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in India. Delhi, 1997.P. 34

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5_ Panikar, K. N. Culture, Ideology, Hegemony.

Delhi, 1998,P. 83 (Footnote: 23)


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1. Marshau, P. 1. Trade and Conquest. Aldershot 1993,P. 30

36 -i./ : "~f 2

41-i./:"~f 3
103 -i./ : "~f 4

5. Rizvi, A. A.: Shah Abd al_Aziz. Canbera 1982,P. 236

6. Metcalf, T. : The Ideologies of the Raj. Cambridge 1995,P. 23

7. Vanina, E.: Ideas and Scociety in India:

From the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Centuries. Oup, 1996, P.148

8. Gordon, S. : Marathas, Maraudens, and State

Formation in Eighteen Century India. Oup, 1994, P. X

9. Goetz, p. 6, 7, Quoted by Panikar : Culture,

Ideology, Hegemony. Delhi 1998.P. 38

39 _i./ :.1J~ 10

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1. Bearce, G. D.: British Attitudes towards India, 1784_1858.Oxford, 1961,

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'l.Nandy, Ashish: The Intimate Enemy. OUP, 1994,P. 34.

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