ASSIGNMENT

PAK STUDIES
SUBMITTED BY:
RIMZAYASIN
BOTN51F20R026

SUBMITTED TO
MAM GAZALA RAJA

Bachelor of Botany

Department of Botany

UNIVERSITY OF SARGODHA
Bureaucracy:
“Bureaucracy is derived from the French term “Bureau” meaning a desk are writing table or an
office or even a department for transacting business.”
 It signifies and administrative Body a body of official invested with the exercise of power
on constitutional bases.
 The term bureau has used by numerous writers of public administration describing
various meaning spanning on the particular approaches and emphasizes.

According to Max Weber:

Bureaucracy is based upon ‘legal national authority’.
 In simplified form define the term Bureaucracy as a system of administration
characterized by expertness, impartiality and depersonalization.

According to Willoughby :
 He describes that technically the term is used in two senses.
 It is used to “describe any system of personnel’s organization where the employees are
classified in a system of administration composed of a Hierarchy of section, divisions,
department and the like.”
 The administration of any government is always comprised of two part.
 1 part is ‘political executive’ which consists of political office holders such as ministries,
advisors.
 2 part is a ‘permanent executive' comprising of experienced and professional officials
which is called bureaucracy.

A few scholars
 Also consider the high military officer as the part of bureaucracy which is military
bureaucracy.

Bureaucracy in Pakistan:
 The Bureaucracy in Pakistan originated under the East India company act 1793.
 The term civil service was used for the civil employees.
 Fort William College was established at Calcutta in 1800 for the training of the civil
servants.
 Six years later the company shifted its training program to England and open its own
training institute and named Hail bury college.
 After the transfer of authority from the company to the British crown in 1858, a new
system of recruitment was introduced through a competitive examination held by the
public service commission.
 In 1887 the British government reorganized the Indian civil service into two classes
namely the Imperial Civil Service (ICS) and the Provincial Civil Services (PCS).
  On the recommendation of Islington commission 1915 the British government divided
the service into two classes class 1 and the class 2 .

After Independence:
 The civil service of Pakistan continued the system of colonial administration.
 Falling the tradition of its predecessors , CSP officers continued to whole top position in
the service hierarchy.
 Muslim league did not have a trained cadre to occupy higher position.
 This situation led to the entry of several servants into political position like that of
finance minister.
 The bureaucrats Chaudhary Muhammad Ali , Malik Ghulam Muhammad and Islander
Mirza into politics through that channel.
 When they got into cabinet positions, they had an opportunity through maneuvering and
weakening the political party structure and political leaders, to move into higher position
like those of governor general and the prime minister.
 Consequently the country had to pay a very heavy price on account of their doing .

Administrative System in Pakistan:

A few pay and the service commission are formed like
 Munir Commission 1948
 Rolland Agar 1953
 Bernard 1951
 Cladieus Paul Backet 1957
 Cornelious Commission 1959- 62
 All the commissions emphasized in the reports the need for reforming the outmoded
administrative system in Pakistan by successive governments have either ignore the
recommendations or adopted them only partially.
Thus the civil servants of Pakistan both structurally as well as functional retained its
colonial character.

Organization of Civil Service:

 According to article 240 of the constitution of 1973 the Parliament is empowered to deal
with the terms and condition of the service of federal government while the provincial
legislatures, legislators about the provincial civil servants.
 According to article 242 the federal and provincial public service commission are
established through the legislation of respective assemblies.
 The public service commission makes suggestion and arrangement of the recruitments
and presents those recommendation to respective government.
 Pakistan civil service consists of central servants (CSS) and provincial servants
(PCS).
The civil services is further divided into the following groups.
 Pakistan Custom service ( PCS)
  Commerce and Trade Group (PCG)
 Foreign Service of Pakistan ( FSP)
 Inland Revenue Service of Pakistan (IRS)
 Information Service of Pakistan ( ISP)
 Military Land and Cantonment Group (MLCG)
 Office management and Secretariat Group (OMG)
 Pakistan Administrative Service(PCS)
 Pakistan Audit and Accounts Service (PA and AS)
 Police Service of Pakistan (PSP)
 Postal Group (PG)
 Railways (commercial and Transport) Group (RCTG)

Appointment and Training:

 The Federal Public Service (FPSC) Commission conducts a competitive examination
for Central superior services and provincial public service commission conducts exam
for PCS servants and presents the lists of successful candidate to the respective
governments.
 Then government issued orders of the civil servants.
 After the recruitment the excellent regiment for their professional training is made.
 For this purpose, institutions of higher standards like Pakistan administrative staff
college , national institute of public administration , Civil Service academy and finance
Service academy have been established.

Main Characteristics:
 The Civil servants pointed on the basis of merit.
 They are not allowed to participate in practical politics.
 They are provided with constitutional guarantees and safeguard as tenure and other terms
and condition of the service.
 The constitutional guarantees are also provided for equal opportunities of service and
promotions so that they can perform their function fearlessly and impartially.
The main characteristics of the Pakistan civil service are as follows:

1. Methods of Recruitment:
 A competitive exam for the recruitment of civil servants has been held in Pakistan.
 This exam is conducted under the supervision of public service commission which is
constitutionally an autonomous body.
2. Impartiality:
 The adequate constitutional and legal arrangements have been made to keep the Civil
Service impartial.
 The main obligation of the civil service is only to implement the politics of the
government.
  They cannot participate in practical politics nor join any political party so they can
remain impartial.
3. Anonymity:
 The office holders of the political government while chalking out politics , generally take
advices from Civil servants in making their policies but the cabinet is sole responsible for
policy making.
 Therefore all the responsibilities of the departmental efficiency come upon the Minister
instead of civil servants.
 It’s purpose is that civil servants are not Criticized hence not dragged into politics.
4. Depersonalization:
 Moreover, the assigned job itself belongs to the organization instead of an individual civil
servant who happens to be occupying a particular position in the hierarchy at any civil of
time.
5. Safeguards of Service:
 There are rules and regulations for safeguarding of the service of civil servants.
 No person can be dismissed from the service without trail.
 The administrative tribunals are established to decide cases involving the terms and
condition of the civil servants including disciplinary matters.
6. Equal Opportunities:
 According to the constitution, the government is responsible for providing equal
opportunities without distinction of religion, race, gender etc.
 To every citizen , provided that he meets the eligibility of respective position.
7. Training of the Civil Servants:
 All the servants are given professional training at the start of their service and
intermittently during the service.
 A few administrative and technical institutional established to impart professional
training to the civil servants.
8. Promotion and Other Privileges:
 The civil servants are promoted to higher grades on the basis of their experience,
efficiency and suitability.
 Moreover , they are provided with adequate facilities and privileges so that they can
perform their function whole heatedly.

Role of Bureaucracy in Politics:

 Civil servants of Pakistan started to work with dedication and demonstrated the excellent
efficiency under the passion of national reconstruction despite being in some small
numbers and the lake of resources of facilities in few initially years.
 The Quaid advice the officers to adopt the matching vision and attitude to build the
nation and stressed upon them to work with impartial and efficient manner to solve the
people selflessly.
 the Quide while addressing the gazetted officers in Chittagong on 25th March 1948 ,
said ;
 “You have to do your duty as servants; you are not concerned with this or that
political party; that is not your business …. You don't not belong to the ruling class,
you belong to the servants. Your duty is not only to serve that government loyally
and faithfully but at the same time fearlessly maintaining your high reputation.”
 Unfortunately , the officer began to involve in politics in his life
 The bureaucratic gradually become more assertive steadily increasing their power at the
cost of political elite after the Quaid death.

Important contributory factor:

 An important contributory factor in this development was the weak political structure of
government and inexperienced political Eliot which provide the opportunity to the
Bureaucracy to interfere in politics.
 At last some bureaucrats reach at high state office of governor general and Prime
Minister.
 They depended upon Bureaucracy rather than the political institution to run the country.
 In this way the Bureaucracy created the hegemony in the political system.

General Ayyub Era:

 When he took the power he included the higher civil servants in his advisory council.
 His new basic democratic system was also controlled by bureaucracy.
 When the press started criticizing the civil and military Bureaucracy, the press and
publication order was issued to suppress the freedom of journalist.
 Similarly, the military governments of 1969, 1977 had to fall back on the civil
bureaucracy further strengthening the bureaucracy because those were deprived of the
popular support.

ZA Bhutto Era:
 ZA Bhutto tried to diminish the supremacy of bureaucracy.
 He dismissed 1300 senior civil servants introduced reforms to restructure disabled service
he tried to make it the civil service.
 He tried to make it responsive and accountable to the people.
 Contrary to the structure modification, the bureaucracy developed ill will against him
and played an important role in the movement of PNA against Bhutto.

General Zia Era:

 Zia military regime had no public support and needed experts of civil service to run the
government.
 So that regime created an opportunity to highest civil Bureaucracy to reorganize itself
and to regain its former role in the government.
 However, there was an influx of military officers into the Civil Bureaucracy during that
era.
  Such induction has continued not only even after Zia but the quota of such induction was
enhanced during the Musharraf era.

Benazir Nawaz Era's:

 The next democratic period from 1988, started with the president ship of Ghulam Ishaq
Khan and erstwhile bureaucrat, who had long lasting connection with civil military
bureaucracy.
 During that period the civilian government of Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif were
removed before time.
 The corruption and inefficiencies of politician were projected exaggeratedly.
 The mutual democratic institutions could not acquire strength and stability.

General Musharraf Era:

 The Bureaucracy had suffered significant decline during the Musharraf regime.
 Firstly, near all the top positions in the Civil Service especially the heads of autonomous
corporation had been filled by serving and retired military officers.
 Secondly, the new local body system had shaken the established district administration
to its very foundations.
 The Civil servants were made accountable to the head of local government.
 Such damage was caused to the Bureaucracy but it survive due to the mutual cooperation
and the difficult days passed away by the end of Musharraf rule.
 Once the whole system of devolution plan was placed into cold storage and then replaced
by the present government established in 2013.

Zardari- Nawaz Civilian Era:

 During the civilian steps of PPP and PMLN after the Musharraf Era the Bureaucracy has
regained its power by making alliances with the ruling parties.
 Political parties that come to the power do not have sincere and capable cadre for the
higher administrative position.
 The political are allegedly self- interested and regarded their office as an opportunity to
gain their interests.
 To accomplish this they need the advice and help of bureaucrats serving under them.
 This provide an opening to the Bureau careers to secure power and CM making and
attend their own interest along with their boss’s interests.
 Honest and well-intentioned bureaucrats are relegated to unimportant and ineffective
positions and are eventually weeded out of service
 In short the Civil Bureaucracy initially enjoyed real power and controlled over the masses
under the patronage of political leadership and then under the supervision of military.
 Their power was at its peak during the Ayyub regime.
 Under the Zia rule, the Civil Bureaucracy regained its role due to insecure and politically
pliable elites.
 However the Musharraf regime has reduced is its power and privilege by giving Key
position to the serving and retired military officer and by the introduction of the new
local system but again the Bureaucracy is availing full hegemonic opportunity due to the
servile attitude of corrupt politicians and self-serving business class with weak and
unstable political parties and an active and disorganized civil society.
 After 70 years of Independence, the Bureaucracy continued to have the character of
ruling class neither responsive nor accountable to the people.
 The only change its has undergone is that Bureaucracy has ceased to be professional,
efficient and dedicated outfit and has created partial groups faithful to one or another
ruling party.
 This unfortunate development has led to further degeneration and inefficiency to
bureaucrat cadre.
 It is an unfortunate thing for the future of Pakistan, the bureaucracy as it has been
politicized and hence the interests of various ruling elites instead of people of Pakistan.