HOME WORK 1

CSE302: Analysis and design of Information System Architecture

PART- A

Q1: Comment on the Importance of dealing with Information system in an

organization.

Answer:

Organizations use "Information Systems" to plan and systematize all their

strategic processes.
Using this mechanism, the organization collects and tabulates data on all
its functions. This data is
presented in report formats for managerial decision making.

Function

1. Information systems are used in all phases and departments of the

organizations for
purposes ranging from recording mundane business transactions to
executive decision
making.

Features

2. Information systems define the organization's work flows,

authority-responsibility
diagrams and the manner of allocation of resources. All these
reports are presented to the
top management for them to make their decisions.

Considerations

3. Companies must apportion time and money to their information

systems. Also, if the chore
of its development is entrusted to consultants, they must be made
fully aware of the
organization's needs and specifications.

An information system is also a system but differs from other kinds of

systems because its
objective is to monitor and document the operations of other systems,
which we can call target
systems. An information system owes its existence to the target system.
For example, production

activities would be the target system for a production scheduling

information system, human
resources would be the target system of a human resource information
system, and so on. We
could say that every reactive system may have a subsystem that can be
considered as an
information system whose objective is to monitor and control such a
system. The main functions
of an information system may be input, processing, output, storage and
control at work place.

It is surprising facts that there are many more companies still do not
use the Internet. It is even
more surprising that some of them are still using their twenty-year-old
computer information
system. Company information system is a set of interrelated component
that collect, process,
store, and disseminate information to support companies’ managerial team
in decision making,
coordinating, controlling, and analysing.

A sophisticated computer information system enables companies to monitor

employees, to keep
managers and employees informed, to coordinate activities among
divisions, or even to sell their
products to customers via the internet. Moreover, in the era of
information technology like this,
information has become valuable organizational asset just like human
resources and inventories.

In conclusion, information system enables companies to react, respond,

cater, store, retrieve,
disseminate, and control their new valuable asset that is information. In
the years to come, a good
information system within a company will be no longer an option; it will
become a compulsory in
determining success.

Q2: With example, discuss the role of different system analysis method
approaches.

Answer:

Methodology of Systems Analysis

1. Identification of objectives

If the correct objectives are not identified, the

correct problem will not be
solved!

-disciplinary team

- usually person paying the bill!

- sometimes difficult to
establish

project objective

2. Quantification of objectives
 - this is a quantitative
expression of the goals or
objectives of the project

Xn) where Xi's are

independent variables and represent values of parameters under
the control of the systems
analyst
ntified; The constraint set consists
of equations that define the
domain of feasible solutions. For example, in determining the
optimum mix of corn and
soybeans to plant on a 450 hectare farm, a constraint on the
amount of land that can be
used might be written as: Corn Hectares + Soybean Hectares <=
450.

3. Development of a system model

engineer
on of the system

o Model decoupling - simplifying step where system

components are modeled and
analyzed as subsystems. This can be helpful in better
understanding the system.
o Model integration - entire system is modeled (e.g., the
subsystem components are
integrated)

effectively and efficiently

analyze the mode. Modeling detail may offer better reality at
increased computational
expense. Under certain circumstances, a simple model may prove
more valuable than a
more complex model. The project objectives should dictate the
level of detail required.

perspective (time scale) of

models
- by the end of
the semester you should
have a better feel for this

4. Evaluation of alternatives

olutions as
possible - may require searching
the literature, obtaining technical and cost data on equipment,
operation, maintenance, and
other pertinent information
 in
model parameters
- computer code reproduces model chosen
- model of system faithfully reproduces the actual
system

5. Detailed design and development

Q3: Explain why having a standardized system development process is

important to an
organization? What role does the system analyst plays?

Answer:

A systems analyst researches problems, plans solutions, recommends

software and systems, and
coordinates development to meet business or other requirements. They will
be familiar with
multiple approaches to problem-solving. Analysts are often familiar with
a variety of
programming languages, operating systems, and computer hardware
platforms. A systems analyst
may:

1. Plan a system flow from the ground up.

2. Interact with customers to learn and document requirements that are

then used to produce
business requirements documents.

3. Write technical requirements from the business requirements document;

this is a critical phase.

4. Interact with designers to understand software limitations.

Responsibility for Computer Programming

System analysts are frequently called programmer analysts. the best

qualified and most valuable
systems analysts know how to program. Systems analysts who have this
skill are usually useful to
organizations, since their programming ability enables them to formulate
better and more
complete new application specifications. the result is always higher
quality software and reduced
development time, which benefits everyone.

Standardized system development includes

To improve productivity and quality. Without project management, software

projects can easily be
delivered late or over budget. With large numbers of software projects
not meeting their
expectations in terms of functionality, cost, or delivery schedule,
effective project management
appears to be lacking.so he international standard for describing the
method of selecting,
implementing and monitoring the life cycle for software is ISO . result
in a high quality system
that meets or exceeds customer expectations, reaches completion within
time and cost estimates,
works effectively and efficiently in the current and planned Information
Technology
infrastructure, and is inexpensive to maintain and A systems analyst
performs the following tasks:

terface of the
software

development

testers

umentation

PART-B

Q4: Is there any need of having different approaches in preliminary

investigation? Which
step of feasibility study is considered to be the most important and why?

Answer:

In order to determine that a system requested is feasible. There are

three aspects in feasibility
study
1. Technical feasibility::Can the work for the project be done with
current equipment,
existing software technology. if new technology is required what
is the likelihood that it
can be developed.

2. Economic feasibility::There are sufficient benefits in creating

the system to make cost
acceptable.

3. Operational feasibility::Operational feasibility is a measure of

how well a proposed system
solves the problems, and takes advantage of the opportunities
identified during scope
definition and how it satisfies the requirements identified in
the requirements analysis
phase of system development: will the system be used if it is
developed and implemented?
If the projects are both feasible and desirable then these should be put
into a schedule. An analysis
of the ability to complete a project successfully, taking into account
legal, economic,
technological, scheduling and other factors. Rather than just diving into
a project and hoping for
the best, a feasibility study allows project managers to investigate the
possible negative and
positive outcomes of a project before investing too much time and money.
Economic analysis is the most frequently used method for evaluating the
effectiveness of a new
system. More commonly known as cost/benefit analysis, the procedure is to
determine the benefits
and savings that are expected from a candidate system and compare them
with costs. If benefits
outweigh costs, then the decision is made to design and implement the
system. An entrepreneur
must accurately weigh the cost versus benefits before taking an action.
Cost-based study: It is important to identify cost and benefit factors,
which can be categorized as
follows: 1. Development costs; and 2. Operating costs. This is an
analysis of the costs to be
incurred in the system and the benefits derivable out of the system.

Q5: What kind of fact finding techniques would you use for investigating
the information
requirements for a multinational company, which is presently using the
manual
registrations? Which kind of techniques do you think will be more
effective? Also, mention
the problems you anticipate in conducting the investigations.

Answer:

System analysis is detailed understanding of all important facts of the

hospital area. Working
closely with all important workers eg doctors, nurses, patients etc.it is
necessary to talk to a
variety of persons together details of hospital process and their
opinions of why things happen as
they do and their ideas for changing the process. Questionnaires are used
to collect this

information from large group of people who cannot be interviewed

individually. Systems analyses
and design for multispecialty hospital is the process of studying a
hospital situation to see how it
operates and whether improvement is needed. System study is conducted to
learn the details of
current hospital situation. Information gathered through the study forms
the basis for creating
alternative design strategies.

2. Hospital management information systems are decision oriented and

utilize transaction data as
well as other information that is developed internally and outside the
firm.it is important to study
the decision factors to develop reports that will be useful in
maintaining and formulating future
decisions.
3. Structured analyses development method focuses on specifying what the
system or application
is required to do.it does not state how requirements should be
accomplished or how the application
should be implemented rather it allows individuals to see logical
elements apart from the physical
elements it uses. Structured analyses uses symbols or icons to create a
graphic model of the
system.
4. Data flow diagrams it is helpful in allowing individual features of
system. Each process can be
broken down into more detailed form which is very much helpful in
understanding requirements
of hospital and easy way of finding requirements so that to develop new
system in a effective
way.
5. By using prototyping method in which developers build a prototype to
develop the users
requirement. User put there requirement then developers be able to
fulfill their requirements.
6. Feasible->technical feasible the work for the project be done with
current equipment, existing
software technology. If new technology is required what is the likelihood
that it can be developed.
Operational feasible-> Operational feasibility is a measure of how well a
proposed system solves
the problems, and takes advantage of the opportunities identified during
scope definition and how
it satisfies the requirements identified in the requirements analysis
phase of system development:
will the system be used if it is developed and implemented?
Economic feasible->, it should be feasible to implement system.
Economic analysis is the most frequently used method for evaluating the
effectiveness of a new
system. More commonly known as cost/benefit analysis, the procedure is to
determine the benefits
and savings that are expected from a candidate system and compare them
with costs. If benefits
outweigh costs, then the decision is made to design and implement the
system. An entrepreneur
must accurately weigh the cost versus benefits before taking an action.

Q6: Write the help of an example explain the development life cycle for a
billing system in a
hospital.

Answers:

The life cycle begins when an application is first conceived and ends
when it is no longer in use. It
includes aspects such as initial concept, requirements analysis,
functional design, internal design,
documentation planning, test planning, coding, document preparation,
integration, testing,
maintenance, updates, retesting, phase-out, and other aspects

The requirements:
The system will allow more than one departments to set up different
examination center, to treat
various problems under one roof i.e. hospital. The concept, at its very
basic, provides for an
environment that allows the following:

Departments:
1. Any person wishing to get treatment in the hospital can take
appointment with the doctors.
2. The doctors approves the appointment.
3. Patients can then come up for checkup.
4. Patients when enter the hospital have to register themselves on the
entry.
5. After registration, the patients is allocated a registration card and
can enter a particular
department/treatment center to consult doctor choice for treatment.
6. After entering a department, patient can go consult the doctor.
7. After the prescription the patient go to the dispensary to buy the
medicines and then he finally
pays the consulting fees to the doctor.
The prototype presented explains the development life cycle for a billing
system in a hospital.