Lec 32

Computing Fundamentals
Dr. Muhammad Yousaf Hamza

Deputy Chief Engineer, PIEAS
Searching and Sorting

Linear Search
#include <stdio.h> for (c = 0; c < n; c++)
int main() {
{ if (array[c] == search)
int array[100], search, c, n; {
printf("Enter number of
printf("%d is present at
elements in array,
maxim 100\n"); location %d.\n", search, c+1);
scanf("%d", &n); break;
printf("Enter %d }
integer\n", n); }
for (c = 0; c < n; c++) if (c == n)
scanf("%d", &array[c]); printf("%d isn't present in the
printf("Enter a number to array.\n", search);
search\n"); getchar(); return 0;
scanf("%d", &search);
}
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS
Linear Search for multiple occurrences
#include <stdio.h> for (c = 0; c < n; c++)
int main() {
{ if (array[c] == search)
int array[100], search, c, n; {
printf("%d is present at
printf("Enter number of
location %d.\n", search, c+1);
elements in array, count++;
maxim 100\n"); }
scanf("%d", &n); }
printf("Enter %d if (count == 0)
integer\n", n); printf("%d isn't present in the
for (c = 0; c < n; c++) array.\n", search);
scanf("%d", &array[c]); else
printf("Enter a number to printf("%d is present %d times in
search\n"); the array. \n”, search, count);
scanf("%d", &search); getchar(); return 0;
}
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS
Binary Search
Binary search in C language to find an element
in a sorted array. If you wish to use it on an
array that isn't in sorted order, then you must
sort the array using some sorting technique
and then use it to find the desired element. If
the element to search is present in the list,
then we print its location. The program
assumes that the input numbers are
in ascending order.
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

//Selection Sort for (i = 0; i < n-1; i++)
#include <stdio.h> {// Find the smallest value
int main()
{
min_index = i;
int array[100], n, i, j, min_index, for (j = i+1; j < n; j++)
swap; if (array[j] < rray[min_index])
printf("Enter number of { min_index = j; }
elements\n"); /* Swap the the first element
scanf("%d", &n);
with smallest element */
printf("Enter %d integers\n", n); swap = array[i];
for (i = 0; i < n; i++) array[i] = array[min_index];
scanf("%d", &array[i]); array[min_index] = swap;
}
printf("Sorted list in ascending
order:\n");
for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
printf("%d ", array[i]);
getchar(); return 0; }
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS
Numerical Integration

INTRODUCTION
Numerical integration
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{ int n, i;
float a,b,x,dx = 0.2,fa,fb,fx, sum = 0, integ;
a = 0; b = 1; n = 5;
x = a; fa = 1 - x*x;
x = b; fb = 1 - x*x;
x = 0.2;
for (i =1; i<=n-1; i++)
{ fx = 1 - x*x;
sum = sum + fx;
x = x+dx;
}
integ = ( (b-a)/n) * (fa + 2*sum + fb)/2.0;
printf("%f", integ);
getchar();return 0;
}
Importance of Computational and
Simulation Work
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

Importance of Computational Work
• Computational and simulation (C&S) work has become a
fundamental tool in the fields of science and engineering. It
has geared the scientific research. It is enabling and very
important technology in almost every area of life.
• The computational and simulation work can lead to the

successful as well as economical development of scientific
systems.
• C&S helps for making the correct decisions among the many
available choices. It also helps to model prototypes and
simulators. C&S has been approved as a powerful tool for
scientific research. Due to very attractive benefits, the
computational and simulation has been technically accepted
across the globe. It has not only increased the efficiency of
scientific research but also made it faster and cheaper.
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

The potential benefits of Simulations are:
• The trained students can understand the assumptions
and implementation procedures to handle a problem
in efficient way at their work places.
• They can have deep knowledge of a system through
quantitative analysis by performing extensive
simulations.
• The knowledge that the students gain can be applied
in various scientific applications. Different parameters
involved in the working of a system can be
understood efficiently.
• As the experience of C&S work enhances the
visualization of a system, it can be used as a
diagnostic tool for measuring the efficiency and
performance of various systems.
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS
• The trained students can foresee the response
of a system during normal and hypothetical
accidental situations.
• The trained students can identify the role of
most important components in a system
through C&S work.
• It would help them to estimate the system
parameters prior to the actual system design. If
a component for a system is to be selected
which can perform the best among the various
types, then the optimum choice for the selection
of the component can be made without having
the need of buying actual physical components.
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS
• The trained student can design/test various modules
and then can integrate them in efficient way to
prepare a prototype. After carefully testing of such
prototype, the new developments can be made more
efficiently and economically.
• Having experience in C&S, the trained students can
predict the changes in a system under certain
circumstances. By this knowledge some pre-emptive
measurements can be taken to avoid any accident at
the projects.
• C&S work allows for efficient if-then-else analyses
without actually performing the experiments. It
would save the time/money/labor at the projects.
• As the decision making abilities are enhanced through
C&S, the trained students can make technical
decisions more conveniently and correctly.
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS
Usefulness
The computational and simulation work is
helpful in electrical systems. Some of the
applications are mentioned below.
• For programming of the controllers to control
certain processes
• Models of state estimators and filters
• Models of uncertainties, disturbances and
noises
• Models of faults
• For power network design
• For voice and sound recognition
• For processing of the digital data.
Importance of Computer Simulations
in Physics and Medical Physics
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

Importance of Computer Simulations
in Metallurgical
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

122 Pages Book
Revision

Qualification
• Postdoc.
Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Duluth, USA.
• Ph.D.
Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), Lahore, Pakistan.
Carried one-year PhD research at University of Ottawa, Canada.
• MS (Computer Science)
Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), Lahore, Pakistan.
(With Honors and Merit certificate)
• M.Phil. (Electronics)
Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. (Distinction and Merit Certificate)
• Post Graduate Course
Post-Graduate Course in Lasers and Optics, PIEAS, Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan.
• B.Sc. Electrical Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology (UET), Lahore, Pakistan.
• F.Sc. Government College, Lahore.
Let us Write First C Program

Approach To Our First C Program
x = 5;
y = 7;
z = x + y;
x, y and z are integer variables

Data Types
• Integer variables (int)
For example:
– Number of students
– Number of tables
• Floating point variables (float)
For quantities which may contain decimal point
such as distance, area, and temperature.
• Character variables (char)
At this stage, we will focus only on integers.

Approach To Our First C Program
x = 5;
y = 7;
z = x + y;
x, y and z are integer variables

#include <stdio.h>
int main( )
{ //Our First C Program
int x, y, z;
x = 5;
y = 7;
z = x + y;
printf(“%d", z);
getchar();
return 0;
}

#include <stdio.h>
int main( )
{ //Our First C Program
int x, y, z;
x = 5;
y = 7;
z = x + y;
printf(“%d", z);
getchar();
return 0;
}
12
#include <stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int x, y, z;
x = 5;
y = 7;
z = x + y;
printf(“Sum is %d", z); // Compare it with printf(“%d", z);

getchar();
return 0;
}
Sum is 12
#include <stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int x, y, z, m;
x = 5;
y = 7;
z = x + y;
m = x - y;
printf("Sum is %d", z);

printf("Difference is %d", m);
getchar();
return 0;
}
Sum is 12Difference is -2
#include <stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int x, y, z, m;
x = 5;
y = 7;
z = x + y;
m = x - y;
printf("Sum is %d\n", z);

printf("Difference is %d", m);
getchar();
return 0;
}
Sum is 12
Difference is -2
#include <stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int x, y, z, m;
x = 5;
y = 7;
z = x + y;
m = x - y;
printf("Sum is %d\nDifference is %d", z, m); // two outputs in

//one printf
getchar();
return 0;
}
What’s output?
S
#include <stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int x, y, z, m;
x = 5;
y = 7;
z = x + y;
m = x - y;
printf("Sum is %d\nDifference is %d", z, m); // two outputs in

//one printf
getchar();
return 0;
}
What’s output?
Sum is 12
Difference is -2 Dr. Muhammad Yousaf Hamza
#include <stdio.h>
int main( )
{
Exercise
Try out various escape
int x, y, z, m;
sequences in this program.
x = 5;
y = 7;
z = x + y;
m = x - y;
printf("Sum is %d\nDifference is %d", z, m);
getchar();
return 0;
}
Sum is 12
Difference is -2
#include <stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int x = 5, y = 7, z; // initialization with declaration
z = x + y;
printf(“%d", z);
getchar();
return 0;
}

#include <stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int x;
x = 5;
printf(“%d\n", x); // 5
x = x + 3;
printf(“%d\n", x); // 8
printf(“%d\n", x*6); // 48
printf(“%d\n", x); // 8
getchar();
return 0;
}
Names of C Variables
• A good name for your variables is important
• Variables in C can be given any name made from numbers,
letters and underscores which is not a keyword and does
not begin with a number.
• Names may contain letters, digits and underscores
• The first character must be a letter or an underscore.
• First 31 characters are significant
(too long name is as bad as too short).
• Are case sensitive:
– abc is different from ABC
• Must begin with a letter or underscore and the rest can be
letters, digits, and underscores.

#include <stdio.h>
int main( )
{
int x, y, z;
printf("This program adds two integer values\n");
printf ("Enter 1st Integer Value: ");

scanf ( "%d", &x);
printf ("Enter 2nd Integer Value:");

scanf ( "%d", &y);
z = x + y;
printf("Sum is %d", z);
getchar();
getchar(); return 0;
} Dr. Muhammad Yousaf Hamza
Example
#include <stdio.h>
int main ()
{
float radius, area;
printf ("Enter the value of radius ");
scanf ( "%f", &radius);
area = 3.14159 * radius * radius;

printf ("Area = %f", area);
getchar();
return 0;
} Dr. Muhammad Yousaf Hamza
Arithmetic Operators
Operator Symbol Action
Addition + Adds operands x+y

Subtraction - Subtracts from first x-y
Negation - Negates operand -x
Multiplication * Multiplies operands x*y
Division / Divides first by second x/y
(integer quotient)
Modulus % Remainder of divide op x%y
• (x % y) gives the remainder when x is divided by y

• remainder= x%y; (ints only)
Increment and Decrement Operators

Mathematical Functions
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Control Statements
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Relational Operators
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Relational Operators
Relational operators allow you to compare
variables.
– They return a 1 value for true and a 0 for false.
Operator Symbol Example
Greater than > x > y

Less than < x< y
Greater than/equals >= x >= y
Less than/equals <= x <= y
Equals == x == y
Not equal != x != y NOT x = y
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if else statements
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if else if statements
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Logical Operators
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Logical Operators
• && AND
• || OR
• ! NOT
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Conditional Operator
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switch statement
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Examples
Write a program that prints 1 star as
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

Examples
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
printf("*");
getchar();
return 0;
}
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

Examples
Write a program that prints 2 stars as
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

Examples
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
printf("*\n*");
getchar();
return 0;
}
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

Examples
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

Examples
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
printf("*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*");
getchar();
return 0;
}
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

Examples
Write a program that prints 1000 stars in the
format shown in the previous slides.
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

Examples
Write a program that prints 1000 stars in the
format shown in the previous slides.
Too much labor work?
There MUST be an easier way
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

Examples
Write a program that prints counting 1 to 10 as
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

Examples
Write a program that prints counting 1 to 10 as
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
printf("1\n2\n3\n4\n5\n6\n7\n8\n9\n10");
getchar();
return 0;
}
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

Examples
Write a program that prints counting from 1 to
1000 in the format shown in the previous slide.
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

Examples
• Too much labor work?

• There MUST be an easier way
• Is there any?
• YES
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

Examples
• Too much labor work?

• There MUST be an easier way
• Is there any?
• YES
LOOPS
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Loops
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Examples
There are three types of loops in C-Language
• for loop
• while loop
• do-while loop
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For Loop
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20-Spans System
Span 1 Span 2 Span 20
I/P OA OA OA OA OA O/P
DCF1 DCF2 DCF20
80 km 80 km 80 km
while Loop
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do while Loop
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Infinite Loops
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break and continue Statements
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exit() function
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exit()
// About exit() function. Page 236
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h> // to use exit() function.
int main()
{
int i, j, k;
for (i = 0; i<5; i++)
printf("%d\n", i);
getchar();
exit(0); // it will exit the program
j = 23;
printf("j = %d\n", j);
getchar();
return 0;
}
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS
Continue and exit together
#include<stdio.h>
// Continue to enter integer values. This program
#include<stdlib.h>
//will terminate when you enter 5 odd numbers.
int main()
{
int num;
int count=0;
while(1)
{
printf("\nEnter an odd number :");
scanf("%d",&num);
if(num%2==0)
continue;
count++;
if(count==5)
exit(0);
}
getchar();
return 0;
} Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS
Examples
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

Examples
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
printf("*");
getchar();
return 0;
}
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

Examples
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

Examples
#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i;
for (i = 0; i<10; i++)
printf("*");
getchar();
return 0;
}
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS
Write a program that prints 10 stars in 2 Rows as
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i; // use of 2 for loops
for (i = 0; i<10; i++)
{
printf("*");
}
printf("\n");
for (i = 0; i<10; i++)
{
printf("*");
}
getchar();
return 0;
}
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

#include<stdio.h>
int main() getchar();
{ return 0;
int i; // use of 3 for loops }
for (i = 0; i<10; i++)
{
printf("*");
}
printf("\n");
for (i = 0; i<10; i++)
{
printf("*");
}
printf("\n");
for (i = 0; i<10; i++)
{
printf("*");
}
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

#include<stdio.h> printf("\n");
int main()
{ for (i = 0; i<10; i++)
int i; // use of 4 for loops {
for (i = 0; i<10; i++) printf("*");
{ }
printf("*");
} getchar();
printf("\n"); return 0;
for (i = 0; i<10; i++) }
{
printf("*");
}
printf("\n");
for (i = 0; i<10; i++)
{
printf("*");
}
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

#include<stdio.h> printf("\n");
int main()
{ for (i = 0; i<10; i++)
int i; // use of 5 for loops {
for (i = 0; i<10; i++) printf("*");
{ }
printf("*"); printf("\n");
}
printf("\n"); for (i = 0; i<10; i++)
for (i = 0; i<10; i++) {
{ printf("*");
printf("*"); }
} getchar();
printf("\n"); return 0;
for (i = 0; i<10; i++) }
{
printf("*");
}
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS
Use of 500 for loops???
It’s not efficient/realistic approach
Efficient Solution?
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

Use of 500 for loops???
It’s not efficient/realistic approach
Efficient Solution?
NESTED Loops
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Nested Loops
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Arrays
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2-D Arrays
Nesting in Loops
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Characters and Strings
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Strings Operations
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FUNCTIONS
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Anatomy of a C program
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Recursion
‫ﺗﮑرار‬
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Scope of Variables
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Local and Global Variables
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Automatic Versus Static Variables
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To Generate Random Numbers
#include <stdio.h> If we use rand() only as
#include <stdlib.h>
int main() n = rand();
It can generate random number
{ of value in thousands. So when
int c, n; we use
printf("Ten random numbers n = rand()%100 + 1;
in [1,100]\n");
for (c = 1; c <= 10; c++) Whatever be the value of
random number, its modulus
{ with hundred will always be in
n = rand()%100 + 1; the range 0 to 99. By adding 1, n
printf("%d\n", n); will always be in the range from
} 1 to 100.
getchar(); return 0; Concept of Seed
srand(Study it yourself)
}
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POINTERS
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Arrays and Pointers
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Pass By Reference
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Passing Arrays to Functions
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#include<stdio.h> void add_mat(int x[2][2],
void add_mat(int x[2][2], int y[2][2], int y[2][2],int z[2][2])
int z[2][2]); {
int main()
int i, j;
{ int mat1[2][2]={ {1,2},{3,4} },
mat2[2][2] = { {5,6},{7,8} }, for (i = 0; i<2;i++)
res_mat[2][2]; for (j = 0; j<2; j++)
int i,j; z[i][j] = x[i][j] + y[i][j];
add_mat(mat1, mat2, res_mat); }
for (i = 0; i<2;i++)
{
printf("\n");
for (j = 0; j<2; j++)
printf("%d \t", res_mat[i][j]);
}
getchar(); return 0; }
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STRUCTURES
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Arrays of Structures
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Nested Structures
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FILE HANDLING
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Graph of Sine θ
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
sine θ
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
0 90 180 270 360 450 540 630 720
θ (degress)
Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

Importance of Computer
Programming is Obvious
World Wide Applications
HOPE
+
EFFORT
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It is The
END
of the course
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BEST WISHES
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Computing Fundamentals

Dr. Muhammad Yousaf Hamza

Dr. Muhammad Yousaf Hamza

Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

Dr. Muhammad Yousaf Hamza

Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

• The computational and simulation work can lead to the

Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

Dr. Muhammad Yousaf Hamza

Dr. Muhammad Yousaf Hamza

x, y and z are integer variables

Dr. Muhammad Yousaf Hamza

At this stage, we will focus only on integers.

Dr. Muhammad Yousaf Hamza

x, y and z are integer variables

Dr. Muhammad Yousaf Hamza

Dr. Muhammad Yousaf Hamza

printf(“Sum is %d", z); // Compare it with printf(“%d", z);

printf("Sum is %d", z);

printf("Sum is %d\n", z);

printf("Sum is %d\nDifference is %d", z, m); // two outputs in

printf("Sum is %d\nDifference is %d", z, m); // two outputs in

printf("Sum is %d\nDifference is %d", z, m);

Dr. Muhammad Yousaf Hamza

Dr. Muhammad Yousaf Hamza

printf ("Enter 1st Integer Value: ");

printf ("Enter 2nd Integer Value:");

area = 3.14159 * radius * radius;

Addition + Adds operands x+y

• (x % y) gives the remainder when x is divided by y

Dr. Muhammad Yousaf Hamza

Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

Greater than > x > y

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Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

Too much labor work?

There MUST be an easier way

Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

• Too much labor work?

Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

• Too much labor work?

Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS

Dr. Yousaf, PIEAS