CHAPTER 1

Introduction
1.1 General Introduction
The cable-stayed bridge is a modern form of bridge having both economical and
aesthetic values. In the past few decades, it has been extensively employed in the construction
of long-span bridges. Cable stayed bridges are now entering a new era with main span lengths
reaching upto 1000m and beyond .However, cable-stayed bridges with multiple stays require
a computationally intensive design as they are highly statically indeterminate structures.

Nowadays the trend for cable stayed bridge is to use more slender stiffening girders
combined with increasing span lengths which makes it imperative that the internal forces in
the bridge girder remain within tight limits throughout the construction process. Also for the
complete structure, it is generally required to minimize the deformations and internal forces in
the bridge deck and tower. By balancing the loads of the post-tensioning forces in the stay
cables, the desired optimum final condition can be achieved. Slight changes in the cable
forces can cause a significant influence on the geometry and the internal forces of the girder
and the pylon as the cable stayed bridge are highly flexible structures. It is possible to
calculate a set of initial cable forces that exactly cause the desired ‘ideal state ‘in the complete
structure. However, the member forces and deformations at the time of completion of the
bridge are generated during the construction and are dependent on the specifics of the
sequence of construction.

Cable-stayed bridges can be built using different erection techniques. Among the
various techniques the cantilevering method is certainly the most efficient construction
method for this type of bridges. Especially long-span cable-stayed bridges are generally
erected using this method. Also cable stayed bridges where supporting from bottom is
difficult during construction due to site constraints, this technique can be used .During the
construction by cantilever method new girders are installed and then supported by new cables
in each erection stage. In order to balance the weight of the bridge deck, the stays are stressed
at the time of their erection. These initial cable forces at the time of installation drastically

1
change during the erection process and adjustments may be necessary to achieve the desired
final condition. However, adjusting the tension force in the stay cables is expensive and thus,
tensioning strategies must be optimized to achieve an economic design. In case of concrete or
composite cable-stayed bridges, the change of the member forces and deformations during the
erection process is significantly induced by time-dependent processes, such as creep and
shrinkage. Furthermore, due to the high redundancy of cable-stayed bridges, the dead load
bending moments and cable forces achieved in the final construction stage will still
redistribute due to time-dependent deformations after continuity of the structure is reached.
Therefore the effects of time on materials are important to be studied for designing concrete
or composite structures. Also the nonlinear effects influence the structural behavior of cable-
stayed bridges. Generally, high tensile forces exist in the cable stays which induce high
compression forces in the towers and the girders that increase as the main span length
increases.
Another problem during the erection of cable-stayed bridges by the cantilevering
method is that even if appropriate initial cable forces have been determined, they may not
necessarily cause the desired final condition. Due to inevitable errors between the structural
design parameters and the actual ones, unexpected discrepancies between the predicted and
the actual state of the structure in a given construction stage may occur. In order to avoid the
accumulation of these discrepancies and to ensure a safe erection process, it is necessary to
carry out a detailed simulation analysis and a continuous monitoring throughout the erection
process. This way the discrepancies can be detected and the erection can be controlled by
certain construction adjustments. The load coming on the deck due to construction
equipments is sometimes so large that it calls for unnecessary large section to resist the
construction loads .However the structure is subjected to such a load only during the
construction process. Hence temporary arrangement like temporary cables can be used and the
structure can be analysed for construction stages using such arrangements.
If construction stage analysis is not performed properly then it can cause large deflection
during construction and can halt the complete construction process at site due to instability of
structure. This has happened in the many projects and has caused delay in projects. Hence it is
necessary to do define and analyse the cable stayed bridge for construction stage analysis to
avoid the future unseen problems.

2
1.2 Objectives and Scope

Scope of the present study is to model & analyse Nagpur cable stayed bridge which is
under construction over the Nagpur railway station. It is semi –fan type of bridge having 200
m long cable stayed span which is unsymmetrical in longitudinal as well as transverse
direction. The complete bridge is concrete bridge except the base tie beam of central pylon
which is post-tensioned to carry heavy load from the deck .The central pylon has two spans on
either side. In totality they are two identical bridges placed adjacent to each other for two way
traffic. Each bridge is a three lane bridge central deck and footpath on one side. However for
analysis purpose only one (Phase-I) of the bridge is considered, as both the bridge are almost
identical in all respect.

The main objectives of the study are as follows

 To model Nagpur cable stayed bridge by defining proper material and sectional
property along with actual geometry .The Bridge will be modeled along with
necessary boundary conditions and loading condition .Entire modeling and analysis
will be done using FEA software MIDAS Civil 2016.
 To carry out static analysis for finding the initial pretension forces using unknown
load factor method. Parametric study for truss forces, bending moments, axial forces
and deflections will be carried out.
 To define construction stages and carry out forward construction stage analysis with
varying structural groups, boundary groups and load groups. Parametric study at
critical section for various construction stages is carried out.
 To carry out construction stage analysis considering time dependent material
properties by using IRC 112 -2011 and CEB FIP-2010.
 To site visit Nagpur cable stayed bridge and to formulate report addressing
construction methodology and site related problems during construction of cable
stayed bridge

3
 CHAPTER 2
Literature review
2.1 Introduction
Cable stayed bridges are having aesthetic and structural advantages because of which they are
becoming trendy choices. Being highly flexible structure, it causes lots of complexity during
construction .Hence lots of researchers have carried out their studies on behavior of structure
during construction. The analysis process varies based on different methods of construction
and different material used for construction. Due to high indeterminacy and changing load
conditions in partially constructed structure, the computational efforts during analysis
increases. As there has been lots of development of software, the problems associated with
computation have decreased and hence it is possible to predict the behavior of bridge during
construction. The analysis can be carried out on various types of cable stayed bridges using
FEA softwares. In this chapter a detail review of literature has been carried out to study the
behavior cable stayed bridge.

2.2 Overview of literature

M. Schliach( September, 2001)[1]

The focus of this paper is on construction methods and analysis of composite steel-concrete
decks of cable-stayed bridges. During deck erection, no unwanted bending moments should
be locked into the composite sections when the concrete slab is connected to the steel
substructure. Such locked-in moments would bend the deck and cause concrete creep that is
difficult to predict and thereby introduce the risk of deviations from the desired deck
alignment and the corresponding distribution of forces. This paper presents a simple and
practical method of erection and erection analysis for composite decks with precast concrete
slabs. A two-step tensioning procedure of the stay cables is proposed that minimizes the
effects of unwanted locked in moments, making it easy to predict the geometry of the erection
stages and to yield the desired dead load configuration of the deck. The method was
successfully applied for the erection of the Ting Kau Bridge in Hong Kong, a cable-stayed
bridge of 1,200 m in length having a composite deck with a precast deck slab. Also it divides
the tensioning of cables while erection of precast composite deck in number of stages to
simplify the erection process and reduce the axial creep. There may be shift in neutral axis of
the section due to axial creep which may be tackled in modern cable stayed bridge as it has
narrow cable spacing and slender decks and hence it is being neglected. The research also

4
consist of simple formulas for getting extra forces in the cable at every stage of tensioning
and also formulas for the length of cable to be used considering elastic effect. Thereby the
research helps us to have the guidelines while erection of cable stayed bridge with composite
decks, these guidelines are no rules but if followed will help us to reduce the locked-in
moment due to Creep and thus increase the durability of structure.

Praveen Reddy, Jamshid Ghaboussi & Neil M. Hawkins (November, 1999) [2]

In this paper there is detailed discussion about the construction of cable-stayed bridges
involving major changes in configuration of the structure with the addition and removal of
structural components to the partially constructed structure. The computer program
BRIDGES, which stimulated the construction of bridges was developed and applied in the
simulation of construction of actual bridge .At every stage of construction, it is necessary to
have sufficient information about the existing partial structure as-built, to verify the
requirements called for in the construction guidelines and to investigate the effects of possible
modifications in the construction procedures. The final stresses and deformations in the
completed structure are strongly dependent on the sequence of events during the construction
and the erection procedure used. Therefore, analysis of the actual construction sequence is an
important first step in any analysis of the performance of the bridge under external loads. In
this paper a general methodology for construction sequence simulation of cable-stayed
bridges was presented, and stage-by-stage construction of an actual bridge is simulated. The
objective of the simulation was to evaluate short-term and long-term influences of the
construction sequence on the structural integrity of the cable-stayed bridge. Comparisons
were presented between results from the present analysis, conventional procedures, and the
actual field measurements. It uses nonlinear finite element analysis by activating and
deactivating elements at the appropriate construction steps. Modeling of the bridge was
followed by its analysis and results are compared with field measurement. The tensions in the
cables vary significantly during construction because each set of cables is initially stressed
and subsequently re-stressed at intervals during the course of the construction, and there is a
strong interaction between all the load-carrying components. This result contrasts with the
common belief that tension in the cables decreases constantly during the process of
construction. The final forces in the cables of the completed bridge assessed by three
methods, namely, linear and nonlinear stage-by-stage construction simulations and one-step
(conventional) nonlinear analysis. Thereby the finite-element simulation described here can be

5
used for effectively monitoring the shape and internal force distribution of each partial
structure. It also can be used for determining possible effects of modifying the construction
procedures on the specified final configuration. When the construction was simulated
backward, the designer was able to calculate the required forces in the cables and the prestress
forces in the members. However the time dependents effects of material properties were not
included in this study.

Pao-Hsii Wang, Tzu-Yang Tang & Hou-Nong Zheng (15November, 2003) [3]

The authors have presented analysis of cable-stayed bridges at different erection stages during
construction using the cantilever method. A finite element computation procedure was set up
for the shape finding analysis of such structures during erection procedures. Two
computational processes were established, one was a forward process analysis and the other
was a backward process analysis. The former was performed by following the sequence of
erection stages in bridge construction and the latter was carried out in the reverse direction of
erection procedures. Both processes can be successfully applied for finding the initial shape of
bridge structures during erection procedures. The structural behavior of the bridge structure
at different erection stages was been examined in details, such as the pretension required in
cable-stays and the corresponding structural configurations of the bridge, etc. The results of
shape finding analysis at each erection stage not only provide the necessary data for the
purpose of structural analysis and design, but also can be used for checking and controlling
the erection procedure of the cable-stayed bridge during construction. The designed shape
(pretension in cables and configuration) of the bridge can then be achieved and constructed.

T.P. Agarwal (May, 1997) [4]

In this paper there is investigation of the effect of number of cables and the length of central
panel on the behaviour of radiating-type and harp type of cable-stayed bridges. The study was
carried out for double-plane bridges with 12, 20, 28, and 36 cables per plane, with side to
main span ratios of 0.35, 0.40, 0.45, and 0.50, respectively. The bridges were analyzed by the
stiffness matrix method, treating the bridges as two-dimensional structures. A uniformly
distributed load of 10kN/m was considered over the entire length of the bridge.. The
investigation showed that maximum cable tension decreases rapidly with the increase in the
number of cables. In general, the effect of length of the central panel on the sagging moment

6
is significant; on the hogging moment, the effect of length was not appreciable. Both the
hogging and sagging moments increases with the increase in the number of cables from 12 to
36. The parametric charts useful for the design of cable-stayed bridges, incorporating the
foregoing parameters, have also been prepared. A comparison of the weight of steel in cables
and girders, as well as the total weight of steel (cables and longitudinal girders only) in the
harp and radiating arrangements was also carried out. In both harp and radiating bridges, the
weight of steel decreases with the increase in the number of cables. For 20 number of cable
stays the total amount of steel required for Harp and Radiating type was same. However the
complete analysis was on steel girder bridge hence creep and shrinkage was not considered.

A.W.A.G .Khan (April 2014)[5]

In his paper the author describes the historical outline of cable stayed bridges and their recent
developments. It also shows various construction technique which can be used during
erection. The main objective of this study was to model entire cable stayed bridge consisting
of inclined steel pylons connected to composite deck through stay cables. Case study for
construction stage analysis was done on Signature bridge of Wazirabad. The analysis was
carried out using temporary supporting conditions .Various construction stages were modeled
and entire bridge was analyzed for each construction stage. Analysis was done to obtain
structural behavior of bridge during construction time.

Malm R., Sundquist H. (2010) [6]

This paper deals with time dependent analysis of segmentally constructed balanced cantilever
bridges. Time-dependent effects have resulted in cracking in cast-in-place balanced cantilever
bridges are found in the literature. The literature regarding time-dependent effects in this type
of bridge mainly focuses on large long-term deflections. The analyses presented in this paper
have been performed with the finite element (FE) software Abaqus/Standard 6.7. The Grondal
Bridge is taken for analysis. The modeling approach used is a three-dimensional model using
shell elements. The evolution of material parameters such as the elastic modulus, creep,
relaxation and shrinkage has been described according to the methods in the design codes
CEB-FIP Model Code 1990 and Eurocode .To study the influence of the different dependent
material properties and effects, several different models have been performed, to study their
impact on the deflections and the stresses in the cantilevers during the construction process.

7
The developments of the elastic modulus, creep, weight of the form traveler, relaxation and
shrinkage have all been studied separately as well as their combined effect. Shrinkage has a
rather small impact on the displacement during cantilevering, regardless of whether non-
uniform shrinkage over the cross-section is considered. Both creep and shrinkage have a large
impact during the construction process and models that neglect these effects underestimate the
cracking. Creep is of even greater importance for the long-term displacements. The analysis
result show significant effects of creep during cantilevering and of a non uniform drying
shrinkage rate on the continuous bridge.

Alessio Pipinato , Carlo Pellegrino & Claudio Modena (February,2012)[7]

The study deals with the analysis of cable-stayed bridges at different erection stages during
construction, assuming the full or the partial cantilever method and performing multiple finite
element computational procedure. The forward process and the backward process analysis are
investigated and compared: the former is performed by following the sequence of erection
stages in bridge construction and the latter is carried out in the reverse direction of erection
procedures. The required pretension in cable-stays and the corresponding structural
configurations of the bridge at different erection stages have been examined and compared in
details, also by comparing either the linear computation procedure or the nonlinear
computation procedure. At each erection stage, the finite element analysis model is rebuilt,
then the system equation is set up and solved. Concerning the construction method, it is
confirmed that the full cantilevered method is more balanced if compared to the partial one,
thus suggesting that this method is more convenient in the pylons dimensioning. About
process type, and basing on the numerical analysis performed, some general conclusions
could be inferred: it is confirmed that both the forward and backward methods can be used for
finding the configurations and pre-forces in members of the bridge structure at different
erection stages during the girder construction using the cantilever method; it is confirmed that
both the forward and backward methods can be used successfully for the partial and the full
cantilever method; as a novel observation, the step back analysis seemed to be more limited in
representing the phenomena of the following subsequent stages, since the transient calculation
of the structure was performed starting from the final configuration: this limit can be avoided
by analyzing the stages of the process in the same direction with respect to construction, as in
the forward analysis every phenomenon highlights its effects only in the successive stages

8
without a erecting the previous ones; while the solution of the step back method offers the
accurate configuration and member pre-forces of the bridge structure at different erection
stages, the solution of the step forward method is not unique, since iteration is carried out at
erection stages, thus implying that the numerical results depends on the estimated cable initial
forces used for starting the computation of shape iterations. Considering the analysis type as
task dependent results related to this particular case study analysis, an agreement between the
results of the linear and non-linear analyses has been observed: in both the partial and full
cantilever method, the nonlinear theory offers theoretically more accurate results than that
determined by the linear theory, even if the computation becomes more complicated and time-
consuming when the nonlinear theory is utilized.

J.A. Lozano-Galant, I. Payá-Zaforteza, D. Xu, J. Turmo, 2012[8]

The Backward Algorithm (BA), is formally presented in this paper for calculation of the
erection of cable-stayed bridges built on temporary supports. Because of its simplicity the BA
can be reproduced by any structural code that enables the modeling of the prestresses of the
stays by means of imposed strains or imposed temperature increments. Another advantage is
that no separate models are needed to calculate the evolution of stresses in the strands when
the strand by strand tensioning technique is used. Furthermore, the stay elongations when
prestressed can be easily obtained when the stays are prestressed in a single operation or
strand by strand. This information is important to control the correct and safe prestressing of
the stay on site. This paper aims to fill this gap by providing a computation procedure, the
Backward Algorithm (BA). The numerical analysis of the cable-stayed bridge studied in this
paper showed that non-representative differences were found between the results obtained by
two studied commercial programs, and those obtained by the BA. Nevertheless, the BA can
only approximate the effects of the time-dependent phenomena, unless a global iterative
process or a backward-forward analysis is performed.

9
 CHAPTER 3
Cable stayed bridges

3.1. Introduction

Cable-stayed bridges are extremely elegant, effective structures and they are also
architectural landmarks. These bridges are usually built across the water bodies, valleys and
physical obstruction, where giving support from ground is difficult task. Hence stay cables are
used to transfer the load to Pylons, which subsequently transfer it to ground through proper
foundation system. Nowadays however due to Architectural elegance these bridges are also
preferred for landmark constructions .Whenever a cable-stayed bridge is chosen, the initial
design phase is of utmost importance. The characteristics of the structure and whether if it is
mainly constrained by structural or architectural reasons must be defined at an early stage in
the design process. Through the process of designing, an appropriate methodology is obtained
to determine the forces on the cables so that the structure remains structurally sound
throughout its service period.

The main structural elements of a cable stayed bridges are the bridge deck, piers,
bearing, towers and the stays. The deck supports the loads and transfers them to the stays and
to the piers through bending and compression. The stays transfer the forces to the towers,
which transmit them by compression to the foundations. The stay system are usually one of
two main types, with the stays anchored to the top of the tower (Fan) or the anchors are
distributed along the length of the tower (Semi-Fan and Harp). This system directly affects the
level of axial load and the elastic support given to the deck and to the tower. The static system
of a cable-stayed bridge can vary due to the conditions of support of the deck at the abutments
and the whether there are piers in the side spans. The connection between the deck and the
tower is also of great importance.

10
 The contemporary cable-stayed bridge is becoming more and more popular and is being
used where previously suspension bridge might have been chosen. Some of the advantages of
cable stayed bridges when comparing them to suspension bridges are:

 They are self-anchored even during construction and therefore do not require the
costly Counterweight required to anchor suspension bridges
 They react to live loads with only small deformations
 They can be easily constructed (balanced cantilevering method)
 They provide an increased stiffness over suspension bridges

3.2 Historical background

The principle of supporting a bridge deck with inclined tension members leading to
the towers on either side of the span has been known for centuries. Already in 1823, the
French engineer Navier published the results of a study on bridges with the deck stiffened by
wrought iron chains taking both, a fan shaped and a harp shaped system, into consideration.
However, due to the imperfections during the fabrication and the erection in early stayed
bridges, it was very difficult to arrive at an even distribution of the loads between all stays.
Furthermore, without the reliable tensile strength of steel wires, cable-stayed bridges did not
become an interesting option, whereas systems in which the suspension system was combined
with the cable stayed system, was used in major bridges in the second half of the 19th
century.

The first cable stayed bridge model was made in year 1784 which was made of timber
by C.T Loescher a German carpenter. However the first actual design was hybrid of
suspension and cable stayed. In 1817 the first actual bridge having suspension chains was
build which collapsed after accident due to high guest which was investigated by C.L Navier
.Due use of twisted cables, the cable stayed bridge were able to have a stiffer and long span
deck. In 1938 F.Dischinger introduced inclined, prestress stays into the design of a railway
suspension bridge over Elbe, near Hamburg. The Millau- viaduct bridge of France is also one
of the modern Bridges, which is tallest cable stayed bridge with the height of pylon of about
343m above ground level and maximum span length of 342m. With the innovation in deck
slab and stay technology nowadays it is possible to have span of about 1104 m at Rusky
bridge.

11
 In India the evolution of cable stayed bridge started with construction of Vidyasagar
setu, Bengal. It was the first cable stayed Road Bridge in India with the maximum span of
457.2 m, pylon height of 122 m and total 152 cable stays. Now-a-days due to rising
infrastructure and advantages of cable stayed bridge, many landmark cables stayed bridges
have been constructed in India. The Signature bridge of Wazirabad & Bandra-worli Sea Link
(Mumbai) are one of them. Other famous Cable stayed bridges in India are AAkar Bridge
Sikkim, Naini Bridge, Nagpur cable stayed Bridge, Burdwan (West Bengal) and many others
under construction. In the last twenty years, cable-stayed bridges have developed to become
dominating in bridge constructions with the span range from 200 m to 500 m.

Fig 3.1:Vidyasagar Bridge,Kolkata Fig3.2:Bandra-worli Sealink,Mumbai

Fig 3.3:Russky bridge, Russia Fig 3.4:Millau-Viaduct , France

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3.3 Components of Cable Stayed Bridge

The main components of superstructure of cable stayed bridge are deck, girders, pylon,
cable stays and bearings. The pylon and deck elements are under compression and cable is a
tension taking component. The figure below shows the various components of cable stayed
bridge.

Fig 3.5: Components of Cable Stayed Bridge

3.3.1 Deck and Girder

For spans up to 300 or 350 m, the concrete decks are economical because they can
utilize these axial forces as a cost-free prestress. Beyond these span lengths, the concrete
decks become too heavy and costly, but a steel-only deck would also be too expensive.

Fig 3.6: Nagpur Cable stayed bridge with concrete deck.

Therefore, from 350 to about 600 or 700 m, the composite deck, consisting of longitudinal
steel girders and floor beams onto which precast or cast-in situ concrete is connected via shear

13
connectors, is advantageous. The concrete slab of the composite deck, besides providing a
robust roadway, receives a cost-free prestress from the horizontal components of the cable
forces and is concurrently stiffened by and works together with the steel girders to resist
bending. A further advantage of the composite deck over a pure concrete deck is its simple
free cantilevering erection procedure. For each of the incrementally built deck segments, first
the light steel grid consisting of longitudinal girders and floor beams is suspended from the
towers by the stay cables, and second, the heavy concrete slab is placed using the steel grid
as permanent framework.

Fig 3.7: Erection stage of Burdvan (West Bengal) cable stayed bridge with composite
deck.(courtesy- RVNL,India)
At spans beyond about 700 m, the composite deck becomes too heavy, and the steel girder
with an orthotropic deck remains the only economical choice. The concrete and composite
decks are susceptible to the changes in their properties with time hence their effect is to be
considered while designing and analysing the structure. However the selection of deck
material can change according to site and client requirements [1].

Although some bridge has a concrete deck, most other early cable-stayed bridges have
an orthotropic deck. This is because both cable-stayed bridge and orthotropic deck were
introduced to the construction industry at about the same time. A properly designed and
fabricated orthotropic deck is a good solution for a cable-stayed bridge. However, with
increasing labor costs, the orthotropic deck becomes less commercially attractive except for
very long spans .In three span bridges the ratio of end span to main span is usually kept less
than 0.5 to avoid uplift, usually it is kept in range of 0.4 to 0.45 for optimized design[6].

14
3.3.2 Towers or Pylons
The towers are the most visible elements of a cable-stayed bridge. Therefore, aesthetic
considerations in tower design are very important. Generally speaking, because of the
enormous size of the structure, a clean and simple configuration is preferable. Although early
cable-stayed bridges all have steel towers, most recent constructions have concrete towers.
Because the tower is a compression member, concrete is the logical choice except under
special conditions such as in high earthquake areas.

Cables are anchored at the upper part of the tower. There are generally three concepts
for cable anchorages at the tower: crisscrossing, dead-ended, and saddle. Early cable-stayed
bridges took their anchorage details from suspension bridges that have saddles. Those saddles
were of the roller, fixed, or sector types. Roller-type saddles have a roller at the base similar
to a bridge bearing. Fixed-type saddles are similar except the base is fixed instead of rolling.
Sector-type saddles rotate around a pin. Each of these saddles satisfies a different set
boundary condition in the structural system. To assure that the strands do not slide under
unequal tension, a cover plate is usually clamped to the saddle trough to increase friction. This
transverse pressure increases friction but reduces the strength of the cable. This type of saddle
is very expensive and has not been used for recent cable-stayed bridges. However in
Extradosed cable bridges these type of saddle arrangement is used for anchoring cables .

Generally the arrangement of the cables determines the design of both pylon and deck.
Height of tower is determined from several considerations such as cable arrangement, visual
appearance, economics, etc. Recommended height of a tower is between 20 to 25% of the
central span.
Types of pylons
• Single tower
• Twin towers
• A-frames
• Diamond tower
• Delta tower
• Spread tower

15
The tower should be slender in longitudinal direction so that unbalanced horizontal cable
components caused by any live loads in the center span are transmitted to the ground through
the back stays rather than through the bending of the towers. The tower should be stiff in the
transverse direction to the bridge axis.

Figure 3.8: Cross section of Deck and pylon connection for various shapes (Rene
Walther10)
3.3.3 Stay technology
In most cases, the cables are tensioned to about 40% of their ultimate strength under
permanent load condition. However, the tension in the cables may be quite low during some
construction stages so that their effectiveness must be properly considered. A safety factor of
2.2 is usually recommended for cables. This results in an allowable stress of 45% of the
guaranteed ultimate tensile strength under dead and live loads. It is prudent to note that the
allowable stress of a cable must consider many factors, the most important being the strength
of the anchorage assemblage that is the weakest point in a cable with respect to capacity and
fatigue behavior.

There have been significant developments in the stay cable system. Early cables were
mainly lock coil strands. At that time, the lock-coil strand was the only cable system available
that could meet the more stringent requirements of cable-stayed bridges. Over the years, many
new cable systems have been successfully used. Parallel wire cables with Hi-Am sockets are
still one of the best cables commercially available today. A Hi-Am socket has a conical steel
shell. The wires are parallel for the entire length of the cable. Each wire is anchored to a plate
at the end of the socket by a button head. The space in the socket is then filled with epoxy

16
 mixed with zinc and small steel balls. The most popular type of cable nowadays uses seven-
wire strands. These strands, originally developed for prestressed concrete applications, offer
good workability and economy. They can either be shop-fabricated or site-fabricated. In most
cases, corrosion protection is provided by a high-density polyethylene pipe filled with cement
grout. The technique of installation has progress to a point where a pair of cables can be
erected at the site in 1 day.
Design of stay cables is governed by fatigue strength of the cables. Back stay
cables experience most severe fatigue. Permissible maximum cable stress is generally
calculated on the basis of 2- million cycles of fatigue test.
Following are the different types of cables:
 Parallel bar cables
 Parallel wire cables
 Standard cables
 Locked coil cables

Choice depends upon need of the mechanical properties and structural economic criteria:
modules of elasticity, ultimate tensile strength, fatigue, durability, erection, design of
anchorage.

Fig 3.9: Cross sectional details of various types of cable (Rene Walther10)

17
3.4 General Layout of cable stayed bridge
A cable-stayed bridge has one or more towers (or pylons), from which cables support
the bridge deck. There are four major classes of cable-stayed bridges: harp, mono,
star and fan. In the harp or parallel design, the cables are nearly parallel so that the height of
their attachment to the tower is proportional to the distance from the tower to their mounting
on the deck. In the fan design, the cables all connect to or pass over the top of the towers. The
fan design is structurally superior with minimum moment applied to the towers but for
practical reasons the modified fan is preferred especially where many cables are necessary. In
the modified fan arrangement the cables terminate near to the top of the tower but are spaced
from each other sufficiently to allow better termination, improved environmental protection,
and good access to individual cables for maintenance. The cable-stayed bridge is optimal for
spans longer than cantilever bridges, and shorter than suspension bridges. This is the range
where cantilever bridges would rapidly grow heavier if the span were lengthened, and
suspension bridge cabling would not be more economical if the span were shortened.

Layout of cable stays

The layout of cable is one of the fundamental items in design of cable stayed bridges. It
influences, intact, not only structural performance of bridge, but also the method of erection
and the economics. In transverse direction majority of existing structures consist of two
planes of cables, generally downside of structures. However, several bridges have been
successfully build recently with only one central plane of cables.

Central suspension system:

The central suspension system call for rigid deck as it is subjected to tensional
moments, the bending capacity is not exploited in case of narrow spacing of cables. Under the
action of live loads, the deformation of structure is governed essentially by stiffness of pylons
and suspension system. The deck is subjected to an imposed displacement and its longitudinal
bending increases with its stiffness. However, placing the pylons in the centre of carriage
means inevitably increasing the width of the deck. This may prove a ruling disadvantage in
the field of very large span structures which require pylons of considerable height and thus
width at the base. A deck rigid against torsion contributes to reduction of second order
moments, as well as aerodynamic stability of the whole. This method of suspension is
characterized by low fatigue loading of the cables, given that a deck which is stiff in torsion

18
has great capacity for spreading concentrated loads, which thus limit the stress variations in
the stays. These types of bridges are not suitable for road bridges with dual carriageway.

Fig 3.10: Different Planes of Suspension system (Rene Walther10)

3.4.1 Systems with lateral suspensions:

The majority of the bridges build to date have lateral supporting systems. The planes of the
stays may be vertical or inclined slightly inwards, where A-shaped pylons are used.

(a)Conventional suspension bridges

This method of suspension has low bending stiffness .to avoid the effects of wind or eccentric
loading, it is thus necessary to provide suitable deck. Erection of cables is carried out using
spinning method which is difficult process.

(b) Cable stayed bridges with vertical lateral suspension

The stays are in tension and almost rectilinear, ensure a more rigid connection between the
pylon and the deck. Vertical suspension does not give rise to clearance problem above the
deck. The erection of pylons consist of vertical arm is simple and economical.

(c) Cable stayed bridges with A-frame pylons

19
 The stiffness and stability of the structure can be further enhanced using A -frame
pylons which is fixed at their top. The deck and two planes of inclined stays behave like a
rigid closed section in bending, which considerably reduces possible rotation of the running
surface. However the erection of cables is difficult then vertical one and also there is
clearance problem.

Fig 3.11: Lateral suspension system (Rene Walther10)

3.4.2 Longitudinal layout

The recently adopted design requirement that all cables be individually replaceable
makes closely spaced cables more desirable. It is usually required that one cable can be de-
tensioned, dismantled, and replaced under reduced traffic loading. The additional bending
moment in the girder will not increase excessively if the cable spacing is small. The
complexity of the analysis increases as the number of cables increases. Harp, radial, fan, or
other cable configurations have all been used. However, except in very long span structures,
cable configuration does not have a major effect on the behavior of the bridge.

 Harp arrangement:

Cables-anchors are distributed uniformly both along the height of the tower and along
the bridge deck. This simplifies detailing anchors at both the ends. Results ease of installation

20
 during construction and at the time of future replacement. But structurally it is less efficient as
causes large bending moment in the tower. A harp-type cable arrangement offers a very clean
and delicate appearance because an array of Parallel cables will always appear parallel
irrespective of the viewing angle. It also allows an earlier start of girder construction because
the cable anchorages in the tower begin at a lower elevation.

 Fan arrangement :

A fan-type cable arrangement can also be very attractive, especially for a single-plane
cable system. Because the cable slopes are steeper, the axial force in the girder, which is an
accumulation of all horizontal components of cable forces, is smaller. This feature is
advantageous for longer-span bridges where compression in the girder may control the design.

 Radial arrangement:

A radial arrangement of cables with all cables anchored at a common point at the
tower is quite efficient. However, a good detail is difficult to achieve. Unless it is well treated,
it may look clumsy with all cables anchored in a horizontal plane in the tower top, is an
excellent solution, both technically and aesthetically.

Fig 3.12 -Types of longitudinal Layout(Rene Walther10)

21
3.5 Construction methods

The Construction method which is applied in the construction of a cable-stayed bridge

clearly depends on the size of the structure, the structural system and the conditions found at
the intended location. In general, there are three different construction methods possible:
 Construction on temporary supports
 Construction by incremental launching
 Construction by the cantilever method

3.5.1 Construction on temporary supports

It is a straight forward solution to erect the entire girder on temporary supports before
adding the cables. The construction takes place in following four steps

Fig 3.13 :Erection on temporary supports

Stage 1: Erection of the stiffening girder on permanent and temporary supports. Any of the
procedures used for the construction of girder bridges can be applied in this stage.
Stage 2: Erection of the pylons from the deck of the completed girder.
Stage 3: Installation of the stay cables. In this stage the cables only need to be tensioned
moderately as the final tensioning takes place in the following stage.

22
Stage 4: After the installation of all cables the temporary supports can be removed. During
this process, the load is transferred to the cable system. Since the girder deflects
downwards, it is necessary to erect the girder in an elevated position to reach the
desired final position.
This erection procedure offers the advantage that the girder can be erected continuously from
one end to the other. The procedure leads to an efficient control of the geometry and the cable
tension.

3.5.2 Construction by incremental launching

When erecting a cable-stayed bridge by the incremental launching method, the

superstructure is cast-in-situ at a stationary location behind one of the abutments and is then
jacked horizontally into place. Subsequent segments can then be cast onto the already
completed section and, in turn, pushed onto the piers. The procedure has the advantage that, in
contrast to the above methods, it does not require falsework to cast the girder.

Moreover, heavy erection equipment is not necessary. The only required special
equipment is a light steel truss, which works for a launching nose to reduce the cantilever
moment during the launching. The launching method can also be applied for steel or
composite decks as these are often used in the main span of a cable-stayed bridge. The
method is applied for the construction of small and medium sized cable-stayed bridges. It is
favorable for intermediate piers in the side span, but requires temporary supports in the main
span. After the structure is built, all stays can be tensioned in a single operation.

Fig 3.14: Incremental launching of Millau Viaduct Bridge

23
3.5.3 Construction by cantilever method

In a classical three-span bridge temporary supports can be completely avoided if the

superstructure is erected by the free-cantilever method. The procedure comprises the
following stages:

Fig 3.15: Erection by free cantilever method

Stage 1: The pylon and the girder units above the main piers are erected.
Stage 2: A balanced free cantilever is initiated by using derrick cranes which operate on
the deck to lift up the girder segments. These are transported to the site on barges.
Stage 3: As the cantilevers grow, the stay cables are installed and tensioned to their
initial forces to carry the weight of the newly erected segment.
Stage 4: The bridge is closed at midspan and the additional loading is applied.

To take advantage of the intermediate supports in the side spans for the erection of the
bridge, the side spans are built in the first step and after that, the long cantilever in the main
span, which is then stabilised by the already existing side spans. In general, three methods are
adopted for constructing the main girder in the side spans: the construction of balanced
cantilevers on each of the intermediate supports, the construction by incremental launching or
the construction of the access spans on scaffoldings. The principals of one-side cantilevering
into the main span will be especially advantageous if the side spans can be erected without
requiring temporary supports in the side spans.

24
 Chapter 4
Report on Site visit to Nagpur cable stayed bridge

Fig4.1: Layout of Nagpur cable stayed Bridge

4.1 Introduction
Nagpur cable stayed Roadway Bridge is under construction across the Railway station
yard, Nagpur. It is one of the major railway junction, which is busy all the time. This bridge is
first of its kind in central India. The bridge known as Ram Jhula is approximately 600m in
length including mainstay cable portion of 200m. Main span is approximately 112 m and side
span is about 88m in length.

This new bridge was proposed to replace the ageing Santra Market Railway Over-
bridge which connects eastern and western part of city. The old bridge was constructed over
hundred years ago by then British Company. There are about 20 railway lines with electrified
tracks below the bridge. Therefore special technique has to be adopted, so that there is no
hindrance to movement of train traffic during construction of bridge. Each bridge span layout
is un-symmetric in longitudinal direction (118.9m - 88.2m) with the pylons positioned at

25
centre. The pylon rise 55.6 m above ground level (about 47 m above the deck level) .The
Bridge is unsymmetrical in transverse direction too, due to presence of 1.2m footpath on one
side. Bridge employs frame works system wherein there are two edge beam (RCC concrete)
along with cross beam at every 6.3 m intervals and a concrete slab (cast in situ).Clearance of
bridge to be maintained is 8 to 9 m. The approaches and other part of bridge deck is made of
box-girder deck.
Cables stays of Semi-Fan type were used which were anchored at defined spacing
on pylon head. In total 54 numbers of cables for each bridge was used. Each cable had
several HT strands of 15.2mm diameter which is individually greased /waxed and
sheathed.HT strands forming cables is covered with HDPE pipe with helical ribs to reduce the
potential vibrations caused by wind loading. The cables are installed and stressed using
strand-By-strand method with jacking operation occurring at pylon top.

Fig4.2: Cross-sectional details of deck and girder assembly

The central pylon had foundation which comprised of 16 numbers of piles with
diameter of 1.2m and have gone 13to 16m below ground level. Pot-PTFE type of bearing is
used at most of location in the bridge. A 75mm thick bituminous wearing coat comprising of
50 mm DBM with 25 mm mastic asphalt overlay was used over bridge deck. In order to
support the large weight of coming from the deck, the bottom tie beam of pylon was post
tensioned with 12 number or tendons. On both side of pylon the initial 14.7 m of deck
construction was cast in situ using staging. Also end portion on both the side was casted using

26
 staging from bottom; other part of deck was casted using CFT. During the site visit in
December 2016, the phase- I of the project was already over and was open for the traffic.
Whereas for phase-II, the pylon construction was almost over and staging for initial segment
of deck construction was in process.

Fig4.3: Construction at site of Nagpur cable stayed bridge

4.2 Construction challenges and their inferences

1. Construction of new bridge as well as dismantling of old bridge over the active railway
network was difficult task. As it could cause serious accidents if proper safety measures
were not taken.
2. Special cutting tools and dismantling equipments where used to avoid accidents
3. The layout and alignment of various components of the cable stayed bridge like pylon were
controlled by the layout of active rail network running below the bridge. Because of which
span length of the bridge could not be maintained and thereby causing problems like uplift
in shorter span.
4. The sole purpose of carrying out cantilever construction was to undisturb the active railway
network running beneath the bridge .However carrying out cantilever construction using

27
 cantilever method was not that easy, as high voltage electric wires of railways caused
hindrance to normal construction. Only specific hours where provided to work due to busy
railway junction.
5. Pylons where about 55.6 m above ground level, to work on such a great height is difficult.
Proper safety along with proper communication system is required. Lack of communication
between Engineer, Surveyor and workers can lead to improper construction, which may
bring changes in planned construction stages.
6. As the construction stage analysis was not carried out properly before the execution of the
project, it has caused many problems during the actual construction of project.
7. Initially the weight of CFT (cantilever foam traveler) was underweighted i.e. it was taken
as 70 to 80 tons because of which there was difference in actual behavior of bridge under
construction load.
8. As the deflection of deck would be more under the actual heavy construction
loading(CFT).There was a need of redoing the complete construction stage analysis
considering actual weight of CFT i.e. 105 tons
9. If such a heavy CFT rests on the cantilever deck of partially constructed bridge, there will
be problem of maintaining the camber during casting .Also its weight will induce heavy
shear in cross beam of deck where CFT is supported.
10. After many technical advices temporary cables were introduced to support the end arm of
CFT, by tying the end arm CFT to pylon head with help of temporary cables.
11. This problem was realized after the construction of pylon. It took long to redefine the
construction stages with actual CFT loading.
12. However the use of temporary cables has resolved the problem of redesigning the bridge
for such a heavy construction load but it has increase the construction stages and duration,
as at most of the stages the temporary cable has to adjust during movement of CFT.
13. Continuous supply of concrete during construction of deck should be maintained or else it
can lead to unbalanced construction on either side of pylon.
14. In Semi –fan pattern of permanent cables, all the cables merge at the pylon head with less
spacing. Proper anchorage arrangement at pylon head is to be used in such case or else it
causes anchorage problems.
15. Attaining proper camber is a herculean task in cantilever construction for concrete deck
bridge as compared to staging construction.

28
16. Stressing and distressing of permanent cables during construction stage is very important
task.
17. The tower crane required a huge foundation with high grade of concreting .The tower crane
has to be installed at such location that it serves its purpose for construction of both the
phases of bridge.
18. Monitoring of bridge for various parameters plays an important role during construction of
cable stayed bridge

29
 CHAPTER 5
Modeling of Nagpur Cable stayed Bridge
5.1 Introduction
A three or more span cable stayed bridge is easy to model in MIDAS Civil as a
wizard is available in MIDAS Civil to Model a three or more span symmetric and asymmetric
bridges. Where as to model a two span bridge with central pylon is difficult task .In order to
model the two span bridges we can either model a three span symmetric bridge with two
pylons & then remove the extra span with pylon or we can manually give the co-ordinates of
the nodes and then assign the elements. The problem with former method is that we are not
able to get proper coordinates for longitudinal summit .Hence giving co-ordinates and then
assigning elements would be better option.

General assumptions while modeling the bridge.

1) Sub-structure is not modeled instead constraints are applied at suitable locations.

2) Pylon and Deck element are modeled as beam elements.
3) Cables are modeled as equivalent truss element, hence bending stiffness is not
considered. As the effect of cable sag for moderate span bridge is less. However the
effect of sag is incorporated using modified elastic modulus for cable as per Ernst
formula.
4) Most of the components of bridge are modeled as per actual geometry.
5) Deck and girder are considered as the line elements, the connectivity between cable,
deck and pylon is done using elastic link.
6) The components of the bridge are connected by nodes or by rigid /elastic links at
suitable location for proper transfer of forces.
7) Construction load will be taken as the nodal loads at appropriate locations
8) During construction the temporary cable is not modeled and instead its reaction is
transferred at suitable deck and pylon position in form of nodal loads.
9) The system is assumed to remain elastic.

30
5.2 Steps for modeling cable stayed bridge in MIDAS civil.
The steps for modeling of cable stayed bridge are as follows

1) Defining Material & Sectional properties

2) Tower modeling
3) Main girders and Cross girder generation
4) Tower and end bearing generation in form of Rigid or Elastic links
5) Boundary condition input
6) Loading condition input based on type of analysis.

Description of Nagpur cable stayed bridge

Total Span of Bridge : 200m

Right Side Span (Sadar Side) : 111.8m
Left Side Span (Bhandara side): 88.2 m
End & Central Supports : Pier P2(Sadar end), P3(Central Pylon),Pier P4(Bhandaraend)
Total Height of Pylon : 55.622 m
Total width of the deck : 12.4 m
No of traffic Lanes : 3
Width of Footpath : 1.2m

Fig5.1: Elevation of Nagpur cable stayed bridge in model

31
5.2.1 Defining Material Properties.
Table 5.1: Defining material properties
Mass
densit
Elasticity Poisson Density
Code Name Type Code Grade y
(KN/m2) ratio (KN/m2)
(KN/m
^3/g)
1 Cable User Defined None - 1.95E+08 0.3 7.70E+01 -
2.41E+
2 M50 Concrete IS(RC) M50 3.54E+07 0.2 2.36E+01
00
M50- 2.41E+
3 Concrete IS(RC) M50 3.54E+07 0.2 2.36E+01
plyon 00

5.2.2 Defining the sectional properties

A. Sectional properties of pylon: The central Pylon is ‘H’ shaped at top , tapering in-
between & inclined at mid-section , below the deck -level the pylon move inwards and at
bottom it spreads into four legs to rest on ground level. Large variance in shape of pylon
calls for defining number of sections for pylon at various levels. The two arms of pylon
head are joined by the Top-tie-beam & below the deck level it is joined by the pre-stressed
Bottom tie-beam. .As there is large unsupported span length of deck near pylon, large load
act on the Bottom tie-beam & hence pre-stressed beam is used

Table 5.2 Sectional properties of pylon

sr section Name of Dimension Area Ixx Iyy Izz
Type
no shape Section (m) (m2) (m4) (m4) (m4)
Bottom
Solid
1 DB/User Tie 2x1.6 3.2 1.401 1.066 0.682
Rectangle
Beam
Solid Pylon
2 DB/User 3.1x2 6.2 4.955 4.965 2.066
Rectangle Head
Solid Pylon
3 DB/User 2.2x2 4.4 2.697 1.774 1.466
Rectangle Middle
Pylon
Solid 3.1x2 6.2
4 Tapered on Head 4.955 4.965 2.066
Rectangle 2.2x2 4.2
(Taper)
Solid Pylon
5 DB/User 1.723x1.723 2.968 1.239 0.734 0.734
Rectangle Bottom
Solid Top Tie
6 DB/User 1x1.5 1.5 0.293 0.125 0.281
Rectangle Beam

32
B. Sectional properties of Deck
Table 5.3 Sectional properties of Deck

Sr Name of Area Ixx Iyy Izz

Type section shape
no Section (m2) (m4) (m4) (m4)

1 DB/User Solid rectangular Cross Beam 0.5385 0.0318 0.0521 0.0112

Central Cross
2 DB/User Solid rectangular Beam 0.7886 0.0526 0.1634 0.0164
3 Value General Deck 5.7519 0.3668 0.7972 143.368
4 Value General Deck-pylon 6.5914 0.492 2.0146 175.506
5 Tapered General Deck-Tapered 5.7519 0.3668 0.7972 143.368
6 Tapered General Deck-Tapered2 6.5914 0.492 2.0146 175.506

C. Properties of Post-tensioned tendons in Bottom Tie-Beam of Pylon

Number of tendons- 12 (3 tendons in each layer, total 4 layers)

Cross sectional area-0.00187 m2, 0.00138m2.
Duct dia-0.087m
Ultimate strength-1.86×106kN/m2
Yield strength-1.56×106kN/m2
Anchorage slip- 0.006m.

D. Sectional property of Permanent cables

Type of stays- Semi-Fan in two planes

Cables on Sadar side (Left side):2x14=28
Cables on Bhandara(Right side): 2x 13=26
Total number of cables= 54
The anchored at pylon top on Sadar side is different than on Bhandara side. As on Sadar side
the cables are not anchored to pylon in single plane of alignment. To stimulate this in our
model we create nodes in two planes and then join them to pylon with rigid elastic links.
Cables are attached to deck at the equal span of 6.3 meters and at pylon head they are
anchored in criss-cross pattern. As per clause 18.3.2 table no.18.4 of IRC112-2011, Class II

33
15.2mm 7 ply stand having nominal area of 140 mm2is used. We provide different number of
strands at different cable stays ,with larger cross-sectional area at the extreme end .

Table5.4: Sectional properties of Permanent cables

footpath side Other Side

Area Area
Cables no of strands no of strands
(mm2) (mm²)
Pier P2 - - - -
C14 27 3780 27 3780
C13 23 3220 23 3220
C12 20 2800 16 2240
C11 20 2800 16 2240
C10 20 2800 16 2240
C9 20 2800 12 1680
C8 16 2240 12 1680
C7 16 2240 12 1680
C6 14 1960 14 1960
C5 12 1680 12 1680
C4 12 1680 12 1680
C3 12 1680 12 1680
C2 12 1680 9 1260
C1 12 1680 12 1680
Pylon/P3 - - - -
C15 12 1680 12 1680
C16 12 1680 12 1680
C17 12 1680 12 1680
C18 12 1680 12 1680
C19 14 1960 14 1960
C20 14 1960 14 1960
C21 15 2100 15 2100
C22 16 2240 16 2240
C23 16 2240 16 2240
C24 16 2240 16 2240
C25 21 2940 21 2940
C26 28 3920 28 3920
C27 43 6020 40 5600
Pier P4 - - - -

34
 Fig 5.2 :Stay cable orientation from Figure5.3: Stay cable orientation from
Sadar side view Bhandara side view

Fig 5.4: Permanent cable strands Fig 5.5: Cable stay’s damper fitting

5.2.3 Boundary condition input

Tower and end bearing are generated in form of Rigid or Elastic links, Boundary
condition input for support at end support at both ends are simply supported, whereas base of
pylon is fixed. The temporary supporting condition during casting of deck can be considered
for construction stage analysis. All the nodes are connected either by node to node or by rigid
link for proper connectivity.

5.2.4 Loading condition input

1) Dead load- Automatically taken by the software

2) SIDL- wearing coat=18.15 kN/m, Crash barrier-7.5kN/m
Total -25.65 kN/m above the deck, Additional - 6.69 kN/m on footpath
3) Pretension force- Unknown load factor method
4) Loading condition for construction stage will be described in detail in chapter no 7.
35
 CHAPTER 6
Static analysis for finding initial pretension force
6.1 Introduction
Cable stayed bridge being highly indeterminate structure finding cable pretension force
is a difficult task. More over considering the cable as catenary element increases the problem.
Cable element if considered catenary element the stiffness changes at every point. Hence for
static part of the analysis it is considered to be equivalent truss element. When cable element
is considered as truss element superposition theorem can be used,which allow us to use
various methods for finding the pretension force in cable. As the number of unknown in form
of pretension force is more than the equilibrium equation we use various compatibility
conditions to find the initial cable force.

6.2 Methods of finding initial pretension force in cables

The most thee famous method to find cable pretension force in cable stayed bridge are zero
displacement method, Analytical influence matrix method and unknown load factor.

6.2.1 Traditional "Zero Displacement" method

The following steps are used to solve zero displacement method

a. Enter roller support to the cable anchorage position of deck without cable.
b. Apply dead load and obtain reaction.
c. Determine cable forces referring to the reaction which is vertical component of cable
force.
Cable horizontal force can also be obtained.
d. Apply nodal load to the cable anchorage position in main girder and pylon.
e. Obtain moment distribution and tuning cable force to have optimal moment range.
f. Horizontal force tuning.
-Fix the vertical & horizontal displacement of tower.

36
 -Applyprestressforcetohave“0”verticaldisplacementatthecenterofthemid-span.
-Release the horizontal displacement of tower and adjust the prestress force to
have“0”horizontal displacement at the tower and vertical displacement at the girder
(span center).
Disadvantage –The method goes smoothly till finding moment distribution on girder but
trial and error process of horizontal tuning force creates problem.

6.2.2 Analytical Influence matrix method.

This method used for optimization of tensions of cables at the initial equilibrium position
of a cable structure is unit load method. The initial cable forces are calculated by considering
the constraints such as displacement, moment, etc. and satisfy the constraints. If we use the
unknown load factor of FEM software, we can minimize the trials to determine the optimized
pretension forces. In this function, by defining the constraint condition of
displacement/reaction/member force in a certain range, we can determine the unknown cable
pretension forces.

The following procedure explains the analysis for finding the jack-up loads at Points A, B as
shown in Fig

Fig 6.1: Analytical Influence matrix method

a) Apply a pretension load in the direction of the unknown jack-up loads as shown in Fig , one
at a time. The number of unit load conditions created should be equal to the number of the
unknown loads.

37
b) Carry out a static analysis for the given loadings. Loading condition is self weight load in
this case.

c) Formulate Equality conditions using the Constraints imposed.

Using linear algebraic equations, these equality conditions can be solved. If the numbers of
the unknown loads and equations are exactly equal, the solution can be readily obtained from
the matrix method or the linear algebra method also.
𝛿𝐴1𝑃1+𝛿𝐴2𝑃2+𝛿𝐴3𝑃3+𝛿𝐴𝐷=𝛿𝐴 ….Eq. (1)
𝛿𝐵1𝑃1+𝛿𝐵2𝑃2+𝛿𝐵3𝑃3+𝛿𝐵𝐷=𝛿𝐵 ….Eq. (2)
𝛿𝐶1𝑃1+𝛿𝐶2𝑃2+𝛿𝐶3𝑃3+𝛿𝐶𝐷=𝛿𝐶 …... Eq (3)
𝛿𝐴1 = displacement at A due to unit load applied at P1 direction
𝛿𝐵1 = displacement at B due to unit load applied at P1 direction
𝛿𝐴2 = displacement at A due to unit load applied at P2 direction
𝛿𝐵2 = displacement at B due to unit load applied at P2 direction
𝛿𝐴𝐷 = displacement at A due to design loading condition
𝛿𝐵𝐷 = displacement at B due to design loading condition
𝛿𝐴 = displacement at A due to design loading condition and unknown loads
𝛿𝐵 = displacement a B due to design loading condition and unknown loads
𝑃1 = Unit pretension applied in the cable 1
𝑃2 = Unit pretension applied in the cable 2
For the current model find the initial cable tension loads T1, T2, T3 & T4 that limit the
vertical displacements a displacement at points A, B, C and D are greater than zero under a
uniform loading condition (Fig 7).
Formulate Equality conditions using constraints imposed. T1, T2, T3 & T4 are Unknown
Load factors or Optimized Cable Forces. Following equations are used to form the influence
matrix.
𝛿𝐴1×𝑃1+𝛿𝐴2×𝑃2+𝛿𝐴3×𝑃3+𝛿𝐴4×𝑃4+𝛿𝐴𝐷=𝛿𝐴 … Eq (4)
𝛿𝐵1×𝑃1+𝛿𝐵2×𝑃2+𝛿𝐵3×𝑃3+𝛿𝐵4×𝑃4+𝛿𝐵𝐷=𝛿𝐵 … Eq (5)
𝛿𝐶1×𝑃1+𝛿𝐶2×𝑃2+𝛿𝐶3×𝑃3+𝛿𝐶4×𝑃4+𝛿𝐶𝐷= 𝛿𝐶 … Eq (6)
𝛿𝐷1×𝑃1+𝛿𝐷2×𝑃2+𝛿𝐷3×𝑃3+𝛿𝐷4×𝑃4+𝛿𝐷𝐷=𝛿𝐷 … Eq (7)

If the numbers of the unknown loads and equations are equal, the solution can be readily
obtained from the matrix method also.

38
 P1 δA1 δA2 δA3 δA4 δA − δAD
P2 δB1 δB2 δB3 δB4 δB − δBD
[ ]= 𝒊𝒏𝒗 [ ]× [ ]
P3 δC1 δC2 δC3 δC4 δC − δCD
P4] δD1 δD2 δD3δ D4 δD − δDD
By solving the matrix we get values of P1, P2, P3 & P4 pretension.

6.2.3 Unknown Load factor method

Unknown load factor is largely used technique to find the initial pretension forces in the
cable. MIDAS Civil also uses this technique of optimization for finding initial cable forces.
This function optimizes tensions of cables at the initial equilibrium position of a cable
structure. The program can calculate the initial cable force by inputting the restrictions such as
displacement, moment, etc. and satisfying the constraints. The following steps are followed
for this analysis.

Step1 Cable -Stayed bridge Modeling

Step2 Generate Load conditionsfor Dead Loads For Main Girders and
Unit Pretension Load for Cables

Step3 Input dead Load and Unit load

Step4 Load Combination for dead Load and unit load

Step5 Calculate unknown Load Factors using Unknown Load factor

Function

Step6 Cable Force Tuning & Deck deflection check

Step7 Review Analysis results

39
The unknown load factors obtained by using the Unknown Load Factor feature for the final
stage model do not include the change in stiffness of the cable due to the change in
pretension. Therefore we must use truss element in Unknown Load Factor. In order to
determine the pretension in the truss element to satisfy constraints, Iteration will be required.
The following procedure can be adopted:

1. Define the constraints and obtain the Unknown Load Factors for the Pretension Forces.
2. Determine the Pretension Force by multiplying those factors with the assigned Pretension
Loads
3. Change the Pretension Forces with the new ones (obtainedinstep2)
4. Perform the Analysis.
5. Check whether the constraints are satisfied with modified pretensions
6. If not then determine the Unknown load factors again and keep repeating steps 2to5 till we
get the constraints satisfied after static analysis (step5).

Fig 6.2: Unknown load factor method

Tips for defining constraints – First the vertical deformation of span center node (in our
model this condition can’t be used) and horizontal deformation of pylon top node. Once this
condition is converged, we try to increase constraint condition. Once even that condition is
converged, we try to decrease constraint range.

40
Object Function type: We Select the method of forming an object function consisted of
unknown load factors. There are three object function available they are as follows
1. Linear :The sum of the absolute values of Load factor x scale factor

2. Square: The linear sum of the squares of Load factor x scale factor

3. Maximum Absolute : The maximum of the absolute values of Load factor x scale
factor

Depending on objective function type and constraint condition the optimization of solution
takes place.
Table 6.1-objective function and constraint condition for unknown load factor method
Constraint condition Objective function
Linear-|X1|+|X2|=K…......equation of straight
line
Square- X1²+X22=K…….equation of circle
Max Abs- min(max |X1|,max|X2|)…..

Fig6.3-Graph for objective function type in unknown load factor method

41
In above condition numerous solutions are obtained in between constraint condition. But only
those minimum solutions of objective function satisfying constraints are considered.
In our analysis we apply a unit pretension in cables and make load combination LCB for
Dead load, superimposed dead load and unit pretension load .Then we perform analysis and
define unknown factor .The most important and critical thing in defining unknown factor
group is to define constraints .we have define constraints at the cable anchorage points at deck
for vertical inequality of ±10 mm and for horizontal displacement of pylon as ±5mm. The
sign of the unknown factor can be obtained for positive, negative or both the values.

Cable force Tuning:

Cable tuning reduces the repetitive computation process for obtaining the optimum cable
pretension. It calculates the effects of the cable pretension (or load factor) on the
displacements/ member forces/ stresses through influence matrix and updates the results graph
in real time.
The process of Cable Force Tuning
1. Adjust the cable pretension (or load factor) using the table or bar graph.
2. Select the result item for which the effects of the cable pretension are to be checked.
3. Produce the results graph for the result item selected from step 2. If the pretension (or load
factor) is adjusted in step 1, it is reflected in the results graph in real time.
4. Save the adjusted pretension forces in a load combination or apply the new pretension
forces to the cables directly using the pre-programmed buttons.

Fig 6.4:Cable force tuning function in MIDAS Civil

42
 CHAPTER 7
Construction stage analysis
7.1 Introduction
The ease of erection is one of the main reasons for the success of cable-stayed bridges
over the last half century. Because of their self-anchored cable systems, the cantilever method
has been widely used for the deck erection of cable-stayed bridges. The cantilever method is
considered as the natural and logical solution for constructing the cable-stayed bridges of
large span, where new girder segments are installed and then supported by new cable stays in
each erection stage, and the construction process keeps going stage-by-stage until the bridge
is completed. Since no auxiliary supports are needed for constructing the bridge girder in the
cantilever method, a lot of construction cost and time can be saved. There are two basic
alternates in the cantilever method. One is named herein the single cantilever method and the
other is the double cantilever method. In the former the side span girders of the bridge are
erected on auxiliary piers and afterwards the stiffening girder in main span is erected by one-
sided free cantilevering until the span centre or the anchor pier on the far end is reached. In
the latter, the bridge girder is erected from both side of the tower towards the anchor piers and
the main span centre by double-sided free cantilevering .In this study the double cantilever
method is considered. But the concept and the analysis method presented here can also be
applied to the single cantilever method. In this chapter, there is detail explanation of
constructions stages using double sided cantilever construction.

7.2 Methodology
The construction of the pylon is carried out using normal stage wise construction
using tower crane. The construction of deck can be started only after the complete
construction of pylon because during construction of deck, the permanent cable are stressed
which are anchored on pylon head. Whereas in case of Harp type of pattern, the construction
of pylon and deck can be done simultaneously due to equidistant anchorage of stays on pylon.
Construction of deck is carried out using cantilever form traveler (CFT) throughout, except at
43
start and end of construction where staging is used. The movement of CFT for casting of deck
is an important process and various stages are involved during movement of CFT &
temporary cable, hence it to be analysed separately .Construction loads coming from the
action of CFT and temporary cable are stimulated in model as nodal loads for construction
stage analysis.

A step forward FEA method is used for construction stage analysis. In step forward
analysis method the analysis is carried in direction of actual construction process by activating
structural groups like deck segment and cables in the respective stages. The analysis can be
done using step backward approach in which the analysis is done in opposite direction of the
actual construction. The step backward analysis cannot be used for unsymmetrical structure
because one of requirement for it is that the shear force and bending moment at key segment
closure has to be zero. As our bridge model is unsymmetrical we go for forward analysis
method. Also incorporating changes in analysis as per changes at site is difficult in backward
analysis. The change in time dependent material properties cannot be incorporated in
backward analysis. However the backward analysis can be used to find the jacking force
required for forward analysis.

The steps followed for construction stage analysis are as follows.

1. The initial pretension cable forces found from static analysis are defined in a load
combination along with dead load and superimposed load.
2. Structural groups consisting of deck and cable elements are defined, which are to be
added or deleted in each stage.
3. Boundary group consisting of various boundary condition are defined, which are to be
added or deleted in each stage
4. Load groups are defined consisting of activation and deactivation of various load
during construction
5. Construction Stages are defined in which various structural groups, boundary groups
and load groups are activated and deactivated to stimulate the action of construction
by cantilevering method.
6. The analysis is carried out and results are formulated.

44
In case of including time dependent material property, the properties like creep and shrinkage
along with duration are defined according to standard code and then the analysis is carried
out.

7.3 Movement and loading of CFT:

As mentioned in previous chapter, in order to decrease the excess shear force coming on the
cross beams of the decks due to loading of construction equipment; the temporary cables are
used to support CFT. Usually the temporary cables are not used during cantilever construction
but this is a special case in which temporary cables are used to stabilize the CFT during
casting of segments and for reducing the forces coming at the deck .The pretension coming in
the temporary cable is dependent on the capacity of pylon, as the load coming because of
pretension in temporary cable is transferred to pylon head.

Fig 7.1: Detailed elevation view of Cantilever foam Traveler

From the above figure, we can understand the casting of deck using CFT. The movement of
CFT is done in four steps. In first step the lattice girder is moved forward and brought to
proper position. In second step the CFT is lowered using suspenders. In third step the CFT is
moved in forward direction and in forth step the CFT is lifted to be in proper position for
casting the deck segment.SD1 and SD2 are the saddle support attached to already casted deck.
The entire weight of CFT rests on this support .Load coming from the saddle support is in
turn transferred to the crossbeam of deck just below the saddle supports.

45
 Fig 7.2: Cross-section view of CFT along with deck details

From the cross-sectional view of CFT it can be seen that the suspender of the CFT is attached
on the outer side hence movement of CFT does not interfere with the permanent stay cables.
In our model the deck is a line element hence the loading at saddle support is consider
accordingly. By considering the equilibrium equations the loading of CFT on deck is found
out. The weight of CFT is 1050kN under dead load and during concreting extra 1000kN is
added due to the weight of green concrete. Hence during live loading weight of CFT is
2050kN.

Temp Cable 1050 kN (CFT weight) RA HB RB

2.1 m Green concrete (6.3m) 8.1 m casted deck

Fig 7.3: FBD of CFT loading

Table no 7.1- Loading on saddle support due to CFT movement considering temporary
cables
Conditions Load on deck Load on deck Vertical Component Total
in front side in back side of temporary
RA(KN) RB(KN) Cable(KN)
D.L of CFT 1400 down 350 up - 1050
D.L+ Temporary 200 down 400 down 450 1050
cable
DL+L.L+ Temp 1234down 66down 750 2050
cable

46
If the temporary cable is not considered the loading of CFT is as below
Table no 7.2- Loading on saddle support due to CFT movement without considering
temporary cables
Conditions Load on deck on Load on deck on back Total
front side RA(KN) side RB(KN)
D.L of CFT 1400 down 350 up 1050
DL+L.L 3233.33down 1183.33up 2050
Hence the load transferred by CFT is much high in the case when temporary cable is not
considered. Therefore we consider the three step loading as mentioned in table no 7.1

Fig7.4: Temporary cable arrangement during movement of CFT.

From the figure it can be seen that with the movement of CFT, the angle made by temporary
cable changes and hence the pretension in temporary cable changes.

7.4 Defining structural groups

Overall there are 65 structural groups defined during analysis. However while defining the
construction stage only 56 groups are used, rest is used for calculating analysis results. The
pylon element is grouped in one structural group. There are 15 deck segments on sadar or left
side of pylon which is named as L-Seg-01, L-Seg-02 and so on, where L stands for left side of
pylon and Seg-01 stands for 1st segment. Similarly on right side, the 12 deck segments are
defined as R-Seg-01, R-Seg-02 and so on. There are total 54 permanent stay cables, for which
28 structural groups are defined. In each group there are 2 two cables in transverse direction.

47
 7.5 Defining Boundary groups
In the boundary group there are total 67 groups defined, these boundary group
consist of permanent constraints, rigid / elastic links and temporary support condition which
gets activated and deactivated in corresponding construction stages. There are 27 elastic links
named as Elastic link-C1, Elastic link-C2 etc which are made to connect cable element to
deck. Similarly the ends of crossbeam are connected to main girder through 27 elastic link
defined as CroBim-1, CroBim-2, etc. The permanent support condition consisting of base
support at pylon, end support at P2 and P4 are also grouped. Pylon cable link are elastic links
connecting the cable and pylon top is also grouped. The initial segment of deck (14.7 m) on
both the side is casted using staging from ground. Hence the temporary support condition
naming pylon bend-1 and pylon bend-2 is grouped. The temporary supports activated during
the casting of end segment are grouped as Csbm-L and Csbm-R. In order to have actual
simulation of the construction it is very much necessary to activate and deactivate the
boundary groups in corresponding stages.

7.6 Defining Load groups

The load groups are defined in order to incorporate pretension load in permanent cable , dead
load , SIDL in four phases, Pylon tie beam tendons and loads due to movement of CFT. In
total there are 152 load groups defined.

Table7.3: Pretension force in temporary cable

Pretension Deck Pylon

sr.
Angle (KN) FH(KN) FV (KN) FH (KN) FV (KN)
no
D.L L.L D.L L.L D.L L.L D.L L.L D.L L.L
1 64.97 496.6 827.7 210.1 350.2 450 750 105.1 175.1 225.0 375.0
2 59.17 524.1 873.4 268.6 447.6 450 750 134.3 223.8 225.0 375.0
3 53.99 556.3 927.2 327.1 545.1 450 750 163.5 272.6 225.0 375.0
4 49.42 592.5 987.5 385.4 642.4 450 750 192.7 321.2 225.0 375.0
5 45.39 632.1 1053.5 443.9 739.9 450 750 222.0 369.9 225.0 375.0
6 41.85 674.5 1124.1 502.4 837.4 450 750 251.2 418.7 225.0 375.0
7 38.74 719.1 1198.5 560.9 934.8 450 750 280.4 467.4 225.0 375.0
8 36.01 765.4 1275.7 619.1 1031.9 450 750 309.6 516.0 225.0 375.0
9 33.59 813.4 1355.6 677.6 1129.3 450 750 338.8 564.6 225.0 375.0
10 31.44 862.7 1437.9 736.1 1226.8 450 750 368.0 613.4 225.0 375.0
11 29.52 913.3 1522.1 794.7 1324.5 450 750 397.4 662.3 225.0 375.0
12 28.81 933.8 1556.3 818.2 1363.7 450 750 409.1 681.8 225.0 375.0
13 26.28 1016.4 1693.9 911.3 1518.8 450 750 455.7 759.4 225.0 375.0

48
The nodal load groups for CFT are such formulated that in each group there are vertical and
horizontal forces acting on the deck and pylon nodes. The movement of CFT in form of nodal
loads on the deck is grouped as follows.

Table 7.4: Nodal loads and load groups for deck due to CFT loading

Sr. no Load
Node Fx Fz Load Group
Case
1 1005 CFT 0 -1400 RCFT011
2 1007 CFT 0 -1234 RCFTconc100-10
3 1007 CFT 0 -1400 RCFT010
4 1007 CFT 0 -200 RCFTcable010
5 1007 CFT 0 350 RCFT011
6 1009 CFT -736.06 -400 RCFTcable010
7 1009 CFT -1226.70 -66 RCFTconc100-10
8 1009 CFT 0 -200 RCFTcable09
9 1009 CFT 0 -1234 RCFTconc100-9
10 1009 CFT 0 -1400 RCFT09
11 1009 CFT 0 350 RCFT010
12 1011 CFT -1129.26 -66 RCFTconc100-9
13 1011 CFT 0 -200 RCFTcable08
14 1011 CFT 0 -1400 RCFT08
15 1011 CFT -677.56 -400 RCFTcable09
16 1011 CFT 0 -1234 RCFTconc100-8
17 1011 CFT 0 350 RCFT09
18 1013 CFT 0 -200 RCFTcable07
19 1013 CFT -1031.91 -66 RCFTconc100-8
20 1013 CFT -619.14 -400 RCFTcable08
21 1013 CFT 0 -1400 RCFT07
22 1013 CFT 0 -1234 RCFTconc100-7
23 1013 CFT 0 350 RCFT08
24 1015 CFT -934.81 -66 RCFTconc100-7
25 1015 CFT 0 350 RCFT07
26 1015 CFT 0 -1234 RCFTconc100-6
27 1015 CFT 0 -200 RCFTcable06
28 1015 CFT -560.88 -400 RCFTcable07
29 1015 CFT 0 -1400 RCFT06
30 1017 CFT 0 -1400 RCFT05
31 1017 CFT 0 -200 RCFTcable05
32 1017 CFT -837.35 -66 RCFTconc100-6
33 1017 CFT 0 -1234 RCFTconc100-5
34 1017 CFT 0 350 RCFT06
35 1017 CFT -502.41 -400 RCFTcable06
36 1019 CFT -739.85 -66 RCFTconc100-5
37 1019 CFT 0 -1234 RCFTconc100-4
38 1019 CFT 0 -1400 RCFT04
39 1019 CFT -443.91 -400 RCFTcable05

49
40 1019 CFT 0 -200 RCFTcable04
41 1019 CFT 0 350 RCFT05
42 1021 CFT 0 -1234 RCFTconc100-3
43 1021 CFT 0 350 RCFT04
44 1021 CFT 0 -1400 RCFT03
45 1021 CFT -642.37 -66 RCFTconc100-4
46 1021 CFT -385.42 -400 RCFTcable04
47 1021 CFT 0 -200 RCFTcable03
48 1023 CFT 0 -200 RCFTcable02
49 1023 CFT 0 -1234 RCFTconc100-2
50 1023 CFT -327.06 -400 RCFTcable03
51 1023 CFT 0 350 RCFT03
52 1023 CFT 0 -1400 RCFT02
53 1023 CFT -545.10 -66 RCFTconc100-3
54 1025 CFT 0 -1400 RCFT01
55 1025 CFT 0 -1234 RCFTconc100-1
56 1025 CFT -268.57 -400 RCFTcable02
57 1025 CFT 0 350 RCFT02
58 1025 CFT -447.62 -66 RCFTconc100-2
59 1025 CFT 0 -200 RCFTcable01
60 1027 CFT -210.12 -400 RCFTcable01
61 1027 CFT 0 350 RCFT01
62 1027 CFT -350.20 -66 RCFTconc100-1
63 1033 CFT 0 350 LCFT01
64 1033 CFT 210.13 -400 LCFTcable01
65 1033 CFT 350.21 -66 LCFTconc100-1
66 1035 CFT 447.62 -66 LCFTconc100-2
67 1035 CFT 0 -1400 LCFT01
68 1035 CFT 0 350 LCFT02
69 1035 CFT 268.57 -400 LCFTcable02
70 1035 CFT 0 -200 LCFTcable01
71 1035 CFT 0 -1234 LCFTconc100-1
72 1037 CFT 0 573.2 LCFT03
73 1037 CFT 327.06 -400 LCFTcable03
74 1037 CFT 0 -200 LCFTcable02
75 1037 CFT 0 -1234 LCFTconc100-2
77 1037 CFT 0 -1400 LCFT02
78 1039 CFT 0 -1234 LCFTconc100-3
79 1039 CFT 0 -1981.2 LCFT03
80 1039 CFT 642.37 -66 LCFTconc100-4
81 1039 CFT 385.42 -400 LCFTcable04
82 1039 CFT 0 350 LCFT04
83 1039 CFT 0 -200 LCFTcable03
84 1041 CFT 0 -1234 LCFTconc100-4
85 1041 CFT 739.86 -66 LCFTconc100-5
86 1041 CFT 0 350 LCFT05
87 1041 CFT 0 -1400 LCFT04

50
88 1041 CFT 0 -200 LCFTcable04
89 1041 CFT 443.92 -400 LCFTcable05
90 1043 CFT 0 -1400 LCFT05
91 1043 CFT 502.41 -400 LCFTcable06
92 1043 CFT 0 350 LCFT06
93 1043 CFT 0 -200 LCFTcable05
94 1043 CFT 837.36 -66 LCFTconc100-6
95 1043 CFT 0 -1234 LCFTconc100-5
96 1045 CFT 0 350 LCFT07
97 1045 CFT 0 -1234 LCFTconc75-6
98 1045 CFT 0 -1400 LCFT06
99 1045 CFT 560.89 -400 LCFTcable07
100 1045 CFT 0 -200 LCFTcable06
101 1045 CFT 934.81 -66 LCFTconc100-7
102 1047 CFT 0 -1400 LCFT07
103 1047 CFT 0 -200 LCFTcable07
104 1047 CFT 0 350 LCFT08
105 1047 CFT 1031.91 -66 LCFTconc100-8
106 1047 CFT 0 -1234 LCFTconc100-7
107 1047 CFT 619.14 -400 LCFTcable08
108 1049 CFT 677.56 -400 LCFTcable09
109 1049 CFT 0 350 LCFT09
110 1049 CFT 0 -200 LCFTcable08
111 1049 CFT 0 -1400 LCFT08
112 1049 CFT 1129.27 -66 LCFTconc100-9
113 1049 CFT 0 -1234 LCFTconc100-8
114 1051 CFT 0 -1400 LCFT09
115 1051 CFT 736.06 -400 LCFTcable010
116 1051 CFT 0 -1234 LCFTconc100-9
117 1051 CFT 0 350 LCFT010
118 1051 CFT 1226.77 -66 LCFTconc100-10
119 1051 CFT 0 -200 LCFTcable09
120 1053 CFT 0 350 LCFT011
121 1053 CFT 0 -200 LCFTcable010
122 1053 CFT 0 -1234 LCFTconc100-10
123 1053 CFT 0 -1400 LCFT010
124 1053 CFT 1324.54 -66 LCFTconc100-11
125 1053 CFT 794.72 -400 LCFTcable011
126 1055 CFT 1363.68 -66 LCFTconc100-12
127 1055 CFT 0 -200 LCFTcable011
128 1055 CFT 0 -1400 LCFT011
129 1055 CFT 0 350 LCFT012
130 1055 CFT 818.21 -400 LCFTcable012
131 1055 CFT 0 -1260.6 LCFTconc100-11
132 1057 CFT 0 350 LCFT013
133 1057 CFT 911.31 -400 LCFTcable013
134 1057 CFT 0 -1260.6 LCFTconc100-12

51
 135 1057 CFT 0 -1400 LCFT012
136 1057 CFT 1518.84 -66 LCFTconc100-13
137 1057 CFT 0 -200 LCFTcable012
138 1059 CFT 0 -1260.3 LCFTconc100-13
139 1059 CFT 0 -1400 LCFT013
140 1059 CFT 0 -200 LCFTcable013

In the above table the load acting at various nodes starting from node 1005 which is node at
Bhandara end (right end) till node 1059 at the Sadar end (left side).In the above table LCFT
stands for nodal load of CFT on left side, LCFTconc100 stands for nodal load of CFT during
concreting on left side .Similarly for right side cantilevering action, the load groups are
defined. The movement of CFT in form of nodal loads on the pylon top is grouped as follows

Table 7.5: Nodal loads and load groups for pylon head due to CFT loading

Load
Sr. no Node Fx Fz Load Group
Case
1 9028 CFT -418.68 -375 LCFTconc100-6
2 9028 CFT -759.42 -375 LCFTconc100-13
3 9028 CFT -163.53 -225 LCFTcable03
4 9028 CFT -613.39 -375 LCFTconc100-10
5 9028 CFT -681.84 -375 LCFTconc100-12
6 9028 CFT -280.44 -225 LCFTcable07
7 9028 CFT -272.55 -375 LCFTconc100-3
8 9028 CFT -467.41 -375 LCFTconc100-7
9 9028 CFT -251.21 -225 LCFTcable06
10 9028 CFT -192.71 -225 LCFTcable04
11 9028 CFT -321.19 -375 LCFTconc100-4
12 9028 CFT -515.95 -375 LCFTconc100-8
13 9028 CFT -662.27 -375 LCFTconc100-11
14 9028 CFT -105.06 -225 LCFTcable01
15 9028 CFT -564.63 -375 LCFTconc100-9
16 9028 CFT -455.65 -225 LCFTcable013
17 9028 CFT -369.93 -375 LCFTconc100-5
18 9028 CFT -223.81 -375 LCFTconc100-2
19 9028 CFT -368.03 -225 LCFTcable010
20 9028 CFT -175.10 -375 LCFTconc100-1
21 9028 CFT -409.10 -225 LCFTcable012
22 9028 CFT -134.29 -225 LCFTcable02
23 9028 CFT -397.36 -225 LCFTcable011
24 9028 CFT -338.78 -225 LCFTcable09

52
25 9028 CFT -221.96 -225 LCFTcable05
26 9028 CFT -309.57 -225 LCFTcable08
27 9029 CFT 280.44 -225 RCFTcable07
28 9029 CFT 321.19 -375 RCFTconc100-4
29 9029 CFT 221.96 -225 RCFTcable05
30 9029 CFT 223.81 -375 RCFTconc100-2
31 9029 CFT 192.71 -225 RCFTcable04
32 9029 CFT 105.06 -225 RCFTcable01
33 9029 CFT 515.95 -225 RCFTcable08
34 9029 CFT 272.55 -375 RCFTconc100-3
35 9029 CFT 368.03 -225 RCFTcable010
36 9029 CFT 613.39 -375 RCFTconc100-10
37 9029 CFT 418.68 -375 RCFTconc100-6
38 9029 CFT 467.41 -375 RCFTconc100-7
39 9029 CFT 369.93 -375 RCFTconc100-5
40 9029 CFT 251.21 -225 RCFTcable06
41 9029 CFT 163.53 -225 RCFTcable03
42 9029 CFT 134.29 -225 RCFTcable02
43 9029 CFT 338.78 -225 RCFTcable09
44 9029 CFT 175.10 -375 RCFTconc100-1
45 9029 CFT 515.95 -375 RCFTconc100-8
46 9029 CFT 564.63 -375 RCFTconc100-9
47 9030 CFT 175.10 -375 RCFTconc100-1
48 9030 CFT 134.29 -225 RCFTcable02
49 9030 CFT 163.53 -225 RCFTcable03
50 9030 CFT 467.41 -375 RCFTconc100-7
51 9030 CFT 251.21 -225 RCFTcable06
52 9030 CFT 338.78 -225 RCFTcable09
53 9030 CFT 192.71 -225 RCFTcable04
54 9030 CFT 418.68 -375 RCFTconc100-6
55 9030 CFT 613.39 -375 RCFTconc100-10
56 9030 CFT 369.93 -375 RCFTconc100-5
57 9030 CFT 272.55 -375 RCFTconc100-3
58 9030 CFT 309.57 -225 RCFTcable08
59 9030 CFT 368.03 -225 RCFTcable010
60 9030 CFT 321.19 -375 RCFTconc100-4
61 9030 CFT 515.95 -375 RCFTconc100-8
62 9030 CFT 221.96 -225 RCFTcable05
63 9030 CFT 223.81 -375 RCFTconc100-2
64 9030 CFT 564.63 -375 RCFTconc100-9
65 9030 CFT 105.06 -225 RCFTcable01
66 9030 CFT 280.44 -225 RCFTcable07
53
 67 9031 CFT -515.95 -375 LCFTconc100-8
68 9031 CFT -662.27 -375 LCFTconc100-11
69 9031 CFT -369.93 -375 LCFTconc100-5
70 9031 CFT -105.06 -225 LCFTcable01
71 9031 CFT -192.71 -225 LCFTcable04
72 9031 CFT -280.44 -225 LCFTcable07
73 9031 CFT -681.84 -375 LCFTconc100-12
74 9031 CFT -272.55 -375 LCFTconc100-3
76 9031 CFT -564.63 -375 LCFTconc100-9
77 9031 CFT -455.65 -225 LCFTcable013
78 9031 CFT -223.81 -375 LCFTconc100-2
79 9031 CFT -409.10 -225 LCFTcable012
80 9031 CFT -134.29 -225 LCFTcable02
81 9031 CFT -221.96 -225 LCFTcable05
82 9031 CFT -338.78 -225 LCFTcable09
83 9031 CFT -309.57 -225 LCFTcable08
84 9031 CFT -397.36 -225 LCFTcable011
85 9031 CFT -175.10 -375 LCFTconc100-1
86 9031 CFT -251.21 -225 LCFTcable06
87 9031 CFT -321.19 -375 LCFTconc100-4
88 9031 CFT -467.41 -375 LCFTconc100-7
89 9031 CFT -613.39 -375 LCFTconc100-10
90 9031 CFT -163.53 -225 LCFTcable03
91 9031 CFT -759.42 -375 LCFTconc100-13
92 9031 CFT -368.03 -225 LCFTcable010

7.7 Defining construction stages

During construction stage analysis in first stage pylon is activated and 14.7 m deck on both
the side is constructed using temporary supporting staging. After this stage during every stage
6.3 m deck segment is casted using CFT and permanent cables are stressed in successive
stages. Stage 88 marks the completion of construction at Bhandara end (Left end) .The last
10.5 m on Bhandara side is also casted using staging, as movement of CFT is difficult.
Similarly, Stage 103 marked finish of casting work at Sadar end. Last 15.2 m on the Sadar
side was casted using staging. The age of pylon is taken as 30 days and deck segment is taken
as 5days. After deck casting the SIDL is laid over deck in 4 phases covering 25% each time.
As per analysis the construction process is finished in 360 to 400 days but duration is taken
till 1000days to take into account time dependent material property. The detail construction
processes with total 109 stages is tabulated below.

54
 Table 7.6-Defining construction stages for step forward analysis

St Time Structure Boundary Load

Days Activation Activation Deactivation Activation Deactivation
Pylon base ,
Pylon Bend-R,-L
Pylon Pylon cable Link,
R-seg01 Csmb-0(elastic Link)
L-seg01 Elastic Link-C1, Self Weight,
1 2 -
Elastic Link C-15 Pylon -Tendon
CroBim-01,
Crobim-15,Pylon supp,
Csmb-pylon,
Pylon -temp- Fix
Cable015-FP
2 10 Cable15 - -
Cable-015-os
Cable01-FP
3 7 Cable01 - -
Cable-01-os
4 1 - Pylon Bend-R RCFT01
5 1 - Pylon Bend-L LCFT01
6 1 - - RCFTCable01 RCFT01
7 1 - - LCFTCable01 LCFT01
RCFT Conc100-1 RCFTCable01
8 1 - -
LCFTconc 100-1 LCFTCable01
9 1 Remaining casting - -
Elastic link-C16 Cable016-FP
Cable16 RCFT Conc100-
10 10 Crobim-16(elastic - Cable-016-os
R-Seg02 1
link) RCFTCable01
Elastic link-C2 Cable02-FP LCFTconc 100-
Cable02
11 10 Crobim-02(elastic - Cable-02-os 1
L-Seg02
link) LCFTCable01
12 1 - RCFT02 RCFTCable01
13 1 - LCFT02 LCFTCable01
14 1 - RCFTCable02 RCFT02
15 1 - LCFTCable02 LCFT02
RCFTconc100-2 RCFTCable02
16 1 -
LCFTconc100-2 LCFTCable02
17 1 Remaining casting - -
Elastic link-C17 Cable017-FP
Cable17
18 10 Crobim-17(elastic - Cable-017-os RCFTconc100-2
R-Seg03
link) RCFTCable02
Elastic link-C3 Cable03-FP
Cable03
19 10 Crobim-03(elastic - LCFTCable02 LCFTcon100-2
L-Seg03
link) Cable-03-os
20 1 - RCFT03 RCFTCable02
21 1 - LCFT03 LCFTCable02
22 1 RCFTCable03 RCFT03
23 1 LCFTCable03 LCFT03
RCFTconc100-3 RCFTCable03
24 1
LCFTconc100-3 LCFTCable03
25 1 Remaining casting -

55
 Elastic link-C18 Cable018-FP
Cable18
26 10 Crobim-18(elastic Cable-018-os RCFTconc100-3
R-Seg04
link) RCFTCable03
Elastic link-C4 Cable04-FP
Cable04 LCFTconc100-3
27 10 Crobim-04(elastic Cable-04-os
L-Seg04
link) LCFTCable03
28 1 RCFT04 RCFTCable03
29 1 LCFT04 LCFTCable03
30 1 RCFTCable04 RCFT04
31 1 LCFTCable04 LCFT04
RCFTconc100-4 RCFTCable04
32 1
LCFTconc100-4 LCFTCable04
33 1 Remaining casting -
Elastic link-C19 Cable019-FP
Cable19
34 10 Crobim-19(elastic Cable-019-os RCFTconc100-4
R-Seg05
link) RCFTCable04
Elastic link-C5 Cable05-FP
Cable05 LCFTconc100-4
35 10 Crobim-05(elastic Cable-05-os
L-Seg05
link) LCFTCable04
36 1 RCFT05 RCFTCable04
37 1 LCFT05 LCFTCable04
38 1 RCFTCable05 RCFT05
39 1 LCFTCable05 LCFT05
RCFTconc100-5 RCFTCable05
40 1
LCFTconc100-5 LCFTCable05
41 1 Remaining casting -
Elastic link-C20 Cable020-FP
Cable20
42 10 Crobim-20(elastic Cable-020-os RCFTconc100-5
R-Seg06
link) RCFTCable05
Elastic link-C6 Cable06-FP
Cable06 LCFTconc100-5
43 10 Crobim-06(elastic Cable-06-os
L-Seg06
link) LCFTCable05
44 1 RCFT06 RCFTCable05
45 1 LCFT06 LCFTCable05
46 1 RCFTCable06 RCFT06
47 1 LCFTCable06 LCFT06
RCFTconc100-6 RCFTCable06
48 1
LCFTconc100-6 LCFTCable06
49 1 Remaining casting -
Elastic link-C21 Cable021-FP
Cable21
50 10 Crobim-21(elastic Cable-021-os RCFTconc100-6
R-Seg07
link) RCFTCable06
Elastic link-C7 Cable07-FP
Cable07 LCFTconc100-6
51 10 Crobim-07(elastic Cable-07-os
L-Seg07
link) LCFTCable06
52 1 RCFT07 RCFTCable06
53 1 LCFT07 LCFTCable06
54 1 RCFTCable07 RCFT07
55 1 LCFTCable07 LCFT07

56
 RCFTconc100-7 RCFTCable07
56 1
LCFTconc100-7 LCFTCable07
57 1 Remaining casting -
Elastic link-C22 Cable022-FP
Cable22
58 10 Crobim-22(elastic Cable-022-os RCFTconc100-7
R-Seg08
link) RCFTCable07
Elastic link-C8 Cable08-FP
Cable08 LCFTconc100-7
59 10 Crobim-08(elastic Cable-08-os
L-Seg08
link) LCFTCable07
60 1 RCFT08 RCFTCable07
61 1 LCFT08 LCFTCable07
62 1 RCFTCable08 RCFT08
63 1 LCFTCable08 LCFT08
RCFTconc100-8 RCFTCable08
64 1
LCFTconc100-8 LCFTCable08
65 1 Remaining casting -
Elastic link-C23 Cable023-FP
Cable23
66 10 Crobim-23(elastic Cable-023-os RCFTconc100-8
R-Seg09
link) RCFTCable08
Elastic link-C9 Cable09-FP
Cable09 LCFTconc100-8
67 10 Crobim-09(elastic Cable-09-os
L-Seg09
link) LCFTCable08
68 1 RCFT09 RCFTCable08
69 1 LCFT09 LCFTCable08
70 1 RCFTCable09 RCFT09
71 1 LCFTCable09 LCFT09
RCFTconc100-9 RCFTCable09
72 1
LCFTconc100-9 LCFTCable09
73 1 Remaining casting -
Elastic link-C24 Cable024-FP
Cable24
74 10 Crobim-24(elastic Cable-024-os RCFTconc100-9
R-Seg10
link) RCFTCable09
Elastic link-C10 Cable010-FP
Cable10 LCFTconc100-9
75 10 Crobim-10(elastic Cable-010-os
L-Seg10
link) LCFTCable09
76 1 RCFT010 RCFTCable09
77 1 LCFT010 LCFTCable09
78 1 RCFTCable010 RCFT010
79 1 LCFTCable010 LCFT010
RCFTconc100-10 RCFTCable010
80 1
LCFTconc100-10 LCFTCable010
81 1 Remaining casting -
Elastic link-C25 Cable025-FP
Cable25 RCFTconc100-
82 10 Crobim-25(elastic Cable-025-os
R-Seg11 10
link) RCFTCable010
Elastic link-C11 Cable011-FP LCFTconc100-
Cable11
83 10 Crobim-11(elastic Cable-011-os 10
L-Seg11
link) LCFTCable10
84 1 RCFT011 RCFTCable010

57
 Pylon-temp-fix
85 1 (Elastic rot LCFT011 LCFTCable010
Link)
86 1 Remaining casting -

R-seg12 P4-Bent
R-seg13 Elastic link-C26
87 10
P4-Vertical Elastic link-27
Tie -down crobim-26
crobim-27
Cable026-FP
Cable26 Cable-026-os
88 10 P-4 Support P4-Bent
Cable27 Cable027-FP
Cable-027-os
89 1 RCFT011
90 1 LCFTCable011 LCFT011
91 1 RCFTconc100-11 LCFTCable011
Elastic link-C12 Cable012-FP
Cable12 RCFTconc100-
92 10 Crobim-12(elastic Cable-012-os
L-Seg12 11
link) LCFTCable011
93 1 LCFT011 LCFTCable011
94 1 LCFT012 LCFT011
95 1 LCFTcable012 LCFT012
96 1 RCFTconc100-12 LCFTcable012
Elastic link-C13 Cable013-FP
Cable13 RCFTconc100-
97 10 Crobim-13(elastic Cable-013-os
L-Seg13 12
link) LCFTCable012
98 1 LCFT012 LCFTcable012
99 1 LCFT013 LCFT012
100 LCFTcable013 LCFT013
101 1 RCFTconc100-13 LCFTcable013
Elastic link-C14 Cable014-FP
Cable14 RCFTconc100-
102 10 Crobim-14(elastic Cable-014-os
L-Seg14 13
link) LCFTCable013
102-
0 LCFTcable013
1
P2-Support
103 2 L-Seg15
Csbm-L(elastic link)
104 2 SIDL-1
105 2 SIDL-2
106 2 SIDL-3
SIDL-4
107 5
Add cable
Remaining work to be
108 10
finished
For creep and
109 1000
shrinkage

58
 Table7.7 : Representation of important construction stages

Stage1:Pylon & 14.7 m Stage2: cable C15 activated Stage3:cable C1 activated

segment constructed

Stage 4:R-CFT installed & temp staging Stage 5:L-CFT installed & complete staging
removed removed

59
Stage 6: R-temp01 cable for D.L activated Stage7:L-temp01 cable for D.L activated

Stage 8 :R & L-temp01Cable for L.L Stage10: SegR-02 & CableC16 activated
activated R-temp 01cable Pretension decreased

60
Stage11: SegL-02 & Cable C2 activated, Stage12 :R-CFT moved ahead
L-Temp01 cable Pretension decreased

Stage 13:L-CFT moved ahead Stage 14: R-temp02 cable for D.L activated

61
Stage 15: L-temp cable for D.L activated Stage 16: R & L-temp Cable for L.L
activated

Stage 17: Left over work is Finished Stage 18: SegR-03 & CableC17 activated
R-temp02 cable Pretension decreased

62
Stage 19: SegL-03& Cable C3 activated, L-Temp02 cable Pretension decreased

Stage 20/ 21: L& R –CFT moved ahead

Stage 57: R & L-temp07 Cable for L.L activated

63
 Stage 80: R & L-temp10 Cable for L.L activated

Stage 86:Temp cable removed just before stage casting at Bhandara end

Stage 87:Stage casting at Bhandara end

64
 Stage88:Bhandara end completed &P4 support activated

Stage102:Seg14 and cable C14 activated

Stage 109:Support P2 activated, End of construction at sadar side

65
7.8 Forward Construction Stage analysis considering time
dependent material properties.
7.8.1 Creep property:
Creep can be defined as time dependent part of the strain resulting from stress.
The relationship between stress and strain for the concrete is a function of time.
“The gradual increase in strain without increase in stress with time is due to creep.” From this
creep can also define as the increase in strain under sustained stresses. Concrete under stress
undergoes a gradual increase of strain with time because of creep deformations of the
concrete. The final creep strain may be several times as large as the initial elastic strain.
Generally creep has little effect on the strength of the structure but it will cause a
redistribution of stress in reinforced concrete member at service loads and also leads to an
increase in the service load deflection.
The creep deformation of concrete under axial compressive stress is illustrated in
fig 7.5 Creep proceeds at a decreasing rate with time. If the load is removed, the elastic strain
is immediately recovered. This recovered elastic strain is less than the initial elastic strain
modulus increases with age. The elastic recovery is followed by a creep recovery, which is
called creep or plastic flow, and under ordinary conditions it may exceed the elastic
deformation.

Fig 7.5:Time-Deformation Graph for Creep and shrinkage.

66
Creep in concrete varies with the following factors:
1) Increase in water/cement ratio increases creep
2) Creep decreases with increases in the age and strength of concrete when the concrete is
subjected to stress
3) Creep deformations increase with increase in the ambient temperature and decrease in
humidity.
4) It also depends on many other factors related to quality of concrete and conditions of
exposure such as type, amount, and maximum size of aggregate; type of cement past; size and
shape of the concrete mass; amount of steel reinforcement; and curing conditions.

Deformations due to creep:

Creep is a phenomenon in which deformations occur under sustained loads with time and
without necessarily additional loads. As such time history of stresses and time become the
important factors for determining the creep. Not only, does the creep in pre-stressed and post-
tensioned bridges translate into the increase in deformations, but it also affects the pre-
stressing in the tendons, thereby affecting the structural behavior. In order to accurately
account time dependent variables, a time history of stresses in a member and creep co-
efficient for numerous loading ages are required.

Stress Distribution in RC. Beam Subjected To Long Term Creep

Due to permanent loads and creep, the compressive strain in concrete increases with time,
resulting in increase in curvature. The distribution of creep strain across the depth at any cross
section of a flexural member is non-uniform, with a linear variation similar to that produced
by the applied loads. This linear variation of creep strains results in a creep curvature, фcp,
over and above the elastic curvature, фi, due to the applied loads. At service loads, the creep
curvature may be assumed to be proportional to the initial elastic curvature. To study the effect
of creep deformation, let us consider a singly reinforced
beam as shown in fig..

фcp Ɛcp/Xcp
= = Kr Ct
фi Ɛi/𝑋i

Where Ct is called creep co-efficient, Ɛcp/Ɛi and Kr is the ratio of the initial neutral axis depth
(xi) to the depth due to the creep (xcp).

67
 Fig 7.6: Stress distribution in R.C. beam subjected to long term creep

The ultimate creep co-efficient are dependent factors:

a) Relative humidity
b) Age of concrete at load application
c) Minimum member dimension
d) Concrete consistency
e) Fine aggregate content
f) Air content

About 50% of the creep deformations take place in the first few months; the amount of creep
defection can already be significant at the time of completion of the structure. Considering
this fact is particularly relevant when computing the casting curves for the structure. In order
to achieve reliable results for all erection stages, the load history and the casting sequence
must be taken into account very accurately. Particularly, for cast-in-place concrete cantilever
bridges, due to the difference of concrete age between the girder segments, creep effects of
concrete are highly influenced by the casting and loading time of the particular segments.
Thus, creep must be considered in detail through the whole construction process and
thereafter. Creep is the time dependent increase in strain of under constant applied loads.
As already mentioned, creep deformations in concrete are a function of sustained stress.
Assuming that the stress is proportional to the strain, the instantaneous strain that occurs
during the application of stress is expressed as follows:
𝜎𝑐(𝑡𝑜)
∈ 𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐(to, t) =
𝐸𝑐(𝑡𝑜)
Where: 𝜎c(t0)= the concrete stress ,Ec(t0) = the modulus of elasticity of the concrete at age t0

68
Under sustained stress, the strain increases with time due to creep and the total strain at time t
can be expressed as follows .
𝜎𝑐(𝑡𝑜)
∈ (𝑡, 𝑡𝑜) = × (1 +ϕ(t, t0))
𝐸𝑐(𝑡𝑜)

where ϕ(t, t0 ) or Ct is a dimensionless coefficient, which is a function of the age at loading

t0 and the age t for which the strain is calculated. The coefficient represents the ratio of creep
to the instantaneous strain. The value increases over the length of the period (t-t0) during
which the stress is sustained.

7.8.2 Shrinkage property

In the early age of the concrete is subjected to changes in volume either
autogenously or induced. Volume change is one of the most detrimental properties of
concrete, which affects long term strength and durability. The aspect of volume change in
concrete is important from point of view that it causes unsightly cracks in concrete. In the
concrete member the loss of water by evaporation from the surface of concrete or by the
absorption or sub grade, is believed to the reasons of the plastic shrinkage. The loss of water
results in the reduction of volume. When a concrete losses moisture by evaporation, it shrinks.
Shrinkage strains are independent of the stress conditions in the concrete. If restrained,
shrinkage strains can cause cracking of the concrete and will generally cause the deflection of
the structural members to increase with time. The shrinkage occurs at a decreasing rate with
time. It is a large extent a reversible phenomenon. Thus alternating dry and wet conditions
will cause alternating volume changes of concrete. This phenomenon is partly responsible for
the fluctuating deflection of structures.

7.8.3 Defining creep and shrinkage properties in model

For defining time dependent material properties for pylon and deck element, we define the
properties like creep, shrinkage and compressive strength according to standard codes.ie
IRC112-2011 and CEB-FIP-2010.

For consideration of creep and shrinkage material properties with compressive strength of
concrete is as follows
Mean compressive strength under IRC 112 -2011 : fck + 10 MPa …. Annexure 2
Mean compressive strength under CEB-FIP 2010 : fck + 8 MPa …. Clause 2.1.3.2

69
 Fig 7.7: Defining time dependent compressive strength
Mean compressive strength as per IRC112-2011 for pylon as well as deck is taken to be
60N/mm2. The cement taken is normal cement.
For Creep and Shrinkage Effect:
Relative humidity is taken as: 70 %
Nominal Size of member for pylon: 1 m
Nominal Size of member deck: 0.154m
Type of Cement: Normal Cement
Age of concrete at the beginning of shrinkage: 3 days

Fig 7.8: Defining time dependent material properties

70
 Fig 7.9: Creep coefficient for defined material properties

Fig 7.10: Shrinkage Strain for defined material properties.

Similarly the properties for pylon elements and deck elements considering CEB-FIP-2010
code is defined considering proper mean compressive strength.

71
 CHAPTER 8
Results and Discussions
8.1 Results of Static analysis for initial pretension force
8.1.1 Pretension force in cables
The initial pretension force is found from the static analysis using unknown load factor
method. However the final forces applied are tuned using cable tuning function. The forces
required at extreme end are found to be more. The pretension forces are the forces applied to
the bridge, whereas jacking forces or truss forces are the forces which are acting on the
bridge.

Table 8.1: Initial pretension forces in cable

footpath side Other Side footpath side Other Side

Cables Pretension Cables Pretension Cables Pretension Cables Pretension

name Force name Force name Force name Force

CABLE014 2449 CABLE-014 2367 CABLE015 1118 CABLE-015 1118

CABLE013 2104 CABLE-013 2023 CABLE016 1118 CABLE-016 1118
CABLE012 1500 CABLE-012 1250 CABLE017 1118 CABLE-017 1118
CABLE011 1500 CABLE-011 1250 CABLE018 1118 CABLE-018 1118
CABLE010 1500 CABLE-010 1204 CABLE019 1290 CABLE-019 1290
CABLE09 1500 CABLE-09 1204 CABLE020 1290 CABLE-020 1290
CABLE08 1420 CABLE-08 1204 CABLE021 1376 CABLE-021 1376
CABLE07 1420 CABLE-07 1204 CABLE022 1462 CABLE-022 1462
CABLE06 1400 CABLE-06 1204 CABLE023 1462 CABLE-023 1462
CABLE05 1400 CABLE-05 1204 CABLE024 1462 CABLE-024 1462
CABLE04 1400 CABLE-04 1204 CABLE025 1893 CABLE-025 1893
CABLE03 1204 CABLE-03 1204 CABLE026 2494 CABLE-026 2494
CABLE02 1204 CABLE-02 1204 CABLE027 3105 CABLE-027 2898
CABLE01 1204 CABLE-01 1204

72
 3500

3000
Pretension force in KN

FP side
2500
OT side
2000

1500

1000

500

0
Pier P2

Pier P4
CABLE09
CABLE08
CABLE07
CABLE06
CABLE05
CABLE04
CABLE03
CABLE02
CABLE01
CABLE014
CABLE013
CABLE012
CABLE011
CABLE010

Pylon/P3
CABLE015
CABLE016
CABLE017
CABLE018
CABLE019
CABLE020
CABLE021
CABLE022
CABLE023
CABLE024
CABLE025
CABLE026
CABLE027
Fig 8.1: pretension force in cables at footpath and other side of bridge.

8.1.2 Truss forces or Jacking forces in cables

3500.0

3000.0 Footpath side

2500.0 Other side

Truss forces in kN

2000.0

1500.0

1000.0

500.0

0.0
14 12 10 8 6 4 2 Pylon 16 18 20 22 24 26

Fig 8.2: Jacking force /truss force during static analysis.

The truss forces found on the back span is more than the forces on the main span of the
bridge. The truss forces increases as we move away from the pylon. Due to unsymmetrical
deck section in lateral direction, the truss forces on footpath side are slightly more than that on
other side, on average it varies at 5 to 6%.

73
8.1.3 Horizontal deflection of pylon

Table 8.2: Horizontal deflection of pylon for

static case 6000

Distance
Node DX 5000
from G.L
(FP-side) (cm)
(meters)

Height of Pylon (mm)

55.622 5029 -2.39902 4000
46.875 5019 -2.7505
34.184 314 -2.82647 3000
20.845 526 -1.65362 OT-Side
9.145 316 -0.41219 FP-side
2000
0 319 0
Distance
Node DX
from G.L 1000
(OT-side) (cm)
(meters)
55.622 6029 -3.85408 0
46.875 6019 -3.8405 -5 0
34.184 134 -3.20887 Displacement (cm)
20.845 519 -1.71253
9.145 136 -0.41433
0 142 0
Fig 8.3: Horizontal deflection of pylon for
static case

Horizontal deck deflection for pylon on footpath side and other side is found out, the negative
sign indicated deflection of pylon on left side i.e Sadar side .The maximum horizontal
deflection is found at the pylon head which is 3.854 cm towards left.

8.1.4 Vertical deflection of deck

1
Deflection (cm)

0.5
0
-15000 -10000 -5000 -0.5 0 5000 10000

-1
-1.5
Distance in (mm)

Fig 8.4: Vertical deflection of deck for static case

74
 Table 8.3: Vertical deflection of deck for static case

Node DZ (cm) Node DZ (cm)

1065 0 1030 -0.64145
1064 -0.78503 1029 -0.67785
1063 -1.22179 1028 -0.715
1062 -1.11913 1027 -0.8074
1061 -0.8172 1026 -0.82831
1060 -0.51181 1025 -0.74241
1059 -0.38289 1024 -0.67854
1058 -0.31472 1023 -0.47608
1057 -0.32043 1022 -0.39371
1056 -0.39358 1021 -0.22793
1055 -0.39889 1020 -0.19754
1054 -0.36728 1019 -0.16252
1053 -0.28543 1018 -0.19956
1052 -0.06024 1017 -0.27256
1051 0.052165 1016 -0.33746
1050 0.059849 1015 -0.43989
1049 0.033168 1014 -0.51561
1048 -0.11767 1013 -0.57233
1047 -0.17697 1012 -0.57821
1046 -0.30233 1011 -0.45452
1045 -0.31035 1010 -0.36898
1044 -0.27274 1009 -0.08289
1043 -0.20224 1008 0.064119
1042 -0.05823 1007 0.40089
1041 0.031416 1006 0.523934
1040 0.118549 1005 0.717203
1039 0.144446 1004 0.715322
1038 0.056798 1003 0.588718
1037 -0.01043 1002 0.408365
1035 -0.22405 1001 0
1034 -0.32021
1033 -0.50488
1032 -0.55178
1031 -0.5786

The vertical deflections at nodal points from node 1065 Sadar end (Left) to node 1001
bhandara end (right) are found out. Maximum deflection of 12.217 mm is found at Sadar end.
The deflection found are as per the constraints given during the unknown load factor method.

75
8.1.5 Axial force, shear force and bending moment variation for deck
element
The variation of axial force, shear force and bending moment for various elements starting
from element 1001 Bhandara end (Right end) to element 1064 Sadar end(left end) is found
out .Load case is summation of dead load, SIDL and pretension force in cables. The
parameters are found at mid section of every element.

Table 8.4: Variation of axial force, shear force and bending moment for deck element

Elem Load Part Axial (kN) Shear-z (kN) Moment-y (kN-m)

1001 sum Mid -5511.7 551.28 -552.26
1002 sum Mid -5480.04 1185.35 -3233.65
1003 sum Mid -9503.01 -298.26 -3393.67
1004 sum Mid -9485.22 427.68 -3494.61
1005 sum Mid -12303.6 -573.57 -2344.04
1006 sum Mid -12289.1 239.54 -1668.97
1007 sum Mid -14332.9 -589.47 -318.85
1008 sum Mid -14321.3 214.38 416.02
1009 sum Mid -15971.2 -430.36 1445.42
1010 sum Mid -15957.9 376.41 1675.87
1011 sum Mid -17447.4 -248.28 2141.23
1012 sum Mid -17432.8 550.95 1805.93
1013 sum Mid -18850.1 -0.61 1565.69
1014 sum Mid -18826 894.1 349.48
1015 sum Mid -20192.5 -156.16 62.28
1016 sum Mid -20186.6 498.28 -410.98
1017 sum Mid -21491.2 -83.2 -447.31
1018 sum Mid -21480.4 661.08 -1244.84
1019 sum Mid -22688.8 -213.49 -1183.34
1020 sum Mid -22681 502.29 -1540.44
1021 sum Mid -23735.4 -422.4 -882.88
1022 sum Mid -23730.8 259.62 -546.42
1023 sum Mid -24487.2 -523.15 569.6
1024 sum Mid -24484.5 120 1264.24
1025 sum Mid -24874.2 -298.46 2049.53
1026 sum Mid -24872.7 278.39 2106.02
1027 sum Mid -24873.6 781.21 699.12
1028 sum Mid -24872.6 -932.27 319.82
1029 sum Mid -24873.6 1515.55 369.97
1030 sum Mid -25862.4 -1476.02 258.82
1031 sum Mid -25853.2 1082.25 44.63
1032 sum Mid -25862.9 -725.23 169.26
1033 sum Mid -25861.9 -217.96 1424.54
76
1034 sum Mid -25863 348.45 1199.62
1035 sum Mid -25440.1 -47.72 245.78
1036 sum Mid -25441.7 560.5 -603.19
1037 sum Mid -24553.1 -339.88 -1713.35
1038 sum Mid -24556.8 303.6 -1716.05
1039 sum Mid -23406.8 -630.5 -1976.09
1040 sum Mid -23413.1 35.52 -1110.64
1041 sum Mid -22194.9 -750.23 -679.34
1042 sum Mid -22203.5 -62.22 517.12
1043 sum Mid -21059.8 -612.97 1011.47
1044 sum Mid -21068.6 92.01 1739.93
1045 sum Mid -19929.5 -348.84 1599.76
1046 sum Mid -19937.2 375.18 1456.17
1047 sum Mid -18662.7 -82.05 432.26
1048 sum Mid -18668.3 654.02 -577.11
1049 sum Mid -16472.8 -313.94 -1967.72
1050 sum Mid -16481.9 417.5 -2236.83
1051 sum Mid -12968.5 -1209.74 -2236.83
1052 sum Mid -12991.1 -502.64 367.5
1053 sum Mid -11974.6 -576.11 1680.03
1054 sum Mid -11990 134.43 2280.86
1055 sum Mid -11050.6 145.91 1489.95
1056 sum Mid -11055.4 851.6 -173.94
1057 sum Mid -7858.83 -206.42 -2191.57
1058 sum Mid -7870.51 460.58 -2664.09
1059 sum Mid -3437.7 -1058.69 -3033.1
1060 sum Mid -3466.94 -464.33 -667.46
1061 sum Mid -47.74 -1276.14 1976.09
1062 sum Mid -12.53 -549.61 5926.35
1063 sum Mid -11.95 421.94 6277.01
1064 sum Mid -32.54 1148.91 2878.69

77
 5000

0
Axial force vaiation in KN

88.2
77.7
69.3
58.8
50.4
39.9
31.5

12.6
3.15

-84
-1.1
-8.4

-107.475
-18.9
-27.3
-37.8
-46.2
-56.7
-65.1
-75.6

-94.5
21
-5000

-10000
Axial force
-15000

-20000

-25000

-30000 Distance in meters

Fig 8.5: Axial force variation for static stage

Negative sign of axial force indicates compression in the deck. The value of axial force
increases as we move towards the pylon .The maximum value of axial force is about
-25000KN. The axial force in deck is transferred due to horizontal component of the cable
force. The end segment towards sadar side (15.2 m) is supported by cable force C14 and end
support, the axial force for this segment is minimum as there are no stay cables in between.

2000.0

1500.0

1000.0

500.0

0.0
39.9
88.2
77.7
69.3
58.8
50.4

31.5

12.6
3.15

-84
-1.1
-8.4

-107.475
-18.9
-27.3
-37.8
-46.2
-56.7
-65.1
-75.6

-94.5
21

-500.0

-1000.0

-1500.0

-2000.0

Fig 8.6: Shear force variation for static stage

The shear force variation shows positive and negative value at alternative elements. The
maximum shear of 1515.55 KN is found at the element 1029.

78
 Bending moment
8000.0
Bending moment in KN-m

6000.0

4000.0

2000.0

0.0
88.2
77.7
69.3
58.8
50.4
39.9
31.5

12.6
3.15

-84
-1.1
-8.4

-94.5
-107.475
-18.9
-27.3
-37.8
-46.2
-56.7
-65.1
-75.6
21
-2000.0

-4000.0
Distance in meters

Fig 8.7: Bending moment variation for static stage.

The positive moment across element indicates sagging while negative indicates hogging
moment. The variation of bending moment is positive and negative. Along the deck element it
has the maximum sagging moment of 6277 KN-m at element no 1063 near sadar end. The
bending moment of deck should be similar to the bending moment of continuous beam on
rigid supports. The bending moment diagram for dead load case and load case with pretension
force is shown in the figure below.

Fig 8.8:Bending moment for dead load case Fig 8.9:Bending moment after applying
initial pretension in cables

79
8.2 Construction stage analysis results:
8.2.1 Variation of cable forces during construction stages
The cable forces vary throughout the construction stages due to cantilever construction. Due
to variation of cable forces stressing and distressing of stay cable is required. The maximum
and minimum cable force variation for max/min construction stages is shown in table no 8.5.
The additional cable forces are extra pretension added during the construction stages to the
initial pretension forces.
Table 8.5: Cable force variation for construction stage analysis.
Step-Max Step-Min
Additional
Elem Load Stage Force-I Force-J Force-I Force-J
force
(kN) (kN) (kN) (kN)
14 Sum Min/Max 505 2053.71 2066.58 1544.06 1556.93
13 Sum Min/Max 412 1892.88 1903.59 1237.10 1247.81
12 Sum Min/Max 688 1533.98 1542.83 914.22 923.07
11 Sum Min/Max 688 1535.93 1544.49 951.35 959.91
10 Sum Min/Max 688 1529.02 1537.36 1020.56 1028.91
9 Sum Min/Max 688 1503.26 1511.36 1021.55 1029.66
8 Sum Min/Max 331 1374.97 1381.23 1000.32 1006.58
7 Sum Min/Max 331 1340.63 1346.70 957.01 963.09
6 Sum Min/Max 132 1300.10 1305.23 918.39 923.53
5 Sum Min/Max 59 1272.35 1276.64 864.67 868.96
4 Sum Min/Max 59 1235.49 1239.63 751.65 755.79
3 Sum Min/Max 109 1186.96 1190.92 543.69 547.65
2 Sum Min/Max 109 1085.91 1089.67 577.89 581.64
1 Sum Min/Max 109 1129.40 1132.90 689.63 693.13
15 Sum Min/Max 195 1140.65 1144.31 628.71 632.38
16 Sum Min/Max 195 1058.11 1062.05 531.02 534.96
17 Sum Min/Max 195 1053.86 1057.98 567.17 571.30
18 Sum Min/Max 195 1071.36 1075.64 619.75 624.03
19 Sum Min/Max 241 1191.56 1196.74 747.11 752.29
20 Sum Min/Max 241 1221.01 1226.38 798.29 803.66
21 Sum Min/Max 285 1305.50 1311.44 885.21 891.15
22 Sum Min/Max 288 1381.45 1388.00 928.20 934.75
23 Sum Min/Max 288 1413.15 1419.93 886.65 893.43
24 Sum Min/Max 288 1436.21 1443.16 801.78 808.73
25 Sum Min/Max 405 1699.82 1709.20 868.04 877.41
26 Sum Min/Max 570 2239.06 2252.09 1237.10 1247.81
27 Sum Min/Max 1600 3392.06 3412.89 1544.06 1556.93
Where Sum= D.L+SIDL+Pretension load+Constrution Load(CFT)

80
 6000

5000 Max Min MAX Allowable

4000
Cable force in KN

3000

2000

1000

0
14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Cable elements

Fig 8.10: Maximum- minimum cable force & allowable cable force (construction stage).

The forces in cables vary due to various construction activities, the maximum and minimum
cable force in an element vary by 40 to 50%. As per IRC 112 Table 18.4, the breaking load
for 15.2mm strand is 261.44 KN. Thereby we find out load carrying capacity of each cable
cross section. According to standard practice the allowable force in each cable should be less
than 0.45 times the ultimate strength. As the values of cable forces are within the range the
cable stays are safe during construction.

8.2.2 Deck deflection for construction stages

Due to construction loads and stressing of cables at various stages, the deflection in deck
changes at every stage. When the temporary cable is removed and CFT is moved in forward
direction the deflection is downwards but when permanent cable is stressed there is upward
deflection. To understand the deflection of deck during construction, deflections of 1st
segment, segment at mid location and end segment (Before stage casting) on both the side of
pylon is considered. Hence element 1025, 1013, 1005 and 1002 is considered on right side
(Bhandara side) & element 1034, 1047, 1055 and 1060 is considered on left side ( Sadar side).
Proper representation of the elements considered is shown in fig 8.11. The deflections are
considered for all 109 stages of construction.

81
 Sadar end Bhandara end

Fig 8.11: Representation of segment considered during analysis of construction stages

(A) Stage- wise deflection of deck element.

Seg1 -B,1025

25
20
15
10
Deflection in mm

5
0
-5 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

-10
-15
-20
-25 Construction stages

Fig 8.12: Deflection of Seg1025 (Bhandara side) along the construction stages.

The maximum upward and downward deflection for element 1025 is -19.023 and +19.236
mm which occur at stage-10 and stage-12 respectively. Similarly for element 1034 the upward
and downward deflections are 10.67 mm and -9.312mm, which are occurring at stage 11 and
stage 13respectively.

82
 Seg 1st-S ,1034
15

10
Deflection in mm

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
-5

-10

-15

Fig 8.13: Deflection of Seg 1034(Sadar side) along the construction stages.
150
Seg7-B,1013
100

50

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
-50

-100

-150

Fig 8.14: Deflection of Seg1013 (Bhandara side) along the construction stages.

Seg 7-S,1047
150

100
Deflection in mm

50

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
-50

-100

-150

Fig 8.15: Deflection of Seg1047 ( Sadar side) along the construction stages.

83
 Seg11-B,1005
200
150
Deflections in mm

100
50
0
-50 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
-100
-150
-200

Fig 8.16: Deflection of Seg1005 (Bhandara side) along the construction stages.

Seg 11-S,1055
150

100

50
deflection in mm

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
-50

-100

-150

-200

-250

Fig 8.17: Deflection of Seg 1055(Sadar side) along the construction stages.

Seg14 -S,1060
300

200
Deflection in mm

100

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
-100

-200

-300

Fig 8.18: Deflection of Seg1060 (Sadar side) along the construction stages.

84
 1002-End Section Bhandara
20
15
10
Deflection in mm

5
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25

Fig 8.19: Deflection of Seg -1002(Bhandara side) along the construction stages.

The deflections of 7th segment on both the side of pylon can be seen from fig 8.14
and fig 8.15.The deflections of element 1013 on bhandara side is maximum in upward and
downward direction in stage50 and stage52 respectively. Similarly deflection for element
1047 on sadar side is maximum in upward and downward direction in stage51 and stage53
respectively.

From fig 8.16 stage wise deflections of segments 1005 can be seen . Segment 1005
is the last segment which is casted on bhandara side using CFT. Hence maximum upward and
downward deflections of 178.6mm and -174.94mm occur in stage 82 and stage 84
respectively. However this segment is not the last segment, as the further construction of last
segment on bhandara side is done using temporary staging.

Element 1055 in fig 8.17 is the11th segment on sadar side, which has maximum
upward deflection of 106.48 mm occurring in stage 92 and maximum downward deflection of
-207.906 mm in stage 91.

As the span of bridge on Sadar side is greater than Bhandara side the construction
on bhandara side gets finished in stage 88 but the construction on Sadar side continues till
stage103. From fig8.18 and fig8.19 we can see that the deflections on sadar side are much
higher than that on bhandara side. The maximum deflection of segment 1060 on sadar side is
257.064mm during stage 97 and -271.39mm during stage 101. For seeing the stages, refer to
table no 7.6 of chapter 7.

85
 Max
Min
Deflections in mm

300

200

100

0
-150 -100 -50 0 50 100
-100

-200

-300
Distance in meters
-400

Fig 8.20: Graphical representation of deck displacement max/min during construction

stages.

From the above figure (fig8.12) it can be seen that the maximum deflections on Sadar end is
more than the deflections on Bhandara end.

B) Deck deflections due to time dependent material properties.

300

Sadar end Bhandara end

200

100
Max
0 Min
-150 -100 -50 0 50 100
Shrinkage
-100
Creep
-200

-300

-400

Fig 8.21: Deck deflection Max/Min, creep &shrinkage as per CEB-FIP-2010

In fig 8.21 the maximum and minimum deflections during construction stages and creep
&shrinkage deflections are shown. The values are calculated based on CEB-FIP code
provisions

86
 300
Bhandara end
Sadar end 200

100
Max
0 Min
-150 -100 -50 0 50 100
shrinkage
-100
creep
-200

-300

-400

Fig 8.22: Deck deflection Max/Min, creep &shrinkage as per IRC112-2011

In fig 8.22 the maximum and minimum deflections during construction stages and creep
&shrinkage deflections are shown. The values are calculated based on IRC112-2011code
provisions.

25

20
% deflection

15

10

0
71.4
3.15
-84

-21

14.7

27.3
33.6
39.9
46.2
52.5
58.8
65.1

77.7
-8.4
-90.3

-77.7
-71.4
-65.1
-58.8
-52.5
-46.2
-39.9
-33.6
-27.3

-14.7

-3.15
0

8.4

21

Distance in meters

Fig 8.23: Percentage deflection of time dependent material properties.

From Fig 8.15 we can see the percentage deflection for time dependent properties along the
deck during construction stage. On average the deflection due to creep and shrinkage is 10 to
15% of the overall deflection. From fig 8.22 and fig 8.21 we can see that IRC-112 slightly
over estimates the deflection due to creep and shrinkage.

87
8.2.3 Variation of pylon deflection and axial force during construction
stages

35 Pylon deflections
30
25 FP
OT
Deflection in cms

20
15
10
5
0
46

76
11
16
21
26
31
36
41

51
56
61
66
71

81
86
91
96
1
6

106
101
-5
-10

Fig 8.24: Pylon top deflection during construction stages

As the horizontal deflection of pylon is maximum at pylon head, the horizontal deflection of
pylon head for various construction stages is shown in fig 8.16. Maximum horizontal
deflection occurs when cable number C26, C27 at extreme end towards bhandara side is
stressed and the value of maximum deflection is 228.3 mm (towards Right).

Axial force Pylon 49

46
43
PYLON Head

40
37
34
31
28
25
22
PYLON - Pylon -Mid

19
16
13
10
7
Base

4
1
-25000 -20000 -15000 -10000 -5000 0

Fig 8.25: Axial force in pylon during Max/Min stage

88
8.2.4 Axial force, shear force and bending moment variation for deck
element during construction stages
The variation of axial force, shear force and bending moment for various elements starting
from element 1001 Bhandara end (Right end) to element 1064 Sadar end(left end) is found
out of maximum and minimum stage.

Sum= D.L +SIDL +Pretension load + Construction Load (CFT)

Table 8.7.Variation of axial force, shear force and bending moment for deck element

Axial Shear-z Moment-y

Elem Load Stage Step Part
(kN) (kN) (kN*m)
1001 Sum Min/Max max Mid-sec 53.5 886.63 3192.5
1001 Sum Min/Max min Mid-sec -5763.37 -1306.83 -1347.74
1002 Sum Min/Max max Mid-sec 49.66 1398.19 6619.95
1002 Sum Min/Max min Mid-sec -5731.54 -863.27 -4903.64
1003 Sum Min/Max max Mid-sec 28.79 37.82 10584.07
1003 Sum Min/Max min Mid-sec -9706.06 -1284.82 -5871.6
1004 Sum Min/Max max Mid-sec 46.67 548.91 13898.99
1004 Sum Min/Max min Mid-sec -9687.54 -799.98 -6572.01
1005 Sum Min/Max max Mid-sec -2185.41 878.28 14344.31
1005 Sum Min/Max min Mid-sec -12270.4 -448.22 -6189.3
1006 Sum Min/Max max Mid-sec 6.58 1362.95 12503.15
1006 Sum Min/Max min Mid-sec -12252.2 29.7 -6179.26
1007 Sum Min/Max max Mid-sec -1807.6 761.33 11511.47
1007 Sum Min/Max min Mid-sec -14201.9 -370.81 -5523.7
1008 Sum Min/Max max Mid-sec 5.46 1233.18 10154.08
1008 Sum Min/Max min Mid-sec -14186.1 141.17 -6124.73
1009 Sum Min/Max max Mid-sec -1729.19 707.32 9189.11
1009 Sum Min/Max min Mid-sec -16068.6 -398.21 -5991.58
1010 Sum Min/Max max Mid-sec 4.95 1173.62 7625.79
1010 Sum Min/Max min Mid-sec -16054 101.83 -6745.66
1011 Sum Min/Max max Mid-sec -1641.41 655.07 6661.22
1011 Sum Min/Max min Mid-sec -17836.6 -434.6 -6616.59
1012 Sum Min/Max max Mid-sec 4.41 1115.81 5218.01
1012 Sum Min/Max min Mid-sec -17823.8 69.92 -6893.83
1013 Sum Min/Max max Mid-sec -1490.4 660.97 4329.92
1013 Sum Min/Max min Mid-sec -19420.1 -368.17 -6489.21
1014 Sum Min/Max max Mid-sec 5.53 1126.46 3162.21
1014 Sum Min/Max min Mid-sec -19400.8 88.24 -6498.7
1015 Sum Min/Max max Mid-sec -1325.54 632.44 2792.78
1015 Sum Min/Max min Mid-sec -20786.6 -492.35 -5561.15
1016 Sum Min/Max max Mid-sec 1.76 1071.05 2264.11
1016 Sum Min/Max min Mid-sec -20782.4 -7.65 -5399.39

89
1017 Sum Min/Max max Mid-sec -1198.71 577.85 2316.74
1017 Sum Min/Max min Mid-sec -22029.8 -474.4 -4934.81
1018 Sum Min/Max max Mid-sec 2.85 1021.79 2366.32
1018 Sum Min/Max min Mid-sec -22021.3 44.08 -5016.4
1019 Sum Min/Max max Mid-sec -995.74 618.12 2369.06
1019 Sum Min/Max min Mid-sec -23042.5 -429.31 -4532.24
1020 Sum Min/Max max Mid-sec 2.34 1056.96 2334.01
1020 Sum Min/Max min Mid-sec -23035.1 74.55 -4721.09
1021 Sum Min/Max max Mid-sec -858.98 517.07 2457.61
1021 Sum Min/Max min Mid-sec -23958.3 -492.01 -4388.67
1022 Sum Min/Max max Mid-sec 1.83 952.43 2453.78
1022 Sum Min/Max min Mid-sec -23952.8 -20.78 -4517.59
1023 Sum Min/Max max Mid-sec -717.8 356.68 3067.52
1023 Sum Min/Max min Mid-sec -24770.9 -716.22 -3302.69
1024 Sum Min/Max max Mid-sec 1.32 789.11 3869.83
1024 Sum Min/Max min Mid-sec -24767.9 -260.72 -2735.65
1025 Sum Min/Max max Mid-sec -0.19 56.24 5782.07
1025 Sum Min/Max min Mid-sec -25523.1 -1318.96 -2581.5
1026 Sum Min/Max max Mid-sec 1.24 485.49 8407.75
1026 Sum Min/Max min Mid-sec -25523.1 -881.4 -3225.94
1027 Sum Min/Max max Mid-sec 0 908.63 9481.64
1027 Sum Min/Max min Mid-sec -25520.9 -984.62 -4999.35
1028 Sum Min/Max max Mid-sec -8.19 1157.38 10715.35
1028 Sum Min/Max min Mid-sec -25446.8 -1813.13 -6494.99
1029 Sum Min/Max max Mid-sec 0 1507.69 12094.65
1029 Sum Min/Max min Mid-sec -25520.9 -385.56 -7356.15
1030 Sum Min/Max max Mid-sec 0 337.68 28478.17
1030 Sum Min/Max min Mid-sec -26069.3 -1702.8 -9013.17
1031 Sum Min/Max max Mid-sec -8.28 1824.73 26440.92
1031 Sum Min/Max min Mid-sec -26013.7 -1354.57 -6628.19
1032 Sum Min/Max max Mid-sec 0.17 945.83 23196
1032 Sum Min/Max min Mid-sec -26069.5 -1102.97 -3936.47
1033 Sum Min/Max max Mid-sec 0.93 1408.66 20133.69
1033 Sum Min/Max min Mid-sec -26070.4 -678.18 -1998.09
1034 Sum Min/Max max Mid-sec -0.15 1856.66 14980.1
1034 Sum Min/Max min Mid-sec -26070.6 -249.4 -2948.52
1035 Sum Min/Max max Mid-sec 0.88 684.23 10150.53
1035 Sum Min/Max min Mid-sec -25423.2 -788.81 -5114.7
1036 Sum Min/Max max Mid-sec -826.4 1153.73 7233.73
1036 Sum Min/Max min Mid-sec -25424.8 -357.84 -5620.71
1037 Sum Min/Max max Mid-sec 1.32 264.22 4297.13
1037 Sum Min/Max min Mid-sec -24598.8 -1310.47 -5274.28
1038 Sum Min/Max max Mid-sec -922.5 750.68 3874.93
1038 Sum Min/Max min Mid-sec -24601.9 -876.24 -3414.32

90
1039 Sum Min/Max max Mid-sec 1.66 205.92 3431.09
1039 Sum Min/Max min Mid-sec -23705 -919.94 -3932.14
1040 Sum Min/Max max Mid-sec -1148.43 730.63 2910.88
1040 Sum Min/Max min Mid-sec -23708.8 -483.36 -4290.79
1041 Sum Min/Max max Mid-sec 2.04 159.47 2543.58
1041 Sum Min/Max min Mid-sec -22597.5 -1003.38 -5603.28
1042 Sum Min/Max max Mid-sec -1286.99 707.92 2163.44
1042 Sum Min/Max min Mid-sec -22602.2 -563.63 -6295.86
1043 Sum Min/Max max Mid-sec 2.38 50.44 1760.42
1043 Sum Min/Max min Mid-sec -21287.4 -1094.3 -7610.78
1044 Sum Min/Max max Mid-sec -1375.02 609.05 1690.98
1044 Sum Min/Max min Mid-sec -21292.9 -651.42 -8216.77
1045 Sum Min/Max max Mid-sec 2.78 -79.52 1241.38
1045 Sum Min/Max min Mid-sec -19759.7 -1161.97 -9672.23
1046 Sum Min/Max max Mid-sec -1458.53 483.74 1381.22
1046 Sum Min/Max min Mid-sec -19766.6 -715.37 -10375.78
1047 Sum Min/Max max Mid-sec 3.16 -142.53 892.62
1047 Sum Min/Max min Mid-sec -17980.2 -1222.56 -11397.85
1048 Sum Min/Max max Mid-sec -1555.9 367.84 813.46
1048 Sum Min/Max min Mid-sec -17989 -772.28 -11560.22
1049 Sum Min/Max max Mid-sec 3.5 -142.53 535.15
1049 Sum Min/Max min Mid-sec -16100.2 -1262.9 -12006.34
1050 Sum Min/Max max Mid-sec -1570.61 333.51 665.33
1050 Sum Min/Max min Mid-sec -16110.3 -808.9 -11468.88
1051 Sum Min/Max max Mid-sec 3.9 -142.53 510.56
1051 Sum Min/Max min Mid-sec -13975.6 -1310.83 -11190.41
1052 Sum Min/Max max Mid-sec -1675.24 243.25 579.63
1052 Sum Min/Max min Mid-sec -13988.1 -852.62 -9798.71
1053 Sum Min/Max max Mid-sec 4.31 -142.53 470.04
1053 Sum Min/Max min Mid-sec -11439.4 -1348.14 -9047.86
1054 Sum Min/Max max Mid-sec -1530.03 204.22 2041.26
1054 Sum Min/Max min Mid-sec -11456.5 -883.63 -7258.42
1055 Sum Min/Max max Mid-sec 4.55 -101.64 3015.35
1055 Sum Min/Max min Mid-sec -8885.38 -1392.83 -6434.68
1056 Sum Min/Max max Mid-sec -1813.45 360.73 4420.35
1056 Sum Min/Max min Mid-sec -8905.33 -927.44 -4998.33
1057 Sum Min/Max max Mid-sec 4.99 185.7 5028.03
1057 Sum Min/Max min Mid-sec -6493.61 -1094.14 -3754.54
1058 Sum Min/Max max Mid-sec -2444.28 663.7 5767.19
1058 Sum Min/Max min Mid-sec -6515.06 -612.33 -1094.41
1059 Sum Min/Max max Mid-sec 5.36 -2.96 5922.58
1059 Sum Min/Max min Mid-sec -3669.43 -861.5 -297.23
1060 Sum Min/Max max Mid-sec -2667.62 480.82 6811.29
1060 Sum Min/Max min Mid-sec -3694.94 -262.82 501.63

91
 1061 Sum Min/Max max Mid-sec 44.13 -222.27 7640.85
1061 Sum Min/Max min Mid-sec 8.31 -1179.6 -182.09
1062 Sum Min/Max max Mid-sec 10.32 -74.62 9233.7
1062 Sum Min/Max min Mid-sec 1.7 -453.03 7021.6
1063 Sum Min/Max max Mid-sec -14.69 740.01 7660.52
1063 Sum Min/Max min Mid-sec -20.96 518.5 6697.81
1064 Sum Min/Max max Mid-sec -33.39 1327.11 3188.57
1064 Sum Min/Max min Mid-sec -37.59 1178.78 2867.66

Max/Min Axial force

5000 MAX MIN

0
21
88.2
77.7
69.3
58.8
50.4
39.9
31.5

12.6
3.15
-1.1
-8.4
-18.9
-27.3

-84
-37.8
-46.2
-56.7
-65.1
-75.6

-94.5
-107.475
-5000
Forces kN

-10000
-15000
-20000
-25000
-30000
Chainage(m)

Fig:8.26 Axial force variation for construction stage

35000 Max/Min Moments

30000
25000
20000
Moment KN-m

15000
Min
10000 Max
5000
0
88.2
77.7
69.3
58.8
50.4
39.9
31.5

12.6
3.15

-84
-1.1
-8.4

-65.1
-18.9
-27.3
-37.8
-46.2
-56.7

-75.6

-94.5
-107.475
21

-5000
-10000
-15000

Fig 8.27:Moment variation for construction stage

92
 2500 Max/Min Shear force
2000
Min Max
1500
1000
500
0
88.2
77.7
69.3
58.8
50.4
39.9
31.5

12.6
3.15
21

-1.1
-8.4

-27.3

-56.7
-18.9

-37.8
-46.2

-65.1
-75.6

-94.5
-84

-107.475
-500
-1000
-1500
-2000

8.28: Shear force variation for construction stage

8.2.5. Reactions for construction stage analysis

Table 8.6: Reactions during construction stage analysis

Node Load FX FY FZ MX MY MZ
(kN) (kN) (kN) (kN-m) (kN-m) (kN-m)
Pylon Base Sum -4104.39 6188.56 11279.53 4891.38 1879.55 -21.68

Pylon Base Sum 4001.22 4994.31 8499.95 3045.96 -1554.70 -1560.77

Pylon Base Sum -4149.11 -5914.05 11524.20 -6374.63 2162.69 -291.89

Pylon Base Sum 4252.29 -5201.40 9336.42 -4459.30 -1856.21 1911.11

Right end Sum 0.00 -47.52 -3170.17 0.00 0.00 0.00

Left end Sum 0.00 -19.90 1830.21 0.00 0.00 0.00

SUMMATION OF REACTION FORCES

Load FX (kN) FY (kN) FZ (kN) .

1 0.00 0.00 39602.97

Due to unequal length there is uplift force of 3170 kN at the end of the shorter span, Hence
tie-down bars has to be designed at right end of the bridge.

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8.3 Comparison of actual deflections and Analysis deflections
Deflections of pylon during stressing of cables was continuously monitored .The field
measurement data was noted down during site visit and is compared with the analysis results
as shown in fig 8.29.The maximum pylon deflection at site was recorded during stressing of
C27 stay cable which was found to be 291.18 mm and the deflection found from our analysis
is 319.6 mm.

35
Horizontal deflectin in cms

30
25
20 Actual Analysis
15
10
5
0

8.29. Comparison of Site deflections and analysis deflections for pylon head

In case of the deck deflection the maximum deck deflection was recorded on sadar side which
was in the stage 101 when concrete was casted for second last segment ,as the last segment
was cast using staging. The maximum deflection found was around 240 mm to 250 mm
downwards. Whereas the deflection found by our analysis was -279.1 mm, which is more or
less same as site measurement. Hence the site deflection for pylon and deck at critical section
were same as that of the analysis results.

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 CHAPTER 9
Conclusions
9.1 Introduction
In this study, a forward construction stage method is used for construction stage analysis.
In total, we define 153 load groups for stimulating action of actual construction by
cantilevering action, 65 structural groups for activating deck and cable element & 67
boundary group for activating and deactivating supports and links at various stages .Due
to varying structural groups, boundary groups and loading groups at each stage during
construction, we have defined around 109 construction stages in model to simulate the
action of actual construction. Parametric study is carried for various critical sections at
different stages and based on observations and results some conclusions are drawn which
are presented in this chapter.

9.2 Conclusions
 Large deflection in deck and pylon occurs during construction stage analysis by
cantilever method; hence it is necessary to carry out construction stage analysis
using proper construction loads to avoid future unseen problem during construction.
 By using the temporary cable to support the CFT arm, we can successfully reduce
the shear coming on deck by transferring the CFT load to pylon .Also proper level
of CFT can be achieved during casting by use of temporary cables. But however by
using temporary cables the construction duration of project increases due to
adjustments required for temporary cable.
 The pretension force in temporary and permanent cable during casting of end
segment is maximum.
 There is uplift at the end of shorter span if the weight of deck on either side of pylon
is unbalanced. This can be tackled by providing different deck material on either
side of pylon or by using tie-down bars to pull down the deck. In Nagpur cable
stayed bridge this problem was tackled by using tie down bars.

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  The cable forces vary during the construction process on average of 40 to 50%
hence the stressing and distressing of cables has to be done properly during each
construction stage.
 The effect of creep and shrinkage is more pronounced in initial 1000 days. The
deflection in deck due to creep and shrinkage is about 10 to 15 % of the total
deflection .Hence it is necessary to consider the time dependent material properties
in case of concrete cable stayed bridge to achieve proper camber of the deck.
 The analysis results and actual site measurements for pylon and deck deflections in
construction stage analysis were found to be more or less similar .Hence
construction stage analysis using forward construction stage method can be
successively used for cables stayed bridges.
 Although construction stage analysis is a time taking process but it is required in
case of cantilever construction of cable stayed bridge. If it is not done properly, the
entire construction at site can be halted due to large deformation and thereby may
result in heavy economic loss.

9.3 Future scope

 The construction stage analysis performed depends upon the method adopted for
construction .The construction process considered during our analysis includes full
cantilever method in which stage wise construction is done on both side. By changing
the construction methods and construction stages the analysis can be carried out and
compared with full cantilever method.
 We have carried out complete analysis using MIDAS civil software .A comparative
study of the same model considering different available software packages like
LUSAS, LARSA -4D and MIDAS/Civil can be carried out for greater accuracy.
 The construction stage analysis for creep and shrinkage can be carried out for Extra-
dosed bridge and can be compared with cable stayed bridge.
 Permanent stage analysis considering seismic and wind analysis can be carried out.
Also wind tunnel testing of the cable stayed bridge can be carried out to check the
behavior of prototype with model.

96
 References
1. M. Schliach, “Erection of cable stayed bridges having composite deck with precast
concrete slabs’’, Journal of Bridge Engineering, Copyright ASCE, USA, September
2001.
2. Praveen Reddy, Jamshid Ghaboussi & Neil M. Hawkins, “Simulation of Construction
of Cable Stayed Bridges” Journal of Bridge Engineering, Copyright ASCE, USA,
November 1999.
3. Pao-Hsii Wang, Tzu-Yang Tang & Hou-Nong Zheng, “ Analysis of cable-stayed
bridges during construction by cantilever methods”, Structural Mechanics Division,
Chung-Yuan University, Science Direct, Taiwan, 15 November 2003.
4. T. P.Agrawal, “Cable-stayed bridges-parametric study", Journal of bridge
engineering, Copyright ASCE, November 1999.
5. A.W.A.G. Khan, Construction stage analysis of cable stayed bridge (Case study –
Signature bridge), Department of structural engineering, Sardar Patel college of
engineering, Mumbai, April 2014.
6. Malm R., Hakan S, “Time dependent analysis of segmentally constructed balanced
cantilever bridges” : Engineering structures , 2010.
7. Alessio Pipinato ,Carlo Pellegrino & Claudio Modena ,”Structural Analysis of the
Cantilever Construction Process in Cable-Stayed Bridges” Copyright Periodica
polytechnic, February 2012.
8. J.A. Lozano-Galant , I. Payá-Zaforteza , D. Xuc, J. Turmo , “Analysis of the
construction process of cable-stayed bridges built on temporary supports” Department
of Civil Engineering, Castilla-La Mancha University, Spain, Copyright Science
Direct, 2012.
9. Marko Justus Grabow ,”Construction Stage Analysis of Cable-Stayed Bridges”
Technical University of Hamburg, Germany, June 2004.

10. Rene Walther, Cable stayed bridges, Thomas Telford, London, 1998.

11. Dr. VK Riana, Concrete bridge practice, Tata McGraw hill Publishing Co Ltd, New
Delhi, 1991.
12. MIDAS Manuals, Construction and static stage analysis of cable stayed bridges.

97
 Appendix

Fig- Phase 2 casting of initial deck segment Fig-Phase 1 of bridge open for traffic

Fig-P4 pier towards bhandara(phase1)

Fig- Pylon base (Phase2)

Fig-Construction of Pylon Fig-Stairs arrangement to approach pylon head

98
 BIO DATA OF THE CANDIDATE

1. Name: Karthik Hansraj Purohit

2. Date of Birth: 05/05/1992

3. Branch of Engineering: Structural Engineering

4. Registration Number: C1552010

5. University’s Approval Letter No:

6. Details of Course Work:

Course
Sr. No. Name of the course CPI
Grade
SEMESTER I
1. Advanced Solid Mechanics S
2. Structural Dynamics C
3. Non Linear Analysis A 8.55
4. Advanced Structural Analysis B
5. Advanced Composite Structures B
SEMESTER II
1. Finite Element Method B
2. Theory of Plates A
3. Bridge Engineering S
8.91
4. Earthquake Engineering B
Advanced Design of Concrete
5. A
Structures

7. Research Paper: “Construction Stage analysis of cable stayed Bridge by cantilever

method of construction (Nagpur Cable stayed bridge)”, International Journal of
Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, Volume 6, Issue 7.

99
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my deep sense of gratitude and indebtedness to my guide Dr A.A Bage,

Professor and Head of Structural Engineering Department, Sardar Patel College of
Engineering, for his valuable guidance, constant encouragement and creative suggestions
offered during entire project.

I am profoundly grateful to my Co-Guide Mr. Shashank Rajbhoj (Asst. General

Manager –Design-Afcons Infrastructure Limited), for taking out invaluable time and
continuously guiding me in all the aspects of the project.
I express my heartiest thanks to Dr.P.H.Sawant (Principal SPCE), Dr. M.M.Murudi
(Vice principal SPCE) & TEQIP for providing me great facilities, opportunities to attend
seminars & learn new software during the course of my project.

I am thankful to whole team of Afcons Infrastructure Limited for providing me help

in my project and for arranging site visit to Nagpur cable stayed bridge.

I am extremely thankful to technical team of MIDAS for not only providing me

students version of MIDAS software but also guiding me whenever I got stuck up while using
the software .Their discussions and interactions where very much helpful to clear my concepts
and learning things. I am extremely thankful to Mr.Pratap jadhav for helping me with
MIDAS software and other related queries.

It gives me pleasure to express my thanks to my teachers, friends, parents and Almighty

for their ingenious and sturdy motivation in project as well as in my life.

KARTHIK .H. PUROHIT

100