THE BASIC MICROBIOLOGY OF PAPER

Losses Of Microorganisms In Agriculture

Lecturer : Tuti Lestari, S.Si, M.Si

Arranged by Nama/ID : 1. Afifah Shalsabila / 18231098
2. Anisa Rahmadani / 18231075
3. Diatri Nella / 18231117

DDMB
FOREWORD
2020
Natural Science Education
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FOREWORD
Assalamualikum Wr. Wb
Alhamdulillah hirobbil'alamin, Praise be to Allah, the Almighty who has given an
abundance of Mercy, Taufik and His guidance so that we can complete the preparation of
this paper. We do not forget to give prayers and greetings to the Prophet Muhammad,
who has shown the path of goodness and truth in the world and the hereafter to mankind.
This paper is structured to fulfill the task of an The Basic of Microorganisms “Losses
Incurred by Microorganisms in Agriculture” and also for the general public as an
addition to knowledge and information that may be useful.
We compile this paper with all our capabilities and as much as possible. However,
we acknowledge that in the preparation of this paper it is certainly not perfect and there
are still many mistakes and shortcomings. Therefore, we as compilers of this paper ask
for criticism, suggestions and messages from all who read this paper, especially the
lecturers of an The Basic of Microorganisms , we hope as material. corrections for us.
Wa'alaikumsalam Wr.Wb.

Sumatera Barat, 29 November 2020

Author

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TABLE OF CONTENT

FOREWORD ............................................................................................................................. 1

TABLE OF CONTENT ............................................................................................................. 3

CHAPTER I ............................................................................................................................... 4

PRELIMINARY ........................................................................................................................ 4

A. Backround ..................................................................................................................... 4

B. Problem formulation .................................................................................................... 4

A. Purpose........................................................................................................................... 4

CHAPTER II.............................................................................................................................. 5

DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................................ 5

A. Understanding Harmful Microorganisms In Agriculture ........................................ 5

B. List of types of harmful microorganisms in agriculture ........................................... 5

CHAPTER III .......................................................................................................................... 10

CLOSING ................................................................................................................................ 10

A. Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 10

B. Suggestions................................................................................................................... 10

BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................... 11

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CHAPTER I
PRELIMINARY

A
A. Backround
Bacround

Indonesia is a tropical country that has environmental conditions, natural

resources and human resources that are very potential for agriculture. Approximately
seventy percent of Indonesia's population makes agricultural livelihoods. Therefore,
agricultural activities must be our pride, because it is from the world of agriculture
that the food production that supports the entire Indonesian nation comes from.
Agricultural business is one of our economic strengths. Microbiology is the study of
microorganisms which includes groups of microscopic organisms as a single cell or
group of cells, including the study of viruses that are microscopic even though they
are not cells. Microorganisms are living bodies that have a very small size so that they
are difficult to observe without using a magnification tool such as a microscope
(Kusnadi, et.al., 2003). Microorganisms or also known as microbes have a
cosmopolitan distribution so that they are easily found anywhere. The study of
microbes is growing along with the development of technology. This allows humans
to take advantage of microbes to make ends meet. The role of microbes that are
beneficial to humans is the use of microbes in the fields of food, industry and
agriculture. In agriculture, microbes can be in symbiosis with the roots of higher
plants called mycorrhizae and certain microbes can be used in composting. On the
other hand, genetic engineering has contributed to developments in the agricultural
sector, especially in the breeding of cultivated plants. For this reason, a paper entitled
Losses caused by microorganisms in agriculture was prepared to determine the losses
incurred by microorganisms in agriculture.

B Problem Formulation
B. Problem formulation
1. What are Understanding Harmful Microorganisms In Agriculture
2. How is the harm caused by microorganisms in agriculture?
C
A. PurposePurpose
1. Knowing Understanding Harmful Microorganisms In Agriculture
2. Knowing the harm caused by microorganisms in agriculture

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CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

A. Understanding Harmful Microorganisms In Agriculture

Groups of microorganisms that are detrimental because they can cause denitrification,
cause disease in plants and damage agricultural production. Harmful bacteria can not
only cause disease in humans and animals. Some of them can also be pathogens and
cause diseases in plants that affect crop quality and yields, and have a detrimental
effect on farmers.

B. List of types of harmful microorganisms in agriculture

Group
Name of of Losses
No Classification Information
Microorganisms Microor Incurred
ganisme
1 Xanthomonas Kingdom: Bacteria Bacteria Crackle and
campestris pv.
Phylum : Proteobacteria rice leaf
Oryzae
Class: Gammaproteobacteria disease
Order: Xanthomonadales
Family: Xanthomonadaceae
Genus: Xanthomonas
Species: X. Oryzae
Variety : X. O. Pv. Oryzae

Crackle symptoms start

from the edges of the
leaves, are grayish in
color and over time the
leaves become dry. This
dry part will further
expand towards the leaf
bone until the entire leaf
appears to dry out

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2 Xanthomonas Kingdom: Bacteria
translucens
Phylum : Proteobacteria
Class: Gammaproteobacteria
Order: Xanthomonadales
Family: Xanthomonadaceae
Genus: Xanthomonas
Species: X. Translucens
3 Rice ragged stunt Kingdom: Virus
virus
Phylum : Duplornaviricota
Class: Resentoviricetes
Order: Reovirales
Family: Reoviridae
Genus: Oryzavirus
Species: Rice ragged stunt
virus
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Bacteria Leaf striped
morning
disease
(Jones et al. 1917)
Vauterin et al. 1995
Bacteria move around
using their flagella, so
water is a good dispersal
agent. Also called
bacterial leaf blight,
bacterial leaf blight. The
parts of the plant that
are attacked are the
leaves and growing
points.
Virus Disease in
rice
becomes
stunted
RRSV is one of two
viruses transmitted by
the brown planthopper
(Delphacidae:
Nilaparvata lugent) in
addition to the rice
grassy stunt virus,
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4 Pyricularia Kingdom: Fungi
oryzae CAF
Divisio : Ascomycota
Class: Sordariomycetes
Order: Magnaporthales
Family: Magnaporthaceae
Genus: Pyricularia
Species: Pyricularia oryzae
5 Rhizoctonia sp Kingdom: Fungi
Divisio : Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Cantharellales
Family: Ceratobasidiaceae
Genus: Rhizoctonia
Species: Rhizoctonia sp
7
Fungi Blast
disease
Sacc. 1880 a disease in
the form of a rhombus-
shaped brown spot
called a leaf blast.
Symptoms of blast
disease developing on
the stem / neck of the
panicle are called neck
blasts.
Fungi Leaf blight
rot
1858, Julius
Kühn observed and
described a fungus on
diseased potato tubers
and named
it Rhizoctonia
solani. Rhizooctonia is
from Ancient Greek
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6 Puccina graminis Kingdom: Fungi Fungi Disease
Phylum: Basidiomycota caused by
Class: Pucciniomycetes smut on
Subclass: Incertae sedis rice or corn
Order: Pucciniales leaves
Family: Pucciniaceae
Genus: Puccinia Pers.(1794).This
Species: P. Graminis fungus is
characterized by a
metallic rust-like
color on the leaves
and stems of the
plant with a brick
red nodule
7 Ustilaginoidea Kingdom: Fungi Fungi Fake fire or
virens
Divisio : Ascomycota burn
Class: Sordariomycetes disease
Order: Hypocreales
Family: Incertae sedis
Genus: Ustilaginoidea
Species: U.virens Bref. (1895) The fungus
defends itself by
forming sclerotia. Part
of the affected plant:
Panicles and rice fruit
(grain)
8 Tobacco mozaic Kingdom: virus Virus Spots on
Phylum :Kitrinoviricota the leaves
Class: Alsuviricetes
Order: Martellivirales
Family: Virgaviridae
Genus: Tobamovirus
Mosaic disease occurs
Species: Tobacco mozaic
around the bones of the
leaves, the longer the
leaves become dark
colored (mosaic), the

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green leaves will be
darker in color and the
growth of the leaves is
stunted.
9 Rice tungro bacill Kingdom : Virus Tungro The rice
iform virus
Order : - Virus turns
Family : Caulimoviridae yellow and
Genus : Tungrovirus destroys the
Spesies : Rice tungro crops
bacilliform virus The tungro virus is only
transmitted by green
leafhoppers and does
not multiply in the
leafhoppers
(Nephotettix virescens)

10 Pseudomonas Kingdom : Bacteria Bacteria Wilt

solanacaerum
Phylum : Proteobacteria disease in
Ordo : Pseudomonadales eggplant
Class : Gamma Proteobacteria plants
Family : Pseudomonadaceae
Genus : Pseudomonas Viruses can be
Spesies : Pseudomonas transmitted from
solanacaerum nematodes, viruses can
spread through soil and
can survive in soil and
plant debris for a long
time.

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CHAPTER III
CLOSING

A
A. Conclusion
Conclusion
Microorganisms are living bodies that are so small that they are difficult to
observe without using a magnification tool such as a microscope. Microorganisms
that play a large role in agriculture come from groups of bacteria, fungi, viruses and
nematodes. In addition to beneficial microorganisms for agriculture, such as
medicinal pests, microorganisms as pests and diseases that are harmful to farmers,
causing reduced yields of farmers. Examples of microorganisms that are harmful to
agriculture are Xanthomonas campestris pv. Oryzae, Xanthomonas translucens, Rice
ragged stunt virus, Pyricularia oryzae CAF, Rhizoctonia sp, Puccina graminis,
Ustilaginoidea virens, Tobacco, mozaic, Rice tungro bacilliform virus, Pseudomonas
solanacaerum

BB. Suggestion
Suggestions
So that harmful microorganisms do not attack agricultural land, it is better if farmers
control the spacing of the plants, and provide pesticides as an early sign of prevention
to avoid pests

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Aak, K. 1989. Kacang Tanah dan Kedelai. Yogyakarta: Kanisius,

Douds D.D and Patricia D Millner. 1999. Biodiversity Of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
In Agroecosystems. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment

Darkuni, M. Noviar. 2001. Mikrobiologi (Bakteriologi, Virologi, dan Mikologi). Malang:

Universitas Negeri Malang.

Harjadi, Sri Setyati. 1979. Pengantar Agronomi. Penerbit PT Gramedia: Jakarta

Kusnadi et al. 2003. Mikrobiologi, Bandung: JICA-IMSTEP

Sharma, A. K.2002. Organic farming. Central Arid Zone Research institute Jodhpur.
Agrobios.

Sudarmo, Subiyakto. 1993. Pengendalian Serangga Hama Penyakit dan Gulma Padi.
Penerbit Kanisius: Yogyakarta

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