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AISC Night School 24 Session 4: Behavior of Flexural Members – Practical
October 27, 2020 Considerations
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Modern Methods for Learning the Basics of

Structural Stability: From Behavior to Practice
Session 4: Behavior of Flexural Members – Practical Considerations
October 27, 2020 •1
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Course Description Learning Objectives
Behavior of Flexural Members – Practical Considerations
October 27, 2020 • Identify each region of the beam strength curve and explain the associated
behavior for each.
In this session, the speakers will discuss and explore the results of the learning module
on flexural members and provide some advice for further study. They will then present a • Compare the beam strength curve produced by structural analysis to what is
case study from practice involving instability of flexural members. The session will
codified in the AISC Specification.
conclude with some final lessons and thoughts on flexural members.
• Describe the concept of warping torsion restraint for wide flange beams and
explain how it affects flexural strength.
• Identify one beam end detail that can provide warping restraint.
Modern Methods for Learning The Basics of Modern Methods for Learning The Basics of
Structural Stability: From Behavior to Practice Structural Stability: From Behavior to Practice
Session 4: Behavior of Compression Members – Practical Considerations
October 27, 2020
Course Introduction
Ronald D. Ziemian, PE, PhD
Professor
Bucknell University Compression Members – Sessions 1 & 2
Craig Quadrato, PE, PhD Flexural Members – Sessions 3 & 4

Senior Associate
Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc. Beam-Columns – Session 5 & 6
Systems – Sessions 7 & 8
Copyright © 2020
2
Course Overview (3)

• Focus of the course is on fundamentals!
• Better understanding of behavior will result in
improved design
• Key Definitions
– Stability: Under load, component returns to current state
after applying a small disturbance such as a deflection
– Bifurcation (critical load): Theoretical point at which
loading a component results in an instantaneous change
from current state to significant deflection – two options:
not buckled or buckled
– Instability: Loading a component results in a realistic
transition from small deflection to significant deflection –
buckling preceded by deflection
Analysis acronyms: Course Overview (5)

LBA: linear bucking analysis; elastic critical load analysis; elastic
eigenvalue analysis; assumes bifurcation theory
GNA: geometric nonlinear analysis; 2nd-order elastic analysis;

assumes equilibrium on the deformed shape and linear elastic
material, with no initial imperfections
GNIA: same as GNA, but includes initial imperfections
MNA: material nonlinear analysis; 1st-order inelastic analysis;

assumes equilibrium on the undeformed shape and accounts for
yielding, with no initial imperfections
GMNIA: geometric and material nonlinear analysis; 2nd-order

inelastic analysis; assumes equilibrium on the deformed shape,
accounts for yielding, and includes initial imperfections
6
Copyright © 2020
3
Modern Methods for Learning The Basics of

Structural Stability: From Behavior to Practice
Course Introduction
Compression Members – Sessions 1 & 2
Flexural Members – Session 3 & 4
Beam-Columns – Sessions 5 & 6
Systems – Session 7 & 8
Session 4 Session Overview

Flexural Member Lab and Case Study
• Review Session 3
• Perform LM4
• Apply case study from practice
Photo courtesy Trip advisor (https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g56833-d7931915-Reviews-Waco_Suspension_Bridge-

Waco_Texas.html#photos;aggregationId=101&albumid=101&filter=7&ff=380164851 Traveler photo submitted by akmohney01 (Mar
2019) accessed September 8, 2020
9 10
Copyright © 2020
4
Session 3 Review
• Investigated basic LTB

equation
• Investigated
assumptions
– Initial imperfection
– Partial yielding
– Moment gradient
– Brace points
• Built beam curve
11 Lesson 3 Slide 87 12
Lateral Torsional Buckling Test What do forks look like? End Conditions
• W30x90 What would be considered appropriate end • No twist
• Lb > Lr restraint? • No translation
• Free to warp
Rounded end 14
allows warping
Copyright © 2020
5
Twist and
translation
Top
flange
bending
Rounded end
allows warping
Gravity load simulator
Session 3 Review
What about
here?
Partial Yielding
Moment
Gradient
Is a truss in bending similar to the beam in it's LTB response? 18
Copyright © 2020
6
LM 4 Introduction W14x53 Beam Strength Curve
• A992, E = Etm
• Uniform moment
• Warping continuous
• No twist and warping free at ends
• 2nd Order Nonlinear Geometric and Material
Analysis
• Lb < Lp, Lb ≈ Lp, Lb = Lr, Lb > Lr
Let’s build this curve for a W14x53 19 20
LM4 Model LM4 Lb < Lp

Uniform
Moment
W14x53,
A992
E = Etm
Warping
Continuous Disp Y = - .18 inches
No Twist
Rot X = 0.00 radians
Warping Free
Disp Z = 0 inches
No Twist or
Translation!
Lb = 3.4 ft
Models
NS24_L4_Example_1 NS24_L4_Example_4 Model
NS24_L4_Example_2 NS24_L4_Example_5 NS24_L4_Example_1
21 22
NS24_L4_Example_3
Copyright © 2020
7
LM4 Lb < Lp LM4 Lb ≈ Lp
Mp
0.97Mp
No Plastic
Disp Y = - .19 inches Hinges
Disp Z = 0.0003 inches Disp Y = - 0.48 inches
Disp Z = 0.026 inches
Twist! Lb = 6.8 ft
Lb = 3.4 ft
Model Model
NS24_L4_Example_2 23 NS24_L4_Example_3 24
LM4 Lb = Lr LM4 Lb > Lr
0.51Mp 0.37Mp
Disp Y = - 2.14 inches

Disp Y = - 1.47 inches Rot X = 0.15 radians
Rot X = 0.1 radians Disp Z = 2.13 inches
Disp Z = 1.19 inches
Lb = 22.2 ft Lb = 31.1 ft
Model Model
Copyright © 2020
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LM 4 Summary LM4 Summary

Mp 1.00
0.97 Mp 0.51 Mp
0.80
Plastic Capacity (Mn=Mp)
0.37Mp Theoretical LTB (Mn=Mcr)
Mn/Mp
0.60
AISC
No L/1000 + No Partial Yielding
0.40 L/1000 + No Partial Yielding
3.4 6.8 22.2
FT No L/1000 + Partial Yielding
31.1
0.20 L/1000 + Partial Yielding
Elastic critical
ADINA
0.00
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Lp Lr
Lb (ft)
27 28
LM4 Summary Warping Continuous vs. Warping Free

Warping
1.000 Continuous
0.800
AISC
L/1000 + Partial Yielding
Mn/Mp
0.600
0.400
≈ 20%
Difference
0.200
Warping
Free
0.000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Lp Lr
Lb (ft)
29 30
Copyright © 2020
9
Warping Torsion LM4 Warping Restraint
• Recall that torque T causing the twist in LTB 1.000
also causes the flanges to bend in opposite 0.800
directions. This “cross flange” bending can
Mn/Mp
also resist the applied torque. 0.600
0.400
AISC (Warp Continuous)
T T
0.200 L/1000 + Partial Yielding (Warp Continuous) ≈ 24%
L/1000 + Partial Yielding (Warp Free) Difference
Top View 0.000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Lp Lr
End View Lb (ft)
31 32
Warping Continuous and Fixed at Ends Warping Fixed at Ends

1.000
0.800
Warping Fixed
Mn/Mp 0.600
0.400 AISC (Warp Continuous)

≈ 31%
L/1000 + Partial Yielding (Warp Continuous)
0.200 Difference
L/1000 + Partial Yielding (Warp Fixed at Ends)
0.000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Lp Lr
Lb (ft)
33 34
Copyright © 2020
10
Warping Restraint Impact on LTB Tube Shape Warping Restraint
• Warping restraint causes

• Ojalvo and Chambers (1977)
one flange to restrain the found 30% to 70% increase
other in elastic buckling capacity
using such devices
• Stiffens girder against • Closed tube offers efficient
lateral torsional buckling warping resistance
– Resistance related to
• Changes AISC assumed enclosed area
– Jtube = 4*A2/(C/t)
“free to warp” end • Has been used in some
condition bridge applications
35 36
End Conditions – Warping Restraint End Conditions – Warping Restraint

• Full scale test at University of Texas at Austin
• W30x90 • Increases the effectiveness of warping torsion
Component
Pipe Stiffener Increases • Impacts the torsional boundary condition
Strength by 130%
• Modify Lb with torsional effective length
Factor, Kw
2
  E 
Me  EI y GJ    I y C w
Lb  K w Lb 
How do we predict the increase in elastic buckling strength?
KwLb – Similar to column effective lengths
37 38
Copyright © 2020
11
End Conditions – Warping Restraint End Conditions – Warping Restraint
• Kw Calculated much like • G is ratio of supported member stiffness to

K for sidesway inhibited supporting member stiffness
columns
• Compression flange stiffness in strong plane =
• Use alignment chart
EIfl/Lb
• Pipe torsional stiffness = GJpipe/(d/2)
EI / Lb  fl
G
How do we find G?
GJ pipe d / 2  d
39 40
End Conditions – Warping Restraint Other end conditions
• Enter chart with G for • Distortion and Warping

each end of unbraced at Beam Supports by
segment Yong-Lin Pi and Nicholas
• G’s may be different Trahair (ASCE Journal of
• G = 50 if no warping Structural Engineering
restraint Paper No. 21787)
• Covers many other end
EI / Lb  fl conditions
G
GJ pipe d / 2  • Don’t assume fixed
Are there Other Warping Restraining Conditions?
torsional support!
•
41 42
Copyright © 2020
12
End Conditions – Adjacent Spans Study Parameters

• Adjacent spans offer warping restraint • Three cross sections • Two stiffeners
• More heavily loaded lean on more lightly
loaded
Loading
• Span geometry and load • Span to depth
 20, 25…, 40
Deformed Shape
43 44
Study Results – Two Span Warping Restraint - The Model
End Spans Middle Span W14x53,

Linearly Varying Moment Uniform Moment A992
E = Etm
Warping
Continuous
No Twist
Warping Free
Exterior Supports Lb = 18.4 ft
All Spans
Recall nominal moment was 2,610 in-k with no end spans
Be sure to account for other factors, such as load Model

height effects, that might mitigate these increases 45 NS24_L4_Example_6
Copyright © 2020
13
Warping Restraint - The Result Warping Restraint - Moment Diagram
From LM4 what was

Mn without end spans?
Is Mn > Mp?
Mn = Mp
Model
47 NS24_L4_Example_6 48
Warping Restraint - Moment Diagram Warping Restraint - Comparison

≈ 30%
1.000
Difference
From LM4 Mn without 0.800

end spans 2609 in-k AISC
L/1000 + Partial Yielding
Mn/Mp
0.600
No Twist 0.400
Warping Free
Each Support
0.200
Lb=18.4’
0.000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Lp Lr
Model
Lb (ft)
NS24_L4_Example_6 49 50
Copyright © 2020
14
Warping Restraint - More Information Flexural Member Case Study
https://www.aisc.org/education/continuingeducation/
Photo courtesy Trip advisor (https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g56833-d7931915-Reviews-Waco_Suspension_Bridge-
Chapter 5 education-archives/ Waco_Texas.html#photos;aggregationId=101&albumid=101&filter=7&ff=380164851 Traveler photo submitted by akmohney01 (Mar
2019) accessed September 8, 2020
51 52
Waco Suspension Bridge Waco Suspension Bridge

Retrofit
• Suspension bridge • Replace suspension cables
• Metal stiffening truss • Wood roadway deck to be replaced with 3-
• Main Span 475 ft inch thick concrete
• Roadway width 18 ft • Paint bridge
• Built John A. Roebling Sons in 1870 • Can floor beams support the construction
• Stiffening trusses added in rebuild of 1914 loads?
• Read more at historicbridges.org
53 54
Copyright © 2020
15
Stiffening Truss Shoring Stiffening Truss Carries

Construction Load
Drawings from The Missouri Valley Bridge & Iron Co. Leavenworth, Kansas
55 56
Top and Bottom Chords Web Members
Plan View
Elevation View
57 58
Copyright © 2020
16
Historic Shape Information Web to Top Chord Connections
Elevation View
https://www.aisc.org/publications/historic-shape-references/ 59 60
Top Chord Center Conditions Web to Bottom Chord Center

Connection
Elevation View
Plan View Interior View

61 62
Copyright © 2020
17
Bridge Deck Underside Floor Beam
Back to back C15x33 under roadway and a portion of walkway

C15x33 under most of walkway
Floor Beam
Walkway Deck Roadway Deck

Deck Rods 64
Stringers Stringers
Truss to Floor Beam Connection Floor Beam Model

7’ from Truss to 20’ Between Roadway Supported
Walkway Edge Truss Supports Stringer Loads by Truss
Non-
prismatic
cross section
Walkway Ignore Bracing
Stringer Loads at Stringers
Section View
Material is ASTM A7 (1914) with Fy = 30 ksi

Initial imperfection is L/1000 sweep
Model
65 NS24_L4_Example_7 66
Copyright © 2020
18
Floor Beam Elastic Critical Load Floor Beam 2nd Order Inelastic Analysis
Recall LBA was 4.8
Model Model
Floor Beam 2nd Order Inelastic Analysis Truss Model

Elements not
Subdivided
Import from
SAP2000
Floor Beams
6% Increase from Warping
Continuous at Truss Moment
Release
Reduce Top
Warping Fixed
Chord Cross
Sectional Area
Warping Fixed
Model
NS24_L4_Example_7 69 70
Copyright © 2020
19
Truss Lateral Torsional Buckling Summary
• Another great mathematical solution

• Remember what they say about assumptions
• Understanding behavior is key to knowing
how and when to use computational
modelling
• Bracing is key to efficiency
Compare with SAP2000 Applied Load Ratio of 9.3
71 72
Single-Session Registrants
CEU / PDH Certificates
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registration@aisc.org.
• Be on the lookout: Check your spam filter! Check your junk folder!
• Completely fill out online form. Don’t forget to check the boxes next to each
attendee’s name!
AISC | Questions?
Copyright © 2020
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Single-Session Registrants 8-Session Registrants

CEU / PDH Certificates CEU / PDH Certificates
• Reporting site (URL will be provided in the forthcoming email). One certificate will be issued at the conclusion of the course.
• Username: Same as AISC website username.
• Password: Same as AISC website password.
8-Session Registrants 8-Session Registrants

Attendance and PDH Certificates Course Resources
• You have two options to receive credit for a given session.
• Option 1: Watch the live session. Credit for live attendance will be displayed on the
Find all your handouts, quizzes and quiz scores, recording access, and
Course Resources table within two days of the session.
• Option 2: Watch the recording and pass the associated quiz. attendance information in one place!
Videos and Quizzes

• For each session, find access within two business days after the live air date. (An
email will be sent from nightschool@aisc.org.)
• Reasons for quiz:
• EEU – You must take all quizzes and the final exam to receive EEU.
• PDHs – If you watch a recorded session, you must pass quiz for PDHs.
• Reinforce what you learn in the lectures and get more out of the course!
Distribution of Certificates
All certificates will be issued after the course is completed. Only the registrant will
receive a certificate for the course.
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Course Resources Course Resources
Go to www.aisc.org and sign in. Go to www.aisc.org and sign in.

Course Resources Course Resources
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AISC | Thank you.
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AISC Night School 24 Session 4: Behavior of Flexural Members – Practical

October 27, 2020 Considerations

AISC Live Webinars

Modern Methods for Learning the Basics of

AISC Live Webinars AISC Live Webinars

AISC Live Webinars AISC Live Webinars

Craig Quadrato, PE, PhD Flexural Members – Sessions 3 & 4

Course Overview (3)

Analysis acronyms: Course Overview (5)

GNA: geometric nonlinear analysis; 2nd-order elastic analysis;

GNIA: same as GNA, but includes initial imperfections

MNA: material nonlinear analysis; 1st-order inelastic analysis;

GMNIA: geometric and material nonlinear analysis; 2nd-order

Modern Methods for Learning The Basics of

Session 4 Session Overview

Photo courtesy Trip advisor (https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g56833-d7931915-Reviews-Waco_Suspension_Bridge-

• Investigated basic LTB

Gravity load simulator

Is a truss in bending similar to the beam in it's LTB response? 18

LM 4 Introduction W14x53 Beam Strength Curve

Let’s build this curve for a W14x53 19 20

LM4 Model LM4 Lb < Lp

LM4 Lb < Lp LM4 Lb ≈ Lp

LM4 Lb = Lr LM4 Lb > Lr

Disp Y = - 2.14 inches

LM 4 Summary LM4 Summary

0.37Mp Theoretical LTB (Mn=Mcr)

LM4 Summary Warping Continuous vs. Warping Free

Warping Torsion LM4 Warping Restraint

• Recall that torque T causing the twist in LTB 1.000

also causes the flanges to bend in opposite 0.800

directions. This “cross flange” bending can

Warping Continuous and Fixed at Ends Warping Fixed at Ends

0.400 AISC (Warp Continuous)

Warping Restraint Impact on LTB Tube Shape Warping Restraint

• Warping restraint causes

End Conditions – Warping Restraint End Conditions – Warping Restraint

End Conditions – Warping Restraint End Conditions – Warping Restraint

• Kw Calculated much like • G is ratio of supported member stiffness to

End Conditions – Warping Restraint Other end conditions

• Enter chart with G for • Distortion and Warping

End Conditions – Adjacent Spans Study Parameters

Study Results – Two Span Warping Restraint - The Model

End Spans Middle Span W14x53,

Recall nominal moment was 2,610 in-k with no end spans

Be sure to account for other factors, such as load Model

Warping Restraint - The Result Warping Restraint - Moment Diagram

From LM4 what was

Warping Restraint - Moment Diagram Warping Restraint - Comparison

From LM4 Mn without 0.800

Warping Restraint - More Information Flexural Member Case Study

Waco Suspension Bridge Waco Suspension Bridge

Stiffening Truss Shoring Stiffening Truss Carries

Top and Bottom Chords Web Members

Historic Shape Information Web to Top Chord Connections

Top Chord Center Conditions Web to Bottom Chord Center

Plan View Interior View

Bridge Deck Underside Floor Beam

Back to back C15x33 under roadway and a portion of walkway

Walkway Deck Roadway Deck

Truss to Floor Beam Connection Floor Beam Model

Material is ASTM A7 (1914) with Fy = 30 ksi

Recall LBA was 4.8