1.

Design a rectangular column section of 500mm x 500mm, subjected to an ultimate load of

1500kN at an eccentricity of 100mm with the major axis. Assume M20 grade of concrete
and Fe415 grade of steel. Use interaction curve.
1.

2. Explain different types of footings.

2. Types of footing are –
I. Shallow footing-
• Isolated Spread Footing
This is the most widely recognized and most straightforward type of foundation, as this is the
most economical type. They are typically utilized for shallow establishments to convey and
spread concentrated burdens caused, for instance, by pillars or columns. They are generally
used for ordinary buildings.
 • Wall Footing or Strip footing
Wall footing is also known as continuous footing. This type is used to distribute loads of
structural or non- structural load-bearing walls to the ground in such a way that the load-bearing
limit of the soil isn't outperformed. It runs along the direction of the wall. The width of the wall
foundation is usually 2-3 times the width of the wall.

• Combined Footing
The combined footing is very similar to the isolated footing. When the columns of the
structure are carefully placed, or the bearing capacity of the soil is low and their footing
overlap each other, combined footing is provided. It is fundamentally a blend of
different footings, which uses the properties of various balances in a single footing
dependent on the necessity of the structure.

• Cantilever or Strap Footing

Strap footings are similar to combined footings. Reasons for considering or choosing strap
footing are identical to the combined one.
In strap footing, the foundation under the columns is built individually and connected by a strap
beam. Generally, when the edge of the footing cannot be extended beyond the property line,
the exterior footing is connected by a strap beam with interior footing.

• Raft or Mat Footing

Raft or Mat footing are used where other shallow or pile foundations are not suitable. It is also
recommended in situations where the bearing capacity of the soil is inadequate, the load of the
structure is to be distributed over a large area or structure is subjected continuously to shocks
or jerks.
II. Deep footing-

• Pile Footing
Pile is a common type of deep footing. They are used to reduce cost, and when as per soil
condition considerations, it is desirable to transmit loads to soil strata which are beyond the
reach of shallow foundations.
Pile is a slender member with a small cross-sectional area compared to its length. It is used to
transmit foundation loads to a deeper soil or rock strata when the bearing capacity of soil near
the surface is relatively low. Pile transmits load either by skin friction or bearing. Piles are also
used to resist structures against uplift and provide structures stability against lateral and
overturning forces.

• Pier Footing
Pier is an underground structure that transmits a more massive load, which cannot be carried
by shallow footing. It is usually shallower than piles. The pier footing is generally utilized in
multi-story structures. Since the base region is determined by the plan strategy for the regular
establishment, the single pier load test is wiped out. Along these lines, it is increasingly well
known under tight conditions.
3. Differentiate between column and retaining wall.
3.
COLUMN RETAINING WALL

• Ratio of breadth/width < 0.4 • Ratio of breadth/width > 0.4

• Concrete columns minimum width
should be 200 mm as per Indian
Standard. However many codes
prefer it be of 300 mm for seismic
resistant.
• Concrete columns are less resistant
to Earthquake as compared to Shear
wall.
• Normally concrete columns are
provided at ends of room as per
structural plan.
• Concrete columns cross section can
be square, rectangle, circular, I
shape, L shape.
• Lateral load is resisted by flexural
deformation.
• Retaining wall minimum width
should be 150 mm as per Indian
Standard.
• Retaining wall are hugely resistant
to Earthquake as compared
to Column.
• Run along the full length of walls.
• Retaining wall cross section is like
vertically oriented wide beam.
• Lateral load is resisted by shear
deformation.

4. Calculate the active earth pressure acting of a 4m high retaining wall. Assumed the backfill
to be levelled with the horizontal with a surcharge of 20kN/m2. The unit weight of soil is
18kN/m3 and angle of repose is 300. Unit weight of concrete is 22kN/m3.

4.
5. List different types of staircase.

5. i.Geometrical staircase-

• Straight stairs
• Dogged-legged staircase
• Open newel staircase
• Circular staircase
• Spiral staircase
• Quarter-turn staircase
• Bifurcated staircase

ii.Structural staircase-

• Wooden staircase
• Masonry staircase
• R.C.C. staircase
• Metallic staircase

6. List different types of retaining walls.

6. Types of retaining wall-

• Gravity retaining wall- It retains the earth by its self-weight.

• Cantilever retaining wall- Sustainable up to height 3m.
• Propped cantilever retaining wall- It can be a roller or can be pinned.
• Counter fort retaining wall- suggested if height is more than 3m.
• Buttress retaining wall- suggested if height is more than 3m.

7. List different types of general rivets.

• Below 12mm diameter

 • Below 12mm diameter

8. In a flow chart, classify different types of compression members (Steel) and their modes of
failure.
8.

Classification of
compression
members

Short Intermediate Long

compression compression compression
member member member

Fail both by
Fail by crushing crushing and Fail by buckling
buckling

9. What is plate girders.

9. Plate girders
• A plate girder is basically an I-beam built up from plates using riveting or welding.
• It is a deep flexural member used to carry loads that cannot be economically carried
by rolled beams.
• Standard rolled sections may be adequate for many of the usual structures; but in
situations where the load is heavier and the span is also large, the designer has the
following choices.

o Use two or more regularly available sections, side-by-side.

o Use a cover-plated beam, i.e., weld a plate of adequate thickness to increase.
o Use a fabricated plate girder, which provides the freedom (within limits) to.
o Use a steel truss or a steel-concrete-composite truss.
10. Explain Grillage foundation.
10.
• Grillage foundation is required when the load coming from the column is very high.
• In case of tall building columns are heavily loaded.
• If the soil is soft in nature then the area of required concrete block will be very high.
• So, on these two-scenario grillage foundations can be used.
• Its name defines its function and structure as it is made up of steel beams, structurally
known as rolled steel joist.
• The depth of foundation is limited from 1m to 1.5m, as it’s a type of shallow
foundation.
• Steel beams are provided in two or more tiers, the top tier of grillage beam is laid at
right angles to the bottom tier.
• The beam of each tier are held in position by 20mm diameter spacer bars with 25mm
diameter pipe separators.