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Анализ элементного состава почв. Йонко О.А.
Анализ элементного состава почв. Йонко О.А.
ȽɈɋɍȾȺɊɋɌȼȿɇɇɈȿ ɈȻɊȺɁɈȼȺɌȿɅɖɇɈȿ
ɍɑɊȿɀȾȿɇɂȿ
ȼɕɋɒȿȽɈ ɉɊɈɎȿɋɋɂɈɇȺɅɖɇɈȽɈ ɈȻɊȺɁɈȼȺɇɂə
«ȼɈɊɈɇȿɀɋɄɂɃ ȽɈɋɍȾȺɊɋɌȼȿɇɇɕɃ
ɍɇɂȼȿɊɋɂɌȿɌ»
ɋɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɟɥɶ
Ɉ.Ⱥ. Ƀɨɧɤɨ
ɂɡɞɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨ-ɩɨɥɢɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɰɟɧɬɪ
ȼɨɪɨɧɟɠɫɤɨɝɨ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɚ
2007
ɍɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɨ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɨɜɟɬɨɦ ɛɢɨɥɨɝɨ-ɩɨɱɜɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɮɚɤɭɥɶɬɟɬɚ 18 ɚɩɪɟɥɹ 2007 ɝ., ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ʋ 3
2
ɗȿɅȿɆȿɇɌɇɕɃ (ȼȺɅɈȼɈɃ) ɋɈɋɌȺȼ ɉɈɑȼɕ
ɗɥɟɦɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɨɰɟɧɢɬɶ ɢɬɨɝɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ
ɩɨɱɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜɫɟ ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɵ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ
ɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɸ.
ɉɪɨɜɨɞɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɢɥɢ ɜɚɥɨɜɨɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɨɛɳɟɟ
(ɜɚɥɨɜɨɟ) ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɩɨɱɜɟ. ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ
ɷɬɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ
ɩɨɱɜɨɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɝɟɧɟɡɢɫɚ ɩɨɱɜ.
5
ɝɞɟ W% – ɦɚɫɫɨɜɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɝɢɝɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɜɥɚɝɢ.
ȼ ɬɟɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ ɤɨɝɞɚ ɧɚɜɟɫɤɭ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ
ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ, ɚɡɨɬɚ ɢ ɬ. ɞ.), ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɢɬɶ
ɦɧɨɠɢɬɟɥɶ, ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ
ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨ-ɫɭɯɭɸ ɩɨɱɜɭ, ɩɟɪɟɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɭɲɟɧɧɭɸ ɩɨɱɜɭ. Ɉɧ (KW1)
ɪɚɜɟɧ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ KW (KW>1)
1 100 W %
Kw1 .
Kw 100
6
Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ
ɉɨɱɜɚ, ʋ ʋ Ɇɚɫɫɚ Ɇɚɫɫɚ Ɇɚɫɫɚ Ɇɚɫɫɚ Ɇɚɫɫɚ Ƚɢɝɪɨ-
ɪɚɡɪɟɡɚ, ɛɸɤ ɛɸɤɫɚ, ɛɸɤɫɚ ɫ ɛɸɤɫɚ ɫ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɜɥɚɝɢ, ɫɤɨɩɢ-
ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɫɚ ɝ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨ- ɜɵɫɭɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ ɝ ɱɟɫɤɚɹ
ɨɛɪɚɡɰɚ, ɫɭɯɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɨɣ, ɝ ɝ ɜɥɚɠ-
ɫɦ ɩɨɱɜɨɣ, ɝ ɧɨɫɬɶ,
%
8
(V1 u H1 V2 u H 2 ) u 100 u M ɗ
ɋ% u KW ,
m
ɝɞɟ V1 – ɜɡɹɬɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ K2Cr2O7, ɦɥ;
H1 – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɨɜ ɞɢɯɪɨɦɚɬ-ɢɨɧɨɜ (1/6 Cr2O72-),
ɦɦɨɥɶ/ɦɥ;
V2 – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ FeSO4, ɩɨɲɟɞɲɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ
ɧɟɩɪɨɪɟɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɟɝɨ ɫ ɩɨɱɜɨɣ (ɢɡɛɵɬɤɚ) K2Cr2O7, ɦɥ;
H2 – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ (FeSO4),
ɦɦɨɥɶ/ɦɥ;
m – ɧɚɜɟɫɤɚ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɝ;
Ɇɷ – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ (0,003 ɝ/ɦɦɨɥɶ);
(V1H1–V2H2) – ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɦɢɥɥɢɦɨɥɟɣ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɨɜ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɧɚɜɟɫɤɟ
ɩɨɱɜɵ;
KW – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɝɢɝɪɨɫɤɨɩɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ (KW>1)/
Ⱦɥɹ ɬɨɝɨ ɱɬɨɛɵ ɭɱɟɫɬɶ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɫɟɪɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɞɢɯɪɨɦɚɬɚ
ɤɚɥɢɹ, ɪɚɡɥɨɠɢɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɤɢɩɹɱɟɧɢɢ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɵɣ ɨɩɵɬ ɢ
ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ FeSO4, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɢɞɟɬ ɧɚ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɡɹɬɨɝɨ
ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ K2Cr2O7. ɉɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ
ɦɨɠɧɨ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɦɨɥɹɪɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɨɜ K2Cr2O7.
Ɍɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɤɢɩɹɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɞɢɯɪɨɦɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ ɫ
ɩɪɨɤɚɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɟɦɡɨɣ. ɉɟɦɡɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɤɢɩɹɱɟɧɢɟ ɛɵɥɨ
ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɵɦ, ɤɚɤ ɫ ɩɨɱɜɨɣ.
Ɋɟɚɤɬɢɜɵ. 1. 0,4 ɧ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ K2Cr2O7 ɜ ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɣ 1:1 ɫɟɪɧɨɣ
ɤɢɫɥɨɬɟ. ȼ 500 ɦɥ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ (ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɨɦ)
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ 40 ɝ ɞɢɯɪɨɦɚɬɚ ɤɚɥɢɹ, ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɬ, ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ
ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɞɨ 1 ɥ ɢ ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɜ ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɨɣɤɭɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ
ɜɦɟɫɬɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ 3–5 ɥ. ȼ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɩɨ ɫɬɟɧɤɟ ɤɨɥɛɵ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ ɩɨɪɰɢɹɦɢ
ɩɪɢ ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ 1 ɥ ɤɨɧɰ. H2SO4. Ɋɚɛɨɬɭ
ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɜɵɬɹɠɧɨɦ ɲɤɚɮɭ, ɜ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɯ ɨɱɤɚɯ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɩɟɪɟɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɛɭɬɵɥɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɬɟɪɬɨɣ ɩɪɨɛɤɨɣ.
2. 0,2 ɧ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɫɨɥɢ Ɇɨɪɚ. ȼ 600 ɦɥ 1 ɧ H2SO4 ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ 80 ɝ ɫɨɥɢ
Ɇɨɪɚ (NH4)2SO4×FeSO4×6H2O, ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɬ ɢ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ
ɜɨɞɵ ɞɨ ɦɟɬɤɢ (ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 20 ɦɥ H2SO4 (ɩɥ. 1,84)
ɧɚ 1 ɥ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ). Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɪɚɡ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɬɶ.
3. 0,2 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɮɟɧɢɥɚɧɬɪɨɧɢɥɨɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ (C13H11O2N) ɜ 0,2 %
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ Na2CO3. Ɉɬɜɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ 0,2 ɝ ɮɟɧɢɥɚɧɬɪɨɧɢɥɨɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ ɜ 100 ɦɥ 0,2 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ Na2CO3. Ⱦɥɹ ɥɭɱɲɟɝɨ ɫɦɚɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ
ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɨɪɨɲɨɤ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɫɦɨɱɢɬɶ ɜ
ɮɚɪɮɨɪɨɜɨɣ ɱɚɲɤɟ ɫ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ ɦɥ 0,2 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ Na2CO3, ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɹ
ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɨɣ ɩɚɥɨɱɤɨɣ. Ⱥ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɞɨɛɚɜɢɬɶ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ Na2CO3,
ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɹ.
9
Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ
ɉɨɱɜɚ, ɇɚɜɟɫ- Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɧ 1, FeSO4 ɋ, % ɋ, %
ɪɚɡɪɟɡ, ɤɚ K2Cr2O7, ɦɦɨɥɶ Ɉɛɴɟɦ, ɦɥ ɧ 2, ɧɚ ɧɚ
ɝɥɭɛɢ- ɜɨɡɞɭ- ɦɥ (+)/ɦɥ ɤɨɧɬ- ɩɪɨ- ɦɦɨɥɶ ɜɨɡɞɭ- ɜɵɫɭ-
ɧɚ, ɫɦ ɲɧɨ- ɪɨɥɶ- ɛɚ (+)/ɦɥ ɲɧɨ ɲɟɧ-
ɫɭɯɨɣ ɧɵɣ ɫɭɯɭɸ ɧɭɸ
ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɨɩɵɬ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɩɨɱ-
ɝ ɜɭ
Ⱦɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɝɭɦɭɫɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ % ɋ ɭɦɧɨɠɢɬɶ ɧɚ
ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ 1,724.
11
Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ
ɉɨɱɜɚ, ɇɚɜɟɫ- Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɧ 1, FeSO4 ɋ, % ɋ, %
ɪɚɡɪɟɡ, ɤɚ K2Cr2O7, ɦɦɨɥɶ Ɉɛɴɟɦ, ɦɥ ɧ 2, ɧɚ ɧɚ
ɝɥɭɛɢ ɜɨɡɞɭ- ɦɥ (+)/ɦɥ ɤɨɧɬ- ɩɪɨ ɦɦɨɥɶ ɜɨɡɞɭ- ɜɵɫɭ-
ɧɚ, ɫɦ ɲɧɨ- ɪɨɥɶ- ɛɚ (+)/ɦɥ ɲɧɨ ɲɟɧ-
ɫɭɯɨɣ ɧɵɣ ɫɭɯɭɸ ɧɭɸ
ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɨɩɵɬ ɩɨɱɜɭ ɩɨɱ-
ɝ ɜɭ
13
2-ɣ ɫɩɨɫɨɛ: ɢɡ ɛɸɪɟɬɤɢ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ 10 ɦɥ 2 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɛɨɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢ
10 ɦɥ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɚɩɟɥɶ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɚ
Ƚɪɨɚɤɚ.
ɉɪɢɟɦɧɢɤ ɫɬɚɜɹɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɜɤɭ ɬɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɤɨɧɟɰ ɬɪɭɛɤɢ ɫ
ɲɚɪɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟɦ ɛɵɥ ɩɨɝɪɭɠɟɧ ɜ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ.
Ɂɚɬɟɦ, ɞɟɪɠɚ ɨɬɝɨɧɧɭɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɜ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ, ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɨ
ɩɨ ɫɬɟɧɤɟ, ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɝɨ, ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɦɟɪɧɵɦ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɨɦ
40 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ NaOH ɜ ɨɛɴɟɦɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɪɚɡɚ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ ɨɛɴɟɦ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ H2SO4, ɜɡɹɬɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ
ɩɨɱɜɵ. ȼ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɚɩɟɥɶ ɫɩɢɪɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɚ
ɮɟɧɨɥɮɬɚɥɟɢɧɚ, ɤɥɚɞɭɬ ɤɭɫɨɱɟɤ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ, ɝɪɚɧɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ ɰɢɧɤ ɢɥɢ
ɫɬɟɤɥɹɧɧɵɟ ɤɚɩɢɥɥɹɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ. Ʉɨɥɛɭ
ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɸɬ ɤ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɧɧɨɦɭ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɭ, ɩɥɨɬɧɨ ɡɚɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɨɛɤɨɣ, ɡɚɬɟɦ
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɟ ɤɨɥɛɵ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɱɧɵɦɢ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɵɦɢ
ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɮɢɨɥɟɬɨɜɨɟ ɨɤɪɚɲɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɤɨɥɛɟ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ
ɨ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ. ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɟ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɫɬɢ ɤ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɩɟɪɟɝɪɟɜɭ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɞɧɟ ɤɨɥɛɵ,
ɛɭɪɧɨɦɭ ɜɫɤɢɩɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɞɚɠɟ ɜɡɪɵɜɭ!!! ɋɪɚɡɭ ɠɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɹ,
ɤɨɥɛɵ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɸɬ ɢ ɞɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɞɨ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ. Ʉɢɩɟɧɢɟ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ
ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɵɦ ɢ ɧɟɫɢɥɶɧɵɦ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɨɬɝɨɧɤɢ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɡɚɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɢɡ ɤɨɥɛɵ-ɩɪɢɟɦɧɢɤɚ ɜ
ɬɪɭɛɤɭ ɫ ɲɚɪɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɟɦ. ɉɟɪɟɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ
ɤɨɥɛɭ ɞɥɹ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɹɰɢɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɦ ɜɡɪɵɜɨɦ. ȼɨ
ɢɡɛɟɠɚɧɢɟ ɜɡɪɵɜɚ ɩɪɢ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɦ, ɧɟɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɸɳɟɦɫɹ ɡɚɫɚɫɵɜɚɧɢɢ
ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɬɪɭɛɤɭ ɩɪɢɟɦɧɭɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɨɩɭɫɬɢɬɶ ɢ ɜɵɧɭɬɶ ɬɪɭɛɤɭ ɢɡ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ. ɋɩɭɫɬɹ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ
ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɝɨɧɤɚ ɜɨɞɵ, ɤɨɥɛɭ-ɩɪɢɟɦɧɢɤ ɨɩɭɫɤɚɸɬ, ɢ ɬɪɭɛɤɭ
ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɚ ɜɵɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɢɡ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɬɝɨɧɤɭ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɸɬ
ɞɨ ɬɟɯ ɩɨɪ, ɩɨɤɚ ɜɟɫɶ ɚɦɦɢɚɤ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɭɞɚɥɟɧ ɢɡ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ.
ɉɨɥɧɨɬɭ ɨɬɝɨɧɤɢ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɨɦ ɇɟɫɥɟɪɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɷɬɨɝɨ
ɬɪɭɛɤɭ ɫɩɨɥɚɫɤɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɦɢ ɤɚɩɥɹɦɢ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ,
ɫɨɛɢɪɚɹ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɧɵɟ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɩɪɢɟɦɧɢɤ; ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɚɩɟɥɶ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɹɬɚ
ɫɨɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɜ ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɭɸ ɮɚɪɮɨɪɨɜɭɸ ɱɚɲɤɭ, ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɤɚɩɥɸ ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɚ
ɇɟɫɥɟɪɚ ɢ, ɟɫɥɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɨɬɝɨɧɤɭ
ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɳɚɸɬ. Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɜ ɤɨɥɛɟ-ɩɪɢɟɦɧɢɤɟ ɬɢɬɪɭɸɬ ɜ 1 ɫɥɭɱɚɟ:
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ NaOH, ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɬɨɣ ɠɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ, ɱɬɨ ɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ,
ɜɡɹɬɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ; ɜɨ 2 ɫɥɭɱɚɟ: 0,02 ɧ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ H2SO4. ɉɨ
ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɨɦ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɟ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɜ
ɩɨɱɜɟ. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɜ 1 ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ:
[V1 u H1 (V2 V3 ) u H 2 ] u 0, 014 u 100
N% ,
m u KW
ɝɞɟ V1 – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɜɡɹɬɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɟɧɢɹ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ, ɦɥ;
14
H1 – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ (1/2 H2SO4)
ɦɦɨɥɶ/ɦɥ;
V2 – ɨɛɴɟɦ NaOH, ɩɨɲɟɞɲɢɣ ɧɚ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɧɟɩɪɨɪɟɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɢɣ ɫ
ɚɦɦɢɚɤɨɦ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɦɥ;
V3 – ɨɛɴɟɦ NaOH, ɩɨɲɟɞɲɟɣ ɧɚ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ, ɦɥ;
H2 – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ NaOH, ɦɦɨɥɶ/ɦɥ;
m – ɧɚɜɟɫɤɚ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɝ;
0,014 – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɚɡɨɬɚ, ɝ/ɦɦɨɥɶ;
KW – ɦɧɨɠɢɬɟɥɶ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɪɚɠɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɧɚ ɜɵɫɭɲɟɧɧɭɸ
ɩɨɱɜɭ (KW<1).
ȼɨ 2 ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ:
(V V1 ) u H u 0, 014 u 100
N% ,
m u K uW
ɝɞɟ V – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɩɨɲɟɞɲɢɣ ɧɚ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɨɪɚɬ – ɢɨɧɨɜ,
ɦɥ;
V1 – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɩɨɲɟɞɲɢɣ ɧɚ ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɛɨɪɚɬ – ɢɨɧɨɜ ɜ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɨɦ ɨɩɵɬɟ, ɦɥ;
H – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ (1/2 H2SO4)
ɦɦɨɥɶ/ɦɥ;
m – ɧɚɜɟɫɤɚ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɝ;
0,014 – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɝ/ɦɦɨɥɶ.
Ɋɟɚɤɬɢɜɵ. 1. ɋɟɪɧɚɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ (ɩɥ. 1,84).
2. Ʉɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɵ K2SO4+CuSO4×5H2O+Se ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ
100:10:1. ɇɚɜɟɫɤɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɜ ɮɚɪɮɨɪɨɜɭɸ ɫɬɭɩɤɭ, ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɢɪɚɸɬ.
3. 10 ɧ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ (40 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ) NaOH ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɜ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɮɚɪɮɨɪɨɜɵɣ
ɫɬɚɤɚɧ ɢɥɢ ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɨɣɤɭɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ, ɦɚɪɤɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ 1 ɥ. Ʉ 600 ɦɥ
ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ 400 ɝ NaOH ɢ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɢɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɡɨɝɪɟɜɚɟɬɫɹ.
Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɡɚɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɫɬɨɹɬɶ ɞɨ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɞɧɹ.
4. 2 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɛɨɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ (H3BO3): 2 ɝ ɛɨɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ
ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɜ ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɨɣɤɭɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ, ɦɚɪɤɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɭɸ ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ,
ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɳɟɦ 100 ɦɥ. ȼ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɞɨ
ɦɟɬɤɢ 100 ɦɥ;
5. ɂɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪ Ƚɪɨɚɤɚ: 1 ɨɛɴɟɦ 0,4 % ɫɩɢɪɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɦɟɬɢɥɨɜɨɝɨ
ɤɪɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɫ 1 ɨɛɴɟɦɨɦ 0,2 % ɫɩɢɪɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɦɟɬɢɥɨɜɨɝɨ
ɝɨɥɭɛɨɝɨ. ɗɬɨɬ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɭ ɜ ɭɡɤɨɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɟ ɪɇ
(5,2–5,6) ɢɡ ɡɟɥɟɧɨɝɨ ɜ ɤɪɚɫɧɨ-ɮɢɨɥɟɬɨɜɭɸ.
Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɜ ɩɪɢɟɦɧɢɤɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɝɨɧɤɢ ɚɦɦɢɚɤɚ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɪɇ>5,6, ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ
ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɳɟɥɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɨɥɢ (NH4)3BO3, ɜ ɷɬɨɦ
ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɪɇ ɦɟɬɢɥɨɜɵɣ ɤɪɚɫɧɵɣ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɠɟɥɬɭɸ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɭ, ɦɟɬɢɥɨɜɵɣ
ɝɨɥɭɛɨɣ – ɫɢɧɸɸ, ɢ ɢɯ ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɨɛɭɫɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɡɟɥɟɧɵɣ ɰɜɟɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɞɨ
ɬɢɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
15
6. 0,01 ɧ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢɥɢ ɫɨɥɹɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ
ɩɪɢɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɪɢ ɞɟɫɹɬɢɤɪɚɬɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɨɣ
0,1 ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ H2SO4 ɢɥɢ HCI, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɮɢɤɫɚɧɚɥɚ.
Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ
ɉɨɱɜɚ, ɇɚɜɟɫɤɚ Ɉɛɴɟɦ H2SO4 NaOH N, %
ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ, ɩɨɱɜɵ, H2SO4 V1, ɦɥ ɧ1, V2, V3 ɧ 2, ɩɨɱɜɵ
ʋ ɝ ɜɡɹɬɵɣ ɦɦɨɥɶ ɦɥ ɦɦɨɥɶ
ɪɚɡɪɟɡɚ ɞɥɹ (+)/ɦɥ (+)/ɦɥ
ɨɡɨɥɟɧɢɹ
17
ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ. ɉɪɢɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɬɢɝɟɥɶ ɧɟɬ ɫɦɵɫɥɚ, ɬɚɤ
ɤɚɤ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɟɬɫɹ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɜɵɩɚɪɢɜɚɧɢɟ.
Ɋɟɚɤɬɢɜɵ. ɛɟɡɜɨɞɧɵɣ ɯ. ɱ. KNaCO3, ɪɚɫɬɟɪɬɵɣ ɜ ɩɭɞɪɭ. ɏɪɚɧɹɬ ɜ
ɡɚɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɛɚɧɤɟ.
Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ
ɉɨɱ- Ƚɥɭ- ɇɚɜɟɫ- ʋ ɮɚɪ- Ɇɚɫɫɚ ȼɟɫ ɬɢɝɥɹ Ɇɚɫɫɚ % %
ɜɚ ɛɢ ɤɚ ɫɭ- ɮɨɪɨ- ɩɭɫɬɨɝɨ ɫ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɦ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ, SiO2 Si
ɧɚ, ɯɨɣ ɜɨɝɨ ɮɚɪɮɨ- ɩɨɫɥɟ SiO2, ɝ
ɫɦ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɬɢɝɥɹ ɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɤɚɥɢ-
ɝ ɬɢɝɥɹ, ɝ ɜɚɧɢɹ, ɝ
1 2 3
ɉɟɪɟɫɱɟɬ ɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɹ ɫɯɟɦɭ:
Si 28,09
SiO2 o Si 0,468 .
SiO2 60,09
Ɋɟɚɤɬɢɜɵ. 1. HCI (ɩɥ. 1,19) ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɚɹ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ.
2. 1 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɠɟɥɚɬɢɧɵ: ɤ 100 ɦɥ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɧɚɝɪɟɬɨɣ
ɞɨ 70º, ɩɪɢɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ 1 ɝ ɠɟɥɚɬɢɧɵ. ɋɬɚɜɹɬ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɹɧɭɸ ɛɚɧɸ ɢ ɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɧɚ ɧɟɣ
ɞɨ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɹ, ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɹ ɥɟɝɤɢɦ
20
ɜɡɛɚɥɬɵɜɚɧɢɟɦ. Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɵɲɟ 70º, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ
ɢɧɚɱɟ ɠɟɥɚɬɢɧɚ ɬɟɪɹɟɬ ɫɜɨɟ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ. Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ
ɛɵɬɶ ɫɜɟɠɟɩɪɢɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɦ.
3. 1 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ HCI: 226 ɦɥ HCI ɩɥ. 1,19 ɪɚɡɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ
ɜɨɞɨɣ ɞɨ 100 ɦɥ (ɤɢɫɥɨɬɭ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɜɨɞɭ).
4. 10 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɪɨɞɚɧɢɞɚ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɹ. Ɉɬɜɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ 10 ɝ NH4CNS ɢ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ ɜ 50 ɦɥ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɚ ɡɚɬɟɦ ɞɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɞɨ
ɨɛɴɟɦɚ 100 ɦɥ.
22
ɉɪɨɦɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɟɞɭɬ ɞɨ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɹ ɯɥɨɪ-ɢɨɧɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɛɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ.
ɂɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ 8–10 ɤɪɚɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ
ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ: ɩɨɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɪɨɧɤɭ ɱɢɫɬɭɸ ɩɪɨɛɢɪɤɭ, ɫɨɛɢɪɚɸɬ 1–2 ɦɥ
ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ, ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ 1 ɦɥ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ HNO3, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ
ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ 2–3 ɤɚɩɥɢ 1 % AgNO3 ɢ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ. Ɉɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ
ɨɫɚɞɤɚ ɢ ɨɩɚɥɟɫɰɟɧɰɢɢ ɜ ɫɨɛɪɚɧɧɨɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɟ ɭɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɱɢɫɬɨɬɭ
ɩɪɨɦɵɬɵɯ ɝɢɞɪɨɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ.
ȼɫɟɝɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɧɢɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ R(OH)3 ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɟɠɞɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ
ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɧɭɸ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ CI-, ɢɧɚɱɟ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɧɢɟ
ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɛɟɫɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɦ.
Ɏɢɥɶɬɪɚɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɹɸɬ ɞɥɹ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɤɚɥɶɰɢɹ ɢ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ.
ɉɪɨɦɵɬɵɣ ɢ ɜɵɫɭɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ R(OH)3 ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɜɨ
ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɬɢɝɟɥɶ, ɨɡɨɥɹɸɬ ɩɨɞ ɬɹɝɨɣ ɧɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɥɢɬɤɟ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ
ɬɢɝɟɥɶ ɫ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɦ ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɭɸ ɦɭɮɟɥɶɧɭɸ ɩɟɱɶ, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɬ ɟɟ ɢ
ɩɪɨɤɚɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɨɫɚɞɨɤ ɞɨ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɫɚ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 850–950º
(ɫɜɟɬɥɨ-ɤɪɚɫɧɨɟ, ɫɜɟɬɥɨ-ɨɪɚɧɠɟɜɨɟ ɤɚɥɟɧɢɟ).
Ɇɚɫɫɨɜɭɸ ɞɨɥɸ ɩɨɥɭɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
mO u VO u 100
% R2O3 ,
Vɚɥ u m
ɝɞɟ mO – ɦɚɫɫɚ ɩɪɨɤɚɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ ɩɨɥɭɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɨɤɢɫɥɨɜ ɡɚ ɜɵɱɟɬɨɦ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɢɣ ɯɨɥɨɫɬɨɝɨ ɨɩɵɬɚ, ɝ;
m – ɧɚɜɟɫɤɚ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɝ;
V0 – ɨɛɳɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɟɦɧɟɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɦɥ;
Vɚɥ – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɚɥɢɤɜɨɬɵ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɟɦɧɟɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ,
ɜɡɹɬɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ, ɦɥ.
Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ
ɉɨɱ- Ƚɥɭ- ɇɚɜɟɫ- ʋ Ɇɚɫɫɚ Ɇɚɫɫɚ Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɮɢɥɶɬ- Ɇɚɫ- R2O3,
ɜɚ ɛɢ- ɤɚ ɫɭ- ɮɚɪɮɨ- ɩɭɫɬɨ ɬɢɝɥɹ ɫ ɪɚɬɚ ɨɬ ɤɪɟɦ- ɫɚ %
ɧɚ, ɯɨɣ ɪɨɜɨɝɨ ɝɨ ɬɢɝ- ɨɫɚɞɤɨɦ ɧɟɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɨɫɚɞ-
ɫɦ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɬɢɝɥɹ ɥɹ, ɝ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɦɥ ɤɚ
ɝ ɩɪɨɤɚ- ɨɛɳɢɣ ɚɥɢɤ- R2O3,
ɥɢɜɚɧɢɹ, ɜɨɬɚ ɝ
ɝ
Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ
ɉɨɱɜɚ, ɇɚɜɟɫɤɚ Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ, ɦɥ Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɧ III Fe2O3, Fe,
ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ, ɜɵɫɭ- Ɉɛɳɢɣ ȼɡɹɬɵɣ ɞɥɹ Ɇ Ɉɛɴɟɦ, ɦɥ % %
ɫɦ ɲɟɧɧɨɣ V0 ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ Vɚɥ
ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɝ
25
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɧɚ III ɞɨ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɚ ɜɢɧɧɨ-ɤɪɚɫɧɨɣ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɜ
ɫɢɧɟ-ɝɨɥɭɛɭɸ.
Ɇɨɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɧɚ III ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
Ɇ 1 u V1
Ɇ ,
V
ɝɞɟ M1 ɢ V1 – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɮɢɤɫɚɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ MgSO4 ɢɥɢ
ZnCI2;
M ɢ V – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɨɧɚ III ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ.
Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ
ɉɨɱ- Ƚɥɭ- ɇɚɜɟɫ- Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ, ɦɥ KMnO4 ɋɚ, ɋɚɈ,
ɜɚ ɛɢɧɚ, ɤɚ ɫɭ- ɉɨɫɥɟ ɉɨɫɥɟ Ⱥɥɢɤ Ⱥɥɢɤ Ɉɛɴɟɦ M % %
ɫɦ ɯɨɣ ɨɬɞɟ- ɨɬɞɟ- ɜɨɬɚ, ɜɨɬɚ, ɩɨɲɟɞ-
ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɥɟɧɢɹ ɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɞɥɹ ɲɢɣ ɧɚ
ɝ Si, V0 R2O3, R2O3, ɨɩɪɟ- ɬɢɬ-
VK Vɚɥ ɞɟɥɟ- ɪɨɜɚ-
ɧɢɹ ɧɢɟ V,
Vɚɥ ɦɥ
30
ɝɞɟ 0,0203 (1/2 MgO) – ɦɨɥɹɪɧɚɹ ɦɚɫɫɚ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɚ ɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɦɚɝɧɢɹ,
ɝ/ɦɦɨɥɶ.
Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ
ɉɨɱɜɚ, ɇɚɜɟɫɤɚ Ʉɢɫɥɨɬɚ ɓɟɥɨɱɶ Ɉɛɴɟɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ, Mg, MgO,
ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ, ɫɭɯɨɣ ɦɥ % %
ɫɦ ɩɨɱɜɵ, Ɉɛɴɟɦ, Ɇ Ɉɛɴɟɦ, Ɇ1 Ɉɛɳɢ ȼɡɹɬɵɣ
ɝ ɦɥ V ɦɥ V1 ɣ, ɦɥ ɞɥɹ ɚɧɚ-
V0 ɥɢɡɚ, ɦɥ
Vɚɥ
31
Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ MnO4- ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɜ ɚɡɨɬɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɫɟɪɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ,
ɧɨ ɧɟ ɜ ɫɨɥɹɧɨɤɢɫɥɨɣ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɢɨɧ ɯɥɨɪɚ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɢɨɧ ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɟɜɨɣ
ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɩɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ:
2MnO4-+10CI+16H+=Mn2++5CI2+8H2O.
Ɉɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɚ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɇ3ɊɈ4, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ
ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɞɜɭɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɚ ɢ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɠɟɥɟɡɨ ɜ
ɛɟɫɰɜɟɬɧɵɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɵɣ ɢɨɧ [Fe(PO4)2]3-. Ʉɨɥɨɪɢɦɟɬɪɢɪɭɸɬ
ɮɨɬɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ. Ɇɨɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɩɨɝɚɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ İ = 2300 ɩɪɢ Ȝ = 525 ɧɦ.
ȼɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ ɨɬ
ɤɪɟɦɧɢɟɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɛɟɪɭɬ ɩɢɩɟɬɤɨɣ 20 ɦɥ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɜɵɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ
ɮɚɪɮɨɪɨɜɭɸ ɱɚɲɤɭ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɝɨ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ (ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ 72–93 ɦɦ) ɢ ɜɵɩɚɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ
ɜɨɞɹɧɨɣ ɛɚɧɟ ɞɨɫɭɯɚ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɭɞɚɥɢɬɶ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɭɸ ɫɨɥɹɧɭɸ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɭ
ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ.
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɜɵɩɚɪɢɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɢɥɶɧɨ ɫɦɚɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɢɡ ɤɚɩɟɥɶɧɢɰɵ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɢ ɞɧɨ
ɱɚɲɟɱɤɢ ɤɚɩɥɹɦɢ HNO3 ɩɥ. 1,4. ɋɬɚɜɹɬ ɱɚɲɤɭ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɹɧɭɸ ɛɚɧɸ ɢ ɫɧɨɜɚ
ɜɵɩɚɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɟ ɟɟ ɞɨɫɭɯɚ. Ɍɚɤɭɸ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɭ ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ
ɚɡɨɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɜɵɩɚɪɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɞɨɫɭɯɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɹɬ ɧɟ
ɦɟɧɟɟ ɬɪɟɯ ɪɚɡ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɬɶ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ CI-.
Ɉɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɨɬ CI- ɢɞɟɬ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɯɥɨɪɢɞɨɜ ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ
ɚɡɨɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ ɩɨ ɫɯɟɦɟ:
NaCI, KCI, CaCI2, MgCI2, MnCI2, FeCI3, AICI3 ɢ ɞɪ.+nHNO3=NaNO3,
KNO3, Ca(NO3)2, Mg(NO3)2, Mn(NO3)2, Fe(NO3)3, AI(NO3)3 ɢ ɞɪ.+nHCI.
ɉɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ CI- ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ
ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɚ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɶ ɜɫɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɜ
ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɟ ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɵ ɧɚ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɜ ɧɢɯ ɢɨɧɨɜ ɯɥɨɪɚ ɢ ɫɥɟɞɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨɛɵ
ɜɛɥɢɡɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɨɫɶ ɜɵɩɚɪɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɤɢɩɹɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ,
ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ HCI.
ɉɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɟ ɫɭɯɨɝɨ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ ɜ ɱɚɲɤɟ ɚɡɨɬɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ
ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɞɚɥɟɧɢɟ CI-, ɧɨ ɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ
ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ Fe2+ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ, ɦɟɲɚɸɳɢɯ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɸ
ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɚ.
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɨɫɚɞɤɚ HNO3 ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɱɚɲɟɱɤɭ 25 ɦɥ 5 %
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ H2SO4, ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ 1 ɦɥ H3PO4 ɞɥɹ ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ
ɬɪɟɯɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɠɟɥɟɡɚ ɢ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ MnO4-, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɜɧɨɫɹɬ
2 ɦɥ 1 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ AgNO3. Ɂɚɤɪɵɜɚɸɬ ɱɚɲɟɱɤɭ ɫɬɟɤɥɨɦ ɢ ɞɟɪɠɚɬ ɧɚ
ɤɢɩɹɳɟɣ ɜɨɞɹɧɨɣ ɛɚɧɟ 30 ɦɢɧ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɫɨɥɢ ɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɥɢɫɶ ɢ ɩɪɨɲɥɨ ɨɫɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɥɟɞɨɜ ɯɥɨɪ – ɢɨɧɚ.
Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɥɨɬɧɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ (ɫɢɧɹɹ ɥɟɧɬɚ, ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ
7 ɦɦ), ɫɨɛɢɪɚɸɬ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬ ɜ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɱɢɤ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ 100–150 ɦɥ.
ɉɟɪɟɞ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɨɬɦɵɜɚɸɬ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɨɬ ɫɥɟɞɨɜ ɯɥɨɪ – ɢɨɧɚ,
ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɢɡ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ. ɉɪɨɦɵɜɚɧɢɟ ɜɟɞɭɬ ɞɨ 3-ɯ ɪɚɡ
ɝɨɪɹɱɢɦ 5 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ H2SO4.
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ȿɫɥɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɝɨ ɱɚɲɟɱɤɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɬɫɹ
ɦɭɬɧɵɦɢ, ɟɝɨ ɫɧɨɜɚ ɩɟɪɟɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɵɜɚɸɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɬɨɬ ɠɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ.
ɉɪɨɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜɚɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ, ɱɚɲɟɱɤɭ ɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɚɸɬ 3–4 ɪɚɡɚ
ɝɨɪɹɱɢɦ 5 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ H2SO4. Ɉɛɳɢɣ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɵɜɧɨɣ
ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɩɪɢɟɦɧɢɤɟ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɬɶ 40 ɦɥ.
ɉɪɢɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ 1–2 ɝ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɹ,
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɟ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɱɢɤɚ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɵɦɢ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɢ ɫɬɚɜɹɬ ɧɚ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɩɥɢɬɤɭ. ɇɚɝɪɟɜɚɸɬ ɞɨ ɤɢɩɟɧɢɹ, ɫɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɫ ɨɝɧɹ, ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɬ
ɦɢɧɭɬɵ ɬɪɢ, ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɟɳɟ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɩɟɪɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚ.
Ɉɯɥɚɠɞɚɬɶ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɨɣ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɪɰɢɢ ɩɟɪɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ
ɩɨɬɨɦɭ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ (NH4)2S2O8 ɜ ɝɨɪɹɱɢɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ
ɫɢɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɫɩɟɧɢɜɚɧɢɟɦ, ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɛɪɨɲɟɧ ɢɡ
ɫɬɚɤɚɧɱɢɤɚ.
ɉɟɪɫɭɥɶɮɚɬ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɞɨ ɬɟɯ ɩɨɪ, ɩɨɤɚ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɮɢɨɥɟɬɨɜɨɣ
ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɟɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɚɧɟɬ
ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ. ȿɫɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɚ ɨɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ ɧɟ ɱɢɫɬɨ ɮɢɨɥɟɬɨɜɨɣ, ɚ ɫ
ɤɪɚɫɧɨɜɚɬɵɦ ɨɬɬɟɧɤɨɦ, ɡɧɚɱɢɬ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɪɟɞɵ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɚ ɞɥɹ
ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɭɯɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɚ ɜ ɫɟɦɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɵɣ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ
ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɚɩɟɥɶ H2SO4 (ɩɥ. 1,84) ɞɨ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ
ɜ ɮɢɨɥɟɬɨɜɭɸ ɢ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɦɨɟ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɱɢɤɚ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɵɦɢ
ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹɦɢ.
Ɉɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɤɢɩɹɬɹɬ 2–3 ɦɢɧ., ɱɬɨɛɵ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɢɬɶ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɤ
ɩɟɪɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɬ ɞɨ ɤɨɦɧɚɬɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ
ɩɟɪɟɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɦɟɪɧɭɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ 50 ɢɥɢ 100 ɦɥ (ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ
ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ), ɨɩɨɥɚɫɤɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɱɢɤ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ
ɜɨɞɨɣ, ɞɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɞɨ ɦɟɬɤɢ, ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɢ ɤɨɥɨɪɢɦɟɬɪɢɪɭɸɬ ɧɚ
ɮɨɬɨɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɤɨɥɨɪɢɦɟɬɪɟ.
ɉɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɢ ɷɬɚɥɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɸɬ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɦ
ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ.
Ƚɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ
ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɬɚɥɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ ɜɵɱɟɪɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɤɚɥɢɛɪɨɜɨɱɧɵɣ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɢ ɩɨ
ɷɬɨɦɭ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɭ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ,
ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɜ ɟɝɨ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ.
Ʉɚɥɢɛɪɨɜɨɱɧɵɣ ɝɪɚɮɢɤ ɜɵɱɟɪɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɦɢɥɥɢɦɟɬɪɨɜɨɣ ɛɭɦɚɝɟ,
ɨɬɤɥɚɞɵɜɚɹ ɩɨ ɨɫɢ ɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɬɚɥɨɧɧɵɯ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ, ɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɢ ɚɛɫɰɢɫɫ – ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɷɬɢɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ
ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɩɪɹɦɭɸ ɨɬ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɤɨɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɟ
ɩɟɪɩɟɧɞɢɤɭɥɹɪɨɜ, ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɢɡ ɨɬɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɬɨɱɟɤ. ȿɫɥɢ ɪɹɞ ɬɨɱɟɤ
ɧɟ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɹɦɭɸ, ɤɚɥɢɛɪɨɜɨɱɧɭɸ ɥɢɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɬɚɤ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɨɧɚ
ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɥɚ ɩɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɥɢɠɟ ɤ ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɟ ɬɨɱɤɚɦ.
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Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɩɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɭ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ. ɂɡɦɟɪɢɜ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɧɚ ɨɫɢ ɨɪɞɢɧɚɬ ɬɨɱɤɭ, ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɭɸ ɞɚɧɧɨɦɭ
ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɸ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɢɡ ɧɟɟ ɥɢɧɢɸ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɭɸ
ɨɫɢ ɚɛɫɰɢɫɫ ɞɨ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɫ ɤɚɥɢɛɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɟɣ ɢ ɨɩɭɫɤɚɸɬ ɢɡ ɷɬɨɣ
ɬɨɱɤɢ ɩɟɪɩɟɧɞɢɤɭɥɹɪ ɧɚ ɨɫɶ ɚɛɫɰɢɫɫ. ɉɨ ɬɨɱɤɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɢɹ
ɩɟɪɩɟɧɞɢɤɭɥɹɪɚ ɫ ɷɬɨɣ ɨɫɶɸ ɨɬɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɨɝɨ
ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɜ ɦɝ.
ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ Mn(MnO), % ɜɵɱɢɫɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
c u VO u100
Mn( MnO), % ,
Vɚɥ u ɬ u 1000
ɝɞɟ ɫ – ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɧɚɣɞɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨ
ɤɚɥɢɛɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɦɭ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɭ ɜ ɦɝ MnO ɧɚ 100 ɦɥ;
ɦ – ɧɚɜɟɫɤɚ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɝ;
V0 – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ Si, ɦɥ;
Vɚɥ – ɚɥɢɤɜɨɬɚ, ɦɥ.
Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɚ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɢ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
Ⱦ ɢɫɩ u ɋɷɬ u VO u 100
Mn( MnO), % ,
Ⱦ ɷɬ u m u Vɚɥ u 1000
ɝɞɟ Ⱦɢɫɩ – ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɩɵɬɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ;
Ⱦɷɬ – ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɬɚɥɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɛɥɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɩɨ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɟ ɤ
ɢɫɩɵɬɭɟɦɨɦɭ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɭ;
ɋɷɬ – ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɷɬɚɥɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɦɝ/100 ɦɥ;
ɦ – ɧɚɜɟɫɤɚ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɝ;
V0 – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ Si, ɦɥ;
Vɚɥ – ɚɥɢɤɜɨɬɚ, ɦɥ.
ɗɬɨɬ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɱɧɵɣ, ɱɟɦ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɚ, ɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɭɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɟɦɭ ɩɨ ɛɵɫɬɪɨɬɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ.
Ɇɚɫɫɨɜɭɸ ɞɨɥɸ Mn ɧɚɯɨɞɹɬ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ:
Mn % = MnO %×0,774.
Ɏɨɪɦɚ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ
ɉɨ- Ƚɥɭ- ɇɚɜɟɫɤɚ ɗɬɚɥɨɧ- ɂɫɩɵɬɭɟɦɵɣ ɋɨɞɟɪ- Ɉɛɴɟɦ Mn MnO
ɱɜɚ ɛɢ- ɫɭɯɨɣ ɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɠɚɧɢɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ, % %
ɧɚ, ɩɨɱɜɵ, MnO ɜ ɦɥ
ɫɦ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬ- ɦɝ (ɩɨ
ɫɬɜɭɸ- ɋɷɬ, Ⱦɷɬ, ɋɢɫɩ, Ⱦɢɫɩ, ɝɪɚɮɢ- ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɥɢ
ɳɚɹ ɚɥɢ- ɦɝ/ ɞɢɨɩ. ɦɝ/ ɞɢɨɩ. ɤɭ) ɨɬɞɟɥ- ɤɜɨ
ɤɜɨɬɟ, ɝ ɦɥ ɦɥ ɟɧɢɹ Si ɬɚ
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3. 5 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ H2SO4: ɜ ɦɟɪɧɭɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ 1 ɥ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ
ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ, ɜɧɨɫɹɬ 30 ɦɥ
ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɢ ɞɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɜɨɞɨɣ ɞɨ ɦɟɬɤɢ.
4. H3PO4 ɩɥ. 1,7.
5. 1 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ AgNO3.
6. ɉɟɪɫɭɥɶɮɚɬ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɹ (NH4)2S2O8.
7. ɗɬɚɥɨɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ MnO: 0,2228 ɝ ɯ. ɱ. KMnO4 ɩɨɦɟɳɚɸɬ ɜ
ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɬɚɤɚɧ ɢ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɹɸɬ ɜ 150-200 ɦɥ 5 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ H2SO4.
ɉɪɢɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɜ ɤɢɫɥɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɚɩɟɥɶ 3 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ H2O2 ɩɪɢ
ɪɚɡɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɢ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɫɬɚɧɟɬ ɛɟɫɰɜɟɬɧɵɦ, ɟɝɨ ɤɢɩɹɬɹɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ
ɦɢɧɭɬ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɚ ɩɟɪɟɤɢɫɢ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ. Ⱥɧɢɨɧ ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɟɜɨɣ
ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɥɟɝɤɨ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɢɫɥɨɣ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɩɨ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ:
MnO4-+5e+8H+=Mn2++4H2O.
Ɉɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɬ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɞɨ ɤɨɦɧɚɬɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɩɟɪɟɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɦɟɪɧɭɸ
ɤɨɥɛɭ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ 1 ɥ. Ⱦɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɞɨ ɦɟɬɤɢ 5 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ H2SO4 ɢ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ
ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ. Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ 0,1 ɦɝ MnO ɜ 1 ɦɥ.
8. ɋɟɪɢɹ ɷɬɚɥɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ. Ȼɟɪɭɬ 5 ɱɢɫɬɵɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ
ɫɬɚɤɚɧɱɢɤɨɜ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ 100-150 ɦɥ ɢ ɨɬɦɟɪɹɸɬ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɛɸɪɟɬɤɨɣ
ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɦɢɥɥɢɥɢɬɪɨɜ ɷɬɚɥɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ:
ʋ ɷɬɚɥɨɧɚ 1 2 3 4 5
Ʉɨɥ-ɜɨ, ɦɥ 0,5 1 2 6 10
MnO ɦɝ/100 ɦɥ 0,05 0,1 0,2 0,6 1,0
ɉɪɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɫɬɚɤɚɧɱɢɤ 30–40 ɦɥ 5 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ H2SO4, 1 ɦɥ
H3PO4 (ɩɥ. 1,7), ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɟɝɨ ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ 1 ɦɥ 1 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ AgNO3 ɢ
ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɚ ɩɟɪɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɨɦ ɬɟɦ ɠɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ, ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢ
ɨɤɪɚɲɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ.
Ɉɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɤɢɩɹɬɹɬ ɟɳɟ 2–3 ɦɢɧ, ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɬ ɞɨ ɤɨɦɧɚɬɧɨɣ
ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɦɟɪɧɵɟ ɤɨɥɛɵ ɧɚ 100 ɦɥ. Ⱦɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɨɛɴɟɦ 5 %
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ ɞɨ ɦɟɬɤɢ, ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɞɥɹ
ɮɨɬɨɤɨɥɨɪɢɦɟɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ.
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Ɉɤɪɚɫɤɚ ɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɚ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ (5 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ
H2SO4) ɢ ɩɪɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɟ H2O2, ɩɨɧɢɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɸ
ɨɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ.
Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɫ ɩɨɦɨɳɶɸ
ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɮɨɬɨɤɨɥɨɪɢɦɟɬɪɚ. Ɇɨɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɩɨɝɥɚɳɟɧɢɹ
ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ȿ = 550 ɩɪɢ Ȝ = 436 ɧɦ.
ȼɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɢɬɚɧɚ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɚ.
ȼ ɦɟɪɧɭɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɫ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɦ MnO4-, ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɦ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ
ɦɚɪɝɚɧɰɚ ɩɟɪɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɧɵɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ, ɩɪɢɛɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɩɨ ɤɚɩɥɹɦ 30 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ
ɩɟɪɟɤɢɫɢ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɬɳɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɦɟɲɢɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɨ ɨɛɟɫɰɜɟɱɢɜɚɧɢɹ
MnO4- ɢ ɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɠɟɥɬɨɣ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɢ, ɫɜɹɡɚɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ
ɧɚɞɬɢɬɚɧɨɜɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɬ. ɟ. ɩɨɤɚ ɠɟɥɬɚɹ ɨɤɪɚɫɤɚ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɫɬɚɧɟɬ
ɭɫɢɥɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ. Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ 2–3 ɤɚɩɟɥɶ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ
ɨɛɴɟɦɚ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ ɜ ɤɨɥɛɟ. ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɤ ɇ2Ɉ2 ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦ ɞɥɹ
ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɞɢɫɫɨɰɢɚɰɢɢ ɨɤɪɚɲɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ
ɢɡɛɵɬɤɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɢɡɛɟɝɚɬɶ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɭɡɵɪɶɤɨɜ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɧɚ
ɫɬɟɧɤɚɯ ɤɸɜɟɬɵ ɩɪɢ ɮɨɬɨɦɟɬɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ.
Ɋɟɚɤɬɢɜɵ. 1. 5 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ H2SO4 (30 ɦɥ H2SO4 ɩɥ. 1,84 ɧɚ 1 ɥ
ɞɢɫɬɢɥɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ).
2. ɉɟɪɟɤɢɫɶ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ – 30 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ.
3. ɋɟɪɢɹ ɷɬɚɥɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜ. ȿɟ ɩɪɢɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɢɡ ɷɬɚɥɨɧɧɨɝɨ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɜ 1 ɦɥ 0,1 ɦɝ TiO2.
Ȼɟɪɭɬ 5 ɱɢɫɬɵɯ ɦɟɪɧɵɯ ɤɨɥɛ ɟɦɤɨɫɬɶɸ 100 ɦɥ ɢ ɛɸɪɟɬɤɨɣ ɧɚɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ
ɤɚɠɞɭɸ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɬɚɤɢɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɷɬɚɥɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬ:
ʋ ɷɬɚɥɨɧɚ 1 2 3 4 5
Ʉɨɥ-ɜɨ ɦɥ ɷɬɚɥɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ 2 4 6 8 10
TiO2 ɦɝ/100 ɦɥ 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0
ȼ ɤɚɠɞɭɸ ɤɨɥɛɭ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɩɨ 1 ɦɥ 30 % ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ H2O2, ɞɨɜɨɞɹɬ
ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɞɨ ɦɟɬɤɢ 5 % ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɨɣ, ɩɟɪɟɦɟɲɢɜɚɸɬ ɢ
ɮɨɬɨɤɨɥɨɪɢɦɟɬɪɢɪɭɸɬ.
c u VO u100
ɋɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ Ti(TiO2 ), % ,
Vɚɥ u ɬ u 1000
ɝɞɟ ɫ – ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɚ, ɧɚɣɞɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨ
ɤɚɥɢɛɪɨɜɨɱɧɨɦɭ ɝɪɚɮɢɤɭ ɜ ɦɝ Ti(TiO2) ɧɚ 100 ɦɥ;
ɦ – ɧɚɜɟɫɤɚ ɫɭɯɨɣ ɩɨɱɜɵ, ɝ;
V0 – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚɬɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ Si, ɦɥ;
Vɚɥ – ɚɥɢɤɜɨɬɚ, ɦɥ.
Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ
1. Ⱥɝɪɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɨɱɜ / ɩɨɞ ɪɟɞ.
Ⱥ.ȼ. ɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɚ. – Ɇ. : ɇɚɭɤɚ, 1975. – 656 ɫ.
2. Ⱥɪɢɧɭɲɤɢɧɚ ȿ.ȼ. Ɋɭɤɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɩɨɱɜ /
ȿ.ȼ. Ⱥɪɢɧɭɲɤɢɧɚ. – Ɇ. : 1970. – 487 ɫ.
3. Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜɚ Ɉ.Ƚ. ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɨɱɜ / Ɉ.Ƚ. Ɋɚɫɬɜɨɪɨɜɚ,
Ⱦ.Ȼ. Ⱥɧɞɪɟɟɜ, ɗ.ɂ. Ƚɨɝɚɪɢɧɚ, Ƚ.Ⱥ. Ʉɨɫɚɬɤɢɧ, ɇ.ɇ. Ɏɟɞɨɪɨɜɚ. – ɋɉɛ. :
ɋɉɛ. ɭɧ-ɬ, 1995. – 262 ɫ.
4. ȼɨɪɨɛɶɟɜɚ Ʌ.Ⱥ. ɏɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɨɱɜ / Ʌ.Ⱥ. ȼɨɪɨɛɶɟɜɚ. – Ɇ. :
ɆȽɍ. 2000. – ɫ.
5. ȼɨɪɨɛɶɟɜɚ Ʌ.Ⱥ. Ɍɟɨɪɢɹ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɚ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɨɱɜ /
Ʌ.Ⱥ. ȼɨɪɨɛɶɟɜɚ. – Ɇ. : ɂɡɞ-ɜɨ ȽȿɈɋ, 2006. – 399 ɫ.
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