TI 3 Software

MANAGING
INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY
FIFTH EDITION
CHAPTER 3
COMPUTER SOFTWARE
E. Wainright Martin  Carol V. Brown  Daniel W. DeHayes
Jeffrey A. Hoffer  William C. Perkins
EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER
PROGRAMMING
First and Second Generation Languages
1. Machine language (1GL)

 Each instruction must be expressed in unique form for a
particular computer
 Complete program consists of thousands of instructions
 Programming was tedious, time-consuming process
2. Assembly languages (2GL)
 Use computer itself to perform many aspects of the
programming
 Create a machine language program as output, that is
then used by the computer’s control unit
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 2

Page 53
PROGRAMMING
First and Second Generation Languages
SOURCE OBJECT
PROGRAM PROGRAM
(which can be
directly executed
on computer)

Figure 3.1 Assembler Translation Process Page 53
PROGRAMMING
Third and Fourth Generation Languages
3. Procedural Languages (3GL)

 Generally are machine independent.
 Express a step-by-step procedure developed by
programmer
 Must be compiled or interpreted (translated into
machine language)
 Include FORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC, PL/1,
PASCAL, ADA, and C

Page 53
SOURCE OBJECT
PROGRAM PROGRAM
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 5 Figure 3.2 Compiling and Running Page 54
a Procedural Language Program
SOURCE
PROGRAM
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 6 Figure 3.3 Interpreting and Running Page 54
an Interpretive Language Program
PROGRAMMING
4. Nonprocedural Languages (4GL)

 Also referred to as productivity languages
 Use more English-like statements for program
instructions
 Easier to use, write, and less error-prone
 Use a built-in interpreter to convert to machine
language
 Take much longer to execute than 3GLs
 Include FOCUS, CA-Ramis, IFPS, and SAS

Page 55
PROGRAMMING
Object-Oriented (Visual) Languages

 3GLs with some 4GL features
 Built on idea of embedding procedures
(methods) in objects, and putting objects
together to create an application
 Include Smalltalk, C++, Java, and Visual Basic

Figure 3.4 The Software Iceberg Page 55
KEY TYPES OF SOFTWARE
1. Applications software
2. Support software

Figure 3.4 The Software Iceberg Page 56
Spheres of Influence & Application Software
• Two or more people who work together to achieve a
common goal
• Systems that support information sharing, group
scheduling, group decision making, and conferencing
Workgroup
Personal Enterprise
• programs that serve the • programs that support

needs of an individual user the firm in its
• word processing, interaction with its
spreadsheets, databases, environment
e-mail • order entry, billing
APPLICATIONS SOFTWARE
 Programs written to accomplish particular
tasks
 Diverse … some general-purpose and some
specific
 Examples include:
 General ledger accounting
 Portfolio management
 Sales forecasting
 Material requirements planning (MRP)
 Electronic mail
 Desktop publishing

Page 56-57
Examples of Applications Packages
 Peachtree Accounting Complete

 Commercial accounting package for smaller
businesses
 Includes general ledger, accounts receivable,
accounts payable, inventory, payroll, time and
billing, job costing, fixed asset accounting, and
analysis and reporting tools
 $300 for single-user version

Page 58
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 13 Figure 3.5 “My Business Page” from Page 58
Peachtree Complete Accounting
Personal Productivity Software
 Word processing
 Spreadsheets
 Presentation graphics
 Electronic mail and groupware
 Database management systems
 Desktop publishing
 Web browsers
 Statistical packages

Page 59-63
 Word processing
 Used to create documents for printing
 Most popular is Microsoft Word
 Others are Corel WordPerfect, Lotus Word Pro,
and Sun’s StarOffice Writer
 All employ WYSIWYG

Page 59-60
 Spreadsheets
 Used to create applications that fit a row-column
format
 Most popular is Microsoft Excel
 Others are Lotus 1-2-3 and Corel Quattro Pro
 All employ rows, columns, cells, formulas, “what-if”
analysis

Page 60
Figure 3.6 Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet Page 61
 Database Management Systems

 Used to create databases similar to those on larger
machines
 Most popular is Microsoft Access
 Others are FileMaker Pro, Corel Paradox, and
Lotus Approach
 All employ a relational data model

Page 61
 Presentation Graphics
 Used to create largely textual business
presentations
 Most popular is Microsoft PowerPoint
 Others are Corel Presentations and Lotus
Freelance Graphics
 All allow embedding of clip art, photos, graphs, and
other media

Page 61-62
 World Wide Web Browsers

 Used to access information on the Web
 Requires ISP service to link PC to Internet
 Create documents for printing
 Most popular are Internet Explorer and Netscape
Navigator … both free!
 Both employ standard hypertext-based approach (way
to link text and media objects to each other)
 Use pull technology – browser requests a Web page
before it is sent to desktop
 Use push technology – data sent to client without
requesting it (such as e-mail)
Page 62-63
 Electronic Mail
 Preferred way of communicating in business today
 Easy to use and precise
 Groupware
 Incorporates e-mail and other productivity features,
such as calendaring, scheduling, and document
sharing

Page 63
 Office Suites
 Popular software applications bundled together and
sold as a single package (suite)
 Used for home or office
 Most popular is Microsoft Office
 Others are Corel WordPerfect Office, Lotus
SmartSuite, and Sun StarOffice

Page 64
Microsoft Office 2003
Edition Applications Purpose Retail price
Standard Word Word processing $399
Excel Spreadsheets
PowerPoint Presentation graphics
Outlook E-mail, scheduling
Small Adds: $449
Business Publisher Desktop publishing
Professional Adds: $499
Access Database management

Page 64
SUPPORT SOFTWARE
The Operating System
Operating system –
complex program that controls operation of computer
hardware and coordinates other software
 User communicates with operating system software to

control hardware and software resources
 Communication made easier with a graphical user
interface (GUI) feature

Page 66
SUPPORT SOFTWARE
Job Control Language (JCL) –

keyed instructions from the computer user to communicate
with the operating system

Page 66
SUPPORT SOFTWARE
Multiprogramming –
employed on larger machines to overlap input and output
operations with processing time, keeping the CPU busy
and speeding up execution
Multitasking –
similar to multiprogramming, but employed on
microcomputers

Page 66-67
SUPPORT SOFTWARE
 Virtual Memory
 Concerned with management of main memory
 Makes it appear more memory available than
actually is
 Used only on larger computers
 Permits multiprogramming to operate more
efficiently

Page 67
SUPPORT SOFTWARE
Multiprocessing –
work that takes place when two or more CPUs are installed
on same computer system

Page 67
SUPPORT SOFTWARE
 Sources of Operating Systems

Proprietary systems –
most popular type of operating systems, written for a
particular computer hardware configuration
 Microcomputers: Windows XP; Windows Vista;

Mac OS X
 Midrange systems: OS/400
 Large systems: VM and MVS

Page 68
SUPPORT SOFTWARE

Open systems –
not tied to any particular computer system or hardware
manufacturer – will run on virtually any computer system
 Examples: UNIX and Linux

Page 68
SUPPORT SOFTWARE

Network operating systems (NOS) –
software running on a server that manages network
resources and controls the operation of a network
 Enhanced operating system to allow for

 sharing disk drives and printers
 handling server side of client/server applications

Page 68
SUPPORT SOFTWARE

Network operating systems (NOS) –
software running on a server that manages network
resources and controls the operation of a network
 Major players include:

 UNIX and Linux
 Microsoft Windows NT, 2000 Server, 2003 Server
 Novell NetWare

Page 68
SUPPORT SOFTWARE
Third Generation Languages
 Procedural languages (3GL)

 Require logical thinking
 Entail development of a detailed step-by-
step procedure
 Can be developed using structured
programming

Page 69
SUPPORT SOFTWARE
Structured programs –
divided into modules, where each has one entry and one
exit point
 Advantages:
 Program logic easier to follow
 Maintenance and correction easier and
faster
 Do not use GO TO logic

Page 70
SUPPORT SOFTWARE
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 35 Table 3.1 Stages in the Program Page 70
Development Process
SUPPORT SOFTWARE
 Most popular procedural languages:

 BASIC
 C
 COBOL

Page 70-75
Figure 3.9 BASIC Program Page 71
Figure 3.10 C Program Page 72
Figure 3.11 COBOL Program Page 73
SUPPORT SOFTWARE
 Other procedural languages:

 FORTRAN
 PL/1
 PASCAL
 ADA

Page 74
SUPPORT SOFTWARE
Fourth Generation Languages
 Nonprocedural languages:
 Use very high-level instructions
 Require fewer instructions
 Easier to write, modify, understand
 Example: FOCUS

Page 75
Figure 3.12 FOCUS Program and Output Page 76
SUPPORT SOFTWARE
Markup Languages
 Most popular:
 HTML: used to create Web pages
 XML: used to facilitate data interchange
among Web applications

Page 72-73
SUPPORT SOFTWARE
Object-Oriented Programming
 Requires more computing power

 Has built-in GUI
 Neither 3GL nor 4GL … new paradigm
 Creates objects only once and stores for
reuse
 Object examples:
 Text box, check box, entity in an organization
 Languages:
 Smalltalk, C++, Java, Visual Basic.NET

Page 78
Figure 3.13A Visual Basic Program Page 80
Figure 3.13B Visual Basic Screen Layout Page 81
SUPPORT SOFTWARE
Languages for Developing Web Applications
 HTML
 XML
 Server-side programming languages:
 Perl
 Java Servlets and Java Server Pages
 Microsoft Active Server Pages (ASP, ASP.NET)
 ColdFusion

Page 83-86
Figure 3.17 Grocery Store HTML Form Page 84
HTML and ASP.NET code
to accompany
Grocery Store HTML Form

Figure 3.17 Page 85
Program to Process Data
from Grocery Store HTML Form

Figure 3.18 Page 86
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 53 Figure 3.19 Grocery Store Page 86
Confirmation Web Page
Code to Generate
Confirmation Web Page
© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 54 Figure 3.19 Page 86

SUPPORT SOFTWARE
Database Management Systems
 DBMS – support software used to create, manage,

and protect organizational data
 Database – shared collection of logically related data
organized to meet organizational needs
 Relational DBMS
 Most common type
 Data arranged in simple tables
 Records related by storing common data in each
associated table
 Examples: Microsoft Access and SQL Server, Paradox,
DB2, and Ingres

Page 87
SUPPORT SOFTWARE
File Organization
 Sequential – arranges
records physically
adjacent and in order
by some (usually
unique) sort key
 Direct – uses key for

records placed so that
they are rapidly
accessed from DASDs

Figure 3.20 File Organizations Page 88
SUPPORT SOFTWARE
File Organization
 Indexed
 Compromise between
sequential and direct
 Record keys only
arranged in sequence
in a separate table,
along with location of
rest of data associated
with that key
 Popular types include
ISAM and VSAM

Figure 3.20 File Organizations Page 88
Relational DBMSs use this scheme

Figure 3.21 Relationship Schemes Page 89
SUPPORT SOFTWARE
CASE Tools
Computer-aided software engineering (CASE) –

collection of software tools to help automate all phases of
the software development life cycle
 Growth slower than anticipated

 Radically changed nature of systems analyst and
programmer jobs

Page 88
SUPPORT SOFTWARE
Communications Interface Software
 Large computers
 need to control workstations and terminals
 Example software: IBM’s CICS, TSO, and CMS
 LANs and WANs
 Need to connect to the Internet
 Web browsers
 Telenet
 File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

Page 88-90
THE CHANGING NATURE OF
SOFTWARE
 More complexity of hardware/software
arrangements
 Less concern with machine efficiency
 More purchased applications
 More programming using object-oriented and
visual languages
 More emphasis on applications that run on
intranets and the Internet
 More user development
 More use of personal productivity software

Page 90-91
THE SOFTWARE COMPONENT OF
THE INFORMATION SYSTEMS
INDUSTRY
 More complexity of hardware/software
arrangements
 Less concern with machine efficiency
 More purchased applications
 More programming using object-oriented and
visual languages
 More emphasis on applications that run on
intranets and the Internet

Page 92
Trends in Computer Software
Trend: Toward Easy-to-Use Multipurpose Network-Enabled

Application Packages for Productivity and Collaboration
Natural & object-

oriented languages
DBMS
User-written Packaged Operating Multipurpose
Fourth-generation
programs programs systems graphic-interface
languages
Machine Symbolic High-level network-enabled
Microcomputer
languages languages languages expert-assisted
packages
packages
Trend: Toward Visual or Conversational Programming Languages

and Tools

UAL was the first airline to offer a competitive
advantage with its frequent flyer mileage
Customer self-service software on the Internet from
FedEx was an example of first-mover advantages

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MANAGING

1. Machine language (1GL)

© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 2

© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 3

3. Procedural Languages (3GL)

© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 4

4. Nonprocedural Languages (4GL)

© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 7

Object-Oriented (Visual) Languages

© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 8

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• programs that serve the • programs that support

© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 11

 Peachtree Accounting Complete

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 Database Management Systems

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 World Wide Web Browsers

© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 21

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 User communicates with operating system software to

© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 24

Job Control Language (JCL) –

© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 25

© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 26

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© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 28

 Sources of Operating Systems

 Microcomputers: Windows XP; Windows Vista;

© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 29

 Sources of Operating Systems

 Examples: UNIX and Linux

© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 30

 Sources of Operating Systems

 Enhanced operating system to allow for

© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 31

 Sources of Operating Systems

 Major players include:

© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 32

 Procedural languages (3GL)

© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 33

© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 34

 Most popular procedural languages:

© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 36

 Other procedural languages:

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 Requires more computing power

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© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 54 Figure 3.19 Page 86

 DBMS – support software used to create, manage,

© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 55

 Direct – uses key for

© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 56

© 2005 Pearson Prentice-Hall Chapter 3 - 57