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Joints: by DR - Lakshmi kantha.B.M Associate Professor Department of Anatomy DMWIMS, Wayanad, Kerala
Joints: by DR - Lakshmi kantha.B.M Associate Professor Department of Anatomy DMWIMS, Wayanad, Kerala
By Dr.Lakshmi kantha.B.M
Associate professor
Department of Anatomy
DMWIMS, Wayanad,Kerala
JOINTS
• CLINICAL CASE SINERIO
• DEFINITION
• CLASSIFICATION
• SYNOVIAL JOINTS
• BLOOD SUPPLY
• NERVE SUPPLY
• KINESIOLOGY
• APPLIED ASPECTS
CLINICAL CASE SINERIO
ARTHROLOGY:-
• “It is the science which
deals with the study of
joints”
CLASSIFICATION
DEPENDING ON
STRUCTURE
DEPENDING ON
FUNCTION
Fibrous joints
Synchondroses Symphyses
(Primary cartilaginous joints) (Secondary cartilaginous joint)
SYNCHONDROSES
• Here bones are united by Examples:
a plate of hyaline 1. Junction between
cartilage-temporarily – epiphysis and diaphysis
later completely replaced 2. Articulation between
by bone ( synostosis ) basi-occiput and base-
• No movement possible sphenoid
• Primarily designed for the 3. First chondro-sternal
bone growth joint
Junction between epiphysis and
diaphysis
Articulation b/w basi-occiput and
basi-sphenoid
• Synostosis at 25 years
• Early Synostosis before
eruption of permanent
teeth leads to dental
mal-occlusion
First chondro-sternal joint
SYMPHYSES
• Articular surface covered by hyaline cartilage and are
united by a plate of fibrocartilage.
• Some times the joints are enveloped by incomplete
fibrous capsule
• They persists through out life and are in median plane of
the body
• Limited movement is possible due to compression of
fibro cartilage.
• Thickness of fibrocartilage is related to range of
movement.
1. Intervertebral discs
Structure
• Annulus fibrosus-
concentric layer of fibers.
• Nucleus pulposus-
gelatinous- water
• cartilage cells,
multinucleated
notochordal cells
• Functions: shock-
absorber, resistance to
compression
2.Symphysis pubis
• Present in anterior arch of
pelvis in between body of
two pubic bone.
• When medial thrusts of
femoral head are
transmitted through the
anterior arch-interpubic
disc resists the force by
acting as a shock
absorber.
3. Manubrio-sternal joint
• Fibro-cartilaginous
disc, attached at the
periphery of capsule.
• Divides joint
completely/
incompletely.
Cont..
• Articular disc- divides joint completely.
• E.g.- TM joint, sternoclavicular joint,
inferior radio ulnar joint
Cont..
• Articular meniscus- divides joint
incompletely
• E.g.- knee joint, acromio-clavicular joint
Cont..
Functions:-
1. Helps in lubrication of joints
2. Smoothens gliding and angular
movements.
3. Prevents wear and tear of the
articular cartilage.
Bursa
• Sometimes the capsule opening through
which synovial membrane comes out to
act as bursa.
• It is a device to reduce friction between
two mobile but tightly opposed surfaces,
permitting complete freedom of movement
within the limited range.
• Types : Subcutaneous, subtendinous,
sub muscular, subfacial, inter ligamentous,
communicating.
CLASSIFICATION--- SYNOVIAL JOINTS
3.Condylar
UNIAXIAL JOINTS
HINGE (Ginglymus)-
• Moves around
Transverse axis
• Articular surface-
convex
• Other reciprocally
curved.
• E.g.- elbow, ankle
interphalangial joints
of fingers and toes
UNIAXIAL JOINTS cont..
Pivot type: ( Trochoid)
Vertical axis movement
One bone acts as pivot
and is encircled by
osseo-ligamentous
ring
E.g.1. Atlanto axial joint
2. Superior & inferior
radioulnar joints.
UNIAXIAL JOINTS cont..
• Condylar joint
Movement takes place
mainly on transverse axis
and partly on vertical
axis.
Modified hinge joint.
Each bone has two articular
surfaces called condyles
enveloped in same.
capsule.
e.g., Knee and jaw joints
BIAXIAL JOINTS
• Presents two degree
of movements.
• Two types
• 1.Ellipsoid joint
• 2. Saddle joint
BIAXIAL JOINTS cont..
• Ellipsoid joint
• Here oval convex male
surface fitting into
elliptically concave
female surface.
• Movements- transverse &
anteroposterior axis-
flexion, extension,
adduction, abduction &
Circumduction but no
rotation on vertical axis.
• Example: Radio carpal
joint, Atlanto-occipital
joint.
BIAXIAL JOINTS cont..
Saddle joint
Opposing articular
surfaces are concavo
convex in reciprocal
manner.
Movements are similar to
ellipsoid joint but rotation
is present- conjunct
rotation.
e.g., Carpometacarpal
joint of thumb, sterno-
Clavicular joint.
POLYAXIAL JOINTS
• Three degree freedom of movement.
• Ball & socket / spheroidal joints.
• Example: Shoulder & hip joints, talo-calcaneo-
navicular joint, inco-stapedial joint ( restricted
ball & socket joint)
•Spheroidal articular surface of one bone moves
within the socket of other bone.
•Around three independent axis with one
common centre - transverse, vertical and
antero - posterior
PLANE JOINTS
• Articular surfaces are
flat, produce gliding
movements.
• E.g., Intercarpal
joints, Inter-tarsal
joints, Articulation b/w
articular process of
vertebrae
Cont..
MOVEMENTS
TYPES
1.Gliding
2.Angular
3.Circumduction
4.Rotation
GLIDING:
• Occurs in Plane joints
• Limited motion
possible
• One bone slips over
the other in a particular
direction
• Example: Joints of
hand, foot and
vertebral column
Cont..
ANGULAR:
Types:
1.Flexion & Extension
2.Adduction & Abduction.
Cont..
Flexion- bending
Extension-
straightening
• Occurs around
transverse axis
• How ever this
principle not
applicable in carpo-
metacarpal joint of
thumb, shoulder, hip
and ankle joints
Cont..
• Adduction &
Abduction
• Adduction-
movements towards
the median plane
• Abduction-
movements away
from the median
plane
• Axis- AP axis except
C-M joint of thumb,
here axis is
transverse
Cont..
CIRCUMDUCTION-
• Combination of 4
angular movements in
successive orders
describing a cone
• Base of the cone
formed by distal end
of the moving bone.
• Occurs in biaxial and
polyaxial joints.
Cont..
ROTATION-
• around vertical axis
• E.g.- shoulder joint-
axis along the
humerus
• Atlanto-axial joint-
axis along the dens
Factors limiting the range of
movements
• Bony configuration
• Ligaments
• Muscles
• Atmospheric pressure and force of
cohesion.
Cont..
1.Bony configuration
• Important in hip and ankle
joint.
• In hip joint head of the
femur is completely
received by the
acetabular socket
• In ankle- trochlear
surface of the talus is
embraced by tibio-fibular
mortise.
Cont..
2.Ligaments
• Permit desirable
movements-restrict
undesirable
movement.
• Can with stand the
short duration stress
as they are made up of
collagen which are
once stretched cannot
be reversed.
Cont..
3.Muscles
• Tone of the muscle
maintain the stability
of joint.
• E.g.- short muscles of
scapula- maintains
stability of shoulder
joint.
Blood supply
• Epiphyseal vessels- Enter the long bone at or
near the attachment of the fibrous capsule- give
articular branches- form rich capillary plexus in
Synovial membrane- circulus vasculosus
• These end around the articular margin in a
fringe of looped anastomosis.
Nerve supply
• Articular capsule and ligaments have rich nerve
supply.
1.Sensory 2.Autonomic ( vasomotor)
• Sensory- form Ruffini endings and paccinian
corpuscles- convey proprioceptive sensation-
concerned with control of posture, locomotion
and perception of position and movement.
• Some sensory fibers form free nerve endings-
pain sensation.
Cont..
Hiltons law- says that,
• Nerves which supply the joint also give
branches to the muscles regulating the
movements of the joint and skin over the
joint.
• Irritation of the nerve in joint disease-
reflex spasm of the muscles and fix the
joint in the position of comfort and the pain
referred to the skin.
Cont..
Gardner's observation- says that
• The part of the capsule which is rendered taut by
the contraction of a group of muscles, is
supplied by a nerve which innervates their
antagonistic muscles.
• E.g.- Inferomedial part of the capsule of hip joint
is stretched during abduction- this part of the
capsule is supplied by the Obturator nerve which
also supplies the adductors of the hip joint- this
establish the local reflex arcs- helpful for the
stability of the joint.
• LAST’S FORMULATION ( R.J LAST)
1.Four contiguous spinal segments regulate
movements of a particular joint : upper two
segments control one movement, lower
two segments regulate opposite
movement.
2.For a joint one segment more distal in the
limb, the Centers lie en block, one
segment lower in the cord.
Lower limb