Reading Passage 1 Questions 1-15 You are advised to spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-15 which refer to Reading Passage 1 below. x rf That ‘Monday morning feeling’ could be a crushing pain in the chest which leaves you sweating and gasping for breath. Recent research from Germany and Italy shows that heart attacks are more common on Monday mornings and doctors blame the stress of returning to work after the weekend break. The risk of having a heart attack on any given day should be one in seven, but a six year study coordinated by researchers at the Free University of Berlin of more than 2,600 Germans revealed that the average person had a 20 per cent higher chance of having a heart attack on a Monday than on any other day. Working Germans are particularly vulnerable, with a 33 per cent higher risk at the beginning of the working week. Non-workers; by:comparisonj-appear torbeno:moreatrisk on a Monday than any other day, A study of 11000 Italians identified 8am on a Monday méthing as the most stressful time for the heart, and both studies showed that Sunday is-the east stressful Uay, with fewer heart attacks in both countries The findings could lead to a better understanding of what triggers hear attacks, according to Dr Stefan Willich of the Free University. ‘We know a lot about long-term risk factors such as smoking and cholesterol but we don't know what actually triggers heart attacks, so we can't make specific recommendations about how to prevent them, he said. Monday mornings have a double helping of stress for the working body as it makes a rapid transition from sleep to activity and from the relaxing weekend to the pressures of work. ‘When people get up, their blood pressure and heart rate go up and there are hormonal changes in their bodies’ Willich explained. All these things can have an adverse effect in the blood system and increase the risk of a clot in the arteries which will cause a heart attack. ‘When people return to work after a weekend off, the pace of their life changes. They have a higher workload, more stress, more anger and more physical activity,’ said Willich. ‘We need to know how these events cause changes in the body before we can understand if they cause heart attacks.’ But although it is tempting to believe that returning to work increases the risk of a heart attack, both Willch and the Italian researchers admit that itis only 2 partial answer. Both studies showed Copyright SREMTOR! Regular Reading Review 1 9131826, 9348050, 8950796 www mentorscombd Pagelthat the over-65s are also vulnerable on a Monday morning even though most no longer work. The reason for this is not clear, but the Italian team at the Luigi Saddo Hospital in Milan speculates that social interactions the thought of facing another week and all its pressures may play a part What is clear, however, is that the Monday morning peak seems to be consistent from northern Germany to southern Italy in spite of the differences in diet and lifestyle, Willich is reluctant at this stage to make specific recommendations but he suggests that anyone who suffers from heart disease should take it easy on Monday mornings and leave potentially stressful meetings until mid-week. People should try to create a pleasant working environment; he added. ‘May be this risk applies only to those who see work as a burden, and people who enjoy their work are not so much at risk. We need to find out more. Question a Answer the following question in ONE WORD. 2. Onwhich day are people least likely to have a heart attack? Questions 2-5 Read the following statements 2-5. According to the reading passage, ifthe statement is true, write True. If the statements false, Write False: If there IS insufficient evidence, write IE Example: It was ofc belieVed that there Wad an equal chafice OF Eufering a heart attack on any day of the week. Answer: True 2. Unemployed Germans have a higher risk of heart attack than employed Germans. 3. Unemployed Italians have a lower risk of heart attack than unemployed Germans 4. Germans risk heart attack because of their high consumption of fatty food 5. Cholesterol and smoking cause heart attacks. Questions 6-24 Read Reading Passage 1 and from the list of headings below, select the best heading for each paragraph A-I. Write the appropriate number, i-ix. Use each heading ONCE only. 6. Heading for Paragraph A 7. Heading for Paragraph 8 8 Heading for Paragraph C Copvrght SREMOR Regi F Reading Review 19137826, 9348059, 950706 www mentors com bd20. 22. 3. 14. Heading for Paragraph D Heading for Paragraph E Heading for Paragraph F Heading for Paragraph G Heading for Paragraph H Heading for Paragraph | List of headings Exact cause of heart attacks The safest day Breathless, sweaty and crushed Reducing heart attack hazard High-isk Monday Mondays: riskier than food and way of life Jobless but safer Elderly also at risk Bodily adaptations Question a5, Reading Passage 1 is untitled. Select the best title for the entire passage from the choices A- D below. onw> Reduce your chance of having a heart attack Warning: Mondays are bad for your heart The overweight and smokers risk heart attacks Happy and healthy Copvrght SREMOR Regi F Reading Review 19137826, 9348059, 950706 www mentors com bdReading Passage 2 Questions 16-27 You are advised to spend about 20 minutes on Questions 16-27 which refer to Reading Passage 2 below. The History of Guitar The word ‘guitar! was brought into English as an adaptation of the Spanish word ‘guitarra’, which was, in tum, derived from the Greek ‘kithara’. Tracing the roots of the word further back into linguistic history it seems to have been a combination of the Indo-European stem ‘guit~, meaning music, and the root '-tar, meaning chord or string, The root ‘tar’ is actually common to a number of languages, and can also be found in the word ‘sitar, also a stringed musical instrument. Although the spelling and pronunciation differ between languages, these key elements have been present in most words for ‘guitar’ throughout history. While the guitar may have gained most ofits popularity as a musical instrument during the modern ra, guitar-lke instruments have been in existence in numerous cultures throughout the world for more than 5,000 years. The earliest instruments that the modern eye and ear would recognize as a ‘normal acoustic guitar date from about 500 years ago. Prior to this time, stringed instruments were in use throughout the world, but these earlyinstrumentsare known primarily from visual depictions, not from the continued existence of music written for them,.The majority of these depictions show simple stringed instruments, often lacking some of the parts that define a modern guitar, A number of these instruments have more Gomition with the flute than the guitar. There is some uncertainty about the exact date of the earliest six-string guitar. The oldest one stil in existence, which was made by Gaetano Vinaccia, is dated 1779. However, the authenticity of six- string guitars alleged to have been made prior to 1790 is often suspect, as many fakes have been discovered dating to this era, The eatly nineteenth century is generally accepted as the time period during which six-string guitars began taking on their modern shape and dimensions. Thus for nearly two hundred years, luthiers, or guitar makers, have been producing various versions of the modern acoustic guitar. The first electric guitar was not developed until the early twentieth century. George Beauchamp received the first patent for an electric guitar in 1936, and Beauchamp went on to co-found Rickenbacker, originally known as the Electro String Instrument Company. Although Rickenbacker began producing electric guitars in the late 1930s, this brand received most of its fame in the 1960s, when John Lennon used a Rickenbacker guitar for the Beatles’ debut performance on the Ed Sullivan show in 1964, George Harrison later bought a Rickenbacker guitar of his own, and the company later gave him one of their earliest 12-string electric guitars. Paul McCartney also used a Rickenbacker bass guitar for recording. The Beatles continued to use Rickenbacker guitars throughout their career, and made the instruments highly popular among other musicians of the Copyright SREMTOR! Regular Reading Review 1 9131826, 9348059, 8950796 wow mentorscomba Pagel‘The Fender Musical Instruments Company and the Gibson Guitar Corporation were two other early electric guitar pioneers, both developing models in the early 1950s. Fender began with the Telecaster in 1950 and 1951, and the Fender Stratocaster debuted in 1954, Gibson began selling the Gibson Les Paul, based partially on assistance from renowned jazz musician and blues guitarist Les Paul, in 1952. The majority of present day solid-body electric guitars are still based largely on these three early electric guitar designs. Throughout the history of the guitar, an enormous number of individuals have made their mark on the way in which the instrument was built, played and perceived. Though some of these individuals are particularly well known, like the Beatles or Les Paul, the majority of these people are virtually invisible to most mademn fans of the guitar. By looking at the entire history of the guitar, rather than just recent developments, largely confined to electric guitars, it is possible to see more of the contributions of earlier generations. Questions 16-23 Complete the summary with NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer. Instruments similar to. the guitar have been played by musicians for over (26), What we know about many of these instruments comes from a7. rather than actual physical examples or musicplayed on them. Insome ways, these early stringed instruments were closer to (8), than the guitar ‘as we know it today. We do have examples of six- string guitars that are 200 years old. However, the (a9)____ of six-string guitars made by guitar makers (who are also known as 20), _. before the final decade of the eighteenth century is often open to question Although the electric guitar was invented in the 1930s, it took several decades for electric guitars to develop, with the company Rickenbacker playing a major part in this development. Most en electric guitars in se today are similar in design to guitars produced by the Fender Musical Instruments Company and the Gibson Guitar Corporation in the 19505. Copyright SHEMTOR’ Regular Reading Review 19131808, 9348059, 8950796 www mentors. com.baQuestions 22-27 Complete the sentences on the following page with NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer. 22. 23. 2h. 25. 26. 27. Despite differences in “quit and -tar’ appear in the word for guitar in many languages. Instruments that we would call acoustic guitars have been made and played for approximately Noone knows the. when the first six-string guitar was made The __ of acoustic guitars have not changed much in 200 years A for an electric quitar was issued in the mid 1930s Les Paul, the well-knowa. guitarist, was involved in the development of the electrie guitar Copyright SREMTOR! Regular Reading Review 1 9131876, 9348050, 8950796 wow mentorscomb PagelReading Passage 3 Questions 29-40 You are advised to spend about 20 minutes on Questions 28-40 which refer to Reading Passage 3 below. Our Vanishing Night Most city stars have become virtually empty of stars, by Verlyn Klinkenborg If humans were truly at home under the light of the moon and stars, it would make no difference to us whether we were out and about at night or during the day, the midnight world as visible to Us as itis to the vast number of nocturnal species on this planet. Instead, we are diurnal creatures, meaning our eyes axe adapted to living in the sun's light. This is a basic evolutionary fact, even though most of us don’t think of ourselves as diurnal beings any more than as primates or mammals or Earthlings. Yet it's the only way to explain what we've done to the night: we've engineered it to meet our needs by filling it with light. This kind of engineering is no different from damming a river. Its benefits come with consequences- called light pollution - whose effects scientists are only now beginning to study Light pollution is, largely the result of bad lighting design, which allows artificial light to shine outward and upward into the sky where it is notwanted;instead of focusingritedownward-where itis. Wherever human light spills into the natural wotld, sdme aspect df life —fhigrdtion, reproduction, feeding — is affected For most of human history the phrase-ight pollution’ wauld have made no sense. Imagine walking toward London on @ méoniitnight-around:1800;when-it was.one-of Earths most populous cities. Nearly a million people lived there, making do, as they always had, with candles and lanterns, There would be no gaslights in the streets or squares for another seven years. Now most of humanity lives under reflected, refracted light from overlit cities and suburbs, from light-flooded roads and factories. Nearly all of night-time Europe is a bright patch of light, as is most of the United States and much of Japan. n the South Atlantic the glow from a single fishing fleet — squid fishermen luring their prey with metal halide lamps - can be seen from space, burning brighter on occasions than Buenos Aires In most cities the sky looks as though it has been emptied of stars and taking their place is a constant orange glow. We've become so used to this that the glory of an unlit night — dark enough for the planet Venus to throw shadows on Earth - is wholly beyond our experience, beyond memory almost. And yet above the city's pale ceiling lies the rest of the universe, utterly undiminished by the light we waste. We've lit up the night as ifit were an unoccupied country, when nothing could be further from the truth. Among mammals alone, the number of nocturnal species is astonishing, Light is a powerful biological force, and on many species it acts as a magnet. The effect is so powerful that scientists speak of songbirds and seabirds being ‘captured! by searchlights on land or by the light from gas flares on marine oil platforms, circling and circling in the thousands until they drop. Migrating at Copyignt BHEMTORS Regular Reading Review 1 9137828, SS48059, 6950796 www meniors.com bd. Pagel?night, birds are apt to collide with brightly lit buildings; immature birds suffer in much higher numbers than adults Insects, of course, cluster around streetlights, and feeding on those insects is a crucial means of survival for many bat species. In some Swiss valleys the European lesser horseshoe bat began to vanish after streetlights were installed, perhaps because those valleys were suddenly filed with light-feeding pipistrelle bats. Other nocturnal mammals, like desert rodents and badgers, are more ‘cautious about searching for food under the permanent full moon of light pollution because they've become easier targets for the predators who are hunting them, ‘Some birds - blackbirds and nightingales, among others - sing at unnatural hours in the presence of artificial light. Scientists have determined that long artificial days — and artificially short nights - induce early breeding in a wide range of birds. And because a longer day allows for longer feeding, it can also affect migration schedules. The problem, of course, is that migration, like most other aspects of bird behavior, is a precisely timed biological behavior. Leaving prematurely may mean reaching a destination too soon for nesting conditions to be right: Nesting sea turtles, which seek out dark beaches, find fewer and fewer of them to bury their eggs fon. When the baby sea turtles emerge from the eggs, they gravitate toward the brighter, more reflective sea horizon but find themselves confused by artificial lighting behind the beach. In Florida alone, hatchling losses numberin the hundreds of thousands every year. Frogs and toads living on the side of major highways suffer noctuntalllightJevels that are'as muchas'@ million times brighter than normal, disturbing nearly every aspect of their behavior, including their night-time breeding choruses. It was once thought that light pollution only affected astronomers, who need to see the night sky inall its glorious clarity, And, infact, some of the earliest civic efforts to control light pollution were made half a century ago to protect the view from Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona. In 2001 Flagstaff was declared the first International Dark Sky City. By now the effort to control light pollution has spread around the globe. More and more cities and even entire countries have committed themselves to reducing unwanted glare. Questions 28-24 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3? In boxes 28-34 on your answer sheet, write- TRUE if the statement agrees with the information FALSE ifthe statement contradicts the information NOTGIVEN if there is no information on this 28, Few people recognize nowadays that human beings are designed to function best in daylight. 2g. Most light pollution is caused by the direction of artifical lights rather than their intensity 30. By 2800 the city of London had such a large population, it was already causing light pollution. Copyright MENTOR’ Regular Reading Review 1 9131828, 9248055, AOGO7O6 wow mentorscomba Page li031. The fishermen of the South Atlantic are unaware of the light pollution they are causing. 32. Shadows from the planet Venus are more difficult to see at certain times of the year. 33. In some Swiss valleys, the total number of bats declined rapidly after the introduction of streetlights. 34. The first attempts to limit ight pollution were carried out to help those studying the stars. Questions 35-40 Complete the table below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 35-40, on your answer sheet. Creature Effects of LIGHT Songbirds and seabirds The jworst;- affected: birds. ate those which are ». Baka all. -F They bump into 89), ey-pesppy~ which stand out at night. Desert rodents and badgers They are more at risk from 37) Migrating birds Early migration © may mean_—_— the (3B) .o.osnsene f@ NOt Suitable on arrival. Sea turtles They suffer from the decreasing number of (39). Frogs and toads IF they are near (40) , their routines are upset. Copyright SHEMTOR! Regular Reading Review 19131878, 9348059, 8959796 www mentorscomba