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RESEARCH REPORT
KTC-93-1
AN ANALYTICAL INVESTIGATION
OF AASHTO LOAD EQUIVALENCIES
by
Herbert F. Southgate
Research Engineer
in cooperation with
Transportation Cabinet
Commonwealth of Kentucky
and
The contents of this report reflect the views of the author who is responsible for
the facts and accuracy of th~ data presented herein. The contents do not
necessarily reflect the official views or policies of the University of Kentucky, the
Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, nor the Federal Highway Administration. This
report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation. The inclusion
of manufacturer names and trade names are for identification purposes and are
not to be considered as endorsements.
January 1993
Technical Report Docummlalion Page
7. AuU.~o,
8. Perfonnino 01\lanizl.tion Report No.I
Herbert F. Southgate
KTC-93-1
9. Ptrlormint Orgeniz.lt6oll Name anct Addrete 10. WO<k Un~ No. (TRAIS}
_
15. Supp-11Jy Ho1oo
Prepared in cooperation with the US Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration
,..
~ Title: FORECASTING AND BACKCASTING EQUIVALENT SINGLE AXLELOADS
An ClbjeaNe ct this •uctv w•ICO d8wllop p!liCllllilftl8 Wid/or refined relal~ batw8en Keriudcy ESALs IWJd MSHTO ESALs. Kenudty load equivalency raia~ . . She reai1:
ci IIHICtllnalic ~~on elaSli: theory. AASHTO load equvaJency reiatiorlships were d8Yeioped from n!IIXIrded emprial.l data cxllledad at the MSHO Road Test. eanp.iiDn rt
Ken:Udcy and MSHTO ESALs ,., g;er:~ in-depth enat;aaaot MSHTO loadeqLJValency llqUHOI8C.16. D-19, ancllleirdMopmenlal equ10mgMm n the 1912 AASHTO lrierln Guide.
These eQueiiCN evolved fran the basic formal: used 11 analyZing AASHO Road Test dEia.
In this~ the repetrlioniJepOfted in AppenoDI.Act AASHO Road Test Space~ Report 61E weret:enlo'8rt8d 10 ESALs t.tSing EqualionC-16. For loop 3 (12-kip (53-liN) single . -
axleioad .m 2~ (1~ taOOem axie6oali,the ESAL.sat SBrVEal:lhtiea of 3.0, 2.5, am 2.0 exceeded the ES.'Uat taikn (P1 = 1.5). The AASHTO desicJ'I eqtaiDn, C.13, wastas:ito
calalllielhe deeign ESAL.afor eect1 otlhe MSHO Road Tesl PIM!Ml'llf1l eecmns. The ratJoci ESAI.aat a gM!n P, to ESAI.a at tailure _,the rat10ot repec•ionlalhe 111M P1m ~
at ftub.nt went Clli:Uiiad. Diracl: correilliorll ci tha 11Y8f8988 d these calculated R11101 ca::uned kH' Lane 1 ci Loops 5 and 6 and Lane 2 of Loop 6. This sa.ggesta that lie MSHTO bid
equiv~Hln:y ~ CICifRIIIIU; best for loads IJNI• ~the l8gai limb.
F1om nJCDnii!Jd Kertucilv loadcmeter data aliecledtl !iaklrB IOci*KI on lntenllie roues. aver95 percent ct aM single and taR:Iam axlelorlk*saraless than legal limits. This ~t.t
the MSHTO load eqt.uvaMn::y ftllalicu!:lhips .-e not as~· 10 actual tRiffic load&
Rai:iol cf MSHTO ESALa to Kentudcy ESAL.s may be calculated using Equmion 6 tor ftexi:lle I)IIYI!IIIIGI1l and Equation 1 for rigid pavemerta to estimate com~ cf P1 and SN, or
P, and 11iab ttic:ta-.
tn-,
AASHTO load equivllllenc:iell.-e b8eed on pawmen!IIMVIC8I!Ibility and Sructldl fUfiOer tar ft!:lxible payen1l!lf'll8. or IliaD tti:knesl for rigid pavemetU. ~· Pavemllt .....
is l:lll8!:ld ~ ............. at utace rooghnHa, aadang. pelcm"IO. and rut deph. Pavernanl: flltigue • an inhefeft paramelllf. In the KertlOy aysesm, lo!:ld equio.Uncili ae b..a ~
straiwe9J&ti:x'a•elalullllliiipa~fromlabaatoryleSIIII'Idm&c:h8dwrthlh&onllalc:ai::ulaed.,..baaedoneiaaicllecry. l~irlcludedintheKeriuckVaysentillle~
thai SUifac:e rwghMII!Iwti inereMie ••h ttBfic. ~ mav ~. patdles may be a:r&niWJd. and ruts mav c:lewJiop. The common fader betwean the two frt'SlemB il raffic. MeauaG
paranllll&ei'llll one~P;'!iwa .,. intler8rt in the dllflf aysaem and w:e Y8fR
Unclassified Unclassified 88
i
accumulated fatigue. Kentucky load equivalencies are based upon
laboratory tests resulting in strain-repetitions relationships.
These relationships have been correlated with theoretical
calculated strains resulting from given axleloads applied to
pavements and analyzed by elastic theory. Inherent in the Kentucky
system are the assumptions that with traffic, surface roughness of
the pavement will increase, cracking may develop, patches may be
constructed, and rutting may develop. In summary, the common
factor between the two systems is traffic, but load equivalencies
are based on measurements of different sets of parameters with the
opposite set of one included inherently in the other.
From results of this study, the combinations of SN and Pt that
matches Kentucky ESALs lie between SN = 3 to 6 for Pt =2. 77 to
3.33, respectively, and may be estimated by
Pt = 2.1907 + 0.194l(SN).
These values are different from the combination of SN = 5 and Pt =
2.5 used in the FHWA W-4 Loadometer Tables. Equations 6 and 7 may
be used to determine ratios of AASHTO ESALs to Kentucky ESALs for
flexible and rigid pavements, respectively.
ii
TABI.E OF CONTENTS
Executive Summary i
List of Figures v
Introduction l
Kentucky Methods 1
Summary 32
Recommendations 33
List of References 33
Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C
Appendix D
iii
LIST OF FIGURES
----- - -
FIGURE 1. VARIABILITY IN AASHTO LOAD EQUIVALENCIES FOR FIXED
AXLELOADS.
v
FIGURE 13. KENTUCKY LOAD EQUIVALENCY RELATIONSHIPS.
vi
LIST OF TABLES
vii
INTRODUCTION
fatigue of an existing pavement. One objective of the study was to determine what
the AASHTO and Kentucky methods. This report addresses that objective by
KENTUCKY METHODS
The Kentucky flexible pavement design method (1) was developed using
was developed that utlizes loadometer, average daily traffic (ADT), and vehicle
classification data (both manual and automated) to estimate design ESALs. The
The Kentucky rigid pavement design procedure (3) was developed using
mechanistic analyses based on elastic theory and uses the same ESALs calculated
for flexible pavements. Strain-based fatigue criteria were developed and adjusted
to permit using the same ESALs calculated for flexible pavements. Thus,
Kentucky ESALs are the result of one set of calculations for a given set of traffic
1
calculations and possibly more depending upon the difference between the
resulting design thickness and the thickness used to select the set of load
equivalency relationships.
1986 AASHTO Design Guide. The 1986 AASHTO Design Guide (4) provides
Traffic Equivalency Tables for terminal serviceabilities of 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0.
a constant load,
Equivalency factors were computed for flexible pavements (40-kip (178-kN) single
axleload and 48-kip (214-kN) tandem axle!oad) and for rigid pavements (32-kip
of 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, and 3.5. Figure 1 illustrates the variations. At a terminal
is greatest. Load equivalencies for the various serviceability levels tend to become
2
nearly equal for thin flexible pavements (Figures la and lb) and thick rigid
pavements (Figures lc and ld). This suggests that the basic equations required
Structural Number
general equation:
SN = a, D, + !!..! D2 + ag D 3
Layer Coefficients
... Average values of layer coefficient for materials used in the AASHO Road Test
pavements were determined from the results of the test, and were as follows:
3
Sandy gravel subbase course 0.14."
Derivations of the load equivalency equations are not contained in the 1986
AASHTO Guide (4), but are provided in the 1972 AASHTO Interim Guide (5) and
is quoted as follows:
SN = structural number,
4
f3 = a function of design and load variables that influence the shape of the
When P, = 1.5,
level of serviceability.
the same level of serviceability caused by some other axleload, L,.. The ratio of
two numbers is the same as the antilog of difference between the logarithms of the
two numbers. Thus, when P, = 1.5, G/ll has a value of 0.0 leaving:
5
log(W 18 ) - log(p) = 4.79log(L, + ~)- 4.79log(l9)- 4.33log(~) 3
and log(L0 is eliminated for a single axle bec!luse log(!) is zero. Note also that all
Equation D-1 (5) for rigid pavements is identical to Equation C-1 for flexible
pavements. Equations D-2 and D-3 for rigid pavements are identical in format to
Equations C-2 and C-3 for flexible pavements, respectively, except for the
where L 1 = load on one single axle or on one tandem axle set, kips.
As discussed, log(W,) = log(p) when the terminal serviceability, P., is 1.5. The ratio
6
of repetitions is the antilog of the difference between the logs of the two numbers
and log(4l is eliminated for a single axle because log(l) is zero. Just as Equation
for rigid pavements and axle configurations when P, = 1.5. Note that pavement
thickness is not included in either Equations 3 or 4. The numerical value for the
smaller value for fl results in a larger value for the term G/fl. Conversely, a
in turn a smaller value for G,ffl. When structural number is held constant and the
load is increased for a given axle configuration, then fl increases and the value of
Gtffl is decreased. In summary, the G/fl term is the addition of another log when
7
using the equation in a log format, or a multiplier of a non-log equation.
The log(p) and log(W,) equations contain non-zero values for GJ~. and GJ~ 18 •
When the difference is taken between the two logs, the terms 9.36log(SN+ll (for
flexible pavements), or 7.35log(D+l) (for rigid pavements), are eliminated, but the
GJp terms containing SN, or D, remain. Therefore, the GJp terms are included
when calculating load equivalencies and these terms c:;use a variation in load
SERVICEABILITY LEVELS
The instrument used for recording longitudinal profile variations was the
longitudinal profilometer and the output was referred to as the pavement slope.
"To correlate profile variation with serviceability ratings made by the panel
in which
8
• 2 -.!(I:,x,
r,x, • )2
(1)
SV = _,ic::.·t,____ _n,.:-:.l•:..:l_.t...
n-1
SV = slope variance;
conducting the AASHO Road Test. Initial testing resulted in the new pavements
at the AASHO Road Test being assigned a Pavement Serviceability Index, PSI, of
4.2 for flexible pavements and 4.5 for rigid pavements. The first visible signs of
failure.
flexible pavement sections every two weeks during the period of traffic
operation.
9
SV = the mean of the slope variance in the two wheel paths;
and
AASHO Road Test Report 61E (6), shows that a wide variation in the number of
load applications existed for the same pavement thickness and axleload. The
layers, the mix design for the bound layer, quality of aggregates and asphalt
dis1mssion, environment will not be considered since all AASHO Road Test
pavements were subjected to the same weather. Analyses (7) using elastic theory
order are stiffness of subgrade, pavement thickness, axleload, and stiffness of the
bound layer.
For rigid pavements, the following is quoted from pages 142-143 (6):
rigid pavement test sections every two weeks during the period of traffic
operation.
10
... When it was not feasible to use the project's longitudinal profilometer to
roughness expressed in inches per mile was substituted for SV with the
following result:
in which R is the roughometer reading in inches per mile, and the other
symbols are as previously defined. The roughometer was used only in cases
would be required before the next regular 2-week index day period."
The definition for patching, P, is the same for flexible or rigid pavements. The
cracking is defined as that which has progressed to the stage where cracks
11
that in which the bituminous surfacing segments have become loose."
--- --------------- --------------
"Cracking, C (Eq.59), is defined as the total linear feet of Class 3 and Class
distance equal to at least one-half the crack length, except that any portion
of the crack opened less than 1/4 in. at the surface for a distance of 3 ft or
The 1986 AASHTO Guide (4) does not provide the equations used to develop the
load equivalency equations. The 1972 AASHTO Guide (5) provides the equations
and are identified herein as Equations C-13 through C-16 for flexible pavements,
and D-16 through D-19 for rigid pavements. These equations are quoted here for
12
(Equations C-2 and C-3), "may also be written as:
... IfL, equals 18 kips (80 kNl, and L.J equals 1 for single axles, equation (C-
13) becomes:
log(Wt! 8 ) = 5.93 + 9.36 log(SN + 1)- 4.79 log (18 + 1) + G/13 C-14
13
(Equations D-2 and D-3) "may also be written as:
.. .If L 1 equals 18 kips and L. equals 1, for single axles, equation (D-16)
becomes:
Note that Equation C-2 and D-2 are designated as fl. The values for coefficients
and exponents are very different resulting in quite different values for fl.
Equations C-3, C-13 through C-16 for flexible pavements, and D-3, D-16 through
14
D-19 for contain terms involving layer thicknesses. However,
when P, = 1.5, all terms involving layer thicknesses are eliminated when
by that pavement structure by the time the pavement reached the specified level
of serviceability.
Load equivalency factors included in the 1986 AASHTO Guide (4) may be
duplicated provided that the inverse of Equations C-16 and D-19 are used. Taking
the inverse of equations involving logarithms simply requires that the algebraic
sign be reversed for each term in the equation. For tridem axles, a value of 3
The AASHTO load equivalency equations, C-16 and D-19, were evaluated for SN
values of 1 through 6 and D from 6 to 11 inches (150 to 279 mm, respectively) for
axleloads of 10, 14, 18, 22, 26, and 28 kips (44, 62, 80, 98, 116, and 125 kN
respectively) were substituted for 1.. Tandem axleloads of 18, 28, 36, 44, and 52
kips (80, 125, 160, 196, 231 kN, respectively) were used. Figures 2 and 3
summarize the calculations for flexible and rigid pavements, respectively. Figures
2a, 3a, 2c, and 3c correspond to a P, of 3.5 and Figures 2b, 3b, 2d, and 3d
15
and 2.0.
From analyses using elastic theory, rational relationships for strain and thickness
mm) and become irrational for thicknesses less than 3 inches (76 mm) (7). The
mean SN for AASHO Road Test pavements of 3 inches (76 mm) of asphaltic
between Figures 2a and 3a indicates quite similar patterns and values for a SN
respectively). For tandem axleloads, the patterns are similar but the rigid
4 was developed from data contained in Table 54 of Report 61E {6) and illustrates
that the volume of soil pumped from under pavement slabs subjected to tandem
axles was approximately twice that for pavements subjected to single axles. The
to severe cracking and roughness. All of the failures in the rigid pavements
16
slabs... Practically all pumping occurred along the pavement edge."
"At the end of test traffic, data indicated that pumping increased as load
increased (the greater the load the more the pumping, given equal slab
thickness) and decreased as slab thickness increased (the thicker the slab
It appears that the concrete slabs failed because they behaved as cantilevered
slabs over the voids caused by pumping and not due to fatigue of a supported
concret.e slab. The flexible pavements deformed to maintain contact with the base
layer. Thus, load equivalencies for the two types of pavements probably do not
For both types of pavements, pavement structure has no influence upon load
equivalencies at P, = 1.50. As stated earlier, G, has a value of 0.0 and SN does not
appear in Equations C-16 or D-19 for either flexible or rigid pavements. For rigid
(80 kN) single axleload. Thickness does have an influence for any other
17
slabs ... Practically all pumping occurred along the pavement edge."
"At the end of test traffic, data indicated that pumping increased as load
increased (the greater the load the more the pumping, given equal slab
thickness) and decreased as slab thickness increased (the thicker the slab
It appears that the concrete slabs failed because they behaved as cantilevered
slabs over the voids caused by pumping and not due to fatigue of a supported
concrete slab. The flexible pavements deformed to maintain contact with the base ·
layer. Thus, load equivalencies for the two types of pavements probably do not
For both types of pavements, pavement structure has no influence upon load
equivalencies at P, = 1.50. As stated earlier, G, has a value of 0.0 and SN does not
appear in Equations C-16 or D-19 for either flexible or rigid pavements. For rigid
(80 kN) single axleload. Thickness does have an influence for any other
17
2. For axleloads less than 18 kips (80 kN), load equivalencies
decrease for slab thicknesses increasing from 6 inches (152 mm) to 8 inches
(203 mm) where the rate of decrease changes but continues to decrease as
respectively).
3. For single axleloads greater than 18 kips (80 kN), load equivalencies
increases.
Table 54 (6) lists the volume of soil pumped from under the rigid slabs at the
AASHO Road Test. Figure 4 illustrates the relationship of the volume of soil
pumped from under the rigid slab for the tandem axle vs single axle (Lane 2 vs
Lane 1) and each data point is for the same constructed slab thickness on the
same loop. The volume of soil for tandem axles is approximately twice that for
single axles. This suggests that the volume of soil pumped from under the slab
was a function of the number of impacts by individual axles and not the number
of axle groups.
variance or roughness), it appears that the volume of soil pumped from under the
rigid pavements eventually allowed the pavement slabs to crack and deform. This
18
might account for an increased roughness compared to the flexible pavement
sections. This may also explain why the load equivalencies for rigid pavements
kN) single axleload, but SN does have a prominent influence for any other
load.
2. For loads less than 18 kips (80 kN), the equivalencies increase from SNs
3. For loads greater than 18 kips (80 kN), the equivalencies decrease from
"The structural design of the sections in each test tangent of the traffic
loops was varied ... about a nominal design determined from designs
19
AASHO ROAD TEST DATA
On Page 36 of Report 61E (6), equations 13-15 are of the same format as
Equations C-1 through C-3 (5) quoted earlier in this report. Analyses of the
AASHO Road Test data provided the bases for the equations used in the AASHTO
Appendix A, Report 61E (6), provides the number of repetitions of load for each
pavement section by loop and lane and serviceability levels. Layer thicknesses
were converted to SN using a 1 = 0.44, a 2 = 0.14, and a 3 = 0.11 (2). The data for
repetition, SN, and serviceability were inserted into Equation C-16 to calculate 18-
kip (80-kN) ESALs. Regression equations relating ESALs and SNs were obtained
for each loop, lane, and level of serviceability. Figures 5c, 5d, 6c, 6d, and 7b
serviceability levels of 3.5, 3.0, 2.5, 2.0, and 1.5 respectively. Appendix B contains
similar figures for all levels of serviceability for the tandem axle data. In Figures
5c, 5d, 6c, 6d, and 7b, logic would suggest that the positions of the regression
equation for each loop should increase in SN for increasing loop number
(increasing loads). Note that plots of regression equations for some loops cross the
plots of equations for other loops and in some cases may be in reverse positions.
Additional analyses resulted in Figures 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, and 7a that illustrate the
20
Figures Sa and 8b are compilations of the regression equations from Figures 5-7
for Loop 4, Lanes 1 and 2, respectively. All regression equations are located in a
excellent work in determining the serviceability rating and recording the number
of repetitions of loadings.
The AASHO Road Test data provided in Appendix A of Report 61E (6) were loaded
into a personal computer spread sheet. Equation C-16 was used to convert
equivalent axleloads for each pavement section and level of serviceability for both
lanes of Loops 3-6. Trends are difficult to determine when looking at the resulting
wide range in ESALs. Data were normalized by obtaining the ratio of repetitions
at any given level of serviceability to the repetitions at failure (P, = 1.5) and the
ratio ofESALs at any given level of serviceability to the ESALs at failure (P,). For
repetitions for each of the five levels of serviceability were eliminated, leaving 176
sections for analyses. For each loop and each lane, the average ratio was
illustrate the relationship between the two sets of ratios for single axle trucks and
21
The curves for 3 in Figures 9a and 9b indicate that the ratio of ESALs for
P,s of 3.0, 2,5, and 2.0 exceed a value of 1.0 and would indicate that the
accumulated fatigue exceeded failure during the middle of the test period and then
calculated ratios for the Lane 1, Loop 3 (12.15-kip (54-kN) single axleloads), ratios
exceeded 1.0 for P, = 2.0 and 2.5. To verify the accuracy of these calculations,
fixed values of SN and load were substituted into appropriate locations in the
spread sheet and the repetitions were changed to a value of 1 resulting in load
serviceability and axle configuration tables of the 1986 AASHTO Design Guide (4),
This confirms that the calculations within the spread sheet were correct.
An objective of this study was that Weigh-In-Motion data for 1989 and 1990 would
determined that the data would require extensive checks prior to analyses. An
22
stations. Stations were located on interstates, rural primary roads, and urban
--------
arterials. These data were used by FHWA to form the "W-4 Tables". To analyze
the effects of axleloads, eight years of data from Kentucky "W-4 Tables" were
recorded by appropriate weight groups for both single and tandem axle
arrangements. The numbers of recorded axleloads were summed for the eight
years for each weight range and the totals are listed in Table 1. As a simulation,
of serviceability.
to be the data collected at the AASHO Road Test as shown in Figures 6-8. A
results are shown in Figure lOa. The relationship shown in Figure lOa was used
shown in Table 1. Figure lOb might be used to estimate the future volume of
trucks required to cause pavement failure based upon the number of trucks that
have travelled over the pavement and the existing level of serviceability.
and llb, respectively. Approximately 98 percent of the single axles had loads less
than 18 kips (80 kN) (Figure lla) and 95 percent of the tandem axles had loads
less than 33 kips (148 kN) (Figure llb). Use of AASHTO load equivalencies
should lead to specific relationships for SN and serviceability based upon results
shown in Figures 1-3 and 5-7. Figure 12 illustrates the calculated fatigue for the
Figure 13 illustrates the load equivalency relationships for various tire and axle
contains the general log-log polynomial equation and the appropriate values for
the constants for each tire and axle configuration. Kentucky load equivalencies
computer program for a wide range of loads applied to each of the theoretical 100
The single and tandem axle Kentucky relationships were applied to the same axle
and includes the curve based upon Kentucky load equivalencies for the same
axleload data. The curve for SN = 3 has the greatest calculated fatigue of any SN.
The Kentucky curve passes through the AASHTO curves and follows the same
general trend.
24
Equation C-16 was used to calculate the 18-kip (80-kN) ESALs for Section
Number 121 in Lane 1, Loop 3 of the AASHO Road Test. Pavement Section
Number 121 was chosen for analyses based upon a single axleload less than 18
kips (80-kN), layer thicknesses of 3 inches (76 mm) of asphaltic concrete, 3 inches
(76 mm) of base, and 4 inches (216 mm) of subbase. The observed repetitions for
each level of serviceability (from Appendix A, ref. 6) are shown in the box on the
right side of Figure 15. The curve with the solid round points is the result of
calculations using Equation C-16 and the curve with the open round points is the
result of calculations using the Kentucky load equivalency equation for a 4-tired,
single axle.
Figure 15 suggested that similar analyses should be made by individual lanes and
loops that are surrogates for axle arrangements and loads, respectively. The same
spread sheet used to develop the curve in Figure lOa was used to obtain the 18-
kip (80 kN) ESALs and the mean value of ratio of those ESALs (not repetitions
as in Figure lOa) by loop, lane, and level of serviceability. Only those pavement
sections having both weighted and unweighted data for all serviceability levels
were used. The calculated mean ratios and ESALs were obtained for 16, 24, 25,
and 22 pavement sections for single axles on Loops 3-6, respectively, and 19, 25,
25, and 22 pavement sections for tandem axles on Loops 3-6, respectively. For
Loop 3, pavements having 2 inches (51 mm) of asphalt were not included. Figures
mean ESALs for the single and tandem axle arrangements, respectively. Figures
25
---------J.cl6~wunudwl:.t7-<C::!OlinUt;ruain.a-separate curve for the unweighted ESALs, weighted ESAL~
the resulting mean ratios for the weighted ESALs for the single and tandem axles,
respectively. Because the loops are surrogates for loads, analyses for loads less
than 18 kips (80 kN) for single axles and 32 kips (142 kN) for tandems indicate
that calculated fatigue based on Equation C-16 results in calculated fatigue for the
mid range of serviceability levels greater than the final fatigue at pavement
failure for Loop 3 data. Inspection of the ratios for Loop 3 indicates that 14 of 16
The Sa.Jne procedure used to produce Figure 9 was duplicated except that
Kentucky load equivalencies were substituted for the AASHTO load equivalencies.
The results are shown in Figure 18a and 18b for the single and tandem axle data
(lanes 1 and 2), respectively. Because the Kentucky load equivalency relationships
repetitions and the ratio of ESALs resulting from the Kentucky load equivalency
relationships are identical because the load equivalency is the Sa.Jne regardless of
serviceability. The values for the ratios of repetitions are identical in Figures 9
and 18. The variability in ratios for each level of serviceability is the direct
26
Figure 9 displays the relationship between ratio of observed repetitions at the
AASHO Road Test versus the ratio of the repetitions converted to ESALs using
Equation C-16. Figure 19 displays the relationship between the ratio of observed
repetitions converted to ESALs and the ratio of ESALs based on the AASHTO
Design Equation C-13 .. Inspection of Figure 19 indicates there are even greater
ESALs at the same level of serviceability to ESALs at failure provided the design
between ratio of repetitions and ratio of ESALs for the AASHO Road Test data
and actual loads. The data points are averages of calculations using the same
personal computer spread sheet except that the ESALs are calculated for each
Figure 20a indicates that the AASHTO Design Equation C-13 matches single
axleloads of 22.4 kips (100 kN) used on Loop 5 and 30 kips (133 kN) used on Loop
6. Figure 20b indicates that the best match was for a tandem axleload of 48 kips
(214 kN) used on Loop 6. The AASHTO Design Equation appears biased toward
the heavier loads. Figures lla and llb indicate that the axleload distribution for
actual traffic is for the lighter axleloads, i.e., more typical for Loops 3 and 4.
To determine whether the AASHO Road Test data (6) or the Kentucky loadometer
data were biased in some way to produce trends shown in Figures 1-3,5-7, 12, and
27
14-18, analyses were made for 599 five-axle, semi-trailer trucks weighed by Weigh-
relationships, equations have been developed to account for the additional fatigue
resulting from uneven load distributions between the axles within a tandem or
tridem axle assembly. Previous analyses (11) indicate that loads are distributed
evenly between the axles of the same assembly for only 12 percent of tandems or
tridems. On the average, the additional fatigue due to uneven loading is 1.4 times
that for even loading for tandems and 2.4 for tridems. Figure 21 shows the results
of the analyses of the 599 trucks using the AASHTO load equivalencies (Equation
C-16), the Kentucky load equivalencies assuming the loads are evenly distributed
between the axles within an assembly (left vertical line), and the Kentucky fatigue
adjusted for uneven loading as recorded (the vertical line in the middle of the
Figure 21).
EQUIVALENCIES
ESALs has been the term used to describe the effects of traffic upon pavement
design and behavior. The AASHTO and Kentucky definitions of ESAL are based
on effects of traffic, but are quite different. The Kentucky load equivalency
applied to pavements and analyzed using elastic theory (see Appendix D). For
28
Kentucky, the same fatigue criterion is used as the basis for pavement thickness
---------------------
designs or estimating accumulated fatigue for existing pavements. In the
assumes that pavement roughness will increase with traffic, cracking may form,
measurements of roughness, cracking, patching, and rut depth are not a part of
AASHTO ESALs are based upon pavement serviceability and structural number
patching, and rut depth. Inherent in the AASHTO ESAL is accumulated fatigue.
Both systems involve the same characteristics, but the difference is in what is
measured and what is inherently included. They are not the same, but traffic is
the common item. To make a true comparison requires the application of both
definitions of load equivalencies to the same traffic stream and the resulting
Figure 14 illustrates that the Kentucky analyses using load equivalencies intersect
Figure 22a is the same as Figure 14 except that the ratio of ESALs has replaced
29.
the calculated ESALs of Figure 14. AASHTO rigid pavement load equivalency
·~--- ------------------ ------ -----·-----
equations were applied to the same traffic distribution shown in Table 1 and the
results shown in Figure 22b. The vertical line at a ratio of 1 (Figure 22a)
represents equality between the two systems and equality would occur in the
portion of higher serviceabilities and lower SN. Figure 22b illustrates that the
AASHTO rigid ESALs would be over twice that for Kentucky ESALs. Figure 23
4 inches (102 mm) asphaltic concrete on 8 inches (204 mm) of dense graded
aggregate is equivalent to a SN of 2.88 using 0.44 for a 1 and 0.14 for a,. In Figure
23, the relationship between SN and P, is nearly a straight line having the
following equation:
P, = 2.190682 + 0.194089*SN 5
Ratios other than 1.0 may be calculated for flexible pavements by the following:
P, = pavement serviceability.
30
Note that the AASHTO lines for serviceability cross each other for SNs less than
4. In Figure 23, the range of equality between the two systems for flexible
trucks and Figures 14 and 22 are applicable to a normal stream of truck traffic,
For rigid pavements, Figure 22b shows that the ratio of AASHTO ESALs to
Kentucky ESALs ranges between approximately 2.13 and 2.33. Ratios may be
31
where ESALrn,;o =(AASHTO ESALSl I (KENTUCKY ESALSl,
P, = pavement serviceability.
Figures 24a and 24b are visual displays of mathematical solutions of Equations
from the proportion listed in Table 3, Equations 6 and 7 will not be valid and new
SUMMARY
toward loads greater than the current legal load limits as shown in Figure 20.
function ofload as shown in Table 1 and Figure 11 indicate that the actual traffic
single axles weighing less than 18 kips (80 kN) and tandem axles weighing less
between the AASHTO and Kentucky systems appears to vary over a range for SN
= 3.0 to 6.0 and Pt = 2.77 to 3.36, respectively. This combination is different from
the combination of SN = 5 and P, = 2.5 shown in the FHWA W-4 Tables. When
32
combinations of SN and P,. For rigid pavements, Equation 7 may be used.
RECOMMENDATIONS
LIST OF REFERENCES
33
University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, February 1983.
6. The AASHO Road Test Report 5, Special Report 61E, Highway Research
8. The AASHO Road Test Report 7, Special Report 61G, Highway Research
9. The AASHO Road Test Report 3, Special Report 61C, Highway Research
KY, 1970.
34
Pavement Designs for Heavy Trucks", Transportation Research Record 949,
35
AASHTO ~0 EQUf,i!>WlCES A/lSHTO LOAD EQU\!ALEtLIES
40-i<IP ( 178--l<t,j), 4--11'<£0 SINGLE All£ :!e-l<lP (J:'i2-ld>l). 4-ffiED SIN3l£ A><l£
50 14
1J I
~
P, - l!i pl- 1.5
40
~ r--..-.........
I~
' 12
g 11
p - .,,
.......... ~....... r-_......... r"" I
P -zo
f'.::---., r-- §~ 10
I'-- P, "'"'2-5 ............. / ,....../ I
,..._ ..:::.. ~ Z5
~ ...... , / / I
~
9
2!l
10
""" "' -------
--.........
p _l § B
....... p ""'3· .,/
/
L
-35 7
o.
1 2 J 4
---
5
•
6
6
6
"""' 7
pl"" 3..5
8 9 10 11
AGV FA.E!JfNT THIO<NESS. IN:l-ES
12 1.3 14
A.'SHlO STRJCJUfW_ ltlA3ER. SN
{:J) ·!:;I
AA&ITO I1J!.D ECUIII)).lH~CIES AA&ITO I1J!.D EQJIIINB~CIES
48-I<IP (214--kN), 8-llRED lJl.NDEM MLE 52~ (231-4#l,
. . 8--llR£0 lilN:JEM Al<l£
6 14
~
p ""1..!- 1J
5
..---
p . 2D PI -1.5
g
I:
12
p ... 2.5 p 2.0
..... .... ~ t-- '
P, J.o ~ 11
~ ............. ....... .......
Q:
§ 10
p -=~ ..... ......... /
P, ,. .ls ~ / /
~ § ~ ......, /
/
-- ..
2 .P.-3.0.
8
7 /
•
0
I 2 '
AA9iTO STRJCIURI'L fU!IlEii. SN
4 5 6
6
"""' 7 .s 9
Fa30 flll61B-IT THIDIESS. tDB
10 11 12 lJ
I
14
(~ i:J)
FIGURE 1. VARIABILITY IN AASHTO LOAD EQUIVALENCIES FOR FIXED
AXI..ELOADS.
AASKlD SINGLE Al<l£ll)AJ) EQUiv~LENCIES AA:.."HTT SN3LE AXI£Li)ID E::JUIW'LHICES
6 6
1'"10 IG'S <•• "") + 10 ~ {-45 ~NJ
~ 2 ~< 2
I
l<t" 1()-0 10' 10' ()-< . 1Q-1 Ill' 10
LO'D EIJJr.PUNC! lCJlD EQUM'I.flCI
@ (b)
AJlSH10 ll'NDEM AXI..fl.DI'D ECUf'.ALENCES MSKTD TANOHt AXLfl_ffiD EOJitl'ILB'K:ES
6
'
6
..... ""'
I
+!!Ill'S (00 "") (011"')
+:!!!Ill'S (125 tH)
m .... J8 II'S {160 11'\1 Ui
• 2111CP.S
+.:IIIIFS
(129 JoN)
('ill i~HJ
~ 5 1198
""'*"" 4$. lofJS 1H1 0! 5 ...... 4111CF5 (1!J81d4)
~ 4
.... 52 II'S 231 tH)
P, = 3.50l \ '
II!
~
+51~
4 P,- 1.50
[::31 liN)
I \ ~
'
3 \
I
3
~
j \\\ ~
2
I
/· I \.
2
I
l<t" to-• 10' 10' lo-• 1o-' 10' 10'
LO'D EJ:I.JM\I..EI¥:1' LO'D EWtloi£NCl'
© ·fl)
FIGURE 2. VARIABILITY IN AASHTO LOAD EQUIVALENCIES FOR P, = 3.5
I j. I
AND 1.5 FOR SINGLE AND TANDEM AXLES FOR FLEXIBLE
PAVEMENTS.
AASHKJ SN::;L£ AXLELCAD EQJMILEN:ES AI>SKlD !::INGL£ AXill::l'IO ECUII;>l£HCIES
11 11 lr=:~==~51PT--,----r--t---ffih
+1014'S (45 k/~ '
.... 1414'S (82 ~
'"
2
if)
I
~&~~
~
:!!&
9 P,-3.501 T
::s 8 ~sl tl t I I •1~1
~ ~ 7 I tl t I I •1• I
~ 7
6
16-<'
\
1()-' . 10' 10'
61
to-e.
61
.1Q- 1
' I
100
I liA I 1
10
lO'I) Ell.I\IUNCr LCW EOJI~lCI'
@ (t:)i
.A.ASHJC• lANOEM AXI..£L(}>.O EOOM'lENCIES AA3-I!D TANDEM A;<Lf]_QlJJ ECU\!AI£NCIES
11 11
IP, = 3.50 I IP,= lfol
"' 10
(/)
2 210
i 9
1 ~ 9
::s
~Q
8
7
+ 1B 14'S (!D 11'(1
... 2!1 w.; (12511'(1
..... JS 14'S (160 11'(1
::s
~
Q
8
7 I. tl I i
... ,. w.;
..,.zw.; 11
I .. ,.... 35>1'5(16
+
j kH)I
"'~
kHI'
If ...... w.; (186 ..,, It 44- I'FS ( 1 kt91
t:) tJ)
FIGURE 3. VARIABILITY IN AASHTO LOAD EQUIVALENCIES FOR P, = 3.5
I
AND 1.5 FOR SINGLE AND TANDEM AXLES FOR RIGID
PAVEMENTS.
AASHO ROAD TEST PUMPING DATA
'REINFORCED PAVEMENTS
250 .....
..·
~
w * .. ..
+
..
..·
~ * .....* +
.·..
4.
200 .
C\1~ cih!
wo: ..... ·/
........
i
,. *
... ..
ZIL I
:5°
X- J: 1,50
•J
ie ..
.
wO
c~ I
I
!
+
.......... +
:g:a: .
. . ··*
I '
(!)
:z z '
:i 100
I
.... +
ii:::J
::::Ea::
•>[·.-~.
I
-~
I
* ..
.
.·.·
..·
. +'
+
+·
'
:J
a.~ 50 :t' ... P,
z
-
:J
0
0
,•..•
•
'~···
I •
•
'
IS'ffl
•
*
+
LANE 1
:> 1.5
>1.5
- 1.5
lANE 2
:> 1.5
•1.5
-1.5
.' ''
~
-r-LD<F 5
-o-Ul!P6
i:
f-.-<
[::::: ::-
r
........
~ ~·
1 --
.-.::::: ~ r - - --- - - _L_
- . ---
o. 0
0 200 400 600 !100 1.000 0 200 400 600 EI::O 1.W·)
f£F'ElT11aiiS Of l.ll'!l. llil.&NJS f£PEll1Kl£ OF lD'D. lHCt.G"IIUS
€:\) (~
At>SHO R<W:l TEST .C'AlA, 18--KIP {80-1<1'1) Ai>SHO RQ<\0 TEST CATA, 18-KIP iftO->N)
£SI>,LS Sl'lGlE AA.fl..Ot>,[S, Pt - 3.5 ESULS 9NGlE A~ PI - 30
6 6
-lDCP3 -I..O(p 3
... lDCP4
-
-LD!P· - f---
5 1-llXP 5 5
~ t;::::-
+LD!P 5
!
jilj
4
TlDCP 6
f - .,....
-~ ~·
..- ::.- - ~~ ·-·
t---
I
0 200 400
AASHlO li'H<P
600
(llO-#IJ (SilLS, THCJ..&I.('f;
!100 l.OOJ
0
0
='
200 400 600
--- -
@ ~)
'
FIGURE 5. COMPARISON OF AASHTO STRUCTURAL NUMBER TO
1 L;' 1
-+-LLD' 4
3 .... LLD'3
-+-LLD'4 I
t:i
5 -.-LLO' 5
...... LLO'~
- -
!---
1---- 1.----1----
.
ili
5 +LLD' 5
~LL0'5
~ f.- :::
---
-----
~ ,.,.;li
--- -
:-- - ~
- ---
---- - --- - p
4 4
i: - --
~
I--1---"
p ~
¢--
i:
1---" LiXf. -1
--
I
~ 1--
I
~ - 1----
·J 0
0 200 40:) 600 800 l:XXJ 0 200 40) 600 6:x I,C 0
fU'E1T1lCNS OF L[)t{), 11-UJSAI£5 FUET11l:l'<S OF lD'Il, ll-ICIJ5l>NOS
p) (I::)
AASI-0 RON) ltsT ~TA, 18---l<IP (S0---14l} Ai\SHO H!J'.O ltsT ~TA, 18-l<JP {&_')_kN)
ESo>tS 9NGLE Al<lfl_o>OS, PI - 2.5 ESt>J.S SI'IGLE .~ PI - 20
6 6
+-LLIF 3 ... LLO' 3
.... LLO'. .... LLO' •
5 -+-LLIF 5 5 -t-LLO' 5
-
t:i ...... LLO' ~
-
..,, t.i -LLO'~
....
~ ~
4
I w-r
~ 4
~ -
_...-:
i: -
z
I
3
~: ~·
j"..,p_6
2
~J ......
oJ 0
Q 200 40J 600 800 l:JCQ 0 200 40) 600 00: 1.000
MSHlD I!H<P [llO-ld~ ES>LS, THCIEI\!<IJS MSHlD I!H<P [llO-l<l~ E9\I.S. THCIEI\!<IJS
@ w
FIGURE 6. COMPARISON OF AASHTO STRUCTURAL NUMBER TO
REPETITIONS AND AASHTO ESALS FOR AASHO ROAD TEST
SINGLE AXLE DATA AT P, = 2.5 AND 2.0.
AASHO RQIIO TEST CATA, I'EFETTTlCt£ OF LCPD
6
SN3lE A,'<l..Elil"DS, Pt - 1.5
....-LOF!
~LDY 4
~
5 ........ LD::P ~
-
-- --
·~ f--
---
-o-LDP 6
~ 4 f--
__...
.:.-- f- _,
l--- r - - t]lCA'_!.. f--
j: ~
t-
f--
f-- 1--
- L--:::1-::
t-"
~---"- ~
t-"
--
f-
~~
o.
0 200 40J 600 BOJ l::XXJ
F£PEliTOlS CK i..D'D, 1H:l.G'l'IC5
~I
AASI-Kl HD'D TEST lJol-11\, 18-+JP (8J-i<H)
ESl>LS 3'1GL£ A:<!..B..O'II:6 pt - 1.5
0
iii
5
.... UXF.!
-<>-LDP4
..... LOP!-
j
~
..,...LDF~
:::::::f-1
'r ~~
4
z 3 ~ e~
i z~ ~
::::
.t::::. - ---+- +
~I
-L
+ +
-
0
0 200 400 600 BOJ 1,000
A.Gml 18-KP (.3:l-J.N) ESI.LS. lll::J.RI'ffi
(~
FIGURE 7. COMPARISON OF AASHTO STRUCTURAL NUMBER TO
REPETITIONS AND AASHTO ESAI.S FOR AASHO ROAD TEST
SINGLE AND TANDEM AXLE DATA AT P, = 1.5.
AASHO RrnD TEST D\TA
LOCf' 4, LANE 1, 18-KIP (BJ-kN) SINGLE
·.v
I,, I
V /I-<:,;;;;?)?
r:-,;~)~r
~ 2.5
<!
0 2 3 4 5 6 7
REPETTTIJNS OF LOID, x 10"
~)
ffi:::; 3.5
' .. .. -·' .-·
-,
I ~
/
z
~ /
' ''
/
,.·· .. ·· .. ·
,.·--"
.-·· .......
/ /
' ... .-·
Ui 3.0
~ /
;
;
.. ··
~
v ,.
~
~ 2.5 I .,;:;-... .. ~
/
;
/
;.::~
~
.
\!2
<(
~~
2.0
0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
REPET!TIJNS OF LOID X 1<Y
~~
I
I. 1- +LOOP 3
~-~ +LOOP 4 .------ .....
9·1
:'i
jz1i:l
~v 0.8
-~o.
sz
1.0
0.9
0.7
+LOOP 5
-.lla-U))> 6
lr --- _a/ ~
~ k;"
.fi!rY
l!i
o..,
s:CXJ 0.6 ~ /"'* /zo
cb- ~ / v./
-u.. 0.5- RATIOS ARE AVERAGES CF
,¥ v?'\ ~-0·
~~
.-"
0.4- ALL F\1\VEMENT SECTIONS
0.3 o-J INDM[)JAL LOOP
v / c<<,~-.f' ><"
.-:t::E •"'t" l,...---"'" .30 -·~
w
u..:J
02 0.2
A,
,_.....-- /
8-l
·c! ~
0.1
.3.5
0::0 0.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
R~K) OF NUMBER OF U:W REPE'TlTKJ'.IS TO TOlAL NUtiBER OF REPEllllONS
__ a. 0.8
0.. 2 0.7
:zl
1 OJ 0.6
co-
- RATlCIS AAE A/ERAGES OF
....
\3
--- --- ,..,.-'.;,c /
#/
/ 'l
>!.U
.c.;ov "'
-"- 0.5
iJif;?~
w
AlL PAIEMENT SECTIONS
0.4 - ON NDIVDU'L LOOPS
/ / 2!i
¥ -*
~~ 0.3
c._::J
.------ 31L ,~ \..'-
oz 0.2 lit"""'
0.1
~g 3!i
~p 0.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
~ OF TOlAL NUtiBER OF LOO REPETITKJNS 10 lOW.. NUMBER OF REPETITIONS
(~
FIGURE 9. RELATIONSHIP BE'IWEEN RATIO OF AASHO ROAD TEST
REPETITIONS VERSUS RATIO OF REPETITIONS CONVERTED
TO ESALS USING AASHTO EQUATION C-16.
AASI--!0 F\IJAD TEST IJA.T.A. ANALYSES
RATO OF OBSEJM:D REPETillCNS FOR 176 SECfONS
3.50 ..____
1---r--..
"-....
I· y a + bX + eX'
~
0
~ 2.00
X=
Y=
c =
RATIO
SERVICEABILITY
-4. 189497
K
~ ~
b = 2.511961
a= 3.176561
N = 5 R2 = 0.999927
1.50
0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00
AIERbGE RATO OF REPETITONS
~)
1.5 -!-.........--...-.--1-.,......,.-.........-~~i...---$--.~.......-.....-;-....--...
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
RATIO FICTOR TO PREDICT SERv'ICE LIFE
(D)
FIGURE 10. RELATIONSHIP OF OBSERVED AASHTO SERVICEABILITY
WITH AVERAGE RATIO OF REPETITIONS OF APPLIED LOADS
AT AASHO ROAD TEST.
SINGLE AXLE WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION
•vv
90
80 I
~
t;
70
60
__.I
/
~
:::J
50
40 ...I
5 30
~
20
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
SINGLE ~. KIPS
~)
80
70
·_?'
/
.. ~
~
h!
I.U 60 /
~
.lJ.
~
50
4D /
~ 30
20
/
/
10
i
0
I
0 10 20 30 50 60
liiNDEM M ..f:!.a.D, KIPS
(~
FIGURE 11. ACCUMULATED PERCENTAGE VS AXLELOAD FOR KENTUCKY
LOADOMETER DATA.
STRUCTUR.AL f\JUMBER VS ESt.L
kENTUCI<Y LC~.DOiviETER OL\TA
6 -·
+P, = 35
z
(/}
+P, = 3.0
0::: 5 -}1-e- P, = 25
w +P, = 2.0
rn
2 +P, = 15
-,
L r--
___j 4
i1=:;
t5 ~
=:; ~~--------r-------~--------~~------~
g:
(/1
~en 0JL____________t-----------~~IF~------lr---=~
I L
~
1 , I I I I , ... I I I I I I I 1., I I I 101 I I. I I* I I II I
100,000 200,000 300,000 ,000
P.ASHTO 18-KIP (80-kf\l) ESAL
()l
o_ 0
OJ
I ~I
(/)
~~
~
L- 0
0
@~\~~~~1,
~'~· ~\
O'J
~
_j
w 0
-
ui
:""'r:
UJ
z
0:::: ~~~ ~ ~~~ ~
I'-
-j
0
~\ ~
~'\ 1\~
>-
u,/ [\ \
0
(CJ ril
~
w L" ~
~ ()
_j
<:f
~~\ \~
~
0
:::,( z
ril
"""- \~~
l() ci
-----
:=)
0 1\~
'tt
<[
0
.=J ~::>
w y
;,, . r....io r\ f- 0 ()'
.....
\ -7 ril
/~~~ [\
0
<J ·..Y._
1\ ~
-
~
n ~~
~: 'z 1\. F 0
0
..:l
.::::J r<J
-,_ ~ ,.;
~
t-.. r--(06~
r-\ ~\
]'\
~
(.)
<,/
~ .... t\. 0 ~
u z
-~~ ~~~
C'\1
-
_! ,..._ R ~
·:?)Q" :>s
f- 1'-,~.:1' j'::t---.. ...s
L r,, ~, !-.. ~ 1:-- ~
0
.....
w
'./
_._ "C' )'-...
.......:;
1-- ....... i' '<"'""
~
0 0 ~
.,-- '<"'""
C'
-
::>
Cl
r:..
0 .,.--
(~ l_J 0
0
q
0
X)hJ3lV/\In03 0\()l
SER,JICE.ABILIT( 'VS REF'ETITIOI'·IS
f<Et,lTUCI<'r' LCADOII.'IETER DAT,L
3.50 I I.
300
~
r:-
s
~ 2.50--1-l+ SN = 1
0 JI-&-SN=2
a::w
(./1 ]+Sl''-1= 3
2.00 ~SN = 4
+SN= 5
...._SN= 6
11
1.50
100,CIOO 200.000 300,C00 ,000
AASHTO 18-KIP (80-kN) ESA.LS
1- 3.5 154.882
~ I I I I I I~
3.0 427,563
2.0 1 I 4
2.5
2.0
529,663
612,942
~ 1.5 644,169
1.sl
1Q4
I I I I I I IIW I I I I I 1111
1Q5 1Q6
18-f<IP (OO-Kn) ESnLS
' '
~ ~
... ltfo.'.WiTED !51t.S -.LNIIECHTEI} '51<5
. . i4WiTED ESilS -e-l'<fDfiiD E lS
J.O + ..s.GfiO re:J;:t~ ~ 30 ;o.o.<>ro!Eil N E5<tS
I~ "~
'\
?::
~
~
2.5
2.0 \ i"
2.0 ~ '-
1.5
0 50
~ 100 150 200
1.5
0 100 200
\ I\_~300 400 500
1&-l<P (B:l-#1) EWS x 10' 1&-l<P (oo-#1] EWS x 10'
ty (b)
AA9-IJ W.AD TEST CATA, LOOP 5, LilJ'£ 1 AA9iO R)l.[J 1EST CAlA, LOOP 6, LANE 1
~5
A-fRICE Cf" 25 FA.a.ENT su.:n:N5 .'if RY>D TEST
•""'£rnlrn pes
~ ~
+ llEDmD ISilS + 1\EDiTElJ ES ~
1, "
30 --- AlSffl CEn'4 fSIILS 30 .,_.-ro~e I !SOlS
i,,.
25
~ ~
~
~
~
I
~
20 2.0
~
'"\
~
1.5
o
--
1•))
-
~
100
""' aoo 900 1.000
1.5
I 2
18-I<P {ro-+.H) ESI!lS • 10'
{:J)
3 4
I !SOlS
!SOlS
~
I=
~ 2.5
125
~
2.0
\\ .
V>
20
I
I
\
1.5 1.5
6 100 2(1) 0 100 2(1) 3)') 4(1) 500
18-KP (EIHN} ESAIS x 10> 1!H<P (8J-ltl) ES0LS x I!Y
{:!! (b)
.. !
!IASHO RO'ID TEST [)!llA, LCCP 5. LANE 2 !IASHO RO'ID TEST [)!llA, LCCP 6. LANU_
MF'."GE OF 2.4 fii.El.U-lf =noi'S fii RlAD TESr MWa: OF 2.1 fii.El.U-lf =noi'S fii RlAD 1If
3.5 3.5
~ 1'-w.
.... I.JfMDfl'EJ) 5ltS ....~ESilS
"'
-e-IIEDfl!ll ESIIS
3.0 ""ff- .u&nD tE:DI ESilS
~:: 3.o I I~ I I I 1 .,..:--o~ES/tS~
1 25
~ ~~ '"\
~ 25 I I I ...._')l I I I i I I
"""'
Ul
2.0 '\ ~
~ 'Jl
2ol I I I~~~ I II I
1.5
6 16:! :!6o JOO
""'
-400
l
sco 600 "" """
1ol eoo
l!H<P ((1)-#1) ES0LS x I!Y
·l:;l
9CO 1.100
1.sl
0
I I I
2
I 'M
18-KJ> (oo-J#) ES'i$
@)
X fO"
I'A: I
3
I
4
::z 0.8-
-e-LOOP 4 I I I / _v-
8 0.7- -l.OOP 5
I I I / y---
-+-LOOP 6
0.. I I I I _/. 0 _.---><::
:;:: 0.6
/
"'' \\1
'v-? . ....J\Ci ~- I
ch 0.5 /
..1/., "'< f30
\
§ 0.4
0.3
_..,.._.-----
/\
, ( h\-'-"
L,2
0.2
b
0.1
~
0:: 0.0 I
'
0.0 0., 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
RAJIO OF REPET1110NS OF Slf'.GLE AXi..EIJ):\[)
(a)
I
\!) 0.5 I /_/ :.?_..., ~---- '1-"'_.----
-
•
..... /_ v--
\ -./
"\
y-- - .~~\
~-·- 0.4
0.3 1/ =-~ ... /'\
_...~\1
r,v
~ \ v -· d
~
(b)
FIGURE 18. AVERAGE RATIO OF KENTUCKY ESALS TO Av'ERAGE RATIO
OF REPETITIONS OF LOAD FOR AASHO ROAD TEST DATA AS
A FUNCTION OF LOOP AND SERVICEABILITY.
R.AJ(J OF A.ASHTO DESIGN ES.ALS VS A.ASHO
ROAD TESf ESAl.S FOR SINGLE AXLE D\TA
'I.L
1.1 -e-l.DOF' 3
~
/
--
-&-l.DOF' 4
~
1.0 -lOOP 5
....a..lDJP6 /
~ ...-
0.9
~ ~
,...,. ,...,./
0.8
tK /
~ /
~
0.7
0.6 / / / ')_.l
0 rY
/
~ / / --~~)
0.5
~ 0.4 - /""' / / V 1 .~;, V.cjS.'~-J/
4~ .
v / -g.,~/
·:(
----'(,\"'~
"-
0 0.3 (·~~'
.-::-[]\' t.'~
- .;r
/
/ <j
~-
fio/:~")--
0
fi; 0.2 \\_\~~'C..~
-? / ~/
et: 0.1
0.0 ~ .,
-:)~
0.0 0. 1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
RATO OF' AASHlD DESIGN ES.ALS
(c~
~
0.7
0.6
~., 0.5
0.4
"-
0 0.3
0
0.2
~ 0.1
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
RtifO OF' AASHlD DESIG~l ES.ALS
(b)
FIGURE 19. RATIO OF AASHO ROAD TEST ESALS TO RATIO OF ESALS
CALCULATED USING AASHTO EQUATION C-13 FOR EQUAL
SERVICEABILITY LEVEL. .
COMFr>.RISON BETWEEN R.AJO OF .AASHO ReAD TEST
----~RJ;'IEP~ETffOt~S AND RATIO OF Afl.SHTD-BESJGN-PESAJ:S~>:;-------
LO
0 LOOP 3 I SINGLE AXLE I 7~ /
~
0.9
0.8
Ill l.OOP 4
•...< " '
,,<J.f>'
[9-V
I n "o ~ f...--.
~
~
0.7
* l.OOP 5
A l.OOP 6 '< ~l'-
...~~'
/ -;9
~'<-'
·--- ~---
;;o......
it.)
~ 0.6
<:J l/
... ·,
'
[')
~
1...
0.5
0.4
,....rv 1---.,
<(
u... :7La - 11)
0 0.3
n
0.2
. ,:C &?'
~
il::
0.1
0~
0.0
,/
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
RAm OF AASHO R(W) TEST REPETITIONS
(ci)
~
~
~
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
• lDOP 3
Ill LOOP 4
* l.OOP 5
A l.OOP 6
I TANDEM
':>\..
AXLE I
~~c:< I~'P'\,..'.J
,,·{.' '
~
~
'"' /
.. .
)
~ 0.6
.,'<.,...-~
11*1' . -;. ./
A "'ffr
•!D
L...-' II. -
~
0.5
7 - .... II!)
0.4 ,~
·~
u... l-/_ ~ . )
0.3
0
0 0.2 "~ v .k' ]A --·
ti:
Ct: / ~
§P"
0.1
0.0 IF
0.0 0.1 0 ., 0.3 0.4 0.~1 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
RATIO OF AASHO RCWJ TEST REPETITIONS
'bi
I, '
FIGURE 20. COMPARISON OF RATIO OF AASHTO DESIGN ESALS TO
RATIO OF AASHO ROAD TEST REPETITIONS.
A. ASHTO \5 KY ESALS
59·;j ::.-.1\l-:LE SDvll-TR.D.JLER TRUCI<S
6
1 ' I , ',;-+I 'NEIGH-IN-MOTJm,J
I 1.~
z
(f)
a:: 35
w J~---
c::; I I • I Ell I f il .+ II ....., Pt =
m -e- Pt = 3.0
2 -+- Pt = 2.5
::J
z
_j 4-r----- I I 1111 ~ A:l 4 I "*- Pt = 2 0
...to.-Pt= 1.5
&
:::> -B-KY EVEN
tJ
~ 3-r---
+KY u~
z
tn ~
w
i2
~ 2 ~ >--
~
1 -+-r..,...,....,...,....,.,
600 700 800 900 1,000 100
18-KIP (80-kN) ESALS
0:
>- ,3.0
5
\2
fj
;:::
2.5 4---~~~--~---------4----------~--~~~=1
8JV1 -9-SN= 2
t:;:
GJ +SN-3
"5
GJ 2.0 J.-----+------+------+---1+~ =4
~
1.5
0.5 10 1.5 2.0 2.5
RAW = (A.ASHTO ESAL.Sl/(I<ENTUCKY E"'....ALS)
(o)
0:
g 3.0
i3
V1
?~
-·-'
~ 2.0
If
2.5~----~---+----~----~---T----~----~---+----~~~
1 "
L 3 4 5 6
.uASHTO STRUCTURAL ~JUMBER, Sl·-1
(0)
..... o = 6 ~--i------+-----+~,..:::....--....::....:,-
..... o=l:l
II
Q 2.1 ~0=10~--+----------+---------4---~~~~
~ -t-0=12~--+----------+----------4-------~~
+0 = 14
2.0 .:j.!::=;==;:=/.__,-!-,-----~-+--.....-------+-----,--,....-.,--
1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
~ENT SERv1CEABIU1Y, P,
(~
FIGURE 24. RATIOS OF AASHTO TO KENTUCKY ESALS FOR FLEXIBLE
AND RIGID PAVEMENTS.
TABLE 1. KENTUCKY W-4 TABLE DATA PROPORTIONED FOR SERVICEABILITY
LEVEL USING AVERAGE RATIO OF REPETITIONS OF APPLIED LOADS
.. A. T AASHO ROAD TEST
;
' I SERVICEABILITY. Pt
TOTAL 3.5 I 3 2.5 2 1.5 I
NO. OF I PROPORTIONAL NUMBER OF AXLES
AXLELOAD AXLES I DISTRIBUTION COEFFICIENTS
KIPS I SIN<.i[E I 0.413418 0.661171 0.803602 0.9074181 1
2 b<!l/18 215687.9 344945.5 419254.4 473417.11 521719
5 313514 129612.3 207286.4 251940.5 284488.21 313514
7.5 56626 23410.2 37439.47 45504.76 51383.43 56626
10 406723 168146.5 268913.5 326843.4 369067.6 406723
14 48447 20028.85 32031.75 38932.1 43961.67 48447
17 16145 6674.63 10674.61 12974.15 14650.26 16145
18.25 2342 968.2245 1548.463 1882.036 2125.172 2342
19.25 4778 1975.31 3159.075 3839.61 4335.642 4778
21 2658 1098.865 1757.393 2135.974 2411.916 2658
23 1306 539.9236 863.4894 1049.504 1185.088 1306
25 460 190.1722 304.1387 369.6569 417.4121 460
. 28 605 250.1178 400.0085 486.1792 548.9877 605
32 350 144.69621 231.4099 281.2607 317.5962 350
TOTAL
SINGLES I 1375673 568727.71 909555.1 1105493 1248310 1375673
I ANI li-M. I
b bJbU Z:!ll ./tlb JbJ/.<!tib 4<!l:ll:l.<! f 4tlb4. titlb b:.:lbU
9 139466 57657.73 92210.88 112075.1 126553.9 139466
15 160246 66248.55 105950 128774 145410.1 160246
21 108006 44651.6 71410.44 86793.83 98006.56 108006
I 27 158133 65375 104553 127076 143492.7 158133
I 31 763661 31571.06 50490.99 61367.86 69295.86 76366
I
32.25 149391 6176.049 9877.234 12005.01 13555.91 14939
33.25 34428 14233.15 22762.8 27666.41 31240.58 34428
35 28820 11914.7 19054.95 23159.81 26151.78 28820
37 11310 4675.755 7477.844 9088.738 10262.89 11310
39 4406 1821.519 2913.12 3540.67 3998.082 4406
41 2131 880.9933 1408.955 1712.476 1933.707 2131
43 922 381.1712 609.5997 740.921 836.6391 922
45 697 288.1522 460.8362 560.1105 632.4701 697
48 607 250.9446 401.3308 487.7864 550.8025 607
52 2184 902.9045 1443.998 1755.067 1981.8 2184
TOTAL
TANDEMS 748011 309241.1 494563.2 601103.1 678758.4 748011
TABLE 2. KENTUCKY LO,I\D EQUIVALENCY EQUATIONS
FOUR-TIRED I
I
I FOUR- TIRED I
I
TANDEM i -7.47681392 7.31958101 -1.5377459
I
SIX-TIRED I
TANDEM I -7.042515531 5.64606809 -0.51945722
EIGHT-TIRED I
TANDEMAXLES I -2.979479 -1.265144 2.007989
I
SIX-TIRED I
TRIDEM -8.98760945 8.115983411 - 1.650684632
lEN-TIRED
TRIDEM -8.3649958 I
5.94259543 -0.56377024
TWELVE- TIRED
TRIDEM AXLES -2.740987 -1.873428 1.964442
SIXTEEN TIRE
QUAD AXLES -2.589482 -2.224981 1.923512
I
MULTIPLYING
FACTORS, MF: I
UNEVEN LOAD
TANDEM 0.0018635439 0.0242188935 -9.069960E-05
TRIDEM -0.198429071 1.20191282 -0.1 746353238
·I SINGLE ·1 TOTfiJ_ I I
. AXLELOAD! NO. OF PROPORTIOI'JfiJ_ I
I.
SINGLES I 13756731 1
I I
TANDEM I
AXLELOAD
KIPS I
~~
5350 0.007152 i
I
139466 0.186449
I 15 160246 0.214229 I
21 108006 0.144391
271 158133 0.211405
31 76366 0.102092
32.251 14939 0.019972
33.25 34428 0.046026
35 28820 0.038529 I
I 37 11310 0.01512
39 4406 0.00589
41 2131 0.002849
431 922 0.001233
45 697 0.000932
48 607 0.000811
52 2184 0.00292
TOTfiJ_
TANDEMS 748011 1
APPENDIX A
AASHTO SltK:;LE MEL£AD EQUI\l!JEt-ICIES ,'\,USHl 0 Sit CLE AXLELQ!lD EQUI\ALEI UE'
6 6
-<11-lOIG'S
. . t41CFS
(.f5 "")
(62 ~~
f\. r; ... >OKFS
-e- 14 KFS
(<51<N)
(62 ~·J
!
iii
5
+Zl!G'S
+2lit<PS
..... !28 tcFS
(98 141)
tt16 ..3
1:2:5 t4-.1
\ l£;i
~i!
!
ii'i
5
+Z2KFS
+ 26 KFS
""'6r- 2B KFS
I
(98 141)
( 116 kt~~'
( 125 ld(t
1\ 1£~
;53 :-
-
~ ~
..
4 4
~ 3
P, = 3.50
\ \r\
~
P, =
- - - - I- -
3.00
' r -- --
'
3
§z 1/ !\
~ J
v
--- -
J.
2
-
v -- --
1 . - ·-- +->-
10"" m~ JO' 10' J~ lQ-1 10' 10'
lf.»D EOJI\I>l.B'ICt I..DAD EUII~lfH:Y
~ (q, I
I
AllS-ITO SttU£ A)<J_£L()IJ) EQU\i'LE~CIES USHTO SINGLE AXLELJ:»D EC::Uii,f;l£NUE ;
6 -···--
-<II-1DIG'S
... 14 t<FS
(45a
{62
6
... lJ I<F5 (""' ltl)
... l41<FS (6211'1]
m
! 5
+22~
*
(98 14
26 I<I'S ( 110 14-1)
..... "" ~ (12514-1)
P, 2.50
~-z
2~
\!!~
!
ii'i
5
+ 22 I<F5 (98 ltl)
...... :;:s tP.i (116 J4-J'
. . 29 I<FS ( 1:25 J4-~
I I
K'i'
;~
-
~ 4 ~ 4 P1 = 2.00
-- -
~ 3
I II 1...
~ 3
-- -- .
I 2 ~ z -- - -·-. 1- --- .
!
ii'i +2111<FS (125 ~I
5
--- J5 I<P.i
..... 44 I<P.i
... S! I<P.i
P,__ = 3.50
r60
196 :::g
231
o.N) 1\.
\
j
!
ii'i
5
+JSI<FS
+441<FS
... S! I<FS
(100 ~I
(196 ...
(231 ~
,\,.
- - -
~ P, 3.00
fI
- - h -
4
I\ \
1/ \
'\ I 3
t·- -- - -
~ 1
v t- - -· --
2
1\
2
-- - -
v 1- -f-- - -- --
~~
-
-- --· -- L.--
f
1o-' l!J' 10' m~ lQ-1 l[J' 10'
lLl'D EOOIW£NC1' lC(
~)
IIASHTO TPNITM AXl..ELOC>D EQUf.KENOES ) EQUI'REI K:l S
6
6
!
ii'i
5
... 18 I<FS (00
+ 2S lofi { 12.5
~
loN)
!ii'i
5
- - r- -
~ 4 + 36 I<FS ( 160 ~¢<) ~ 4 . 1---·
..... 441<FS {196 loN) ... 18 KFS (80 I<'~
~ J
...... 52 I<FS (231
P, = 2.50
o.N)
~ J
. . 2!! I<FS ( 125 "''
+ 36 I<FS ( 160 "''
+ 44 ta::s ~ 196 W'l
- .
I 2
~ 2
.....,.52 KFS 231 W'-1
P, ~
I I
2.00
--
I I I
lo-' 10"-' l!J' 10' J.')-11 ro~ l!J' 10'
lLl'D EOOII'l.fl-1...1' L.:W:· ECIJII'l.fH::.·
e w
FIGURE A2. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LOAD EQUIVALENCIES FOR TANDEM
AXLELOADS OF 18, 28, 36, 44, AND 52 KIPS (80, 125,
160, 196, AND 231 kN, RESPECTIVELY) AND AASHTO
STRUCTURAL NUMBER FOR P< = 3.5, 3.0, 2.5, AND 2.0.
AI'SHKl SNGL£ A:>l.EI...CAD EQII\I'<LH·CIES ~--"SHlO SINGLE .A)<LEL{l'ID EOlJII,;>IJ:JICil':i
11 11 ---
.... 1l14'S (45 1<>0 .... 10 IP.i (45 1<>0
1/) ... 14 I4'S (62 1<>0
2 10
... 22 I4'S
+liS I4'S
(98 1<>0
11~ ~ 2"' + 10
... 14 IP.i
T 22 IP.i
(62 1<>0
(S6 ""l)
~~
~~r
..... :!1314'S 125 :o; If'S i 116 kl~
~
+ 28 If'S
~ ~ r&lq2
( I 25 ""l)
!!~ I I !!§1
9 P_.- 3.50
-r- - - 1-
:5 6 ·-- -
:s 8 ---- - 1-- -~
i
Q 7 ---1- ~-
~
Q 1 ---" ···I. ----
~
---
12 ft
6 J €
16-t 1()-' IOo 10' ·:J-' 1{}-' 10' 1V
u:ro EO.I\IUH::r La.!> EOMHliCl'
f!) (ti•
AAS-IlD SN8L£ A>3£LCl'D EQIJI"•LENCES AiiSH10 ~lNGL£ AXL£10\0 ECU\?l£NCIES
11 11
. . 10 tP.i \45 lt"J
.... 10 IP.i (45 kl~
... 14 I4'S (62 ~
"' 10
2 ... 2214'S (98
If) ... 14 IP.i (62 kl9
"3
-lr- 26 I4'S (116 1<>0
.... ""I4'S (125 kl ~~
210 I + 22 If'S
- +26~ ~:16kll
(98 -
!C~
~ i'
..... 2S tPS 125 ldt
I I !!lil P, = 2.00
-fL-'--- --
::;lil
-- I
~
9 P,- 2.50
:s 6 I I :s 8i -~- - -- -
~
Q 7 ~
Q 1 - -- ·-- - ----
12 ft
6
1()->
o
1()-' 10' 10' 1(11
lf.mEWMUNC\'
g
FIGURE A3. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LOAD
AXLELOADS OF 10, 14, 18,
62, 98, 116, AND 125 kN, RESPECTIVELY) AND AASHTO
RIGID PAVEMENT THICKNESSES FOR Pt = 3.5, 3.0, 2.5,
AND 2.0.
AASHlO TANC£M AXLELO'IO EQUIINHICIES P.~SHTO lN.£:EM A)(lilJJ'<D EQUIW.I HICILS
11 -
11
liP,= 3.~ liP,= $00
~ 10 2
"' 10 -1_.-~--
--r--TTTT
i
:5 8
9
f--- 1-- ~ ~--
~
9 • -
-- :56·---·--·- 1111-----li +-
i
~
-i0"18- (llll<ll) i1l ~-';;r.; kit)
.... :EtPS (125 1-Jt) if; :28 ws < tE
kll}
Q 7-- - - - c 7-11-----4 _.,_........__._
Ill----1- --1----llt I++ -
+ :Ja - ( 160 "') +~ toFS (I 0 kl~
~ ; - # tFS (196 ktl)
fit -t-44 f':F'S (1 1<11)
+ 5 2 - (231 "~ !12- (1 1 "~
6
1()-' 1cP 10 1
10'
sl 1()-1
~~ 11111~1 -~-
i
~
9 i &
>-- - c- - -- - - -
8 ~ 0 -- - - - -c-
~ ~
... 18 to:FS \8l IN) ... 1!1 01'5 ("' i<N)
• 3!14'5
-+- :Ja tO'S
(125 "'9 + 2!! II'S ( I ;s '-"9
Q 7 (160 kl9 Q 7 - - -- f- - -+- J6 tFS (EO i<N)
~ +4414'5
~52...-..s
(196 "'9
(231 "'9
~ "* 44 tFS \1~ ._H)
.... 52 ti'S ( ~1 "~
€ € -,
1(}-' 10' 10' 10' ltJ-1 ltJ' 10'
' 1~·
lim WJflifl 1C1 LJ)IJ) EIHilill::.·
© ~
FIGURE A4. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LOAD EQUIVALENCIES FOR TANDEM
AXLELOADS OF 18, 28, 36, 44, AND 52 KIPS (80, 125,
160, 196, AND 231 kN, RESPECTIVELY) AND AASHTO
RIGID PAVEMENT THICKNESSES FOR Pt = 3.5, 3.0, 2.5,
AND 2.0.
APPENDIX B
MSHO ROO TEST D'ITA, JtF£11TICNS OF LOlO Ai'SI U RCJiiD TEST D'ITA, ltF£110016 OF L(J\Ct I
ll>J-C8A A)<l.flii\ffi, Pt - 35 1'11-ro.t A)<llli)o\£6, Pt - 3.0
STR,>JGHT LI'JE LOG-LDG ~GRfSSICI'J EQUATICNS S'TRAIGHT UtiE LOG-LOG REGRESSIOtl EQU>.liDIIc;
6 6 --- ~---
+UJCPJ +IDCP3
Ullf •
+UJCP4 ..~!"" +IDCP4
5 5
- -::::
6
~ tii
~
...-UJCP, -+-LCXP 5
i 1--
i - .....-:: ;:::::::;-
1-'"
-
-t-IDCP6 -t-LDIF 6
~~ ~ -;::::; :::--- t--
-
4 ~ 4
__. t--
- ~ ~ -;:::::.
r l-- ~ ~
-- --::::
--- --- --
i: ~
~
V"
-:;::::::.
::::- ~
jl!l!!>
r-
'
--·-- -
---- - - - -
----
---
0_ > •~cum ~
= 0
0 zoo 400 600 000 1.(YJO 0 21JO 400 600 800 1,{):I ·II
~OF lO'D, nn&llli FEP£1110£ IF Lf}l[( 110..5'1 D>
ij (~
Af>SH:l ROO TEST, 18-WP (80-1¢(\ AI\SHO ROO TEST D'ITA, 18---+<IP (&:HN)
ESI>J.S W«M A'>UJ.CIIffi, Pt - 35 E9'LS 11>NC8A A'lilEl.l:l'[S, Pt - 3.0
6 6
+UJCPJ +LCXP J
1t-IDCP4 +LCXP 4
ili
~
5
4
+UJCP5
f-o-IDCP 6
p- 1-'"
-- in
~
5
4
...-LCXP 5 -
-o-LDIF6
--
.:JJP
::;::::7
,_-
~~
,.....- r;::::::: ::::~ 4 ~
i: i:
-f--.::: -
:....- f--
v-
'""' 6 1- -
~>-"'
'uiOP5
.-.:;
I""
F- ::---
- --··
0
0 200 400 600
18--1<1' (BJ-I<N) .v&flD ES.'I.5. lHCJ.£AJ·Ui
BJO 1.000
0' =
0
m•
200
Trnrn-N ~
113--1<1'
400
(6H<!~
600 ·=~=L=
.v&flD ES.'I.5. THOJSAI.JJS
800 1.0 _I)
@ ifJ)
FIGURE Bl. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AASHTO STRUCTURAL NUMBER AND
REPETITIONS OF TANDE M AXLELOADS OR 18-KIP (80-kN)
ESALs FOR AASHO ROAD TEST DATA AT Pt VALUES OF 3.5 I
AND 3.0. II
I
AI'SHO RQilD TEST D\TA, ltF£llTI::NS Cf liJlD AASH) RQIID TEST !AlA, JtF£TmJI6 Cf l.•::AU
WCEM M..El1YICS, Pt - 25 WU11 A.'tlli:AI:S, Pt - 2.0
STR.~IGHT UNE LOG-LOG REGRESSON EQU~HJNS STRAt3HT LIIIE LOG-LOG REGRESSION EQl>\U::•IIS
6 6 ---
..,..LCXP3 .... UlCP3
-
--
-9-I!XP4
------ -
5 -9-UlCP4
--
5 - - - ----
ili +LCXP5
ili +UlCP 5
I ~
-
-+-UlCP 6 -
4 4 ~
i: --
.¢
r
I- -
,..,.
,- --=
.....~· ~ ~
.--
1-
..-
..- ~
~
~
- -- - ...--
..- :..- ---- ~
- - c---- ~---· --·----
0
6 200 400 600 600 l,O:xJ
0 ~ .. = ~~~
"~ .-r> <mTnn tTT..-.Tn 1 ,,-,-,......,,
0 20) 400 6(1) 800 1,00.J
l'tP£ Ill UIS OF LD>Q 11-U.&NC& IUETIOCNS OF lil'D. THCI.£AH:·.s
I~ (I:}
AASI-D R~ TEST !AlA, 18--l<lP (00-+t~) AASHO RQilD 1E5T D\l.l\, 18-KIP (f:D-W I)
E5'ILS Tl>l'llEM Mllili>C:S. Pt - 2.5 E5'ILS W££M Al<l£lfllffi, Pt - 20
6 6 -- ----
..,_LCXP3 +lDIF 3
-e-Ul!P4 -e-liXF.
5 -- 5 - ---- ·----
~
v -
+taPS +lDIF 5
Vi ...... Ul!P. p Vi +LQ(J' 6
I 4
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I.
z p_ ....--- --- -
r
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2
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TTT....-n-YT 0 ~~ ~~~ n'T1.,-n"T'' TTTTT'TTr< ~.,..., ............ n""" ', .... ,...... '
200 40J 600 600 1.0CO ) 2((] 4(0 600 BXl 1.(/ (I
18-I<P (I:IJ-l¢j) .veJlO ES>'iS THCIJSAia ld--l<P (B:H<t,j) AASHTO ES>'iS THtJJSi\HlS
@ ifJ)
FIGURE B2. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AASHTO STRUCTURAL NUMBER AND
REPETITIONS OF TANDE M AXLELOADS OR 18-KIP (80-kN)
ESALs FOR AASHO ROAD TEST DATA AT Pt VALUES OF 2.5
AND 2.0.
AASI-D RQIIJ) TEST D'llA, REFE Ill Klt-13 CF I CM
llii'I:EM A'I.BJ)I£6, PI - I .5
SlRAIGHT LI'IE lDG-LDG-REGRESSIOil EQlJAH:IIlc;
- --
6 """"
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ili
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5
4
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-.>-UXF6
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i
I'
D.
0 200 400 600 BJO 1000
ltPE III(US Cf" LD'D. 11-fi.&NIL
ij
I
z
4
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1 ~ --- ~- ~-
0 ~
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(til
FIGURE B3. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AASHTO STRUCTURAL NUMBER AND
REPETITIONS OF TANDEM AXLELOADS OR 18-KIP (80-kN)
ESALs FOR AASHO ROAD TEST DATA AT A Pt VALUE OF 1. 5.
APPENDIX C
DEVELOPMENT OF FIGURE 10
Under the section "Normalizing AASHO R'oad Test Data", the ratio of ESALs at each P,
to ESALs at failure (P, = 1.5) was calculated for each of the 176 pavement sections
having values of observed repetitions for all five levels of P,. Use of Equation C-16
produced irrational results for Loop 3 and the ratio of ESALs was abandoned.
Ratios of repetitions were calculated for each P, to repetitions at failure (P, = 1.5) for all
176 pavement sections. The average of all 176 pavement sections (Lanes 1 and 2) was
obtained for each of the five levels of P,. Figure lOa displays the results and includes a
polynomial regression equation fitted to the averages.
APPENDIX D
DEVELOPMENT OF KENTUCKY LOAD EQUIVALENCY RELATIONSHIPS
Between 1972 and 1976, large 3-axle and 4-axle single frame dump
trucks (vehicle class 6 and 7) were introduced into eastern
Kentucky to haul coal. Tires on the steering axle increased from
an 8-inch (203-rnm) width to 14- to 16-inch (356- to 406- mm,
respectively) widths. In-pavement, Weigh-In-Motion (WIM) scales
recorded steering axleloads of 8 to 22 kips (36 to 98 kN,
respectively). It was decided that load equivalency factors (LEF)
should be developed for 2-tired axles and for other tire-axle
configurations using the same methodology to obtain LEF for the
steering axle in order to assure compatibility between LEF
relationships. WIM data indicated loads were not equally
distributed on the dual-tire assemblies of tandems and tridems and
adjustment factors were required to account for additional fatigue
caused by uneven loading.
76-mm increments)
Subbase: 0 to 16 inches on 4-inch increments (0 to 406
mm on 102-mm increments).
the AASHO Road Test were eliminated from the matrix leaving 80
LEF = N, / NL
where N18 = ESALs due to the calculated strain for an
18-kip (80-kN), 4-tired single axle, and
NL = ESALs due to the calculated strain for
load, L in kips, for the tire-axle
configuration.
o After the LEF values were calculated for the complete matrix
of load and pavement structures, a regression analysis was
performed for all LEF values for all pavement structures for