Abstract Report 2-1

Contents
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................................................. 6
CHAPTER 1 .................................................................................................................................................................. 7
Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................... 7
1.1General Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 7
1.2 Objectives and Scope .......................................................................................................................................... 8
CHAPTER 2 .................................................................................................................................................................. 9
Literature review............................................................................................................................................................ 9
2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................ 9
2.2 Overview of literature ......................................................................................................................................... 9
CHAPTER 3 ................................................................................................................................................................ 15
Cable stayed bridges .................................................................................................................................................... 15
3.1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................... 15
3.2 Historical background ....................................................................................................................................... 16
3.3 Components of Cable Stayed Bridge ................................................................................................................ 17
3.3.1 Deck and Girder ........................................................................................................................................ 18
3.3.2 Towers or Pylons ...................................................................................................................................... 19
3.3.3 Stay technology ........................................................................................................................................ 20
3.4 General Layout of cable stayed bridge ............................................................................................................. 22
3.4.1 Systems with lateral suspensions: ............................................................................................................. 23
3.4.2 Longitudinal layout ................................................................................................................................... 24
CHAPTER 4 ................................................................................................................................................................ 26
Modeling of Cable stayed Bridge ................................................................................................................................ 26
4.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................... 26
4.2 Steps for modeling cable stayed bridge in MIDAS civil. ................................................................................. 26
4.2.1 Defining Material Properties. ................................................................................................................... 28
4.2.2 Defining the sectional properties .............................................................................................................. 28
4.2.3 Deck type .................................................................................................................................................. 29
4.2.3 Boundary condition input ......................................................................................................................... 30
4.2.4 Loading condition input ............................................................................................................................ 30
CHAPTER 5 ................................................................................................................................................................ 33
Static analysis for finding initial pretension force ....................................................................................................... 33
5.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................... 33
5.2 Methods of finding initial pretension force in cables ....................................................................................... 33
5.2.1 Traditional "Zero Displacement" method ................................................................................................. 33
5.2.2 Analytical Influence matrix method. ........................................................................................................ 34
5.2.3 Unknown Load factor method .................................................................................................................. 35
CHAPTER 6 ................................................................................................................................................................ 40
Results ......................................................................................................................................................................... 40
6.1 00 Tilt of Pylon ................................................................................................................................................. 40
6.1.1 Deflection due to self-weight .................................................................................................................... 40
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6.1.2 Unit pretension force applied to cables ..................................................................................................... 40
6.1.3 Unknown load factor ................................................................................................................................ 41
6.1.4 Constrains ................................................................................................................................................. 41
6.1.5 Load Factors ............................................................................................................................................. 42
6.1.6 Deflection After prestressing .................................................................................................................... 42
6.1.7 Moving Load ............................................................................................................................................ 43
6.1.8 Bending moment in deck due to self-weight ............................................................................................ 43
6.2 100 Tilt of Pylon................................................................................................................................................ 44
6.2.1 Balancing of deck ..................................................................................................................................... 44
6.2.3 Rollers being used instead of cables ......................................................................................................... 45
6.2.5 Moving Load ............................................................................................................................................ 46
6.3 200 Tilt of Pylon................................................................................................................................................ 47
6.3.4 Moving Load ............................................................................................................................................ 48
6.4 300 Tilt of Pylon........................................................................................................................................... 49
6.4.4 Moving Load ............................................................................................................................................ 50
6.5 Comparison .................................................................................................................................................. 52
6.5.1 Bending moment in cantilever portion of pylon ....................................................................................... 52
6.5.2 Summary of bending moment in cantilever portion of pylon ................................................................... 53
6.5.3 Bending Moment in rest of the pylon ....................................................................................................... 54
6.5.4 Shear force in cantilever portion of pylon ............................................................................................... 54
6.5.5 Summary of Shear force in cantilever portion of pylon ............................................................................ 55
6.5.6 Shear force in rest of the pylon ................................................................................................................. 55
Chapter 7 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 56
Conclusion and Future scope ....................................................................................................................................... 56
7.1 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................................ 56
7.2 Future scope .............................................................................................................................................. 56
References ................................................................................................................................................................... 57
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List of figures
Fig 3.1:VidyasagarBridge,Kolkata & Bandra-worli sealink, ....................................................................................... 17
Fig 3.2:Russky bridge, Russia & Millau-Viaduct , France .......................................................................................... 17
Fig 3.3: Components of Cable Stayed Bridge ............................................................................................................. 17
Fig 3.4: Nagpur Cable stayed bridge with concrete deck. ........................................................................................... 18
Fig 3.5: Cross section of Deck and pylon connection for various shapes (Rene Walther 10) ....................................... 20
Fig 3.6: Cross sectional details of various types of cable (Rene Walther)................................................................... 21
Fig 3.7: Different Planes of Suspension system (Rene Walther 10) .............................................................................. 23
Fig 3.8: Lateral suspension system (Rene Walther10) .................................................................................................. 24
Fig 3.9 -Types of longitudinal Layout(Rene Walther10) .............................................................................................. 25
Fig 4.1: Elevation of Cable stayed bridge 00 ............................................................................................................... 27
Fig 4.2: Elevation of Cable stayed bridge 100 ............................................................................................................. 27
Fig 4.3: Elevation of Cable stayed bridge 200 ............................................................................................................. 28
Fig 4.4 :Elevation of Cable stayed bridge 300 ............................................................................................................. 28
Fig 4.5: Twin Trapeziod Box Girder ........................................................................................................................... 29
Fig 4.6: Cable Cross-section ........................................................................................................................................ 30
Fig 4.7: Class 70R Loading according to IRC-6.......................................................................................................... 31
Fig 4.7: Class A Loading according to IRC-6 ............................................................................................................. 31
Fig4.7: 4 lane Loading according to IRC-6 ................................................................................................................. 32
Fig 5.1: Analytical Influence matrix method ............................................................................................................... 34
Fig 5.2: Unknown load factor method ......................................................................................................................... 37
Fig5.3 Graph for objective function type in unknown load factor method .................................................................. 38
Fig5.4 Cable tuning ..................................................................................................................................................... 39
Fig 6.1: Deflection due to self-weight ......................................................................................................................... 40
Fig 6.2: Unit pretension force applied to cables .......................................................................................................... 40
Fig 6.3: Unknown load factor ...................................................................................................................................... 41
Fig 6.4: Constrains ....................................................................................................................................................... 41
Fig 6.5: Load Factors ................................................................................................................................................... 42
Fig 6.6: Deflection after prestressing ........................................................................................................................... 42
Fig 6.7: Moving load ................................................................................................................................................... 43
Fig 6.8: Bending moment in deck ................................................................................................................................ 43
Fig 6.9: Load balancing ............................................................................................................................................... 44
Fig 6.10: Deflection due to self-weight ....................................................................................................................... 44
Fig 6.11: Rollers being used instead of cables ............................................................................................................. 45
Fig 6.12: Calculating tension in inclined cable by Strength Based approach .............................................................. 45
Fig 6.13: Deflection after prestressing ......................................................................................................................... 45
Fig 6.14: Moving load ................................................................................................................................................. 46
Fig 6.15: Bending moment in deck .............................................................................................................................. 46
Fig 6.16: Load balancing ............................................................................................................................................. 47
Fig 6.19: Moving load ................................................................................................................................................. 48
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Fig 6.20: Bending moment in deck and pylon ............................................................................................................. 49
Fig 6.21: Load balancing ............................................................................................................................................. 49
Fig 6.24: Moving load ................................................................................................................................................. 50
Fig 6.25: Bending moment in deck and pylon ............................................................................................................. 51
Fig 6.26 Plot of no. of strands for different inclination i.e. 0, 10, 20 and 30 degree. .................................................. 52
Fig 6.27: 00 BM of pylon ............................................................................................................................................. 52
Fig 6.28: 100 BM of pylon ........................................................................................................................................... 53
Fig 6.29: 200 BM of pylon ........................................................................................................................................... 53
Fig 6.31: 00 Shear in pylon........................................................................................................................................... 54
Fig 6.32: 100 Shear in pylon......................................................................................................................................... 54
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List of tables
Table 4.1 Defining material properties ....................................................................................................................... 28
Table 4.2 Sectional properties ..................................................................................................................................... 29
Table 5.1 Objective function and constraint condition for unknown load factor method ............................................ 38
Table 6.1 Total number of strands ............................................................................................................................... 52
Table 6.2 Bending moment in cantilever portion of pylon .......................................................................................... 53
Table 6.3 Bending moment in rest of the pylon ........................................................................................................... 54
Table 6.4 Shear force in rest of the pylon .................................................................................................................... 55
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ABSTRACT
Cable-stayed Bridge is the most unique structure in bridges developed in recent years. For long
span bridges mostly cable stayed bridges and suspension bridges are constructed. These types of
bridges give good aesthetic appearance to bridges. In recent years the pylon is also tilted in some
of the bridges. In the present project, a comparative study tilting of pylon and its effects on other
structural elements of bridges such as cables deck. A vertically erected pylon is modeled and
analyzed. For comparing with inclined pylon, pylon with 00, 100, 200 and 300 is being compared
for structural parameters shear and bending. A 350m span is been modeled in MIDAS CIVIL.
Most dominating factor i.e. the Bending moment and Shear force is been compared for all the
models.
Keywords: Inclined pylon, cable-stayed bridge, MIDAS CIVIL, structural parameters.
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CHAPTER 1
Introduction
1.1General Introduction
The cable-stayed bridge is a modern form of bridge having both economical and
aesthetic values. In the past few decades, it has been extensively employed in the construction
of long-span bridges. Cable stayed bridges are now entering a new era with main span lengths
reaching upto 1000m and beyond .However, cable-stayed bridges with multiple stays require
a computationally intensive design as they are highly statically indeterminate structures.
Nowadays the trend for cable stayed bridge is to use more slender stiffening girders
combined with increasing span lengths which makes it imperative that the internal forces in
the bridge girder remain within tight limits throughout the construction process. Also for the
complete structure, it is generally required to minimize the deformations and internal forces in
the bridge deck and tower. By balancing the loads of the post-tensioning forces in the stay
cables, the desired optimum final condition can be achieved. Slight changes in the cable
forces can cause a significant influence on the geometry and the internal forces of the girder
and the pylon as the cable stayed bridge are highly flexible structures. It is possible to
calculate a set of initial cable forces that exactly cause the desired ‘ideal state ‘in the complete
structure. However, the member forces and deformations at the time of completion of the
bridge are generated during the construction and are dependent on the specifics of the
sequence of construction.
In recent years, a new type of bridge appears in the city. It is inclined pylon cable-stayed
bridge. This bridge is not only in harmony with bridge aesthetics, but also form a spatial force
transfer system through the balance between inclined pylon’s self-weight and girder’s load.
However, studies on this new bridge have just started as it appears recently. This bridge is
divided into two categories in terms of whether the pylon has backstays.
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1.2 Objectives and Scope
Scope of the present study is to model & analyze Cable stayed-bridge with different
angle tilt of pylon. It is semi –fan type of bridge having 350 m long cable stayed span
which is unsymmetrical in longitudinal direction varying according to change in angle of
tilt. The complete bridge is concrete bridge. The central pylon has two spans on either side.
In totality they are two identical bridges placed adjacent to each other for two way traffic.
Each bridge is a four lane bridge.
The main objectives of the study are as follows
 To model cable stayed bridges by defining proper material and sectional property
along with appropriate geometry .The Bridge will be modeled along with necessary
boundary conditions and loading condition .Entire modeling and analysis will be
done using FEA software MIDAS Civil 2016.
 To carry out static analysis for finding the initial pretension forces using unknown
load factor method. Parametric study for truss forces, bending moments, axial
forces and deflections will be carried out.
 To study the effect of tilting of pylon at inclination of 00, 100, 200and 300 on
structural members of cable stayed bridges such as deck and cable.
 To study the effect of load balancing concept and how moments gets generated in
lower part of pylon.
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CHAPTER 2
Literature review
2.1 Introduction
Cable stayed bridges are having aesthetic and structural advantages because of which
they are becoming trendy choices. Being highly flexible structure, it causes lots of
complexity during construction .Hence lots of researchers have carried out their studies on
behavior of structure during construction. The analysis process varies based on different
methods of construction and different material used for construction. Due to high
indeterminacy and changing load conditions in partially constructed structure, the
computational efforts during analysis increases. As there has been lots of development of
software, the problems associated with computation have decreased and hence it is
possible to predict the behavior of bridge during construction. The analysis can be carried
out on various types of cable stayed bridges using FEA softwares. In this chapter a detail
review of literature has been carried out to study the behavior cable stayed bridge.
2.2 Overview of literature

[1]
M. Schliach( September, 2001)
The focus of this paper is on construction methods and analysis of composite steel-
concret decks of cable-stayed bridges. During deck erection, no unwanted bending
moments should be locked into the composite sections when the concrete slab is
connected to the steel substructure. Such locked-in moments would bend the deck and
cause concrete creep that is difficult to predict and thereby introduce the risk of
deviations from the desired deck alignment and the corresponding distribution of forces.
This paper presents a simple and practical method of erection and erection analysis for
composite decks with precast concrete slabs. A two-step tensioning procedure of the stay
cables is proposed that minimizes the effects of unwanted locked in moments, making it
easy to predict the geometry of the erection stages and to yield the desired dead load
configuration of the deck. The method was successfully applied for the erection of the
Ting Kau Bridge in Hong Kong, a cable-stayed bridge of 1,200 m in length having a
composite deck with a precast deck slab. Also it divides the tensioning of cables while
erection of precast composite deck in number of stages to simplify the erection process and
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reduce the axial creep. There may be shift in neutral axis of the section due to axial creep
which may be tackled in modern cable stayed bridge as it has narrow cable spacing and
slender decks and hence it is being neglected. The research also consist of simple formulas
for getting extra forces in the cable at every stage of tensioning and also formulas for the
length of cable to be used considering elastic effect. Thereby the research helps us to have
the guidelines while erection of cable stayed bridge with composite decks, these guidelines
are no rules but if followed will help us to reduce the locked-in moment due to Creep and
thus increase the durability of structure.
[2]
Praveen Reddy, JamshidGhaboussi& Neil M. Hawkins (November, 1999)
In this paper there is detailed discussion about the construction of cable-stayed bridges
involving major changes in configuration of the structure with the addition and removal of
structural components to the partially constructed structure. The computer program BRIDGES,
which stimulated the construction of bridges was developed and applied in the simulation of
construction of actual bridge .At every stage of construction, it is necessary to have sufficient
information about the existing partial structure as-built, to verify the requirements called for in
the construction guidelines and to investigate the effects of possible modifications in the
construction procedures. The final stresses and deformations in the completed structure are
strongly dependent on the sequence of events during the construction and the erection
procedure used. Therefore, analysis of the actual construction sequence is an important first
step in any analysis of the performance of the bridge under external loads. In this paper a
general methodology for construction sequence simulation of cable-stayed bridges was
presented, and stage-by-stage construction of an actual bridge is simulated. The objective of
the simulation was to evaluate short-term and long-term influences of the construction
sequence on the structural integrity of the cable-stayed bridge. Comparisons were presented
between results from the present analysis, conventional procedures, and the actual field
measurements. It uses nonlinear finite element analysis by activating and deactivating
elements at the appropriate construction steps. Modeling of the bridge was followed by its
analysis and results are compared with field measurement. The tensions in the cables vary
significantly during construction because each set of cables is initially stressed and
subsequently re-stressed at intervals during the course of the construction, and there is a strong
interaction between all the load-carrying components. This result contrasts with the common
belief that tension in the cables decreases constantly during the process of construction. The
final forces in the cables of the completed bridge assessed by three methods, namely, linear
and nonlinear stage-by-stage construction simulations and one-step (conventional) nonlinear
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analysis. Thereby the finite-element simulation described here can be used for effectively
monitoring the shape and internal force distribution of each partial structure. It also can be
used for determining possible effects of modifying the construction procedures on the
specified final configuration. When the construction was simulated backward, the designer
was able to calculate the required forces in the cables and the prestress forces in the
members. However the time dependents effects of material properties were not included in
this study.
[3]
Pao-Hsii Wang, Tzu-Yang Tang &Hou-NongZheng (15November, 2003)
The authors have presented analysis of cable-stayed bridges at different erection
stages during construction using the cantilever method. A finite element computation
procedure was set up for the shape finding analysis of such structures during erection
procedures. Two computational processes were established, one was a forward process
analysis and the other was a backward process analysis. The former was performed by
following the sequence of erection stages in bridge construction and the latter was carried
out in the reverse direction of erection procedures. Both processes can be successfully
applied for finding the initial shape of bridge structures during erection procedures. The
structural behavior of the bridge structure at different erection stages was been examined
in details, such as the pretension required in cable-stays and the corresponding structural
configurations of the bridge, etc. The results of shape finding analysis at each erection
stage not only provide the necessary data for the purpose of structural analysis and design,
but also can be used for checking and controlling the erection procedure of the cable-
stayed bridge during construction. The designed shape (pretension in cables and
configuration) of the bridge can then be achieved and constructed.
[4]
T.P. Agarwal (May, 1997)
In this paper there is investigation of the effect of number of cables and the length of
central panel on the behaviour of radiating-type and harp type of cable-stayed bridges. The
study was carried out for double-plane bridges with 12, 20, 28, and 36 cables per plane,
with side to main span ratios of 0.35, 0.40, 0.45, and 0.50, respectively. The bridges were
analyzed by the stiffness matrix method, treating the bridges as two-dimensional
structures. A uniformly distributed load of 10kN/m was considered over the entire length
of the bridge.. The investigation showed that maximum cable tension decreases rapidly
with the increase in the number of cables. In general, the effect of length of the central
panel on the sagging moment is significant; on the hogging moment, the effect of length
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was not appreciable. Both the hogging and sagging moments increases with the increase in
the number of cables from 12 to 36. The parametric charts useful for the design of cable-
stayed bridges, incorporating the foregoing parameters, have also been prepared. A
comparison of the weight of steel in cables and girders, as well as the total weight of steel
(cables and longitudinal girders only) in the harp and radiating arrangements was also
carried out. In both harp and radiating bridges, the weight of steel decreases with the
increase in the number of cables. For 20 number of cable stays the total amount of steel
required for Harp and Radiating type was same. However the complete analysis was on
steel girder bridge hence creep and shrinkage was not considered.
[5]
A.W.A.G .Khan (April 2014)
In his paper the author describes the historical outline of cable stayed bridges and
their recent developments. It also shows various construction technique which can be used
during erection. The main objective of this study was to model entire cable stayed bridge
consisting of inclined steel pylons connected to composite deck through stay cables. Case
study for construction stage analysis was done on Signature bridge of Wazirabad. The
analysis was carried out using temporary supporting conditions .Various construction
stages were modeled and entire bridge was analyzed for each construction stage. Analysis
was done to obtain structural behavior of bridge during construction time.
[6]
Malm R., Sundquist H. (2010)
This paper deals with time dependent analysis of segmentally constructed balanced
cantilever bridges. Time-dependent effects have resulted in cracking in cast-in-place
balanced cantilever bridges are found in the literature. The literature regarding time-
dependent effects in this type of bridge mainly focuses on large long-term deflections. The
analyses presented in this paper have been performed with the finite element (FE) software
Abaqus/Standard 6.7. The Grondal Bridge is taken for analysis. The modeling approach
used is a three-dimensional model using shell elements. The evolution of material
parameters such as the elastic modulus, creep, relaxation and shrinkage has been described
according to the methods in the design codes CEB-FIP Model Code 1990 and Eurocode
.To study the influence of the different dependent material properties and effects, several
different models have been performed, to study their impact on the deflections and the
stresses in the cantilevers during the construction process. The developments of the elastic
modulus, creep, weight of the form traveler, relaxation and shrinkage have all been studied
separately as well as their combined effect. Shrinkage has a rather small impact on the
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displacement during cantilevering, regardless of whether non-uniform shrinkage over the
cross-section is considered. Both creep and shrinkage have a large impact during the
construction process and models that neglect these effects underestimate the cracking.
Creep is of even greater importance for the long-term displacements. The analysis result
show significant effects of creep during cantilevering and of a non uniform drying
shrinkage rate on the continuous bridge.
[7]
AlessioPipinato , Carlo Pellegrino & Claudio Modena (February,2012)
The study deals with the analysis of cable-stayed bridges at different erection stages
during construction, assuming the full or the partial cantilever method and performing
multiple finite element computational procedure. The forward process and the backward
process analysis are investigated and compared: the former is performed by following the
sequence of erection stages in bridge construction and the latter is carried out in the reverse
direction of erection procedures. The required pretension in cable-stays and the
corresponding structural configurations of the bridge at different erection stages have been
examined and compared in details, also by comparing either the linear computation
procedure or the nonlinear computation procedure. At each erection stage, the finite
element analysis model is rebuilt, then the system equation is set up and solved.
Concerning the construction method, it is confirmed that the full cantilevered method is
more balanced if compared to the partial one, thus suggesting that this method is more
convenient in the pylons dimensioning. About process type, and basing on the numerical
analysis performed, some general conclusions could be inferred: it is confirmed that both
the forward and backward methods can be used for finding the configurations and pre-
forces in members of the bridge structure at different erection stages during the girder
construction using the cantilever method; it is confirmed that both the forward and
backward methods can be used successfully for the partial and the full cantilever method;
as a novel observation, the step back analysis seemed to be more limited in representing
the phenomena of the following subsequent stages, since the transient calculation of the
structure was performed starting from the final configuration: this limit can be avoided by
analyzing the stages of the process in the same direction with respect to construction, as in
the forward analysis every phenomenon highlights its effects only in the successive stages
without a erecting the previous ones; while the solution of the step back method offers the
accurate configuration and member pre-forces of the bridge structure at different erection
stages, the solution of the step forward method is not unique, since iteration is carried out
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at erection stages, thus implying that the numerical results depends on the estimated cable
initial forces used for starting the computation of shape iterations. Considering the analysis
type as task dependent results related to this particular case study analysis, an agreement
between the results of the linear and non-linear analyses has been observed: in both the
partial and full cantilever method, the nonlinear theory offers theoretically more accurate
results than that determined by the linear theory, even if the computation becomes more
complicated and time-consuming when the nonlinear theory is utilized.
[8]
J.A. Lozano-Galant, I. Payá-Zaforteza, D. Xu, J. Turmo, 2012
The Backward Algorithm (BA), is formally presented in this paper for calculation of
the erection of cable-stayed bridges built on temporary supports. Because of its simplicity
the BA can be reproduced by any structural code that enables the modeling of the
prestresses of the stays by means of imposed strains or imposed temperature increments.
Another advantage is that no separate models are needed to calculate the evolution of
stresses in the strands when the strand by strand tensioning technique is used. Furthermore,
the stay elongations when prestressed can be easily obtained when the stays are prestressed
in a single operation or strand by strand. This information is important to control the
correct and safe prestressing of the stay on site. This paper aims to fill this gap by
providing a computation procedure, the Backward Algorithm (BA). The numerical
analysis of the cable-stayed bridge studied in this paper showed that non-representative
differences were found between the results obtained by two studied commercial programs,
and those obtained by the BA. Nevertheless, the BA can only approximate the effects of
the time-dependent phenomena, unless a global iterative process or a backward-forward
analysis is performed.
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CHAPTER 3
Cable stayed bridges
3.1. Introduction
Cable-stayed bridges are extremely elegant, effective structures and they are also
architectural landmarks. These bridges are usually built across the water bodies, valleys
and physical obstruction, where giving support from ground is difficult task. Hence stay
cables are used to transfer the load to Pylons, which subsequently transfer it to ground
through proper foundation system. Nowadays however due to Architectural elegance these
bridges are also preferred for landmark constructions .Whenever a cable-stayed bridge is
chosen, the initial design phase is of utmost importance. The characteristics of the structure
and whether if it is mainly constrained by structural or architectural reasons must be
defined at an early stage in the design process. Through the process of designing, an
appropriate methodology is obtained to determine the forces on the cables so that the
structure remains structurally sound throughout its service period.
The main structural elements of a cable stayed bridges are the bridge deck, piers,
bearing, towers and the stays. The deck supports the loads and transfers them to the stays
and to the piers through bending and compression. The stays transfer the forces to the
towers, which transmit them by compression to the foundations. The stay system are
usually one of two main types, with the stays anchored to the top of the tower (Fan) or the
anchors are distributed along the length of the tower (Semi-Fan and Harp). This system
directly affects the level of axial load and the elastic support given to the deck and to the
tower. The static system of a cable-stayed bridge can vary due to the conditions of support
of the deck at the abutments and the whether there are piers in the side spans. The
connection between the deck and the tower is also of great importance.
The contemporary cable-stayed bridge is becoming more and more popular and is
being used where previously suspension bridge might have been chosen. Some of the
advantages of cable stayed bridges when comparing them to suspension bridges are:
 They are self-anchored even during construction and therefore do not require the
costly Counterweight required to anchor suspension bridges
 They react to live loads with only small deformations
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 They can be easily constructed (balanced cantilevering method)
 They provide an increased stiffness over suspension bridges
3.2 Historical background

The principle of supporting a bridge deck with inclined tension members leading to
the towers on either side of the span has been known for centuries. Already in 1823, the
French engineer Navier published the results of a study on bridges with the deck stiffened
by wrought iron chains taking both, a fan shaped and a harp shaped system, into
consideration. However, due to the imperfections during the fabrication and the erection in
early stayed bridges, it was very difficult to arrive at an even distribution of the loads
between all stays. Furthermore, without the reliable tensile strength of steel wires, cable-
stayed bridges did not become an interesting option, whereas systems in which the
suspension system was combined with the cable stayed system, was used in major bridges
in the second half of the 19th century.
The first cable stayed bridge model was made in year 1784 which was made of
timber by C.T Loescher a German carpenter. However the first actual design was hybrid of
suspension and cable stayed. In 1817 the first actual bridge having suspension chains was
build which collapsed after accident due to high guest which was investigated by C.L
Navier. Due use of twisted cables, the cable stayed bridge were able to have a stiffer and
long span deck. In 1938 F.Dischinger introduced inclined, prestress stays into the design of
a railway suspension bridge over Elbe, near Hamburg. The Millau- viaduct bridge of
France is also one of the modern Bridges, which is tallest cable stayed bridge with the
height of pylon of about 343m above ground level and maximum span length of 342m.
With the innovation in deck slab and stay technology nowadays it is possible to have span
of about 1104 m at Rusky bridge.
In India the evolution of cable stayed bridge started with construction of
Vidyasagarsetu, Bengal. It was the first cable stayed Road Bridge in India with the
maximum span of 457.2 m, pylon height of 122 m and total 152 cable stays. Now-a-days
due to rising infrastructure and advantages of cable stayed bridge, many landmark cables
stayed bridges have been constructed in India. The Signature bridge of
Wazirabad&Bandra-worli Sea Link (Mumbai) are one of them. Other famous Cable stayed
bridges in India are AAkar Bridge Sikkim, Naini Bridge, Nagpur cable stayed Bridge,
Burdwan (West Bengal) and many others under construction. In the last twenty years,
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cable-stayed bridges have developed to become dominating in bridge constructions with
the span range from 200 m to 500 m.
Fig 3.1:VidyasagarBridge,Kolkata & Bandra-worli sealink,
Fig 3.2:Russky bridge, Russia & Millau-Viaduct , France
3.3 Components of Cable Stayed Bridge

The main components of superstructure of cable stayed bridge are deck, girders, pylon, cable
stays and bearings. The pylon and deck elements are under compression and cable is a
tension taking component. The figure below shows the various components of cable stayed
bridge.
Fig 3.3: Components of Cable Stayed Bridge
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3.3.1 Deck and Girder
For spans up to 300 or 350 m, the concrete decks are economical because they can
utilize these axial forces as a cost-free prestress. Beyond these span lengths, the concrete
decks become too heavy and costly, but a steel-only deck would also be too expensive.
Fig 3.4: Nagpur Cable stayed bridge with concrete deck.

Therefore, from 350 to about 600 or 700 m, the composite deck, consisting of longitudinal
steel girders and floor beams onto which precast or cast-in situ concrete is connected via
shear connectors, is advantageous. The concrete slab of the composite deck, besides
providing a robust roadway, receives a cost-free prestress from the horizontal components
of the cable forces and is concurrently stiffened by and works together with the steel
girders to resist bending. A further advantage of the composite deck over a pure concrete
deck is its simple free cantilevering erection procedure. For each of the incrementally built
deck segments, first the light steel grid consisting of longitudinal girders and floor beams
is suspended from the towers by the stay cables, and second, the heavy concrete slab is
placed using the steel grid as permanent framework
At spans beyond about 700 m, the composite deck becomes too heavy, and the steel
girder with an orthotropic deck remains the only economical choice. The concrete and
composite decks are susceptible to the changes in their properties with time hence their effect
is to be considered while designing and analysing the structure. However the selection of
[1]
deck material can change according to site and client requirements .
Although some bridge has a concrete deck, most other early cable-stayed bridges
have an orthotropic deck. This is because both cable-stayed bridge and orthotropic deck
were introduced to the construction industry at about the same time. A properly designed
Page | 18
and fabricated orthotropic deck is a good solution for a cable-stayed bridge. However, with
increasing labor costs, the orthotropic deck becomes less commercially attractive except
for very long spans .In three span bridges the ratio of end span to main span is usually kept
less than 0.5 to avoid uplift, usually it is kept in range of 0.4 to 0.45 for optimized
[6]
design .
3.3.2 Towers or Pylons

The towers are the most visible elements of a cable-stayed bridge. Therefore,
aesthetic considerations in tower design are very important. Generally speaking, because
of the enormous size of the structure, a clean and simple configuration is preferable.
Although early cable-stayed bridges all have steel towers, most recent constructions have
concrete towers. Because the tower is a compression member, concrete is the logical
choice except under special conditions such as in high earthquake areas.
Cables are anchored at the upper part of the tower. There are generally three
concepts for cable anchorages at the tower: crisscrossing, dead-ended, and saddle. Early
cable-stayed bridges took their anchorage details from suspension bridges that have
saddles. Those saddles were of the roller, fixed, or sector types. Roller-type saddles have a
roller at the base similar to a bridge bearing. Fixed-type saddles are similar except the base
is fixed instead of rolling. Sector-type saddles rotate around a pin. Each of these saddles
satisfies a different set boundary condition in the structural system. To assure that the
strands do not slide under unequal tension, a cover plate is usually clamped to the saddle
trough to increase friction. This transverse pressure increases friction but reduces the
strength of the cable. This type of saddle is very expensive and has not been used for
recent cable-stayed bridges. However in Extradosed cable bridges these type of saddle
arrangement is used for anchoring cables. Generally the arrangement of the cables
determines the design of both pylon and deck. Height of tower is determined from several
considerations such as cable arrangement, visual appearance, economics, etc.
Recommended height of a tower is between 20 to 25% of the central span.
Types of pylons
• Single tower
• Twin towers
• A-frames
• Diamond tower
Page | 19
• Delta tower
• Spread tower
The tower should be slender in longitudinal direction so that unbalanced horizontal cable
components caused by any live loads in the center span are transmitted to the ground
through the back stays rather than through the bending of the towers. The tower should be
stiff in the transverse direction to the bridge axis.
Fig 3.5: Cross section of Deck and pylon connection for various shapes (Rene
10
Walther )
3.3.3 Stay technology

In most cases, the cables are tensioned to about 40% of their ultimate strength under
permanent load condition. However, the tension in the cables may be quite low during
some construction stages so that their effectiveness must be properly considered. A safety
factor of 2.2 is usually recommended for cables. This results in an allowable stress of 45%
of the guaranteed ultimate tensile strength under dead and live loads. It is prudent to note
that the allowable stress of a cable must consider many factors, the most important being
the strength of the anchorage assemblage that is the weakest point in a cable with respect
to capacity and fatigue behavior.
There have been significant developments in the stay cable system. Early cables
were mainly lock coil strands. At that time, the lock-coil strand was the only cable system
available that could meet the more stringent requirements of cable-stayed bridges. Over the
years, many new cable systems have been successfully used. Parallel wire cables with Hi-
Am sockets are still one of the best cables commercially available today. A Hi-Am socket
has a conical steel shell. The wires are parallel for the entire length of the cable. Each wire
is anchored to a plate at the end of the socket by a button head. The space in the socket is
Page | 20
then filled with epoxy mixed with zinc and small steel balls. The most popular type of
cable nowadays uses seven-wire strands. These strands, originally developed for
prestressed concrete applications, offer good workability and economy. They can either be
shop-fabricated or site-fabricated. In most cases, corrosion protection is provided by a
high-density polyethylene pipe filled with cement grout. The technique of installation has
progress to a point where a pair of cables can be erected at the site in 1 day.
Design of stay cables is governed by fatigue strength of the cables. Back stay
cables experience most severe fatigue. Permissible maximum cable stress is generally
calculated on the basis of 2- million cycles of fatigue test. Following are the different
types of cables:
 Parallel bar cables
 Parallel wire cables
 Standard cables
 Locked coil cables
Choice depends upon need of the mechanical properties and structural economic criteria:
modules of elasticity, ultimate tensile strength, fatigue, durability, erection, design of
anchorage.
Fig 3.6: Cross sectional details of various types of cable (Rene Walther)
Page | 21
3.4 General Layout of cable stayed bridge
A cable-stayed bridge has one or more towers (or pylons), from which cables
support the bridge deck. There are four major classes of cable-stayed bridges: harp, mono,
star and fan. In the harp or parallel design, the cables are nearly parallel so that the height
of their attachment to the tower is proportional to the distance from the tower to their
mounting on the deck. In the fan design, the cables all connect to or pass over the top of
the towers. The fan design is structurally superior with minimum moment applied to the
towers but for practical reasons the modified fan is preferred especially where many cables
are necessary. In the modified fan arrangement the cables terminate near to the top of the
tower but are spaced from each other sufficiently to allow better termination, improved
environmental protection, and good access to individual cables for maintenance. The
cable-stayed bridge is optimal for spans longer than cantilever bridges, and shorter than
suspension bridges. This is the range where cantilever bridges would rapidly grow heavier
if the span were lengthened, and suspension bridge cabling would not be more economical
if the span were shortened.
Layout of cable stays
The layout of cable is one of the fundamental items in design of cable stayed
bridges. It influences, intact, not only structural performance of bridge, but also the method
of erection and the economics. In transverse direction majority of existing structures
consist of two planes of cables, generally downside of structures. However, several bridges
have been successfully build recently with only one central plane of cables.
Central suspension system:
The central suspension system call for rigid deck as it is subjected to tensional
moments, the bending capacity is not exploited in case of narrow spacing of cables. Under
the action of live loads, the deformation of structure is governed essentially by stiffness of
pylons and suspension system. The deck is subjected to an imposed displacement and its
longitudinal bending increases with its stiffness. However, placing the pylons in the centre
of carriage means inevitably increasing the width of the deck. This may prove a ruling
disadvantage in the field of very large span structures which require pylons of considerable
height and thus width at the base. A deck rigid against torsion contributes to reduction of
second order moments, as well as aerodynamic stability of the whole. This method of
suspension is characterized by low fatigue loading of the cables, given that a deck which is
stiff in torsion has great capacity for spreading concentrated loads, which thus limit the
Page | 22
stress variations in the stays. These types of bridges are not suitable for road bridges with
dual carriageway.
10
Fig 3.7: Different Planes of Suspension system (Rene Walther )
3.4.1 Systems with lateral suspensions:

The majority of the bridges build to date have lateral supporting systems. The planes of the
stays may be vertical or inclined slightly inwards, where A-shaped pylons are used.
(a)Conventional suspension bridges
This method of suspension has low bending stiffness .to avoid the effects of wind or
eccentric loading, it is thus necessary to provide suitable deck. Erection of cables is carried
out using spinning method which is difficult process.
(b) Cable stayed bridges with vertical lateral suspension
The stays are in tension and almost rectilinear, ensure a more rigid connection between the
pylon and the deck. Vertical suspension does not give rise to clearance problem above the
deck. The erection of pylons consist of vertical arm is simple and economical.
(c) Cable stayed bridges with A-frame pylons
The stiffness and stability of the structure can be further enhanced using A -frame
pylons which is fixed at their top. The deck and two planes of inclined stays behave like a
rigid closed section in bending, which considerably reduces possible rotation of the
Page | 23
running surface. However the erection of cables is difficult then vertical one and also
there is clearance problem.
10
Fig 3.8: Lateral suspension system (Rene Walther )
3.4.2 Longitudinal layout
The recently adopted design requirement that all cables be individually replaceable
makes closely spaced cables more desirable. It is usually required that one cable can be
de-tensioned, dismantled, and replaced under reduced traffic loading. The additional
bending moment in the girder will not increase excessively if the cable spacing is small.
The complexity of the analysis increases as the number of cables increases. Harp, radial,
fan, or other cable configurations have all been used. However, except in very long span
structures, cable configuration does not have a major effect on the behavior of the bridge.
Page | 24
 Harp arrangement:
Cables-anchors are distributed uniformly both along the height of the tower and
along the bridge deck. This simplifies detailing anchors at both the ends. Results ease of
installation
during construction and at the time of future replacement. But structurally it is less
efficient as causes large bending moment in the tower. A harp-type cable arrangement
offers a very clean and delicate appearance because an array of Parallel cables will always
appear parallel irrespective of the viewing angle. It also allows an earlier start of girder
construction because the cable anchorages in the tower begin at a lower elevation.
 Fan arrangement :
A fan-type cable arrangement can also be very attractive, especially for a single-
plane cable system. Because the cable slopes are steeper, the axial force in the girder,
which is an accumulation of all horizontal components of cable forces, is smaller. This
feature is advantageous for longer-span bridges where compression in the girder may
control the design.
 Radial arrangement:
A radial arrangement of cables with all cables anchored at a common point at the
tower is quite efficient. However, a good detail is difficult to achieve. Unless it is well
treated, it may look clumsy with all cables anchored in a horizontal plane in the tower top,
is an excellent solution, both technically and aesthetically.
10
Fig 3.9 -Types of longitudinal Layout(Rene Walther )
Page | 25
CHAPTER 4
Modeling of Cable stayed Bridge
4.1 Introduction
A three or more span cable stayed bridge is easy to model in MIDAS Civil as a
wizard is available in MIDAS Civil to Model a three or more span symmetric and
asymmetric bridges. Where as to model a two span bridge with central pylon is difficult
task .In order to model the two span bridges we can either model a three span symmetric
bridge with two pylons & then remove the extra span with pylon or we can manually give
the co-ordinates of the nodes and then assign the elements. The problem with former
method is that we are not able to get proper coordinates for longitudinal summit .Hence
giving co-ordinates and then assigning elements would be better option.
General assumptions while modeling the bridge.
1) Sub-structure is not modeled instead constraints are applied at suitable locations.
2) Pylon and Deck element are modeled as beam elements.
3) Cables are modeled as equivalent truss element, hence bending stiffness is not
considered. As the effect of cable sag for moderate span bridge is less. However
the effect of sag is incorporated using modified elastic modulus for cable as per
Ernst formula.
4) Deck and girder are considered as the line elements, the connectivity between
cable, deck and pylon is done using elastic link.
5) The components of the bridge are connected by nodes or by rigid /elastic links at
suitable location for proper transfer of forces.
6) During construction the temporary cable is not modeled and instead its reaction is
transferred at suitable deck and pylon position in form of nodal loads.
7) The system is assumed to remain elastic.
4.2 Steps for modeling cable stayed bridge in MIDAS civil.

The steps for modeling of cable stayed bridge are as follows
1) Defining Material & Sectional properties
2) Tower modeling
3) Main girders and Cross girder generation
Page | 26
4) Tower and end bearing generation in form of Rigid or Elastic links
5) Boundary condition input
6) Loading condition input based on type of analysis.
Description of cable stayed bridge

Total Span of Bridge : 350m
Total Height of Pylon : 78.5 m
Total width of the deck : 19 m
No of traffic Lanes : 4
Width of Footpath : 1.2m
Fig 4.1: Elevation of Cable stayed bridge 00
Page | 27
Fig 4.4 :Elevation of Cable stayed bridge 300
4.2.1 Defining Material Properties.
Code Name Type Code Grade Elastisity
1 pylon_M50 Concrete IS(RC) 50 3.50E+07
2 deck_M45 Concrete IS(RC) 45 3.40E+07
3 cable user defined None - 1.95E+08
Table 4.1 Defining material properties
4.2.2 Defining the sectional properties

Sectional properties of pylon: The central Pylon is ‘H’ shaped at top , tapering
in-between & inclined at mid-section , below the deck -level the pylon move
inwards and at bottom it spreads into four legs to rest on ground level. Large
Page | 28
variance in shape of pylon calls for defining number of sections for pylon at
various levels. The two arms of pylon head are joined by the Top-tie-beam &
below the deck level it is joined by the pre-stressed Bottom tie-beam. .As there
is large unsupported span length of deck near pylon, large load act on the
Bottom tie-beam & hence pre-stressed beam is used
ID Type Shape Name Area Ixx Iyy
1 DB/User SB bottom_tie_beam 3.2 1.4014 1.0667
2 DB/User SB pylon_head 12 19.4385 16
3 DB/User SR cable 0.0113 0 0
4 Tapered SB pylon_head_taper 12 19.4385 16
5 DB/User SB pylon_bottom 16 36 21.3333
6 DB/User SB top_tie_beam 9 11.3906 6.75
7 Value GEN box_girder 9.5455 28.3374 13.4715
8 DB/User SB diaphragm 2.4 0.426 1.8
Table 4.2 Sectional properties
4.2.3 Deck type
Fig 4.5: Twin Trapeziod Box Girder
Page | 29
Sectional property of Permanent cables
• The cables are made of bundled seven wire high tensile strength stands having a
diameter of 15 mm.
• Several of these seven wire strands are assembled together in a hexagonal format.
• They are hot dipped galvanized to protect them against corrosion.
• The monostrands are sheathed with a tight high-density polyethylene coating to
prevent it from corrosion.
• The bundled monostrands are supplemented with an outer sheathing to reduce the
wind and rain effects on the cable anchorage connections.
• The cables have passive connections to the tower and an active connection to the
longitudinal box girder .
Fig 4.6: Cable Cross-section
4.2.3 Boundary condition input

Tower and end bearing are generated in form of Rigid or Elastic links, Boundary
condition input for support at end support at both ends are simply supported, whereas base
of pylon is fixed. The temporary supporting condition during casting of deck can be
considered for construction stage analysis. All the nodes are connected either by node to
node or by rigid link for proper connectivity.
4.2.4 Loading condition input

1) Dead load- Automatically taken by the software
2) SIDL- wearing coat=18.15 kN/m, Crash barrier-7.5kN/m
Page | 30
3) Pretension force- Unknown load factor method
4) Vehicular live load as per IRC 6 – 2017
Fig 4.7: Class 70R Loading according to IRC-6
Fig 4.7: Class A Loading according to IRC-6
Page | 31
Fig4.7: 4 lane Loading according to IRC-6
Page | 32
CHAPTER 5
Static analysis for finding initial pretension force
5.1 Introduction
Cable stayed bridge being highly indeterminate structure finding cable pretension
force is a difficult task. More over considering the cable as catenary element increases the
problem. Cable element if considered catenary element the stiffness changes at every
point. Hence for static part of the analysis it is considered to be equivalent truss element.
When cable element is considered as truss element superposition theorem can be
used,which allow us to use various methods for finding the pretension force in cable. As
the number of unknown in form of pretension force is more than the equilibrium equation
we use various compatibility conditions to find the initial cable force.
5.2 Methods of finding initial pretension force in cables

The most thee famous method to find cable pretension force in cable stayed bridge
are zero displacement method, Analytical influence matrix method and unknown load
factor.
5.2.1 Traditional "Zero Displacement" method

The following steps are used to solve zero displacement method
a. Enter roller support to the cable anchorage position of deck without cable.
b. Apply dead load and obtain reaction.
c. Determine cable forces referring to the reaction which is vertical component of
cable force.
Cable horizontal force can also be obtained.
d. Apply nodal load to the cable anchorage position in main girder and pylon.
e. Obtain moment distribution and tuning cable force to have optimal moment range.
f. Horizontal force tuning.
-Fix the vertical & horizontal displacement of tower.
-Applyprestressforcetohave“0”verticaldisplacementatthecenterofthemid-span.
Page | 33
-Releasethe horizontal displacement of tower and adjust the prestress force to
have“0”horizontal displacement at the tower and vertical displacement at the girder
(span center).
Disadvantage –The method goes smoothly till finding moment distribution on girder
but trial and error process of horizontal tuning force creates problem.
5.2.2 Analytical Influence matrix method.

This method used for optimization of tensions of cables at the initial equilibrium
position of a cable structure is unit load method. The initial cable forces are calculated by
considering the constraints such as displacement, moment, etc. and satisfy the constraints.
If we use the unknown load factor of FEM software, we can minimize the trials to
determine the optimized pretension forces. In this function, by defining the constraint
condition of displacement/reaction/member force in a certain range, we can determine the
unknown cable pretension forces.
The following procedure explains the analysis for finding the jack-up loads at Points A,
B as shown in Fig
Fig 5.1: Analytical Influence matrix method

a) Apply a pretension load in the direction of the unknown jack-up loads as shown in Fig ,
one at a time. The number of unit load conditions created should be equal to the number of
the unknown loads.
b) Carry out a static analysis for the given loadings. Loading condition is self weight load
in this case.
c) Formulate Equality conditions using the Constraints imposed
Page | 34
Using linear algebraic equations, these equality conditions can be solved. If the numbers of
the unknown loads and equations are exactly equal, the solution can be readily obtained
from the matrix method or the linear algebra method also.
1 1+ 2 2+ 3 3+ = ….Eq. (1)
1 1+ 2 2+ 3 3+ = ….Eq. (2)
1 1+ 2 2+ 3 3+ = …... Eq (3)
1 = displacement at A due to unit load applied at P1 direction
1 = displacement at B due to unit load applied at P1 direction
2 = displacement at A due to unit load applied at P2 direction
2 = displacement at B due to unit load applied at P2 direction
= displacement at A due to design loading condition
= displacement at B due to design loading condition
= displacement at A due to design loading condition and unknown loads
= displacement a B due to design loading condition and unknown loads
1 = Unit pretension applied in the cable 1
2 = Unit pretension applied in the cable 2
For the current model find the initial cable tension loads T1, T2, T3 & T4 that limit the
vertical displacements a displacement at points A, B, C and D are greater than zero
under a uniform loading condition (Fig 7).
Formulate Equality conditions using constraints imposed. T1, T2, T3 & T4 are Unknown
Load factors or Optimized Cable Forces. Following equations are used to form the
influence matrix.
1× 1+ 2× 2+ 3× 3+ 4× 4+ = … Eq (4)
1× 1+ 2× 2+ 3× 3+ 4× 4+ = … Eq (5)
1× 1+ 2× 2+ 3× 3+ 4× 4+ = … Eq (6)
1× 1+ 2× 2+ 3× 3+ 4× 4+ = … Eq (7)
If the numbers of the unknown loads and equations are equal, the solution can be
readily obtained from the matrix method.
.
5.2.3 Unknown Load factor method

Unknown load factor is largely used technique to find the initial pretension forces in the
cable. MIDAS Civil also uses this technique of optimization for finding initial cable
forces. This function optimizes tensions of cables at the initial equilibrium position of a
Page | 35
cable structure. The program can calculate the initial cable force by inputting the
restrictions such as displacement, moment, etc. and satisfying the constraints. The
following steps are followed for this analysis.
Function
The unknown load factors obtained by using the Unknown Load Factor feature for the
final stage model do not include the change in stiffness of the cable due to the change in
pretension. Therefore we must use truss element in Unknown Load Factor. In order to
determine the pretension in the truss element to satisfy constraints, Iteration will be
required. The following procedure can be adopted:
1. Define the constraints and obtain the Unknown Load Factors for the Pretension
Forces.
2. Determine the Pretension Force by multiplying those factors with the assigned
Pretension Loads
3. Change the Pretension Forces with the new ones (obtainedinstep2)
4. Perform the Analysis.
5. Check whether the constraints are satisfied with modified pretensions
6. If not then determine the Unknown load factors again and keep repeating steps 2to5
till we get the constraints satisfied after static analysis (step5).
Page | 36
Fig 5.2: Unknown load factor method
Tips for defining constraints –First the vertical deformation of span center node (in
ourmodel this condition can’t be used) and horizontal deformation of pylon top node. Once
this condition is converged, we try to increase constraint condition. Once even that
condition is converged, we try to decrease constraint range.
Object Function type: We Select the method of forming an object function consisted
of unknown load factors. There are three object function available they are as
follows
1. Linear :The sum of the absolute values of Load factor x scale factor
2. Square: The linear sum of the squares of Load factor x scale factor
3. Maximum Absolute : The maximum of the absolute values of Load factor x

scale factor
Depending on objective function type and constraint condition the optimization of

solution takes place.
Page | 37
Table 5.1 Objective function and constraint condition for unknown load factor method
Constraint condition Objective function
Linear-|X1|+|X2|=K…......equation of straight
line
2
=K…….equation of
Square- X1²+X2 circle
Max Abs- min(max |X1|,max|X2|)…..
Fig5.3 Graph for objective function type in unknown load factor method
In above condition numerous solutions are obtained in between constraint condition.
But only those minimum solutions of objective function satisfying constraints are
considered.
In our analysis we apply a unit pretension in cables and make load combination LCB
for Dead load, superimposed dead load and unit pretension load .Then we perform analysis
and define unknown factor .The most important and critical thing in defining unknown
factor group is to define constraints .we have define constraints at the cable anchorage
points at deck for vertical inequality of ±10 mm and for horizontal displacement of pylon
as ±5mm. The sign of the unknown factor can be obtained for positive, negative or both
the values.
Page | 38
Cable force Tuning:
Cable tuning reduces the repetitive computation process for obtaining the optimum cable
pretension. It calculates the effects of the cable pretension (or load factor) on the
displacements/ member forces/ stresses through influence matrix and updates the results
graph in real time.
The process of Cable Force Tuning
1. Adjust the cable pretension (or load factor) using the table or bar graph.
2. Select the result item for which the effects of the cable pretension are to be checked.
3. Produce the results graph for the result item selected from step 2. If the pretension
(or load factor) is adjusted in step 1, it is reflected in the results graph in real time.
4. Save the adjusted pretension forces in a load combination or apply the new
pretension forces to the cables directly using the pre-programmed buttons
.
Fig5.4 Cable tuning
Page | 39
CHAPTER 6
Results
6.1 00 Tilt of Pylon

• Conventional pylon
• Symmetrical on both side
• 18 cables on either side
• Spacing between the cables = 17.5m
6.1.1 Deflection due to self-weight
Fig 6.1: Deflection due to self-weight

Deflection due to self –weight: 0.057m
6.1.2 Unit pretension force applied to cables
Fig 6.2: Unit pretension force applied to cables
Page | 40
6.1.3 Unknown load factor
Fig 6.3: Unknown load factor

After defining unit pretension force in cables Unknown load factor method is used to find the
initial prestressing force. These unknown factors are calculated according to the constraints
provided.
6.1.4 Constrains
Fig 6.4: Constrains
Page | 41
6.1.5 Load Factors
Fig 6.5: Load Factors

Laod factors then obtain are applied as a prestressing force by making load combination.
6.1.6 Deflection After prestressing
Fig 6.6: Deflection after prestressing
Page | 42
6.1.7 Moving Load
Fig 6.7: Moving load

Maximum deflection due to Two 70R = 0.027023m
6.1.8 Bending moment in deck due to self-weight
Fig 6.8: Bending moment in deck
Page | 43
• Angle of inclination of pylon = 100
• Distance of pylon from centre of bridge = 52.5m
• No. of cables on longer span side = 24
• No. of cables on shorter span side = 12
6.2.1 Balancing of deck
Fig 6.9: Load balancing

In load balancing concept due to tilt of 100 extra weight of pylon, generates extra moment on
other side so as to balance that moment extra deck is provided on other side of tilt.
Page | 44
6.2.3 Rollers being used instead of cables
Fig 6.11: Rollers being used instead of cables

Due to increase in deck span on one side of the pylon it creates a uplift on other side of pylon
making cables above it to sag, in cable tuning it gives compressive force for the truss member
so the axial force in cable is calculate by unit displacement method in which rection of rollers
is then converted to equivalent force in direction of cable.
Fig 6.12: Calculating tension in inclined cable by Strength Based approach
Page | 45
6.2.5 Moving Load

Maximum deflection due to Two 70R = 0.019673m
Fig 6.15: Bending moment in deck
Page | 46
• Distance of pylon from center of bridge = 70m
•

Page | 47

Maximum deflection = 0.142m
6.3.4 Moving Load

Maximum deflection due to Two 70R =0.021449m
Page | 48
Fig 6.20: Bending moment in deck and pylon

• Distance of pylon from centre of bridge = 87.5m

Page | 49

Maximum deflection = 0.150m
6.4.4 Moving Load

Maximum deflection due to Two 70R =0.029981m
Page | 50
Fig 6.25: Bending moment in deck and pylon
Page | 51
6.5 Comparison
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0 0 deg 10 deg 20 deg 30 deg

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
Fig 6.26 Plot of no. of strands for different inclination i.e. 0, 10, 20 and 30 degree.
Inclination 00 100 200 300

Total no. of
strands 1914 3238 4397 4949
Table 6.1 Total number of strands
6.5.1 Bending moment in cantilever portion of pylon
20000 0 deg BM pylon
0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49
-20000
Series1 Series2
Fig 6.27: 00 BM of pylon
Page | 52
10 deg BM pylon
100000
50000
0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 65
-50000
Series1 Series2
-100000
20 deg BM pylon
100000
50000
0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 65 67 69
-50000
-100000
Series1 Series2
30 deg BM pylon
100000
0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 65 67 69
-100000
Series1 Series2
6.5.2 Summary of bending moment in cantilever portion of pylon
Degree's tilt 00 100 200 300

Bending
moment kNm 9594.68 72850.02 69057.83 70560.87
Table 6.2 Bending moment in cantilever portion of pylon
Page | 53
6.5.3 Bending Moment in rest of the pylon
Degree's tilt 00 100 200 300
Bending moment kNm 699.56 279962.1 461037.6 612608
Table 6.3 Bending moment in rest of the pylon
6.5.4 Shear force in cantilever portion of pylon

0 deg SF
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
-1000 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49
-2000
-3000
-4000
Series1 Series2
Fig 6.31: 00 Shear in pylon
10 deg SF
30000
20000
10000
0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59
-10000
Series1 Series2
Page | 54
20 deg SF
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
-10000 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 65 67 69
-20000
Series1 Series2
30 deg SF
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 65 67 69
-10000
-20000
Series1 Series2
6.5.5 Summary of Shear force in cantilever portion of pylon
Degree's tilt 00 100 200 300
Shear force kN 3825.32 28138.35 32879.6 33432.56

Table 6.4 Shear force in rest of the pylon
6.5.6 Shear force in rest of the pylon
Degree's tilt 00 100 200 300
Shear force kN 20.93 15366.98 30437.62 34508.05

Table 1 Shear force in rest of the pylon
Page | 55
Chapter 7
Conclusion and Future scope
7.1 Conclusion
• Total number of strands for 00 is very less as compare to 100, 200 and 300.
• As angle of inclination of pylon increases total number of strand also increases

resulting in uneconomical structure.
• Bending moment for 00 is quite less than other angle of inclination.
• For cantilever portion of the structure bending moment almost remains same but for
the bottom part i.e. below the deck it increases considerably.
• Increase in BM at bottom of pylon, makes foundation of structure more heavy to be

design.
• For 00 obviously the shear force is less as compare to other inclined angles
• Shear force for inclined pylons doesn’t change considerably in cantilever portion.
• But same as BM, SF also increases as we move towards bottom of pylon resulting in
heavy foundation.
• Construction of inclined pylon is also tedious and cumbersome job.
• Hence, vertical pylon should be preferred over inclined pylon for economic and
structural purposes.
7.2 Future scope

 The idea behind tilting of pylon was to utilise the weight of pylon to balance the deck
so, it could be done for small span bridge where effective height of pylon is optimum.
 When the bridge is unsymmetrical in terms of span i.e. one of the span is
considerably small and other is larger than it produces a huge uplift and cables sag in
dead load condition so if this methodology is applied at the abutment we could utilise
the tilting of pylon more efficiently.
Page | 56
References
1. T. P.Agrawal, “Cable-stayed bridges-parametric study", Journal of bridge

engineering, Copyright ASCE, November 1999.
2. Praveen Reddy, Jamshid Ghaboussi & Neil M. Hawkins, “Simulation of

Construction of Cable Stayed Bridges” Journal of Bridge Engineering, Copyright
ASCE, USA, November 1999.
3. Pao-Hsii Wang, Tzu-Yang Tang & Hou-Nong Zheng, “ Analysis of cable-stayed

bridges during construction by cantilever methods”, Structural Mechanics
Division, Chung-Yuan University, Science Direct, Taiwan, 15 November 2003.
4. A.W.A.G. Khan, Construction stage analysis of cable stayed bridge (Case study –
Signature bridge), Department of structural engineering, Sardar Patel college of
engineering, Mumbai, April 2014.
5. M. Schliach, “Erection of cable stayed bridges having composite deck with precast
concrete slabs’’, Journal of Bridge Engineering, Copyright ASCE, USA,
September 2001
6. Malm R., Hakan S, “Time dependent analysis of segmentally constructed balanced

cantilever bridges” : Engineering structures , 2010.
7. Alessio Pipinato ,Carlo Pellegrino & Claudio Modena ,”Structural Analysis of the
Cantilever Construction Process in Cable-Stayed Bridges” Copyright Periodica
polytechnic, February 2012.
8. J.A. Lozano-Galant , I. Payá-Zaforteza , D. Xuc, J. Turmo , “Analysis of the

construction process of cable-stayed bridges built on temporary supports”
Department of Civil Engineering, Castilla-La Mancha University, Spain,
Copyright Science Direct, 2012.
9. Rene Walther, Cable stayed bridges, Thomas Telford, London, 1998.
10. Dr. VK Riana, Concrete bridge practice, Tata McGraw hill Publishing Co Ltd,
New Delhi, 1991.
11. MIDAS Manuals, Construction and static stage analysis of cable stayed bridges.
Page | 57

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Contents

Keywords: Inclined pylon, cable-stayed bridge, MIDAS CIVIL, structural parameters.

2.2 Overview of literature

Cable stayed bridges

3.2 Historical background

Fig 3.1:VidyasagarBridge,Kolkata & Bandra-worli sealink,

Fig 3.2:Russky bridge, Russia & Millau-Viaduct , France

3.3 Components of Cable Stayed Bridge

Fig 3.3: Components of Cable Stayed Bridge

Fig 3.4: Nagpur Cable stayed bridge with concrete deck.

3.3.2 Towers or Pylons

3.3.3 Stay technology

3.4.1 Systems with lateral suspensions:

3.4.2 Longitudinal layout

Modeling of Cable stayed Bridge

4.2 Steps for modeling cable stayed bridge in MIDAS civil.

Description of cable stayed bridge

Fig 4.1: Elevation of Cable stayed bridge 00

Fig 4.2: Elevation of Cable stayed bridge 100

Fig 4.4 :Elevation of Cable stayed bridge 300

4.2.1 Defining Material Properties.

Code Name Type Code Grade Elastisity

1 pylon_M50 Concrete IS(RC) 50 3.50E+07

2 deck_M45 Concrete IS(RC) 45 3.40E+07

3 cable user defined None - 1.95E+08

Table 4.1 Defining material properties

4.2.2 Defining the sectional properties

ID Type Shape Name Area Ixx Iyy

1 DB/User SB bottom_tie_beam 3.2 1.4014 1.0667

2 DB/User SB pylon_head 12 19.4385 16

3 DB/User SR cable 0.0113 0 0

4 Tapered SB pylon_head_taper 12 19.4385 16

5 DB/User SB pylon_bottom 16 36 21.3333

6 DB/User SB top_tie_beam 9 11.3906 6.75

7 Value GEN box_girder 9.5455 28.3374 13.4715

8 DB/User SB diaphragm 2.4 0.426 1.8

Table 4.2 Sectional properties

4.2.3 Deck type

Fig 4.5: Twin Trapeziod Box Girder

Fig 4.6: Cable Cross-section

4.2.3 Boundary condition input

4.2.4 Loading condition input

Fig 4.7: Class 70R Loading according to IRC-6

Fig 4.7: Class A Loading according to IRC-6

Static analysis for finding initial pretension force

5.2 Methods of finding initial pretension force in cables

5.2.1 Traditional "Zero Displacement" method

5.2.2 Analytical Influence matrix method.

Fig 5.1: Analytical Influence matrix method

5.2.3 Unknown Load factor method

3. Maximum Absolute : The maximum of the absolute values of Load factor x

Depending on objective function type and constraint condition the optimization of

Max Abs- min(max |X1|,max|X2|)…..

Fig5.4 Cable tuning

6.1 00 Tilt of Pylon

6.1.1 Deflection due to self-weight

Fig 6.1: Deflection due to self-weight

6.1.2 Unit pretension force applied to cables

Fig 6.2: Unit pretension force applied to cables

Fig 6.3: Unknown load factor

Fig 6.4: Constrains

Fig 6.5: Load Factors

6.1.6 Deflection After prestressing

Fig 6.6: Deflection after prestressing