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    KJOdb033 06 05

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    Alejandro Aranzábal Navarrete

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    ORIGINAL ARTICLE KOREA. J. ORTHOD. 2008 : 3316) : 465: Mechanical properties of nickel titanium and steel alloys under stress— strain test GRAVINA Marco A”, QUINTAO Catia A”, KOO Daniel”, ELIAS Carlos N” ‘The great variety of commercial brands of orthodontic wires avilable on the market, stimulated bythe socalled superior wires (nickel ‘ian with shape memory effect and superelastic nickel Glanium), makes the profesional choice fra suitable and less expensive teil dificult. Then vito study of he mechanical properties of the othodone wires aes a an auxiiay tol fr the profesional In this paper, a comparative stay of mechanical properties was made, sig stress stain ess fr 4 tyes of ethodontic wires (conventional stainless steel, mulsranded steel, superelastic nickel Utanium and thermoactivated nickel titanium) separated into 5 groups. series of 6 tests were tested for each group of wires. nly, each group was tested 3 times uti the wires broke, Fuermore, 3 mare tests foreach r0up were perfonmed, stretching the wires unde standardized sctvation loads, fra reliable comparison of their mechanical properties, during loading and unloading. tests were applied to check differences among the groups. In vito, the resus sugges that regarding the mechanical properties supposedly desinble for physiological eth movement, such a esilience, eastcity modulus, stength berated uring unloading, andthe way tat tength is Hiberted,thermoactvated nck! titanium wie, acting under mouth temperature, sems to be good chor, fllowed by superelastic nickel tanium, multsanded stainless tel, and conventional stainless ste, Supeeascity 135 demonstrated for superelastic nickel tanium wires. When at 37°C, thermoaciated nickel taium wires showed shape memory effet, showing that temperatures important for enbancing the mechanical properties, Key words Orthodontic wires, mechanical properties, superelastcity, shape memory effect, B iomechanics acts in orhodontics by accumulating —_ strengths would be desirable for obtaining physiological energy and distributing to the teeth in adequate and controlled movements of the teeth and adiacent amount and direction. It has been accepted in _stuctures. Therefore, arches which are able to provide orthodontics the concept that light and continuous —_light strengths for longer periods of time are recom— mended. For that, the wires should present more desi— table physical properties such as: high elastic recover or springback, high resilience, high elastic limit, close ‘Onthodontis. State Univesity of Ro de Janeiro. Braz ‘Mechanical Enuineer. Puminense Federal Universi, Braz Revit requests to * Marc Ado Gravina fiting in the brackes, biocompatbily and low cost A Tro Ro raps, 285 ~ Sts 12001204 Ib dF Mullstranded stainless steel wires behave ina sirilar Minas Gerais Cep: 36016311 ETsiTaiiseis eee way of those wires with titanium in the composton ; being very elastic and highly resilient, despite of being Vel 38 No 6.2008 Korea. Ortod made of steel, However, they show low elastic limit, hich clinical reflects in deformation in the mouth Nickel titanium as well as mulistranded wires were proved adequate for leveling and algring procedures, regarding their mechanical properties" QUINTAO (2000) concluded that, in @ 2mm delee~ tion, which s a cinicaly compatible valve, mutistanded steel and nickel ttanium wires showed no significant, Aterences regarding the oad generated on teth. Once activated, the frst ones stored energy similaty to nickel ttanium wires at 37°C and an activation under 80a, they liberated the accumulated energy aso in a way similar to the later ones, though the advantage ofthe nike! tani tum wires isthe lexbiliy and eastty, maintaining the form while acting’ In terms of concepts, these are some relevant mec hanical properties that should be considered for choosing wires as 1) Resilience : the ability of the wire to accumulate ‘energy when elastcaly distorted and liberate it when unloaded’: 2) Elastic modulus : defined as the measurement of rigidity of the material. The higher the elastic modu~ lus, the more strength willbe necessary to flexion the wire, being its igiity higher 3) Draining iit: It is defined as the limit of distortion, beyond which the metal wil not recover its original shape, once unloaded. I refers to the workload allo~ ed and is the highest tension that can be applied to a wire without permanent deformation"; 4) Elastic resolution (springback) : Can be understood as the ration between EL (elastic lit) and elasticity modulus (EM). High values for elastic resoluton allow ‘an increase in activation and work limit, which is desirable unless other properties such a formabilty are excessively altered; 5) Fornabily : Ability ofthe wire of accepting bending. It refers to the abiliy of the wies in being bent into desirable forms such as loops, cols, and stops wit hout fracture or permanent deformation” 6) Welding ability : ability of the material of receiving & ‘aman 332169, 203 weld and fixation of auiaries; 7) Superelastcty (SE) : The phenomenon of constant sttength storage by the wire up to a certain deforma tion point. The same way, when the wire retums to its orginal shape, the transmitted foroes remain con~ stant for a long period of time. That is clinicaly necessary for physiological teeth movernent. 8) Shape memory effect (SME] : The phenomenon, through which an alloy presents low rigidity being readily able to change shape at low temperatures while i can easly fetus to its orginal shape when heated to an adequate temperature of transition. The supeteastcy and the shane memory effect of nickel titanium alloys have been attributed to the phase transformation and consequent, to the change in their crystal structure (austenite~martensite~ austenite). Such change is called martensite ‘transformation and is present ether in both supere—— lastic and thermoactivated wires®. In superelastic Wires, the martensite transformation (austenite— martensite) is induced when the load applied reaches a certain value during activation. When the load is removed, the reverse transformation occurs (martensite~austente), making the wire return to its original shape". In thermoactivated wies the micro~ structural rearangement and the consequent reversal of the reaction (martensite—austenite) are induced by heating, from the moment the wire is heated to temperatures above its transtion temperature, Despite of the small number of alloys used for ohodontic wires, there are a great number of brands available on the market, However, mechanical proper~ ties are not described in their packaging. Therefore, the vatiety of brands and manufacturers make it cfficut for the professional to choose the most adequate material fora specitic use". In this study, it has been aimed at : 1- Making a comparative study of the mechanical properties of ‘conventional stainless steel wires, mulistranded stainless steel wires, superelastic nickel titanium (NiTi SE) ‘and thermoactivated nickel titanium wires (NiTi thermo), 8) Fig. 1. A~ Machine used in the trials 'B- Wire with its ends ted tothe machine claws (C- Device used fr the tial a 97°. under a stress strain test. 2 = Showing, through the curves obtained in the test, the occurrence of the shape memory effect and the superelasticity of thermoactvated nickel titanium and superelastio nickel titanium aloys, respectively, observing ifthe former behave diferently at room temperature and ata temperature that simulates the oral cavity (37°). MATERIALS AND METHODS Thify preformed orthodontic wires of 0.018" diameter were used, (ORTHOFORM II TM, UNITEK, Unitek Cor poration, Moronovia ~ Calf, USA) and divided into four ‘orouns. Group 1 — Six conventional stainless steel wires (STAINLESS STEEL RESILIENT, ORTHO- FORM TM II UNITEK, 0.018”, REF 200 609). Group 2 — Six multistranded stainless steel wires (TWISTED, ORTHOFORM TM Il, UNITEK, 0.0175", REF 300-701). o Group 3 ~ Six superelastic nickel titanium wires (WTINOL SUPERELASTIC, ORTHOFORM TW ILUNTEK, 0.018", REF 4296-809) Group 4 ~ Twelve thermoactvated nickel tai wires (NITINOL HEAT-ACTIVATED, ORTHO- FORM TM Il UNITEK, 0.018", REF 4286— 981). Wires underwent on a stress strain test in a mechanical tial machine (EMIC, model DL10000, 10- ton capacity) (Figure 14). A maximum load cell of 50 kilograms and the speed of 1mm stretching per minute were used. Wires were positioned in the test machine as they came from the factory, fing both free ends in the ‘machine claws, applying niall a ight oad to straighten the portion of the wire between the clans (Figure 1B). Intialy, the wires were stretched to rupture, so that each individual draining limit was obtained, in order to sequently test all the wires under a clinical force, with values below the smaller draining limit obtained, called standard draining limit and above the maximum value eamasiimions 6 reson en or “Teste (KgF/en?) Teasio (KgF/ mm?) ws i) WZ eas Bora aT Fig. 2. Differences inthe shape ofthe curves for sroups of wires tested unl rupture, where CPL= conventional sinless ‘tel, CP2= malistrended steel, CPS= superelastic NT, CPA thermoaetivated NiTi at 20 0C, and CP5= ‘thermoaativated NT: at 37°. necessary for the constant levels of load during the activation ofthe Nii wires to be oblained. That made it possible to analyse both the loading and unloading coves of the wires. During stetching @ graphic record was established (curve), giving the load applied on the wire (kat/mm2) and the deformation obtained (mm). The standard tension of 60 katimm2 was considered, corresponding to a 10 kaf load because it is higher than the maximum tension which is necessary to reach the Constant levels of strength during the activation of NT (47.8 Kotimm? for superelastic nickel titanium wires), and its a value lower than the smallest draining limit for the group of wites being studied, not invalidating the tests Al wires were tested at room temperature (approxi— mately 22°C), with the thermoactivated nickel titanium also tested at 37°C (to simulate the oral cavity) to highlight the shape memory effect (SME). For that, a digital precision thermometer was used (calrated by INMETRO) as well as three 60 watts Philips bubs and polystyrene sheets under constant 37°C throughout te tal The polystyrene sheets cut in size and placed in the Physical space of the machine were used in the tests. Bulbs were turned in the same physical space, @ === 009 10 120940 m8 Meroiion) Fig. 3. Differences inthe shape ofthe curves for groups of wires tested, during loading and unloading under a 10 kgf standard load, where CP1= conventional stainless see, (CP2= mnulistranded steel, CP3= superelastic NTI, P= thermoacivated NIT at 20 0C, and CPS= thermoactivated Nitiat 37, simulating a stove, where the temperature was raised ‘and controlled. (Figure 1C). A thermometer was used to ‘measure and control the temperature. A total of 10 series of 3 tests, were performed, generating 20 tests. The curves obtained from the tests gave the tension ‘applied and the deformation of the material, through which some of the mechanical properties of the wires on trial were searched (elasticity module, resilience, superelastcty, shape memory effect). RESULTS Figure 2 shows the differences in the shape of the ‘curves for groups of wires tested until rupture, where CP1= conventional stainless steel, CP2= mulisranded steel, CP3= superelastic NiTi, CP4= thermosctivated NiTiat 200C, and CP5= thermoactivated Nii at 37°. Figure 3 shows the differences in the shape of the ‘curves for groups of wires tested, during loading and unloading under a 10 kof standard load, where CP1= conventional stainless steel, CP2= multstranded steel, CP= superelastic NiTI, CP4= thetmoactvated Nii at 20.00, and CPS= thetmoactivated NTI at 37°. sce tmnt aes ene (B) ‘Table 1. Mean forthe maximum resistance to rupture (Ket, fr the defamation (ma) during activation in elation tothe standard lead (10.17 Kf) and forthe plastic deformation (nm) observed after unloading forthe different orthodontic wire groups and mean and standard eviation for stress (KaD and strain (mm) accumulated nthe constant levels of strength ring the activation of NT wires ‘comvenincal —musranded superelastic hermoactivated shermoacivated siales stel stainless steel cel tau niko anim wies at 20 cel anu wire 37% Masimumresiinee 3 61¢4 128) 1976(¢ LIT) 61044 120 in79¢¢ 08) Tag 148) toruture(Ke0 a aioe 7 Deformation (rm) in relation tothe standard 177(+008) 30714041) 9200+ 4B) 1226¢+ 018) 11.88(¢ 058) ead (1017 Ka Paste deformation (7m) km) paca oz) 5 a sterwoaing 04504015) 0890+ 070 aso) 383(+ 030) ‘Sess inthe constant levels of x Xe 1364 008) 388(+ 0.08) Be2t+ a1) strenath daring oacing Stain (om) inthe ‘costa evel of x x 268(+ 0.96) 5320+ 039) 6420+ 049) stent ring oacing ‘There are no constant levels of strethfr stiless sel wes (ctentionl and musa. The maximum resistance to rupture (kgf) was showed in table 1, for each wire, These values are important to avoid testing wire over their elastic limit, though it is known these limits are too high to be worked in the mouth. Once the elastic limit was found through the first data of table 1, deformation in relation to standard load was also found for the wires. The standard 10.17 Kof load was chosen in order to assure that all the wires would be tested under their elastic iit, avoiding rupture. Plastic deformation (mm) after unloading was also checked in table 1. The importance of this property is directly related to the teeth moving abiliy of the wire. The lower is the plastic deformation value (mm), the higher is the capacity of the wite to Tetum to is original form, which means more movernent for the teeth. Stiess and strain were obtained in the constant levels of strength. The aim of this study was specifically observed not only through the graphics, but ‘also through datas the existence of constant level of strength during loading and unloading. These characteristics are peculiar to nickel titanium wires and that is exactly what produces constant forces, even. facing the increasing of deformation. This table highlights the absence of this propery for the stainless steel wires. Table 2 and 3 express the statistic results related to respectively, stress (kgf) and strain (mm) obtained in the constant level of strength for nickel ftanium wires. t tests showed that there were significance differences ‘among the values, making clear that it is necessary less. force to activate thermoactivated nickel titanium wires, at 20 followed by thermoactivated nickel titanium wites at 37°C wires and finally superelastic nickel titanium (Table 1) In the same way, considering tables 1 and 3, strain is significant higher for thermoactivated nickel titanium at 87°, followed by thermoactivated nickel titanium wires, at 20 and finaly superelastic nickel titanium wires, which means clinically that, under the same stress, thermoactivated nickel titanium at 37°C gets higher deflection, accumulating more energy in the constant levels of strength Table 2, Statistic test, as related to necessary stress (Kg0) load to get the constant levels of strenath during the activation of NIT wires Compared to ve pvahe Saifeance (58) ‘Thermo STi 200 7M 1.69 10-7 Diforent Swe Nii ‘ ae ‘Thermo NTI 37 = 11085 oo Diferent ‘Thermo STi 200 ‘Thermo NTI ITT 87110-6 Dilerent ‘able 3, Siatistictest, as related to train amount (mn) inthe constant levels of strength during the aesivation of NTI wires Compared to tue pvahe Sinifcance 5%) ‘Thermo NT 200 asi no Ditlerent Supe Nii “ ‘Thermo NTT 1059 0004s Dileret ‘Thermo NT 200. ‘Ther NTISTC ao. 039 Diterent DISCUSSION tional steel wires and multistanded stainless steel wires Tension and resistance to rupture It can be noticed (Figure 2, table 1) that conventional stainless steel presented maximum resistance to rupture that was higher than all other wires (38.61 kgf mean rupture load), followed by superelastic nickel titanium wires (26.10 kof mean rupture load), multistranded stainless steel wires (19.76 kof mean rupture load), thermoactivated niokel titanium wires tested at room temperature (17.79 kgf mean rupture load), and thermoactivated nickel titanium wires tested at 370 (17.19 kof mean rupture load). It can be observed that even for those with smaller tension during rupture, the strength is extremely high for acceptable clinical standards", although none of the wires would be clinically used at the risk of rupture, because the professional could not work in the oral cavity with such tension and strength. Draining limit Evaluating igure 2, the differences in the shape of the ccuves for each type of material can be observed, from loading to rupture. It can be observed that for conven= ey an2an 332 60,02 yy the diagram is inially near (0-A and 0-8), meaning that while tension is applied, the deformation produced increases in proportion. The near characteristics of the agra ends at the point called draining limit (points A ‘and 8). Its defined as the higher tension the materia can stand without permanent deformation after load remova. It can be seen then that in the staight parts of the curves of conventional stainless steel and ‘multistanded steel wires (0-A and 0-8), there is elastic deformation if, at any point of the curve, the load was removed, which means thatthe wires should return to their orignal contour without any residual or permanent deformation. Once the elastic deformation is finished (beyond points A and B), ifthe tension load goes beyond the draining mit, the plastic deformation stats. In tis region, tension and deformation no longer have a regular ratio (A~C and B-D), wth great increase in deformation with small tension change. When the load. was removed, the metal presents residual or permanent deformation, Visual, fom the cuves, it can be ckawn thatthe draining limit of conventional stainless ste! wires. For superelastic and thermoactivated nickel ttanium wires, tension=deformation curves are diferent from conventional stainless steel and multistranded steel wires. At fist, tension and deformation present a ratio echanislropries kel Manu dtl ai une sess- stan et. & for both materials (0~a, 0-b and O-c) (Figures 2 and 3). From then, the ratio is lost. While tension remains constant, deformation increases (constant levels of strength during activation, represented by lines a-

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