(J) SURVEYING PRACTICE Table of Contents ie 2. Taping On Smooth, Level Ground Horizontal taping Over Sloping Ground Erecting Perpendicular & Parallel Line Indirect Measurement of Inaccessible or Obstructed Distance1. Taping On Smooth, Level Ground. The tape is supported throughout its length. If only the distance between two fixed points is to be determined, the equipment will consist of one or more range poles, and a 30m heavy steel tape graduated as described. One range pole is placed behind the distant point to indicate its location. The rear tapeman with one pin is stationed at the point of beginning. The head tapeman, with the zero end of the tape , advances toward the distant point. When the head tapeman has gone nearly 30m, the rear tapeman calls “chain” or “tape”, a signal for the head tapeman to halt. The rear tapeman holds the 30m mark at the point of beginning and, by hand signals or by voice, lines in a taping pin with the range pole marking the distant point. During the lining-in process, the rear tapeman is in a kneeling position on the line and facing the distant point; the head tapeman is in a kneeling position to one side of and facing the line so that the tape can be held steady and so that the rear tapeman will have a clear view of the signal marking the distant point. The head tapeman with one hand sets the pin vertically on line and a short distance to the rear of the zero mark. With the other hand the tapeman then pulls the tape taut and, making sure that it is straight, brings it in contact with the pin. The rear tapeman, upon observing that the 30m mark is at the point of beginning, calls “good” or “mark”. The head tapeman pulls the pin and sticks it at the zero mark of tape, with the pin sloping away from the line. As a check, the head tapeman again pulls the tape taut and notes that the zero point coincides with the pin at its intersection with the ground. The head tapeman then calls “good”, the rear tapeman releases the tape, the head tapeman moves forward as before, and so the process is repeated.Example. DIST) _|COR DisTn)|_ MEAN@)_|_ERROR(V) v REMARKS Probable Error Em = 0.6745 x [(sum of VY’ / n(n-1)]!” = 0.6745 x [0.000075 / 4(4-1)]!” = 0.6745 x 0.0025 = 0.00168625 = + 0.0017 Meter Most Probable Value = 47.4035 + 0.0017 Meter2. Horizontal taping over sloping ground. The process of taping over uneven or sloping ground or over grass and brush is much the same as that just described for smooth, level ground, except that the plumb bob is used. The tape is held horizontal, and a plumb bob is used by either, or at times by both, tapeman for projecting from tape to pin, or vice versa. For rough work, plumbing can be accomplished with the range pole. To secure accuracy comparable to taping over level ground, considerable skill is required. Some experience is necessary to determine when the tape is nearly horizontal; the tendency is to hold the downhill end of the tape too low. A hand level is useful to estimate the Proper height to hold the tape ends so as to have a horizontal tape. The tape is unsupported between its two ends, and either the pull must be increased to eliminate the effect of sag or a correction for sag must be applied. A firm stance is important; the tapeman should place the planes of their bodies parallel to the tape, with legs well apart. The forearms should be in line with the tape, and should be steadied or snubbed against the respective legs or bodies, as required by the height at which the tape must be held. Usually, the tape is estimated to be horizontal by eye. This practice commonly results in the downhill end’s being too low, sometimes causing a significant error in horizontal measurement. The safe procedure in rough country is to use a hand level.Example. STA. COR. DIST.(m)|_MEAN(m)_|_ERROR(V) v REMARKS Probable Error Em = 0.6745 x [(sum of V)"/ n(n-1)]!2 = 0.6745 x [0.0000349 / 4(4-1)]!? = 0.6745 x 0.001705 = 0.00115 =+0.0012 Meter Most Probable Value = 47.4035 + 0.0012 Meter3. Erecting perpendicular & parallel lines. A. Different between principle and actual measurement: ‘The actual measurement will be affected by different weather, environment and human factors. B. The reason of error: Incorrect usage of equipment and method of observation. C. Function of Cross-staff and optical square: To make an alignment and checking. D. Compare other method and cross staff method: Accuracy of other method is better than cross-staff, However cross-staff method is the easiest way. Example : Isosceles triangle and right angle triangle4. Indirect measurement of inaccessible or obstructed distance. Example. UNE [_DiST(@a)_[_ANGE COMDUTATION & SKETCH REMARKS BTO | $32. a ~ CTO 9.68 Date 21/02/2006 CTD 1600 |(Metallic Tape) AB/CD BO/CO AB = BO/COxCD = 5.32/9.68 x 16 = 8.793