GEOTEKNIK

I Gde Budi Indrawan

E il igbindrawan@ugm.ac.id
Email: i bi d @ id
II. MINERAL LEMPUNG – Pengertian

 Clay
o Hasil pelapukan batuan
o Sebagai ukuran butir tanah (< 2 m, AS; ASTM)
o Sebagai
g mineral ((kaolinite,, illite,, dll))

(Little, 1969)

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II. MINERAL LEMPUNG – Pengertian

Contoh terbentuknya mineral lempung:

• The CO2 gas can dissolve in water and form carbonic acid,
acid
which will become hydrogen ions H+ and bicarbonate ions, and
make water slightly acidic.
CO2+H2O  H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-
• The acidic water will react with the rock surfaces and tend to
dissolve the K ion and silica from the feldspar. Finally, the
feldspar is transformed into kaolinite.
Feldspar + hydrogen ions + water  clay (kaolinite) + cations,
dissolved silica
2KAlSi3O8 + 2H+ + H2O  Al2Si2O5(OH)4 + 2K+ + 4SiO2

•Note
N t that
th t the
th hydrogen
h d i displaces
ion di l th cations.
the ti
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II. MINERAL LEMPUNG – Pengertian

(González de Vallejo, 1981)

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II. MINERAL LEMPUNG – Struktur

 Mineral lempung
• Berupa lempeng-lempeng
lempeng lempeng atau serpihan-serpihan
serpihan serpihan kecil
yang terdiri dari lembar-lembar kristal.
• Masing-masing
Masing masing kristal memiliki struktur atom yang
berulang.
• Struktur dasar mineral lempung:
o Silicon-Oxygen Tetrahedron
o Aluminium-Hydroxyl Octahedron

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II. MINERAL LEMPUNG – Struktur

and = Oxygens = Silicons

Single silica tetrahedron Group of silica tetrahedron to
form silica sheet

S b l off silica
Symbol ili sheet
h t
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II. MINERAL LEMPUNG – Struktur

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II. MINERAL LEMPUNG – Struktur

and
d = Hydroxyls
H d l = Aluminiums,
Al i i magnesiums,
i etc
t

Single aluminium or Group of aluminium (or

magnesium octahedron magnesium) octahedron to
form gibsite (or brucite) sheet

Symbol of gibsite (or brucite) sheet

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II. MINERAL LEMPUNG – Struktur

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II. MINERAL LEMPUNG – Struktur
The ease of cation replacement
depends on the Non-hydrated Hydrated
Cations
radius (Å) radius (Å)
1.
1 Valence (primarily)
 Higher valence cations can Li+ 0.68 3.8

replace cations of lower valence. Na+ 0.95 3.6

2. Ion size K+ 1.33 3.3
 Cations with larger non-hydrated
Cs+ 1.69 3.3
radii or smaller hydrated radii
have greater replacement power. Be2+ 0.31 4.6

Mg2+ 0 65
0.65 43
4.3
Following rules (1) and (2), the Ca2+ 0.99 4.1
general order of replacement:
Ba2+ 1.35
Li+<Na+<K+<Rb+<Cs+<Mg2+<Ca2+<Ba
2+<Cu
<C 2+<Al3+<Fe
<F 3+<Th4+ Al3+ 0.5 4.8

Fe3+ 0.6
3. Relative amount
 High concentration of ((Data compiled
p from Israelachvili,, 1991))

Na+ can displace Al3+.

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II. MINERAL LEMPUNG – Struktur

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II. MINERAL LEMPUNG – Struktur

Summary

Mitchell (1993)

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II. MINERAL LEMPUNG – Jenis

Noncrystalline
clay - Allophane

Mitchell (1993)
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II. MINERAL LEMPUNG – Jenis

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II. MINERAL LEMPUNG – Jenis

• Th
The bonding
b di b between
t llayers are van der
d Waals
W l fforces and
d
hydrogen bonds (strong bonding).
• There is no interlayer swelling; interparticle swelling is possible.
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II. MINERAL LEMPUNG – Jenis

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II. MINERAL LEMPUNG – Jenis

Halloysite (1:1 mineral)

• A single
i l layer
l off water
t between
b t unitit layers.
l
• There is no interlayer swelling.
• If the temperature is over 50 °C or the relative humidity is lower
than 50%, the hydrated halloysite will lose its interlayer water.
This process is irreversible and will affect the results of soil
classifications
l ifi ti (GSD and d Atterberg
Att b li it ) and
limits) d compaction
ti ttests.
t
• Tubular shape while it is hydrated.

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II. MINERAL LEMPUNG – Jenis

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II. MINERAL LEMPUNG – Jenis

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II. MINERAL LEMPUNG – Jenis

• There is extensive isomorphous substitution for silicon and

aluminum by other cations, which results in charge
deficiencies of clay particles.
• Due to week Van der Waals’ forces between the tops of the
tetrahedral sheets & net negative charge deficiency in the
octahedral sheet, water can enter & separate the layers.
Thus,, the crystals
y can be veryy small,, but theyy have veryy
strong attraction for water.
• The soils are very susceptible to swelling as water content
i
increase & cause ddamage tto structures.
t t

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II. MINERAL LEMPUNG – Jenis

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II. MINERAL LEMPUNG – Jenis

(mica-like
( i lik mineral)
i l)

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II. MINERAL LEMPUNG – Jenis

• Similar to montmorillonite (2:1 mineral).

• Charge deficiency:
some of the Si4+ in the tetrahedral sheet are replaced by the
Al3+, and some of the Al3+ in the octahedral sheet are
substituted by the Mg2+ or Fe3+.
• The charge deficiency is balanced by the potassium (K) ion
between layers.
layers Potassium ion can exactly fit into the
hexagonal hole in the tetrahedral sheet and form a strong
interlayer bonding.

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II. MINERAL LEMPUNG – Jenis

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II. MINERAL LEMPUNG – Jenis

Vermiculite
(2:1 mineral)

Mitchell (1993)

Illite Vermiculite
• The octahedral sheet is brucite.
• Similar to montmorillonite, but it has only 2 inter-layers of
water. It becomes an excellent insulation material once the
inter layer water removed by drying at high temperature
inter-layer temperature.
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II. MINERAL LEMPUNG – Jenis

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II. MINERAL LEMPUNG – Jenis

Attapulgite
• Does not have sheet structure,
structure but is a chain silicate.
silicate
• Needle or rod like appearance.

4.7 m
Trovey, 1971 ( from Mitchell, 1993)

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II. MINERAL LEMPUNG – Jenis

Mixed layer minerals

• Because of the great similarity in crystal structure among the
different minerals, interstratification of two or more layer types
often occurs within a single particle.
• Most common: montmorillonite-illite
• Other: montmorillonite-chlorite, chlorite-vermiculite.

Allophane
X ray amorphous and has no definite composition or shape
X-ray shape. It is
composed of hollow, irregular spherical particles with diameters
of 3.5 to 5.0 nm.

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II. MINERAL LEMPUNG – Analisa

 Identifikasi mineral clay

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II. MINERAL LEMPUNG – Analisa

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II. MINERAL LEMPUNG – Specific Surface

 Specific surface (SS)

g
Perbandingan antara luas p g
permukaan dengan volume atau
massa partikel mineral lempung.

SS = luas permukaan/
p volume
SS = luas permukaan/ massa

111 cm cube,   2.65g / cm 3

6 1cm 2 4
Ss   2. 3  10  m 2
/g
1cm 3  2.65 g / cm 3
111m cube
b ,   2.65g / cm 3
6 1m 2
Ss   2. 3  m 2
/g
1m  2.65 g / cm
3 3

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II. MINERAL LEMPUNG – Specific Surface

• SS berbanding terbalik dengan ukuran butir: semakin kecil

ukuran p
partikel,, semakin besar SS.

• Lebih banyak air yang perlu ditambahkan untuk membasahi

atau lebih banyak y air yyang
g p
perlu dihilangkan
g untuk
mengeringkan permukaan partikel berukuran lebih kecil: tanah
berukuran halus akan memiliki kandungan air lebih tinggi
daripada tanah berukuran kasar (kedua tanah memiliki volume
total dan struktur tanah sama).

• SS: Montmorillonite [0.8]

[0 8] > Illite [0.08]
[0 08] > Chlorite [0.08]
[0 08] >
Kaolinite [0.015].

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II. MINERAL LEMPUNG – Interaksi antar Partikel
Mineral Lempung

Interlayer
I t l Particle

Interparticle
Layer

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II. MINERAL LEMPUNG – Interaksi Mineral
Lempung - Air

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II. MINERAL LEMPUNG – Interaksi Mineral
Lempung - Air

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II. MINERAL LEMPUNG – Interaksi antar Partikel
Mineral Lempung
 Net surface charge:
• Permanent negative surface charge due to the isomorphous
substitution and imperfect crystal lattice (“broken edge);
• Adsorbed protons of H+ and OH- due to protonation and
deprotonation;
• Adsorbed ions in the Stern layer.

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II. MINERAL LEMPUNG – Interaksi antar Partikel
Mineral Lempung
 Diffuse Double Layer

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II. MINERAL LEMPUNG – Interaksi antar Partikel
Mineral Lempung

Net force between clay particles (or interlayers)

DLVO = van der Waals attraction +
forces D bl llayer repulsion
Double l i ((overlapping
l i off th
the d
double
bl llayer)) +
Coulombian attraction (between the (+) edge and (-) face)

 DLVO: Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek

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II. MINERAL LEMPUNG – Interaksi antar Partikel
Mineral Lempung

Implikasi:
Tanah lempung dengan struktur
dispersed memiliki sifat:
- plastisitas (rendah)
- permeabilitas (rendah)
- compaction density (tinggi)

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II. MINERAL LEMPUNG – Aplikasi

 Compacted clay/ geosynthetic clay for lining and cover

systems of landfills: bentonite

www.gunjanminerals.com

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II. MINERAL LEMPUNG – Aplikasi

 Compacted clay / geosynthetic clay for lining of evaporation

ponds: bentonite, kaolinite

(Golder, 2010)

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II. MINERAL LEMPUNG – Aplikasi

 Lumpur pemboran: bentonite, kaolinite,

attapulgite (in saline environment)
• Membawa cutting ke permukaan.
• Membersihkan mata bor.
• Mengimbangi tekanan formasi
selama pemboran.
• T
Terbentuknya
b t k mud d cake
k mencegah h
drilling fluid loss di zone porous dan
j g stabilitas lubang
menjaga g bor.

www.coteychemical.com

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II. MINERAL LEMPUNG – Aplikasi

 Inti bendungan.

www.sciendedirect.com

 Material pengisi retakan

pada tanah dan batuan
untuk mencegah longsor.
longsor

www.planat.ch

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