CAD/CAM ASSIGNMENT

(17071A0343)

1ANSWER.
CNC Machining Components

There is an extensive range of CNC machining options accessible. Depending on the operation of
CNC machining, the process employs the variety of software applications, machines, and machine
tools to produce the desired shape or design.

1. Control panel

Control panel is mainly considered as the brain of a CNC milling machine. The machinist/controller
feeds the G-code (required dimensions) using the keyboard which, in turn, instructs the axis motors
to move the cutters and other components.

2. Table

The table holds a workpiece stationary for the entirety of the milling process. The workpiece is
mainly to fit to the metal/wooden/plastic table using T-slots and metal clamps.

3. Column

The columns actually run along the axis for giving the backbone to the milling part.

4. Cutting tool

A cutting CNC machine is simply attached to the column. This moves across the axis for giving the
desired shape to the CNC machined parts.

5. Frame

As the name suggests, a frame offers sturdy support to the machine offering them with maximum
rigidity to withstand cutting forces.

6. Axes

Axes play a pivotal role in CNC. The axes in the CNC milling machine permit a cutting tool/workpiece
for moving around to obtain the maximum possible precision.

7. Spindle

The spindle consists of the rotating assembly, which holds the cutting tool and the motor that runs
the entire workpiece.

8. Coolant supply tube

The coolant supply tubes get used for cooling down the rapidly heating metal workpiece and to
lubricate the cutting tool for smooth movement.

2ANSWER.

CAD software is used to increase the productivity of the designer, improve the quality of design,
improve communications through documentation, and to create a database for manufacturing. CAD
output is often in the form of electronic files for print, machining, or other manufacturing
operations.

The impact of automation is being experienced throughout industry and in particular the aerospace
industry. It is recognized that increased use of computers in engineering design requires an effective
link to manufacturing for engineering data to be useful for automation of production processes and
planning. To justify the resources required for continued CAD/CAM development, benefits have to
be evident and near-term. The key to progressive computer applications in the
engineering/manufacturing scenario is observing the benefits at the user level.

CAD software is used to increase the productivity of the designer, improve the quality of design,
improve communications through documentation, and to create a database for manufacturing. CAD
output is often in the form of electronic files for print, machining, or other manufacturing
operations.

3ANSWER.
Bezier curves have the following properties −

They generally follow the shape of the control polygon, which consists of the segments joining the
control points.

They always pass through the first and last control points.

They are contained in the convex hull of their defining control points.

The degree of the polynomial defining the curve segment is one less that the number of defining
polygon point. Therefore, for 4 control points, the degree of the polynomial is 3, i.e. cubic
polynomial.

A Bezier curve generally follows the shape of the defining polygon.

The direction of the tangent vector at the end points is same as that of the vector determined by
first and last segments.

The convex hull property for a Bezier curve ensures that the polynomial smoothly follows the control
points.

No straight line intersects a Bezier curve more times than it intersects its control polygon.

They are invariant under an affine transformation.

Bezier curves exhibit global control means moving a control point alters the shape of the whole
curve.
A given Bezier curve can be subdivided at a point t = t0 into two Bezier segments which join together
at the point corresponding to the parameter value t = t0.

A very useful property of a Bezier curve is that it always passes through the first and last control
points. That is, the boundary conditions at the two ends of the curve are P (0) =p0

P (1) =p_n

Values of the parametric first derivatives of a Bezier curve at the endpoints can he calculated from
control-point co-ordinates as

P′(0)=−np0+np1

P′(1)=−np(n−1)+npn

Thus, the slope at the beginning of the curve is along the line joining the first two control points, and
the slope at the end of the curve is along the line joining the last two endpoints. Similarly, the
parametric second derivatives of a Bezier curve at the endpoints are calculated as

P′′(0)=n(n−1)[(p2−p1)−(p1−p0)]

P′′(1)=n(n−1)[p(n−2)−p(n−1)−(p(n−1)−pn)]

Another important property of any Bezier curve is that it lies within the convex hull (convex polygon
boundary) of the control points. This follows from P3 the properties of Bezier blending functions:
They are all positive and their sum is always 1,

∑nk=0BEZ(u)=1

So, that any curve position is simply the weighted sum of the control-point p s i - Positions. The
context-hull property for a Bezier curve ensures that the polynomial smoothly follows the control
points without erratic oscillations.