CHEMICAL CALCULATIONS ap Stoichiometric Equations Ee allied Aen heeabda F Conservation of mass in chemical reactions This law was proposed by Lavoisier in 1774. The law states that—In a chemical change the total mass of the reactants is equal to the total mass of the products i.e., matter can neither be created nor destroyed. |fAand B combine to form different products C and D, the total mass of A and B before the chemical reaction, is equal to the total mass of C and D., i.e., Mass of A + Mass of B = Mass of C + Mass of D @ Example : In the reaction 2H, (g) + O, (g) = 2H,0 (1), it is found that 4 parts by weight of hydrogen combine with 32 parts by weight of oxygen to form 36 parts by weight of water. Thus the total mass of reactants (4 + 32) g is equal to the mass of the product (36 g). The law of conservation of mass in the light of interconversion of mass and energy— the law of conservation of mass is not absolutely true. Many chemical changes are practically accompanied by minute loss or gain of mass. This is because of the fact that mass and energy are interconvertible i.e., mass is converted into energy and vice versa, according to the Einstein’s equation E = mc’, where E = energy in erg, m = its mass in gram, c = velocity of light = 3 x 10*° cm/sec. mx9x100 107 joule = 9m x 10% joule = 13, 2. E=m x (3 x 10°)? erg = 3mx10™ calorie = mx 2.15 x 103 calorie. Achemical reaction which is accompanied by an emission of energy, usually in the form of heat will be attended with a corresponding loss of mass (m =~), But since c is very large, the loss of mass will be insignificantly small. 2 Thee can be stated that mass plus energy remain constant in any isolated system. toto g ks law of conservation of mass can be expressed as—In any chemical reaction, the ‘ount of mass and energy remains constant. . 21 "yal Science and Environment 9-3 a‘al Science and Environment We t versus ht calculations The calculation of relative amounts of substances in chemical reaction is ca stoichiometry (derived from the Greek stoicheion meaning element and meterin mean measures) 2. .. Mole is a unit of counting the number of atoms or molecules present per gram atom or gran molecules of the substance. It also represents the weight ofthe substance (element or compoune expressed in gram which contains Avogadro number (6.022 x 1073) of particles (atoms o; molecules) of that substance, Coefficients placed in front of formula in a balanced chemical equation represent 1 ratio by moles in which substances are consumed and produced by the chemical chang Since the mass of a mole of a substance is cirectly related to its formula or molec lar weight, a balanced chemical equation represents a ratio by weight also. Thus 2CO + 0, —> 2c0, This equation shows that 56 8 of CO combine with 32 g of O, to form 88 g of C terms of mole, we can say, 2 mole of CO reac: with 1 mole of oxygen to form 2 m CO,. Since 1 mole of CO, = 44 g, hence 2 mole of CO, = 88 g. Thus the weight formed in the above reaction is 88 g. The problems based upon chemical equations may be classified as : 1) Mass-mass relationship problems : In this type of problems, mass of one of the reactants/products is to be calculated if that of the other reactants/products ts are given. 2) Mass-volume relationship problems : In this type of problems, mass or volume of one of the reactants or products is calculated from the volume or mass of other substances. @® Volume-volume relationship problems : In this type of problems, the volume of one of the reactants or products is to be calculated from the volume of some other reactants or products. Calculate how much lime will be obtained by heating 500 g of lime stone of purity? [Ca = 40, C = 12, O = 16] >» CaCO; —> Ca0 +0, 100g 56g Amount of pure CaCO, in 500 g of impure lime stone = 52%500 Now, 100 g of CaCO, produces 56 g of CaO . 250 g of CaCO, produces exz0 & = 140g of CaoChemical Calculations 23 cg éataate the amount of sulphuric acd (75% “Which is peca decompose 0.5 mole of calcium carbonate (Ca = yy CaC0, + H;50, —? CaSO, + CO, + H,0 mole 1x2+32+16x4 = 988 thus, 1 mole of CaCO, reacts with 98 g of H,S0, 05 mole of CaCO; reacts with 98 x 0.5 g of H,SO, = 49 g of H,SO, Now, 75 g of pure H,SO, is present in 100 g of 75% H)SO, ‘ ;, 100 «, 49 g of pure H,SO, is present in [5° 49 g = 65.33 g of 75% H,SO, Hence the amount of 75% H,SO, needed to decompose 0.5 mole of CaCO is 65.33 g, @tow much KCIO, is needed to produce enough oxygen for burning 10 g of coke? (c= 12, Cl = 35.5, O = 16) » Ce +0; —>. CO, by weight) which is needed to 40, C = 12, s = 32) Wg 16x28 Thus, 12 g of coke requires 32 g of oxygen for complete burning 1.10 g of coke requires 22%1° ¢ = 26.66 g of oxygen for complete burning. Now, 2KCIO3 —a 2KCl + 30, 2(39+35.5+16%3) = 245 g 3x2x16 = 96 g Thus 96 g of oxygen is produced from 245 g of KCIO, .. 26.66 g of oxygen is produced from 245%26.66 5 - 68.04 g of KCIO, Hence, amount of KCIO; needed to produce enough O, for burning 10 g of coke is 68.04 g. S 0, O What weight of zinc and sulphuric acid will be required to produce enough hydrogen to reduce completely 8.5 g of CuO to Cu? (Zn = 65.3; Cu = 63.5) >) The reactions involved are — 1.2n + H,S0, —> ZnSO, + H, 2. CuO + Hp —> Cu + H,0 Thus, (63.5 + 16) = 79.5 g of CuO reacts with 2 g of hydrogen. +. 85 g of CuO reacts with 2X85 = 0.2138 g of hydrogen Again 2.0 g of hydrogen is produced from 65.3 g of Zn * 0.2138 g of hydrogen is produced from $5:23%02128 g - 6.98 g of Zn Now, Zn + H,S0, — > S80, + H, 65.3g — (2+32416x4) = 98 g 28 Thus, 2 g of hydrogen is produced by 98 g of H,SO, * 0.2138 g of hydrogen is produced by PBx02128 g = 10.47 g of H,SO,24 Physic al Science and Environment Hence, 6.98 gof zinc and 10.47 g of H,50s will be required to produce enough hydro, to completely reduce 8.5 g of CuO to Cu. All these problems can be solved in terms ‘of number of mole as well v a echoed The reactions : Zn + H)SOq—— ZnSO, + Hp 1 mole 1 mole uo + H,—— Cu + H,0 1 mole a mole Mol, wt. of 2n = 65.3 Mol, wt. of Cu = 63.5 Mol. wt. of CuO = (63.5 + 16) = 79.5 | Mol. wt. of Hp = 2 Mol. wt. of HpS0, = (2 + 32 + 16 x 4) = Now, number of mole of CuO in 8.5 g of it = & = 0.1069 Thus 1 mole of CuO reacts with 1 mole of aaeen agin 1 mele of H, is produced by 1 mole of Zn and 1 mole of H,SO, - 0.1069 mole of CuO reacts with 0.1069 mole of H, which is produced by 0.1069 mole Zn and 0.1069 mole of H,SO,- . Weight of Zn required = 0.1069 x 65.3 = 6.98 g And weight of H)SO, required = 98 x 0.1069 = 10.476 g \ J How much potassium chlorate is needed to get enough oxygen for complete but © of 84 litre of carbon monoxide at STP? — 2KCI0, — wl + 3, 2(39+35.5+16%3) = 245 g 3 mole 200+ 0, —> 20, 2 mole 1 mole AT STP, 1 mole of any gas occupies 22.4 lit Thus, 84 lit of CO gas at STP contains -%4 = 3.75 mole of CO >. Now, 2 mole of CO need 1 mole of 0, for complete burning. 7 i 3.75 mole of CO used 22° = 1.875 mole of 0, for complete burning. Again 3 mole of O, require 245 g of KCIO, “. 1.875 mole of O, require 24°*1:875 g = 153.125 g of KCIO, Thus, 153.125 g of KCIO, is needed to get enough oxygen for complete burning of 84 litre of carbon monoxide at STP. of any gas occupies 22.4 lit at STP—_ . Chemical Calculations 25 siculate the amount of copper which on reaction with conc nl of SO, at 27°C and 750 mm pressure. (Cu = 63.5) : ff ree the volume of SO, at STP be V ml 760xV = 580X750 or, V= 44.9 ml H,SO, produces 50 273 now OH + 2H,S0, > CuSO, + SO, + 2H,0 63.5 8 22400 mi (at STP) thus 22400 mi of SO, is produced by 63.5 g of Cu 635x449 Sao 8 Of Cu = 0.127 g of Cu .5/ of an impure sample of sodium bicarbonate when strongly heated gave 300 ml carbon dioxide measured at 27°C and 760 mm pressure. Calculate the percentage purity of the sample. (Na = 23, C = 12, O = 16) .. 449 ml of SO, is produced by 7 2NaHCO, —> Na,co, + CO, + H,0 2(2341412+3x16) 22400 ml = 168g (at STP) Let the volume of CO, at STP be V ml , AM BM 760xv _ 760x300 7 273 (273+27) Naw, 22400 ml of CO, is produced from 168 g of NaHCO; or, V= 273 ml 2 i 168x273 , _ <. 173 ml of CO, is produced from #832575 g = 2.047 g of NaHCO; «. Purity of the sample of sodium bicarbonate = 2% x 100 = 81.9% % Vapour density or relative density : Vapour density of a gas or vapour is the ratio of the weight of a given volume of gas (or vapour) to the weight of an equal volume of hydrogen, both measured under the same conditions of temperature and pressure. "The vapour density of SO, is 32”— It means that under the same conditions of temperature and pressure, certain volume of SO, is 32 times heavier than the same volume of hydrogen. /® Relation between normal density and vapour density : At STP, the normal density of any gas = Its vapour density x 0.089 ~/" Relation between molecular weight and vapour density of a gas : ee weight = 2 x vapour density ur density has no unit because it is a ratio. Besides, i te ‘emperature and p ressure. does not depend on26 Physical Science and Environment Numerical Examples © The vapour density of a gas is 40. Calculate the volume of 20 g of this gas at 27°, Y and 950 mm pressure. >> Mol. wt. of the gas = 2 V.D. = 2x 40= 80 ; Thus, the volume of 80 g of gas at STP is 22.4 lit. «+ the volume of 20 g of gas at STP is 224%20- 5.6 jt Let the volume of this 5.6 lit of gas at 27°C and 950 mm pressure be V lit Vx950_ _ 5.6x760 as * (73427) ~~ 273, V = 4.9 lit Hence the volume of the gas at 27°C and 950 mm pressure is 4.9 litre. The weight of 1 litre of a gas at 27°C and 600 mm Pressure is 0.8 g. What is its Y vapour density and molecular weight? >> Let the volume of the gas at STP be V ml Vx760 _ 1000x600 v . 273 * (273427) 0% V= 718.4 ml ~ Thus, at STP 718.4 ml of the gas weighs 0.8 g =. At STP 22400 ml of the gas weighs axzzin = 24.944 g ‘. Gram, molecular weight of the gas = 24.944 g +. The molecular weight of the gas = 24,944 +. The vapour density of the gas = rage = 12.472. 24 g of a solid element requires 44.8 litre of oxygen at STP for its complete conversion ito a gaseous oxide. The gaseous oxide occupies a volume of 44.8 litre at STP. What J Is the weight of the Baseous oxide produced and what is its vapour density? >» 22.4 lt of oxygen at STP corresponds to 1 gram-mole of oxygen “+ 44.8 lit of oxygen at STP corresponds to 2 gram-mole of oxygen or 32 x 2 = 64 g of oxygen. ++ The weight of the gaseous oxide = (24 + 64) = 88 g Now, 88 g of the gaseous oxide occupies a volume of 44.8 litre at STP + 88 g of the gaseous oxide occupies 2 g moles of the oxide “. Mol. wt. of the oxide = & = 44 ". Vapour density of the oxide = $ = 22.