A person's 

self-concept(general term used to refer to how someone

thinks about, evaluates or perceives themselves. ) is
their understanding of who they are and what makes them
unique.
We do not quite understand that power because we are so used to
living life being told what to do, when to do it, and how to feel. We
are used to living a life separated from our feelings, deep in quiet
desperation because we don’t quite know how else to act.

What is philosophy?
When someone studies philosophy they want to understand
how and why people do certain things and how to live a good life.
In other words, they want to know the meaning of life.
Among the notable characteristics of ancient greek civilization
was their love for learning. For greek to claim himself a wise and
learned person, he must know a lot of things from various
disciplines. The SOPHISTS were an important group that
emerged and influenced learning in Ancient Greece. They were
teachers who traveled throught out Greece and thought people
who wished to learned . learning during that time was done
through discussion and argument, and sophists were excellent
public speakers.
The style of teaching met resistance from another group of
thinkers who disagreed with the methods of the sophists. They
believe that teaching is more than just training people to win an
arguments. Teaching and learning should be an opportunity to
learn the truth of all things in this world, and all real wisdom
should strive to achieve truth aside from knowledge, one of their
leaders, Pythagoras, called themselves PHILOSOPHOS- a term
means “ lovers of wisdom”, for the philosophos arguments and
discussion must be based on sound reasoning. Their central belief
was that the need not to know all things in the world but one must
continue to inquire and seek to understand and learn about the
human condition.

For Socrates, true learning is not a blind obedience to the teacher.

We simply do not accept or follow things. True learning is always
dialogical (the teacher and students transform learning into a
collaborative process to illuminate and act on reality. people provide
arguments based on validity claims and not on power claims). Both
teacher and student are a part of the active search for knowledge.
It require each to listen not only with an open mind but more
importantly with a humble heart.

Philosophy is eternal quest(investigate) for the truth. For

Socrates, the only true knowing is docta ignorantia. It is to know
that you do not know, and now that you do not know that you do
not know, you are willing to truly know.
The concept of love means and implies an urge, drive, feelings,
enthusiasm or obsession of the human will be commanding
reason to seek unity with desired object: the truth. On the
otherhand wisdom is associated with knowledge consisting of
knowing, learning and ascertaining (make sure of )ideas to satisfy
the quest for truth and the meaning and purpose of human life.
Morever, philosophy means search for meaning.
SELF- an individual's typical character or behavior

1. No historical document proves that Socrates really existed.

SOCRATES left no writings, but plato wrote extensively
about him.
- Socrates believed that living a life where you live under the
rules of others, in a continuous routine without examining
what you actually want out of it is not worth living. Declaring
that humans must scrutinize (examine) their lives in order to
live a fulfilled one isn’t agreeable to any extent.
- “Know Thyself” translation of aphorism ( a pithy (language or
words that are brief, but meaningful and forceful ) observation that contains a
general truth) gnothi seauton.
- If a person knows who he or she is all basic issues and
difficulties in life will vanish and everything will be clearer
and simpler. One could now act according to his or her own
definition of the self without any doubt and contradiction.
- To Socrates this has become his life-long mission, the true
task of the philosopher is to know oneself.

- He argued that the ruler of the body is the soul. If the soul
gives life to the body, it makes the body and the soul
dependent on each other. Their difference shows that they
are two different substances united in the body as the soul
gives life to it. For the BODY is human, mortal, multiform,
unintelligible(impossible to understand) dissoluble
(disconnected.) and inconsistent. Death is the release of the
soul from the body for the human soul is immortal.
- Introspection- the examination or observation of one's
own mental and emotional processes.
- Self- knowledge- for Socrates, means knowing one’s degree
of understanding about the world and knowing one’s capabilities
and potentials.

- One must first have the humility to acknowledge his or her

ignorance so as to acquire knowledge. While claiming that
his wisdom consisted merely in “knowing that he knew
nothing,” 

- Virtue (behavior showing high moral standards.) according to him, virtue

innate(inborn; natural. ) in the mind.
- According to him a bad man is not virtues through
ignorance; the man who does not follow the good fails to do
so because he does not recognize it. An individual may gain
possession of oneself and be one’s own master through
knowledge.

- The key to happiness, he argues, is to turn attention away

from the body and towards the soul. By harmonizing our
desires, we can learn to pacify the mind and achieve a divine-
like state of tranquility. A moral life is to be preferred to an
immoral one, primarily because it leads to a happier life. We
see right here at the beginning of western philosophy that
happiness is at the forefront, linked to other concepts such as
virtue, justice, and the ultimate meaning of human existence.

2. Plato- he supported that the man is a dual nature of body

and soul. Plato added that there are three components of the
soul: the rational soul, spirited soul, and the appetitive soul
 Rational soul- forged by reason and intellect has to govern
the affairs of the human person.
Spirited part- inchargeof emotions should be kept at bay
Appetitive soul- in charge of based desires like eating,
sleeping, and having sex are controlled as well.
- when conflict occurs, Plato believes that REASON has the
responsibility to sort things out and exert control, restoring a
harmonious relationship among the three elements of
ourselves
- Genuine Happiness = only be achieved by people who
consistently make sure that their Reason is in control of their
Spirits and Appetites
- this harmonious integration under REASON is the
essence of Plato’s concept of justice

- When this ideal state is attained, then the human

person’s soul become just and virtues.

Plato's Theory of Forms asserts that the physical world is not

really the 'real' world; instead, ultimate reality exists beyond our
physical world.
Plato's philosophy asserts that there are two realms: the physical
realm and the spiritual realm. The physical realm is the
material stuff we see and interact with on a daily basis; this
physical realm is changing and imperfect, as we know all too well.
The spiritual realm, however, exists beyond the physical realm.
Plato calls this spiritual realm the Realm of Forms (also called
the Realm of Ideas or Realm of Ideals). Plato's Theory of Forms
asserts that the physical realm is only a shadow, or image, of the
true reality of the Realm of Forms.
So what are these Forms, according to Plato? The Forms are
abstract, perfect, unchanging concepts or ideals that transcend
time and space; they exist in the Realm of Forms. Even though the
Forms are abstract, that doesn't mean they are not real. In fact,
the Forms are more 'real' than any individual physical objects. So,
concepts like Redness, Roundness, Beauty, Justice, or Goodness
are Forms (and thus they are commonly capitalized). Individual
objects like a red book, a round ball, a beautiful girl, a just action,
or a good person reside in the physical realm and are simply
different examples of the Forms.

Plato believed that true reality is not found through the senses.
Phenomenon is that perception of an object which we recognize
through our senses. Plato believed that phenomena are fragile and
weak forms of reality. They do not represent an object’s true
essence. The senses are not trustworthy. Plato believed that there
was a higher realm of existence accessible only through using your
intellect to go beyond your senses.
3. phenomenon is something that is observable or an extraordinary
thing or person. 
-Body and soul therefore, are inseparable. They constitute
man as a whole. RATIONAL SOUL exists only in man. The
rational soul ranks the highest of all kinds of souls. Besides,
it is capable of thinking, reasoning and willing.

4. Time is not a feature or property of the world but a

property of the mind. He believed that the times present
of the things past, present and future co exists in the soul
- The time present of things past is memory; the time present
of things present is direct experience and the time present of
things in future is expectation.
- He emphasizes that the memory of the past is significant in
anticipation of the future and presence of the present.
- Loving god means loving one’s fellowmen; and loving one’s
fellowmen denotes never doing any harm to another or do
not do unto others as you would have them do unto you.
5. The cogito, the thing that thinks, which is the mind and
the extension of the mind which is the body.
- For him the existence of anything that you register from your
senses can be doubted.
- The meaning of “ I think therefor I am” is one can always
doubt about the certainty of things but the very fact that one
doubts is something that cannot be doubted. If you think
you are weak, then you are weak. Whichever a person
chooses is the one that is carried over into his or her “I am”.
- For him the self is nothing but a mind- body
dichotomy(separate). Thought always procedes action.
Everything starts with the thought.
6. The human mind, especially at birth, viewed as having no
innate ideas.
‘So, for Locke, the human mind was a tabula rasa, a blank
slate upon which experience records itself as human
knowledge.’ The content is provided by one’s experiences
over time.

Consciousness - the state of being awake and aware of one's

surroundings.

Consciousness-is the perception of what passes in one’s own

mind. That the brain has nothing with consciousness, as
well, as the body change while consciousness remains the
same.

- In his work “identity and diversity” , “ if the same substance

which thinks be changed, it can be the same person, or
remaining the same, it can be different person.”
- He supports that consciousness can be transferred to
another. In what way? While the soul is changed, for
instance , consciousness remains the same, thereby
maintaining personal identity through the change. On the
other hand, consciousness may be loss involuntarily through
forgetfulness while the soul stays the same. With this, he
claimed that there is the same soul but different person.
- “the prince and the cobbler”. Suppose a prince will die and
have its soul resurrected in the body of a cobbler whose soul
has departed. With this exchanged the prince will still act
and think as a prince even though he finds himself in a new
body. This idea supports the possibility that the same person
may appear in a different body at the same time of
resurrection and yet still be the same person.
7. What we call a mind is nothing but a heap (pile) of
different perception.
- Hume’s materialism views that the soul as the product of the
imagination. There is no primordial (existing at or from the
beginning of time) that houses the self. Any concept of the self is
simply memory and imagination.
- If you are looking for self; you cannot find it, the only thing that you
can discover is a set of individual impressions like happiness or
sadness, hate or love. What you think and what feel constitute what
you are at this very moment. If that moment your are hungry, then
you are hungry. That is what you are and that is who you are.
8. The inner sense is comprised of one’s psychological state
and intellect.
- Outer sense consists of one’s sense amd the physical world.
- Your inner self is who you really are on the inside. To know
your inner self is to know your purpose, values, vision,
goals, motivations, and beliefs. Not what you have been told
by others, but what you have discovered for yourself. 
- Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that examines the
fundamental nature of reality, including the relationship
between mind and matter, between substance and attribute,
and between potentiality and actuality.
- The metaphysical self constitutes (be (a part) of a whole.)its own
reality.
- Without self, one cannot organize the different impressions
that one gets in relation to his own existence. Self is not just
what gives one his personality.
9. What truly matters is the behavior that person manifest in
his day to day life. He suggest that self is not an entity one
can locate and analyze but simply the convenient name
that people use to refer to all the behaviors that people
make.
10. He said that the mind and the body are so intertwined that
they cannot be separated from one another. One cannot
find any experience that is not an embodied experience.
All experience is embodied( incorporate)
- For him, the cartesian problem is nothing but a plain
misunderstanding. the living body, his thoughts, emotions,
and experiences are all one.