Understanding History Byte dy of s broadest meaning, history is the study of era ) presents the known past. What is unknown iS yet fo be ieved. The recording and analysis of experiences of a society the totality of a people's history. ‘ing, than responds to the situation placed his acts are based on his thoughts. The society's ay of facing the nges depending upon its capabilities challenge and response ian Arnold Joseph Toynbee (1889-1975) is tical entities. Based on his hypothesis, the failure of a 7 7 ul of is in lity to respond to Mankind’s approach in coping with challenges determines tory. Under various circumstances, a power will wish to extend its influence at the expense of another power. The threatened power then reevaluate the challenge and adopt the course of action to ‘urb the strategy of the opposing power. Toillustrate, in the struggle of dauntless Filipinos to ights and freedom during the Spanish era, the propaga evolutionaries responded to colonial oppression by hallenge was posed by the colonial subjugation, generally characterized by injustice and corm as defiance to the prevailing rule. oluntg through the process of reasoning and a other people to discuss on how to z 1 Scanned with CamScantis the most enduring on of inter nship by early dwellers in. Centuries of trade commerce, science, ident as they were the arts became more smbers of the society. interchange: wrest prominent thinkers of the 194 cena 2 of the ich Hegel (1770-1831), a German Seon sn cenceived the subject matter of philosoe ity aeawhole This reality he referred to as the Absolut at te task of philosophy is to chart the dev a. It has been said at the three primary motives for mn of lands were for pd, gold and glory, but the main incentive was for economic ‘ons. Colonies are important sources of raw materials and “ortunities for investment. Spain was at the height of its power A the 16" century since it exercised political and economic control Hits several colonies. ‘The Communist Manifesto written by Marx which contains the tement of principles of the Communist League, embodies the Materialist concept of history or historical materialism. The Manifesto (es that the history of society is a history of struggles between the class and the oppressed masses. This is based on the theory of mm of Marx, wherein he stated that wher One of the ‘becomes what Hegel called as Geisteswissenchaften or the spint of thought. This area of thought is the thesis. This antithesis or the complete opposite of the Geisteswissen the combination of thesis and antithesis, man achieves the ‘whichis the historical reality. es Applying this theory in history, there were guerilla ‘rd War Il who were guided by their sense of greatly concerned with material wealth. This led to a class struggle tween the workers (proletariat) and the capitalists (bourgeoisie). fom these premises, Marx concluded that the capitalist class would overthrown by the working class through revolution and replaced a classless society. . Another approach to historical studies is the method of ography developed by Fernand Braudel (1902-1985), the father of historical structuralism. According to ory,” all aspects. of man’s past are to ipproach involves the study of history by examining the circumstances underlying and cultural events. “Bae Fay Avpetgephy ; People’s history. As defined by Renato Gnstantino, history is “the recorded struggle of people for ever 3 another theory to be 0 another German. pl Scanned with CamScantSecondary Sources have not been part of the event being considered Stich as magazines, Rewspapers, pamphlet typescripts, and articles written about the primary sources—_Jo.sna! loryja term given by 19" century French scholars, covers. the past huimian experiences prior to the existence of written records. » the study of all aspects of human life and culture). Archaeology is the study of past cultures. Archaeologists study artifacts (material equipment made by people of the past like tools, pottery, and jewelry) an: remains of plants, animals, and people of a remot Archaeological excavation refers to the systematic recovery and study of these pieces of material evidence. Archaeology gives us an idea how things might have looked like at a particular time. Cultural artifacts may be looked at as concrete expressions of the ancient settlers’ way in dealing with the problem of adaptation to the environment. Their achievements in and social culture show much of their behavior, values, and beliefs as well as their intellectual maturity. Unfortunately, the reconstruction of Philippine always be incomplete. Many of the objects recover the social forces generat fe incloded. Men ther to survive the exige fen ust evening thet development, af ma oats part ofthe society, through their collective aceite thou a society history is highly improbable, aancre cotta farther mentioned that history is not necess eorangalong unbroken chain of evens. itllustrates mov presenting along particular events into a total view so that these experiences can ‘summed up and analyzed. 4 Thus, the study of history can serve as a guide to present succeeding generations in facing the challenges of the time: rojecting the people's aspirations, a people's history will enabl “Rave disintegrated over Materials like wood, barks of trees, and 'ograsp the direction ofthe country’s development and identi clothing decompose easily particularly in a tropical climate such as {actors that impede real progress. Truly, the need for a real ours. Devices made ofstone, clay soil, metal and the like, can survive ‘most likely the society that created it and thus, be presently known through the efforts of the archaeologists, history becomes more urgentas we * solutions tothe problems besetting ou ipinos search for truly Fi ar country. Early archaeological undertakings in the ilippines began with the first major expedition in 1881 by a Frenchm: (, Alfred Marchejin 2 Sources of History the island of Marinduque and other sites in Central Philippines. Most win oust information provide the evidence from whi of his collections are now with the Musee del” bout the thought ments and other 1 is is an le, records left. This “nditionin the ques for historal facts. 4 ‘homme in Paris, and finds and pot-hunting 180 prior to this major German traveler, Camarines Sur who ot only eis on py analyzing the docu indispensa some in Madrid. There were also sporadic activities in various parts of the archipela archaeological excavation. Feodor Jagorya having encountered a priest in Naga, artifacts from ancient graveyards. ° 5 Scanned with CamScantings of the Phil : iced as part of the curriculum at the University \ducted the first post-war excavations in Masbate 10 1953. Alfredo Evangelista and E. “Arsenio Manuel assisted him in undertaking the work. Between 1950 and 1954, Solheim was the research associate at the Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology of the University of the Philippines and the librarian and curator of the American Historical Collection of the U.S. embassy in Manila. His earliest works in ippine archaeology was in 1951, with the publications on ical fieldwork in San Narciso, Tayabas (now Quezon). His, 5 included extensive field experience in Southeast Asia, as well as the various islands of the Pacific Region. From 1958 to 1962, Robert B. Fox and Alfredo Evangelista, both working for the National Museum of the Philippines, undertook series of test-digs in the caves of Cagraray, Albay and Bato, Sorsogon. Tradeware ceramics from China and Thailand were recovered in Calatagan. Foxled the Tabon Caves Archaeological Project in Southwestern Palawan, resulting in the unearthing of late Pleistocene human fossils and stone tools and implements. Charcoal materials analyzed by carbon-14 technique revealed the presence of man in the area between 22,000 to 24,000 years ago. Human fossil bones of at least three individuals were found. ‘These included a large frontal bone, with the brows and part of the nasal bones as well as fragments of a mandible and teeth. Classified as modern man or Homo Sapiens, these are the earliest known human inhabitants of the Philippines. a Neil Mcintosh) of the University of Sydney in Australia Kk the analysis and X-rays of the Tabon skullcap and . Details showed the presence of a thin fissure on 7 ooeorfes were done by Henry Otley 1 Edgewood, Iowa who had married Li 5 year-old daughter of powerful Rugao chien The discovery of major + archaeological site in Novalichesi prehistory. { Lany Wilson, a mining prospector, assisted Beyer in! portion of mumerous Pleistocene sites in Northern Luzon. It Beyer who ist disclosed the importance of Palawan in the SH {orearly man in the Philippines. Scanned with CamScantthe credit of many historians who investigate and take they have discovered out in their careful research. accounts include the Maragtas story, the Code of legend of Princess Urduja. he story about the ten Malay datu from Borneo into the Philippine islands. According to the Maragtas, ound 1250 A.D., ten Bornean datu and their families left their kingdom in Search of new homes across the sea to escape the merciless rule of Sultan Makatunaw. Led by Datu Puti, the Borneans landed in the island of Panay and bought the lowlands from the Ati king named Marikudo in exchange for one gold saduk (native hat) and a long gold necklace for Queen Maningwantiwan. After the land sale and pact of friendship, the Atis went to the hills. The Malay 'datus settled in the lowlands. .d Rosa Tenazas of San Cay, anifactsin the middle of Ceby, tions in the Laguna tr “Eehacological excavel Gans arted out ri able materials, mostly 10° and 14¥ cen and recover artifacts in IES. Balensusa, and Dumangsil sailed northward to in the region around Lake Bonbon (Taal). There they built their settlements. Dumangsil and Balensusa’s families ents from Ateneo de! ied other neighboring regions now known as Laguna and the lene SeB68 10170. Thete Shel Penna Bots Put et for Borne afer he Hee tat is nia cela owsite Mara Isabel Ongpin, and Soconrg fp. mea were leading peaceful lives h Patemo. os fe ‘The other seven datu stayed in Panay. They divided the island Ta the 1970s, the National Museum of the Philippines, i Hantik (now Antique) was under Datu ischief archaeologist RobertB. Fox, began systematic archa ‘workin Cagayan Valley. This marked the ardent quest for px mania the area. Comparable to those previously reported a (Such as elephas, stegodons, and rhinoceroses), new f discoveries such as those of crocodiles, giant tortoises, pigs, and aiburong ruled Irong-Irong (now Iloilo). Datu Bangkaya governed Aklan (now Aklan and Capiz). Led by Datu Sumakwel, a political confederation of barangays (Madya-as) was formed for purposes of protection and close family relations. The story as told by Fr. Francisco Santaren, further describes | deer were found in Cagayan | the expansion of the Malay settlers to other parts of the archipelago. ' Jn 971, Kal Hutterer returned to the site he previously |THE legal code written by Datu Sumakwel also kaioWwn. a8 the ‘explored in Basey y River in Southem Samar. The following yei ein ain and Avelino Legaspi dug in the area of Dava through anon 008 made from large shells, manufactur tools MP8 echnique similar to that used in making stm Maragtas Code was previously known as the “oldest known written body of laws” in the Philippines. se William Henry Scott)made the study of prehistoric source ‘materials for the study of Philippine history, the subject of his doctoral dissertation at the University of Santo Tomas, He defended his paper before a panel of well-known historians on June 16, 1968. The panelists include Teodoro Agoncillo, Gregorio Zaide, Mercedes Grau Santamaria, Nicolas Zafra, and Father Horacio de la Costa, SJ. Scanned with CamScant