292 CHAP! Chapter 6 Sections 6-1 to 6-6: Faraday Law and its Applications Problem 6.1 The switch in the bottom loop of Fig. 6-17 (P6.1) is closed at and then opened at a later time fy. What is the direction of the current / in the top loop (clockwise or counterclockwise) at each of these two times? o Re ——"#__ Figure P6.1; Loops of Problem 6.1 Solution: ‘The magnetic coupling will be strongest at the point where the wires of the two loops come closest. When the switch is closed the current in the bottom loop will start to flow clockwise, which is from left to right in the top portion of the bottom loop. To oppose this change, a current will momentarily flow in the bottom of the top loop from right to left. Thus the current in the top loop is momentarily clockwise when the switch is closed. Similarly, when the switeh is opened, the current in the top loop is momentarily counterclockwise. Problem 6.2 The loop in Fig. 6-18 (P6.2) is in the x-y plane and B= 2Bpsinot with Bo positive. What is the di ,(b) of = 1/4, and (or =n/2? Solution: 1 =Veni/R. Since the single-turn loop is not moving or changing shape with time, 72, = 0 V and Vege = Vy. Therefore, from Eq, (6.8), Vee (oat an 9/8 = Tt [ Bas, oul =e Ja If we take the surface normal to be +2, then the right hand rule gives positive flowing current tobe inthe +4 direction -4a ~ABy I By sino P coswt (A),293 y Figure P6.2: Loop of Problem 6.2. where A is the area of the loop. (2) A, @ and R are positive quantities. At 1 =0, cose =1 so I <0 and the current is flowing in the — direction (so as to produce an induced magnetic field that opposes Bi), (b) At wt = /4, coset = ¥2/2 so I <0 and the current is still flowing in the —§ direction (©) Atur = /2, coset =0s0/=0, There is no current flowing in either direction Problem 6.3 A coil consists of 100 tums of wire wrapped around a square frame of sides 0.25 m, The coil is centered at the origin with each of its sides parallel to the x- or y-axis, Find the induced emf across the open-circuited ends of the coil ifthe ‘magnetic field is given by (a) B=220e~* (1), (b) B=220cosx cos 10°¢ (T), (©) B=220cosx sin2y cos 10° (T). Solution: Since the coil is not moving or changing shape, V2, = 0V and Vere = Vig, From Bg, (6.6), ; a dps pons vhere N = 100 and the surface normal was chosen to be in the +2 direction. (a) For B= 220e~ (1), Vout = 100 Q00-*(0.28)?}=375e™" (V.294 CHAP! (b) For B =220cosxeos 10° (T), ) a 3, (©) For B=20cosxsin2ycos 10° (1), vara 104 (ssi ff ssi de dt 1125 fy 125 0.128 poas 0125 ho 125 cossdcd) 124,6sin10°¢ (kV), Problem 6.4 A stationary conducting loop with internal resistance of 0.5 Q is placed in a time-varying magnetic field. When the loop is closed, a current of 5 A. flows through it. What will the current be if the loop is opened to create a small gap and a 2-0 resistor is connected across its open ends? Solution: Vent is independent of the resistance which is in the loop, Therefore, when the loop is intact and the internal resistance is only 0.5 Q, Veg =SAX05Q=25 Ve When the small gap is ereated, the total resistance in the loop is infinite and the ‘current flow is zero, With a 2-02 resistor in the gap, =Vens/(2 2405 2) =25V/25Q=1 (A). Problem 6.5 A circular-loop TV antenna with 0.02 m? area is in the presence of a Uuniform-amplitude 300-MHZ signal, When oriented for maximum response, the loop develops an emf with a peak value of 30 (mV). What is the peak magnitude of B of the incident wave? Solution: TV loop antennas have one turn, At maximum orientation, Eq. (6.5) evaluates t0 © = [Bids = +484 for a loop of area A and a uniform magnetic field with magnitude B'= B|, Since we know the frequency of the field is = 300 MHz, wwe can express B as B = Bycos (at +00) with @ = 27 x 300 x 10° rad/s and o& an arbitrary reference phase, From Eq, (6.6), de a y, d = AZ [89 cos(wt + 05)] = ABywsin(wt + 00) Vogt is maximum when sin(af +-eu) = 1. Hence, (Bow = 0,02 x Bo x 6n x 10%,CHAPTER 6 295 which yields By = 0.8 (nA/m). Problem 6.6 The square loop shown in Fig. 6-19 (P6.6) is coplanar with a long, straight wire carrying a current I(t) = Scos2n x 10% (Ay (a) Determine the emf induced across a small gap created in the loop. (b) Determine the direction and magnitude of the current that would flow through 4-0 resistor connected across the gap. The loop has an internal resistance of 19. Figure P6.6: Loop coplanar with long wire (Problem 6.6). Solution: (a) The magnetic field due to the wire is wo! 2ny* inthe plane ofthe loop, = —2 and r = y. The flux passing through the loop296 CHAP! 18cm ® [sas [ 10 (em) dy WI x10" 5 4n x 1077 x Scos(2m x 10%) x 107! aVnuWleeu—m XL 2n = 1a x 1077 cos(2nx 1041) (Wb). % , Vogt = 22 = 1. x 2m «104 sin(2m x 1040) 107 = 6.9 x10 sin x 10%”) (VW). sin(2r x 10%) = 1.38sin(2n x 10%) (mA). At f=0, B is a maximum, it points in —S-direction, and since it varies as cos (2m x 1041), it is decreasing. Hence, the induced current has to be CCW when looking down on the loop, as shown in the figure. Problem 6.7 The rectangular conducting loop shown in Fig. 6-20 (P6.7) rotates at 6,000 revolutions per minute in a uniform magnetic flux density given by B=950 (mt). Determine the current induced in the loop if its internal resistance is 0.5 @ Solution: ® [s4s=s50% 10" $(2 x3 x 107) cos 4(t) =3 x 1075 cos6(¢) s . 00) 01 = AXE — 00m (10d) w © =3 1075 cos(200n1) (W a 3 Vong = —F. = 3x 107% x 200sin(200n2} = 18.85 x 107 sin(200R#) (V), Ves ing = u OS 7,7sin(200nt) (mA),297 Figure P6.7: Rotating loop in a magnetic field (Problem 6.7) The direction of the current is CW (if looking at it along ~&-direction) when the loop is in the first quadrant (0 < (Sim) Solution: Relaxation time constant t, = £. For dry soil, For fresh water, Since it takes longer for charge to dissipate in fresh water, itis a better insulator than dry soil. Sections 6-11: Electromagnetic Potentials Problem 6.22 ‘The electric field of an electromagnetic wave propagating in air is given by E(.t} = 84.008(6 x 10% — 22} +§3sin(6 x 108-22} (Vim),CHAPTER 6 309 Find the associated magnetic field H(z," Solution: Converting to phasor form, the electric field is given by Lo) Jew = 937 (Vim), which can be used with Eq. (6.87) to find the magnetic field: ~ lie fig) =—_vxé = Son i yg a ajax fay a/az aon ihe nyse 4 = j88,007* + 910.607" (mA/m). Converting back to instantaneous values, this is H(t,z) =—£8.0sin (6 x 10° —2z) + 910,6c0s (6 x 10° — 22) (mAim). Problem 6.23 The magnetic field in a dielectric material with ¢ =4e9, v=o, and given by Ho.) Find k and the associated electric field E. Scos(2m x 107t thy) (Alm). Solution: In phasor form, the magnetic field is given by Hf = Se" (Aim). From Eg. (6.86), and, from Eq. (6.87), which, together with the original phasor expression for Fi, implies that oye _ nx Va _ an ke aven T1030 (radi),310 CHAP! Inserting this value in the expression for E above, = 4n/30 ite /30 TRIO x4 xBBSAX IO 412" (Vim), Problem 6.24 Given an electric field E Bp sinaycos (wt —kz), where Ep, a, @, and & are constants, find H. Solution: a 8 Fgsinaycos (wt — Kz), me = (Eysinaye~™) x [v- inaycos(«t —kz) + acosayeos (ot — ke ) 2 iy ksin aycos( wt —kz) +Zacosaysin (ax —kzy”, Problem 6.25 The electric field radiated by a short dipole antenna is given in spherical coordinates by 2x10 E(R 6:1) in@ cos(6n x 10% —2nR) (Vim). Find H(R,6;0) Solution: Converting to phasor form, the electric field is given by 5 (R,0) = 665 = 6222 sino vim,CHAPTER 6 31 which can be used with Eq. (6.87) to find the magnetic field: x Loe 1 fl ak ey = yy ¢-—L [gt 2 WR = TOXe Rind 20 2x10 R = oF sine? (uAim). Converting back to instantaneous value, this is HR: = 5 sindcos (6x x 10% 2eR} (Alm). Problem 6.26 A Hertzian dipole is a short conducting wire carrying an approximately constant current over its length /. Lf such a dipole is placed along the z-axis with its midpoint at the origin and if the current flowing through it is i(0) = eos, find (a) the retarded vector potential A(R,0.) at an observation point Q(R,6,$) ina spherical coordinate system, and (b) the magnetic field phasor H(R,8.6), Assume I to be sufficiently small so that the observation point is approximately ‘equidistant to all points on the dipole; that is, assume that R!'~ R. Solution: (a) In phasor form, the current is given by 7 =). Explicitly writing the volume integral in Eq. (6.84) as a double integral over the wire cross section and a single integral over its length, . 12 F(R) Rak [PPO wae an bind R where s is the wire cross section. ‘The wire is infinitesimally thin, so that R’ is not a function of x or y and the integration over the cross section of the wire applies only to the current density, Recognizing that = 2lo/s, and employing the relation R’ = R, Rae Jip R ‘aR ip ike ip e-ikk dena [ a:312 CHAP! In spherical coordinates, # = Roos ~6 sin®, and therefore x being lal nite A= Reoso —dsino Feri, (b) From Eq. (6.85), ro eecoco 6 xA= iY [cose —6sind)—— Problem 6.27 The magnetic field in a given diel tric medium is given by H §6cos2esin(2 x 10"-—O.1x) (Aim). where x and z are in meters. Determine: @E, (b) the displacement current density J, and (©) the charge density py. Solution: fa) H = $6cos2zsin(2 x 10't— 0.1.x) = $6 cos 2zcos (2 x 107t—0.1x— 1/2), = $6c0s2267!!¥ eI"! = 9 j6 cos 22074, f= vxii joe 1 (3 g 2 sm PRs afey jaz JOT 9 =j6cos2ze7"* 0 L fifa un) 5 f2 ina Bofa Ld isener] 1 [2opcaee 2 snare *) 42 (BE cosrze), ‘os oe ) From the given expression for H, @=2x10" (ads),CHAPTER 6 313, Hence, and --(@)-G28) Using the values for @ and ¢, we have -230sin22 +2 j1,Se0s2z) x 10°" (Vim), &30sin2zcos(2 x 1071 = 0.1.x) -#1.5c0s2zsin(2 x 10"1-O.1x) (kV/m). 20822) x 10e“/""*_— (Ci?) Ja = jo = (-% j12sin2z 20.6 cos 2z)e"*, Jy =Refiae™] = [8 12sin2zsin(2 x 1071 0.1x) - 20.6008 2zcos(2 x 107r—0.1x)] _ (A/m?) (©) We can find py from or from Applying Maxwell's equation, py=V-D=eVe yields a of =30 sin2zc0s(2 x 1071 =0.1x)] +2 [-1.scos2zsin(2 x wr-ousy} 9 [-3 sin2zsin(2 x 1071 —0.1x) + 3sin 2zsin(2 x 1071 —0.1)314 CHAP! Problem 6.28 The transformer shown in the figure consists of a long wire ‘coincident with the z-axis carrying a current / = focost, coupling magnetic energy 10 a toroidal coil situated in the x-y plane and centered at the origin. The toroidal core uses iron material with relative permeability jc, around which 100 tums of a tightly ‘wound coil serves to induce a voltage Vem, as shown in the figure, Iron core with i, (a) Develop an expression for Ves (b) Calculate Fant for f= 60 Hz, u,=4000, a=Sem, b=6em, e=2em, and h=S0A. Solution: (a) We start by calculating the magnetic flux through the coil, noting that r, the distance from the wire varies from a to bCHAPTER 6 315 b) 4000 x 4n.x 1077 x 2.x 107? x 100 x2 x 60 x 501n(6/5) ne Vert sin 377t =5Ssin377% (WV), Problem 6.29 In wet soil, characterized by ¢ = 107? (Sim), 4 =, and €, =36, ‘at what frequency is the conduction current density equal in magnitude to the displacement current density? Solution: For sinusoidal wave variation, the phasor electric field is E=Eye!™. e=GE =6Ege!™ aD a se h Ji or a 10 2ne In x36 x 8.85 x 10? =5x10°=5 MHz, Problem 6.30 In free space, the magnetic field is given by (a) Determine &. (b) Determine E. (©) Determine Js Sol (a) From the given expression, w = 6 x 10° (rad/s), and since the medium is free space, © _ 6x10 o 3x10 =20 (radim).316 CHAP! (b) Convert H to phasor: TE (mAim) 36377 oT x 1077 (vim). © ie od (eos x10 =202)) : 51S. 6% 1 61081205) (Wim)