which
country?
(a) Washington DC (b) Shanghai
(c) Geneva (d) Belgium
14. Who won Noble Prize for Literature in 2019?
(a) Abiy Ahmed Ali (b) Peter Handke
(c) James Peebles (d) John B Goodenough
15. Full form of ‘MANI’ app launched by RBI:
(a) Mobile Application for Note Identification
(b) Mobile Accessible Note Identifier
(c) Mobile Aided Note Identifier
(d) Modified Application for Note identification
16. Headquarters of National Development Bank
(NDB):
(a) Washington DC (b) Shanghai
(c) Geneva (d) Belgium
17. Full form of M in MDR?
(a) Merchant (b) Machine February 13: World Radio Day
(c) Manmade (d) Marketing
18. Konark Festival is associated to which state?
(a) Jharkhand (b) Utharakhand
(c) Sikkim (d) Odisha
19. Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana launched 3
offerings ‘Shishu’‑, ‘Kishore’‑, ‘Tarun’. What is the
maximum loan cover for ‘Kishore’ segment?
(a) Rs.4 Lakh (b) Rs.6 Lakh
(c) Rs.1 Lakh (d) Rs.5 Lakh
20. What is the minimum capital required by UCB to
convert itself to SFB?
(a) 50 crores (b) 75 crores
(c) 100 crores. (d) 25 crores
21. Humpy Koneru is related to which sport?
(a) Table Tennis (b) Chess
(c) Basket Ball (d) Cricket
22. After NEFT was made available 24 x 7, NEFT
transactions will now take place in how many
batches per day?
(a) 24 hours (b) 72 hours
(c) 48 hours (d) 90 hours
23. By which year India will achieve target of 175GW
renewable energy generation?
(a) 2022 (b) 2023
(c) 2020 (d) 2021
24. RBI has asked banks to extend PoS cash
withdrawal facility up to__per day in Tier-III to VI
centres
(a) Rs.1000/- per day (b) Rs.3000/- per day
(c) Rs.2000/- per day (d) Rs.5000/- per day
25. Vidya Sinha passed away recently. She was a
famous:
(a) Singer (b) Model
(c) Dancer (d) Actress
Answers (General Awareness)
1. (a) Ajeya Warrior - India & UK
Shakti - India & France.
Mitra Shakti - India & SL.
Harimau Shakti - India & Malaysia.
2. (c) The theme of the book fest each year is given
below.
2019 - Books for Readers with Special Needs
2017-Manushi - Books Written on and by Women
2018- Environment and climate change - 2018
3. (d)
4. (a)
5. (b)
6. (d)
7. (a) World Heritage Sites.
The Khangchenjanga National Park - Sikkim
The Valley of Flowers National Park - Uttarakhand
The Hemis National Park - Jammu and Kashmir
8. (d)
9. (a) February 1: National Freedom Day
February 4: World Cancer Day
10. (b)
11. (b)
12. (c) DRDO Young Scientist Laboratories (DYSLs)
are five specialised research laboratories located
in five different cities of India, inaugurated by the
Prime Minister of India on 2nd January 2020. Each
laboratory deals with a focused area of science
- artificial intelligence, quantum technologies,
cognitive technologies, asymmetric technologies
and smart materials. The labs are located in
Bengaluru, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata and
Hyderabad. Everyone at the labs is under 35 years
of age.
13. (d) The Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial
Telecommunication (SWIFT) headquarters are in
La Hulpe, Belgium, near Brussels.
Washington DC - Headquarters of World Bank,
IMF
Shanghai - New Development Bank
Geneva - WHO, WTO, ILO
14. (b) Abiy Ahmed Ali - Nobel Peace Prize
James Peebles - Nobel Prize in Physics
John B Goodenough - Nobel Prize in Chemistry
15. (c) The Reserve Bank of India has launched
‘MANI’ mobile app to help the visually challenged
identify the denomination of currency notes.
The application was launched by RBI Governor
Shaktikanta Das and other officials on January 1,
2020.
16. (b)
17. (a) The Merchant Discount Rate is the rate charged
to a merchant for payment processing services on
debit and credit card transactions.
18. (d)
19. (d) 1) Shishu: covering loans up to Rs 50,000
2) Kishor: covering loans above Rs 50,000 and up
to Rs. 5 lakh 3) Tarun: covering loans above Rs 5
lakh and up to Rs. 10 lakh
20. (c)
21. (b) Humpy Koneru (from Andhra Pradesh) is
an Indian chess grandmaster and current World
Rapid Chess Champion.
22. (c)
23. (a)
24. (c) 25. (d)
മാർച്ച്‌2020
73
 ജ്യോതിസ്‌

തക്കാളിക�ൊണ്ട് ചുവക്കുന്ന
ബുന്യോൾ
1. C-´‑y-b‑n B-Z‑y- t‑¯‑m-f‑w G-I‑m-[‑y‑m- h‑n-P-b³ X-{‑k‑m-¡‑n 2. ‘Potato Eaters’ F-¶
a‑m-b‑n X‑n-c-s‑ª-S‑p- ]-I h‑n-Z‑y‑m-e-b-§Ä F-¯‑n-b-X‑p‑w "J-k‑m- h‑m³-t‑K‑m-K‑n-s‑â
¡-s‑¸-« I-a‑y‑q-W‑n-Ì‑v B-c‑w-`‑n-¨-X‑v C-¡‑m-e- ¡‑n-s‑â C-X‑n-l‑m- a‑m-ÌÀ ]‑o-k‑v s‑]-
`-c-W‑w \ne-hn ¯‑m-W‑v. X-{‑k‑m-¡‑n k‑w‑' ]‑n-d-¶-X‑p‑w. B b‑nâ‑n-§‑n \‑n-¶‑v
h¶Xv 1954þ-a‑p-XÂ B-c‑w-`‑n-¨ G-I‑m-[‑y‑m- k-a-b-s‑¯ a-e-_‑mÀ {‑]-t‑N‑m-Z-\‑w DÄ-s‑¡‑m-
1957þ-h-s‑c-b‑p-Å ]-I h‑n-Z‑y‑m-e-b-¯‑n U‑n-k‑v-{‑S‑n-I‑v-ä‑v t‑_‑m-U‑v ï‑v "D-c‑p-f-¡‑n-g-§‑v
a-e-_‑mÀ U‑n-k‑v-{‑S‑n- X-s‑â k-t‑l‑m-Z-c‑n-¡‑v- {‑]-k‑n-Uâ‑v B-c‑m-b‑n-c‑p- X‑n-¶‑p-¶-hÀ‑' F-¶
I‑v-ä‑v t‑_‑m-U‑n-e‑m-W‑v. t‑P‑m-e‑n e-`‑n-¨-X‑n-\‑m- ¶‑p? {‑]-i-k‑v-X-a‑m-b s‑N-d‑p-
a-e-_‑m-d‑n-s‑e DÄ-{‑]- e‑m-W‑v {‑]-i-k‑v-X-\‑m-b ]‑n.S‑n. `‑m-k-‑vI-c-¸-W‑n- I-Y c-N‑n-¨ a-e-b‑m-f‑n
t‑Z-i-§-f‑n B-b‑n-c- k‑m-l‑n-X‑y-I‑m-c³ O.V. ¡À F-g‑p-¯‑p-I‑m-c³?
k‑p-`‑m-j‑v N-{‑µ³
3. h‑p-l‑m-\‑n-s‑e h-g‑n-
t‑b‑m-c a‑mÀ-¡-ä‑p-I-f‑nÂ
P‑o-h-\‑p-Å-X‑p‑w A-Ã‑m-
¯-X‑p-a‑m-b a‑r-K-§-
s‑f-b‑p‑w a-Õ‑y-§-s‑f-
b‑p‑w D-c-K-§-s‑f-b‑p‑w
a-ä‑p P‑o-h‑n-I-s‑f-b‑p‑w
]-¨-¡-d‑n-IÄ-s‑¡‑m-¸‑w
h‑nÂ-¡‑m-d‑p-ï‑v. s‑I‑m-
t‑d‑m-W s‑s‑h-d-k‑n-s‑â
D-d-h‑n-S‑w C-h‑n-s‑S-b‑m-
s‑W-¶‑v ]-d-b-s‑¸-S‑p-
¶‑p. t‑l‑m-M‑v-t‑I‑m-M‑v-
C‑w-¥‑o-j‑v-, k‑n-¦-¸‑qÀ
C‑w-¥‑o-j‑v- `‑m-j-b‑nÂ
C-¯-c‑w a‑mÀ-¡-ä‑p-IÄ-
¡‑v F-´‑m-W‑v t‑]-c‑v?
s‑h-ä‑v-- a‑mÀ-¡-ä‑v-- (Wet
market)
4. I‑y‑m-]‑v-ä³-k‑v- d‑n-{‑S‑o-ä‑v-
(‘Kaptain’s Retreat’‑)
F-¶ d-t‑Ì‑m-dâ‑v
N-Þ‑oK-V‑n-e‑m-W‑v
{‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v.
ബുന്യോളിലെ ട�ൊമാറ്റോ ഫെസ്റ്റിവൽ G-X‑v I‑m-b‑n-I X‑m-c-a‑m-

74 മാതൃഭൂമി ജി കെ & കറന്റ് അഫയേഴ്‌സ്‌

 W‑v C-X‑n-s‑â D-S-a?
I-]‑n t‑Z-h‑v
5. K‑m-Ô‑n-P‑n-b‑p-s‑S c-à-
k‑m-£‑n-X‑z-¯‑n-s‑â
k‑p-hÀ-W P‑q-_‑n-e‑n
hÀ-j-¯‑n (1998)
F-g‑p-X‑n-b {‑]-i-k‑v-X-
a‑m-b I-h‑n-X-b‑m-W‑v
"[À-a-k‑q-c‑y³‑'. I-h‑n
B-c‑v?
a-l‑m-I-h‑n A-¡‑n-¯‑w
6. c‑m-a‑p-I‑m-c‑y‑m-«‑v 1970þÂ
k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\‑w s‑N-b‑v-X
"A-`-b‑w‑' F-¶ N‑n-{‑X‑w
s‑]-c‑p-¼-S-h‑w {‑i‑o-[-
c-s‑â t‑\‑m-h-e‑n-s‑\
B-k‑v-]-Z-a‑m-¡‑n-b‑m-W‑v.
Cu Nn-{X-¯n-se
{]-ikv-X I-hn-X-
IÄ¡v Z-£‑n-W‑m-a‑qÀ-
¯‑nbmWv k‑w-K‑o-X
k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\‑w \‑nÀ-h-l‑n-
¨-X‑v. B- I‑q-«-¯‑nÂ
P‑n. i-¦-c-¡‑p-d‑p-¸‑n-s‑â
"k‑m-K-c-K‑o-X‑w‑' F-¶
I-h‑n-X-b‑n-s‑e ""{‑i‑m-´-
a‑w-_-c‑w \‑n-X‑m-t‑L‑m-
j‑v-a-f‑w‑'‑' F-¶ I-h‑n-X
t‑b-i‑p-Z‑m-k‑v B-e-]‑n-
¨-X‑p-t‑I-«‑v a-l‑m-I-h‑n
"P‑n‑' At±-l-¯n\v
\Â-I‑n-b h‑n-t‑i-j-W‑w?
K‑m-\-K-ÔÀ-h³
7. G-X‑v X-c‑w `-£-W
{‑I-a‑w (Diet) ]‑m-e‑n-¡‑p-
¶-h-c‑m-W‑v G-ä-h‑p‑w
I‑p-d-h‑v I‑mÀ-_¬
^‑q-S‑v-- {‑]‑nâ‑v k‑w-`‑m-h-\
s‑N-¿‑p-¶-X‑v?
h‑o-K³ (Vegan)
8. t‑]‑mÀ-¨‑p-K-e‑n-s‑â
A-[‑o-\-X-b‑n-e‑p-Å
F-t‑k‑m-d-k‑v-- (Azores)
Z‑z‑o-] k-a‑q-l-§-f‑n-s‑e
k‑m-t‑h‑m a‑n-t‑K‑z (Sao
Miguel) Z‑z‑o-]‑v A-K‑v-\‑n
]À-h-X-§Ä \‑n-d-ª-
X‑m-W‑v. A-h‑n-s‑S e-`‑n-
¡‑p-¶ {‑]-i-k‑v-X-a‑m-b
H-c‑n-\‑w N‑m-b-b‑m-W‑v
Purple tea. t‑X-b‑n-e-
b‑n-s‑e Bâ‑n H‑m-I-‑vk‑n-
Uâ‑p-I-f‑p‑w 140 U‑n-{‑K‑n
F N‑q-S‑p-Å s‑h-Å-
മലേന എമ്മനും, ഗ്രെറ്റ ത്യുൻബെയും
¯‑n-s‑e a‑n-\-dÂ-k‑p‑w
{‑]-X‑n-{‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¨‑m-W‑v
C‑u \‑n-d‑w D-ï‑m-I‑p-¶-
X‑v. C‑u s‑h-Å-¯‑n-s‑â
{‑]-t‑X‑y-I-X?
t‑h‑mÄ-I‑m-\‑n-I‑v- h‑m-«À
(Volcanic Water)
9. 1872-Â Iiv-ao-cnÂ
a-l‑m-c‑m-P c¬-_‑oÀ
k‑n-M‑v B-c‑w-`‑n-¨ H-c‑p
`-c-W ]-c‑n-j‑v-I‑m-c‑w
C-´‑y³ b‑q-W‑n-b-\‑nÂ
e-b‑n-¨-X‑n-\‑v t‑i-j-
h‑p‑w C-´‑y-b‑n-s‑e H-c‑p
{‑]-t‑Z-i-¯‑v C-¶‑p‑w
X‑p-SÀ-¶‑v h-c‑p-¶‑p.
F-Ã‑m hÀ-j-h‑p‑w t‑a-b‑v
1þ-\‑p‑w \-h‑w-_À 1þ-\‑p‑w
B-W‑v C-X‑v {‑]‑m-_-e‑y-
¯‑n-e‑m-I‑p-¶-X‑v. G-X‑m-
W‑v C‑u ]-c‑n-j‑v-I‑m-c‑w?
ZÀ-_‑mÀ a‑q-h‑v
$ P-½‑p-I-i‑v-a‑o-c‑n-s‑â X-e-
Ø‑m-\‑w {‑i‑o-\-KÀ‑,
P-½‑p F-¶‑n-h‑n-S-§-f‑n-
t‑e-¡‑v a‑m-d‑p-¶-X‑n-s‑â
`‑m-K-a‑m-b‑p-Å k‑n-h‑nÂ
s‑k-{‑I-t‑«-d‑n-b-ä‑v j‑n-^‑v-
ä‑n-M‑v t‑{‑]‑m-k-k‑v.
10. "e‑m s‑Sm-a‑m-ä‑n-\‑' F-¶
t‑e‑m-I-{‑]-i-k‑v-X-a‑m-b
X-¡‑m-f‑n-t‑b-d‑v a-Õ-c‑w
\-S-¡‑p-¶ k‑v-s‑]-b‑n-\‑n-
s‑e ]-«-W‑w G-X‑v?
_‑p-t‑\‑-ymÄ (Bunol)
11. C-´‑y³ `-c-W-L-S-
\-b‑p-s‑S s‑s‑I-s‑b-g‑p-
¯‑v-- {‑]-X‑n k‑q-£‑n-
¨‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v G-X‑v
s‑s‑e-{‑_-d‑n-b‑n-e‑m-W‑v?
]‑mÀ-e-s‑aâ‑v
12. X‑o-c‑m-¯ PT-c‑m-K‑v-
\‑n-b‑m-s‑W-¦‑n-e‑p‑w
s‑a-e‑n-ª A-c-s‑¡-
«‑p-Å H-c‑p a‑r-K-¯‑n-s‑â
t‑]-c‑n \‑n-¶‑m-W‑v
X‑o-ä-{‑]‑n-b-\‑m-b `‑o-a-
t‑k-\-\‑v "h‑r-t‑I‑m-Z-c³‑'
F-¶ t‑]-c‑v e-`‑n-¨-X‑v.
G-X‑m-W‑o a‑r-K‑w?
s‑N-¶‑m-b (Wolf)
13.t‑I-{‑µ _-P-ä‑n-s‑â `‑m-K-
a‑m-b‑n _-P-ä‑v t‑c-J-IÄ
X-¿‑m-d‑m-¡‑n {‑]‑nâ‑v
s‑N-¿‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑p-t‑h-ï‑n
\‑n-b‑p-à-c‑m-b [-\-I‑m-
c‑y a-{‑´‑m-e-b-¯‑n-s‑e
P‑o-h-\-¡‑mÀ ]-¯‑v
Z‑n-h-k-t‑¯‑m-f‑w _-P-ä‑v
t‑c-J-IÄ t‑N‑m-c‑m-X‑n-
c‑n-¡‑m³ A-h‑n-s‑S-¯-
s‑¶-b‑m-W‑v X‑m-a-k‑n-
¡‑p-¶-X‑v. C-X‑n-\‑v
X‑p-S-¡‑w I‑p-d‑n-¨‑p-s‑I‑m-
ï‑v H-c‑p ]-e-l‑m-c‑w
X-¿‑m-d‑m-¡‑n [-\-a-{‑´‑n
h‑n-X-c-W‑w s‑N-¿‑m-d‑p-
ï‑v. G-X‑v-- t‑]-c‑n-e‑m-W‑v
C‑u ]-e-l‑m-c h‑n-X-
c-W‑w A-d‑n-b-s‑¸-S‑p-
¶-X‑v?
lÂ-h s‑k-d‑n-a-W‑n
14. h‑m-c‑n-b‑w I‑p-¶-¯‑v
I‑p-ª-l-½-Z‑v l‑m-P‑n‑,
a-{‑Z‑m-k‑v {‑]-h‑n-i‑y-b‑n-s‑e
G-d-\‑m-S‑v, h-Å‑p-h-\‑m-
S‑v X‑m-e‑q-¡‑p-I-f‑n-s‑e
\‑n-c-h-[‑n {‑K‑m-a-§Ä
]‑n-S‑n-s‑¨-S‑p-¯‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v
{‑_‑n-«‑o-j‑p-I‑mÀ-s‑¡-
X‑n-s‑c H-c‑p k-a‑m-´-c
`-c-W‑w \-S-¯‑n-b [‑o-c-
\‑m-W‑v. a-e-_‑mÀ I-e‑m-
]-\‑m-b-I-\‑m-b l‑m-P‑n
Ø‑m-]‑n-¨ k-a‑m-´-c
c‑m-P‑y‑w G-X‑v t‑]-c‑n-e‑m- സ
W‑v A-d‑n-b-s‑¸-S‑p-¶-X‑v?
a-e-b‑m-f c‑m-P‑y‑w
മാ
15. F³.F-k‑v. a‑m-[-h-s‑â ധാ
{‑]-i-k‑v-X s‑N-d‑p-I-Y ആ
"l‑n-K‑z‑n-ä‑' B-c‑w-`‑n-
¡‑p-¶-X‑v "s‑]-\‑mÂ-ä‑n
എ
I‑n-¡‑v I‑m-¯‑p \‑nÂ- തി
¡‑p-¶ t‑K‑m-f‑n-b‑p-s‑S മു
G-I‑m-´-X‑' F-¶
PÀ-a³ t‑\‑m-h-e‑n-
നി
s‑\-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑v ]-c‑m-aÀ- പി
i‑n-¨‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑m-W‑v.
I-Y-b‑n-s‑e‑m-c‑n-S-¯‑p‑w
t‑\‑m-h-e‑n-Ì‑n-s‑â t‑]-c‑v
F³.F-k‑v. a‑m-[-h³
]-d-b‑p-¶‑n-Ã. F-¶‑mÂ
I-g‑n-ª hÀ-j-s‑¯
H-c‑p {‑]-i-k‑v-X ]‑p-c-k-‑v
I‑m-c‑w H‑m-k‑v-{‑S‑n-b-¡‑m-
c-\‑m-b C‑u PÀ-a³ സ
t‑\‑m-h-e‑n-Ì‑n-\‑m-b‑n-
c‑p-¶‑p. A-t‑X‑m-s‑S മാ
A-t‑±-l‑w t‑e‑m-I-{‑]- ധ
i-k‑v-X-\‑m-b‑n a‑m-d‑n.
B-c‑m-W‑n-t‑±-l‑w?
ആ
]‑o-äÀ l‑m³-U‑v-s‑I എ
(Peter Handke) ത
16. {‑]-i-k‑v-X D-d‑p-Z‑p മു
I-h‑n-b‑p‑w t‑_‑m-f‑n-h‑p-
U‑v X‑n-c-¡-Y c-N- ന
b‑n-X‑m-h‑p-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p പ
"d‑m-l‑n a‑m-k‑q‑w d-k‑m‑'.
Z‑qÀ-ZÀ-i-s‑â {‑]-i-k‑v-
X-a‑m-b G-X‑v k‑o-c‑n-
മാർച്ച്‌2020
75
 b-e‑n-\‑m-W‑v A-t‑±-l‑w
a-X-a‑u-e‑n-I-h‑m-Z‑n-I-
f‑p-s‑S F-X‑nÀ-¸‑p-I-s‑f
A-h-K-W‑n-¨‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v
X‑n-c-¡-Y-s‑b-g‑p-X‑n-b-X‑v?
a-l‑m-`‑m-c-X‑v
17. 1990þÂ l‑n-µ‑n-b‑nÂ
I-s‑¯-g‑p-X‑n-b D-¯À-
{‑]-t‑Z-i‑v a‑p-J‑y-a-{‑´‑n
a‑p-e‑m-b‑w k‑n-M‑v b‑m-Z-
h‑n-\‑v a-e-b‑m-f-¯‑nÂ
X‑n-c‑n-¨‑v I-s‑¯-g‑p-X‑n-b
t‑I-c-f a‑p-J‑y-a-{‑´‑n-b‑m-
c‑m-W‑v?
C.s‑I. \‑m-b-\‑mÀ
18. "Ø‑m-e‑o-]‑p-e‑m-I
\‑y‑m-b‑w‑' F-¶ `‑m-j‑m-
s‑s‑i-e‑n-b‑n Ø‑m-
e‑o-]‑p-e‑m-I‑w‑' A-£-
c‑mÀ-Y-¯‑n \-½‑p-s‑S
A-S‑p-¡-f-b‑n-s‑e H-c‑p
`-t‑£‑y‑m-X‑v-]-¶-a‑m-W‑v.
G-X‑v?
I-e-¯‑n-s‑e t‑N‑m-d‑v
ഫാദ് ചിത്രകല
76 മാതൃഭൂമി ജി കെ & കറന്റ് അഫയേഴ്‌സ്‌
(t‑N‑m-d‑v s‑h-t‑´‑m-s‑b-
¶‑v ]-c‑n-t‑i‑m-[‑n-¡‑m³
H-c‑p h-ä‑v t‑\‑m-¡‑n-b‑mÂ
a-X‑n‑)
19. ‘Hand of God’ k‑w-`-
h-¯‑n-s‑e \‑m-b-I³
a‑m-d-t‑U‑m-W-b‑m-s‑W-
¦‑n ‘Bat of God’þ-
s‑e \‑m-b-I-\‑m-c‑v?
s_³ tÌm-Ivkv
20. t‑e‑m-I {‑]-i-k‑v-X-
a‑m-b G-X‑v t‑\‑m-h-e‑n-
s‑â B-Z‑y A-[‑y‑m-
b-¯‑n-s‑â t‑]-c‑m-W‑v
Paradise Pickles and
Preserves?
The God of Small
Things
21. ‘Halal food’ a‑p-k‑v-e‑n-
§Ä ]‑n-´‑p-S-c‑p-¶‑p
F-¦‑n ‘Kosher
food’ G-X‑p a-X-h‑n-`‑m-
K-¯‑n-s‑â `‑m-K-a‑m-W‑v? 23. c‑m-P-Ø‑m-\‑n-Â
PqXÀ
22. t‑e‑m-I-{‑]-i-k‑v-X
K-W‑n-X-i‑m-k‑v-
{‑X-Ú³ {‑i‑o-\‑n-h‑m-k
c‑m-a‑m-\‑p-P-s‑â P-·-Z‑n-
\-a‑m-W‑v U‑n-k‑w-_À
22. C‑u Z‑n-h-k‑w
2012 a‑p-XÂ t‑Z-i‑o-b
K-W‑n-X-i‑m-k‑v-{‑X-Z‑n-\-
a‑m-b‑n B-N-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p.
X-a‑n-g‑v-\‑m-«‑n C‑u
Z‑n-h-k‑w s‑F.S‑n. Z‑n-\-
a‑m-b‑m-W‑v B-N-c‑n-¡‑p-
¶-X‑v. A-t‑±-l-¯‑n-s‑â
P‑o-h‑n-X-s‑¯ B-k‑v-]-Z-
a‑m-¡‑n ]‑p-d-¯‑n-d-§‑n-b
t‑l‑m-f‑n-h‑p-U‑v N‑n-{‑X-
¯‑n c‑m-a‑m-\‑p-P-\‑m-
b‑n t‑h-j-a‑n-«-X‑v t‑Z-h‑v
]-t‑«Â B-W‑v. N‑n-{‑X-
¯‑n-s‑â t‑]-c‑v F-´‑v?
The Man Who Knew
Infinity
24. _-P-ä‑v t‑c-J-IÄ X‑p-
\‑m-t‑S‑m-S‑n h‑o-c-]‑p-c‑p-j-
·‑m-c‑m-b ]‑m-_‑p-P‑n‑, t‑Z-
h-\‑m-c‑m-b-W³ F-¶‑n-
h-c‑p-s‑S N‑n-{‑X-§-f‑m-W‑v
Cu N‑n-{‑X-I-e-b‑nÂ
h-c-b‑v-¡‑p-I. C¯cw
N‑n-{‑X-§Ä s‑s‑I-b‑nÂ
s‑I‑m-ï‑p-\-S-¡‑m-h‑p-¶
t‑£-{‑X-§-f‑m-b‑m-W‑v
I-c‑p-X-s‑¸-S‑p-¶-X‑v.
15þ30 A-S‑n-h-s‑c H-c‑p
N‑n-{‑X-¯‑n-\‑v \‑o-f‑w I‑m-
W‑p‑w. t‑`‑m-]-a‑mÀ F-¶-
d‑n-b-s‑¸-S‑p-¶ \‑m-t‑S‑m-S‑n
]‑p-t‑c‑m-l‑n-X-·‑mÀ C-h
{‑K‑m-a-§Ä-t‑X‑m-d‑p‑w
s‑I‑m-ï‑p-\-S-¡‑p-¶‑p.
\of-ap-Å X‑p-W‑n-b‑nÂ
a-t‑\‑m-l-c N‑n-{‑X-§Ä
h-c-b‑v-¡‑p-¶ C‑u c‑o-
X‑n-b‑p-s‑S t‑]-c‑v?
^‑m-Z‑v N‑n-{‑X-I-e
IÂ-s‑]-«‑n-b‑n s‑I‑m-
 ï‑p-h-c‑p-¶ ]-X‑n-h‑v
G-X‑v-- c‑m-P‑y-¯‑p-\‑n-¶‑m-
W‑v C-´‑y I-S‑w-s‑I‑m-
ï‑n-c‑p-¶-X‑v?
{‑_‑n-«¬
25. C-´‑y-b‑n-s‑e G-X‑v--
\-Z‑n-b‑n-e‑m-W‑v B-Z‑n-
c‑w-K‑, a-[‑y-c‑w-K‑,
A-´‑y-c‑w-K F-¶‑o t‑]-
c‑p-I-f‑n A-d‑n-b-s‑¸-
S‑p-¶ a‑q-¶‑v Z‑z‑o-]‑p-IÄ
D-Å-X‑v--?
I‑m-t‑h-c‑n
$ IÀ-W‑m-S-I-¯‑n-s‑e
{‑i‑o-c‑w-K-]-«-W‑w B-Z‑n-
c‑w-K F-¶‑p‑w i‑n-h-
k-a‑p-{‑Z‑w a-[‑y-c‑w-K
F-¶‑p‑w X-a‑n-g‑v--\‑m-«‑n-s‑e
{‑i‑o-c‑w-K‑w A-´‑y-c‑w-K
F-¶‑p‑w A-d‑n-b-s‑¸-S‑p-
¶‑p.
26. [‑y‑m-\-¯‑n-s‑â ]-c-a-X-
e‑w {‑]‑m-]‑n-¨ S‑n-_-ä³
_‑p-²-a-X B-N‑m-c‑y-
·‑m-c‑m-W‑v a-c-W-¯‑n-\‑v
]‑n-S‑n-s‑I‑m-S‑p-¡‑m-s‑X
i-c‑o-c-s‑¯ Z‑n-h-k-
§-t‑f‑m-f‑w I‑m-¡‑p-¶-
X‑v. C‑u c‑o-X‑n H-c‑p
t‑]-c‑n A-d‑n-b-s‑¸-S‑p-
¶‑p. S‑n-_-ä³ `‑m-j-b‑n-
e‑p-Å C‑u h‑m-¡‑n-s‑â
B-Z‑y-s‑¯ c-ï-£-c-
¯‑n-\‑v a-\-Ê‑v F-¶‑p‑w
A-h-k‑m-\-s‑¯
A-£-c-¯‑n-\‑v k-a‑m-[‑n
A-Y-h‑m [‑y‑m-\‑m-h-Ø
F-¶‑p-a‑m-W‑v AÀ-Y‑w.
X‑p-I‑v-U‑w
$ X‑p-I‑v F-¶‑m a-\-Ê‑v,
U‑w F-¶‑m k-a‑m-[‑n
A-Y-h‑m [‑y‑m-\‑m-h-Ø.
27. ‘No one is too small
to make a difference’
F-¶ ]‑p-k‑v-X-I‑w
s‑{‑K-ä X‑p³-s‑_-b‑p-s‑S-
X‑m-W‑v. F-¶‑m s‑{‑K-
ä-s‑b-¡‑p-d‑n-¨‑v ‘Scenes
from the Heart’ F-¶
]‑p-k‑v-X-I‑w c-N‑n-¨-X‑v
B-c‑m-W‑v?
a-t‑e-\ F-½³
$ s‑{‑K-ä-b‑p-s‑S A-½-b‑m-
W‑v a-t‑e-\ F-½³
പീറ്റർ ഹാൻഡ്‌കെ
28. A-k-a‑n h‑n-h‑m-l‑n-
X-c‑m-I‑p-¶ b‑p-h-X‑n-
IÄ-¡‑v "H-c‑p t‑X‑m-e
k‑zÀ-W‑w‑' k-½‑m-\-a‑m-
b‑n \Â-I‑p-s‑a-¶‑v a‑p-
J‑y-a-{‑´‑n kÀ-_‑m-\-µ
t‑k‑m-t‑\‑m-h‑mÄ {‑]-J‑y‑m-
]‑n-¨‑p. "A-c‑p-Ô-X‑n
k‑zÀ-W-t‑b‑m-P-\‑'
]-²-X‑n-{‑]-I‑m-c-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-
¶‑p {‑]-J‑y‑m-]-\‑w. H-c‑p
t‑X‑m-e F-¶-X‑v F-{‑X
{‑K‑m‑w k‑zÀ-W-a‑m-W‑v?
10 {‑K‑m‑w
29. 21þ‑m‑w h-b-Ê‑n k‑n‑w-
_‑m-_‑v--t‑h S‑o-a‑n-s‑â
\‑m-b-I-Ø‑m-\-¯‑v
F-¯‑n-b {‑]‑m-b‑w-
I‑p-d-ª X‑m-c-a‑m-b
C-t‑±-l-¯‑n-s‑â ]‑p-k‑v-
X-I-a‑m-W‑v ‘Keeper
of Faith’ (h‑n-i‑z‑m-k-
¯‑n-s‑â k‑q-£‑n-¸‑p-
I‑m-c³‑)?
X-t‑Z-µ X‑m-b‑v-_‑p
(Thatenda Thaibu)
30. \‑m-t‑\‑m s‑S-I‑v--t‑\‑m-f-
P‑n D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨‑v P-e‑w
i‑p-²‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-
\‑p-Å a‑mÀ-K‑w I-s‑ï-
¯‑n-b-X‑n-\‑m-W‑v C‑u
hÀ-j-s‑¯ ]-Z‑v-a-{‑i‑o
]‑p-c-k-‑vI‑m-c‑w C-t‑±-l-
¯‑n-\‑v e-`‑n-¨-X‑v. "A-a‑r-
X‑v‑' F-¶‑m-W‑v s‑h-Å‑w
i‑p-²‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑m³ I-g‑n-
b‑p-¶ D-]-I-c-W-¯‑n-\‑v
C-t‑±-l‑w t‑]-c‑v \Â-I‑n-
b-X‑v. I-s‑ï-¯‑n-b
B-f‑p-s‑S t‑]-c‑v?
t‑U‑m. {‑]-Z‑o-]‑v
31. C-´‑y‑, t‑\-¸‑mÄ‑,
S‑n-_-ä‑v A-X‑nÀ-¯‑n-I-
f‑p-s‑S k‑w-K-a-{‑]-t‑Z-
i-a‑m-b C‑u Ø-e‑w
D-¯-c‑m-J-Þ‑n-s‑e
]‑n-t‑¯‑mÀ-K-U‑v P‑n-
Ã-b‑p-s‑S `‑m-K-a‑m-W‑v.
F-¶‑m t‑\-¸‑m-f‑n-
s‑e ZÀ-¨‑p-e P‑n-Ã-b‑p-
s‑S `‑m-K-a‑m-s‑W-¶‑p‑w
A-h-I‑m-i-s‑¸-S‑p-¶‑p.
a-l‑m-I‑m-f‑n \-Z‑n-b‑p-s‑S
I‑n-g-¡³ X‑o-c-¯‑p-Å
C‑u {‑]-t‑Z-i‑w D-¯-
c‑m-J-Þ‑n-s‑e e‑n-]‑p-
s‑e-I‑v N‑p-c-h‑p-a‑m-b‑n
_-Ô-s‑¸-«‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p.
G-X‑m-W‑o Ø-e‑w?
I‑m-e‑m-]‑m-\‑n
32. l‑q-Ì-W‑n C´y³
{]-[m-\-a{´n \-tc-{µ-
tam-Zn ]-s¦-Sp-¯ N-S-
§n t‑Z-i‑o-b-K‑m-\‑w
B-e-]‑n-¨ I‑p-«‑n-b‑m-W‑v
k‑v-]À-i‑v j‑m. C‑u
I‑p-«‑n-s‑b _‑m-[‑n-¨‑n-c‑n-
¡‑p-¶ t‑c‑m-K‑w G-X‑m-
W‑v?
Brittle bone disease
(H‑m-Ì‑n-t‑b‑m-s‑P-\-\‑n-k‑v
C‑w-s‑]À-s‑^-Î‑)
33. a-W‑n-¡‑q-d‑n \‑q-d‑v
a‑n-Ã‑n-e‑n-äÀ a-g-b‑n I‑q-
S‑p-XÂ H-c‑p Ø-e-¯‑v
e-`‑n-¨‑m A-X‑n-s‑\
]-d-b‑p-¶-X‑v:
t‑a-L-h‑n-k‑v-t‑^‑m-S-\‑w
34. "]‑p-g I-S-¶‑v ]‑q-¡-
f‑p-s‑S X‑m-g‑v--h-c-b‑n-t‑e-
¡‑v‑' F-¶ ]‑p-k‑v-X-I‑w
B-c‑p-s‑S-X‑m-W‑v?
t‑a‑m-l³-e‑mÂ
35. A-´‑m-c‑m-{‑ã _-l‑n-
c‑m-I‑m-i \‑n-e-b-¯‑nÂ
B-Z‑y-a‑m-b‑n ]‑m-N-I‑w
s‑N-b‑v-X `-£-W‑w?
_‑n-k-‑vI-ä‑v
$ C-ä‑m-e‑n-b³ I-a‑m³-
UÀ e‑q-¡‑m ]À-a‑n-
ä‑m-t‑\‑m-b‑p‑w \‑m-k-b‑n-
s‑e _-l‑n-c‑m-I‑m-i
b‑m-{‑X‑n-I {‑I‑n-Ì‑o-\
t‑I‑m-¨‑p-a‑m-W‑v ]-c‑o-£-
W-¯‑n-\‑v ]‑n-¶‑nÂ. h‑n-
h‑n-[ X‑m-]-\‑n-e-I-f‑nÂ
A-©‑v-- _‑n-k-‑vI-ä‑m-W‑v
]‑m-N-I‑w s‑N-b‑v-X-X‑v.
{‑]-t‑X‑y-I-a‑m-b‑n \‑nÀ-
a‑n-¨ k‑o-t‑d‑m {‑K‑m-h‑n-ä‑n
H‑m-h-\‑n-e‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p
]‑m-N-I‑w. `‑q-a‑n-b‑n-Â
_‑n-k-‑vI-ä‑v ]‑m-I-
a‑m-I‑m³ 20 a‑n-\‑n-ä‑v
F-S‑p-¡‑p-s‑a-¶‑n-c‑n-s‑¡
_-l‑n-c‑m-I‑m-i-¯‑v
c-ï‑v a-W‑n-¡‑q-t‑d‑m-f‑w
k-a-b-s‑a-S‑p-¯‑m-W‑v
X-¿‑m-d‑m-¡‑n-b-X‑v.
36. C-´‑y-b‑n-s‑e B-Z‑y
C-e-I‑v--{‑S‑n-I‑v t‑a‑m-t‑«‑mÀ
\‑nÀ-a‑n-¨-X‑v C-t‑±-l-
¯‑n-s‑â I-¼-\‑n-b‑m-b
b‑p-s‑s‑\-ä-U‑v-- t‑a‑m-t‑«‑mÀ
kÀ-h‑o-k‑v-- (Unit-
ed Motor Service
- UMS) B-b‑n-c‑p-
¶‑p. k‑n.h‑n. c‑m-a³
k-k‑y-h‑n-k‑v-a-b‑w
F-¶‑v-- h‑n-t‑i-j‑n-¸‑n-¨
C-t‑±-l‑w C-´‑y-b‑p-s‑S
F-U‑n-k³‑, t‑I‑m-b-
¼-¯‑q-c‑n-s‑â k-¼-
Z‑v-{‑k-ã‑m-h‑v F-¶‑o
h‑n-t‑i-j-W-§Ä-¡‑p‑w
D-S-a-b‑m-W‑v:
P‑n.U‑n. \‑m-b‑n-U‑p
(t‑K‑m-]‑mÂ-k‑z‑m-a‑n s‑Z‑m-
s‑s‑c-k‑z‑m-a‑n \‑m-b‑n-U‑p‑)
37. H-c‑p s‑X-f‑n-h‑p‑w A-h-
t‑i-j‑n-¸‑n-¡‑m-s‑X
h‑m-S‑v-k‑v-B-]‑v h-g‑n
k-aÀ-Y-a‑m-b‑n k‑v-a‑mÀ-
S‑v t‑^‑m-W‑n-\-I-¯‑v
\‑p-g-ª‑p-I-b-d‑n h‑n-h-
c-§-s‑f-Ã‑m‑w t‑N‑mÀ-
മാർച്ച്‌2020
77
 തദേന്ദ തായ്ബു
¯‑n k‑z-b‑w a-c-W‑w
h-c‑n-¡‑p-¶ N‑m-t‑h-d‑p-
IÄ F-¶ h‑n-t‑i-j-
W-a‑p-Å t‑k‑m-^‑v-ä‑v--t‑h-
d‑m-W‑v s‑]-K‑m-k-k‑v.
G-X‑v-- I-¼-\‑n-b‑m-W‑v
C‑u N‑m-c-t‑{‑]‑m-{‑K‑m‑w
h‑n-I-k‑n-¸‑n-¨-X‑v?
C-{‑k‑m-t‑b-e‑n I-¼-\‑n-
b‑m-b F³.F-k‑v-.H.
{‑K‑q-¸‑v
38. U‑n.F³.F. D-]-t‑b‑m-
K‑n-¨‑v {‑]‑m-b‑w I-W-
¡‑m-¡‑p-¶ ]‑p-X‑n-b
c‑o-X‑n-b‑m-W‑v:
a‑o-s‑s‑Y-t‑e-j³
39. c‑m-P‑y-s‑¯ B-Z‑y-s‑¯
k-_‑v c-P‑n-k‑v-{‑S‑mÀ
H‑m-^‑o-k‑v A-©-c-¡-
ï‑n-b‑n-e‑m-W‑v {‑]-hÀ-
¯-\-a‑m-c‑w-`‑n-¨-X‑v.
aÀ-t‑U‑m-I‑v {‑_‑u¬
B-W‑v Ø‑m-]-I-\‑p‑w
s‑U-]‑y‑q-«‑n c-P‑n-k‑v-
{‑S‑m-d‑p‑w. F-¶‑mÂ
A-¡‑m-e-s‑¯ B-[‑m-c-
s‑a-g‑p-¯‑p-I‑mÀ A-d‑n-b-
s‑¸-«‑n-c‑p-¶-X‑v-- G-X‑v-- t‑]-
c‑nÂ?
D‑ucv I‑m-c-W-hÀ
40. "{‑X‑n-ÃÀ‑' G-X‑v
{‑]-i-k‑v-X h‑y-à‑n-b‑p-
s‑S h-fÀ-¯‑p-I-S‑p-h-b‑p-
s‑S t‑]-c‑m-W‑v?
s‑s‑a-¡Â P‑m-I‑v-k¬
(_-_‑nÄ-k‑v F-¶‑m-W‑v
P‑m-I‑v-k-s‑â N‑n-¼‑m³-
k‑n-b‑p-s‑S t‑]-c‑v)
41. A-YÀ-h-t‑h-Z-¯‑n-s‑â
D-]-t‑h-Z-a‑m-b Ø‑m-
78 മാതൃഭൂമി ജി കെ & കറന്റ് അഫയേഴ്‌സ്‌
]-X‑y-t‑h-Z‑w F-¶
]‑p-k‑v-X-I-¯‑n ]-c‑m-
aÀ-i-a‑p-Å C-X‑n-\‑v
B-Z‑y-a‑m-b‑n c‑q-]‑w-\Â-
I‑n-b-X‑v s‑h-¦‑n-S‑n-b‑nÂ
t‑Z-h-\‑m-c‑m-b-W³
B-N‑m-c‑n-b‑m-W‑v. C-h-
b‑p-s‑S C-c‑p-h-i-§-
f‑n-e‑p-a‑m-b‑n L-S‑n-¸‑n-
¡‑p-¶-X‑v-- "a‑m-X‑m-h‑v'
F-¶‑v-- t‑]-c‑m-b c-ï‑v
]-e-I-I-f‑p‑w "G-c‑m-
h‑v‑' F-¶ t‑]-c‑n-e‑p-Å
a-s‑ä‑m-c‑p ]-e-I-b‑p‑w
B-W‑v. "s‑N-©-e‑y‑w‑'
F-¶ t‑]-c‑n-e‑p-Å
]-i I‑q-«‑n-t‑¨À-¯‑m-W‑v
C-h \‑nÀ-a‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v.
F-´‑m-W‑n-X‑v?
N‑p-ï³-h-Å‑w
42. "l‑o-t‑d‑m H‑m-^‑v-- I-i‑v-
a‑oÀ‑' F-¶-d‑n-b-s‑¸-
«‑n-c‑p-¶ C-t‑±-l-s‑¯
C-´‑y³ c‑m-{‑ã‑o-b-¯‑n-
s‑e Z‑z‑n-X‑o-b³ F-¶‑m-
W‑v s‑s‑S‑w a‑m-k‑n-I
h‑n-t‑i-j‑n-¸‑n-¨-X‑v:
h‑n.s‑I. I‑r-j‑v-W-
t‑a-t‑\‑m³
43. ]-c-a‑m-h-[‑n a-c‑w
\-«‑p-]‑n-S‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-I
F-¶ e-£‑y-t‑¯‑m-s‑S
b‑p.F-k‑v. t‑I-{‑µ-a‑m-
¡‑n {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¡‑p-¶
k‑w-L-S-\-b‑m-W‑v
"BÀ-_À t‑U‑'. BÀ-
_À t‑U-b‑v-¡‑p-t‑h-ï‑n
c-ï‑p-e-£‑w h‑r-£-
s‑s‑¯-IÄ k‑w-`‑m-h-
\-s‑N-b‑v-X k‑q-k³
ബെൻ സ്റ്റോക്‌സ്‌
t‑h‑m-P‑n-k‑v--I‑n H-c‑p t‑e‑m-
I-{‑]-i-k‑v-X k-a‑q-l-a‑m-
[‑y-a-¯‑n-s‑â k‑n.C.H.
B-W‑v:
b‑q-S‑y‑q-_‑v
44. I-SÂ-¯‑o-c-§-f‑n-e-
S‑n-b‑p-¶ ¹‑m-Ì‑n-I‑v
a‑m-e‑n-\‑y-§Ä ]‑p-\-c‑p-
]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨‑v 2019þ-s‑e
G-I-Z‑n-\ t‑e‑m-I-I-
¸‑n P-g‑v--k‑n-b‑m-b‑n
D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨ S‑o‑w?
{‑i‑o-e-¦
(C‑u hÀ-j-s‑¯ H‑m-k‑v-
-t‑{‑S-e‑n-b³ H‑m-¸-W‑nÂ
X-a‑n-g‑v--\‑m-«‑n-s‑e X‑n-c‑p-¸‑q-
c‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑p-Å F³.k‑n.
t‑P‑m¬ B³-U‑v-- k¬-
k‑v-- I-¼-\‑n ¹‑m-Ì‑n-I‑v
I‑p-¸‑n-I-f‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v-- S‑o-þ-
jÀ-«‑v \‑nÀ-a‑n-¨‑v \Â-I‑n-
b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p‑)
45. Z‑n-t‑\‑m-kÀ-a-c-§Ä
F-¶-d‑n-b-s‑¸-S‑p-¶
"t‑h‑m-f-s‑s‑a s‑s‑]³‑'
s‑F.b‑p.k‑n.F¶n-s‑â
s‑d-U‑v e‑n-Ì‑n K‑p-c‑p-
X-c-a‑m-b‑n h‑w-i-\‑m-i-
`‑o-j-W‑n t‑\-c‑n-S‑p-¶
C-\-a‑m-b‑n hÀ-K‑o-I-
c‑n-¨‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. C-X‑v
G-X‑v-- c‑m-P‑y-¯‑m-W‑v
I‑m-W-s‑¸-S‑p-¶-X‑v?
H‑m-k‑v-t‑{‑S-e‑n-b
46. ^‑p-S‑v--t‑_‑m-f‑n ]‑p-c‑p-
j-X‑m-c-§Ä-¡‑p‑w
h-\‑n-X‑m-X‑m-c-§Ä-¡‑p‑w
X‑p-e‑y-t‑h-X-\‑w GÀ-
s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n-b c‑m-P‑y‑w?
H‑m-k‑v-t‑{‑S-e‑n-b
47. i{Xp ssk-\y-¯nsâ
I-S-¶‑p-I-b-ä-s¯¸-än
A-dn-bmsX, B-{Ia-
Ww \-S-¶-ti-jw
am{Xw D-W-cp-¶
`-c-W-Iq-S-¯n-sâ
A-hØ-sb hn-ti-jn-
¸n-¡p-¶ ]Zw?
]‑m-\‑n-¸-¯‑v k‑n³-{‑U‑w
48. "`‑q-a‑n-I‑' G-X‑v h-I‑p-
¸‑p-a‑m-b‑n _-Ô-s‑¸-«
s‑a‑m-s‑s‑_Â B-¹‑n-
t‑¡-j-\‑m-W‑v?
a‑r-K-k‑w-c-£-W h-I‑p-
¸‑v (Animal Resource
Management System)
49. {‑]-a‑p-J {‑]-I‑r-X‑n-i‑m-
k‑v-{‑X-h‑n-Z-K‑v-[-\‑p‑w s‑S-
e‑n-h‑n-j³ A-h-X‑m-c-I-
\‑p-a‑m-b C-t‑±-l-s‑¯
{‑_‑n-«‑o-j‑p-I‑mÀ "t‑Z-
i‑o-b-\‑n[ - n‑ '‑ b‑mb- n‑ «- m‑ W
- v‑
I-cp‑ X- p‑ ¶- X - v.‑ "I‑mk - -v‑
t- I
‑ m‑ e- k - 'v‑ F-¶m‑ W - v‑
C-t±‑ l - ¯ - n‑ s - â
‑ h‑o«- p‑ -
t‑]c - v.‑ Bcm-Wn-t±lw?
t‑U-h‑n-U‑v A-ä³-_-t‑d‑m
50. k‑p-`‑m-j‑v-N-{‑µ t‑_‑m-
k‑n-s‑â P‑o-h‑n-X‑w
{‑]-t‑a-b-a‑m-¡‑n h‑n-t‑P-
j‑v-- a-W‑n k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\‑w-
s‑N-b‑v-X‑, C-c‑p-f-`‑m-j-
b‑n-s‑e N-e-¨‑n-{‑X-a‑m-W‑v
"t‑\-X‑m-P‑n‑'. N‑n-{‑X-
¯‑n t‑\-X‑m-P‑n-b‑m-b‑n
t‑h-j-a‑n-«-X‑v B-c‑m-W‑v?
t‑K‑m-I‑p-e‑w t‑K‑m-
]‑m-e³ (hy-h-kmbn,
N-e-¨n-{X \nÀ-½m
-Xmhv)
 SPACE Fill the puzzle with the common terms in astronomy

1 2 3

4 5 6

9 10

11 12

13

14 15 16

17

18

ACROSS 1 2
A S T R O N OME R C
3

1. Sky-at-night observer
7. Observatory instrument
U O
4 5 6
8. Planet beyond sol’s grasp P M C R A
7
12.Attractive force T E L E S C O P E O S
16.Mars or Neptune, e.g R T M N T
17.All there is 8
E X O P L AN E T
18.Space Race goal
N E
SOLUTION

O O T R
DOWN V R
9
E O
10
H
2. Exploding star 11 12

3. Solar halo A J G R AV I T Y
13
4. Falling star U G R D D
14 15 16
5. Halley’s____ V O P L AN E T R
6. Body in a belt E R I L H O
9. Terra firma
10. Lightest element N B T A G
17
11. Largest of the planets U N I V E R S E X E
18
13. Milky Way, e.g. S T R Y M O O N
14. Evening star
COURTESY: Memory - Improvement-Tips.com
15. Planet’s path

മാർച്ച്‌2020
79
 STATEMENT ABOUT OWNERSHIP AND OTHER
PARTICULARS ABOUT NEWSPAPER
FORM IV
MATHRUBHUMI GK & CURRENT AFFAIRS
[See Rule 8 of the Registration of Newspapers (Central)Rules, 1956]

1. Place of Publication : Calicut

2. Periodicity of publication : Monthly
3. Printer’s Name : P.V. Chandran
Nationality : Indian
Address : Keralakala, Azhchavattam, Calicut-673007
4. Publisher’s Name : P.V. Chandran
Nationality : Indian
Address : Keralakala, Azhchavattam, Calicut-673007
5. Name of Managing Editor : P.V. Chandran
Nationality : Indian
Address : Keralakala, Azhchavattam, Calicut-673007
6. Name of Editor : Ramachandran O R
Nationality : Indian
Address : Othalur Mana,
Perumanna P O
Kozhikode-673019
7. Names and addresses of individuals : The Newspaper is owned by The
who own the newspaper and partners Mathrubhumi Printing & Publishing
or shareholders holding more than Company Limited, a Public Limited
one percent of the total capital. Company.

Equity Shareholders holding more than 1% of the paid up Equity Capital:-

1. Sri. M. V. Shreyamskumar, Krishnagiri Estate, Kalpetta North, Wayanad.

2. Sri. M. P. Veerendrakumar, Puliyarmala Estate, Kalpetta North, South Wayanad.
3. Sri. P. V. Chandran, Keralakala, Azhchavattam, Calicut – 673 007.
4. Sri. M. J. Vijayapadman, Vijaya Mahal, Kalpetta North, South Wayanad.
5. Sri. P. V. Gangadharan, Keralakala, Azhchavattam, Calicut – 673 007.
6. Sri. P. V. Nidhish, Keralakala, Azhchavattam, Calicut – 673 007.
7. Sri. M. N. Ravi Varma, Smt. Ambikadevi Varma & Smt Rajeswari Varma, Sriniketanam, 222 Mavelipuram, Kakkanad,
Cochin – 682 030.
8. Smt. Namitha Vijayapadman, Vijaya Mahal, Kalpetta North, South Wayanad.
9. Smt. Nisha Anirudhan, Kottakkattu House, Paikuzhi, Ochira, Kollam District.
10. Smt. P. Remadevi, Bindu. P & Sindhu. P, ‘Remya’, Kozhipuram Compound, Cotton Mill Road, Thiruvannur Nada P. O,
Calicut – 673029.
11. Smt. Bhanumathi, Bhanu Vihar, Thalap, Kannur-2.
12. Col. A. V. M. Achuthan (Retd), B-505, Somvihar, Opp : Sangham Theatre, R. K. Puram, New Delhi – 110022.
13. Smt. P. V. Sherien, Keralakala, Azhchavattam, Calicut – 673 007.
14. Smt. P. V. Hemalatha, Keralakala, Azhchavattam, Calicut – 673 007.
15. Sri. M. K. Vivek, Vijaya Mahal, Kalpetta North, South Wayanad.
16. Sri. M. K. Jinachandran, Vijaya Mahal, Kalpettta North, South Wayanad.

I, P.V. CHANDRAN, hereby declare that the particulars given above are true to the best of my knowledge and belief.

Calicut Sd/-
06.01.2020 P.V. CHANDRAN
PUBLISHER

STUDY MATERIALS FOR graduate level exams
MODEL QUESTIONS
General English Questions for SSC (CGL/CHSL), UPSC, PSC, Bank Exams etc.
1. Which one among the options given below can be
considered a synonym of the underlined word :
Nadal was vanquished in this year's Australian
Open.
(a) Challenged (b) Beaten
(c) Opposed (d) None of these
2. Which one among the options given below can be
considered an antonym of the underlined word:
He was punished for bad behaviour.
(a) Penalized (b) Praised
(c) Rewarded (d) None of these
3. Which among the following options conveys the
meaning of the idiom in the sentence:
Her undiplomatic remarks raised a hornet's nest.
(a) Provoked anger (b) Caused pleasure
(c) Created panic (d) None of these
4. Which one among the options given below
conveys the meaning of the phrasal verb:
With the looming threat of a hartal, the programme
was put off for another day.
(a) Cancelled (b) Postponed
(c) Advanced (d) Reorganized
5. Which one among the segments is grammatically
incorrect?
(a) One of these viruses/ (b) are a threat/ (c) to the
health/ (d) of humans/.
6. Choose the most appropriate preposition from
the options given below to make the sentence
complete:
I congratulated him ------- his victory.
(a) of (b) on
(c) in (d) for
7. Choose the most appropriate conjunction from
the options given below to make the sentence
complete:
The meeting will be held between 4 ----- 6 pm.
(a) and (b) or
(c) but (d) that
8. Which one among the following is spelt correctly?
(a) Adherance (b) Adharence
(c) Adharance (d) Adherence
9. Which among the options given below is the
Dr. P. RADHIKA
correct Indirect Speech version of the sentence:
He said, "I am tired now."
(a) He said that he is tired now.
(b) He said that he was tired now.
(c) He said that he was tired then.
(d) None of the above
10.Which among the options given below is the
correct Direct Speech version of the sentence:
He stated that the Chandrayaan mission was a
success.
(a) He said, "The Chandrayaan mission was a
success."
(b) He said, "The Chandrayaan mission is a
success."
(c) He said, "The Chandrayaan mission is to be a
success."
(d) None of the above
11.Choose the most appropriate word from the
options given below to complete the sentence:
The criminal was_________by the police.
(a) interviewed (b) investigated
(c) interrogated (d) informed
12. Choose the correct word from the options given
below that describes a person who collects stamps
as part of his hobby:
(a) Philosopher (b) Philanderer
(c) Philatelist (d) Philanthrope
13. Which of the following sentences is correct?
(a) State highways all two-lane will be made.
(b) Women and children, including 17 people, in
the accident were involved.
(c) To have against the Corona virus infection
claim Indian doctors prepared vaccination.
(d) The Kerala High Court is likely to pronounce
its judgement tomorrow.
COMPREHENSION
Read the passage given below and answer the
questions that follow:
The moon had now ---------- (1) above the trees
when I resolved (2) upon a new project. Thus far
I had endeavoured (3) to travel as nearly south as
possible. My clothes were ------- (4) tatters, my hands,
മാർച്ച്‌2020
81
 face and body covered with scratches, received from
climbing over piles (5) of brush and flood-wood. I was
besmeared with muck and mud and the green slime
that had collected on the surface of the dead water (6)
in which I had been immersed. Hour after hour, and
tiresome (7) indeed they had become, I continued to
plod (8) along on my north-west course.
14. Choose the most appropriate form of the verb
from the options given below to fill in the blank
(marked 1):
(a) Raise (b) Rose
(c) Risen (d) Raised
15. Choose the most appropriate synonym for the
underlined word (marked 2) from the options
given below:
(a) Decided (b) Anticipated
(c) Announced (d) Denied
16. Choose the most appropriate phrasal verb for
the underlined word (marked 3) from the options
given below:
(a) Worked up (b) Worked at
(c) Worked out (d) Worked around
17. Choose the most appropriate preposition from the
options given below to fill in the blank (marked 4):
(a) At (b) Of
(c) In (d) On
18. Which of the following conveys the meaning of
the underlined word (marked 5)?
(a) Moulds (b) Moults
(c) Mounts (d) Mounds
19. Which one of the following words conveys the
meaning of the underlined phrase (marked 6)?
(a) Fresh (b) Stagnant
(c) Flowing (d) Clear
20. Which one of the following words is an antonym
of the underlined word (marked 7)?
(a) Interesting (b) Insipid
(c) Inert (d) Injuring
21. Which one of the following words is a synonym of
the underlined word (marked 8)?
(a) Wade (b) Walk
(c) Swim (d) Creep
22. Which among the options given below is the
correct Indirect Speech version of the sentence:
The proprietor said, “I am going to stop using plastic
bags now onwards.’’
(a) The proprietor said that he was going to stop
using plastic bags now onwards.
(b) The proprietor said that he was going to stop
using plastic bags then onwards.
(c) The proprietor said that he is going to stop
using plastic bags now onwards.
(d) None of the above
23.Choose the most appropriate word from the
options given below to complete the sentence:
The mechanic ------------ the leaky geyser.
(a) Repaired (b) Reverted
82 മാതൃഭൂമിജികെ&കറന്റ്അഫയേഴ്‌സ്‌
(c) Reinvented (d) Recharged
24. Which one of the following words describes a
person who is in charge of a museum, zoo or other
exhibits?
(a) Curate (b) Curer
(c) Curler (d) Curator
25. Which among the following options conveys the
meaning of the idiom in the sentence: Criticism
does not affect him. It is like water off a duck’s back.
(a) It hurts him.
(b) He remains unaffected
(c) He gets drowned
(d) None of these
26. Which among the following options conveys the
meaning of the phrasal verb underlined in the
sentence?
Despite serious threats from the drug mafia, the
sleuth refused to back down.
(a) Investigate (b) Interrogate
(c) Withdraw (d) Withhold
27. Which among the following options is a synonym
of the underlined word?
A gang of thieves looted the bank yesterday.
(a) Robbed (b) Entered
(c) Explored (d) Examined
28. Which of the following sentences is correctly
written:
(a) Education to prioritize says the government it
is time.
(b) The book exhibition in the city was a crowd-
puller.
(c) Dispersed the crowd tear gas shells the police
using.
(d) In the assembly was horrifying the ruckus to
watch.
29. Which one of the following options is the correct
Direct Speech version of the sentence:
She requested me to lay the table.
(a) She told me, “Please lie the table”
(b) She told me, “Lay the table.’’
(c) She told me, “Please to lay the table.’’
(d) She told me, “Please lay the table.’’
30. Which one of the words given below is spelt
correctly?
(a) Casualty (b) Casuality
(c) Casaulty (d) Casaulity
31. Which one of the following options best describes
the idiom underlined in the sentence?
He performed well at the examination and came out
with flying colours.
(a) Wore multi-coloured clothes
(b) Was very successful
(c) Was congratulated
(d) None of the above
32. Which one of the following options is an antonym
of the word ‘lethargic’?
(a) Allergic (b) Sluggish
 (c) Energetic (d) Paraplegic
33. Complete the sentence by filling in the blank with
the most appropriate preposition from among the
options given below:
We have come to the end ---------- the road
(a) At (b) On
(c) Off (d) Of
34. Which one among the following segments of the
sentence given below contains an error:
(a) Many a young singer/(b) in the Malayalam film
industry/(c) of today/(d) are extremely talented.
COMPREHENSION
Read the passage given below and answer the
questions that follow:
I still recall (1) with great clarity (2) the shock of
stepping out (3) of the plane and into the muggy,
perfumed (4) air of West Africa. Moisture ---------
-- (5) in the atmosphere so heavily that my skin and
shirt were soaked ----------- (6) minutes. Almost
every year since (7) that first trip, I have managed, one
way or another, to get back to the tropics. Usually my
purpose has been to make a film about some corner
of that infinitely (8) varied world. So I have had the
luck to journey for months with the sole object (9) of
finding and filming a rare creature that ----------- (10)
people have seen in the wild.
35. Which one of the following options is a synonym
for the verb (marked 1)?
(a) Remember (b) Repeat
(c) Resist (d) Reproduce
36. Which one of the following options is an antonym
for the noun (marked 2)?
(a) Vividness (b) Openness
(c) Vagueness (d) Accuracy
37. Which one of the following options conveys the
meaning of the phrasal verb (marked 3)?
(a) Leaving (b) Entering
(c) Falling (d) Checking
38. Which one of the following options can be used as
a substitute for the adjective (marked 4)?
(a) Famous (b) Fragrant
(c) Faulty (d) Fabulous
39. Fill in the blank (marked 5), choosing the most
appropriate form of the verb from the options
given below:
(a) Hung (b) Hang
(c) Hanged (d) None of the above
40. Fill in the blank (marked 6), choosing the most
appropriate preposition from the options given
below:
(a) With (b) Within
(c) Without (d) Since
41. Replace the word (marked 7) with the most
appropriate preposition from the options given
below:
(a) While (b) When
(c) After (d) Often
42. Which of the following words best conveys the
meaning of the adverb (marked 8)?
(a) Faultlessly (b) Beautifully
(c) Strangely (d) Endlessly
43.Which of the following options can be used as a
substitute for the phrase (marked 9)?
(a) Main purpose (b) Only aim
(c) Major purpose (d) Great aim
44.Choose the most appropriate adjective from the op-
tions given below to fill in the blank (marked 10):
(a) Few (b) A few
(c) None (d) Neither
45.Complete the sentence by filling in the blank with the
most appropriate modal auxiliary verb from among
the options given below:
Scriptures tell us that we ............. obey our parents.
(a) Can (b) May
(c) Ought to (d) Dare
46.Which one of the following options best describes
the idiom underlined in the sentence:
It is 600 km from here to Kasaragod, as the crow
flies.
(a) With great difficulty (b) As slowly as possible
(c) As we fly (d) As directly as possible
47.Which one of the following is the passive voice form
of the sentence:
He smiled at me.
(a) I was smiled at. (b) I got smiled at.
(c) I am smiled at. (d) None of the above.
48.Fill in the blank choosing the most appropriate prep-
osition from the options given below:
We discussed .............. matter very thoroughly.
(a) About (b) On
(c) Regarding (d) None of the above
49. Fill in the blank choosing the most appropriate con-
junction from the options given below:
I see dark clouds ............. it won’t rain tonight.
(a) And (b) But
(c) Although (d) Despite
50.Which one among the following segments of the
sentence given below contains an error?
(a) During second anniversary/(b)of my wedding/(c)
I organized a fabulous party/(d) for my friends and
relatives.
Answers
1. (b), 2. (c), 3. (a), 4. (b), 5. (b) (Correct: ‘is a threat’),
6. (b), 7. (a), 8. (d), 9. (c), 10. (b), 11. (c), 12. (c),
13. (d), 14. (c), 15. (a), 16. (b), 17. (c), 18. (d), 19.
(b), 20. (a), 21. (b), 22. (b), 23. (a), 24. (d), 25. (b),
26. (c), 27. (a), 28. (b), 29. (d), 30. (a), 31. (b), 32.
(c), 33. (d), 34. (d) (Correct: ‘is extremely talented’),
35. (a), 36. (c), 37. (a), 38. (b), 39. (a), 40. (b), 41.
(c), 42. (d), 43. (b), 44. (a), 45. (c), 46. (d), 47. (d),
48. (d), 49. (b), 50. (a) (Correct: ‘During the second
anniversary’)
മാർച്ച്‌2020
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 NILOFER AHMED

വിവിധ പി.എസ്.സി. പരീക്ഷകൾക്ക് തയ്യാറെടുക്കുന്നവർക്കും

തുടക്കക്കാർക്കും സഹായകരമായ പഠന വസ്തുതകൾ

സൗരയൂഥത്തിനുള്ളിലെ
‘ചെറുസൗരയൂഥം’
s‑¸-«-X‑v B-c‑v?
\-t‑h‑m-°‑m-\-\‑m-b-IÀ‑, A-]-c-\‑m-a-§Ä I‑p-d‑p-¼³ s‑s‑Z-h-¯‑m³
$ "D-¯-c-t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-s‑â ]‑m-S‑p-¶ ]-S-h‑mÄ‑' F-¶-d‑n-b- $ "a-e-_‑m-d‑n-s‑e {‑i‑o-\‑m-c‑m-b-W-K‑p-c‑p‑' F-¶‑v h‑n-f‑n-¡-
s‑¸-«-X‑v B-c‑v? s‑¸-Sp¶-Xv Bcv?
k‑p-{‑_-a-W‑y³ X‑n-c‑p-a‑p-¼‑v h‑m-K‑v-`-S‑m-\-µ³
$ "X‑n-c‑p-h‑n-X‑m‑w-I‑q-d‑n-s‑e t‑P‑m³ H‑m-^‑v BÀ-¡‑v' F-¶‑v- $ "a‑m-X‑r-`‑m-j-b‑p-s‑S t‑]‑m-c‑m-f‑n‑' F-¶‑v- h‑n-f‑n-¡-s‑¸-«
h‑n-f‑n-¡-s‑¸-«-X‑v B-c‑v? \-t‑h‑m-°‑m-\-\‑m-b-I³ B-c‑v?
A-¡‑m-½ s‑N-d‑n-b‑m³ a-à‑n X-§Ä
$ "X‑n-c‑p-h‑n-X‑m‑w-I‑q-d‑n-s‑e Q‑m³-k‑n d‑m-W‑n‑' F-¶‑v- K‑m- $ "h‑n-¹-h-¯‑n-s‑â i‑p-{‑I-\-£-{‑X‑w‑' F-¶-d‑n-b-s‑¸-«
Ô‑n-P‑n h‑n-t‑i-j‑n-¸‑n-¨-X‑v B-s‑c-b‑m-W‑v? I-h‑n B-c‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p?
A-¡‑m-½ s‑N-d‑n-b‑m-s‑\ I‑p-a‑m-c-\‑m-i‑m³
$ "a-e-¦-c k‑n-d‑n-b³-k-`-b‑p-s‑S a‑mÀ-«‑n³ e‑q-YÀ‑' F-¶‑v- $ h‑n-Z‑y‑m-[‑n-c‑m-P³‑, j¬-a‑p-J-Z‑m-k³ F-¶‑o t‑]-c‑p-I-
h‑n-f‑n-¡-s‑¸-Sp¶-Xv Bcv? f‑n A-d‑n-b-s‑¸-«-X‑v B-c‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p?
A-{‑_-l‑m‑w aÂ-¸‑m³ N-«-¼‑n-k‑z‑m-a‑n-IÄ
$ "c-ï‑m‑w _‑p-²³‑' F-¶‑v a-l‑m-I-h‑n P‑n. i-¦-c-¡‑p-d‑p- $ "]‑m-h-§-f‑p-s‑S ]-S-¯-e-h³‑'F-¶‑v- h‑n-f‑n-¡-s‑¸-« t‑\-
¸‑v h‑n-t‑i-j‑n-¸‑n-¨-X‑v B-s‑c? X‑m-h‑v B-c‑v?
{‑i‑o-\‑m-c‑m-b-W K‑p-c‑p-h‑n-s‑\ F.s‑I. t‑K‑m-]‑m-e³
$ B-s‑c-b‑m-W‑v "t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-s‑e a-Z³-t‑a‑m-l³ a‑m-f-h‑y‑' $ "X‑n-c‑p-h‑n-X‑m‑w-I‑q-d‑n-s‑e c‑m-{‑ã‑o-b-{‑]-t‑£‑m-`-§-f‑p-s‑S
F-¶‑v kÀ-Z‑mÀ s‑I.F‑w. ]-W‑n-¡À h‑n-f‑n-¨-X‑v? ]‑n-X‑m-h‑v' F-¶-d‑n-b-s‑¸-«-X‑v B-c‑v?
a-¶-¯‑v-- ]-ß-\‑m-`-s‑\ P‑n.]‑n. ]‑n-Å
$ "\‑n-c‑o-i‑z-c-h‑m-Z‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S t‑]‑m-¸‑v' F-¶‑v h‑n-f‑n-¡-s‑¸-« $ "t‑I-c-f e‑n-¦¬‑' F-¶‑v h‑n-t‑i-j‑n-¸‑n-¡-s‑¸-«-X‑v
t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-s‑e b‑p-à‑n-{‑]-Ø‑m-\-¯‑n-s‑â t‑\-X‑m- B-c‑m-W‑v?
h‑m-c‑v? ]-Þ‑n-ä‑v I-d‑p-¸³
F‑w.k‑n. t‑P‑m-k-^‑v $ "t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-s‑â h-µ‑y-h-t‑b‑m-[‑n-I³‑'F-¶‑p ]-c-s‑¡
$ "k‑m-£-c-X-b‑p-s‑S ]‑n-X‑m-h‑v' F-¶‑v h‑n-f‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-¶ A-d‑n-b-s‑¸-«-X‑v B-c‑v?
\-t‑h‑m-°‑m-\-\‑m-b-I³ B-c‑v? s‑I.]‑n. t‑I-i-h-t‑a-t‑\‑m³
N‑m-h-d I‑p-c‑y‑m-t‑¡‑m-k‑v G-e‑n-b‑m-k‑v $ "k-¼‑qÀ-W-t‑Z-h³‑' F-¶‑v h‑n-f‑n-¡-s‑¸-«-X‑v B-c‑v?
$ "t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-s‑e t‑k‑m-{‑I-«‑o-k‑v ' F-¶‑v h‑n-f‑n-¡-s‑¸-«-X‑v A-¿‑m s‑s‑h-I‑p-W‑vTÀ
B-c‑v? $ "k‑n‑w-l-f k‑n‑w-l‑w‑' F-¶‑v h‑n-t‑i-j‑n-¸‑n-¡-s‑¸-« t‑I-c-
a-¶-¯‑v-- ]-ß-\‑m-`³ f-¯‑n-s‑e t‑\-X‑m-h‑m-c‑v?
$ "]‑p-e-b-K‑o-X-§-f‑p-s‑S {‑]-h‑m-N-I³‑' F-¶‑v h‑n-f‑n-¡- k‑n. t‑I-i-h³

84 മാതൃഭൂമിജികെ&കറന്റ്അഫയേഴ്‌സ്‌
 ഹൗറ പാലം
സ
a‑u-e‑n-I‑m-h-I‑m-i-§Ä h‑m-g‑v-N‑' F-¶ B-i-b-h‑p-a‑m-b‑n _-Ô-s‑¸-«‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶- മാ
$ "C-´‑y-b‑p-s‑S a‑m-K‑v-\‑m-I‑mÀ-«‑' F-¶‑v- h‑n-f‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-¶ X‑v? ധാ
`-c-W-L-S-\‑m `‑m-K‑w G-X‑v? A-\‑p-t‑Ñ-Z‑w-þ14
$ a‑u-e‑n-I‑m-h-I‑m-i-§-s‑f-¸-ä‑n {‑]-X‑n-]‑m-Z‑n-¡‑p-¶ `-c-W-
ആ
`‑m-K‑w-þ3 (a‑u-e‑n-I‑m-h-I‑m-i-§Ä‑)
$ a‑u-e‑n-I‑m-h-I‑m-i-§Ä F-¶ B-i-b‑w C-´‑y³ L-S-\-b‑n-s‑e A-\‑p-t‑Ñ-Z-§Ä G-h? എ
`-c-W-L-S-\ I-S-s‑a-S‑p-¯-X‑v G-X‑v- c‑m-P‑y-¯‑p-\‑n-¶‑p- A-\‑p-t‑Ñ-Z‑w-þ12 a‑p-XÂ 35 h-s‑c തി
a‑m-W‑v? $ "a-l‑m-ß‑m-K‑m-Ô‑n I‑o P-b‑v "F-¶ a‑p-{‑Z‑m-h‑m-I‑y‑w
h‑n-f‑n-I-t‑f‑m-s‑S `-c-W-L-S-\‑m \‑nÀ-a‑m-W-k-` ]‑m-k‑m-
മു
A-t‑a-c‑n-¡
$ "a‑u-e‑n-I‑m-h-I‑m-i-§-f‑p-s‑S i‑n-e‑v-]‑n‑' F-¶‑v- h‑n-f‑n-¡- ¡‑n-b A-\‑p-t‑Ñ-Z‑w G-X‑v? നി
s‑¸-S‑p-¶ t‑Z-i‑o-b-t‑\-X‑m-h‑m-c‑v? A-\‑p-t‑Ñ-Z‑w-þ17 പി
kÀ-Z‑mÀ h-Ã-`‑v--`‑m-b‑v ]-t‑«Â $ A-b‑n-¯‑w‑, s‑X‑m-«‑p-I‑q-S‑m-b‑v-a F-¶‑n-h \‑n-t‑c‑m-[‑n-
$ `-c-W-L-S-\ \‑n-e-h‑nÂ-h-c‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ F-{‑X a‑u-e‑n-I‑m- ¡‑p-¶ A-\‑p-t‑Ñ-Z‑w G-X‑v?
h-I‑m-i-§-f‑m-W‑v D-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶-X‑v? A-\‑p-t‑Ñ-Z‑w-þ17
G-g‑v $ c‑m-P‑y-s‑¯ k‑w-h-c-W-k‑w-h‑n-[‑m-\-¯‑n-s‑â A-S‑n-¯-d-
$ \‑n-e-h‑n `-c-W-L-S-\-b‑n-s‑e a‑u-e‑n-I‑m-h-I‑m-i-§-f‑p- b‑m-b‑n I-c‑p-X-s‑¸-S‑p-¶ A-\‑p-t‑Ñ-Z‑w G-X‑v?
s‑S F-®-s‑a-{‑X? A-\‑p-t‑Ñ-Z‑w-þ15
B-d‑v $ B-d‑v a‑u-e‑n-I-k‑z‑m-X-{‑´‑y-§Ä {‑]-X‑n-]‑m-Z‑n-¡‑p-¶
$ 1978þÂ a‑u-e‑n-I‑m-h-I‑m-i-§-f‑p-s‑S K-W-¯‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v- `-c-W-L-S-\-b‑n-s‑e A-\‑p-t‑Ñ-Z‑w G-X‑v?
A-\‑p-t‑Ñ-Z‑w-þ19(1)
H-g‑n-h‑m-¡-s‑¸-«-X‑v G-X‑v?
k‑z-¯-h-I‑m-i‑w $ h‑n-h-c‑m-h-I‑m-i‑w a‑u-e‑n-I‑m-h-I‑m-i-a‑m-b‑n a‑m-d‑p-¶-X‑v സ
$ G-X‑v- `-c-W-L-S-\‑m-t‑`-Z-K-X‑n-b‑n-e‑q-s‑S-b‑m-W‑v k‑z-¯- G-X‑v A-\‑p-t‑Ñ-Z-¯‑n-s‑â `‑m-K-a‑m-b‑n-«‑m-W‑v? മാ
A-\‑p-t‑Ñ-Z‑w-þ19(1)
h‑m-I‑m-i-s‑¯ a‑u-e‑n-I‑m-h-I‑m-i-§-f‑p-s‑S K-W-¯‑nÂ
$ "a‑q-¶‑v k‑w-c-£-W-§Ä‑' F-¶‑v- h‑n-f‑n-¡-s‑¸-S‑p-¶
ധ
\‑n-¶‑p‑w H-g‑n-h‑m-¡‑n-b-X‑v?
44þ‑m‑w `-c-W-L-S-\‑m-t‑`-Z-K-X‑n a‑u-e‑n-I‑m-h-I‑m-i-s‑¯ DÄ-s‑¡‑m-Å‑p-¶ A-\‑p-t‑Ñ-Z‑w ആ
$ \‑n-e-h‑n `-c-W-L-S-\-b‑p-s‑S G-X‑v A-\‑p-t‑Ñ-Z‑w G-X‑v? എ
A-\‑p-t‑Ñ-Z‑w-þ20
{‑]-I‑m-c-a‑m-W‑v k‑z-¯-h-I‑m-i-s‑¯ \‑n-b-a-]-c-a‑m-b
$ "a‑u-e‑n-I‑m-h-I‑m-i-§-f‑p-s‑S A-S‑n-¯-d‑' F-¶‑v- h‑n-f‑n-¡-
ത
A-h-I‑m-i‑w a‑m-{‑X-a‑m-¡‑n a‑m-ä‑n-b‑n-«‑p-Å-X‑v?
A-\‑p-t‑Ñ-Z‑w-þ300þ-F s‑¸-S‑p-¶ A-\‑p-t‑Ñ-Z‑w G-X‑v? മു
$ k‑z-¯-h-I‑m-i-s‑¯ a‑u-e‑n-I‑m-h-I‑m-i-§-f‑p-s‑S ]-«‑n-I- A-\‑p-t‑Ñ-Z‑w-þ21 ന
$ k‑z-I‑m-c‑y-X-b‑v-¡‑p-Å A-h-I‑m-i‑w a‑u-e‑n-I‑m-h-I‑m-i-
b‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v- H-g‑n-h‑m-¡‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ {‑]-[‑m-\-a-{‑´‑n B-c‑m-
a‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v G-X‑v A-\‑p-_-Ô-¯‑n-s‑â ]-Ý‑m-
പ
b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p?
s‑a‑m-d‑mÀ-P‑n t‑Z-i‑m-b‑n ¯-e-¯‑n-e‑m-W‑v?
$ `-c-W-L-S-\-b‑p-s‑S G-X‑v- A-\‑p-_-Ô-a‑m-W‑v "\‑n-b-a- A-\‑p-_-Ô‑w-þ21
$ "a‑u-e‑n-I‑m-h-I‑m-i-§-f‑n G-ä-h‑p‑w a‑u-e‑n-I-a‑m-b-X‑v'

മാർച്ച്‌2020
85
 F-¶-d‑n-b-s‑¸-S‑p-¶-X‑v G-X‑v A-\‑p-t‑Ñ-Z‑w {‑]-I‑m-c- G-X‑m-W‑v?
a‑p-Å a‑u-e‑n-I‑m-h-I‑m-i-a‑m-W‑v? K‑w-K‑m-s‑UÂ-ä
A-\‑p-t‑Ñ-Z‑w-þ21 $ C-´‑y-b‑n-e‑q-s‑S H-g‑p-I‑p-¶-h-b‑n G-ä-h‑p‑w P-e-k-a‑r-
$ G-X‑p `-c-W-L-S-\‑m-t‑`-Z-K-X‑n-b‑n-e‑q-s‑S-b‑m-W‑v h‑n-Z‑y‑m- ²-a‑m-b \-Z‑n-t‑b-X‑v?
`‑y‑m-k-s‑¯ a‑u-e‑n-I‑m-h-I‑m-i-a‑m-¡‑n a‑m-ä‑n-b-X‑v? {‑_-Ò-]‑p-{‑X
2002 s‑e 86þ‑m‑w t‑`-Z-K-X‑n (A-\‑p-t‑Ñ-Z‑w-þ21þ-F‑) $ S‑n-_-ä‑n "k‑m-M‑v-t‑]‑m‑' F-¶-d‑n-b-s‑¸-S‑p-¶ \-Z‑n-t‑b-
$ _‑m-e-t‑h-e \‑n-t‑c‑m-[‑n-¡‑p-¶ `-c-W-L-S-\-b‑n-s‑e X‑v?
A-\‑p-t‑Ñ-Z‑w G-X‑v? {‑_-Ò-]‑p-{‑X
A-\‑p-t‑Ñ-Z‑w-þ24 $ _‑w-¥‑m-t‑Z-i‑n-t‑e-s‑¡‑m-g‑p-I‑p-¶ {‑_-Ò-]‑p-{‑X-b‑p-s‑S {‑]-
$ "`-c-W-L-S-\-b‑p-s‑S l‑r-Z-b-h‑p‑w B-ß‑m-h‑p‑w‑' F-¶‑v [‑m-\ s‑s‑I-h-g‑n F-§-s‑\ A-d‑n-b-s‑¸-S‑p-¶‑p?
t‑U‑m. _‑n.BÀ. A‑w-t‑_-Z‑v-IÀ h‑n-t‑i-j‑n-¸‑n-¨ a‑u-e‑n- P-a‑p-\
I‑m-h-I‑m-i‑w G-X‑v? $ "A-k-a‑n-s‑â Z‑p‑x-J‑w‑, N‑p-h-¶ \-Z‑n‑' F-¶‑n-§-s‑\
`-c-W-L-S-\‑m-]-c-a‑m-b ]-c‑n-l‑m-c-a‑mÀ-K-¯‑n-\‑p-Å A-d‑n-b-s‑¸-S‑p-¶-t‑X-X‑v?
A-h-I‑m-i‑w (A-\‑p-t‑Ñ-Z‑w-þ32) {‑_-Ò-]‑p-{‑X
$ ]‑p-c‑p-j-\‑m-a-t‑[-b-a‑p-Å C-´‑y-b‑n-s‑e G-ä-h‑p‑w
K‑w-K‑, {‑_-Ò-]‑p-{‑X {‑]-[‑m-\-s‑¸-« \-Z‑n-t‑b-X‑v?
$ 2017 a‑mÀ-¨‑n D-¯-c‑m-J-Þ‑v s‑s‑l-t‑¡‑m-S-X‑n "e‑o- {‑_-Ò-]‑p-{‑X
KÂ t‑]-g‑v-k¬‑' ]-Z-h‑n \Â-I‑n-b \-Z‑n-I-t‑f-h? $ {‑_-Ò-]‑p-{‑X‑m \-Z‑n c‑q-]‑w-\Â-I‑p-¶ G-j‑y-b‑n-s‑e
K‑w-K‑, b-a‑p-\ G-ä-h‑p‑w h-e‑n-b \-Z‑o-P-\‑y-Z‑z‑o-]‑v G-X‑m-W‑v?
$ `‑m-c-X-¯‑n-s‑â t‑Z-i‑o-b-\-Z‑n-b‑m-b‑n K‑w-K-s‑b {‑]-J‑y‑m- a‑m-P‑p-e‑n
]‑n-¨ hÀ-j-t‑a-X‑v? $ a‑m-P‑p-e‑n Z‑z‑o-]‑v Ø‑n-X‑n-s‑N-¿‑p-¶ k‑w-Ø‑m-\-t‑a-X‑v?
2008 \-h‑w-_À A-k‑w
$ K‑w-K-b‑p-s‑S D-X‑v-]-¯‑n-{‑]-h‑m-l-a‑m-b‑n I-W-¡‑m-¡-s‑¸- $ C-´‑y-b‑n-s‑e B-Z‑y-s‑¯ Z‑z‑o-]‑v P‑n-Ã-t‑b-X‑v?
S‑p-¶-t‑X-X‑v? a‑m-P‑p-e‑n
`‑m-K‑o-c-Y‑n
$ `‑m-K‑o-c-Y‑n‑, A-f-I-\-µ F-¶‑n-h t‑NÀ-¶‑v K‑w-K-b‑m-b‑n t‑I-c-f‑w: `‑q-{‑]-I‑r-X‑n‑, a-®‑v
a‑m-d‑p-¶-X‑v F-h‑n-s‑S h-¨‑m-W‑v? $ t‑I-c-f k‑w-Ø‑m-\-¯‑n-s‑â h‑n-k‑v-X‑r-X‑n F-{‑X?
t‑Z-h-{‑]-b‑m-K‑n 38‑,863 N-X‑p-c-{‑i I‑n-t‑e‑m-a‑o-äÀ
$ c‑p-{‑Z-{‑]-b‑m-K‑n A-f-I-\-µ-b‑p-a‑m-b‑n t‑b‑m-P‑n-¡‑p-¶ $ C-´‑y-b‑p-s‑S B-s‑I h‑n-k‑v-X‑r-X‑n-b‑p-s‑S F-{‑X i-X-a‑m-
\-Z‑n-t‑b-X‑v? \-a‑m-W‑v t‑I-c-f‑w?
a-µ‑m-I‑n-\‑n 1.18 i-X-a‑m-\‑w
$ b-a‑p-\ K‑w-K-b‑n t‑N-c‑p-¶-X‑v F-h‑n-s‑S-s‑h-¨‑m-W‑v? $ h-e‑p-¸-¯‑n k‑w-Ø‑m-\-§Ä-¡‑n-S-b‑n t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-
A-e-l‑m-_‑m-Z‑v s‑â Ø‑m-\-s‑a-{‑X?
$ D-¯-t‑c-´‑y³ k-a-X-e-§-f‑n-e‑q-s‑S-b‑p-Å K‑w-K-b‑p-s‑S 21þ‑m‑w Ø‑m-\‑w
{‑]-b‑m-W‑w B-c‑w-`‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v F-h‑n-s‑S-\‑n-¶‑p-a‑m-W‑v? $ t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-\‑v- k-a‑m-\-a‑m-b h‑n-k‑v-X‑r-X‑n-b‑p-Å t‑e‑m-I-
l-c‑n-Z‑z‑mÀ c‑m-P‑y-t‑a-X‑v?
$ ]‑p-c‑m-W-§-f‑n "I‑m-f‑n-µ‑n‑' F-¶‑v- h‑n-f‑n-¡-s‑¸-« \-Z‑n- k‑z‑n-ä‑v-kÀ-e³-U‑v-
t‑b-X‑v? $ P-\-k‑w-J‑y-b‑n k‑w-Ø‑m-\-§Ä-¡‑n-S-b‑n t‑I-c-f-
b-a‑p-\ ¯‑n-s‑â Ø‑m-\-s‑a-{‑X?
$ _‑w-¥‑m-t‑Z-i‑n-t‑e-s‑¡‑m-g‑p-I‑p-¶ K‑w-K-b‑p-s‑S s‑s‑I-h-g‑n 13þ‑m‑w Ø‑m-\‑w
A-d‑n-b-s‑¸-S‑p-¶-s‑X-§‑n-s‑\? $ C-´‑y-b‑p-s‑S B-s‑I P-\-k‑w-J‑y-b‑p-s‑S F-{‑X i-X-a‑m-
]-ß \-t‑¯‑m-f-a‑m-W‑v t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-t‑e-X‑v?
$ G-X‑v- \-Z‑n-b‑p-s‑S s‑s‑I-h-g‑n-b‑m-W‑v l‑q-¥‑n? 2.76 i-X-a‑m-\‑w
K‑w-K-b‑p-s‑S $ t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-t‑e-X‑n-\‑v- X‑p-e‑y-a‑m-b P-\-k‑w-J‑y-b‑p-Å
$ G-X‑v- \-Z‑n-¡‑v- I‑p-d‑p-s‑I-b‑m-W‑v l‑u-d ]‑m-e‑w \‑nÀ-a‑n- t‑e‑m-I-c‑m-P‑y-t‑a-X‑v?
¨‑n-«‑p-Å-X‑v? A-^‑v-K‑m-\‑n-k‑v-X‑m³
l‑q-¥‑n $ t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-s‑â {‑]-[‑m-\-s‑¸-« a‑q-¶‑v- `‑q-`‑m-K-§Ä
$ K‑w-K G-ä-h‑p‑w Z‑q-c-s‑a‑m-g‑p-I‑p-¶-X‑v G-X‑v- k‑w-Ø‑m-\- G-h?
¯‑n-e‑q-s‑S-b‑m-W‑v? a-e-\‑m-S‑v, C-S-\‑m-S‑v, X‑o-c-t‑Z-i‑w
D-¯À-{‑]-t‑Z-i‑v $ t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-s‑â `‑q-h‑n-k‑v-X‑r-X‑n-b‑p-s‑S 48 i-X-a‑m-\-
$ K‑w-K-b‑p-s‑S X‑o-c-¯‑p-Å \-K-c-§-f‑n G-ä-h‑p‑w P-\- t‑¯‑m-f‑w h-c‑p-¶ `‑q-`‑m-K-t‑a-X‑v?
k‑w-J‑y I‑q-S‑n-b-t‑X-X‑v? a-e-\‑m-S‑v
I‑m¬-]‑pÀ $ t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-s‑â `‑q-h‑n-k‑v-X‑r-X‑n-b‑p-s‑S 41.76 i-X-a‑m-\‑w
$ t‑e‑m-I-¯‑n-s‑e G-ä-h‑p‑w h-e‑n-b A-g‑n-{‑]-t‑Z-i‑w h-c‑p-¶ `‑q-`‑m-K‑w G-X‑v?

86 മാതൃഭൂമിജികെ&കറന്റ്അഫയേഴ്‌സ്‌
 X-s‑¸-S‑p-¶-X‑v G-X‑v?
37 U‑n-{‑K‑n s‑kÂ-j‑y-k‑v
$ N-e‑n-¸‑n-¡‑m³ I-g‑n-b‑p-¶ a‑p-J-s‑¯ G-I A-Ø‑n
G-X‑v?
I‑o-g‑v-¯‑m-S‑n-s‑b-Ã‑v
$ G-X‑v- {‑K-l-s‑¯-b‑p‑w D-]-{‑K-l-§-s‑f-b‑p‑w t‑NÀ-¯‑m-
W‑v "s‑N-d‑p-k‑u-c-b‑q-Y‑w‑' F-¶‑v- h‑n-f‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v?
h‑y‑m-g‑w
$ B-Z‑y-a‑m-b‑n Bâ‑n-s‑k-]‑v-ä‑n-¡‑v kÀ-P-d‑n \-S-¯‑n-b
`‑n-j-K‑z-c³ B-c‑v?
t‑P‑m-k-^‑v e‑n-ÌÀ
$ G-ä-h‑p‑w I‑q-S‑n-b A-f-h‑n `‑q-h-X‑v-I-¯‑n I‑m-W-
s‑¸-S‑p-¶ t‑d-U‑n-t‑b‑m B-Î‑o-h‑v a‑q-e-I‑w G-X‑v?
b‑p-t‑d-\‑n-b‑w
വ്യാഴം $ b-{‑´-§-f‑p-s‑S ]-hÀ A-f-¡‑m³ D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑p-¶
b‑q-W‑n-ä‑v G-X‑v?
I‑p-X‑n-c-i-à‑n (t‑l‑m-g‑v-k‑v ]-hÀ‑)
$ G-ä-h‑p‑w N‑m-e-I-t‑i-j‑n I‑p-d-ª t‑e‑m-l-a‑m-b‑n A-d‑n-
C-S-\‑m-S‑v b-s‑¸-S‑p-¶-X‑v G-X‑v?
$ G-ä-h‑p‑w P-\-k‑m-{‑µ-X I‑q-S‑n-b `‑q-`‑m-K-t‑a-X‑v? _‑n-k‑v-a-¯‑v
X‑o-c-t‑Z-i‑w $ `‑q-a‑n-b‑n G-ä-h‑p‑w I‑q-S‑n-b A-f-h‑n I‑m-W-s‑¸-S‑p-¶
$ t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-s‑e {‑]-[‑m-\ a-®‑n-\-t‑a-X‑v? \‑n-j‑v-{‑I‑n-b-h‑m-X-I‑w G-X‑v?
e‑m-ä-s‑s‑d-ä‑v a-®‑v BÀ-K¬
$ t‑I-c-f-¯‑n I-c‑n-a-®‑p-Å P‑n-Ã-I-t‑f-h? $ {‑]-I‑r-X‑n-b‑n I‑m-W-s‑¸-S‑p-¶-h-b‑n I-S‑p-¸-¯‑nÂ
B-e-¸‑p-g‑, t‑I‑m-«-b‑w c-ï‑m‑w-Ø‑m-\-¯‑p-Å ]-Z‑mÀ-Y-t‑a-X‑v?
$ I-d‑p-¯ ]-c‑p-¯‑n-a-®‑v I‑m-W-s‑¸-S‑p-¶ t‑I-c-f-¯‑n- s‑I‑m-d-ï‑w (h-{‑P‑w H-¶‑m-a-X‑v)
s‑e X‑m-e‑q-t‑¡-X‑v? $ t‑Ì‑m-t‑d-P‑v _‑m-ä-d‑n-b‑n D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¡‑p-¶ t‑e‑m-l‑w
N‑n-ä‑qÀ (]‑m-e-¡‑m-S‑v) G-X‑v?
$ "I‑m-X-c a-®‑v "F-¶‑v- A-d‑n-b-s‑¸-S‑p-¶-t‑X-X‑v? s‑e-U‑v
I-d‑p-¯ ]-c‑p-¯‑n-a-®‑v $ F-´‑n-s‑â A-b‑n-c‑m-W‑v a‑m-e-s‑s‑¡-ä‑v?
$ s‑N-½-®‑v I‑q-S‑p-X-e‑m-b‑n I‑m-W-s‑¸-S‑p-¶ {‑]-t‑Z-i-t‑§- s‑N-¼‑v
f-h? $ a-ª‑p-I‑m-e-¯‑v N‑n-e P‑o-h‑n-IÄ \‑o-ï D-d-¡-¯‑n-
X‑n-c‑p-h-\-´-]‑p-c‑w‑, s‑\-¿‑m-ä‑n³-I-c X‑m-e‑q-¡‑p-IÄ t‑eÀ-s‑¸-S‑p-¶ {‑]-X‑n-`‑m-k-t‑a-X‑v?
$ t‑I-c-f-¯‑n k‑zÀ-W-\‑n-t‑£-]‑w I-s‑ï-¯‑n-b‑n-«‑p-Å s‑s‑l-_À-t‑\-j³
{‑]-t‑Z-i-§-t‑f-h? $ {‑]-X‑n-[‑z-\‑n D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑n-¨‑v C-c-t‑X-S‑p-¶ k-k‑v-X-\‑w
s‑s‑h-¯‑n-c‑n‑, a‑m-\-´-h‑m-S‑n‑, \‑n-e-¼‑qÀ G-X‑v?
$ a‑mÀ-P‑m-c-t‑\-{‑X‑w F-¶ A-]‑qÀ-h-b‑n-\‑w c-X‑v-\-§Ä h-Æ‑mÂ
I‑m-W-s‑¸-S‑p-¶ t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-s‑e P‑n-Ã-I-t‑f-h? $ G-ä-h‑p‑w I‑q-S‑p-XÂ {‑`-a-W-I‑m-e-b-f-h‑p-Å {‑K-l‑w
X‑n-c‑p-h-\-´-]‑p-c‑w‑, s‑I‑m-Ã‑w G-X‑v?
$ t‑I-c-f-¯‑n H-c‑p-hÀ-j‑w e-`‑n-¡‑p-¶ i-c‑m-i-c‑n a-g- i‑p-{‑I³
b‑p-s‑S A-f-s‑h-{‑X? $ {‑I‑n-b‑m-t‑i-j‑n G-ä-h‑p‑w I‑q-S‑n-b a‑q-e-I-a‑m-b‑n A-d‑n-b-
3107 a‑n-Ã‑o a‑o-äÀ s‑¸-S‑p-¶-X‑v G-X‑v?
$ t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-s‑e h‑mÀ-j‑n-I i-c‑m-i-c‑n X‑m-]-\‑n-e F-{‑X- ^‑v-e‑q-d‑n³
b‑m-W‑v? $ {‑[‑p-h-{‑]-t‑Z-i-§Ä k‑q-c‑y-\‑v A-`‑n-a‑p-J-a‑m-b‑n {‑]-Z-£‑n-
25þ27.5 U‑n-{‑K‑n s‑kÂ-j‑y-k‑v W‑w s‑N-¿‑p-¶ {‑K-l‑w G-X‑v?
b‑p-d‑m-\-k‑v
i‑m-k‑v-{‑X‑w $ a-k‑v-X‑n-j‑v-I-¯‑n-s‑e G-ä-h‑p‑w h-e‑n-b `‑m-K‑w G-X‑v?
$ {‑I‑q-k‑v-s‑^Â-ä‑v-þ-t‑P-¡-_‑v-k‑v t‑c‑m-K‑w h‑y‑m-]-I-a‑m-b‑n s‑k-d‑n-{‑_‑w
A-d‑n-b-s‑¸-S‑p-¶ t‑]-s‑c-´‑v? $ C-´‑y-b‑n I‑p-S‑n-s‑h-Å-¯‑n-s‑â K‑p-W-\‑n-e-h‑m-c‑w
{‑`‑m-´‑n-¸-i‑p-t‑c‑m-K‑w \‑n-Ý-b‑n-¡‑m³ N‑p-a-X-e-s‑¸-« Ø‑m-]-\‑w G-X‑v?
$ "D-c‑p-f‑p-¶ {‑K-l‑w‑' F-¶-d‑n-b-s‑¸-S‑p-¶-X‑v G-X‑v- {‑K-l- _‑n.s‑F.F-k‑v. (_‑y‑q-t‑d‑m H‑m-^‑v C-´‑y³ Ì‑m³-
a‑m-W‑v? t‑UÀ-U‑v-k‑v)
b‑p-d‑m-\-k‑v $ "`‑m-h‑n-b‑p-s‑S t‑e‑m-l‑w‑' F-¶-d‑n-b-s‑¸-S‑p-¶-X‑v G-X‑v?
$ a‑p-« h‑n-c‑n-b‑m-\‑p-Å A-\‑p-I‑q-e D‑u-j‑v-a‑m-h‑m-b‑n I-c‑p- s‑s‑S-ä‑m-\‑n-b‑w

മാർച്ച്‌2020
87
 S. ARAVIND

2020 മെയ് 31-ന് യു.പി.എസ്.സി. നടത്തുന്ന

സിവിൽ സർവീസസ് പ്രിലിംസിനുള്ള പരിശീലനം
തുടരുന്നു. ഓര�ോ ലക്കത്തിലും ഓര�ോ വിഷയ
ത്തിലെ സുപ്രധാന പഠന വസ്തുതകളാണ്‌
പ്രസിദ്ധീകരിക്കുന്നത്

Environment & Ecology

$ A keystone species environment. Due factors like temperature chains and food webs.
is one, which has a to the helpful nature and precipitation. These food chains
disproportionately of the mutation, it is $ No two biomes are and food webs depict
large effect on its passed down from one alike. In general, the the interdependence
environment relative generation to the next. climate and geo- of different living
to its abundance. $ The terrestrial part ecological determine organisms and also
Its role is similar to of the biosphere is the boundaries of depict the flow of
that of a keystone divisible into enormous biomes. There is an energy between
on the top of an regions called biomes, interrelationship different trophic levels.
arch. Removal of which are characterised between the plants and $ Producers are mainly
a keystone species by climate, vegetation, animals. green plants having
from an environment animal life and chlorophyll. They
may produce a general soil type. On
a global scale, all the
Ecosystem produce carbohydrates
by photosynthesis.
dramatic shift in the $ Ecosystem is
environment, even Earth’s terrestrial comprised of both In effect, the plants
though the species biomes and aquatic biotic and abiotic convert solar energy
itself was a small part systems constitute components. This into chemical energy
of that environment in the biosphere. The term was introduced using water and carbon
terms of the biomass boundaries between by A.G. Tansley in dioxide. These are
of productivity. The different biomes are 1935. In the ecosystem, called producers since
concept of keystone determined by climatic there are many food they produce their own
species was coined in food.
1969 by Prof. Robert $ Consumers are living
Paine. things, which do not
$ Charles Darwin first have chlorophyll and
used adaptation in hence they are unable
1859 to describe how to produce their
an organism adapts food. They rely on the
and changes to become producers for their
better suited to living food requirements.
in its habitat and Consumers are called
environment. Heterotrophs or
$ An adaptation is a phagotrophs.
mutation or genetic $ Decomposers are
change that helps mainly microorganisms
an organism, such like bacteria and fungi.
as a plant or animal The dead organic
to survive in its Charles Darwin material of producers

88 മാതൃഭൂമിജികെ&കറന്റ്അഫയേഴ്‌സ്‌
 and consumers are
their food. They break
down the organic
matter into simple
compounds during
their metabolic
process. These
simple compounds
are nutrients, which
are absorbed by the
producers.
$ Ecosystem is mainly
divided into two
categories i.e. natural
and man-engineered
ecosystem.
$ There are two basic
types of links or
flows between the
components parts of
all ecosystems namely
energy flow and
biological cycling.
$ The total accumulated
amount of energy
Ecological Pyramid
stored by the
autotrophic per unit
area per unit time $ The food chain is an
is called ecological
productivity. Ecological
productivity may be
classified as primary
productivity and
secondary productivity.
$ Biomass is a renewable
energy resource
derived from the
carbonaceous waste
of various human and
natural activities. It is $ Lindemann put forth
derived from numerous
sources, including
the by-product from
the timber industry,
agricultural crops, raw
materials from the
forest, major parts of
households waste and
wood.
$ Charles Elton
developed the concept
of ecological pyramids.
There are three types of
Ecological pyramid.
$ Ecotone is a zone of $ In ecology, a niche is
transition between
two or more diverse
ecosystems. For
example, the mangrove
forest’s represent an
ecotone between
marine and terrestrial
ecosystem.
ideal model of the $ According to the
flow of energy in the
ecosystem. Transfer of
food energy from green
plants through a series
of organisms with
repeated eating and
being eaten is called a
$ of undesirable solid
food chain. Each step
in the food chain is
called a trophic level.
Ten percent law for
the transfer of energy
from one trophic level
to the next. According
to the law, during the
transfer of organic
food from one trophic
level to the next, only $ Bioaccumulation refers
about 10 per cent of the
organic matter is stored
as flesh. The remaining
is lost during transfer
or broken down in
respiration.
a term describing the
relational position of a
species or population $ Bioindicators
in an ecosystem
more formally the
niche includes how a
population responds
to the abundance of its
environment and
how it changes over
time. Changes in
the environment
are often attributed
to anthropogenic
disturbances (eg.
pollution, land-use
changes) or animal
stressors (eg. drought,
late spring freeze).
$ The ecological footprint
is defined as ‘the area
of productive land
and water ecosystems
required to produce
the resources that the
population consumes
and assimilate the
wastes that the
population produces,
wherever on earth,
the land and water is സ
located.’ മാ
ധാ
Air Pollution
resources and enemies. $ Pollution is a condition ആ
which ensures when
environmental എ
competitive exclusion
principle, no two attributes become തി
inimical to the normal
species can occupy the
same niche in the same existence of the living മു
environment for a long
$
organism.
Air pollution occurs
നി
time.
The cyclic movement due to the presence പി
of nutrient material
between the biotic and or gaseous particles,
particulate matter in
abiotic environment is
called a biogeochemical the air, in quantities
that are harmful to
cycle. This is also called
as material cycles. human health and the
environment.
Based on the nature
of the reservoir, there $ Primary air pollutants
include Carbon
are two types of cycles
namely Gaseous and dioxide, Carbon
Sedimentary cycle. monoxide, Sulphur സ
dioxide, Nitrogen
to how pollutants oxides, Ozone, മാ
enter a food chain. Methane, Lead,
suspended particulate
ധ
In bioaccumulation, ആ
there is an increase in matter etc.
Activated carbon is one
the concentration of $
of the most popular
എ
a pollutant from the ത
environment to the forms of air pollution
control. This type of
first organism in a food
control involves the
മു
chain.
use of a pollution filter, ന
carbon, to reduce the
include biological
number of pollutants പ
processes, species,
or communities and that are allowed to
escape into the air.
are used to access
the quality of the $ Biofiltration is
മാർച്ച്‌2020
89
 another effective
type of air pollution
control. It uses
microorganisms, often
bacteria and fungi, to
dissolve pollutants. $ SAFAR- Air is the first
Industries that employ
biofiltration systems
include food and waste
plants, pharmaceutical
companies and
wastewater
management facilities.
$ Decisions were taken
at the UN conference
on the Human
Environment held in
Stockholm in June Water Pollution
1972, in which India $ Water pollution is
participated, to take
appropriate steps for
the preservation of the
natural resources of the
Earth which, among
other things, include
the preservation of
the quality of air and
control of air pollution. $ Most methods of
$ India launched its first
Air Quality Index in
April 2015. It aims
to monitor the air
quality in major cities
across the country on
a real-time basis. It is a
colour based index and
shows the quality of air
in a different colour.
Phosphorus Cycle
90 മാതൃഭൂമിജികെ&കറന്റ്അഫയേഴ്‌സ്‌
Initially, it is started in
10 cities and later will
be extended to other
urban areas of the
country.
mobile application
service in India to
provide a current and
advanced forecast
for air quality. The
application was
developed by scientists
at Indian Institute of
Tropical Meteorology
(IITM), Pune.
when bodies of water
like rivers, lakes or
groundwater are
contaminated with
either chemicals
or natural forms of
pollution that harm
wildlife and plants.
controlling water
pollution try to address
problems at the source
of the contamination.
Other methods, like
reducing soil erosion
or improving water
treatment, attempt
to stop contaminants
from entering natural characterised by
water systems through excessive plant and
run-off or leaks. algal growth due to the
$ The water (Prevention increased availability
and Control of of one or more limiting
Pollution) Act was growth factors needed
enacted in 1974 for photosynthesis,
to provide for the such as sunlight,
prevention and control carbon dioxide and
of water pollution and nutrient fertilizers.
for the maintaining
or restoring of
wholesomeness of
Sound Pollution
$ Noise pollution may
water in the country. be defined as the state
The act was amended of discomfort and
in 1988. restlessness caused to
$ Total dissolved solids humans by unwanted
is the term used to
describe the inorganic
high-intensity sound
known as noise. A
salts and small amounts decibel is a standard
of organic matter in for the measurement of
solution in water. The noise.
principal constituents $ On the scale 20 dB
are usually Calcium, is a whisper, 40 dB is
Magnesium, Sodium the noise in a quiet
and Potassium and office, 60 dB is normal
Carbonate, Hydrogen conservation, 80 dB
carbonate, Chlorine, is the level at which
Sulfate and Nitrate. sound becomes
$ Biochemical Oxygen physically painful.
Demand (BOD) is a $ The common
measure of the amount measurement unit of
of oxygen that bacteria sound in acoustics, the
will consume while science of sound is the
decomposing organic decibel(dB).
matter under aerobic $ The first and simple
conditions. way to control the noise
$ Eutrophication is pollution is insulation.
By insulation, noise can
be reduced at source.
$ In case of noise
produced by a machine,
volume reduction can
be achieved by the
reduction of its speed.
Soil Pollution
$ Soil pollution is a result
of dumping garbage,
waste and other
toxins making the
land contaminated or
polluted.
$ Some of the effects
that soil pollution
leaves behind are
unsightly piles of
garbage, landfills and
loss of environments
surrounding new
construction.
$ Ecosystems may also
 be upset by pollution
when the soil fails to
sustain native plants.
$ Instead of dumping
human waste into
designated landfills,
much of our waste
can be recycled or
incinerated to lessen
pollutants. Plant-based
insecticides should be
used by farmers and
with more affordable
pricing.
$ Soil Health Card is a
scheme launched by
the Government of
India in 2015. Under
the scheme, the govt.
plans to issue soil
cards to farmers which
will carry crop-wise
recommendations Daintree rainforest(Australia)
of nutrients and
fertilisers required for
the individual farms
to help farmers to $ Radioactivity is toxic
improve productivity
through judicious use
of inputs.
$ Soil testing is a
process in which soil
is tested by a chemical
process in soil testing
laboratory. The
quantity of nutrients
in soil samples helps
to recommend the
amount of fertilizer
required. soil testing
lab seeks to measure
pH, humus matter and
exchangeable acidity
Radioactive Pollution
$ The radioactive
pollution is defined as
the physical pollution
of air, water and the $ The first effort made to
other radioactive
materials. The ability
of certain materials
to emit the proton,
gamma rays and
electrons by their
nuclei is known as the
radioactivity.
$ The amount of injury
sensed by a radioactive
isotope depends on
its physical half-life,
and on low quickly $ Bioxin, By-product
it is absorbed and
then excreted by an
organism.
because it forms ions
when it reacts with
biological molecules. $ Vermiculture is
These ions can form
free radicals, which
damage proteins,
membranes, and
nucleic Acids.-e-
waste for short or
Waste Electrical and
Electronic equipment
(WEEE) are the term
used to describe old,
end-of-life or discarded
appliances using
electricity. It includes
Biodiversity
$ The word Biodiversity
computers, consumer
electronics, fridges
etc which have been
disposed of by their
original users.
control e-waste was in $ Biodiversity is
1992 under the Basel
Convention. Under
this, there is a provision
of recycling of 60 per
cent of e-waste in
developed countries.
-UN has started a
programme to contain
e-Waste problem
named as solving
e-Waste problem.
of the manufacturing
process, is one of the chain and ultimately
chemicals believed to ecological balance.
be passed on through $ Tropical rainforests
breast milk to the support the greatest
nursing infant. diversity of living
organisms on Earth.
also known as Although they cover
earthworm farming. less than 7% of Earth’s
In vermiculture, surface, rainforests
earthworms are added have an estimated 50%
to the compost. These of all life on the planet’s
worms break the waste landmasses. Around
and the added excreta 40% to 75% of all biotic
of the worms makes the species are indigenous
compost very rich in to the rainforests.
nutrients. Rainforests are home
to half of all the living
animal and plant
species on the planet.
was first coined by Tropical rainforests
the entomologist E.O. have been called
Wilson in 1986 in a the ‘World’s Largest
report for the first Pharmacy’ because
American Forum on over one-quarter of
Biological Diversity natural medicines have
been discovered within
important to maintain them.
the ‘web of life’. The $ Occupying less than
building blocks of one per cent of the
plants, animals and ocean floor, coral reefs
humans are identical are home to more than
and are made of the 25% of marine life.
4 elements-Carbon, $ With just 2.4 per cent
Oxygen, Nitrogen and of the world’s land
Hydrogen. Biodiversity area, India holds about
and all its components 7-8 per cent of the
are very essential to global biodiversity.
maintain the food The wide diversity in
physical features and
മാർച്ച്‌2020
91
 climatic situations have
resulted in a variety
of ecosystems such
as forests, grasslands,
wetlands, coastal and
marine desert. There
are 16 major forest
types in India. India
also has 4 of the 34
identified hotspots of
the world.
$ A biodiversity hotspot
is a biogeographic
region with a
significant reservoir
of biodiversity that Tiger at Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve, Maharashtra
is under threat from
humans. The concept
of biodiversity hotspots
was originated by
Norman Mayers.
$ The Western Ghats
region, which is spread
into 6 states of India, $ The continued loss of
is considered to be one
of the most important
bio-geographic zones
of India, as it is one of
the richest centres of
endemism. $ A steady increase in
$ India consists of 2
Biogeographic realms,
10 Biogeographic zones
and 25 Biogeographic
provinces.
$ Constituting 4.0
per cent of the total
geographical area, $ The first serious
Western Ghats is one
of the major tropical
evergreen forest regions
in India. The zone
stretches from the hills
to the south of the
Tapti river in the North
to Kanyakumari in the
south and in the west,
this zone is bound by
the coast. This zone
represents one of the
biodiversity ‘hotspots’
with some 15,000
species of high plants,
of which 4000 (27%)
are endemic to the
region.
$ Gene pool is defined
as the stock of
genes found in
an interbreeding Wildlife
population. Gene $ A national park is
Pools is the variation
of genes within species.
92 മാതൃഭൂമിജികെ&കറന്റ്അഫയേഴ്‌സ്‌
It involves two aspects: Often it is a reserve of
various population of natural, semi-natural or
the same species and developed land that a
genetic variation within sovereign state declares
each of the population. or owns.
$ The wildlife sanctuary
biodiversity will greatly is an area which is of
impact human society, adequate ecological
culture, civilisation as fauna and flora,
well as ecosystem and geomorphological,
their valuable services. natural or zoological
significance. Certain
atmospheric CO2 level rights for people living
due to disruption in inside the sanctuary
the carbon cycle is one could be permitted.
of the most obvious $ Biosphere reserves
reasons of global are rich in biological
climate changes in and cultural diversity
recent years. and encompass
unique features of
attempt to protect exceptionally pristine
wildlife and nature. In the country,
biodiversity at 18 reserves have been
international level set up so far not only to
was made in the year protect representative
1992 at first Earth ecosystems but also to
summit, known as serve as laboratories
Rio Summit, held at for evolving alternative
Rio de Janeiro city of models of development.
Brazil from 3rd to 14th $ Project Tiger was
December, under the launched in India on
aegis of UN for the 1st April 1973 by then
protection of the Earth Prime Minister, Indira
and its environment, Gandhi.
maintenance of $ Project Elephant was
ecological balance and launched in February
to enrich biodiversity. 1992 to assist states
The conference was having tree ranging
attended by 178 population of wild
countries. elephants to ensure
the long-term survival
of an identified viable
population of elephants
a park in use for in their natural habitat.
conservation purposes. $ The Monitoring the
Illegal Killing of
Elephants (MIKE)
programme is
an international
collaboration
established by a
resolution of the
Conference of the
Parties (CoP) to
the Convention on
International Trade in
Endangered Species of
Wild Fauna and Flora
(CITIES)
$ The Ministry of
Environment and
Forest has notified
the Ganges river
dolphin as the National
Aquatic Animal.
The river dolphin
inhabits the Ganges-
Brahmaputra-Meghna
and Karnaphuli-Sarayu
river system of Nepal,
India and Bangladesh.
$ The National Wildlife
Action plan provides
the framework of
strategy as well as
a programme for
the conservation of
wildlife. The first
National Wildlife
Action Plan (NWAP)
of 1983 has been
revised and the new
Wildlife Action Plan
(2002-2016) has been
adopted.
$ Wetland conservation
has been accorded
a high priority in
India. India is also a
party to the Ramsar
 Convention under
which 37 wetlands
from India are included
in the list of wetlands $ The Nagoya Protocol
of international
importance.
$ The National
Biodiversity Authority
(NBA) setup at
Chennai on 1st
October 2003 as per
the provisions of the
Biological Diversity
Act, 2002.
$ The Men and Biosphere
(MAB) Programme is
an Inter-Governmental $ The UNESCO’s World
Scientific Programme
aiming to set a
scientific basis for the
improvement of the
relationships between
people and their
environment globally. $ The Ramsar
$ The Convention
on Biological
Diversity (DBD),
known informally
as the Biodiversity
Convention, is an
international legally
binding treaty. The
convention was opened
for signature at the
Earth Summit in Rio $ World Wild Fund for
de Janeiro in 1992 and
entered force on 1993.
$ Cartagena Protocol
seeks to protect
biological diversity
from the potential
risks posed by living
modified organisms
resulting from modern
biotechnology.
on Access to Genetic
Resources and the
Fair and Equitable
Sharing of Benefits
Arising from their $ The Govt. of India
Utilisation (ABS) to
the Convention on
Biological Diversity
is a supplementary
agreement to the
Convention on $ International Union
Biological Diversity.
Heritage Convention
is responsible for the
listing of world heritage
sites, which include
both cultural and
natural sites.
Convention is an
international treaty
signed in Ramsar, Iran
for conservation and
wise use of wetlands.
The agreement was
signed on 2nd February
1971 and came into
force from 21st
December 1975.
Nature is the world’s
largest independent
Global Warming
$ Global warming is
conservation
organisation with
over 5 million
supporters worldwide,
working in more
than 100 countries,
supporting around
1300 conservation and
environmental projects.
The group says that its
mission is ‘to halt and
reverse the destruction $ Global warming is
of our environment.’
signed the Convention
on International Trade
on endangered species
of wild flora and fauna
on 1976.
$ According to NASA,
for Conservation of
Nature and Natural
Resources (IUCN)
is an international
organisation dedicated
to finding a solution
to environmental $ Human activities,
challenges. The
organisation releases
the IUCN Red Data
Book compiling
information
from a network
of conservation
organisations to rate,
which species are most
endangered. IUCN $ There is clear evidence
Red List of threatened
species found in 1963.
the increase of Earth’s
average surface
temperature and
troposphere, which
$ The Global Warming
$ The Greenhouse effect
results in a change in
global climate pattern.
Global warming can
occur from a variety
of causes, both natural
and human-induced.
primarily a problem
of too much carbon
dioxide (CO2) in the
atmosphere which acts
as a blanket -trapping
heat and warming the
planet.
the polar ice cap is now
melting at the alarming
rate of 9% per decade.
Arctic ice thickness has
decreased by 40% since
the 1960s.
such as burning coal
and oil cutting down
tropical forests, have
increased atmospheric
concentration of heat-
trapping gases and
caused the planet to
warm by 1.4 degrees
Fahrenheit since 1880.
of changes in the
composition of the
greenhouse gases in
the lower atmosphere,
with CO2 in particular
steadily increasing
to its present level of
about 400 ppm. Ice
core samples show that
both carbon dioxide
and methane levels are
higher than at any time
in the past 650,000
years.
Potential (GWP) for
a gas is a measure of
the total energy that
a gas absorbs over a
particular period of
time (usually 100 years)
compared to carbon
dioxide.
is a naturally occurring
phenomenon that
blankets the Earth
lower atmosphere and
warms it, maintaining
the temperature
suitable for living
മാർച്ച്‌2020
93
 things to survive.
Greenhouse gases play
an important role in
the balance of Earth’s $ In the stratosphere
cooling and warming.
$ Greenhouse gases
comprise less than 1%
of the atmosphere.
The major greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere
are carbon dioxide,
Methane, Nitrous
oxide, fluorinated
gases, ozone-
Atmospheric water
vapour also makes a
large contribution to
natural greenhouse gas. $ Its chemical properties
Environmental Issues
$ The term acid rain
was coined by Angus
Smith, in 1858. It is
usually due to injection
of sulphur compounds
or nitrogen oxides into
the atmosphere, the
chemicals combine
with water to form
sulphuric acid and
nitric acid.
$ Ozone is an allotrope
of oxygen consisting of
three atoms of oxygen $ When ozone-depleting
bound together in a
non-linear shape. The
chemical symbol of
ozone is O3. Ozone
layer exists in the
stratosphere through
the total amount is
Paris Climate Summit (2015)
94 മാതൃഭൂമിജികെ&കറന്റ്അഫയേഴ്‌സ്‌
small. It is concentrated
in a layer between 20
and 50 km.
the temperature of the
atmosphere rises with
increasing height a
phenomenon created $ Another factor which
by the absorption of
solar radiation by the
ozone layer. The most
common stratospheric
ozone measurement
unit is the Dobson Unit
(DV), the measuring $ Chlorine reacts
technique also called
Umheher technique.
and configuration
are such that ozone
efficiently absorbs
$ The concept of carbon
ultraviolet light, thus
acting as a sunscreen.
In doing so, ozone
protects oxygen in
lower altitude from
being broken up by the
action of UV - Light
and also keeps the
most of the ultraviolet
radiations from
reaching the earth’s
surface.
$ Mitigation of carbon
substances (ODS)
break down in the
atmosphere, by release
chlorine or bromine,
which attack ozone.
The significant cause
is the presence of
chlorofluorocarbons.
The CFCs are
becoming powerful and
notorious gases leading
to the destruction of
the ozone layer in the
atmosphere.
is responsible for
the ozone depletion
includes halogens
which are important
components of fire
extinguisher.
Summits
$ The UN Conference
with ultraviolet rays
destroying ozone on a
massive scale up to 65%
refers as the ozone hole.
trade was the outcome
of the Kyoto Protocol,
signed in Kyoto, Japan
in 1997. Carbon
trading is an exchange
of credits between
nations designed to $ The Montreal Protocol
reduce emissions
of carbon dioxide.
The carbon credit
system was rectified in
conjunction with the
Kyoto protocol.
footprints through
the development of
the alternative project
is known as carbon
offsetting. Carbon $ Earth summit 1992
footprint is the measure
of the impact that
human activities have
on the environment
and this is calculated in
proportion to the green
house gases produced
and measured in units
of carbon dioxide.
The carbon tax is a tax
levied on the carbon
content of fuels. It is a
form of carbon pricing.
on the Human
Environment, having
met at Stockholm
in 1972, having
considered the need for
a common outlook and
for common principles
to inspire and guide the
peoples of the world in
the preservation and
enhancement of the
human environment.
on substances that
deplete the ozone layer
is an international
treaty designed to
protect the ozone
layer by phasing out
the production of
numerous substances
that are responsible for
ozone depletion. It was
signed in 1987.
was the UN conference
on Environment
 and Development
(UNCED) commonly
known as the Rio
summit or Rio
conference. It was
attended by 172
governments.
$ COP3 took place
in December 1997
in Kyoto, Japan.
The outcome was
the famous Kyoto
protocol. The Kyoto
protocol was the legally
Binding protocol
which outlined the
greenhouse gas
emissions reduction
obligation. It also Maiti Movement of Uttarakhand
came out with
some mechanisms
collectively known as
Kyoto mechanisms.
$ The Johannesburg
Declaration
on sustainable $ More than 190
development was
adopted at the world
summit on sustainable
development (WSSD),
Sometimes referred
to as earth summit
2002, at which the plan
of implementation
of the world summit
on sustainable
development was
also agreed upon.
The Johannesburg $ Doha conference
declaration builds on
the earlier declaration.
$ Montreal conference
took place in 2005,
which created the
Montreal Action Plan.
The MAP called for an
extension to the life of
the Kyoto protocol.
$ With the Copenhagen
conference (2009)
greater diplomacy
has started for laying
the foundation of the
post-Kyoto protocol
agreement. By this
time, the standpoint of
the UN came as biased
towards a less specific
politically binding $ Lima Climate
agreement.
$ The agenda for Cancun
conference (2010)
was an agreement
on a green fund
to disburse the aid
that the developed
countries promised at
Copenhagen.
countries are met in
Durban, South Africa,
to agree on a global
deal to succeed the
Kyoto protocol and cut
emissions of planet-
warming greenhouse
gases. Delegates agreed
to start negotiations for
a new legally binding
treaty to come into
force by 2020.
(2012) produced a $ The 2015 UN climate
package of documents
collectively titled the
Doha Climate Gateway.
The document
collectively contained
and amendment of
the Kyoto protocol
featuring on second
commitment period
running from 2012
until 2020, limited in
scope to 15% of the
global carbon dioxide
emissions due to the
lack of commitments of
Japan, Russia, Belarus,
Ukraine, New Zealand $ The National green
and China.
Conference (2014)
achieved a range
of other important
outcomes and decisions
and firsts in the history
of the international
climate process.
Pledges were made by
both developed and
developing countries
prior to and during $ The Appiko movement
the COP that took
the capitalisation of
the new green climate
fund (GCF). The Lima
Ministerial Declaration
on Education and
Awareness-raising call
on govt to put climate
change into school
curricula and climate
change into national
development plans.
change conference,
COP II or CMP II
was held in Paris,
France. The conference
negotiated the Paris
Agreement, a global
agreement on the
reduction of climate
change. The agreement
establishes a ‘global
stocktake’ which
revisits the national
goals to ‘update and
enhance’ them every
five years beginning
2023.
tribunal has been
established in 2010
under the National Books used for reference:
Green Tribunal Act Environment - Shanker
2010 for effective and Environment - D R Khullar, J A
expeditious disposal
of cases relating
to environmental
protection and
conservation of forests
and other natural
resources.
was a revolutionary
movement based
on environment
conservation in
India. The Chipko
movement (Hug the
tree movement) in
Uttarakhand in the
Himalayas inspire the
villagers of the Uttara
Kannada district of
Karnataka to launch
a similar movement
to save their forests.
The Maiti movement
of Uttarakhand, is
a unique grassroots
afforestation,
programme, The
women-centric
movement, which
involves a unique ritual
of planting a sapling by
a newly-wed couple,
was initiated in a small
town of Gwaldam
in Uttarakhand by
environmentalist
Kalyan Singh Rawat in
1994.
C S Rao
മാർച്ച്‌2020
95
 S. VIDYASAGAR
Goodbye to confusion...

INDIAN POLITY
1. Writ Petitions are submitted before the Supreme 3. The number of members in the Constituent
Court as per which Article of the Indian Assembly of undivided India:
Constitution? 389
Article 32 $ After partitioning the strength of Constituent
$ Before the High Courts writs are filed under Assembly of India was reduced to 299.
Article 226. 4. The Committee that recommended for the
2. The first Prime Minister of India to die in harness: establishment of Vividh Bharati:
Jawaharlal Nehru Ashok Chandra Committee
$ He passed away on 27 May 1964. $ B.G. Varghese Committee recommended the
$ The first President to die in harness is Dr. Zakir setting up of Prasar Bharati.
Hussain (3 May 1969). 5. The makers of the Constitution of India borrowed

Indira Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru

96 മാതൃഭൂമിജികെ&കറന്റ്അഫയേഴ്‌സ്‌
 the idea of Fundamental Rights from which $ Sikkim Legislative Assembly (32) has the least
country? number of Members.
USA $ Of all the Legislative Assemblies in States and
$ Directive Principles of State Policy (Part IV) were Union Territories, Puducherry has the Legislative
copied from Ireland. Assembly with the least number of Members (30).
6. Part of the Constitution contains Fundamental 18. The first state to implement the Panchayat Raj
Rights? system in India:
Part III Rajasthan
$ Part IV A contains Fundamental Duties adopted $ Andhra Pradesh (1959) is the first South Indian
from former USSR. state to do so.
7. The first Chairman of the Planning Commission: $ After conferring constitutional status to Local
Jawaharlal Nehru Bodies through the 73rd and 74th amendments
$ The First Deputy Chairman of Planning of the Constitution in 1993, Madhya Pradesh
Commission was Gulsarilal Nanda. (1994) is the first state to conduct the election to
$ Indira Gandhi served as the Chairperson of the Panchayat Raj Institutions.
Planning Commission for the longest period. 19. The first Member of Parliament to lose
8. The first Malayali who was nominated to Rajya membership under Anti-defection law:
Sabha: Lalduhawma (1986)
Sardar K M Panicker $ The first MLA to lose membership under Anti-
$ The first Malayali who was nominated to Lok defection law R. Balakrishna Pillai (1990)
Sabha (as Anglo Indian Member) was Charles 20. Name the Prime Minister during whose tenure സ
Dias. Mandal Commission was appointed? മാ
9. The Lower House of Indian Parliament: Morarji Desai
Lok Sabha $ The Mandal Commission, or the Socially and ധാ
$ Rajya Sabha is the Upper House. Educationally Backward Classes Commission ആ
10.The predecessor of Lok Sabha in British India: (SEBC), was established in India on 1 January 1979
Central Legislative Assembly by the Janata Party government.
എ
$ The predecessor of Rajya Sabha is Council of $ The report of the Commission was submitted in തി
States. December 1980 during the Congress government മു
11.With whom the executive power of the Indian headed by Indira Gandhi.
Union is vested? 21. The upper age limit for the retirement of Union നി
President Public Service Commission Member: പി
$ The real executive power is exercised by Cabinet. 65 years
12. The longest session of the Indian Parliament: $ The tenure of UPSC Member is six years or 65
Budget session years of age whichever is earlier. The tenure of
$ The shortest session is the Winter Session. State PSC Member is 6 years or 62 years of age
13. The retiring age of judge of Supreme Court? whichever is earlier.
65 22. The longest served Chief Justice of India:
$ The retiring age of judge of the High Court is 62 Y.V. Chandrachood
years. $ The shortest served Chief Justice of India is K.N.
14. What is known as the 'Key to the Constitution'? Singh.
The Preamble 23. The first Malayali to become Supreme Court സ
$ Fundamental Rights are known as the 'cornerstone Judge:
of the Constitution'. P. Govindamenon മാ
15. Who called the Preamble of the Constitution as the $ The first Malayali woman to become Supreme ധ
'Soul of the Constitution'? Court Judge - Fathima Beevi
Thakur Das Bhargava 24. Which Schedule of the Constitution was added by ആ
$ K M Munshi called it as the 'Political horoscope of 73rd amendment? എ
India'. 11th ത
16. Who was the Prime Minister of India when the $ The 12the Schedule of the Constitution was added
liberalisation policy was launched in the Indian by 74th amendment. മു
economic scenario? 25. The first state in India where the President's rule ന
P V Narasimha Rao imposed:
$ The then Finance Minister was Manmohan Singh. Punjab (1951) പ
17. Which state has the largest Legislative Assembly $ The first state in India where Article 356 of the
in India? Constitution invoked: Kerala (1959)
Uttar Pradesh (403)

മാർച്ച്‌2020
97
 CURRENT AFFAIRS Aloshi
FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMS

SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT FEE
1. The Indian Women Hockey Team player who has $ The other states with legislative council include
won the "World Game Athlete of the Year, 2019" Bihar, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh and
title: Telangana.
Rani Rampal $ Legislative Council is defined in Article 169 of the
$ She is the first hockey player in the world to constitution.
receive the title. 8. A one lakh capacity meditation centre claimed to
2. The first Indian state where Corona Virus be the world's largest such facility was inaugurated
(Covid19) case has been reported: at which Indian city?
Kerala Hyderabad
$ World Health Organization declared International 9. Sir Anerood Jugnauth, who was conferred
Health Emergency over Corona Virus in 2020
January.
3. The new Prime Minister of Qatar:
Sheikh Abdullah bin Nasser bin Khalifa Al Thani
4. On which date World Neglected Tropical Diseases
day is observed?
January 30
$ The common NTD of India is Lymphatic filariasis.
5. The first state to pass a resolution against the
Citizenship (Amendment) Act
Kerala
$ After Kerala, Punjab and Rajasthan, West Bengal
passed a resolution against CAA.
6. The Government of India signed the historic
agreement with the nine factions of the National
Democratic Front of Bodoland (NDFB). To which
state Bodo tribals have belonged?
Assam
$ Bodo is one of the 22 languages in 8th Schedule of
the Constitution.
7. The cabinet of which South Indian state cleared to
abolish Legislative Council?
Andhra Pradesh
Rani Rampal

98 മാതൃഭൂമിജികെ&കറന്റ്അഫയേഴ്‌സ്‌

Sanjana Kapoor
Padmavibhushan in 2020 was the Prime Minister
of which country?
Mauritius
$ Seven persons were conferred Padmavibhushan in
2020.
10. Which state topped the Khelo India Youth Games
champions 2020?
Maharashtra
$ The venue was Guwahati (Assam).
11. The famous sports personality who was awarded
Padmavibhushan in 2020:
M.C. Mary Kom
$ Hindustani classical singer from Benarus who was
conferred Padmavibhushan in 2020 is Chhannulal
Mishra.
12. Who has been selected for the Polly Umrigar
Award for the male category for the year 2018-19?
Jasprit Bumrah
13. Name the Keralite who has been conferred
Padmabhushan posthumously in 2020:
N.R. Madhava Menon
$ N.R.Madhava Menon is regarded as the father of
modern legal education in India
$ He was the founder-director of the National
Law School of India University (NLSIU) and
the National Judicial Academy, Bhopal and the
founder-vice-chancellor of the West Bengal
National University of Juridical Sciences (NUJS).
$ He passed away on 8 May 2019.
14. The President of which country was the chief guest
of the 2020 Republic Day celebrations?
Brazil
$ Jair Bolsonaro is the President of Brazil.
$ Brazil is the 5th largest country in the world in
terms of both area and population.
$ The only country in the world which has the same
rank in both area and population is Brazil.
15. Which Union Territory has the largest area of the
forest?
Jammu and Kashmir
$ Lakshadweep has the highest percentage of forest
among the Union Territories.
16. In which country Zoran Milanovic won the
Presidential election?
Croatia
17. The Union Cabinet gave in-principle approval
for the establishment of a new major port at
Vadhavan. In which state is Vadhavan?
Maharashtra
$ It will be the 14th major port of India.
18. The venue of 107th Indian Science Congress
(ISC):
Bengaluru
$ It was inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra
Modi.
19. Which Indian state witnessed the India-
Bangladesh joint military exercise SAMPRITI-IX?
Meghalaya
20. Who won the Australian Open 2020 title for
record 8th time?
Novak Djokovic
$ He belongs to Serbia.
21. Which film has won British Academy Film and
Television Arts Award (BAFTA) for the best film
recently?
1917
$ It is directed by Sam Mendes.
$ 'Parasite' won the Best Film Award in the Non-
English category.
22. The first-ever nation to leave the European Union:
Britain
23. Which neighbouring country of India introduced
'Sustainable Development Fee' for regional tourists
from India, Bangladesh, and the Maldives?
Bhutan
$ Earlier, these countries were exempted from the
sustainable development fee. This fee has been
imposed to keep Bhutan's ecology intact.
24. Which Indian theatre personality has been
selected for French honour of 'Knight of the Order
of Arts and Letters'?
Sanjana Kapoor
25. Name the operation launched by Indian Navy on
January 28 to help flood-hit Madagascar.
Operation Vanilla
$ Indian Navy Ship Airavat has reached Seychelles
to provide all necessary help to Madagascar.
26. The Government of which State has launched the
Shiv Bhojan scheme which aims to provide a full
meal to the poor for just Rs 10?
Maharashtra
മാർച്ച്‌2020
99
ബ്രെിറ്റ് ഒടുവിൽ
യാഥാർഥ്യമായി
P-\‑p-h-c‑n 31
$ 47 hÀ-j-s‑¯ A‑w-K-X‑z‑w A-h-k‑m-\‑n-
¸‑n-¨‑v {‑_‑n-«³ b‑q-t‑d‑m-]‑y³ b‑q-W‑n-b³
h‑n-S‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑p-f-f \-S-]-S‑n-IÄ H‑u-t‑Z‑y‑m-
K‑n-I-a‑m-b‑n B-c‑w-`‑n-¨‑p.
$ 11 a‑m-k‑w-s‑I‑m-ï‑m-W‑v h‑n-S‑p-XÂ \-S-]-
S‑n-IÄ ]‑qÀ-¯‑n-b‑m-h‑p-I ({‑S‑m³-k‑n-j³
]‑n-c‑o-U‑v). U‑n-k‑w-_À 31-þ-\‑v {‑_‑n-«³
]‑qÀ-W-a‑m-b‑p‑w b‑q-t‑d‑m-]‑y³ b‑q-W‑n-b-s‑â
`‑m-K-a-Ã‑m-X‑m-I‑p‑w.
s‑{‑_-I‑v-k‑n-ä‑n-\‑v t‑i-j‑w: {‑S‑m-³-k‑n-j³
k-a-b-¯‑v b‑q-t‑d‑m-]‑y³ ]‑mÀ-e-s‑aâ‑n-s‑e
73 {‑_‑n-«‑o-j‑v A‑w-K-§Ä-¡‑v k‑o-ä‑p-
ï‑m-I‑n-Ã. C.b‑p. k-t‑½-f-\-§-f‑nÂ
]-s‑¦-S‑p-t‑¡-ï-X‑n-Ã. h‑y‑m-]‑m-c-h‑n-j-b-
§-f‑n a-ä‑p c‑m-P‑y-§-f‑p-a‑m-b‑n {‑_‑n-«-\‑v
k‑z-X-{‑´-NÀ-¨ \-S-¯‑m‑w. b‑q-t‑d‑m-]‑y³
മാതൃഭൂമി ജി കെ & കറന്റ് അഫയേഴ്‌സ്‌
100
b‑q-W‑n-b-s‑â t‑]-c‑pÄ-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n-b ]‑m-k‑v-t‑]‑mÀ-«‑v- a‑m-
d‑p‑w. t‑h‑y‑m-a,-‑ P-e‑,- s‑d-b‑n K-X‑m-K-X‑w ]-X‑n-h‑p-t‑]‑m-
s‑e X‑p-S-c‑p‑w. b‑q-t‑d‑m-]‑y³ b‑q-W‑n-b³ c‑m-P‑y-§-
f‑n {‑_‑n-«‑o-j‑v ]‑u-c-·‑mÀ-¡‑p‑w {‑_‑n-«-\‑n C.b‑p.
]‑u-c-·‑mÀ-¡‑p‑w P‑o-h‑n-¡‑m-\‑p‑w s‑X‑m-g‑n-s‑e-S‑p-¡‑m-\‑p-
a‑p-Å k-©‑m-c k‑z‑m-X-{‑´‑y‑w X‑p-S-c‑p‑w. {‑S‑m³-k‑n-j³
I‑m-e‑m-h-[‑n I-g‑n-b‑p-¶-X‑p-h-s‑c C.b‑p.h‑n-t‑e-¡‑p-Å
_-P-ä‑v h‑n-l‑n-X‑w {‑_‑n-«³ \Â-I-W‑w.
C-´‑y-b‑v-s‑¡-§-s‑\: B-b‑n-c-t‑¯‑m-f‑w C-´‑y³ I-¼-
\‑n-I-f‑m-W‑v {‑_‑n-«-\‑n-e‑p-Å-X‑v. b‑q-t‑d‑m-]‑y³ b‑q-W‑n-
b-s‑â G-I-h‑n-]-W‑n-b‑n-t‑e-¡‑p-Å h‑m-X‑n-s‑e-¶
\‑n-e-b‑n C-´‑y³ I-¼-\‑n-IÄ {‑_‑n-«-s‑\ I-W-¡‑m-
¡‑n-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. {‑_‑n-«³ ]‑p-d-¯‑p-t‑]‑m-I‑p-¶-t‑X‑m-s‑S
b‑q-t‑d‑m-]‑y³ b‑q-W‑n-b³ h‑n-]-W‑n-b‑n C-´‑y-¡‑v-
s‑N-d‑n-b-t‑X‑m-X‑n-s‑e-¦‑n-e‑p‑w X‑n-c‑n-¨-S‑n t‑\-c‑n-t‑S-ï‑n-h-
c‑p‑w. ]‑u-ï‑n-s‑â-b‑p‑w b‑q-t‑d‑m-b‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w a‑q-e‑y-¯‑nÂ
s‑{‑_-I‑v-k‑n-ä‑v I‑p-d-h‑p-ï‑m-¡‑m‑w. C-X‑v C-´‑y³ I-¼-
 \‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S h-c‑p-a‑m-\-s‑¯ _‑m-[‑n-¡‑p‑w.
b‑q-t‑d‑m-]‑y³ b‑q-W‑n-b³: b‑q-t‑d‑m-]‑y³ c‑m-P‑y-§-f‑p-s‑S
c‑m-{‑ã‑o-b‑, k‑m-¼-¯‑n-I s‑F-I‑y‑w k‑m-[‑y-a‑m-¡‑p-¶
k‑w-L-S-\-b‑m-W‑v b‑q-t‑d‑m-]‑y³ b‑q-W‑n-b³. {‑_‑n-«³
]‑p-d-¯‑p-t‑]‑m-b-t‑X‑m-s‑S \‑n-e-h‑n 27 c‑m-P‑y-§-f‑m-
W‑v b‑q-t‑d‑m-]‑y³ b‑q-W‑n-b-\‑n-e‑p-Å-X‑v. b‑q-t‑d‑m-]‑y³
b‑q-W‑n-b³ C-¶‑p-Å c‑q-]-¯‑n H‑u-t‑Z‑y‑m-K‑n-I-
a‑m-b‑n \‑n-e-h‑n h-¶-X‑v 1993 \-h‑w-_À 1-\‑m-W‑v.
F-¶‑m ]-s‑¯‑m-¼-X‑m‑w \‑q-ä‑m-ï‑p-a‑p-X X-s‑¶
C‑u B-i-b‑w \‑n-e-h‑n-e‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. c-ï‑m‑w t‑e‑m-
I-a-l‑m-b‑p-²-¯‑n-\‑v t‑i-j‑w X-IÀ-¶ b‑q-t‑d‑m-]‑y³
k-¼-Z‑v-h‑y-h-Ø-s‑b h‑o-s‑ï-S‑p-¡‑m-\‑p-Å {‑i-a-§Ä
b‑q-t‑d‑m-]‑y³ s‑F-I‑y-¯‑n-\‑v t‑h-K-X \-Â-I‑n. b‑q-t‑d‑m-
]‑y³ b‑q-W‑n-b³ ]‑u-c-X‑z-a‑p-Å-hÀ-¡‑v A‑w-K-c‑m-P‑y-
§-f‑n F-h‑n-s‑S-t‑h-W-s‑a-¦‑n-e‑p‑w P‑o-h‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w ]
T‑n-¡‑p-I-b‑p‑w t‑P‑m-e‑n-s‑N-¿‑p-I-b‑p-a‑m-I‑m‑w.
$ 1950-s‑e j‑q-a‑m³ U‑n-¢-t‑d-j³: {‑^-©‑v h‑n-t‑Z-i-
I‑m-c‑y-a-{‑´‑n-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶ t‑d‑m-_À-«‑v j‑q-a‑m³ {‑^‑m³-
k‑n-\‑p‑w PÀ-a-\‑n-¡‑p-a‑n-S-b‑n C-c‑p-¼‑v D-c‑p-¡‑v
h‑y‑m-]‑m-c-¯‑n-\‑p-Å k‑m-l-N-c‑y-s‑a‑m-c‑p-¡‑n. a-ä‑v c‑m-P‑y-
§-s‑f-b‑p‑w A-t‑±-l‑w £-W‑n-¨‑p.
$ 1951þÂ ]‑m-c‑n-k‑v D-S-¼-S‑n-b‑p-s‑S ^-e-a‑m-b‑n b‑q-t‑d‑m-
]‑y³ t‑I‑mÄ B³-U‑v k‑v-ä‑o I-a‑y‑q-W‑n-ä‑n \‑n-e-
h‑nÂ-h-¶‑p. B-d‑v A‑w-K-§-f‑m-W‑p-ï‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶-X‑v.
$ 1957þ-s‑e t‑d‑m‑w D-S-¼-S‑n-b‑p-s‑S `‑m-K-a‑m-b‑n C.k‑n.F-
k‑v.k‑n-b‑n-s‑e B-d‑v A‑w-K-c‑m-P‑y-§Ä-¡‑v s‑]‑m-X‑p-h‑n-
]-W‑n F-¶ e-£‑y-t‑¯‑m-s‑S b‑q-t‑d‑m-]‑y³ C¡-
t‑W‑m-a‑n-I‑v I-a‑y‑q-W‑n-ä‑n c‑q-]‑o-I-c‑n-¨‑p.
$ 1960þÂ b‑q-t‑d‑m-]‑y³ C¡-t‑W‑m-a‑n-I‑v I-a‑y‑q-W‑n-ä‑n-¡‑v
_-Z-e‑m-b‑n H‑m-k‑v-{‑S‑n-b‑, s‑U³-a‑mÀ-¡‑v, t‑\‑mÀ-t‑h‑,
t‑]‑mÀ-¨‑p-KÂ‑, k‑z‑o-U³‑, k‑z‑n-ä‑v-kÀ-e³-U‑v, b‑p.s‑I.
F-¶‑o c‑m-P‑y-§Ä t‑NÀ-¶‑v b‑q-t‑d‑m-]‑y³ {‑^‑o t‑{‑S-U‑v
A-t‑k‑m-k‑n-t‑b-j-\‑v c‑q-]‑w \Â-I‑n.
$ 1967þÂ h‑n-h‑n-[ b‑q-t‑d‑m-]‑y³ I-a‑y‑q-W‑n-ä‑n-IÄ-¡‑m-b‑n
ല�ോക സാമ്പത്തിക ഫ�ോറം
P-\‑p-h-c‑n 21-þ24
$ t‑e‑m-I k‑m-¼-¯‑n-I t‑^‑m-d-¯‑n-s‑â A-¼-X‑m-a-X‑v
B-t‑K‑m-f D-¨-t‑I‑m-S‑n k‑z‑n-ä‑v-kÀ-e³-U‑n-s‑e
Z‑m-t‑h‑m-k‑n \-S-¶‑p.
$ t‑e‑m-I k‑m-¼-¯‑n-I-t‑^‑m-d-¯‑n-s‑â k‑m-a‑q-l‑n-I
N-e-\‑m-ß-I-X‑m k‑q-N‑n-I-b‑n (Global Social
Mobility Index) C-´‑y-b‑v-¡‑v 76þ‑m‑w Ø‑m-\‑w.
82 c‑m-P‑y-§-f‑p-s‑S ]-«‑n-I-b‑n s‑U-·‑mÀ-¡‑m-W‑v
H-¶‑m-a-X‑v.
$ H-c‑p-h‑y-à‑n-b‑p-s‑S-t‑b‑m I‑p-S‑p‑w-_-¯‑n-s‑â-t‑b‑m k‑m-
a‑q-l‑n-I-]-Z-h‑n-b‑n-t‑e‑m P‑o-h‑n-X-\‑n-e-h‑m-c-¯‑n-t‑e‑m
D-ï‑m-I‑p-¶ a‑m-ä-s‑¯-b‑m-W‑v k‑m-a‑q-l‑n-I N-e-\‑m-
ß-I-X-s‑b-¶‑p-]-d-b‑p-¶-X‑v.
b‑q-t‑d‑m-]‑y³ b‑q-W‑n-b-\‑n-s‑e A‑w-K-§Ä(27):
H‑m-k‑v-{‑S‑n-b‑, s‑_Â-P‑n-b‑w‑, _Ä-t‑K-d‑n-b‑, s‑{‑I‑m-
t‑b-j‑y‑, s‑s‑k-{‑]-k‑v, s‑N-¡‑v d‑n-¸-»‑n-I‑v, s‑U-
·‑mÀ-¡‑v, F-k‑v-t‑X‑m-W‑n-b‑, ^‑n³-e³-U‑v, {‑^‑m³-
k‑v‑, PÀ-a-\‑n‑, e-I‑v-k‑w-_À-K‑v, {‑K‑o-k‑v, l‑w-K-d‑n‑,
C-ä-e‑n‑, A-bÀ-e³-U‑v, e‑m-X‑z‑n-b‑, e‑n-X‑z‑m-\‑n-b‑,
a‑mÄ-«‑, s‑\-XÀ-e³-U‑v-k‑v, t‑]‑m-f-ï‑v, t‑]‑mÀ-¨‑p-
KÂ‑, s‑d‑m-a‑m-\‑n-b‑, k‑v-s‑]-b‑v-³‑, t‑É‑m-h‑m-I‑y‑,
s‑É‑m-t‑h-\‑n-b‑, k‑z‑o-U³.
b‑q-t‑d‑m s‑]‑m-X‑p I-d³-k‑n-b‑m-b‑n A‑w-K‑o-I-c‑n-¨‑n-
«‑p-Å c‑m-P‑y-§Ä (19): H‑m-k‑v-{‑S‑n-b‑, s‑_Â-
P‑n-b‑w‑, s‑s‑k-{‑]-k‑v, F-k‑v-t‑X‑m-W‑n-b‑, ^‑n³-
e³-U‑v, {‑^‑m³-k‑v, PÀ-a-\‑n‑, {‑K‑o-k‑v, C-ä-e‑n‑,
A-bÀ-e³-U‑v, e‑m-X‑z‑n-b‑, e‑n-X‑z‑m-\‑n-b‑, a‑mÄ-«‑,
s‑\-XÀ-e³-U‑v-k‑v, t‑]‑mÀ-¨‑p-KÂ‑, k‑v-s‑]-b‑v-³‑,
t‑É‑m-h‑m-I‑y‑, s‑É‑m-t‑h-\‑n-b‑, k‑v-s‑]-b‑n³.
s‑{‑_-I‑v-k‑n-ä‑v: {‑_‑n-«³ b‑q-t‑d‑m-]‑y³ b‑q-W‑n-b-\‑nÂ
X‑p-S-c-t‑W‑m t‑h-ï-t‑b‑m F-¶ h‑n-j-b-¯‑nÂ
2016 P‑q¬ 23þ-\‑m-W‑v P-\-l‑n-X-]-c‑n-t‑i‑m-[-\
\-S-¶-X‑v. 51.9 i-X-a‑m-\‑w t‑]À s‑{‑_-I‑v-k‑n-ä‑n-s‑\
A-\‑p-I‑q-e‑n-¨‑p.
s‑]‑m-X‑p-I-½‑n-j³ \‑n-e-h‑nÂ-h-¶‑p.
$ 1973þÂ {‑_n‑ «- ³‑, s‑U³-am‑ À-¡,v‑ A-bÀ-e³-Uv‑ F-¶o‑
c‑mP
- y‑ §
- Ä b‑qt- d ‑ m‑ ]
- y‑ ³ I-ay‑ q‑ W
- n‑ ä
- n‑ b
- n‑ Â t‑NÀ-¶p‑ .
$ 1986þÂ b‑q-t‑d‑m-]‑y³ ]-X‑m-I A‑w-K‑o-I-c‑n-¡-s‑¸-«‑p.
$ 1987þÂ k‑nw‑ K - n‑ Ä b‑qt- d ‑ m‑ ]
- y‑ ³ B-Îv‑ \‑ne - h
- n‑ Â h-¶p‑ .
$ 1991þÂ b‑q-t‑d‑m-]‑y³ b‑q-W‑n-b³ c‑q-]‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑m-\‑p-Å
a‑m-k‑v-{‑S‑n-¨‑v D-S-¼-S‑n-b‑n A‑w-K-c‑m-P‑y-§Ä H-¸‑p-h-¨‑p.
$ 1993þÂ b‑q-t‑d‑m-]‑y³ b‑q-W‑n-b³ D-S-¼-S‑n \‑n-e-h‑nÂ
h-¶‑p.
മാർച്ച്‌2020
101
 WORLD
ബഹിരാകാശ റെക്കോഡുമായി
ക്രിസ്റ്റീന കൗക്ക് s‑]-¤‑n h‑n-ä‑v-k-W‑n-s‑â s‑d-t‑¡‑m-U‑v I-g‑n-ª-hÀ-j‑w U‑n-k‑w-_À
s‑^-{‑_‑p-h-c‑n 6 28-þ-\‑v {‑I‑n-Ì‑o-\ a-d‑n-I-S-¶‑p.
$ _-l‑n-c‑m-I‑m-i-¯‑v G-ä-h‑p‑w $ G-ä-h‑p‑w I‑q-S‑p-XÂ I‑m-e‑w _-l‑n-c‑m-I‑m-i-¯‑v H-ä-b‑v-¡‑p-s‑N-e-h-
\‑o-ï I‑m-e-b-f-h‑v H-ä-b‑v- g‑n-¨-X‑n-s‑â s‑d-t‑¡‑m-U‑v \‑m-k-b‑p-s‑S
¡‑p s‑N-e-h-g‑n-¨ h-\‑n-X‑m X-s‑¶ k‑v-t‑I‑m-«‑v s‑I-Ã‑n-b‑p-s‑S
_-l‑n-c‑m-I‑m-i-b‑m-{‑X‑n-I t‑]-c‑n-e‑m-W‑v; 340 Z‑n-h-k-§Ä.
{‑I‑n-Ì‑o-\ I‑u-¡‑v `‑q-a‑n-b‑n $ B-Z‑y-a‑m-b‑n k‑v-{‑X‑o-IÄ a‑m-{‑X-
X‑n-c‑n-s‑¨-¯‑n. a‑m-b‑n _-l‑n-c‑m-I‑m-i \‑n-e-b-
$ 328 Z‑n-h-k-a‑m-W‑v \‑m-k- ¯‑n-\‑v ]‑p-d-¯‑n-d-§-b-X‑n-s‑â
b‑p-s‑S _-l‑n-c‑m-I‑m-i-b‑m- s‑d-t‑¡‑m-U‑p‑w {‑I‑n-Ì‑o-\
{‑X‑n-I A-´‑m-c‑m-{‑ã _-l‑n- I‑u-¡‑v, P-Ê‑n-¡
c‑m-I‑m-i-\‑n-e-b-¯‑n s‑a-b-d‑n-s‑\‑m-¸‑w
s‑N-e-h-g‑n-¨-X‑v. ]-¦‑n-S‑p-¶‑p.
$ 288 Z‑n-h-k‑w _-l‑n-c‑m-I‑m-
i-¯‑v H-ä-b‑v-¡‑p s‑N-e-
h-g‑n-s‑¨-¶ \‑m-k-b‑p-s‑S
_-l‑n-c‑m-I‑m-i-b‑m-{‑X‑n-I

IN BRIEF

അന്താരാഷ്ട്ര ബഹിരാകാശ നിലയം $ C-´‑y³ h‑w-i-P-\‑m-b E-j‑n k‑p-\‑m-

$ _-l‑n-c‑m-I‑m-i K-t‑h-j-IÀ-¡‑v `‑q-a‑n-¡‑v ]‑p-d-¯‑v I‑n-s‑\(40‑) {‑_‑n-«-\‑n [-\-a-{‑´‑n-b‑m-
X‑m-a-k‑n-¡‑m-\‑p‑w ]T-\-§Ä \-S-¯‑m-\‑p‑w k‑u- b‑n \‑n-b-a‑n-¨‑p. C³-t‑^‑m-k‑n-k‑n-s‑â
I-c‑y-s‑a‑m-c‑p-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v h‑n-h‑n-[ c‑m-P‑y-§-f‑p-s‑S k-l-Ø‑m-]-I³ \‑m-c‑m-b-W-a‑qÀ-¯‑n-
k-l-I-c-W-t‑¯‑m-s‑S Ø‑m-]‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-Å k‑w-h‑n-[‑m- b‑p-s‑S a-c‑p-a-I-\‑m-W‑v.
\-a‑m-W‑v A-´‑m-c‑m-{‑ã _-l‑n-c‑m-I‑m-i \‑n-e-b‑w. $ B-t‑K‑m-f s‑S-I‑v-t‑\‑m-f-P‑n I-¼-\‑n-b‑m-b
$ 1998-e‑m-W‑v A-´‑m-c‑m-{‑ã _-l‑n-c‑m-I‑m-i \‑n-e-b- ‘s‑F._‑n.F-½n‑ '‑ s‑â (CâÀ-\m‑ j - W - Â
¯‑n-s‑â B-Z‑y-`‑m-K‑w h‑n-t‑£-]‑n-¨-X‑v. _‑nk - n‑ \- k - v‑ s‑aj - o‑ ³-kv‑ t‑Im‑ À-¸-
$ 2000 \-h‑w-_À 2-\‑m-W‑v B-Z‑y k‑w-L‑w _-l‑n- t‑dj- ³‑) ]‑pX - n‑ b - N‑o^ - v‑ F-Ik v-‑ n‑ I
- y‑ p‑ -
c‑m-I‑m-i \‑n-e-b‑w k-µÀ-i‑n-¨-X‑v. «‑oh
- v‑ H‑m^ - o‑ k - d - m‑ b - n‑ B-{Ô ‑ k‑zt- Z‑ i - n‑
$ CXphsc 18 c‑m-P‑y-§-f‑n \‑n-¶‑m-b‑n 230 _-l‑n- A-ch - n‑ µ - v‑ I‑rj - W v-‑ \‑nb - a - n‑ X
- \ - m‑ b - n‑ .
c‑m-I‑m-i b‑m-{‑X‑n-IÀ A-´‑m-c‑m-{‑ã _-l‑n-c‑m-
I‑m-i \‑n-e-bw-‑ k-µÀ-i‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. \‑n-e-b-¯‑n-s‑â $ s‑h-«‑pI - n‑ f- n‑ B-{I ‑ a - W- s - ¯‑ ¯ - p‑ S- À-¶v‑
{‑]-hÀ-¯-\-§Ä-¡‑v k‑m-¼-¯‑n-I k-l‑m-b‑w A-Sn‑ b - ´ - c - m‑ h- Ø - {‑]J - y‑ m‑ ]- n‑ ¨- c‑mP - y‑ w‑ :
\Â-I‑p-¶-X‑n-\-\‑p-k-c‑n-¨‑m-W‑v H‑m-t‑c‑m c‑m-P‑y-§Ä- ]‑mI - n‑ k- X v-‑ m‑ ³
¡‑p‑w F-{‑X k-a-b‑w t‑k-h-\‑w D-]-t‑b‑m-K-s‑¸-S‑p- $ t‑e‑m-I-¯‑v G-ä-h‑p-a-[‑n-I‑w B-f‑p-IÄ
¯‑m-s‑a-¶‑v X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. k‑w-k‑m-c‑n-¡‑p-¶ `‑m-j-I-f‑n l‑n-µ‑n
$ b‑p.F-k‑n-s‑â \‑m-k-b‑p‑w d-j‑y-b‑p-s‑S t‑d‑m-k‑v- a‑q-¶‑m‑w Ø‑m-\-¯‑v. 615 Z-i-e-£‑w
t‑I‑m-k‑v-t‑a‑m-k‑p‑w b‑q-t‑d‑m-]‑y³ k‑v-t‑]-k‑v G-P³- B-f‑p-IÄ l‑n-µ‑n k‑w-k‑m-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p.
k‑n-b‑p-a‑m-W‑v A-´‑m-c‑m-{‑ã _-l‑n-c‑m-I‑m-i H-¶‑m‑w Ø‑m-\-¯‑v C‑w-¥‑o-j‑v þ 1132
\‑n-e-b-¯‑n-\‑m-b‑n G-ä-h‑p‑w I‑q-S‑p-XÂ X‑p-I s‑N- Z-i-e-£‑w. c-ï‑m‑w Ø‑m-\-¯‑v a‑m-³-
e-h-g‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v. U-c‑n³ þ 1117 Z-i-e-£‑w B-f‑p-IÄ.

മാതൃഭൂമി ജി കെ & കറന്റ് അഫയേഴ്‌സ്‌

102
 പദവിയിൽ
മുഹമ്മദ് തൗഫീക് അലവി
ഇറാഖ് പ്രധാനമന്ത്രി
ഇറാഖ് ആഭ്യന്തര കലാപം
$ hÀ-j-§Ä \‑o-ï A-g‑n-a-X‑n-s‑¡-X‑n-t‑c
2019þÂ c‑m-P‑y-¯‑v i-à‑n {‑]‑m-]‑n-¨ {‑]-X‑n-
t‑j-[-§Ä X‑n-j‑v-d‑o³ h‑n-¹-h‑w‑, H-t‑Î‑m-_À
h‑n-¹-h‑w F-¶‑o t‑]-c‑p-I-f‑n A-d‑n-b-s‑¸-S‑p-
¶‑p. \‑n-e-h‑n-s‑e `-c-W-IÀ-¯‑m-¡-s‑f ]‑p-d-
¯‑m-¡-W-s‑a-¶‑m-W‑v {‑]-X‑n-t‑j-[-¡‑m-c‑p-s‑S
B-hi - y‑ w‑ .
$ {‑]X
- n‑ t- j‑ [ - §
- s - f‑ ¯
- p‑ S- À-¶m‑ W - v‑ 2018þÂ
{‑][
- m‑ \ - a- {- ´
‑ n‑ ]
- Z- ¯- n‑ s
- e ‑ ¯- n‑ b
- B-Zn‑ Â
A-Ðp‑ Ä a-lZv-‑ n‑ ¡ - v‑ c‑mP - n‑ h
- b
- tv-‑ ¡
‑ ï
- n‑ h-¶X
- v.‑
s‑^-{‑_‑p-h-c‑n 1 $ ]‑p-X‑n-b {‑]-[‑m-\-a-{‑´‑n-b‑m-b‑n a‑p-l-½-Z‑v X‑u-
C-d‑m-J‑v {‑]-[‑m-\-a-{‑´‑n-b‑m-b‑n a‑p³ h‑mÀ-¯‑m-h‑n-X- ^‑o-I‑v A-e-h‑n-s‑b-b‑p‑w {‑]-X‑n-t‑j-[-¡‑mÀ
c-W a-{‑´‑n a‑p-l-½-Z‑v X‑u-^‑o-I‑v A-e-h‑n-s‑b {‑]-k‑n-Uâ‑v A‑w-K‑o-I-c‑n-¨‑n-«‑n-Ã.
_À-l‑m‑w k‑m-e‑n-l‑v \‑n-b-a‑n-¨‑p.

ഇംപീച്ച്‌മെന്റിൽ നിന്ന് തലയൂരി ട്രംപ്

s‑^-{‑_‑p-h-c‑n 6 $ s‑k-\-ä‑n a‑q-¶‑nÂ-c-ï‑v t‑]-c‑p-s‑S ]‑n-´‑p-W-b‑p-s‑ï-
$ b‑p.F-k‑v. {‑]-k‑n-Uâ‑v s‑U‑m-W‑mÄ-U‑v {‑S‑w-]‑n-s‑\-X‑n ¦‑n a‑m-{‑X-t‑a {‑]-k‑n-Uâ‑n-s‑\ ]‑p-d-¯‑m-¡‑m-\‑m-
s-c I-g‑n-ª s‑k-]‑v-ä‑w-_À 24þ-\‑v B-c‑w-`‑n-¨ C‑w-]‑o- I‑q. F-¶‑m \‑n-e-h‑n-s‑e s‑k-\-ä‑n d‑n-¸-»‑n-¡³
¨‑v-s‑aâ‑v \-S-]-S‑n-IÄ A-h-k‑m- ]‑mÀ-«‑n-¡‑v 53 A‑w-K-§-f‑p‑w s‑U-t‑a‑m-{‑I‑m-ä‑p-IÄ-¡‑v 47
\‑n-¨‑p.
$ s‑U-t‑a‑m-{‑I‑m-ä‑n-I‑v t‑\-X‑m-h‑p‑w
{‑]-k‑n-Uâ‑v Ø‑m-\‑mÀ-Y‑n-b‑p-
a‑m-b t‑P‑m s‑s‑_-U-\‑p‑w a-I³
l-ïÀ s‑s‑_-U-\‑p-s‑a-X‑n-s‑c
A-t‑\‑z-j-W‑w \-S-¯‑m³ b‑p-
s‑s‑{‑I-\‑p-t‑a k-½À-Z‑w s‑N-
e‑p-¯‑p-I-b‑p‑w A-Ã‑m-¯-]-£‑w
B c‑m-P‑y-¯‑n-\‑p-Å s‑s‑k-
\‑n-I-k-l‑m-b‑w d-±‑m-¡‑p-s‑a-¶‑v
`‑o-j-W‑n-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-
b‑v-X‑p-s‑h-¶ B-t‑c‑m-]-W-¯‑n-
e‑m-W‑v {‑S‑w-]‑n-s‑\-X‑n-s‑c s‑U-
t‑a‑m-{‑I‑m-ä‑p-IÄ C‑w-]‑o-¨‑v-s‑aâ‑v
\-S-]-S‑n X‑p-S-§‑n-b-X‑v. A-[‑n-I‑m-
c-Z‑pÀ-h‑n-\‑n-t‑b‑m-K‑w‑, b‑p.F-k‑v.
t‑I‑m¬-{‑K-k‑n-s‑â {‑]-hÀ-¯-\‑w
X-S-Ê-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n F-¶‑o I‑p-ä-
§-Ä {‑S‑w-]‑n-\‑p-t‑a P-\-{‑]-X‑n-
\‑n-[‑n-k-` N‑p-a-¯‑n-. {‑]-X‑n-\‑n-[‑n-I-f‑p-a‑m-W‑p-Å-X‑v.
$ A-[‑n-I‑m-c-Z‑pÀ-h‑n-\‑n-t‑b‑m-K-¡‑p-ä-¯‑n 48þ-s‑\-X‑n-s‑c $ {‑S‑w-]‑n-\‑v a‑p-¼‑v 1868þ B³-{‑U‑q t‑P‑m¬-k-s‑W-
52 t‑h‑m-«‑n-\‑p‑w t‑I‑m¬-{‑K-k‑n-s‑â {‑]-hÀ-¯-\‑w X-S- b‑p‑w 1998þ _‑n ¢‑nâ-s‑\-b‑p‑w P-\-{‑]-X‑n-\‑n-
Ê-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n-b I‑p-ä-¯‑n 47-þ-s‑\-X‑n-t‑c 53 t‑h‑m-«‑n- [‑n-k-` C‑w-]‑o-¨‑v s‑N-b‑v-X‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. F-¶‑m- BÀ-¡‑p‑w
\‑p‑w s‑k-\-ä‑n {‑S‑w-]‑v P-b‑n-¨‑p. {‑]-k‑n-Uâ‑v Ø‑m-\‑w \-ã-a‑m-b‑n-«‑n-Ã.

മാർച്ച്‌2020
103
 INDIA
ആന്ധ്രയ്ക്ക്
മൂന്ന് തലസ്ഥാന നഗരങ്ങൾ
P-\‑p-h-c‑n 20
$ B-{‑Ô‑m-{‑]-t‑Z-i‑n-s‑e a‑q-¶‑v \-K-c-§-s‑f X-e-Ø‑m-\ \-K-c-§-
f‑m-b‑n A‑w-K‑o-I-c‑n-¡‑m-\‑p-Å _‑n-Ã‑n-\‑v a-{‑´‑n-k-` A‑w-K‑o-I‑m-c‑w
\-Â-I‑n.
$ h‑n-i‑m-J-]-«-W‑w: B-{‑Ô‑m-{‑]-t‑Z-i‑n-s‑â `-c-W-k‑n-c‑m- h‑n-i‑m-J-]-«-W‑w
(`-c-W-k‑n-c‑m-t‑I-{‑µ‑w)
t‑I-{‑µ‑w. s‑k-{‑I-t‑«-d‑n-b-ä‑p‑w c‑m-P‑v-`-h-\‑p‑w a‑p-J‑y
-a-{‑´‑n-b‑p-s‑S I‑m-c‑y‑m-e-b-h‑p‑w h-I‑p-¸‑p
-X-e-h-·‑m-c‑p-s‑S I‑m-c‑y‑m-e-b-h‑p‑w A-a-c‑m-h-X‑n
C-h‑n-s‑S {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¡‑p‑w. (\‑n-b-a-\‑nÀ-a‑m-W X-e-Ø‑m-\‑w)
$ A-a-c‑m-h-X‑n: \‑n-b-a-\‑nÀ-a‑m-W
X-e-Ø‑m-\‑w. \‑n-b-a-k-` C-h‑n-s‑S I‑pÀ-W‑qÂ
{‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¡‑p‑w. (P‑p-U‑o-j‑y BØ‑m-\‑w)
$ I‑pÀ-W‑qÂ: s‑s‑l-t‑¡‑m-S-X‑n-b‑p‑w a-ä‑p
P‑p-U‑o-j‑y H‑m-^‑o-k‑p-I-f‑p‑w {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¡‑p‑w.
$ P‑n.F³. d‑m-h‑p I-½‑n-ä‑n-b‑p-s‑S-b‑p‑w a-ä‑p‑w
d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑v- ]T‑n-¨ D-¶-X‑m-[‑n-I‑m-c-I-½‑n-ä‑n-b‑p-s‑S
i‑p-]‑mÀ-i ]-c‑n-K-W‑n-¨‑m-W‑v X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\‑w.

മൂന്നാം ബ�ോഡ�ോ സമാധാന ഉടമ്പടി

ബ�ോഡ�ോലാൻഡ് പ്രക്ഷോഭം
$ I‑p-S‑n-t‑b-ä-¡‑mÀ t‑_‑m-t‑U‑m t‑K‑m-{‑X-hÀ-K-§-f‑p-s‑S t‑a-J-e-
I-f‑n-t‑e-¡‑v I-S-¶‑p-X‑p-S-§‑n-b-t‑X‑m-s‑S 1960þ-I-f‑n-e‑p‑w 70þ-I-
f‑n-e‑p‑w D-Z-b‑m-©Â F-¶ {‑]-t‑X‑y-I k‑w-Ø‑m-\-¯‑n-\‑m-
b‑n a‑p-d-h‑n-f‑n-IÄ D-bÀ-¶‑p-X‑p-S-§‑n.
$ 1980þ-I-f‑n t‑_‑m-t‑U‑m-e‑m³-U‑v k‑w-Ø‑m-\‑w c‑q-]‑o-I-
P-\‑p-h-c‑n 27 c‑n-¡-W-s‑a-¶‑v B-h-i‑y-s‑¸-«‑v k-a-c-§Ä B-c‑w-`‑n-¨‑p.
$ A-k-a‑n-s‑e t‑_‑m-t‑U‑m-{‑]-i‑v-\‑w ]-c‑n- 1987þÂ H‑mÄ t‑_m‑ t- U ‑ m‑ k‑ä v- p‑ U- â‑k v- v‑ b‑qW
- n‑ b
- ³ {‑]t- £ ‑ m‑ -
l-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑v t‑I-{‑µ k-À-¡‑m-c‑p‑w `‑w i-àa - m‑ ¡
- n‑ . t‑_m‑ t- U ‑ m‑ e - m‑ ³-Uv‑ e‑n_ - t- d
‑ j
- ³ s‑sS‑ t- K ‑ g- v-‑
\‑m-j-WÂ s‑U-t‑a‑m-{‑I‑m-ä‑n-I‑v {‑^-ï‑v H‑m- k‑,v‑ \‑mj - W - Â s‑Ut- a ‑ m‑ {- I
‑ m‑ ä
- n‑ I - v‑ {‑^ï - v‑ H‑m^- v‑ t‑_m‑ t- U
‑ m‑ -
^‑v t‑_‑m-t‑U‑m-e‑m³-U‑p‑w (F³.U‑n.F- e‑m³-Uv‑ X‑pS- § - n‑ b - k‑wL - S- \ - I - f- p‑ w‑ C‑u k-ab - ¯
- m‑ W - v‑
^‑v._‑n.‑) ]‑p-X‑n-b-I-c‑m-d‑n H-¸‑n-«‑p. t‑_‑m- c‑q]
- o‑ I
- c
- n‑ ¡
- s - ¸‑ «- X
- v.‑
t‑U‑m-e‑m³-U‑v k‑w-Ø‑m-\-¯‑n-\‑m-b‑n $ 1993þÂ t‑I-{‑µ kÀ-¡‑m-c‑p‑w A-k‑w kÀ-¡‑m-c‑p‑w
{‑]-t‑£‑m-`‑w \-S-¯‑p-¶ H‑mÄ t‑_‑m-t‑U‑m F._‑n.F-k‑v.b‑p-h‑p‑w t‑NÀ-¶‑v {‑X‑n-I-£‑n D-S-¼-S‑n-b‑p-ï‑m-
Ì‑p-Uâ‑v-k‑v b‑q-W‑n-b-\‑p‑w (B-_‑v-k‑p‑) ¡‑n. C-X-\‑p-k-c‑n-¨‑v t‑_‑m-t‑U‑m-e‑m³-U‑v H‑m-t‑«‑m-W-a-k‑v
D-S-¼-S‑n-b‑n I-£‑n-b‑m-W‑v. I‑u¬-k‑n c‑q-]‑o-I-c‑n-¨‑p.
$ 27 hÀ-j-¯‑n-\‑n-s‑S t‑_‑m-t‑U‑m k‑m-b‑p-[- $ 2003þÂ t‑I-{‑µ‑, k‑w-Ø‑m-\ kÀ-¡‑m-c‑p-IÄ t‑_‑m-t‑U‑m
k‑w-L-§-f‑p-a‑m-b‑n kÀ-¡‑mÀ H-¸‑n-S‑p-¶ e‑n-_-t‑d-j³ s‑s‑S-t‑K-g‑v-k‑p-a‑m-b‑n k-a‑m-[‑m-\ D-S-¼-S‑n-b‑p-
a‑q-¶‑m-a-s‑¯ I-c‑m-d‑m-W‑n-X‑v. t‑_‑m-t‑U‑m- ï‑m-¡‑n. t‑_‑m-t‑U‑m s‑S-d‑n-t‑ä‑m-d‑n-b I‑u¬-k‑n c‑q-]‑o-
IÄ-¡‑v c‑m-{‑ã‑o-b‑, k‑m-¼-¯‑n-I B-\‑p- I-c‑n-¨‑p.
I‑q-e‑y-§Ä \Â-I‑p-¶-X‑m-W‑v I-c‑mÀ.

മാതൃഭൂമി ജി കെ & കറന്റ് അഫയേഴ്‌സ്‌

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പിടിവിട്ട്
പണപ്പെരുപ്പം
s‑^-{‑_‑p-h-c‑n 12
$ D-]-t‑`‑m-à‑r-h‑n-e-k‑q-N‑n-I-s‑b A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\-a‑m-¡‑n-
b‑p-Å c‑m-P‑y-s‑¯ ]-W-s‑¸-c‑p-¸‑w P-\‑p-h-c‑n-b‑n 7.59
i-X-a‑m-\-a‑m-b‑n D-bÀ-¶‑p.
$ B-d‑p-hÀ-j-s‑¯ G-ä-h‑p‑w D-bÀ-¶ \‑n-c-¡‑v.
$ 2019 P-\‑p-h-c‑n-b‑n 2.05 i-X-a‑m-\-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶
]-W-s‑¸-c‑p-¸-a‑m-W‑v H-c‑p-hÀ-j-¯‑n-\‑v t‑i-j‑w 7.59
i-X-a‑m-\-¯‑n F-¯‑n-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v.
എന്താണ് പണപ്പെരുപ്പം?
$ ]-W-¯‑n-s‑â a‑q-e‑y‑w I‑p-d-b‑p-I-b‑p‑w k‑m-
[-\-§-f‑p-s‑S h‑n-e D-b-c‑p-I-b‑p‑w s‑N-¿‑p-¶
A-h-Ø. ]-W-s‑¸-c‑p-¸‑w I‑q-S‑p-t‑¼‑mÄ h‑y-
à‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S h‑m-§Â-t‑i-j‑n I‑p-d-b‑p-¶‑p.
ഡൽഹിയിൽ
കെജ്രിവാളിന് തുടർച്ച
s‑^-{‑_‑p-h-c‑n 16
$ UÂ-l‑n a‑p-J‑y-a-{‑´‑n-b‑m-b‑n X‑p-SÀ-¨-b‑m-b a‑q-¶‑m‑w
X-h-W B‑w B-Z‑v-a‑n ]‑mÀ-«‑n t‑\-X‑m-h‑v A-c-h‑n-µ‑v
s‑I-Pvcnh‑mÄ k-X‑y-{‑]-X‑n-Ú s‑N-b‑v-X‑p.
$ s‑^-{‑_‑p-h-c‑n 8þ-\‑v \-S-¶ X‑n-c-s‑ª-S‑p-¸‑n 62.59
i-X-a‑m-\‑w t‑h‑m-«‑v t‑c-J-s‑¸-S‑p-¯‑n.
$ s‑^-{‑_‑p-h-c‑n 11þ-\‑v ^-e‑w {‑]-J‑y‑m-]‑n-¨‑p. B-s‑I-
b‑p-Å 70 k‑o-ä‑n 62 C-S-¯‑v B‑w B-Z‑v-a‑n ]‑mÀ-«‑n-
b‑p‑w F-«‑n-S-¯‑v _‑n.s‑P.]‑n-b‑p‑w h‑n-P-b‑n-¨‑p.
$ 2015þÂ B‑w B-Z‑v-a‑n-¡‑v 67 k‑o-ä‑p‑w _‑n.s‑P.]‑n-¡‑v
a‑q-¶‑v k‑o-ä‑p-a‑m-W‑v e-`‑n-¨-X‑v.

t‑a‑m-Z‑n-b‑p-a‑m-b‑n I‑q-S‑n-¡‑m-g‑v-N \-S-¯‑n.

Diplomacy $ \‑n-t‑£-]‑w‑, K-X‑m-K-X‑w‑, X‑p-d-a‑p-J‑w‑, k‑w-kv-I -‑ ‑m-c‑w‑,
h‑y-h-k‑m-b‑w‑, _‑u-²‑n-I-k‑z-¯-h-I‑m-i‑w‑, {‑i‑m-h‑y-þ-
Z‑r-i‑y-t‑a-J-e‑, h‑n-t‑Z-i-I‑m-c‑y kÀ-h‑o-k‑v ]-c‑n-i‑o-e-
P-\‑p-h-c‑n 25 \‑w‑, k-a‑p-{‑Z-K-X‑m-K-X‑w X‑p-S-§‑n-b t‑a-J-e-I-f‑n-s‑e
C-´‑y-þ {‑_-k‑o k-l-I-c-W-¯‑n-\‑v C-´‑y-b‑p‑w t‑]‑mÀ-¨‑p-K-e‑p‑w G-g‑p
$ c‑m-P‑y-k‑p-c-£‑, I‑r-j‑n‑, h‑y‑m-]‑m-c‑w X‑p-S-§‑n-b t‑a-J- I-c‑m-dpI-fn H-¸‑p-s‑h-¨‑p.
e-I-f‑n ]‑p-X‑n-b k-l-I-c-W-¯‑n-\‑m-b‑n C-´‑y-b‑p‑w $ K‑p-Pd- m‑ ¯
- n‑ s- e
‑ t‑em‑ Y- e
- n‑ Â t‑Zi - o‑ b
- k-ap‑ {- Z‑ a‑yq‑ k - n‑ b-
{‑_-k‑o-e‑p‑w 15 I-c‑m-d‑p-I-f‑n H-¸‑p-h-¨‑p. s‑s]‑ X- r‑ I
- k-ap‑ ¨ - b
- w‑ Ø‑m] - n‑ ¡
- m‑ ³ [‑mc- W - b - m‑ b - n‑ .
$ d‑n-¸-»‑n-I‑v Z‑n-\-]-t‑c-U‑n-s‑e a‑p-J‑y‑m-X‑n-Y‑n-b‑m-s‑b-
¯‑n-b {‑_-k‑o {‑]-k‑n-Uâ‑v s‑s‑PÀ s‑_‑mÂ-s‑k‑m-
\‑m-t‑c‑m-b‑p‑w C-´‑y³ {‑]-[‑m-\-a-{‑´‑n \-t‑c-{‑µ-t‑a‑m-Z‑n-b‑p-
a‑m-W‑v I-c‑m-d‑p-I-f‑n H-¸‑p-h-¨-X‑v.
s‑^-{‑_‑p-h-c‑n 7þ11
C-´‑y þ {‑i‑o-e-¦
$ {‑i‑o-e-¦³ {‑]-[‑m-\-a-{‑´‑n a-l‑n-µ c‑m-P-]-I‑v-s‑k
C-´‑y k-µÀ-i‑n-¨‑p.
$ s‑s‑l-Z-c‑m-_‑m-Z‑v l‑u-k‑n C-´‑y³ {‑]-[‑m-\-a-{‑´‑n
\-t‑c-{‑µ t‑a‑m-Z‑n-b‑p-a‑m-b‑n I‑q-S‑n-¡‑m-g‑v-N \-S-¯‑n.
$ D-`-b-I£ - n‑ h‑mW - n‑ P
- y‑ h
- y‑ m‑ ]- m‑ c
- _-Ô§ - Ä DÄ-s¸ ‑ s - S‑
h‑nh
- n‑ [
- h‑nj
- b- § - Ä C-cp‑ c - m‑ P
- y‑ §fpw NÀ-¨s
- N
‑ b
- Xv-‑ p‑ .
s‑^-{‑_‑p-h-c‑n 15
C-´‑y-þ t‑]‑mÀ-¨‑p-KÂ
$ t‑]‑mÀ-¨‑p-KÂ {‑]-k‑n-Uâ‑v a-g-k
‑v- -t‑e‑m s‑d-_-t‑e‑m U‑n- നരേന്ദ്രമ�ോദിയും ബ്രസീൽ പ്രസിഡന്റ് ജൈർ
k‑q-k C-´‑y k-µ-À-i‑n-¨‑p. {‑]-[‑m-\-a-{‑´‑n \-t‑c-{‑µ ബ�ൊൽസ�ൊനാര�ോയും

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സംവരണം ബാധ്യതയല്ല W‑n-b³ H‑m-^‑v C-´‑y (2006‑): ]‑n-¶‑m-¡‑m-h-Ø‑,

{‑]‑m-X‑n-\‑n-[‑y‑w F-¶‑n-h k‑w-_-Ô‑n-¨ I-W-¡‑p-I-
f‑p-s‑S A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\-¯‑n t‑h-W‑w I‑z‑m-« \‑nÀ-W-b‑n-
¡‑m³.
B-i-¦: k‑m-a‑q-l‑n-I ]‑n-¶‑m-¡‑m-h-Ø A-\‑p-`-h‑n-
¡‑p-¶‑p-s‑h-¶‑v t‑_‑m-[‑y-s‑¸-«-h-s‑c-b‑m-W‑v `-c-W-L-
S-\‑m-]-c-a‑m-b‑n ]-«‑n-I-b‑nÂ-s‑]-S‑p-¯‑n-b‑n-«‑p-Å-X‑v.
A-X‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑p-X-s‑¶ ]-«‑n-I-h‑n-`‑m-K-¯‑nÂ-s‑¸-S‑p-I
s‑^-{‑_‑p-h-c‑n 9 F-¶-X‑p-X-s‑¶ H-c‑p h‑y-à‑n k‑m-a‑q-l‑n-I-a‑m-b‑n
$ ]-«‑n-I-P‑m-X‑n‑, ]-«‑n-I-hÀ-K h‑n-`‑m-K-§Ä- ]‑n-¶‑m-¡‑m-h-Ø-b‑n-e‑m-s‑W-¶-X‑n-s‑â s‑X-f‑n-h‑m-b‑n
¡‑v k‑w-h-c-W‑w \Â-I‑m³ k‑w-Ø‑m- I-W-¡‑m-t‑¡-ï-X-t‑Ã F-¶-X‑m-W‑v t‑N‑m-Z‑y‑w. a‑m-{‑X-
\-§Ä-¡‑v- _‑m-[‑y-X-b‑n-Ã. kÀ-¡‑mÀ a-Ã‑, k‑w-h-c-W‑w k‑m-a‑q-l‑n-I ]‑n-t‑¶‑m-¡‑m-h-Ø-b‑v-
kÀ-h‑o-k‑n A-h-c‑p-s‑S {‑]‑m-X‑n-\‑n-[‑y- ¡‑p-Å _-Z-e‑m-b‑m-W‑v `-c-W-L-S-\-b‑n h‑n-`‑m-h-\‑w
¡‑p-d-h‑v ]-c‑n-t‑i‑m-[‑n-¨‑p-t‑h-W‑w k‑w-h-c- s‑N-b‑v-X‑n-«‑p-Å-X‑v; k‑m-¼-¯‑n-I ]‑n-¶‑m-¡‑m-h-Ø
W‑w \Â-I‑m³. k‑w-h-c-W‑w \Â-I‑p-¶‑n- ]-c‑n-l-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑n-\‑p-Å a‑mÀ-K-a‑m-b-Ã. A-§-s‑\-b‑n-
s‑Ã-¦‑n I-W-¡‑v t‑\‑m-t‑¡-ï-X‑p-a‑n-Ã. c‑n-s‑¡ kÀ-¡‑mÀ H-c‑p h‑y-à‑n-b‑p-s‑S ]‑n-¶‑m-¡‑m-h-
$ Ø‑m-\-¡-b-ä k‑w-h-c-W‑w a‑u-e‑n-I‑m-h- Ø-s‑b F-§-s‑\-b‑m-W‑v \‑nÀ-h-N‑n-¡‑m³ t‑]‑m-I‑p-¶-
I‑m-i-a-Ã. s‑X-¶‑p‑w NÀ-¨ s‑N-¿-s‑¸-t‑S-ï h‑n-j-b-a‑m-W‑v.
$ a‑p-t‑Ij - v‑ I‑pa - m‑ À Vs. k‑tv- ä ‑ ä - v‑ H‑m^ - v‑ D-¯-
c‑mJ- Þ - v‑ t‑Ik - n‑ Â P-Ìn‑ k - p‑ a - m‑ c- m‑ b -
\‑mt- K ‑ i - z‑ c- d‑mh - p‑ ,‑ t‑la - ´- v‑ K‑p] - Xv-‑ F-¶n‑ - എന്താണ് കേസ്?
h-cp‑ s - S‑ s‑_© - n‑ t- â ‑ X - m‑ W - v‑ h‑n[ - n‑ .
t‑I‑m-S-X‑n-b‑p-s‑S \‑n-c‑o-£-W‑w: ]-«‑n-I-h‑n-`‑m- ]-«‑n-I-P‑m-X‑n‑, ]-«‑n-I-hÀ-K-h‑n-`‑m-K-§Ä-¡‑v k‑w-
K-¡‑mÀ-¡‑v k‑w-h-c-W‑w \-Â-I‑m³ k‑w- h-c-W‑w \Â-I‑m-s‑X kÀ-¡‑mÀ kÀ-h‑o-k‑n-s‑e
Ø‑m-\-§Ä-¡‑v A-[‑n-I‑m-c‑w \Â-I‑p- H-g‑n-h‑p-IÄ \‑n-I-¯‑m³ 2012þ D-¯-c‑m-J-Þ‑v
¶-X‑v `-cW - L - S- \ - b - p‑ s
- S‑ 16(4‑),‑ 16(4F‑) kÀ-¡‑mÀ X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\‑n-¨‑p. C-X‑n-s‑\-X‑n-s‑c k-aÀ-
A-\p‑ t- Ñ ‑ Z- § - f - m‑ W - v.‑ F-¶m‑  C-Xn‑ s - e ‑ ¸‑n-¡-s‑¸-« lÀ-P‑n-b‑n k‑w-h-c-W‑w \‑nÀ-¯-
h‑yh - Ø - I - Ä k‑wØ - m‑ \ - kÀ-¡m‑ c - n‑ s
- â‑ e‑m-¡‑m-\‑p-Å X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\‑w I-g‑n-ª G-{‑]‑n-e‑nÂ
h‑nt- h‑ N - \ - m‑ [ - n‑ I - m‑ c - ¯
- n‑ Â-s¸ ‑ «- X - m‑ W - v.‑ s‑s‑l-t‑¡‑m-S-X‑n a-c-h‑n-¸‑n-¨‑p. F-¶‑m ]‑p-\-]-
k‑wh - c - W - w‑ \Â-IW - s - a ‑ ¶
- v‑ t‑Im‑ S- X - n‑ ¡ - v‑ c‑n-t‑i‑m-[-\‑m lÀ-P‑n-b‑n t‑I‑m-S-X‑n X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\‑w
kÀ-¡m‑ c - n‑ s - \‑ \‑nÀ-_Ô - n‑ ¡ - m‑ \ - m‑ I - n‑ -Ã. a‑m-ä‑n. C-t‑X‑m-s‑S h‑n-j-b‑w k‑p-{‑]‑n‑w t‑I‑m-S-X‑n-b‑p-s‑S
a‑p³ h‑n-[‑n: F‑w. \‑m-K-c‑m-P‑v Vs. b‑q- a‑p-¶‑n-s‑e-¯‑n.

ക്രിമിനൽ കേസും തിരഞ്ഞെടുപ്പും t‑I‑m-S-X‑n-b-e-£‑y lÀ-P‑n-b‑n-e‑m-W‑v P-Ì‑n-k‑p-a‑m-c‑m-b

s‑^-{‑_‑p-h-c‑n 14
$ {‑I‑n-a‑n-\Â-t‑¡-k‑p-Å-b‑m-s‑f Ø‑m-\‑mÀ-Y‑n-b‑m-¡‑n- BÀ.F-^‑v. \-c‑n-a‑m³‑, c-h‑o-{‑µ-`-«‑v F-¶‑n-h-c‑p-s‑S
b‑m _-Ô-s‑¸-« c‑m-{‑ã‑o-b ]‑mÀ-«‑n 48 a-W‑n-¡‑q-d‑n-\- D-¯-c-h‑v.
I‑w A-X‑n-\‑p-Å I‑m-c-W-h‑p‑w I‑p-ä-I‑r-X‑y-]-Ý‑m-¯-e- $ Ø‑m-\‑mÀ-Y‑n-IÄ t‑\-c‑n-S‑p-¶ t‑I-k‑p-I-f‑p-s‑S ]‑qÀ-W-
h‑p‑w {‑]-k‑n-²-s‑¸-S‑p-¯-W‑w. h‑n-h-c‑w c‑m-{‑ã‑o-b-¸‑mÀ-«‑n-IÄ A-h-c‑p-s‑S s‑h-_-s‑v- ‑s‑k-
$ {‑I‑n-a‑n-\ ]-Ý‑m-¯-e-a‑p-Å-hÀ Ø‑m-\‑mÀ-Y‑n-I-f‑m- ä‑n {‑]-k‑n-²‑o-I-c‑n-¡-W‑w.
I‑p-¶-X‑v X-S-b‑m-³ \‑n-b-a‑w t‑h-W-s‑a-¶‑v 2018þ $ h‑n-h-c-§Ä H-c‑p t‑Z-i‑o-b-]-{‑X-¯‑n-e‑p‑w H-c‑p {‑]‑m-t‑Z-
k‑p-{‑]ow t‑I‑m-S-X‑n \‑nÀ-t‑Z-i‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. i‑n-I-`‑m-j‑m-]-{‑X-¯‑n-e‑p‑w {‑]-k‑n-²-s‑¸-S‑p-¯-W‑w.
$ A-¶-s‑¯ h‑n-[‑n ]‑m-e‑n-¡-s‑¸-«‑n-s‑Ã-¶‑p N‑q-ï‑n-¡‑m- ]‑mÀ-«‑n-I-f‑p-s‑S s‑^-b‑v-k‑v-_‑p-¡‑v, S‑z‑n-äÀ A-¡‑u-ï‑p-
«‑n A-U‑z. A-i‑z‑n-\‑n-I‑p-a‑mÀ D-]‑m-[‑y‑m-b \Â-I‑n-b IÄ h-g‑n-b‑p‑w C-t‑X h‑n-h-c-§Ä \Â-I-W‑w.

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$ C-´‑y-b‑p-s‑S 71þ‑m-a-X‑v d‑n-

¸-»‑n-I‑v Z‑n-\‑m-t‑L‑m-j-§-
f‑n a‑p-J‑y‑m-X‑n-Y‑n-b‑m-b‑n
]-s‑¦-S‑p-¯‑v {‑_-k‑oÂ
{‑]-k‑n-Uâ‑v s‑s‑PÀ s‑_‑mÂ-
s‑k‑m-\‑m-t‑c‑m.
$ C-´‑y-þ-_‑w-¥‑m-t‑Z-i‑v k‑w-
b‑p-à s‑s‑k-\‑n-I‑m-`‑y‑m-k‑w
k‑w-{‑]‑o-X‑n (SAMPRITI)
9þ‑m‑w F-U‑n-j³ s‑^-{‑_‑p-
h-c‑n 3 a‑p-XÂ 16 h-s‑c
t‑a-L‑m-e-b-b‑n-s‑e D‑w-t‑d‑m-
b‑n-b‑n \-S-¶‑p.
$ t‑j‑mÀ-«‑v kÀ-h‑o-k‑v t‑I-U-d‑n $ C-´‑y-þ-b‑p.s‑I. k‑w-b‑p-à‑m-
s‑^-{‑_‑p-h-c‑n 17 `‑y‑m-k‑w A-P-¿ h‑m-c‑n-bÀ
$ I-c-t‑k-\-b‑p-s‑S t‑]‑m-c‑m-« b‑q- h-\‑n-X-I-s‑f \‑n-b-a‑n-¡‑m³
1992þ-e‑m-W‑v ]‑mÀ-e-s‑aâ‑v A-\‑p- s‑^-{‑_‑p-h-c‑n 13þ-\‑v \-S-¶‑p.
W‑n-ä‑p-I-f‑n-s‑e‑m-g‑n-s‑I ]‑p-c‑p-j- $ C-´‑y-b‑n-s‑e B-Z‑y-s‑¯
·‑mÀ-s‑¡‑m-¸‑w h-\‑n-X-IÄ-¡‑p‑w a-X‑n \Â-I‑n-b-X‑v.
$ h-\‑n-X‑m D-t‑Z‑y‑m-K-ØÀ-¡‑p‑w k‑n‑w-K‑nÄ b‑q-k‑v ¹‑m-Ì‑n-I‑v
Z‑oÀ-L-I‑m-e \‑n-b-a-\‑w (s‑] c-l‑n-X h‑n-a‑m-\-¯‑m-h-f‑w þ
À-a-\â‑v I-½‑n-j³‑) \Â-I- Ø‑n-c‑w I-½‑n-j³ e-`‑n-¡‑m³
AÀ-l-X-b‑p-s‑ï-¶‑v 2010þ UÂ-l‑n CâÀ-\‑m-j-WÂ
W‑w. I-a‑m³-U‑v ]-Z-h‑n-I-f‑n-e‑p‑w F-bÀ-t‑]‑mÀ-«‑v
k‑v-{‑X‑o-I-s‑f \‑n-b-a‑n-¡‑m‑w. t‑I- UÂ-l‑n s‑s‑l-t‑¡‑m-S-X‑n h‑n-
[‑n-¨‑n-c‑p-¶‑p. C-X‑n-s‑\ t‑N‑m-Z‑y‑w $ d-j‑y-b‑n-s‑e G-ä-h‑p‑w
WÂ a‑p-XÂ a‑p-I-f‑n-t‑e-¡‑p-Å h-e‑n-b F-®-I-¼-\‑n-
X-k‑v-X‑n-I-I-f‑n \‑n-b-a-\-¯‑n- s‑N-b‑v-X‑p-s‑I‑m-ï‑v {‑]-X‑n-t‑c‑m-[
h-I‑p-¸‑v k-aÀ-¸‑n-¨ lÀ-P‑n k‑p- b‑m-b t‑d‑m-k‑v-s‑\-^‑v-ä‑nÂ
\‑v C-t‑X‑m-s‑S k‑v-{‑X‑o-IÄ-¡‑p‑w
{‑]‑ow t‑I‑m-S-X‑n X-Å‑n. (Rosneft) \‑n-¶‑v {‑I‑q-U‑v
A-h-k-c‑w e-`‑n-¡‑p‑w. H‑m-b‑n C-d-¡‑p-a-X‑n
$ t‑j‑mÀ-«‑v kÀ-h‑o-k‑v I-½‑n-j- $ i‑m-c‑o-c‑n-I L-S-\-b‑p‑w k‑m-a‑q-
l‑n-I I‑m-g‑v-N-¸‑m-S‑p-I-f‑p‑w a‑p³- s‑N-¿‑m³ s‑^-{‑_‑p-h-c‑n
\‑n H‑m-^‑o-kÀ-a‑m-s‑c \‑n-b-a‑n- A-©‑n-\‑v C-´‑y³ H‑m-b‑nÂ
¡‑p-¶-X‑v 10+4 k‑v-I‑o-a‑n-e‑m-W‑v. \‑nÀ-¯‑n kÀ-¡‑mÀ D-¶-b‑n-¨
h‑m-Z-§Ä A-k‑z-Ø-X-b‑p-ï‑m- t‑I‑mÀ-¸-t‑d-j-\‑v t‑h-ï‑n
s‑]À-a-\â‑v I-½‑n-j³ e-`‑n- s‑]-t‑{‑S‑m-f‑n-b‑w a-{‑´‑n [À-t‑a-
¨‑m h-c-a‑n-¡Â {‑]‑m-b‑w h-s‑c ¡‑p-¶-X‑m-s‑W-¶‑v P-k‑v-ä‑n-k‑v
U‑n.s‑s‑h.N-{‑µ-N‑q-U‑v A-[‑y-£- {‑µ {‑]-[‑m³ I-c‑mÀ H-¸‑n-«‑p.
s‑s‑k-\‑n-I t‑k-h-\-¯‑nÂ
X‑p-S-c‑m‑w. \‑m-b s‑_-©‑v \‑n-c‑o-£‑n-¨‑p.

നിയമനം
$ t‑I-{‑µ ]-tc ‑ m‑ £- \ - n‑ I
- p‑ X
- n‑ - I-Ìw‑ k - v‑ t‑_m‑ À-Uv‑ (CBIC‑) $ F-bÀ C-´‑y-b‑p-s‑S s‑N-bÀ-a‑m-\‑p‑w a‑m-t‑\-P‑n-M‑v U-b-
s‑Nb - À-am‑ \
- m‑ b - n‑ F‑w. A-Pn‑ X - I
v-‑ p‑ a- m‑ d
- n‑ s
- \
‑ \‑nb - a
- n‑ ¨
- p‑ . d-Î-d‑p-a‑m-b‑n (k‑n.F‑w.U‑n.‑) c‑m-P‑o-h‑v _³-k-e‑n-s‑\
C‑u Ø‑m\ - s - ¯‑ ¯ - p‑ ¶ - B-Zy‑ a-eb - m‑ f- n‑ b
- m‑ W
- ‑v t‑I‑m- \‑n-b-a‑n-¨‑p. 1988 _‑m-¨‑v \‑m-K‑m-e‑m³-U‑v t‑I-UÀ
g‑n-t‑¡‑m-S‑v k‑z-t‑Z-i‑n-b‑m-b A-P‑n-X‑v-I‑p-a‑mÀ. s‑F.F.F-k‑v. D-t‑Z‑y‑m-K-Ø-\‑m-W‑v.

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വിദ്യാലയങ്ങളും
മതനിരപേക്ഷതയും
P-\‑p-h-c‑n 24
$ h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k A-h-I‑m-i-\‑n-b-a-{‑]-I‑m-c‑w
A‑w-K‑o-I‑m-c‑w B-h-i‑y-a‑p-Å k‑w-Ø‑m-
\-s‑¯ k‑v-I‑q-f‑p-I-f‑n G-s‑X-¦‑n-e‑p-
s‑a‑m-c‑p a-X-s‑¯ a‑m-{‑X‑w A-S‑n-Ø‑m-\-a‑m-
¡‑n-b‑p-Å a-X-]T-\-¢‑m-k‑v \-S-¯-c‑p-X‑v.
$ c-£‑n-X‑m-¡-f‑p-s‑S A-d‑n-t‑h‑m-s‑S‑, h‑n-h‑n-[
a-X-§-s‑f B-[‑m-c-a‑m-¡‑n ]T-\-¢‑m-k‑p-
IÄ \-S-¯‑m³ kÀ-¡‑m-c‑n-s‑â A-\‑p-a-
X‑n t‑h-W‑w.
$ h‑y-h-Ø-IÄ e‑w-L‑n-¡‑p-¶ k‑v-I‑q-f‑p-I-
f‑p-s‑S A‑w-K‑o-I‑m-c‑w d-±‑m-¡-W‑w.
$ l‑n-Z‑m-b F-Pp‑‑ -t‑¡-j-WÂ B³-U‑v
N‑m-c‑n-ä-_‑nÄ {‑S-Ì‑v \Â-I‑n-b lÀ-P‑n
X‑oÀ-¸‑m-¡‑n P-Ì‑n-k‑v F. a‑p-l-½-Z‑v a‑p-
j‑v-X‑m-J‑v B-W‑v h‑n-[‑n {‑]-J‑y‑m-]‑n-¨-X‑v.
ഭരണഘടന പറയുന്നത്‌
$ BÀ-«‑n-¡‑nÄ 21(F‑): B-d‑p-a‑p-XÂ 14
h-b-k‑p-h-s‑c-b‑p-Å F-Ã‑m I‑p-«‑n-IÄ-¡‑p‑w
c‑m-{‑ã‑w \‑n-b-a‑w h-g‑n X‑o-c‑p-a‑m-\‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-Å
c‑o-X‑n-b‑n \‑nÀ-_-Ô‑n-X-h‑p‑w k‑u-P-\‑y-h‑p-
a‑m-b h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k‑w \Â-I-W‑w.
$ BÀ-«‑n-¡‑nÄ 28(1‑): ]‑qÀ-W-a‑m-b‑p‑w kÀ-
¡‑mÀ ^-ï‑n {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¡‑p-¶ k‑v-I‑q-
f‑p-I-f‑n a-X-t‑_‑m-[-\‑w ]‑m-S‑n-Ã.
$ \‑n-b-{‑´-W-§Ä-¡‑p h‑n-t‑[-b-a‑m-b‑n k‑v-
I‑qÄ \-S-¯‑m³ a-X-\‑y‑q-\-]-£-§Ä-
¡‑v `-c-W-L-S-\ A-\‑p-t‑Ñ-Z‑w 25‑, 29‑, 30
F-¶‑n-h-b‑n-e‑q-s‑S {‑]-t‑X‑y-I k‑w-c-£-W‑w
\Â-I‑p-¶‑p-ï‑v. A-X‑v h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k-¯‑n-s‑â
a-X-\‑n-c-t‑]-£ k‑z-`‑m-h-¯‑n s‑h-Å‑w-
t‑NÀ-¡‑p-¶-X‑m-I-c‑p-s‑X-¶‑v s‑s‑l-t‑¡‑m-S-X‑n
D-¯-c-h‑n ]-d-b‑p-¶‑p.

നേട്ടം
പദ്മ പുരസ്‌കാരങ്ങൾ
]-Z‑v-a-h‑n-`‑q-j¬
$ t‑P‑mÀ-P‑v s‑^À-W‑m-ï-k‑v:
_‑n-l‑m-d‑n \‑n-¶‑p-Å t‑k‑m-
j‑y-e‑n-Ì‑v t‑\-X‑m-h‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p.
s‑a‑m-d‑mÀ-P‑n t‑Z-i‑m-b‑n kÀ-¡‑m-
c‑n h‑y-h-k‑m-b a-{‑´‑n‑, 89þ-s‑e
h‑n.]‑n.k‑n-M‑v a-{‑´‑n-k-`-b‑nÂ
s‑d-b‑nÂ-t‑h a-{‑´‑n,-‑ 1998þ2004
I‑m-e-s‑¯ h‑m-P‑v-t‑]-b‑n kÀ-¡‑m-
c‑n {‑]-X‑n-t‑c‑m-[-a-{‑´‑n Ø‑m-\-
§Ä h-l‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. 2019 P-\‑p-h-
c‑n 29þ-\‑v A-´-c‑n-¨‑p.
$ A-c‑p¬ P-b‑v-ä‑v-e‑n: a‑p³ t‑I-
{‑µ-a-{‑´‑n. F._‑n. h‑m-P‑v-t‑]-b‑n‑,
\-t‑c-{‑µ-t‑a‑m-Z‑n kÀ-¡‑m-c‑p-I-
f‑n [-\-I‑m-c‑y‑w‑, {‑]-X‑n-t‑c‑m-[‑w‑,
h‑mÀ-¯‑m-h‑n-X-c-W‑w‑, \‑n-b-a‑w‑,
h‑m-W‑n-P‑y‑w X‑p-S-§‑n-b k‑p-{‑]-
[‑m-\ h-I‑p-¸‑p-IÄ s‑s‑I-I‑m-c‑y‑w
s‑N-b‑v-X‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. 2019 H‑m-K-k‑v-ä‑v
24þ-\‑v A-´-c‑n-¨‑p.
$ k‑p-j-a k‑z-c‑m-P‑v: a‑p-g‑p-h³
k-a-b h‑n-t‑Z-i-I‑m-c‑y-a-{‑´‑n-b‑m-b
B-Z‑y h-\‑n-X‑, UÂ-l‑n-b‑n-s‑e
B-Z‑y h-\‑n-X‑m a‑p-J‑y-a-{‑´‑n‑,
_‑n-s‑P-]‑n-b‑n \‑n-¶‑p-Å B-Z‑y
h-\‑n-X‑m a‑p-J‑y-a-{‑´‑n‑, H-c‑p t‑Z-i‑o-
b-]‑mÀ-«‑n-b‑p-s‑S h-à‑m-h‑m-I‑p-¶
B-Z‑y h-\‑n-X X‑p-S-§‑n-b s‑d-
t‑¡‑mÀ-U‑p-IÄ k‑p-j-a k‑z-c‑m-
P‑n-s‑â t‑]-c‑n-e‑m-W‑v. 2014 t‑a-b‑v
a‑p-XÂ 2019 t‑a-b‑v h-s‑c h‑n-t‑Z-i-
I‑m-c‑y-a-{‑´‑n-b‑m-b‑n. 2019 H‑m-K-k‑v-
ä‑v 6þ-\‑v A-´-c‑n-¨‑p.
$ t‑a-c‑n t‑I‑m‑w: C-´‑y-b‑p-s‑S A-`‑n-
a‑m-\ t‑_‑m-I‑v-k‑n-M‑v X‑m-c‑w.
t‑e‑m-I N‑m-¼‑y-³-j‑n-¸‑v 6 X-h-W
t‑\-S‑n-b‑n-«‑p-Å H-t‑c-s‑b‑m-c‑p
h-\‑n-X.
$ O-¶‑p-e‑m a‑n-{‑i: l‑n-µ‑p-Ø‑m-
\‑n k‑w-K‑o-X-Ú³.
$ h‑n-t‑i‑z-i-X‑oÀ-Y k‑z‑m-a‑n: D-U‑p-
¸‑n aT‑m-[‑n-]-X‑n-b‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p.
$ A-\‑n-c‑q-U‑v P-á‑m-Y‑v: a‑u-d‑n-j‑y-
k‑v a‑p³ {‑]-k‑n-Uâ‑v‑, {‑]-[‑m-\
-a-{‑´‑n.
]-Z‑v-a-`‑q-j¬
$ _‑m-U‑v-a‑n⬠X‑m-c‑w ]‑n.h‑n.
k‑n-Ô‑p‑, t‑K‑m-h a‑p³ a‑p-J‑y-a-{‑´‑n-
b‑p‑w t‑I-{‑µ a-{‑´‑n-b‑p-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶
a-t‑\‑m-lÀ ]-c‑o-¡À F-¶‑n-hÀ
DÄ-s‑¸-s‑S 16 t‑]À-¡‑v.
$ t‑I-c-f-¯‑n \‑n-¶‑v k-Õ‑w-K‑v
^‑u-t‑ï-j³ Ø‑m-]-I-³ {‑i‑o-
F‑w (F‑w. a‑p‑w-X‑m-k‑v A-e‑n‑)‑,
B-[‑p-\‑n-I \‑n-b-a h‑n-Z‑y‑m-`‑y‑m-k-
¯‑n-s‑â ]‑n-X‑m-h‑v F-¶‑v h‑n-t‑i-
j‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶ F³.BÀ.a‑m-[-h

മാതൃഭൂമി ജി കെ & കറന്റ് അഫയേഴ്‌സ്‌

108
 t‑a-t‑\‑m³ F-¶‑n-hÀ ]-Z‑v-a-`‑q-j-
W‑v AÀ-l-c‑m-b‑n.
$ _‑w-¥‑m-t‑Z-i‑n \-b-X-{‑´-Ú³
k-b‑v-Z‑v t‑a‑m-k‑w A-e‑n-¡‑p‑w ]-Z‑v-a-
`‑q-j¬ e-`‑n-¨‑p.
]-Z‑v-a-{‑i‑o
$ 118 t‑]À-¡‑v ]-Z‑v-a-{‑i‑o ]‑p-c-k‑v-
I‑m-c‑w.
$ t‑I-c-f-¯‑n \‑n-¶‑v: k-k‑y-i‑m-
k‑v-{‑X-Ú³ t‑U‑m. s‑I. F-k‑v.
a-W‑n-e‑mÂ‑, l‑n-µ‑n ]-Þ‑n-X³
t‑U‑m. F³. N-{‑µ-t‑i-J-c³
\‑m-bÀ‑, t‑\‑m-¡‑p-h‑n-Z‑y ]‑m-h-
I-f‑n I-e‑m-I‑m-c‑n a‑q-g‑n-¡Â
]-¦-P‑m-£‑n‑, A-c‑p-W‑m-N-e‑n-
s‑e k‑m-a‑q-l‑n-I-{‑]-hÀ-¯-I³
k-X‑y-\‑m-c‑m-b¬ a‑p-ï-b‑qÀ‑,
k‑m-a‑q-l‑n-I-{‑]-hÀ-¯³ F‑w.s‑I.
I‑p-t‑ª‑mÂ.
$ X‑r-È‑q-c‑n P-\‑n-¨‑v a‑p‑w-s‑s‑_-
b‑n Ø‑n-c-X‑m-a-k-a‑m-¡‑n-b
k‑n. e-f‑n-X‑, k-t‑c‑m-P N‑n-Z‑w-_-c‑w
k-t‑l‑m-Z-c‑n-a‑mÀ-¡‑p‑w (t‑_‑m‑w-s‑_
k‑n-t‑Ì-g‑v-k‑v) ]-Z‑v-a-{‑i‑o e-`‑n-¨‑p.

വിയ�ോഗം
P-\‑p-h-c‑n 30
F‑w. I-a-e‑w (94‑)
$ a‑p-X‑nÀ-¶ t‑I‑m¬-{‑K-k‑v t‑\-X‑m-h‑v, a‑p³-a-{‑´‑n‑, h-\‑n-
X‑m-I-½‑n-j³ a‑p³ A-[‑y-£.
$ 1982-þÂ IÂ-]-ä-b‑nÂ-\‑n-¶‑v \‑n-b-a-k-`-b‑n-s‑e-¯‑n.
$ s‑I.I-c‑p-W‑m-I-c³ a-{‑´‑n-k-`-b‑n k-l-I-c-W-a-
{‑´‑n-b‑m-b‑n.
s‑^-{‑_‑p-h-c‑n 5
I‑nÀ-¡‑v U-¥-k‑v (103‑)
$ {‑]-i-k‑v-X t‑l‑m-f‑n-h‑p-U‑v k‑n-\‑n-a‑m-X‑m-c‑w.
$ 1916- \‑y‑q-t‑b‑mÀ-¡‑n P-\-\‑w.
$ 1949-þÂ ‑"N‑m-¼‑y³‑'‑, 1952þÂ "Z‑n _‑m-U‑v B³-
U‑v- _‑y‑q-«‑n-^‑pÄ'‑, 1956þÂ "e-Ì‑v t‑^‑mÀ s‑s‑e-^‑v'
F-¶‑o N‑n-{‑X-§-f‑n-s‑e A-`‑n-\-b-¯‑n-\‑v H‑m-k‑v-IÀ
\‑m-a-\‑nÀ-t‑Z-i‑w e-`‑n-¨‑p.
$ 1996þ A-¡‑m-Z-a‑n H‑m-^‑v t‑a‑m-j³ ]‑n-I‑v-¨À BÀ-
«‑v-k‑v B³Uv k-b³-k-k‑v s‑l‑m-W-d-d‑n H‑m-k‑v-IÀ
\Â-I‑n B-Z-c‑n-¨‑p.
s‑^-{‑_‑p-h-c‑n 9
]‑n.]-c-t‑a-i‑z-c³ (93‑)
$ t‑I-c-f-¯‑n-s‑e k‑w-L-]-c‑n-h‑mÀ k‑w-L-S-\-I-f‑p-s‑S
B-Z‑y-I‑m-e k‑w-L‑m-S-I-\‑p‑w X‑m-X‑z‑n-I‑m-N‑m-c‑y-\‑pw-‑ .
$ 1982 a‑p-XÂ `‑m-c-X‑o-b h‑n-N‑m-c-t‑I-{‑µ-¯‑n-s‑â U-b-
d-Î-d‑p‑w I-\‑y‑m-I‑p-a‑m-c‑n h‑n-t‑h-I‑m-\-µ t‑I-{‑µ-¯‑n-s‑â
A-[‑y-£-\‑p-a‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p.
$ 2004þÂ ]-ß{- i ‑ o‑ b
- p‑ w‑ 2018þÂ ]-ßh - n‑ `- q‑ j
- W
- p‑ w‑ e-`n‑ ¨
- p‑ .
$ ‑"{‑i‑o-\‑m-c‑m-b-W K‑p-c‑p-t‑Z-h³ \-t‑h‑m-Y‑m-\-¯‑n-s‑â
k‑m-c-Y‑n‑'‑, ‑"Z‑n-i‑m-t‑_‑m-[-¯‑n-s‑â ZÀ-i-\‑w‑'‑, ‑"a‑mÀ-I‑v-
k‑p‑w k‑z‑m-a‑n h‑n-t‑h-I‑m-\-µ-\‑p‑w‑'‑, ‑"{‑i‑o A-c-h‑n-µ³‑'
X‑p-S-§‑n C-c‑p-]-t‑X‑m-f‑w {‑K-Ù-§Ä c-N‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-ï‑v.
s‑^-{‑_‑p-h-c‑n 14
BÀ.s‑I. ]-¨‑u-c‑n (79‑)
$ ]-c‑n-Ø‑n-X‑n {‑]-hÀ-¯-I³‑, F-\À-P‑n B³-U‑v d‑n-
t‑k‑m-g--k
‑v ‑v C³-Ì‑n-ä‑y‑q-«‑n-s‑â (s‑S-d‑n‑) a‑p³ t‑a-[‑m-h‑n.
$ s‑F-I‑y-c‑m-{‑ã-k-`-b‑p-s‑S I‑m-e‑m-h-Ø‑m-h‑y-X‑n-b‑m-\‑w
]T‑n-¡‑p-¶ ]‑m-\Â (s‑F.]‑n.k‑n.k‑n.‑) 2007-þÂ k-a‑m-
[‑m-\-¯‑n-\‑p-Å s‑\‑m-t‑_Â t‑\-S‑n-b-X‑v ]-¨‑u-c‑n s‑N-
bÀ-a‑m-\‑m-b‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-t‑¼‑m-g‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p.
$ 2001þÂ ]-Z‑v-a-`‑q-j-W‑p‑w 2008þÂ ]-Z‑v-a-h‑n-`‑q-j-W‑p‑w
e-`‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-ï‑v.
s‑^-{‑_‑p-h-c‑n 15
e‑n³ t‑I‑m-l³ (86‑)
$ "s‑k-Iv-k -‑ ‑v B³-U‑v Z k‑n-ä‑n‑' F-¶ t‑l‑m-f‑n-h‑p-U‑v
s‑S-e‑n-h‑n-j³ ]-c-¼-c-b‑n-e‑q-s‑S {‑]-i-k‑v-X-b‑m-b \-S‑n.
s‑^-{‑_‑p-h-c‑n 18
F‑w.F-k‑v. a-W‑n (79‑)
$ t‑I-c-f I‑u-a‑p-Z‑n a‑p³ N‑o-^‑v F-U‑n-ä-d‑p‑w I-e‑m-I‑u-a‑p-
Z‑n-b‑p-s‑S Ø‑m-]-I ]-{‑X‑m-[‑n-]-c‑pw-‑ . k‑z-t‑Z-i‑m-`‑n-a‑m-\‑n-þ-
t‑I-k-c‑n ]‑p-c-k‑v-I‑m-c‑w e-`‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-ï‑v.

F‑w. I-a-e‑w I‑nÀ-¡‑v U-¥-k‑v ]‑n.]-c-t‑a-i‑z-c³ BÀ.s‑I. ]-¨‑u-c‑n

മാർച്ച്‌2020
109
v

SPORTS
മെസ്സിക്ക് 500 ജയം ഇന്ത്യൻ ക്രിക്കറ്റിന് ഉപദേശകസമിതി
$ C-´‑y³ {‑I‑n-¡-ä‑v I¬-t‑{‑S‑mÄ t‑_‑mÀ-U‑n-s‑â
D-]-t‑Z-i-I-k-a‑n-X‑n-b‑n-t‑e-¡‑v a‑p³-X‑m-c-§-f‑m-b
a-Z³-e‑mÂ‑, BÀ.]‑n. k‑n-M‑v, k‑p-e-£‑v-W
\‑m-b‑n-I‑v F-¶‑n-h-s‑c X‑n-c-s‑ª-S‑p-¯‑p.
$ H-c‑p hÀ-j-t‑¯-¡‑m-W‑v C-h-c‑p-s‑S \‑n-b-a-\‑w.
$ C-´‑y³ S‑o-a‑n-s‑â s‑k-e-I‑v-j³ I-½‑n-ä‑n-s‑b
I-s‑ï-¯-e‑m-W‑v C-h-c‑p-s‑S {‑]-[‑m-\ N‑p-a-X-e.
$ a-Z³-e‑m 39 s‑S-Ì‑p-I-f‑p‑w 67 G-I-Z‑n-\-§-f‑p‑w
I-f‑n-¨‑n-«‑p-ï‑v. B-Z‑y-a‑m-b‑n t‑e‑m-I-I-¸‑v t‑\-S‑n-b
C-´‑y³ S‑o-a‑n-e‑p‑w A‑w-Kw-‑ .
$ _‑m-g‑v-k-b‑v-¡‑m-b‑n 500 h‑n-P-b‑w t‑\-S‑p-¶ B-Z‑y X‑m-c-
$ BÀ.]‑n. k‑n-M‑v 14 s‑S-Ì‑p‑w 58 G-I-Z‑n-\-h‑p‑w
s‑a-¶ s‑d-t‑¡‑m-U‑v e-b-WÂ s‑a-Ê‑n k‑z-´-a‑m-¡‑n.
I-f‑n-¨‑p.
$ k‑v-]‑m-\‑n-j‑v I‑n-M‑v-k‑v I-¸‑v ^‑p-S‑v-t‑_‑m-f‑n e-K‑m-
$ c-ï‑p‑w s‑S-Ì‑p‑w 46 G-I-Z‑n-\-h‑p‑w I-f‑n-¨ X‑m-c-
s‑\³-k‑n-s‑\-X‑n-c‑m-b a-Õ-c-¯‑n-e‑m-W‑v t‑\-«‑w.
a‑m-W‑v k‑p-e-£‑v-W.
$ _‑m-g‑v-k-b‑v-¡‑m-b‑n I‑q-S‑p-XÂ P-b‑w t‑\-S‑n-b-h-c‑nÂ
k‑m-h‑n s‑lÀ-W‑m-ï-k‑v (476‑)‑, B-t‑{‑µ C-\‑n-t‑b-Ì
(459‑) F-¶‑n-h-c‑m-W‑v A-S‑p-¯ Ø‑m-\-§-f‑nÂ.
റൂബിഗുല ഭാഗ്യചിഹ്നം
ജ�ോക്കോ, കെനിൻ
ജേതാക്കൾ

$ H‑m-k‑v-t‑{‑S-e‑n-b³ H‑m-¸¬ s‑S-¶‑o-k‑n h-\‑n-

X-h‑n-`‑m-K-¯‑n A-t‑a-c‑n-¡-b‑p-s‑S t‑k‑m-^‑n-b
s‑I-\‑n-\‑p‑w ]‑p-c‑p-j h‑n-`‑m-K-¯‑n s‑kÀ-_‑n-b-
b‑p-s‑S t‑\‑m-h‑m-I‑v t‑P‑m-t‑¡‑m-h‑n-¨‑p‑w N‑m-¼‑y³-
a‑mÀ.
$ t‑k‑m-^‑n-b-b‑p-s‑S I-¶‑n {‑K‑m³-É‑m‑w.
$ t‑P‑m-t‑¡‑m-h‑n-¨‑v H‑m-k‑v-t‑{‑S-e‑n-b³ H‑m-¸¬
P-b‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v F-«‑m‑w X-h-W.
$ I-c‑n-b-d‑n 17þ‑m‑w {‑K‑m³-É‑m‑w.
$ t‑K‑m-h-b‑p-s‑S k‑w-Ø‑m-\ ]-£‑n-b‑m-b ^‑v-s‑f-b‑n‑w
t‑{‑X‑m-«-S‑v _‑pÄ-_‑pÄ 36-þ‑m‑w t‑Z-i‑o-b s‑K-b‑n‑w-k‑n-s‑â
`‑m-K‑y-N‑n-Ó‑w.
$ d‑q-_‑n-K‑p-e F-¶‑m-W‑v C-X‑n-\‑v t‑]-c‑n-«‑n-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v.
$ t‑k‑m-j‑y a‑o-U‑n-b-b‑n-e‑q-s‑S \-S-¯‑n-b a-Õ-c-¯‑n-
e‑m-W‑v t‑]-c‑v X‑n-c-s‑ª-S‑p-¯-X‑v.
$ H-t‑Î‑m-_À 20 a‑p-XÂ \-h‑w-_À B-d‑p-h-s‑c t‑K‑m-h-
b‑n-e‑m-W‑v t‑Z-i‑o-b s‑K-b‑n‑w-k‑v.

റെക്കോഡിട്ട് ഫാത്തി
$ k‑v-]‑m-\‑n-j‑v e‑m-e‑n-K-b‑n {‑]‑m-b-a‑p-Å-t‑¸‑m-g‑m-W‑v t‑K‑mÄ
_‑m-g‑v-k-t‑e‑m-W X‑m-c‑w A³- t\Snb-X‑v.
k‑p ^‑m-¯‑n-¡‑n-\‑v s‑d-t‑¡‑m- $ 2010þ-Â a-em‑ K - k‑s v- s‑ {‑ S‑ ¡- À
U‑v. I-f‑n-b‑n C-c-«-t‑K‑mÄ b‑ph - m‑ ³ a‑nK - z‑  P‑na - n‑ s
- \ ‑ k- v‑ (17
t‑\-S‑p-¶ {‑]‑m-b‑w I‑p-d-ª h-bk -- v‑ 115 Z‑nh
- k - w‑ )‑ Ø‑m] - n‑ ¨
-
X‑m-c-s‑a-¶ s‑d-t‑¡‑m-U‑m-W‑v s‑dt- ¡ ‑ m‑ U
- v‑ X-IÀ - ¶
- p‑ .
k‑z-´-a‑m-b-X‑v. $ s‑e-hâ-s‑¡-s‑X-c‑n-t‑c-b‑m-W‑v
$ 17 h-b-Ê‑p‑w 94 Z‑n-h-k-h‑p‑w t‑\-«‑w.

മാതൃഭൂമി ജി കെ & കറന്റ് അഫയേഴ്‌സ്‌

110
ക�ോലി മൂല്യമേറിയ
സെലിബ്രിറ്റി
$ C-´‑y-b‑n-s‑e G-ä-h‑p‑w h‑n-e-t‑b-d‑n-b s‑k-e‑n-{‑_‑n-ä‑n-b‑m-
b‑n {‑I‑n-¡-ä‑v S‑o‑w I‑y‑m-]‑v-ä³ h‑n-c‑m-S‑v t‑I‑m-e‑n. U-^‑v
B³-U‑v s‑^Â-]‑v-k‑n-s‑â ]‑p-X‑n-b d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑v {‑]-I‑m-
c‑w‑, t‑I‑m-e‑n-b‑p-s‑S {‑_‑m³-U‑v a‑q-e‑y‑w 39 i-X-a‑m-\‑w
D-bÀ-¶‑v 237.5 a‑n-e‑y¬ t‑U‑m-f-d‑n-s‑e-¯‑n (1691 t‑I‑m-
S‑n-t‑b‑m-f‑w c‑q-]‑).
$ X‑p-SÀ-¨-b‑m-b a‑q-¶‑m‑w hÀ-j-a‑m-W‑v t‑I‑m-e‑n C‑u
_-l‑p-a-X‑n t‑\-S‑p-¶-X‑v.
$ a‑p³ C-´‑y³ I‑y‑m-]‑v-ä³ F‑w.F-k‑v. t‑[‑m-\‑n H³-
]-X‑m‑w Ø‑m-\-¯‑p‑w k-¨‑n³ s‑X-ï‑pÂ-¡À 15-þ‑m‑w
Ø‑m-\-¯‑p‑w
$ t‑_‑m-f‑n-h‑p-U‑v X‑m-c‑w A-£-b‑v I‑p-a‑m-d‑m-W‑v c-ï‑m‑w
Ø‑m-\-¯‑v -104.5 a‑n-e‑y¬ t‑U‑m-fÀ (744 t‑I‑m-S‑n-t‑b‑m-
f‑w c‑q-]‑).
$ t‑_‑m-f‑n-h‑p-U‑v Z-¼-X‑n-a‑m-c‑m-b Z‑o-]‑n-I ]-Z‑p-t‑¡‑m-W‑p‑w
c¬-h‑oÀ k‑n-§‑p-a‑m-W‑v a‑q-¶‑m‑w Ø‑m-\-¯‑v -93.5 a‑n-
e‑y¬ t‑U‑m-fÀ (666 t‑I‑m-S‑n-t‑b‑m-f‑w c‑q-]‑).
റൺവേട്ടയിൽ ക�ോലി
$ I‑y‑m-]‑v-ä³ F-¶-\‑n-e-b‑n G-I-Z‑n-\ {‑I‑n-¡-ä‑nÂ
I‑q-S‑p-XÂ d¬-k‑v t‑\-S‑p-¶ C-´‑y-¡‑m-c-\‑m-b‑n
h‑n-c‑m-S‑v t‑I‑m-e‑n. t‑I‑m-e‑n-¡‑v 5123 d¬-k‑m-b‑n.
$ S‑o-a‑n-s‑\ \-b‑n-¨ 87 G-I-Z‑n-\-§-f‑n 76.46 d¬
i-c‑m-i-c‑n-b‑n-e‑m-W‑v C‑u t‑\-«‑w.
$ 148 G-I-Z‑n-\-§-f‑n K‑m‑w-K‑p-e‑n 5082 d¬-k-S‑n-
¨‑n-«‑p-ï‑v.
കുറഞ്ഞ ോറിന�ൊപ്പം
അമേരിക്കയും
$ G-I-Z‑n-\-{‑I‑n-¡-ä‑n-s‑e G-ä-h‑p‑w I‑p-d-ª k‑v-t‑I‑m-
s‑d-¶ s‑d-t‑¡‑m-U‑n-s‑\‑m-¸‑w C-\‑n A-t‑a-c‑n-¡-b‑p‑w.
$ {‑I‑n-¡-ä‑v t‑e‑m-I-I-¸‑v e‑o-K‑v c-ï‑v a-Õ-c-¯‑n t‑\-¸‑m-
f‑n-s‑\-X‑n-t‑c A-t‑a-c‑n-¡ 35 d¬-k‑n-\‑v ]‑p-d-¯‑m-b‑n.
$ k‑n‑w-_‑m-_‑v-s‑h-b‑p-s‑S t‑]-c‑n-e‑m-W‑v \‑n-e-h‑n-e‑p-Å s‑d-
t‑¡‑m-U‑v
നസിം ഷായ്‌ക്ക് നേട്ടം
$ s‑S-Ì‑v {‑I‑n-¡-ä‑n l‑m-{‑S‑n-I‑v t‑\-S‑p-¶ G-ä-h‑p‑w
{‑]‑m-b‑w-I‑p-d-ª X‑m-c-s‑a-¶ _-l‑p-a-X‑n ]‑m-I‑n-
k‑v-X‑m-s‑â \-k‑n‑w j‑m-b‑v-¡‑v. _‑w-¥‑m-t‑Z-i‑n-s‑\-
X‑n-s‑c-b‑m-W‑v j‑m-b‑p-s‑S t‑\-«‑w.
$ 16 hÀ-j-h‑p‑w 359 Z‑n-h-k-h‑p-a‑m-W‑v j‑m-b‑p-s‑S
{‑]‑m-b‑w.
$ a-d‑n-I-S-¶-X‑v 2003þÂ _‑w-¥‑m-t‑Z-i‑n-s‑â
A-t‑e‑m-I‑v I-]‑m-e‑n-(19 h-b-k‑v) Ø‑m-]‑n-¨ s‑d-
t‑¡‑m-U‑v.
ബംഗ്ലാദേശിന് ല�ോകകപ്പ്‌
$ _‑w-¥‑m-t‑Z-i‑n-\‑v A-ïÀ 19 {‑I‑n-¡-ä‑v t‑e‑m-I-I‑n-c‑o-S‑w.
{‑I‑n-¡-ä‑n-s‑â G-X‑p t‑^‑mÀ-a‑m-ä‑n-e‑p‑w _‑w-¥‑m-t‑Z-i‑n-s‑â
B-Z‑y t‑e‑m-I-I‑n-c‑o-S-a‑m-W‑n-X‑v.
$ s‑s‑^-\-e‑n C-´‑y-s‑b t‑X‑mÂ-¸‑n-¨‑p.
$ N-c‑n-{‑X-¯‑n C-´‑y-b‑p-s‑S c-ï‑m‑w s‑s‑^-\Â
t‑X‑mÂ-h‑n.
$ B-d‑v C-¶‑n-M‑v-k‑n 400 d¬-k‑p‑w c-ï‑v h‑n-¡-ä‑p‑w
t‑\-S‑n-b C-´‑y-b‑p-s‑S b-i-k‑z‑n P-b‑v-k‑z‑mÄ t‑e‑m-I-I-
¸‑n-s‑â X‑m-c-a‑m-b‑n.
$ _‑w-¥‑m-t‑Z-i‑v I‑y‑m-]‑v-ä³ A-I‑v-_À A-e‑n s‑s‑^-\-e‑n-
s‑e X‑m-c‑w.
$ A-ïÀ-þ-19 t‑e‑m-I-I-¸‑n 17 C-c-I-f‑p-a‑m-b‑n h‑n-¡-ä‑v
t‑h-«-b‑n H-¶‑m-a-s‑X-¯‑n-b C-´‑y³ X‑m-c‑w: chn
_njv-tWmbv.
ക�ോബി ബ്രയാൻ
ക�ോബി ബ്രയാൻ
$ A-t‑a-c‑n-¡³ _‑m-k‑v-¡-ä‑v-t‑_‑mÄ C-X‑n-l‑m-k‑w
t‑I‑m-_‑n {‑_-b‑m³(41‑) s‑l-e‑n-t‑I‑m-]‑v-SÀ A-]-I-S-
¯‑n a-c‑n-¨‑p. P-\‑p-h-c‑n 27þ-\‑v t‑e‑m-k‑v B-R‑v-P-
e‑n-k‑n-e‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p A-]-I-S‑w. a-IÄ P‑n-b‑m-\-b‑p‑w
k‑w-`-h-¯‑n a-c‑n-¨‑p.
$ c-ï‑v ]-X‑n-ä‑m-t‑ï‑m-f‑w t‑e‑m-k‑v B-R‑v-P-e‑n-k‑v
t‑e-t‑¡-g‑v-k‑n I-f‑n-¨‑p. »‑m-¡‑v a‑m‑w-_ F-¶‑v
h‑n-f‑n-t‑¸-c‑v. A-©‑v X-h-W F³._‑n.F I‑n-c‑o-S‑w.
$ c-ï‑v X-h-W H-f‑n-¼‑n-I‑v k‑zÀ-W‑w t‑\-S‑n-b A-t‑a-
c‑n-¡³ S‑o‑w A‑w-K‑w. F³._‑n.F-b‑n H-c‑p S‑o-a‑n-
\‑m-b‑n G-ä-h‑p‑w I‑q-S‑p-XÂ hÀ-j‑w I-f‑n-¨ X‑m-c‑w.
മാർച്ച്‌2020
111
SPORTS
ഗ�ോകുലത്തിന് കിരീടം
ക�ോലിക്ക് പിന്നാലെ
അഞ്ച് ക�ോടി പേർ

$ C-´‑y³ h-\‑n-X‑m e‑o-K‑v ^‑p-S‑v-t‑_‑m-f‑n B-Z‑y-a‑m-b‑n

I‑n-c‑o-S‑w t‑\-S‑n t‑K‑m-I‑p-e‑w t‑I-c-f F-^‑v.k‑n. s‑s‑^-\-
e‑n a-W‑n-¸‑pÀ ¢-º‑v {‑I‑n-]‑v-k-s‑b t‑X‑mÂ-¸‑n-¨‑p.
$ h‑n-P-b‑n-IÄ-¡‑v 10 e-£‑w c‑q-] k-½‑m-\-¯‑p-I.
$ 2016-þ B-c‑w-`‑n-¨ C-´‑y³ h-\‑n-X‑m e‑o-K‑n B-Z‑y-
a‑m-b‑n-«‑m-W‑v t‑I-c-f ¢-º‑v s‑s‑^-\-e‑n I-f‑n-¨-X‑p‑w
I‑n-c‑o-S‑w t‑\-S‑n-b-X‑p‑w.
]‑p-c-k‑v-I‑m-c-t‑P-X‑m-¡Ä
a‑n-I-¨ X‑m-c‑w: c-¯³-_‑m-e t‑Z-h‑n ({‑I‑n-]‑v-k‑)
t‑S‑m-]‑v k‑v-t‑I‑m-dÀ: k-_‑n-{‑X `-Þ‑m-c‑n 16 t‑K‑mÄ (t‑K‑m-
I‑p-e‑w‑)
a‑n-I-¨ t‑K‑mÄ I‑o-¸À: e‑n-M‑v-t‑X‑m-b‑v-M‑m‑w-_‑n t‑Z-h‑n ({‑I‑n-
]‑v-k‑)
`‑m-h‑n-X‑m-c‑w: a-\‑o-j I-e‑y‑m¬ (t‑K‑m-I‑p-e‑w‑)

C³-Ì-{‑K‑m-a‑n A-©‑p-t‑I‑m-S‑n t‑]À ]‑n-´‑p-S-

അമിത് ഒന്നാം നമ്പർ c‑p-¶ B-Z‑y C-´‑y-¡‑m-c-\‑m-b‑n {‑I‑n-¡-ä‑v S‑o‑w I‑y‑m-
]‑v-ä³ h‑n-c‑m-S‑v t‑I‑m-e‑n-. sXm-«p-]n-¶mse t‑_‑m-
f‑n-h‑p-U‑v X‑m-c‑w {‑]‑n-b-¦ t‑N‑m-{‑]-bpw Cu t\-«w
kz-´-am¡n (5.01 t‑I‑m-S‑n). Z‑o-]‑n-I ]-Z‑p-t‑¡‑m¬
(4.4 t‑I‑m-S‑n‑) a‑q-¶‑m‑w Ø‑m-\-¯‑v. {‑]-[‑m-\-a-{‑´‑n
\-t‑c-{‑µ-t‑a‑m-Z‑n-b‑m-W‑v (3.45 t‑I‑m-S‑n‑)\‑m-e‑m‑w Ø‑m-
\-¯‑v.

$ C-´‑y-b‑p-s‑S A-a‑n-X‑v ]‑w-KÂ 52 I‑n-t‑e‑m-{‑K‑m‑w

t‑_‑m-I‑v-k‑n-M‑v h‑n-`‑m-K-¯‑n t‑e‑m-I H-¶‑m‑w
\-¼À X‑m-c‑w.
$ CâÀ-\m-j-W H-fnw-]n-Iv I½än(IOC)
bp-sS t_m-Iv-kn-Mv Sm-kv-Iv t^m-gv-km-Wv
Xn-c-sª-Sp-¯Xv.
$ t‑e‑m-I N‑m-¼‑y³-j‑n-¸‑n-s‑e s‑h-Å‑n-s‑a-UÂ
t‑P-X‑m-h‑m-W‑v.
$ h‑n-t‑P-µÀ k‑n-§‑n-\‑p-t‑i-j‑w C‑u ]-Z-h‑n-b‑n-s‑e-
¯‑p-¶ B-Z‑y C-´‑y³ X‑m-c-a‑m-W‑v.
മാഞ്ചെസ്റ്റർ സിറ്റിക്ക് വിലക്ക്‌
$ b‑p-t‑d‑m-]‑y³ ¢-º‑v ^‑p-S‑v-t‑_‑mÄ a-Õ-c-§-f‑nÂ
\‑n-¶‑v C‑w-¥‑o-j‑v ¢-º‑v a‑m-s‑©-k‑v-äÀ k‑n-ä‑n-s‑b c-ï‑v
hÀ-j-t‑¯-¡‑v b‑p-t‑d‑m-]‑y³ ^‑p-S‑v-t‑_‑mÄ A-t‑k‑m-
k‑n-t‑b-j³ h‑n-e-¡‑n.
$ A-S‑p-¯ c-ï‑v k‑o-k-W‑p-I-f‑n N‑m-¼‑y³-k‑v e‑o-K‑v
A-S-¡-a‑p-Å a-Õ-c-§-f‑n I-f‑n-¡‑m³ I-g‑n-b‑n-Ã.
$ b‑p-t‑h-^ ^‑n-\‑m³-j‑y s‑^-bÀ t‑¹ e‑w-L‑n-¨-X‑m-
W‑v h‑n-e-¡‑n-\‑v I‑m-c-W‑w.
$ ¢-º‑n-\‑v A-´‑m-c‑m-{‑ã XÀ-¡ ]-c‑n-l‑m-c t‑I‑m-S-X‑n-
s‑b k-a‑o-]‑n-¡‑m‑w.

മാതൃഭൂമി ജി കെ & കറന്റ് അഫയേഴ്‌സ്‌

112
മൻപ്രീത് മികച്ച താരം
$ A-´‑m-c‑m-{‑ã t‑l‑m-
¡‑n s‑^-U-t‑d-j-s‑â
I-g‑n-ª k‑o-k-W‑n-s‑e
a‑n-I-¨ ]‑p-c‑p-j-X‑m-c-¯‑n-
\‑p-Å ]‑p-c-k‑v-I‑m-c‑w
C-´‑y³ \‑m-b-I³ a³-
{‑]‑o-X‑v k‑n-§‑n-\‑v. N-c‑n-{‑X-¯‑n-e‑m-
Z‑y-a‑m-b‑n-«‑m-W‑v C-´‑y³-X‑m-c-¯‑n-\‑v
t‑\-«‑w s‑s‑I-h-c‑p-¶-X‑v.
$ t‑e‑m-I-N‑m-¼‑y-·‑m-c‑m-b s‑_Â-P‑n-
b-¯‑n-s‑â h‑n-ÎÀ s‑h-K‑v-s‑\-k‑v,
AÀ-XÀ h‑m³ t‑U‑m-d³‑, H‑m-k‑v-t‑{‑S-
e‑n-b-b‑n \‑n-¶‑p-Å B-c³ k‑m-
s‑e-h‑v-k‑v-I‑n‑, F-Í‑n H-s‑¡³-U³‑,
AÀ-Pâ‑o-\-b‑p-s‑S e‑q-¡‑m-k‑v h‑n-¿
F-¶‑n-h-s‑c ]‑n-´-Å‑n.
$ 1999-þÂ B-c‑w-`‑n-¨ ]‑p-c-k‑v-I‑m-c‑w
C-X‑n-\‑p-a‑p-¼‑v t‑\-S‑m³ C-´‑y³ X‑m-
c-§Ä-¡‑m-b‑n-«‑n-Ã.
അണ്ടർ-17 ഫുട്‌ബ�ോൾ
ല�ോകകപ്പ്‌
$ ^‑n-^ A-ïÀ-þ17 h-\‑n-X‑m ^‑p-S‑v-
t‑_‑mÄ S‑qÀ-W-s‑aâ‑v \-h‑w-_À c-ï‑n-
\‑v B-c‑w-`‑n-¡‑p‑w.
$ A-l-½-Z‑m-_‑m-Z‑v, `‑p-h-t‑\-i‑zÀ‑, K‑p-
h‑m-l‑m-«‑n‑, s‑I‑mÂ-¡-¯‑, a‑p‑w-s‑s‑_
\-K-c-§-f‑n t‑h-Z‑n.
$ 16 S‑o-a‑p-IÄ ]-s‑¦-S‑p-¡‑p‑w. \-h‑w-_À
21-þ-\‑v a‑p‑w-s‑s‑_-b‑n s‑s‑^-\Â.
$ “k‑z-]‑v-\-§-f‑p-s‑S I‑n-t‑¡‑m-^‑v'
F-¶‑m-W‑v t‑e‑m-I-I-¸‑n-s‑â a‑p-{‑Z‑m-
h‑m-I‑y‑w.

ല�ോറസ് പുരാരങ്ങൾ
$ k‑v-t‑]‑mÀ-S‑v-k‑v a‑m³ H‑m-^‑v C-bÀ: e-b-WÂ s‑a-Ê‑n
(AÀ-Pâ‑o-\ ^‑p-S‑v-t‑_‑mÄ X‑m-c‑w‑)‑, e‑q-b‑n l‑m-
a‑nÂ-«¬ (t‑^‑mÀ-a‑p-e h¬ I‑m-t‑d‑m-« X‑m-c‑w‑, {‑_‑n- സച്ചിൻ തെൻഡുൽക്കർ
«³‑).
$ k‑v-t‑]‑mÀ-S‑v-k‑v h‑p-a¬ H‑m-^‑v Z C-bÀ: k‑n-t‑a‑m¬
s‑s‑_Â-k‑v (A-t‑a-c‑n-¡³ BÀ-«‑n-Ì‑n-I‑v P‑n‑w-\‑m-Ì‑v)
$ t‑hÄ-U‑v S‑o‑w H‑m-^‑v Z C-bÀ: Z-£‑n-W‑m-{‑^‑n-¡³
d-K‑v-_‑n S‑o‑w

H-I‑v-k‑m-\ a‑m-t‑Ì-g‑v-k‑v
$ t‑{‑_-¡‑v-{‑X‑q H‑m-^‑v C-bÀ: C‑u-K³ _À-W‑mÂ
(s‑I‑m-f‑w-_‑n-b³ s‑s‑k-¢‑n-M‑v X‑m-c‑w‑)
$ I‑w _‑m-¡‑v H‑m-^‑v Z C-bÀ: t‑k‑m-^‑n-b ^‑v-t‑f‑mÀ-j‑v
(PÀ-a³ t‑d-k‑n-M‑v s‑s‑{‑U-hÀ‑)
$ k‑v-t‑]‑mÀ-S‑v-k‑v t‑]-g‑v-k¬ H‑m-^‑v Z C-bÀ h‑n-¯‑v U‑n-
s‑k-_‑n-e‑n-ä‑n: H-I‑v-k‑m-\ a‑m-t‑Ì-g‑v-k‑v (b‑p-t‑{‑I-\‑n-b³-þ-
A-t‑a-c‑n-¡³ ]‑m-c‑m-e‑n-¼‑n-I‑v t‑d‑m-hÀ‑)
$ B-I‑v-j³ k‑v-t‑]‑mÀ-S‑v-k‑v t‑]-g‑v-k¬ H‑m-^‑v Z C-bÀ:
t‑¢‑m I‑n‑w (A-t‑a-c‑n-¡³ k‑v-t‑\‑m-t‑_‑mÀ-UÀ‑)
$ s‑s‑e-^‑v s‑s‑S‑w A-¨‑o-h‑v-s‑aâ‑v A-h‑mÀ-U‑v: U‑nÀ-I‑v
t‑\‑m-h‑n-ä‑v-k‑n (PÀ-a³ _‑m-k‑v-I-ä‑v-t‑_‑mÄ X‑m-c‑w‑)
$ F-I‑v-k‑w-]‑v-j-WÂ A-¨‑o-h‑v-s‑aâ‑v A-h‑mÀ-U‑v: k‑v-]‑m-
\‑n-j‑v _‑m-k‑v-I-ä‑v-t‑_‑mÄ s‑^-U-t‑d-j³
$ k‑v-t‑]‑mÀ-S‑n-M‑v s‑a‑m-aâ‑v 2000þ-2020: k-¨‑n³ s‑X³-
U‑pÂ-¡À
k-¨‑n-s‑â ]‑p-c-k‑v-¡‑m-c-t‑i-J-c-¯‑n C-Ã‑m-
X‑n-c‑p-¶-X‑v t‑e‑m-d-k‑v A-h‑mÀ-U‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p.
H-S‑p-h‑n h‑n-c-a‑n-¨-X‑n-\‑v t‑i-j‑w A-X‑p-s‑a-¯‑n.
t‑e‑m-d-k‑n-s‑e “k‑v-t‑]‑mÀ-S‑n-M‑v s‑a‑m-aâ‑v 2000þ-
2020‑' F-¶ h‑n-`‑m-K-¯‑n-s‑e ]‑p-c-k‑v-I‑m-c-a‑m-W‑v
C-´‑y³ {‑I‑n-¡-ä‑v C-X‑n-l‑m-k‑w k-¨‑n-\‑v e-`‑n-¨-
X‑v. 2011 G-I-Z‑n-\ t‑e‑m-I-I-¸‑v P-b‑n-¨-t‑i-j‑w
C-´‑y-b‑p-s‑S b‑p-h-X‑m-c-§Ä k-¨‑n³ s‑X³-
UpÂ-¡-s‑d N‑p-a-e‑n-t‑e-ä‑n a‑p‑w-s‑s‑_ h‑m‑w-J-s‑U
t‑Ì-U‑n-b‑w h-e‑w-s‑h-¨ a‑p-l‑pÀ-¯-¯‑n-\‑m-W‑v
]‑p-c-k‑v-Im-c‑w e-`‑n-¨-X‑v. I-g‑n-ª 20 hÀ-j-¯‑n-
\‑n-s‑S t‑e‑m-I I‑m-b‑n-I-t‑h-Z‑n-b‑n-e‑p-ï‑m-b G-ä-
h‑p‑w a‑n-I-¨ a‑p-l‑qÀ-¯-a‑m-b‑n C-X‑v X‑n-c-s‑ª-S‑p-
¡-s‑¸-«‑p. “H-c‑p c‑m-P‑y-¯‑n-s‑â N‑p-a-e‑nÂ‑' F-¶
A-S‑n-¡‑p-d‑n-t‑¸‑m-s‑S-b‑m-W‑v N‑n-{‑X‑w ]‑p-c-k‑v-I‑m-c-
¯‑n-\‑v ]-c‑n-K-W‑n-¡-s‑¸-«-X‑v.

മാർച്ച്‌2020
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 UN Reports
വിദേശനിക്ഷേപം: ആദ്യ പത്തിൽ ഇന്ത്യ t‑£-]-¯‑n C-´‑y-b‑m-W‑v A-X‑n-I‑m-b-IÀ. C-h‑n-s‑S
2018þ-s‑e h‑n-t‑Z-i-\‑n- \‑n-t‑£-]-¯‑n 77 i-X-a‑m-\‑w F-¯‑n-b-X‑v C-´‑y-b‑n-t‑e-
t‑£-]-t‑¯-¡‑mÄ 2019þÂ ¡‑m-W‑v. A-bÂ-c‑m-P‑y-§-f‑m-b ]‑m-I‑n-k‑v-X‑m-\‑n-s‑e-b‑p‑w
16 i-X-a‑m-\‑w s‑a-¨-s‑¸-S‑p- _‑w-¥‑m-t‑Z-i‑n-s‑e-b‑p‑w \‑n-t‑£-]-§Ä I‑p-d-s‑ª-¶‑p‑w
¯‑n C-´‑y. P-\‑p-h-c‑n 20þ-\‑v I-W-¡‑p-IÄ k‑q-N‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p.
s‑F-I‑y-c‑m-{‑ã-k-`-b‑p-s‑S B-t‑K‑m-f I-W-¡‑n A-t‑a-c‑n-¡-b‑p‑w s‑s‑N-\-b‑p‑w
t‑I‑m¬-^-d³-k‑v H‑m¬ X-s‑¶-b‑m-W‑v a‑p-¶‑nÂ. A-t‑a-c‑n-¡ 251 _‑n-e‑y¬ t‑U‑m-
t‑{‑S-U‑v B³-U‑v- U-h-e-¸‑v- fÀ k‑z‑o-I-c‑n-¨‑v H-¶‑m‑w Ø‑m-\-¯‑p‑w 140 _‑n-e‑y¬
s‑aâ‑v ]‑p-d-¯‑p-h‑n-« d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ- t‑U‑m-f-d‑p-a‑m-b‑n s‑s‑N-\ c-ï‑m‑w-Ø‑m-\-¯‑p-a‑p-ï‑v. C-´‑y
«nemWv Cu hn-h-c-ap-ÅXv. k‑z‑o-I-c‑n-¨ h‑n-t‑Z-i-\‑n-t‑£-]‑w 49 _‑n-e‑y¬ b‑p.F-k‑v.
B-t‑K‑m-f-I-W-¡‑n a‑p³-hÀ- t‑U‑m-f-d‑m-W‑v. h-c‑p‑w-hÀ-j-§-f‑n h‑n-t‑Z-i-\‑n-t‑£-]‑w
j-t¯-¡‑mÄ H-c‑p-i-X-a‑m-\‑w D-b-c‑p-s‑a-¶‑m-W‑v k‑z‑n-ä‑v-kÀ-e³-U‑v B-Ø‑m-\-a‑m-b‑p-Å
I‑p-d-h‑m-W‑v C‑u hÀ-j-s‑¯ t‑I‑m¬-^-d³-k‑v H‑m¬ t‑{‑S-U‑v B³-U‑v- ‑U-h-e-¸‑v-s‑aâ‑n-
h‑n-t‑Z-i-\‑n-t‑£-]‑w. Z-£‑n- s‑â {‑]-h-N-\‑w.
t‑W-j‑y-b‑n-s‑e h‑n-t‑Z-i-\‑n-

സുസ്ഥിരമായി ത�ൊഴിലില്ളായ്മ
s‑F-I‑y-c‑m-{‑ã-k-`-b‑p-s‑S CâÀ-\‑m-j-W t‑e-_À C-´‑y-b‑n-e‑p‑w A-bÂ-c‑m-P‑y-
H‑mÀ-K-s‑s‑\-t‑k-j-s‑â The World Employment and §-f‑n-e‑p‑w t‑h-X-\-¯‑n-s‑e
Social Outlook Trends 2020 d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑v {‑]-I‑m-c‑w B k‑v-{‑X‑o-þ-]‑p-c‑p-j A-´-c‑w
tKm-f-X-e-¯n s‑X‑m-g‑n-e‑n-Ã‑m-b‑v-a H³-]-X‑v hÀ-j-a‑m-b‑n c‑q-£-a‑m-W‑v. h‑n-I-k‑n-X c‑m-
a‑m-ä-a‑n-Ã‑m-s‑X X‑p-S-c‑p-¶‑p. h-c‑p‑w-hÀ-j-§-f‑n s‑X‑m-g‑n-e‑n- P‑y-§-f‑n k‑v-{‑X‑o-þ-]‑p-c‑p-j
Ã‑m-b‑v-a‑m-\‑n-c-¡‑v D-b-c‑p-s‑a-¶‑p‑w d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑v ]-d-b‑p-¶‑p. t‑h-X-\-¯‑n 15 i-X-a‑m-\-
\‑n-e-h‑n-s‑e I-W-¡‑p-I-f‑n t‑e‑m-I-P-\-k‑w-J‑y-b‑n ¯‑n-s‑â h‑y-X‑y‑m-k-a‑m-s‑W-
188 a‑n-e‑y¬ P-\-§Ä s‑X‑m-g‑n-e‑n-Ã‑m-b‑v-a t‑\-c‑n-S‑p-¶‑p. ¦‑n C-´‑y‑, _‑w-¥‑m-t‑Z-i‑v,
C-X‑n-\À-Y‑w t‑e‑m-I-¯‑n-s‑e A-©‑n-s‑e‑m-c‑p s‑X‑m-g‑n-e‑m- ]‑m-I‑n-k‑v-X‑m³ X‑p-S-§‑n-b
f‑n Z‑m-c‑n-{‑Z‑y-¯‑n P‑o-h‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p. s‑s‑N-\ I-g‑n-ª 17 c‑m-P‑y-§-f‑n 40 i-X-a‑m-\-
hÀ-j-¯‑n-\‑n-S-b‑n s‑X‑m-g‑n-e‑n-Ã‑m-b‑v-a‑m-\‑n-c-¡‑v I‑p-d-¨-‑p‑. a‑m-W‑v A-´-c‑w.

കാൻസർ 81 ശതമാനം വർധിക്കും

I‑m³-kÀ 2040þÂ
81 i-X-a‑m-\‑w hÀ-[‑n-¡‑p-
s‑a-¶‑v t‑e‑m-I‑m-t‑c‑m-K‑y
k‑w-L-S-\. s‑^-{‑_‑p-h-c‑n
\‑m-e‑n-s‑e I‑m³-kÀ-Z‑n-\-
¯‑n-e‑m-W‑v C-X‑v- k‑w-_-
Ô‑n-¨ d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑v k‑w-
L-S-\ ]‑p-d-¯‑p-h‑n-«-X‑v.
hÀ-[‑n-¨‑p-h-c‑p-¶ I‑m³-
kÀ-t‑c‑m-K-s‑¯ t‑\-c‑n-S‑m³
A-S‑p-¯ Z-i-I-¯‑n 25
_‑n-e‑y¬ t‑U‑m-fÀ t‑h-
ï‑n-h-c‑p-s‑a-¶‑p‑w d‑n-t‑¸‑mÀ-«‑v
k‑q-N‑n-¸‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p.
t‑e‑m-I‑m-t‑c‑m-K‑y k‑w-
L-S-\-b‑p-s‑S I-W-¡‑v
{‑]-I‑m-c‑w H-t‑c‑m a‑n-\‑n-ä‑n-
e‑p‑w 17 t‑]À AÀ_pZ
t‑c‑m-K‑w a‑q-e‑w a-c‑n-¡‑p-¶‑p.
C-{‑X-b‑p‑w {‑]-X‑n-k-Ô‑n k‑r-ã‑n-¡‑p-¶ t‑c‑m-K-s‑¯ {‑]-X‑n-
t‑c‑m-[‑n-¡‑m-\‑m-b‑m-W‑v 1993 a‑p-XÂ P-\‑o-h B-Ø‑m-\-
a‑m-b‑n {‑]-hÀ-¯‑n-¡‑p-¶ b‑q-W‑n-b³ t‑^‑mÀ CâÀ-\‑m-
j-WÂ I‑m³-kÀ I¬-t‑{‑S‑m-f‑n-s‑â t‑\-X‑r-X‑z-¯‑nÂ
s^{_ph-cn \m-en\v I‑m³-kÀ-Z‑n-\‑w B-N-c‑n-¡‑p-¶-X‑v.
C‑u hÀ-j-s‑¯ I‑m³-kÀ Z‑n-\- {‑]-t‑a-b‑w ‘I Am and I
Will’ F-¶-X‑m-b‑n-c‑p-¶‑p.
I‑m³-kÀ t‑c‑m-K-¯‑m D-ï‑m-I‑p-¶ 25 i-X-a‑m-\‑w
a-c-W-§Ä-¡‑p‑w I‑m-c-W-a‑m-I‑p-¶-X‑v ]‑p-I-b‑n-e-b‑p-s‑S
D-]-t‑b‑m-K-a‑m-W‑v. t‑e‑m-I‑m-t‑c‑m-K‑y k‑w-L-S-\-b‑p-s‑S I-W-
¡‑v {‑]-I‑m-c‑w C-´‑y-b‑n 120 a‑n-e‑y¬ ]‑p-I-h-e‑n-¡‑m-c‑p-
ï‑v. B-t‑K‑m-f-X-e-¯‑n t\m-¡p-t¼mÄ 12 i-X-a‑m-\‑w
h-c‑p-a‑n-X‑v. C-´‑y-b‑n ]‑p-I-b‑n-e D-]-t‑b‑m-K‑w I‑p-d-b‑v-
¡‑m-\‑m-b‑n \‑m-j-WÂ S‑p-_‑m-t‑¡‑m I¬-t‑{‑S‑mÄ t‑{‑]‑m-
{‑K‑m‑w 612 P‑n-Ã-I-f‑n \-S-¸‑n-e‑m-¡p¶pïv.

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