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The Basic Microbiology of Paper: Losses of Microorganisms in Agriculture
The Basic Microbiology of Paper: Losses of Microorganisms in Agriculture
DDMB
2020
Natural Science Education
Natural Science Education
FOREWORD
Assalamualikum Wr. Wb
Alhamdulillah hirobbil'alamin, Praise be to Allah, the Almighty who has given an
abundance of Mercy, Taufik and His guidance so that we can complete the preparation of
this paper. We do not forget to give prayers and greetings to the Prophet Muhammad, who
has shown the path of goodness and truth in the world and the hereafter to mankind. This
paper is structured to fulfill the task of an The Basic of Microorganisms “Losses Incurred by
Microorganisms in Agriculture” and also for the general public as an addition to knowledge
and information that may be useful.
We compile this paper with all our capabilities and as much as possible. However, we
acknowledge that in the preparation of this paper it is certainly not perfect and there are still
many mistakes and shortcomings. Therefore, we as compilers of this paper ask for criticism,
suggestions and messages from all who read this paper, especially the lecturers of an The
Basic of Microorganisms , we hope as material. corrections for us.
Wa'alaikumsalam Wr.Wb.
Author
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TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER I .......................................................................................................................... 4
PRELIMINARY ................................................................................................................... 4
A. Backround ................................................................................................................ 4
A. Purpose ..................................................................................................................... 4
CHAPTER II ........................................................................................................................ 5
DISCUSSION ....................................................................................................................... 5
CLOSING ........................................................................................................................... 18
A. Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 18
B. Suggestions.............................................................................................................. 18
BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................... 19
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CHAPTER I
PRELIMINARY
A
A. Backround
Bacround
B Problem Formulation
B. Problem formulation
1. What are Understanding Harmful Microorganisms In Agriculture
2. How is the harm caused by microorganisms in agriculture?
C
A. PurposePurpose
1. Knowing Understanding Harmful Microorganisms In Agriculture
2. Knowing the harm caused by microorganisms in agriculture
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CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
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2 Xanthomonas Kingdom: Bacteria Bacteria Leaf striped
translucens
Phylum : Proteobacteria morning
Class: Gammaproteobacteria disease
Order: Xanthomonadales
Family: Xanthomonadaceae
Genus: Xanthomonas
Species: X. Translucens
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4 Pyricularia Kingdom: Fungi Fungi Blast
oryzae CAF
Divisio : Ascomycota disease
Class: Sordariomycetes
Order: Magnaporthales
Family: Magnaporthaceae
Genus: Pyricularia
Species: Pyricularia oryzae
1858, Julius
Kühn observed and
described a fungus on
diseased potato tubers
and named
it Rhizoctonia
solani. Rhizooctonia is
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from Ancient Greek
6 Puccina graminis Kingdom: Fungi Fungi Disease
Phylum: Basidiomycota caused by
Class: Pucciniomycetes smut on
Subclass: Incertae sedis rice or corn
Order: Pucciniales leaves
Family: Pucciniaceae
Genus: Puccinia Pers.(1794).This
Species: P. Graminis fungus is
characterized by a
metallic rust-like
color on the leaves
and stems of the
plant with a brick
red nodule
7 Ustilaginoidea Kingdom: Fungi Fungi Fake fire or
virens
Divisio : Ascomycota burn
Class: Sordariomycetes disease
Order: Hypocreales
Family: Incertae sedis
Genus: Ustilaginoidea
Species: U.virens Bref. (1895) The fungus
defends itself by
forming sclerotia. Part
of the affected plant:
Panicles and rice fruit
(grain)
8 Tobacco mozaic Kingdom: virus Virus Spots on
Phylum :Kitrinoviricota the leaves
Class: Alsuviricetes
Order: Martellivirales
Family: Virgaviridae
Genus: Tobamovirus
Mosaic disease occurs
Species: Tobacco mozaic
around the bones of the
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leaves, the longer the
leaves become dark
colored (mosaic), the
green leaves will be
darker in color and the
growth of the leaves is
stunted.
9 Rice tungro bacill Kingdom : Virus Tungro The rice
iform virus
Order : - Virus turns
Family : Caulimoviridae yellow and
Genus : Tungrovirus destroys the
Spesies : Rice tungro crops
bacilliform virus The tungro virus is only
transmitted by green
leafhoppers and does
not multiply in the
leafhoppers
(Nephotettix virescens)
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11 Erwinia Kingdom : Bacteria Bacteria Pumpkin
amylovora
Phylum : Proteobacteria late blight
Class : Gammaproteobacteria
Ordo : Enterobacteria
Famili : Enterobacteria
Genus : Erwinia
Burril 1882 et al
Spesies : Erwinia amylovora
winslow 1902 the basic
symptom of blight is
tissue death, the infected
flower initially looks
like being soaked in
water and is dark green.
Infected shoots turn
dark brown and change
color followed by leaf
collapse
12 Agrobacterium Kingdom : Bacteria BaAAaa Cancer of
tumefaciens
Phylum : Proteobacteris acteria the coffee
Class : Alpha proteobacteria stem
Ordo : Rhizobiales
Famili : Rhizobiaceae Smith & Townsend,
1907, pathogenic
Genus : Agrobacterium
bacteria in plants are
Species : A. tumefaciens widely used to insert
foreign genes into plant
cells to produce a
transgenic plant
13 Tobacco Mozaic Kingdom : virus Virus Mosaic on
Virus
Famili : Virgaviridae tobacco
Genus : Tubamovirus leaves
Spesies : Tobacco mosaic
virus
In 1886, Adolf Meyer
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first demonstrated that
tobacco mosaic disease
was as contagious as a
bacterial disease. The
existence of
nonbacterial substances
was first demonstrated
by Dmitri Ivanovsky, a
Russian biologist, in
1892.
14 Citrus vein Kingdom : Proteobacteria Bacteria Phloem
phloem
Kelas : Rhodospirilli damage to
degeneration
Ordo : Rhizobiales oranges
Famili : Rhizobiaceae
Spesies : Citrus huanglungbin
CVPD is the most
(greening) destructive disease in
citrus plantations and the
pathogen is transmitted
by insect vectors, a type
of flea. The cause is a type
of flagellated bacteria,
Candidatus Liberibacter
spp. Transmission is
carried out by a type of
orange flea, Diaphorina
citri
15 Beans yellow Kingdom : Virus Virus Attacking
mozaic virus
Phylum : Cressdnaviricota bean plants
Ordo : Geplafuvirales
Class : Repensiviricetes
Family : Geminiviridae Begomoviruses
infecting pepper
Genus : Begomovirus (Capsicum spp.) such
Spesies : Beans yellow mozaic as Pepper leaf curl
virus and Chilli leaf curl
virus virus also cause
significant losses
worldwide.
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16 Cephaleuros Kingdom : Algae Algae Algae leaf
virescens
Phylum : Chlorophyta spots
Ordo : Trentepohliales
Class : Ulvophyceae
Family : Trentepohliaceae Kunze, 1827 ex Fries,
Genus : Cephaleuros 1832 Symptoms on the
leaves are red or
Spesies : Cephaleuros brownish red spots, 1-2
virescens mm in diameter.
Symptoms develop in
the form of patches
enlarging up to 5-15
mm in diameter and
delimited with a distinct
red color.
17 Potato virus Y Kingdom : virus Virus Potato ring
Phylum : Pisuviricota spot disease
Ordo : Patatavirales
Class : Stelpaviricetes
Family : Potyviridae Brinjal mosaic virus
datura 437 PVY can be
Genus : Potyvirus
transmitted by tick
Spesies : Potato virus Y vectors but can also be
dormant (temporary
death) in potato seeds.
This means that using
the same lineage for
potato seed production
over the next several
generations will lead to
subsequent crop
failures.
18 Cucumber mosaic Kingdom : virus Virus Cucumber
virus Phylum : Kitrinoviricota mosaic
Class : Alsuviricetes disease
Ordo : Martellivirales
Family : Bromoviridae Symptoms that arise in
plants infected with cmv
Genus : Cucumovirus are spots on the leaves,
yellowing of the leaves,
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Spesies : Cucumber mosaic ring spots and distortion
of leaves, flowers and
virus
fruit.
19 Tomato spotted Kingdom : virus Virus Tomato
wilt
Phylum : Negarnaviricota wilt spot
orthotospovirus
Class : Ellioviricetes disease
Ordo : Bunyavirales
Family : Tospoviridae This virus is not
transmitted through
Genus : Orthotospovirus seeds, but by several
Spesies : Tomato spotted wilt types of thrips pests
(pests that attack plants
orthotospovirus by sucking fluids on
leaves, stems or fruit.
Ex. Lice). Plants that
can be infected with this
virus include nuts,
lettuce, peanuts, chilies,
potatoes and tobacco.
20 Turnip mosaic Kingdom : virus Virus Leaf curl
virus Phylum : Pisuviricota disease
Class : Stelpaviricetes
Ordo : Patatavirales
Family : Potyviridae
Genus : Potyvirus Leaf shape curls upward
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grow, gets into the skin
and causes the skin to
rot, while the fungal
skin forms a pink crust
like the color of salmon
(Corticium stage)
22 Exobasidium Kingdom: Fungi Fungi coffee leaf
vexans pox
Kelas : Exobasidiomycetes
Ordo : Exobasidiales
Famili : Exobasidiaceae Massee, (1898) Blister
Genus : Exobasidium blight caused
by Exobasidium
Spesies : Exobasidium vexans vexans is a devastating
leaf disease in tea
(Camellia sinensis) in
almost all tea growing
regions in Asia. This
disease causes serious
crop losses under
inclement weather
conditions besides
affecting quality of
made tea.
23 Cercospora sp Kingdom : Fungi Fungi Cercospora
Leaf Spot
Divisi : Amastigomycotae
Kelas : Deuteromycetes
Ordo : Moniliales
Famili : Dematiaceae
Genus : Cercospora Cerospora sp in the
form of speckled
Spesies : Cercospora sp
narrow, reddish brown
parallel to the mother
leaf bone, with a length
of approximately 5 mm
and 1-1.5 mm. The
number of spots
increases when the
plants form tillers
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24 Phytophthora Kingdom: Fungi Fungi Potato
infestans blight
Phylum : Heterokontophyta
disease
Kelas : Oomycetes
Ordo : Peronosporales
Famili : Pythiaceae
Genus : Phytophthora Potato blight and potato
blight. Because his
Spesies : P. Infestans attacks could be so
intense, they caused
major famines in 1845
and a few years later in
Ireland and in 1846 in
the Scottish Highlands
causing massive
emigration to the United
States.
25 Fusarium Kingdom: fungi Fungi Wilted
oxysporum mushrooms
class : sordariomycetes
order : hypocreales
famili : nectriaceae
schlecht. Emend.
Genus : fusarium Snyder & hansen f.
Spesies : f. Oxysporum Oxysporum strains that
are nonpathogenic, it is
reasonable to conclude
that certain pathogenic
forms were descended
from originally
nonpathogenic
ancestors. Given the
association of these
fungi with plant roots, a
form that is able to grow
beyond the cortex and
into the xylem could
exploit this ability and
hopefully gain an
advantage over fungi
that are restricted to the
cortex.
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26 Mycosphaerella Kingdom: fungi Fungi Black
fijiensis Phylum : Ascomycota Sigatoka
class : Dothideomycetes
Spesies : Mycosphaerella
fijiensis Mycosphaerella fijiensis
(black Sigatoka); range
of symptoms from early
streak stage to mature
spot with grey centre on
banana cultivar
'Williams'
27 Oidium Kingdom: fungi Fungi powdery
tingitanium
Phylum : Ascomycota mildew
class : Leotiomycete disease
order : Erysiphales
famili : Erysiphaceae The collection of white
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Spesies : C. Capsici of C. Capsici spores is
heavily reliant on water
splashes onto host plants
or wind-driven rain
since water is required
for spore germination
and penetration into host
29 Phytophthora Kingdom: fungi Fungi Rotting
palmivora Phylum : Oomycota cocoa pods
order : Peronosporales
famili : Peronosporaceae
Genus : Phytophthora
Phytophthora palmivora
Spesies : P. Palmivora
is an oomycete that
causes bud-rot of palms,
fruit-rot or kole-roga of
coconut and areca nut.
These are among the
most serious diseases
caused by fungi and
moulds in South India.
It occurs almost every
year in Malnad, Mysore,
North & South Kanara,
Malabar and other areas
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CHAPTER III
CLOSING
A
A. Conclusion
Conclusion
Microorganisms are living bodies that are so small that they are difficult to
observe without using a magnification tool such as a microscope. Microorganisms that
play a large role in agriculture come from groups of bacteria, fungi, viruses and
nematodes. In addition to beneficial microorganisms for agriculture, such as medicinal
pests, microorganisms as pests and diseases that are harmful to farmers, causing reduced
yields of farmers. Examples of microorganisms that are harmful to agriculture are
Xanthomonas campestris pv. Oryzae, Xanthomonas translucens, Rice ragged stunt virus,
Pyricularia oryzae CAF, Rhizoctonia sp, Puccina graminis, Ustilaginoidea virens,
Tobacco, mozaic, Rice tungro bacilliform virus, Pseudomonas solanacaerum etc.
BB. Suggestion
Suggestions
So that harmful microorganisms do not attack agricultural land, it is better if farmers
control the spacing of the plants, and provide pesticides as an early sign of prevention to
avoid pests
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Aak, K. 1989. Kacang Tanah dan Kedelai. Yogyakarta: Kanisius,
Douds D.D and Patricia D Millner. 1999. Biodiversity Of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi In
Agroecosystems. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
Sharma, A. K.2002. Organic farming. Central Arid Zone Research institute Jodhpur.
Agrobios.
Sudarmo, Subiyakto. 1993. Pengendalian Serangga Hama Penyakit dan Gulma Padi.
Penerbit Kanisius: Yogyakarta
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