Chronological Table

1933 January Hitler becomes Chancellor of Ger-

many.
February Japan leaves League ofNations.
October Germany leaves League of Nations
and Disarmament Conference.
1934 January German-Polish pact.
July Abortive Nazi putsch in Austria;
murder ofDollfuss.
October Murder of Alexander of Yugoslavia
and Barthou.
1935 January Saar plebiscite.
March Hitler announces conscription and a
military air force.
May Franco-Soviet and Czecho-Soviet
pacts.
June Anglo-German naval agreement.
October Abyssinia invaded by Italy.
1936 March Rhineland reoccupied by Germany.
July Austro-German agreement.
Spanish Civil War begins.
November Rome-Berlin Axis announced.
Germany and Japan sign anti-Comin-
ternpact.
1937 May Chamberlain becomes Prime
Minister.
July Japanese begin advance into China.
September Mussolini visits Germany.
November Italy joins anti-Comintern pact.
Hitler's 'Hossbach' survey.
Halifax visits Hitler.
1938 4 February Ribbentrop replaces Neurath as
Foreign Minister.
206 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE

12 February Schuschnigg visits Hitler at Berchtes-

gaden.
20February Resignation of Eden.
gMarch Austrian plebiscite announced.
II March Schuschnigg forced by Berlin to re-
sign.
I2 March German occupation of Austria.
13March Annexation of Austria proclaimed.
28March Konrad Henlein's destructive Sudeten
tactics approved by Hitler.
r6April Anglo-Italian agreement negotiated.
28-2gApril Daladier and Bonnet in London.
3-gMay Hitler in Italy.
20-22May Scare over Czechoslovakia.
23 July Lord Runciman 'invited' to Czecho-
slovakia.
7 September The Times follows the lead of the New
Statesman in suggesting the cession
of the 'Sudetenland'.
Benes offers to meet the Sudeten
German demands.
8 September Talks between Prague and the Sudeten
German Party broken off by latter.
13 September Rioting in Sudetenland.
15 September Chamberlain visits Hitler at Berchtes-
gaden.
18 September Daladier and Bonnet in London.
19 September Anglo-French advice to Benes to cede
areas containing 50 per cent or
more Germans.
20 September Czech refusal.
21 September Anglo-French ultimatum to Benes;
accepted.
22 September HodZa. resigns as Premier of Czecho-
slovakia.
22-23
September Chamberlain visits Hitler at Godes-
berg.
25 September Daladier in London.
 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 207

26 September Sir Horace Wilson to Berlin.

Hitler's Sportpalast speech.
Foreign Office communique promises
Britain and Russia will aid France
if she stands by the Czechs. ·
27 September British Fleet mobilised; Chamberlain
broadcasts to the nation. -
28 September Hitler accepts Mussolini's proposal of
Four-Power talks.
29-30
September Four-Power agreement at Munich.
30 September Polish ultimatum to Czechoslovakia.
5 October Benes resigns.
2 November Vienna award gives southern Slovakia
and part ofRuthenia to Hungary.
Io November Fresh and systematic persecution of
Jews in Germany.
16 November Anglo-Italian agreement ratified.
6 December Franco-German declaration of friend-
ship.
1939 5]anuary Beck visits Hitler at Berchtesgaden.
6 January Chamberlain and Halifax in Rome.
6 March Ruthenian administration dismissed
by Prague.
9 March Slovak administration dismissed by
Prague.
13 March Tiso in Berlin.
14 March Slovak Diet votes for independence.
14-15 March President Hacha in Berlin.
15 March Germany occupies remainder of
Bohemia and Moravia.
Hungary begins occupying Ruthenia.
I g March Britain rejects Soviet proposal for
Five-Power talks on Rumania.
20 March Lithuanian Foreign Minister in
Berlin.
21 March Ribbentrop-Lipski talk on Danzig.
23 March Lithuania cedes Memel to Ger-
many.
208 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE

23 March German-Rumanian economic agree-

ment.
31 March Provisional Anglo-French guarantee
of Poland announced.
4-6April Beck in London.
7 April Italian seizure of Albania.
13 April Anglo-French guarantee of Greece
and Rumania.
14April Anglo-French negotiations with the
Soviet Union recommence.
17 April Soviet proposal for a tripartite alliance
with West.
28April Hitler denounces Anglo-German
naval agreement and German-
Polish pact.
3May Litvinov replaced by Molotov as
Soviet Foreign Minister.
8May Britain rejects Soviet proposal for
tripartite alliance.
12May Provisional Anglo-Turkish pact an-
nounced.
22May Pact of Steel signed in Berlin.
23May Hitler addresses his generals on
Danzig and Poland.
30May Nazi-Soviet negotiations for improved
relations begin in earnest.
14]une Japanese blockade British concession
at Tientsin.
2gjune Halifax speech at Chatham House.
1-2july Scare over Danzig.
x8-2xjuly Dr. Wohlthat in London for economic
talks.
4-6August Danzig-Polish customs crisis.
g-wAugust Mutual German-Polish warnings over
Danzig.
11 August Professor Burckhardt visits Hitler.
11-13 August Ciano visits Hitler and Ribbentrop.
12 August Anglo-French-Soviet military talks
begin in Moscow.
 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 209

14August Hitler addresses his generals on forth-

coming action against Poland.
Soviet question regarding passage of
troops through Poland and Ru-
mania halts military talks.
16August Danzig-Polish cust01ns talks begin.
20August Hitler urges Stalin to receive Ribben-
trop in the immediate future.
21 August Anglo-French-Soviet military talks
suspended.
Forthcoming Nazi-Soviet pact an-
nounced.
22August Hitler addresses his generals on the
need to fight.
Britain reaffirms its pledge to Poland.
:~sAugust Nazi-Soviet pact signed in Moscow.
Chamberlain's personal appeal de-
livered to Hitler; Hitler replies.
Mussolini suggests Britain persuade
Poland to surrender Danzig.
24August Danzig-Polish customs talks broken
off.
Parliament reassembles in London.
25August Hitler offers lasting friendship with
British Empire.
Anglo-Polish agreement signed.
Mussolini informs Hitler that he
cannot participate in a general
conflict.
German invasion of Poland, ordered
for 26th, postponed.
26August Daladier personal appeal to Hitler.
27August B. Dahlerus in London with hint of
'reasonable' German demands over
Danzig and Corridor.
Mussolini promises to help Britain in
search for peace.
Hitler thinks of temporarily accepting
Polish climb-down.
210 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE

28 August New date of German attack fixed for

1 September.
Beck agrees in principle to direct
German-Polish negotiations.
Official British reply delivered to
Hitler; Hitler demands Danzig,
Corridor and parts of Silesia.
29 August Poland persuaded by Britain and
France to postpone full mobilisa-
tion.
Mussolini urges Hitler to accept
British proposals as basis for settle-
ment.
Hitler accepts negotiations, demand-
ing arrival of Polish plenipotentiary
onsoth.
go August Dahlerus brings outline of new,
moderate German proposals to
London.
Polish mobilisation announced.
Ribbentrop reads new German pro-
posals to Henderson, but refuses to
give them in writing.
31 August Poland informs Germany that she is
favourably considering British pro-
posal of direct negotiations.
Mussolini proposes conference to dis-
cuss Versailles grievances.
Britain informed that Italy will not
fight.
I September Poland invaded.
Britain and France warn Germany.
2 September French activity in support of Italian-
sponsored conference.
Angry scenes in House of Commons.
3 September British and French ultimata delivered
to Germany. War declared.
Bibliography

THE following list of the major sources used for this book
concentrates on the years 1938-g, but a small number of
works essential for understanding the background to the
subject are also included.

I. DOCUMENTS AND OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS

Documents on German Foreign Policy, 1918-1945 (H.M.S.O.,

1948 on), series D, vols. i-vii, cover the period September
1937 to the outbreak of war, and some later volumes have
also been consulted. They are indispensable, but when
using them the remarks made about the relative in-
significance of the German diplomatic machinery must be
home in mind.
This also applies to
N~ Conspiracy and Aggression (Washington, 1946-8), Iovols.;
these are translations of documents and affidavits
collected before the Nuremberg trial.
Documents and Materials Relating to the Eve of the Second World
War (Moscow, 1947-48), vols. i and ii, being German
records captured by the Russians. Vol. ii has been referred
to as the Dirksen Papers in the essay.
New Documents on the History of Munich (Prague, 1958)
contains mainly Czech and Soviet material on the 1938
crisis.
SovietDocumentsonForeignPolicy, vol. 3, ed.J. Degras (O.U.P.,
1953), comprises, of course, only official speeches and
writings of the time.
Documents on British Foreign Policy, 1919-1939 (H.M.S.O.,
I946 on), third series, vols. i-ix, cover the period March
H
2I2 BIBLIOGRAPHY

I938 to the outbreak of war. Sometimes the letters in the

appendices are more revealing than the official telegrams.
Le Livre Jaune Fran;ais (Paris, I 939) offers a few French
documents for I 938 and more for I 939; since it was the
official justification published after the outbreak of war,
it is often interesting for what it does not include. The
same applies to
The Polish White Book (Hutchinson, I939)·
I Documenti Diplomatici Italiani (Rome, I952 on), 8th series,
vols. xii and xiii, cover the period 23 May 1939 to the
outbreak of war.
Ciano's Diplomatic Papers, ed. M. Muggeridge (Odhams,
1948), includes earlier Italian documents, but will be
superseded when the official series is extended.
The Trial of German Major War Criminals (H.M.S.O., 1946
on), pts. I-22, contains the proceedings of the Inter-
national Military Tribunal at Nuremberg; documents
used in evidence are collected in their original language
in vols. 24-42 of the record published at Nuremberg.
Foreign Relations of the United States (Washington, I955 and
1956): 1938, vol. i (General); and 1939, vol. i (General).
Many politicians and diplomats in Europe were anxious
to confide in the United States, and the result is quite
often revealing.

2. DIARIES, MEMOIRS, ETC.

Ambassador Dodd's Diary, ed. W. and M. Dodd (Gollancz,

I941), contains some significant conversations between
diplomats in Central Europe in the 1930's, recorded by
the American Ambassador in Berlin as he counted the
minutes and the marks.
J. M. BLUM, From the Morgenthau Diaries (Houghton Miffiin,
Boston, r 959), contains a few interesting passages involving
Chamberlain and Simon.
J. E. DAviEs, Mission to Moscow (Gollancz, 1942), contains
some accurate forebodings of the American Ambassador
to the Soviet Union.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY 213

Ciano's Diary, 1937-1938 (Methuen, 1952) and

Ciano's Diary, 1939-1943 (Heinemann, I947) are vital for
understanding Mussolini's behaviour in this period.
I. MAISKY, Who Helped Hitler? (Hutchinson, 1964) is quite
useful on the Anglo-Soviet negotiations, and extra-
ordinarily forgetful and tendentious on the Nazi-Soviet
ones.
E. BENEs, Memoirs (Allen & Unwin, I954) only fleetingly
touches on the events of I 938.
K. VON ScHUSCHNIGG, Austrian Requiem (Putnam, New York,
I 946) is a moving account ofAustria's dilemma, conveying
both Hitler's bestiality and the author's vacillation.
H. RIPKA, Munich, Bifore and After (Gollancz, I939) is a
Czech account of events between the summer of I 938
and March I939·
The Confidential Papers of Admiral Horthy (Budapest, 1965)
contain one or two interesting letters, memoranda, etc.
G. GAFENcu, The Last Days of Europe (Muller, I947) says
little that is helpful about Rumania, but is useful on Beck,
more so than
J. BEcK, Dernier Rapport (Brussels, 1951).
B. DAHLERUS, The Last Attempt (Hutchinson, 1947) relates
the adventures of a Swedish businessman as a well-
meaning and innocent tool of Nazi diplomacy during the
last weeks of peace.
C. J. BuRCKHARDT, Meine Danziger Mission (Munich, 1960)
contains accounts of the High Commissioner's interviews
during I939·
The German side includes two books, at least, which can
be taken as wholly sincere documents:
Mein Kampf(translated by James Murphy; Hurst & Blackett,
1939) must be read, despite the caution given in the
essay, and
U. VON HASSELL, The von Hassell Diaries (Hamish Hamilton,
I 948) provides a valuable record of events as seen by the
conservative opposition to Hitler.
The memoirs of those who served the regime in various
capacities need to be handled with caution. They include:
lZI4 BIBLIOGRAPHY

H. VON DIRKSEN, Moscow, Tokyo, London (London, I 95 I).

F. HESSE, Hitler and the English (Wingate, I954)·
E. KoRDT, Nicht aus den Akten (Stuttgart, I950).
F. VON PAPEN, Memoirs (Andre Deutsch, I952).
P. ScHMIDT, Hitler's Interpreter (Heinemann, I95I).
E. voNWErzsXCKER, Memoirs (Gollancz, I951).
The essence of Nazism is conveyed in:
H. RAUSCHNING, Hitler Speaks (Butterworth, I939); and
Makers ofDestruction (Eyre & Spottiswoode, I942).
The same warning as to unreliability has to be repeated
with reference to the two French volumes which, in the
absence as yet of official publications, have to be used for
their documents:
G. BoNNET, Difense de la paix; vol. I, De Washington a Q.uai
d'Orsay (Geneva, I946); vol. 2, Fin d'une Europe (Geneva,
1948).
The same author's Q.uai d'Orsay (Antony Gibbs & Philips,
1965) contains fewer documents and even more enormities.
Other French memoirs and diaries include:
R. CouLONDRE, De Staline aHitler (Paris, I 950).
A. FRAN90IS-PONCET, The Fatiful Years (Gollancz, I949).
M. GAMELIN, Servir (3 vols., Paris, I946-7).
L. NoitL, L'Aggression allemande contre la Pologne (Paris, I946).
J. PAuL-BoNcouR, Entre deux Guerres (Paris, I945-7), vol. 3·
Garnets secrets de Jean ,Zay (Paris, I942).
There are several British memoirs which succeed in being
almost entirely uninformative- those of Halifax, Kirk-
patrick and Simon, for instance. I include in the following
list a few books which are not strictly memoirs, but whose
value lies in the diaries, letters, and so on, which they
reproduce:
L. S. AMERY, My Political Life (Hutchinson, I953 on), vol. 3:
hard-hitting and valuable.
LoRD AvoN, The Eden Memoirs: Facing the Dictators (Collins,
I962) and The Reckoning ( I965) are somewhat reticent, but
still revealing about Chamberlain, Wilson and the author.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY 215

W. S. CHURCHILL, The Gathering Storm (Cassell, 1948): the

highly individual record of the outstanding critic of
Chamberlain's policy.
DUFF CooPER, Old Men Forget (Hart-Davis, 1953): valuable
Cabinet revelations.
H DALTON, The Fatiful Tears (Muller, 1957): essential
reading.
K. FElLING, Neville Chamberlain (Macmillan, 1946): contains
important letters and diary extracts.
M. GILBERT, Plough My Own Furrow (Longmans, 1965):
documents concerning Lord Allen ofHurtwood.
N. HENDERSON, Failure of a Mission (Hodder & Stoughton,
1940): revealing, despite its self-justifying gloss.
T. joNES, A Diary With Letters (O.U.P., 1954): an essential
guide to the roots of appeasement.
B. H. LIDDELL HART, Memoirs, vols. i and ii (Cassell, 1965):
invaluable insight into British military unpreparedness in
thinking and materiel.
I. MACLEOD, Neville Chamberlain (Muller, 1961) : a somewhat
laboured apologia for its subject.
R. MACLEOD and D. KELLY (eds.), The Ironside Diaries
(Constable, 1962): useful on the military aspects of the
Anglo-French-Polish alliance.
V. MASSEY, What's Past is Prologue (Macmillan, Canada,
1963): emphasises the pre-war Dominion support for
appeasement.
R. J. MINNEY, The Private Papers of Hore-Belisha (Collins,
1960): of interest on Chamberlain and the Cabinet.
A. L. RowsE, All Souls and Appeasement (Macmillan, 1961):
some revealing table-talk of the appeasers.
E. SPIER, Focus (Wolff, 1963): recollections concerning the
all-party group round Churchill which tried to rally
opinion against Nazism.
LoRD STRANG, Home and Abroad (Andre Deutsch, 1956):
more useful for its general comments on diplomacy than
its record of events.
LoRD TEMPLEWOOD, Nine Troubled rears (Collins, 1954): the
sometimes inaccurate memoirs of Sir Samuel Hoare.
History of The Times, vol. iv ( 1952): essential letters and
H2
 2I6 BIBLIOGRAPHY

comments of Dawson and those around him.

LoRD V ANSITTART, The Mist Procession (Hutchinson, I958):
the humble record of the Cassandra of the 1930's.
LoRD WooLTON, Memoirs (Cassell, 1959): interesting on Sir
Horace Wilson.
Two Anglo-Saxon eye-witnesses in Central Europe are
well worth consulting:
G. E. R. GEDYE,FallenBastions (Gollancz, 1939).
W. L. SHIRER, Berlin Diary (Hamish Hamilton, 1941).

3· SECONDARY WORKS
On the background to the period there are, among many:
Z. A. B. ZEMAN, The Break-up of the Habsburg Empire (O.U.P.,
1961 ).
D. LLOYD GEORGE, The Truth About the Peace Treaties, 2 vols.,
(Gollancz, 1938).
C. A. MACARTNEY, National States and National Minorities
(O.U.P., 1934).
E. WISKEMANN, Czechs and Germans (O.U.P., 1938; 2nd ed.,
1966).
G. BROOK-SHEPHERD, Dol/fuss (Macmillan, 1961).
J. GEHL, Austria, Germany, and the Anschluss (O.U.P., 1963).
J. ERICKSON, The Soviet High Command (Macmillan, 1g62).
W. LAQ.UEUR, Russia and Germany (Weidenfeld & Nicolson,
1 9 65 ).
H. THoMAS, The Spanish Civil War (Eyre & Spottiswoode,
1961 ).
E. H. CARR, International Relations Between the Two World
Wars (Macmillan, 1947).
On Western aspects of the period there are
LoRD BIRKENHEAD, Halifax (Hamish Hamilton, 1965),
which is excellent as a whole, but thin and out of date on
the diplomatic details.
J. R. M. BuTLER, Lord Lothian (Macmillan, 1g6o).
I. CoLVIN, Vansittart in Office (Gollancz, 1965): a disappoint-
ing book which sets out to write fully on Vansittart and
the origins of the war, and does neither.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY 2I7

M. GILBERT and R. GoTT, The Appeasers (Weidenfeld &

Nicolson, I963).
A. J. WRENCH, Geoffrey Dawson and Our Times (Hutchinson,
I955)·
Works on various aspects of the Axis partners include:
A. BuLLOCK, Hitler {Odhams, I964 edition).
H.-A. jACOBSEN and J. RoHWER (eds.), Decisive Battles of
World War II: The German View (Andre Deutsch, I965).
I. KIRKPATRICK, Mussolini (Odhams, 1964).
B. H. KLEIN, Germany's Economic Preparations for War
(Harvard University Press, 1959); to be read only in the
light of the Past and Present article mentioned below.
A. S. MILWARD The German Economy at War (Athlone Press,
1965) is excellent.
E. NoLTE, Three Faces of Fascism (Weidenfeld & Nicolson,
1965).
E. M. RoBERTSON, Hitler's Pre-War Policy (Longmans, I963).
H. RoTHFELS, The German Opposition to Hitler (Wolff, 1961).
W. L. SHIRER, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich (Pan
edition, 1964).
J. W. WHEELER-BENNETT, The Nemesis ofPower (Macmillan,
xg6x).
E.!WISKEMANN, The Rome-Berlin Axis (rev.ed., Fontana, 1966)
and Undeclared War (Constable, 1939).
Z. A. B. ZEMAN, Nazi Propaganda (O.U.P., 1964).
On the diplomacy of the period and various episodes
within it, there are three pioneering works which have been
partially superseded by subsequent documentary evidence:
L. B. NAMIER, Diplomatic Prelude (Macmillan, 1948)
- Europe in Decay ( 1950) and
-In the Nazi Era (1952).
The fresh look which has been taken at the period owes
something to
A. J.P. TAYLOR, The Origins of the Second World War (1963
edition), however much one may disagree with some of
the conclusions therein. There are useful details in
G. BROOK-SHEPHERD, Anschluss (Macmillan, 1963) and
E. PRESSEISEN, Germany and Japan (The Hague, 1958).
2I8 BIBLIOGRAPHY

J. W. WHEELER-BENNETT, Munich (Macmillan, I964

edition), remains well worth reading, despite the amount
of documents which have appeared since it was first
written.
PERTINAX, The Gravediggers ofFrance (Doubleday, New York,
I944), and
H. NoGUERES, Munich (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, I965) are
useful for the details they provide on internal French
politics at the time, though the latter is often unreliable
and much inferior to
B. CELOVSKY, Das Munchener Abkommen von 1938 (Stuttgart,
I958).
W. HoFER, War Premeditated (Thames & Hudson, I955), sets
forth the tangled last weeks of peace with admirable
clarity. Two of the volumes in the R.I.I.A. Survey of
International Affairs series contain one or two useful
chapters:
A. ToYNBEE and F. AsHTON-GWATKIN (eds.), The World in
March 1939 (O.U.P., 1952).
A. and V. ToYNBEE (eds.), The Eve of War (1958).
As an introduction to American policy in the period
there is
W. LANGER and S. GLEASON, The Challenge to Isolation
(Harper, New York, I952).
There are some useful essays on various individuals in
G. CRAIG and F. GILBERT (eds.), The Diplomats (Princeton
University Press, 1953)
and on Commonwealth aspects in
D. C. WATT, Personalities and Policies (Longmans, 1965).

4• PERIODICALS, PRESS, ETC.

Articles on the period are scattered throughout various

journals; in particular, Foreign Affairs should be consulted,
and an article by T. W. Mason in Past and Present, no. 29
(December I964). Among useful pieces in the Munich
 BIBLIOGRAPHY 2I9

Vierteijahrshifte fur ,Zeitgeschichte are those on members of

the German opposition to Hitler (January 1966 and July
I962); on the Sudeten Freikorps (January 1961); and on
the Nazi planning of the border incident with Poland
which was intended to excuse aggression (October 1964).
The Revue d' Histoire de Ia Deuxieme Guerre Mondiale, nos.
6, 14 and 52, contain interesting material.
I have also used the relevant volumes of Hansard and Keesing' s
Contemporary Archives; N. H. Baynes, The Speeches of Adolf
Hitler, 2 vols. (O.U.P., 1942); and the press files of the
Wiener Library. D.N.B. has a few useful contributions,
and the reactions of the British press to Nazism are briefly
studied in R. Kieser, Englands Appeasementpolitik und der
Aujstieg des Dritten Reiches im Spiegel der britischen Presse,
1933-1939 (Verlag P. G. Keller, Winterthur, 1964). The
Mass-Observation publications, Britain By Mass-Observa-
tion (Penguin, 1938) and War Begins At Home (Chatto &
Wind us, 1940) are useful for those too young to remember
the moods of the time.
Index
Offices are those held during the period covered by this book, unless
otherwise stated.
Abyssinia, 6-7, II, I9
Albania, 99, 109-10, I32, I65
Alexander, A. V., I I9
Alexander, King ofYugoslavia, 6
Alexandretta, Sandjak of, I35
Allen, Lord, ofHurtwood, I2, I6,
94
Amery, Leopold, I9, 20
Anti-Comintern pact, 7-8, 37, 98
Appeasement, analysis of, 9-22
Arciszewski, M. (Polish Under-
Secretary of State for Foreign
Affairs), I27
Asch,76,8o
Astakhov, Georgi (Soviet Charge
d'Affaires in Berlin), I 70-2
Astor, Lady Nancy, IS
Attlee, Clement, I8, 82, 95-96,
I33
Attolico, Dr. Bernado (Italian
Ambassador in Berlin), 28, I24,
I6s-8, I82, I85-6, I9I, I97,
200-I
Auslandsorganisation (Nazi Party
organisation concerned with
German nationals living
abroad), 27
Austria, I, 7, 3s-so
Babarin, E., 171, I72
Baldwin, Stanley, I, II, I2, I3, 14,
29
Balkan Entente, I I6
Baltic States (see also individual
countries), 137, I39, I42, I46,
169, I 73, I 74
Barrington-Ward,R. M. (Assistant
Editor of The Times), I
Barthou, Louis, 5, 6, 58
Beck, Colonel Jozef (Polish
Foreign Minister), and the
Anschluss, 38; and Czecho-
slovakia, 55, 83; guarantee of
Rumania, I I 5, I 3 I; and Anglo-
Polish pact, I I 7-20; relations
with Germany before May
I939, I 22-8; and possible Soviet
assistance, 142, I47; handles
Danzig issue, May-September
I939, 153, 154, 155· 15g-6o,
164, 180, 182, 188, 190, I91, 193,
196; and Nazi-Soviet pact, 18o;
postpones mobilisation, 189,
191; and German attack, 198-9
Beck, Colonel-General Ludwig
(Chief of German Army General
Staff until August 1938), 26, 66,
II8
Bela Kun (communist leader of the
Hungarian revolution of 19I9),
69
Belgium, 5, 97, 143, 190
Benes, Edouard (President of
Czechoslovakia until October
1938), negotiates with Sudeten
German Party, 56, 67, 71;
attitude before Sudeten crisis,
57-58; subjected to British
pressure, 61, 64, 68, 7I, 75-76;
during Sudeten crisis, 75-83
Bessarabia, 139, I 74
Blomberg, Field-Marshal Werner
von (German War Minister
until February 1938), 24, 40, 42
Blum, Leon (Prime Minister of
France, March-April 1938), 15,
58
222 INDEX
BonhamCarter,LadyViolet, 17,82
Bonnet, Georges (French Foreign
Minister), intrigues of, r, 22,
28; and Czechoslovakia, s8-sg,
63-64, 69-70, 74, 8o, 8I; and
post-Munich policy, 94-96;
and Italian demands, 99; and
seizure of Bohemia, 10s-6; and
guarantees of Poland and Ru-
mania, r I 6-1 7; and commit-
ment to Poland, 128; and
Anglo-French-Soviet negotia-
tions, 139, 140, 146, 147; and
Danzig crisis, 159, r6o, r8o,
183, rg6, rg8-2oo,201-2
Bratislava (Pressburg), roo, 102-3
Brauchitsch, Colonel-General
Walter von (C.-in-C., German
Army), 165, 175, r85, 189
Breslau, roo
Britain, see Great Britain
Bryant, Arthur, 130
Bulgaria, 3, 116, 134
Bullitt, William (U.S. Ambassador
in Paris), 9, 1 I5, I43
Burckhardt, Dr. Carl (League of
Nations High Commissioner in
Danzig), 120, I2g, 154-5, 158,
159, I6I, 174, I8o
Butler, R. A. (British Under-
Secretary of State for Foreign
Affairs), 50, 61, I46
Buxton, Charles Roden, r62
Cadogan, Sir Alexander (Per-
manent Under-Secretary of
State for Foreign Affairs), 78,
II8, 130, I87, 200
Canaris, Admiral Wilhelm (Head
of the Abwehr, German counter-
intelligence), 67, I67
Canton, 87
Carol, King of Rumania, 87, 116
Carr, E. H., 12
Chamberlain, Austen, 129
Chamberlain, Neville, and Roose-
velt conference idea, 1938, 8;
and appeasement, 9-22 passim;
Czech policy, 24, 59-65, 70-71;
and Foreign Office, 28-2g; and
the Anschluss, 44, 49-50; Italian
policy, I938, 45; talks with
Daladier, April I938, 6r; and
German opposition groups, 67;
visits Hitler at Berchtesgaden,
72-73; advises BeneS to cede
Sudetenland, 74-75; visits Hit-
ler at Godesberg, 76-77; during
pre-Munich crisis, 77-82; at
Munich, 82-84; defends
Munich agreement, 86; hopes
and methods after Munich,
93-94; attitude to guarantee of
Czecho-Slovakia, g6; pledges
British support for France, 97;
visits Rome, January I939, 97;
appeals to Mussolini, March
1939, 99; anticipates tran-
quillity, March I939, I02; and
seizure of Bohemia and
Moravia, 105-6; and Memel,
108; and guarantee to Poland,
115-19; refuses to withhold war
material from Germany, 129;
and guarantee of Rumania and
Greece, 131-4; and Franco-
Italian relations, 135; and
Soviet Union, 136, 138, 139;
policy early in Danzig crisis,
155, I 56, I 58, I 59; announces
conscription, I 58; appeals to
Mussolini over Danzig, I 59; and
Commons recess, I 63; appeals
to Hitler, 22 August i939, I8o;
and final Danzig cnsis, I82,
187-8, I9I, 193, I96-7, I99,
200-I
Chanakcrisis (1922), I3
Chautemps, Camille (Prime Min-
ister of France until March
1938), 38
China, 87, I55--6
Chodacki, M. (Polish Representa-
tive in Danzig), I 54, I 79
Churchill, Winston S., warns

against German strength, 13;
and the Focus group, 17, 82;
and closing of Burma Road, 19;
hopes, post-Anschluss, so; and
Munich, 70, 86; target of Ger-
man propaganda, 95-96; pro-
poses National Government,
118; and Polish crisis, 131, 141,
150, 163; joins War Cabinet,
199
Chvalkovsky, Frantisek (Czech
Foreign Minister, October
1938-March 1939), 100, 103-4
Ciano, Count Galeazzo (Italian
Foreign Minister), and anti-
comintern pact, 7-8; and Italian
diplomacy, 28, 168-g; and
Anschluss, 37-38, 44-45, 48; at
Munich, 82-83; and Vienna
Award, 84; and British ships off
Spain, g8; comments on Cham-
berlain and Halifax, g8-gg;
and seizure of Albania, 109-10;
signs pact of steel, 165; visits
Germany, II-13 August 1939,
167-8; and Nazi-Soviet pact,
168-g; and Danzig crisis, 186,
188,192, 19s-7,202
Colvin, Ian, 118
Commonwealth, 13, 78
Cooper, Duff (First Lord of Ad-
miralty until October 1938),
Ig,8o,86,gs-g6
Corbin, Charles (French Ambassa-
dor in London), 196, 197,
201
Corfu, 132
Coulondre, Robert (French Am-
bassador in Moscow, then Ber-
lin), and appeasement, 28, 29,
68, 105; and Hitler's plans after
Munich, 92, 93; withdrawn,
106; and German policy, March
1939, 113; and Soviet Union,
131, 136, 138; and Danzig crisis,
I 55, 159, 179; during last week
of peace, 184-5, 187, 18g, 192,
195, Ig6, 199, 201
INDEX 223
Cracow, 198
Craigie, Sir Robert (British Am-
bassador in Tokyo), 29, 156
Cretzianu, M. (Secretary-General
of Rumanian Ministry for
Foreign Affairs), 13 2
Croatia, 109, 132, 134
Cs:iky, Count Istvan (Hungarian
Foreign Minister), 93
Czechoslovakia, Czech-German
animosity, 1-3, ss-s8; minori-
ties, 2, 54-56; allies with Soviet
Union, 5, 6o; effects of economic
recession, 6, 55; and the Ansch-
luss, 37-38, 54, s6-s7; military
situation, 54, 58; and Sudeten
crisis, ss-84 passim; allies with
France, 58; and 'May Scare'
1938, 63; guaranteed by Britain
and France, 74, 83, 86, g6;
consequences of Munich, 84-86;
destroyed, 10o-6
Dahlerus, Birger, 161, 187-8, 189,
191, 192-5, 197, 198,201
Daily Express, I I, 6o, 77
Daily Herald, 86
Daily Mail, 6o, 105---U
Daladier, Edouard (French Prime
Minister and Minister of De-
fence), and appeasement, g, 22,
s8-6o, 64, 70, 83-84, 88; in
London, April I938, 59, 6I;
in London, 18 September 1938,
74; in London, 25 September
1938, 78; at Munich, 82-84;
and Franco-German declara-
tion, 95; and guarantee of
Czechoslovakia, g6; and Italian
demands in North Africa, gg-
IOO, 135; and Rumania, 11 5,
132-3; and Soviet Union, 139,
141-2; and Danzig crisis, 156-7,
183, 193, 196; appeals to Hitler,
187; and attack on Poland, 199,
201
Dalton, Hugh, 19, ug, 133
224 INDEX

Danzig, and German pol~cy post- Eger, 7I, 76, So

Munich, 84, II 7; Pohsh-Ger- Estonia, 107, 108, 141, 143
man tension over, II7-I8, I2o--
6, I52-68, I7g--98; as a ~ree
Financial Times, I7
City, I20-2; Eden and ~al.Ifax
Finland, 138, I4I, I43, I45
on, I29; and Soviet negotiations
Flandin, Pierre-Etienne, 79
with West and Germany, I37,
Foch, Marshal F., 113
I 39, I 46, 170-3; and Britain's
Focusgroup, 17,82
Far East prestige, I 56
Forster, Albert (Nazi Gauleiter of
Dawson, Geoffrey (Editor of The
Danzig), 66, 152, I53, I54, I6I,
Times), I5, 2I, 6o, 89, I30. See
I68, I69, 182
also The Times
Four-Power pact, attempted,
Deat, Marcel, I29
Delbos, Yvon (French Foreign 1933, 5
France, post-I9I8, 3--6; influence
Minister until March I938), 38
in Central Europe, 5; and
Dirksen, Dr. Herbert von (Ger-
Rhineland, I936, 5, 7; allies with
man Ambassador in London),
Soviet Union, 5, I43; declines
34,76,93, I63, I66 offer of Polish aid, 6; internal
Disarmament Conference, I932-4,
weakness of, 7, 94; and Great
6
Britain, I4-15; and Austria,
Dobrudja, the, II6, I34
Dodd, William (U.S. Ambassador 37. 38, 44· 48-49; and ~zecho­
slovakia, 58-s9. 6I; attitude to
in Berlin, I933-7), I64
Soviet Union, 6I; and Sudeten
Dollfuss, Engelbert, 36
crisis, 77-84; after Munich,
Douglas, Lord Alfred, I 5
Doumenc, General (leader of 94_ 95 ; declares friendship for
Germany, 95; and Italy, I939,
French military mission to
99-100; and Poland, I28-g;
Moscow), I47
guarantees Greece and
Durcansky, Ferdinand (Deputy
Rumania, I32-4; and Turkey,
Premier of Slovakia), 10o--3
I 35 ; negotiates with ~ov~et
Durrazzo, I09
Union, I36-47; and Bntam,
July 1939, I62; ultimatum to
Germany, 20I
Ebbutt, Norman, 30
Franco, General Francisco, 99
Eden, Anthony (British Foreign
Fran-;ois-Poncet, Andre (French
Minister until February 1938),
Ambassador in Berlin, then
at Cliveden, 15; and Rhineland,
Rome), 9, 29, 44, 81, 97, 99, 186
I9; refuses to give an~i-appease­
Frank, Karl Hermann (Sudeten
ment lead after Mumch, I9-20,
German Nazi), 57, 7I
119-20; clashes with Chamber-
Freistadt, 79
lain, 29, 44; and Austria, 38;
Fritsch, Colonel-General Werner
refuses to sign appeal on behalf
von (C.-in-C., German Army,
of Czechs, 82; calls for National
until February 1938), 42
Government, I I8; and Danzig,
Fulham by-election, 1933, I I
I 93 7, I29; offers to go to
Moscow, I41; and Henderson,
160 Gafencu, Georges (Rumanian
Edward VIII, 12 Foreign Minister), roo, 128, I 33

Gamelin, General Maurice (Chief
of French General Staff), 59, 8o,
18o
Garvin, J. L. (Editor of the Ob-
server), 15
Gdynia, 121, 187, 194
Germany, in Central Europe, 3;
and pact with Poland, 5, 122;
Rome-Berlin Axis, 1936, 7; and
rearmament, 25-26; opposition
to Hitler in, 26-27, 66-67;
Foreign Ministry, 27; declara-
tion with Britain, 83-84; gains
after Munich, 86; declaration
with France, 95; anti-Semitic
violence, 95; and Czecho-
Slovakia, g6-7, 100; occupies
Bohemia and Moravia, 102-4;
seizes Memel, 106-g; clashes
with Poland, 117, 120-6, 152·
!68, 179-g7; pacts with Latvia
and Estonia, June 1939, 143;
renounces Anglo-German Naval
Agreement and Polish-German
pact, 152; warned over Danzig,
158-g; attitude to Poland, 164;
and Soviet Union, 169-74;
attacks Poland, 197-200
Glaise-Horstenau, Edmund, 42,
46
Godesberg 'memorandum', 76-77
Goebbels, Dr. Joseph (German
Minister of Propaganda), 27, 34,
72, 153, 16g, 171,202
Goerdeler, Carl, 66, 138
Goering, Field-Marshal Hermann
(Commander of Luftwaffe), and
the Anschluss, 37, 39, 41, 42, 46-
47, so, 54; and Sudeten crisis,
6g, 81, 91; at Munich, 83; and
Czecho-Slovak crisis, 10 1, 103-
104; and Nazi-Soviet rapproche-
ment, 138, 169; and Danzig
crisis, 161-2, 164, 166, 175, 182,
187-8, 189, 191, 192, 194, 197,
1g8, 201; swears loyalty to
Hitler, 175; comments on Bri-
tish ultimatum, 202
INDEX 225
GombOs, G. (Prime Minister of
Hungary, 1932-6),69
Great Britain, naval agreement
with Germany, 1935, 6, g6;
military dilemma, 13,88, 155-6;
tension in Far East, 13, 155-6;
relations with France, 14-15;
Foreign Office, 28-30; and
Austria, 1934-5, 37; military
situation, sg-6o, Igo; Italian
agreement, April 1938, 60-61;
guarantee of Czechoslovakia,
74-75; and Germany after
Munich, 83-84, 94; and Czech
loan, 86; conscription issue in,
95, 129, 158; ratifies Italian
agreement, 97-98; and Franco-
Italian relations, gg-10o; and
occupation of Bohemia, 104-6;
and Albania, 110; and Soviet
Union, 117, 136-47; guarantees
Poland, 119, 129-31; guaran-
tees Greece and Rumania, 131-
134; guarantees Turkey, 134-5;
warns Germany over Danzig,
158-g; reaffirms pledges to
Poland, x8o, 184; ultimatum to
Germany, 201-2
Greece, 116, 132-4, 143
Greenwood, Arthur, 119, 163, 201
Greiser, A. (President of the Dan-
zig Senate), 125, 154
Hacha, Dr. Emil (President of
Czecho-Slovakia, October
1938-March 1939), 24, 102-4
Halder, Colonel-General Franz
(Chief of Staff of German Army
after August 1938), 168, 175,
185, 188, 18g
Halifax, Lord (British Foreign
Minister), and appeasement,
12, 15, 16, 22; and Labour
Party in 1940, 18; 'Inner
Cabinet', 29; and Anschluss, 35,
49-50; visits Hitler in Novem-
ber 1937, 38-gg; and 'May
226 INDEX
Scare', 61, 63-64; and Spanish
war, 64; and Czechoslovakia,
64, 68, 70, 78, So, 96; ideas after
Munich, 93-94, 97; visits Rome,
January 1939, 98; and Czecho-
Slovak crisis, 96, 101-2, 105-6;
and Albania, 110, 135; and
Soviet Union, 113, 139-47; and
Poland, 114-19, 126, 129; and
guarantees of Greece and Ru-
mania, 132-4; and Turkey,
133-5; and Far-East, 156;
Chatham House speech, June
1939, 158-9; anxiety over Dan-
zig, I 59-60; and Henderson
over Danzig, 161, 195; and
Nazi-Soviet pact, 18o; urges
Polish-German talks, I8o, I82,
183, 190; policy over Danzig,
187-8, I90, I9I, I92-3, I95-6;
and attack on Poland, I98-2o1
Hankow,87
Hanyang,87
Hassell, Ulrich von, 92, 195, 197
Heimwehr (Austrian right-wing
para-military organisation),
39
Henderson, Sir Nevile (British
Ambassador in Berlin), and
appeasement, I2, I4, I7-I8;
disloyal to his Foreign Minister
and diplomatic colleagues, 29,
50, 65; and the Anschluss, 39, 44,
so; rebuked by Halifax, so, I6t;
and Sudetenland, 62, 65, 67-68,
70-7I, 81; after Munich, 86;
and seizure of Bohemia, 92, 101,
105; recalled, 106; and Soviet
Union, I38; and Polish-Ger-
man dispute, 152, I 53, I 58, 159,
16o-1, I8I, I82, 202; privately
undermines British position over
Danzig, I 62; in final week of
peace, 181-3, 190-5, 197-9,
201-2
Henlein, Konrad (leader of the
Sudeten German party), 54, 56,
57,64,67-69,71-72
Hess, Rudolf (Deputy leader of the
Nazi Party), 27
Hesse, Dr. Fritz (Press-counsellor
of German Embassy in London),
20I
Hesse, Prince Philip of, 48
Heydrich, Reinhardt (Chief of
German Security Police), 107,
168
Hiranuma, Baron, 174
Hitler, Adolf, and Mein Kampf, 1,
169; peace assurances, I933, s;
conscription and military air-
force, I935, 6; and Rhineland,
7; and anti-Comintern pact,
1937, 7-8; encourages visits
from Britain, I6; intentions,
achievements, and methods,
23-27; and German Foreign
Ministry, 27; and Austria, 35,
39-42; 'Rossbach' speech,
November 1937, 40-41, 51;
Czechoslovak policy, 40-4I, 55,
57, 62-66; military directive,
December I937, 41; interviews
Schuschnigg, February I938,
43-44; and Austria, 45-48; and
'May Scare', 63; at Nuremberg,
September I938, 71; at Berch-
tesgaden, 73; at Godesberg,
76-77; before Munich, 78-82;
at Munich, 82-84; confidence
after Munich, 92; and Czecho-
Slovakia, 93, 101, 103-4;
speech, 30 January I939, 94;
speech, 9 October I938, 96;
and Memel, 107-9; reassures
Poland, I22-4; Polish policy,
Munich to May I939, 123-6;
speech, 28 April I939, 152;
talks to Burckhardt, I 1 August
1939, 154-5; Polish policy,
May-August I939, 156, I64-7;
speech, 23 May I939, 166; and
Mussolini, I66-7; and Soviet
Union, I939, I69-74; address,
22 August I939, 174-5; and
Poland, 22-25 August, 179-85;

and Poland, 26 August-! Sep-
tember, 185-97; attack on
Poland, xg8; and British ulti-
matum, 202.
Hlinka Guard, 102
Hoare, Sir Samuel (British Home
Secretary), II, 2g, 78, IOI--2,
II?, x8g.
HodZa, Milan (Prime Minister of
Czechoslovakia until September
xg38),56,67,76,go
Holland, 97, 142, 143, 145
Hong Kong, 87
Hore-Belisha, Leslie (British Sec-
retary for War), 6o, 188,200
Horthy, Admiral Nicholas
(Regent of Hungary), 15-16,
38,69,88,103
Rossbach memorandum, 24, 4o-
41,51
Hudson, R. S. (Secretary of
British Department of Overseas
Trade), 162
Hungary, 3, 37, 38, 55, 6g, 72, 75•
84, 1000 101, 103-4, II4-7o 134,
x66
lnskip, Sir Thomas (British Minis-
ter for Co-ordination of
Defence), 16, 22,86
Ironside, General Sir Edmund, I 3,
59. 129
Italy (see also 'Mussolini'), and
Nazi regime, 1933, 5; treaty
with Yugoslavia, 1937, 6; Stresa
Front, 6; and Abyssinia, 7;
Rome-Berlin Axis, 1936, 7;
joins anti-Comintern pact, 1937,
7-8; Foreign Ministry in, 27-
28; and Austria, 37-38, 44-45;
agreement with Britain, 1938,
6o-6x; ratification of Anglo-
Italian agreement, 97-g8; and
France, gg; and Czecho-Slo-
vakia, gg; seizes Albania, xog--
IIo; and Pact of Steel, 165-6;
neutral over Poland, xg8
INDEX 227
Japan, 7, 8, 13, x8, 27, 87, 98-g9,
138, 155-6, 170-1, 174
Jodi, Major-General (Chief of
Operations Staff of Oberkom-
mando der Wehrmacht, or OKW),
6g
Jones, Thomas, 20--21
Karlsbad, 71
Keitel, General Wilhelm (Chief of
the OKW), 62, 103, 164, x85
Kennard, Sir Howard (British
Ambassador in Warsaw), II?,
x xg, 158, 182, 183, 191, xg6,
xg8,2oo
Kennedy, Joseph (U.S. Ambassa-
dor in London), 9, 93-94, 139,
142, 193
Keppler, Wilhelm (German
Special Commissioner for Aus-
trian affairs), 45-4 7
Keynes, John Maynard, 12
Kirkpatrick, lvone (First Secre-
tary of British Embassy in
Berlin), 62, x88
Koch, Erich (Gauleiter of East
Prussia), 107
Konoye, Prince Fumimaro
(Japanese Prime Minister), g8
Kordt, Erich (member ofRibben-
trop's Foreign Ministry Staff),
49· 138
Kordt, Theo (Counsellor of Ger-
man Embassy in London), 138
Krejci, General Ludvik (Chief of
Czech General Staff), 100
Krofta, Dr. Kamil (Czech Foreign
Minister until October 1938), 87
Kundt, Dr. Ernst (Sudeten Ger-
man Nazi leader), 100
Kuomintang, 87
Labour Party, 11, 18, 74, 119, 141,
158
Lacroix, M. de (French Minister
in Prague), 71, 75
228 INDEX
L'Action.fran~aise,86
La Republique, ?I
Lanna, Io7, I4I, I43
Laval, Pierre, II
Law, Richard, 20
League of Nations, 7, I4, I42
Left Book Club, 22
Leger, Alexis (Secretary-General
of the Quai d'Orsay), 28, 99,
II5, 127, I32, I39, I86
LeMatin, 72
Leningrad, I37
Leopold, Captain Josef (Austrian
Nazi leader), 45
L'Epoque, 77
L'Humanitl, 86
Liddell Hart, Captain B. H., 20,
125, 158
Liechtenstein, 107
Lippmann, Walter, 10
Lipski, Joseph (Polish Ambassador
in Berlin), 6, I22, I24-6, I8o,
I82, 183, 192, 194, 195, I96
Lithuania, 3, 106-9, 174
Little Entente, 3, 6, 69, Ioo
Litvinov, Maxim (Soviet Com-
missar for Foreign Affairs until
May 1939), 27, 6o, 70, 75, II5,
II7, 136, 139, I40, 170
Lloyd George, David, 16, 29,
I4I
Locarno Agreement, 5
Londonderry, Lord, 22
Loraine, Sir Percy (British Am-
bassador in Rome from May
I939), 29, 99-100, I10, I35-6,
I 56, I82, 186, I96, I97, 20I
Lothian, Lord, 15, I6, 2I,
94
Luxembourg, I45
Mackensen, Hans von (German
Ambassador in Rome), I89
Macmillan, Harold, I9, 32
Magistrati, Count Massimo
(Counsellor of Italian Embassy
in Berlin), I67-8
Maisky, Ivan (Soviet Ambassador
in London), 27, 70, I I8, 139,
I4I, I44
Mandel, Georges, 70, 74
Manstein, Field-Marshal Erich
von, I75
Marriott, Sir John, I6o
Martin, Kingsley (Editor of the
New Statesman), I8
Massey, Vincent (Canadian High
Commissioner in London), 7,
78, IOI
Memel, 97, 106-9, II7
Miklas, President Wilhelm, 47
Mironas, M. (Minister-President
ofLithuania), 108
Molotov, V. M. (Soviet Com-
missar for Foreign Affairs, May
1939), 136, 14o-6, 170-4, 180
Moltke, Hans von (German Am-
bassador in Warsaw), I27, I64,
I66
Munich conference and agree-
ment, 82-87
Mussolini, Benito, and Spain, 6;
and Italian diplomacy, 27-28;
and Austria, 37-38, 44-45, 48;
and Czechoslovakia, 62, 69, 72;
and Munich, 8I-83; and Ru-
thenia, 84; and Britain after
Munich, 97-100, I59; and
Albania, 99, 109-Io; and
Bohemia, 109; ideas in Balkans,
I32; and Anglo-Italian agree-
ment, I36; and Pact of Steel,
I65-6; and Danzig crisis, I66-8,
r8o, I82, 185-6, I8g, I9I, I92,
Ig6,2oo
Naggiar, Paul-Emile (French
Ambassador in Moscow), I43•
I46
Namier, Sir Lewis, 24
Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact,
I73-4
Neumann, Dr. (German leader in
Memel), I07, 108

Neurath, Baron von (German
Foreign Minister until February
I938), 42, 54, I22
New Statesman, I8, 7I
Newton, Basil (British Minister in
Prague),6o,7I,75,83,87
Nicolson, Harold, I2
N.K.V.D. (Soviet Security Police),
I8
Noel, Leon (French Ambassador
in Warsaw), I27, I28, I9I, I96
Noel-Buxton, Lord, I6o
North Schleswig, I07
Norton, Clifford (Counsellor of
British Embassy in Warsaw),
I 58
Observer, I 2
Oderberg, 84
Ogilvie-Forbes, Sir George (Coun-
sellor of British Embassy in
Berlin), I94, I95
O.K.W. (Oberkommando der Wehr-
macht, Supreme Command of the
German armed forces), 65, 77,
93, Io2, 107, I68, I79, I97 See
also Keitel andJodl
Oshima, General Hiroshi (Japan-
eseAmbassadorinBerlin), I7I
Oster, Colonel Hans, 26, I88
Pact of Steel (May I939), 28, 99,
I36, I53, I65
Papen, Franz von (German Am-
bassador in Vienna, then An-
kara),36,39.42,44,5I, I34
Paul-Boncour, Joseph (French
Foreign Minister, March-April
I938), 58
Peace Ballot, I I
Perth, Lord (British Ambassador
in Rome until May I939), 29,
98-Ioo, I09-IO, I32
Phipps, Sir Eric (British Ambas-
sador in Paris), 70, 99, I 33, I 39,
I52, I93, I96
INDEX 229
Pilsudski, Marshal, I27
Pittsburg agreement (I9I8), 100
Plunkett-Emle-Erle-Drax, Ad-
miral Sir Reginald, R.N., I47
Poincare, Raymond, 58
Poland, minorities in, 2; and
Teschen, 3, 55, 69, 72, 75, 79,
83-84; fears Soviet Union, 3;
and Lithuania, 3; and pact with
Germany, 1934, 5, I22; offers
aid to France, I936, 6, I22; and
the Anschluss, 38; gains from
Czechoslovakia, October I938,
84; and Lithuania, Io6; and
seizure of Bohemia, I I4-I9;
clashes with Germany over
Danzig, II7-I8, I2o-6, I52-68,
I79-97; negotiates with Britain
and France, I Ig-20, I29; and
Germany before I939, I2~;
acts in Danzig in I933, I22;
and Germany in I939, I23-8;
and Rumania, I3I; and Anglo-
French-Soviet negotiations,
I39, I40, I43, I47; partitioned
between Russia and Germany,
I39, 174; and ratification of
treaty with Britain, I84; fears
British betrayal, 186-7, 191,
20I; mobilises, 193; attacked,
197-200
Pomorze, Polish province of, I 2 I
Potemkin, Vladimir (Assistant
Soviet Commissar for Foreign
Affairs), 136, 140,I8o
Raczynski, Count Edward (Polish
Ambassador in London), 198,
20I
Rapallo, Treaty of, 169
Renner, Karl, 36
Reynaud, Paul (French Minister
of Finance), 70
Rhineland, remilitarisation of,
1936, 5, 6, IO, 12
Ribbentrop, Joachim von (Ger-
man Foreign Minister), anti-
230 INDEX
British decision, 1937, 8; propa-
ganda by, 16; urges Blitzkrieg,
26, 33; and Dienststelle Ribben-
trop, 27; as Foreign Minister,
27, 40; and Anschluss, 37, 41, 49;
and Sudeten crisis, 65, 73, 76;
signs Vienna Award, 84; visits
Rome, October 1938, 92-93; in
Paris, December I938, 95; and
Franco-Italian talks, 99; and
Czecho-Slovak crisis, 102-4;
and Memel, 107-9; reassures
Mussolini over Yugoslavia, wg;
negotiates with Poland, I23-6;
signs Nazi-Soviet pact, I47,
I73-4; warned over Danzig,
159; convinced of Polish isola-
tion, I62, I64, I65, x66; and
Pact of Steel, 165; desire for
war, 167; and Nazi-Soviet
negotiations, 16g, 17I-3; in last
week of peace, 186, I87, xgi,
193-4, Ig6,2oo-2
Ribes, Champetier de (French
Minister of Pensions), 70
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 8-g, 77,
I52, I82
Rosenberg, Alfred, 27, I6g
Rothermere, Lord (proprietor of
Daily Mail), I5, 6o
Rumania, minorities in, 2; and
Poland, 3, I 3 I ; fears Soviet
Union, 3; economy, 3; Titu-
lescu, Foreign Minister of, 6;
and German moves post-
Munich, 84; King Carol of, 87;
and seizure ofBohemia, 114-16;
economic treaty with Germany,
114-16; guaranteed by Britain
and France, 131-4; and Anglo-
Turkish pact, 134; and Anglo-
French-Soviet negotiations, 140,
142, I43· I47
Runciman, Lord, 68, 73-74
Rushcliffe, Lord, I6o
Ruthenia (Sub-Carpatho
Ukraine), 55, 84, 102-4, I 14,
123
S.A. (Sturm Abteilungen, Nazi Storm
Troops), Io7, I53, I97
Saar,6
Saint-Germain, Treaty of, 35
Schacht, Hjalmar (President of the
Reichsbank), 26,66
Schmidt, Guido (Austrian Foreign
Minister), 41, 202
Schmidt, Dr. Paul (Hitler's inter-
preter), 73, 95, 184, 185, I93-4
Schnurre, Dr. Julius (German
Foreign Office economic
negotiator), I70-2
Schulenburg, Count Friedrich
von der (German Ambassador
in Moscow), 170-3
Schuschnigg, Kurt von (Chan-
cellor of Austria until March
I938), I, 24, 35-47 passim
Schwerin, Lt.-Col. Count von,
I53. I58
Seeckt, Colonel-General Hans
von, 169
Seeds, Sir William (British Am-
bassador in Moscow), I4D-I,
I42-3, 145, I71, I8o
Seyss-Inquart, Dr. Artur
(Austrian Minister of Interior
and Nazi Chancellor), 39, 42,
43. 45-48, 52, I02
Shanghai, 156
Shinwell, Emmanuel, I8
Sidor, Karol, 102
Silesia, 155, I go
Simon, Sir John (Chancellor of
the Exchequer), 12, 22, 29, 69,
78, 88, 106, 189
Sinclair, Sir Archibald, 82
Skoda Munition Works, 58
Slovakia, 2, 54-55, 84, 10o-4, I 14,
124, 179, 189, I91
Sorge, Richard, 171
South Tyrol, 36, 62
Soviet Union, allies with France
and Czechoslovakia 1935, 5, 6o,
143; and Anschluss, 14, 6o; mili-
tary value of, x8; and Sudeten
crisis, 70, 75, 79; effect of

Munich on, 87, I 36; and seizure
of Bohemia, I I 3; and guaran-
tees to Poland and Rumania,
13I, I37; negotiates with Britain
and France, I36-47; negotiates
with Germany, I69-74; and
German attack on Poland, I86,
I9I
Spanish Civil War, 6, 7, 64, 87,
97-8,109
Spier, Eugen, 17
S.S. (Schut<. Staffeln, Nazi elite
corps), I07, I88, I97
Stalin, Joseph, explains Molotov-
Ribbentrop pact, IS; policy in
summer of I939, I36-47, I69-
I74; speech of IO March I939,
137; suggests Nazi-Soviet
negotiations, 1937, I69; and
Nazi-Soviet pact, I 73-4
Stoyadinovitch, Milan (Prime
Minister ofYugoslavia), 38, 109
Strang, William, I43• I46
Streicher, Julius (Editor of Der
StUrmer), II 3
Stresa Conference, 6, 37
Styria, 45
'Sudetenland', see Czechoslovakia
Swinton, Lord, I4, 2I
Switzerland, 97, I42, 143, I45
Syrov-9, General (Prime Minister
of Czechoslovakia, September
1938), 76
Tavs, Dr. Franz (Austrian Nazi
leader), 45
Taylor, A. J. P., 23, 24, 33, 125,
176
Teschen, 3, 55, 69, 72, 75, 79, 83-
84
The Times, 6o, 71, 86, 99, 105-6,
II7, 130, I86-7
Tientsin, I56
Tilea, M. (Rumanian Minister in
London), 114, 1I6
Tirana (capital of Albania), see
Albania
INDEX 231
Tiso, Monsignor Josef (Premier of
Slovakia), I02-4
Titulescu, N., 6
Toynbee, Arnold, 16
Tuka, Dr. Vojtech, 102
Tunis, 99
Turkey, 113, I 16, I33, I34-5, 143
tJkraine,the, 124,148,155, I69
Union of Democratic Control, IO
United States, 8-g, 106 (See also
Roosevelt, F. D.)
Vansittart, Sir Robert (Chief
Diplomatic Adviser to British
Government), 10, 29, 57, I4I,
160, I90
Vatican, the, II3, 182, 199
Veesenmayer, E. (Ribbentrop's
agent in Danzig), I68, I79
Versailles, Treaty of, I, 5, 12, 16,
35. 105, I22
Vienna, 39, 44-48, 84, 100, 102
Vilna, 3
Voroshilov, Marshal K. (Soviet
Commissar for Defence), I47,
172
Vuillemin, General Joseph
(G.O.C. French Air Force), 69
Weizsacker, Ernst von (State
Secretary of the German
Foreign Ministry), and Nazi
policy, 26, 27, 66; and Sudeten-
land, 65, 81 ; and German policy
after Munich, 92; and Czecho-
Slovak crisis, 102-3, 105; and
seizure of Memel, 108-g; and
Poland, 125-6, 155, 158, 159,
162, I68, 195, 197; and Nazi-
Soviet negotiations, I 7o-1
Welczeck, Count Johannes von
(German Ambassador in Paris),
34
Weygand, General M., I28
232 INDEX

Wilson, Sir Arnold, r6, r6o Wood, Kingsley (British Secretary

Wilson, Sir Horace (Chief In- for Air), 14, 22
dustrial Adviser to the British Wuchang,87
Government), and conscription,
14; and Hitler's anti-Bolshevism,
15; and Eden's resignation, 21; Yugoslavia, 2, 3, s, 6, 38, 109-IO,
power of, 29; and the Anschluss, II6, 132, 134
49; and Czechoslovakia, 54, 76,
77, 78-8o; talks with Dr.
Wolthat, July 1939, 162-3; Zay, Jean (French Minister for
and Danzig crisis, 190, 195, Education), 28, 70
201-2,204 Zernatto, Guido (Secretary of
Wohlthat, Dr. Helmut (German Austria's Fatherland Front), 43
economic negotiator), I 14-15, Zhdanov, Andrei, 145
!62-3 Zog, King (of Albania), 109-10