8 TH National Nutrition Survey Maternal Health and Nutrition and Infant and Young Child Feeding Surveys

Philippine Nutrition
Facts and Figures 2013
8th National Nutrition Survey

Maternal Health and Nutrition
and Infant and Young Child Feeding
Surveys
Food and Nutrition Research Institute

Department of Science and Technology
Bicutan, Taguig City, Metro Manila
July 2015
Philippine Nutrition Facts and Figures 2013
ISSN 1655-2911
NNS 2015 - I008
This report summarizes the result on the Maternal Health and Nutrition and Infant and Young
Child Feeding Components of the 8th National Nutrition Survey: Philippines, 2013
undertaken by the Food and Nutrition Research Institute, Department of Science and
Technology (FNRI-DOST).
Additional information on the survey may be obtained from the FNRI-DOST, DOST
Complex, Gen. Santos Avenue, Bicutan, Taguig City, Metro Manila, Philippines 1631
Tel. Numbers: (632) 837-2071 local 2282/2296; 839-1846
Telefax: (632) 837-2934; 839-1843
Email mvc@fnri.dost.gov.ph mar_v_c@yahoo.com
Website www.fnri.dost.gov.ph
Recommended Citation:
Food and Nutrition Research Institute-Department of Science and Technology (FNRI-
DOST). 2015. Philippine Nutrition Facts and Figures 2013; Maternal Health and Nutrition
and Infant and Young Child Feeding Surveys. DOST Complex, FNRI Bldg., Bicutan, Taguig
City, Metro Manila, Philippines.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table of Contents i
Foreword iii
The 8th National Nutrition Survey Management Team v
Acknowledgement vi
List of Acronyms vii
Operational Definition of Terms viii
List of Tables x
List of Figures xiii
List of Appendices xvi
Summary of Findings 1
1 Introduction 3
2 Methodology 6
2.1 Sampling Design 6
2.2 Scope and Coverage 6
2.3 Subjects/Respondents 7
2.4 Method of Data Collection 7
2.5 Survey Questionnaire 7
2.6 Ethical Review 8
2.7 Data Processing and Analysis 8
2.8 Interpretation of Data vis-à-vis NDHS 12
3 Results 13
3.1 Maternal Health and Nutrition 13

3.1.1 Pregnancy 13
Prenatal/Antenatal Care 13
Nutritional Status of pregnant women 24
Birth Delivery Status 26
Postnatal Care 36
3.1.2 Knowledge, health seeking behavior and practices 40
3.1.3 Nutritional status of Mothers with 0-36 Month-old Child 58
Lactating Mothers 58
Non-pregnant/non-lactating mothers with 0-36 month-old child 64
3.1.4 Anemia 65
Lactating Mothers 65
Non-pregnant/non-lactating mothers with 0-36 month-old child 65
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3.2 Infant and Young Child Feeding 67

3.2.1 Current feeding practices: Breastfeeding 67
Initiation of breastfeeding 69
Exclusive breastfeeding 76
Predominant breastfeeding 79
Prelacteal feeding 81
Continued breastfeeding at 1 year and at 2 years 84
Ever breastfeeding 87
Bottle-feeding 90
3.2.2 Current feeding practices: Complementary feeding 93

Introduction of complementary foods 94
Age-appropriate breastfeeding 97
Minimum Dietary Diversity 99
Minimum Meal Frequency 103
Minimum Acceptable Diet 105
Consumption of iron-rich foods 107
4 Conclusion 110
5 References 112
6 Appendices 113
ii Food and Nutrition Research Institute

FOREWORD
Over the years, the NNS has evolved from a focused assessment of the Filipino’s nutritional
status, to include tracking progress towards country aspirations such as the Millennium
Development Goals to Scaling-Up Nutrition on the eradication of hunger, the reduction of
child mortality and the improvement of maternal health.
The NNS is among the Department’s key services to the nation which provides data and
information for policies, program and practice, in both the public and private sectors. Our
food and nutrition scientists’ dedication and commitment to the Department’s principles of
excellence, relevance, cooperation and cost-effectiveness have made possible the timely
release of these results despite of all the natural and man-made struggles of the survey
personnel such as the typhoons, earthquakes, and armed conflicts.
The 2013 NNS, being considered as the prime and most comprehensive survey to date,
comprised nine major components, namely: Anthropometry, Biochemical, Clinical and
Health, Dietary Consumption (Household and Individual Level), Food Security, Government
Program Participation, Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices, Maternal Health and
Nutrition and Socioeconomic.
Starting in 2011, the Maternal Health and Nutrition and Infant and Young Child Feeding
became separate components of the surveys conducted by the Food and Nutrition Research
Institute of the Department of Science and Technology (FNRI-DOST) to adapt to the changes
in global and local policies and priorities on maternal, infant and young child health and
nutrition practices. This is also in response to the Institute’s mandate of undertaking research
to define the citizenry’s nutritional status. This component of the 8th NNS used all four
replicates as the sampling coverage, thus, reflects better and more reliable estimates.
This monograph on the 8th National Nutrition Survey: Maternal Health and Nutrition
and Infant and Young Child Feeding Surveys presents the nutritional status of Filipino
pregnant and lactating women, their health-seeking behavior and health-related practices. It
also tackles the status of breastfeeding, introduction of complementary foods, dietary
diversity and acceptable diet of young children, among others. The other components of the
2013 NNS can be accessed in separate monographs of the Facts and Figures for easy reading
and better appreciation of results.
We hope that this monograph will serve as a source of information in preparing analyses and
developing initiatives that will benefit our fellow Filipinos, especially mothers and young
children. As we have stressed in several dissemination fora, the government cannot solve the
malnutrition problem alone. Through a multi-sectoral approach, we must ensure that the
people who are nutritionally vulnerable must partake fully in the gains that our country
achieves. We must see to it that our initiatives are not just small and short-lived advances
Food and Nutrition Research Institute iii

towards nutritional improvement, but must respond to current challenges and enough to
prepare for any forthcoming crises.
Finally, this monograph, along with our numerous R&D programs and S&T projects is an
offshoot of a strengthened collaborative effort between national and local governments,
international assistance agencies, private sector, the food industry and non-governmental
organizations in ensuring that our children of today may receive the best possible health they
may have today and in the future.
MARIO V. CAPANZANA, Ph.D.

Director
iv Food and Nutrition Research Institute

THE 8th NATIONAL NUTRITION SURVEY MANAGEMENT TEAM
Mario V. Capanzana, Ph.D.

Project Director
Imelda A. Agdeppa, Ph.D.

Project Leader-2012-April 2014
Cecilia Cristina Santos-Acuin, M.D., Ph.D.
Project Leader-May 2014-2015
COMPONENT STUDY LEADERS DATA MANAGEMENT
Ma. Adrienne S. Constantino Charmaine A. Duante, M.S. Epidemiology

Household Dietary Component and (Public Health)
Individual Dietary Component (2012-2014) Head, Nutritional Statistics and Informatics Team
Ma. Lilibeth P. Dasco, M.S. (Applied Nutrition) Glen Melvin P. Gironella

Anthropometry Component Senior Statistician
Marina B. Vargas, Ph.D. (Human Nutrition) Ma. Lynell V. Maniego

Individual Dietary Component Statistician
(January 2015 – Present)
Eldridge B. Ferrer, M.S.
Leah A. Perlas, M.S. (Human Nutrition) (Applied Economics and Statistics)
Biochemical Component Statistician
Eva A. Goyena, M.F.S.N. Apple Joy D. Ducay

Clinical Component Statistician
(May 2012 - May 2014)
Jeffrey Y. De Leon, M.I.T.
Chona F. Patalen, M.P.H. Senior Programmer and Developer of e-DCS
Clinical Component
(June 2014- Present) Mae Ann S.A. Javier
Programmer and Developer of e-DCS
Mildred O. Guirindola, M.P.S.-F.N.P.
Maternal Health and Nutrition (April 2015-
Present) and IYCF Components
FINAL REPORT WRITERS
Cristina G. Malabad, M.S.P.H. (Nutrition)
Maternal Health and Nutrition Component Mildred O. Guirindola, M.P.S.-F.N.P.
(2014- March 2015) Sheila Luz M. Punzalan
Catherine J. Silvestre
Milagros C. Chavez Keren Faye M. Gaya
Government Program Participation Component Charina A. Javier, M.D.E.
Maria Belina N. Nueva España, M.S.

(Applied Nutrition)
Food Security Component
Editors
Mario V. Capanzana, Ph.D.

Cecilia Cristina Santos-Acuin, M.D., Ph.D.
Food and Nutrition Research Institute v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Grateful acknowledgement and appreciation are due to the following:
The Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) for the technical assistance in providing the listing
of sample housing units and sample households;
The Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG), Local Government Units
(LGUs), the Governors, Mayors and Barangay Captains and their constituents for
providing direct assistance in the field survey operations;
The National Nutrition Council of the Department of Health (NNC-DOH) through its
Regional Nutrition Program Coordinators (RNPCs) and Provincial/City and
Municipal Nutrition Action Officers (PNAOs/CNAOs and MNAOs) for sharing their
untiring guidance and incessant support during pre-survey coordination and field data
collection;
The Department of Science and Technology Regional Directors (RDs) and Provincial
Science and Technology Directors (PSTDs) for their support, especially during the
conduct of training, pre-survey coordination and field data collection in the
regions/provinces;
Dr. Arturo Y. Pacificador, as statistical consultant, for the technical guidance in sampling
design;
The FNRI Finance and Administrative Division for their invaluable assistance in the
processing of human resource requirements of field Team Leaders and the financial
aspect of the survey;
All the 35,825 households and 172,323 individuals for their indispensable participation and
utmost cooperation in the survey; and,
All the FNRI technical and non-technical staff, team leaders, local researchers, local survey
aides and numerous others who have provided their inputs, involvement, and
contribution to the fruition of the 8th National Nutrition Survey.
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LIST OF ACRONYMS
ARMM Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao

BCG Bacillus Calmette-Guerin
BEmONC Basic Emergency Obstetrics and Newborn Care
BMI Body Mass Index
CALABARZON Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Rizal and Quezon
CAR Cordillera Administrative Region
CDC Center for Disease Control and Prevention
CED Chronic Energy Deficiency
CEmONC Comprehensive Emergency Obstetrics and Newborn Care
CI Confidence Interval
CV Coefficient of Variation
DOST Department of Science and Technology
DPT Diphtheria, Pertussis and Tetanus
e-DCS electronic Data Collection System
FNRI Food and Nutrition Research Institute
HIB Hemophilus Influenza type-B
IMR Infant Mortality Rate
IYCF Infant and Young Child Feeding
LL Lower Limit
MDG Millennium Development Goals
MIMAROPA Mindoro, Marinduque, Romblon and Palawan
MMR Maternal Mortality Rate
MNCHN Maternal, Newborn and Child Health and Nutrition
NCR National Capital Region
NDHS National Demographic and Health Survey
NNS National Nutrition Survey
OPV Oral Polio Vaccine
PMNCH Partnership for Maternal, Newborn and Child Health
PPAN Philippine Plan of Action for Nutrition
PSA Philippine Statistics Authority
SE Standard Error
SOCCSKSARGEN South Cotabato, Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat, Saranggani and General
Santos City
TB Tuberculosis
TBA Traditional Birth Attendant
UL Upper Limit
UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund
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OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS
Body mass index (BMI) An index of nutritional status of adults expressed as body weight
in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters. It
provides a measure of body mass, ranging from thinness to
obesity. The normal range is from 18.5 -24.9 kg/m2.
Bottle-feeding A method of feeding an infant using a bottle with artificial nipple,
the contents of which can be any type of fluid.
Breastfeeding A method of feeding an infant directly from the breast or feeding
express breastmilk given through a dropper, a nasogastric tube, a
cup and spoon or a bottle with nipple.
Breastmilk The human milk from a mother (RA 10028)
Colostrum The first milk secreted from the breast after childbirth, usually
yellowish in color, rich in protein and antibodies for the child.
Complementary Foods Any food, whether manufactured or locally prepared, suitable as a
complement to breastmilk to satisfy the nutritional requirements of
the infant (EO 51).
Ever breastfed A baby is breastfed or given express breastmilk through a dropper,
a nasogastric tube, a cup and spoon or a bottle with nipple at any
point in time regardless of duration.
Express breastmilk The human milk which has been extracted from the breast by hand
or by breast pump. It can be fed to an infant using a dropper, a
nasogastric tube, a cup and spoon or a bottle with nipple.
Feeding Practices Collective term for all feeding practices included in the study. This
includes: a) exclusive breastfeeding, b) predominant breastfeeding,
c) breastfeeding plus complementary food, d) other milk or other
milk and other foods, and e) regular foods without any milk.
Exclusive A feeding practice where infant receives nothing else but breast
breastfeeding milk (including expressed breast milk or breast milk from a wet
nurse) with the exception of oral rehydration solution (ORS),
drops, syrup (vitamins, minerals and medicines) (WHO-UNICEF,
2008).
Predominant A feeding practice where breast milk (including milk expressed or
Breastfeeding from a wet nurse) is the predominant source of nourishment and
certain liquids (water, water-based fluids, fruit juice), ORS,
vitamins and medicines are allowed to be consumed (WHO-
UNICEF, 2008).
Breastfeeding plus A feeding practice where the infant receives breastmilk and
complementary foods complementary foods
viii Food and Nutrition Research Institute

Other milk/Other A feeding practice where the infant receives breastmilk substitute
milk plus other foods such as formula (other milk) alone or with foods.
Regular foods A feeding practice where the infant is no longer receiving

without any milk breastmilk or other milk but only foods from the family pot.
Low birthweight infants A weight at birth of less than 2500 grams (5.5 pounds)
Micronutrient Distribution of iron, iodine and vitamin A supplements to infants,
supplementation young children, pregnant women and lactating mothers in
preventive and curative doses (NNC, 2001)
Normal delivery The term used to mean vaginal delivery.
Nutritional status The condition of the body resulting from the intake, absorption,
and utilization of food.
Other Milk General term used for breastmilk substitutes such as formula and
growing-up milk
Postnatal care Practices and routine care for the first six weeks after birth which
is critical to the health and survival of a mother and her newborn.
The most vulnerable time for both is during the hours and days
after birth.
Prenatal or Antenatal An indicator of access and use of health care during pregnancy. It
care constitutes screening for health and socio-economic conditions
likely to increase possibility of specific adverse pregnancy
outcomes, providing therapeutic interventions known to be
effective, and educating pregnant women about planning for safe
childbirth, emergencies during pregnancy and how to deal with
them (DOH, 2008)
Skilled Health A doctor, nurse or midwife with proficiency in managing
Professional pregnancy and childbirth including the appropriate management of
complications that might occur.
Traditional Birth Independent, non-formally trained community-based providers of
Attendants (TBA) care during pregnancy, childbirth, and post-partum period using
conventional method. Under MNCHN strategy, they are made part
of the formal health system as members of the community-based
Women’s Health Teams and serve as advocates for skilled
professional care.
Food and Nutrition Research Institute ix

LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Title Page No.

1 Response rate for maternal health and nutrition and IYCF Surveys 6
2 Indicators for IYCF used in the analysis of data 9
3 Mean month of the first prenatal check-up of mothers by region: 16
Philippines, 2013
4 Reasons for availing prenatal check-up during their last/current 17
pregnancy: Philippines, 2013
5 Percentage distribution of mothers by services received during 19
prenatal care by region: Philippines, 2013
6 Percentage distribution of mothers who took supplements and the 22
types of supplements taken during their last/current pregnancy by
socio-demographic characteristics: Philippines, 2013
7 Percentage distribution of mothers by type of supplements taken 23
during pregnancy and by region: Philippines, 2013
8 Percentage distribution of pregnant mothers’ nutritional status by 25
socio-demographic characteristics and by region: Philippines, 2013
9 Percentage distribution of anemic pregnant mothers by socio- 26
demographic characteristics: Philippines, 2013
10 Percentage distribution of mothers with 0-47 months old children by 28
place of delivery by socio-demographic characteristics: Philippines,
2013
11 Percentage distribution of mothers by assistance during delivery: 33
Philippines, 2013
12 Percentage distribution of mothers by type of delivery: Philippines, 35
2013
13 Percentage distribution of mothers by knowledge on the timing of 38
postnatal check-up: Philippines, 2013
timing of receiving first postnatal check-up after giving birth to
youngest child by region: Philippines, 2013
15 Percentage distribution of mothers who received nutrition and health 42
information and messages from a health professional during their
last/current pregnancy by region: Philippines, 2013
16 Percentage distribution of mothers who considered the different 42
information medium as important sources of nutrition information:
Philippines, 2013
17 Percentage distribution of mothers and nutrition topics discussed 43
during prenatal counseling visit: Philippines, 2013
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18 Percentage distribution of mothers by type of pregnancy complications 43

experienced during their last/current pregnancy: Philippines, 2013
19 Mother’s practices to prepare for breastfeeding during her last/current 44
20 Mother’s knowledge on the best feeding practice for babies: Philippines, 2013 44
21 Reasons on the need for a child to be vaccinated: Philippines, 2013 48
22 Knowledge on the type of vaccine to be given to a child below 1 year old: 48
Philippines, 2013
23 Percentage distribution of pregnant mothers who were visited by a health 49
worker: Philippines, 2013
24 Percentage distribution of mothers who consulted health professionals when 50
they got sick: Philippines, 2013
25 Percentage distribution of mothers’ health-seeking behavior when they got 53
sick by region: Philippines, 2013
26 Percentage distribution of mothers who always practice hand washing by 54
27 Percentage distribution of mothers’ practice of hand washing with soap by 57
region: Philippines, 2013
28 Nutritional status of lactating mothers by socio-demographic characteristics 60
by region: Philippines, 2013
29 Nutritional status of non-pregnant/non-lactating mothers by socio- 62
demographic characteristics by region: Philippines, 2013
30 Prevalence of anemia among lactating mothers by socio-demographic 65
characteristics: Philippines, 2013
31 Prevalence of anemia among non-pregnant and non-lactating mothers by 66
32 Percentage distribution of children 0-23 months old initiated to breastfeeding 69
within one hour after delivery by socio-demographic characteristics:
Philippines, 2013
33 Percentage distribution of exclusively breastfed children 0-5 months old by 77
34 Percentage distribution of predominantly breastfed children 0-5 months old 80
by socio-demographic characteristics: Philippines, 2013
35 Percentage distribution of children 0-23 months old given prelacteal feeds by 82
36 Percentage distribution of children 0-23 months old by type of prelacteal feed 83
given: Philippines, 2013
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37 Percentage distribution of children 0-23 months old by factors influencing 84

prelacteal feeding: Philippines, 2013
38 Percentage distribution of children 0-23 months old by reasons for giving 84
prelacteal feeds: Philippines, 2013
39 Percentage distribution of children with continued breastfeeding at 1 year 85
and at 2 years by socio-demographic characteristics: Philippines, 2013
40 Percentage distribution of ever breastfed children 0-23 months old by socio- 87
41 Reasons why the baby was not ever breastfed: Philippines, 2013 90
42 Percentage distribution of bottle-fed children 0-23 months old who made use 91
of bottle, pacifier, or both bottle and pacifier by socio-demographic
43 Reasons for choosing the other milk given to the child: Philippines, 2013 93
44 Percentage distribution of children 6-8 months old who were introduced to 94
complementary foods by socio-demographic characteristics: Philippines,
2013
45 Percentage distribution of children 0-23 months old who were given 96
complementary foods earlier or later than recommended (6-8 months):
Philippines, 2013
46 Percentage distribution of age-appropriately breastfed children 0-23 months 98
old by socio-demographic characteristics: Philippines, 2013
47 Percentage distribution of children 6-23 months old meeting the Minimum 101
Dietary Diversity by breastfeeding status and socio-demographic
characteristics: Philippines 2013
48 Dietary Diversity Score of children 6-23 months old and their consumption 102
by food groups: Philippines 2013
Meal Frequency by breastfeeding status and socio-demographic
Acceptable Diet by breastfeeding status and socio-demographic
51 Percentage distribution of children with intake of iron-rich foods by socio- 108
demographic characteristics by region: Philippines, 2013
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Title Page No.

1 Connecting care giving between households and health facilities to reduce 4
maternal, newborn, and child deaths
2 Connecting care giving across the continuum for maternal, newborn and 5
child health
3 Percentage distribution of mothers who received prenatal care during their 14
last/current pregnancy by socio-demographic characteristics: Philippines
2013
4 Timing of mothers’ first prenatal check-up during their last/current 15
5 Percentage distribution of mothers who had their first prenatal check-up on 15
the first trimester during their last/current pregnancy by socio-demographic
6 Services received during prenatal care based on the mother’s last/current 18
7 Percentage distribution of mothers who took any vitamin/mineral 20
supplements during their last/current pregnancy by region: Philippines
8 Vitamin and mineral supplementation taken during pregnancy: Philippines, 21
2013
9 Percentage distribution of mothers with 0-47 months old children by place 27
of delivery: Philippines, 2013
assistance during delivery: Philippines, 2013
11 Percentage distribution of mothers with 0-47 months old children by type of 34
delivery: Philippines, 2013
12 Percentage distribution of mothers by timing of receiving first post-natal 39
check-up: Philippines, 2013
13 Percentage distribution of mothers who received nutrition information 41
during their last/current pregnancy by socio-demographic characteristics:
Philippines, 2013
14 Percentage distribution of mothers who thought breastfeeding is the best 45
feeding practice for their babies by socio-demographic characteristics:
Philippines, 2013
15 Percentage distribution of mothers’ intention to breastfeed their babies as 46
long as there is milk flow by socio-demographic characteristics:
Philippines, 2013
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16 Percentage distribution of mothers who received counseling on IYCF during 47

their last/current pregnancy by socio-demographic characteristics:
Philippines, 2013
17 Percentage distribution of mothers’ health seeking behavior when they got 50
sick: Philippines, 2013
18 Percentage distribution of mothers’ practice of hand washing with soap: 54
Philippines, 2013
19 Percentage distribution of children 0-23 months old by current feeding 67
practice: Philippines, 2013
20 Comparison of current feeding practice of children 0-23 months old by age 68
group: Philippines, 2011 & 2013
21 Comparison of the timing of breastfeeding initiation: Philippines, 2011 & 71
2013
22 Comparison of the percentage distribution of children 0-23 months old 72
initiated to breastfeeding within one hour after delivery by place of delivery:
Philippines, 2011 & 2013
practices by place of delivery: Philippines, 2013
24 Comparison of the percentage distribution of children 0-5 months old by 73
current feeding practices by place of delivery: Philippines, 2011 and 2013
25 Percentage distribution of children 0-23 months old by type of delivery: 74
Philippines, 2013
26 Percentage distribution of children 0-23 months old initiated to breastfeeding 74
within one hour after delivery by type of delivery: Philippines, 2013
27 Percentage distribution of children 0-23 months old by person who assisted 74
in the delivery: Philippines, 2013
28 Percentage distribution of children 0-23 months old by initiation of 74
breastfeeding within one hour by person who assisted in the delivery:
Philippines, 2013
practices by type of delivery: Philippines, 2013
practices and person who assisted the delivery: Philippines, 2013
practices by timing of breastfeeding initiation: Philippines, 2013
currently exclusively breastfed at the time of the survey: Philippines, 2011 &
2013
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33 Trends on the rate of exclusive breastfeeding: Philippines, 2003-2013 79

34 Comparison of predominantly breastfed children 0-5 months old by age in 81
months: Philippines, 2011 & 2013
35 Comparison of ever breastfeeding rate among children 0-23 months old: 87
Philippines, 2003-2013
36 Comparison of mean duration (in months) of breastfeeding and exclusive 89
breastfeeding: Philippines, 2011 and 2013
37 Comparison of bottle-fed children 0-23 months old Philippines, 2011 & 2013 93
38 Comparison of nutritional status of children 6-23 months old with timely and 96
untimely introduction of complementary foods: Philippines, 2013
introduced to complementary foods between 2011 and 2013 surveys:
40 Comparison of the percentage distribution of age-appropriately breastfed 99
children 0-23 months old: Philippines, 2011 and 2013
Dietary Diversity: Philippines, 2013
meeting the Minimum Dietary Diversity: Philippines, 2013
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LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix No. Title Page No.

1 Maternal Tables 115
1a Percentage distribution of mothers who availed prenatal care by socio- 115
1b Percentage distribution of mothers’ timing of prenatal check-up by 116
1c Percentage distribution of mothers who received nutrition information 117
1d Percentage distribution of mother’s knowledge on the best feeding 118
practice by socio-demographic characteristics: Philippines, 2013
1e Percentage distribution of mothers by duration of intention to 120
breastfeed their children by socio-demographic characteristics:
Philippines, 2013
1f Percentage distribution of mothers who received counselling on IYCF 122
2 IYCF Tables 123

2a Percentage distribution of children 0-23 months old by feeding practice 123
and by age group: Philippines, 2013
2b Percentage distribution of children 0-23 months old by delivery 124
2c Percentage distribution of children 0-5 months old by feeding practice 125
and delivery characteristics: Philippines, 2013
2d Delivery characteristics of children 0-23 months old by timing of 126
breastfeeding initiation: Philippines, 2013
2e Feeding practice of children 0-23 months old with timely breastfeeding 126
initiation by age group: Philippines, 2013
2f Percentage distribution of children with continued breastfeeding at 1 127
year (12-15 months old) and 2 years (20 - 23 months old) by socio-
2g Percentage distribution of children 0-23 months old who made use of 129
bottle, pacifier or both bottle and pacifier by socio-demographic
2h Percentage distribution of children 6-8 months old who were 132
introduced to complementary foods by breastfeeding status by socio-
2i Percentage distribution of children 6-23 months old meeting the 134
Minimum Dietary Diversity by breastfeeding status and socio-
2j Percentage distribution of children 6-23 months old meeting the 136
Minimum Meal Frequency by breastfeeding status and socio-
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Appendix No. Title Page No.
2k Percentage distribution of children 6-23 months old meeting the 138

Minimum Acceptable Diet by breastfeeding status and socio-
2l Comparison of current feeding practice of children 0-23 months old 140
by age group: Philippines, 2011 & 2013
2m Comparison of the timing of breastfeeding initiation: Philippines, 140
2011 & 2013
2n Comparison of the percentage distribution of children 0-23 months 140
initiated to breastfeeding within one hour after delivery by place of
delivery: Philippines, 2011 &2013
2o Comparison of children 0-5 months by current feeding practice by 141
place of delivery: Philippines, 2011 &2013
2p Comparison of the percentage distribution of children 0-5 months 141
old currently exclusively breastfed at the time of the survey:
2q Comparison of predominantly breastfed children 0-5 months old by 141
age in months between 2011 and 2013 surveys: Philippines, 2011 &
2013
2r Comparison of mean duration (in months) of breastfeeding and 142
exclusive breastfeeding: Philippines, 2011 & 2013
2s Comparison of bottle-fed children 0-23 months old: Philippines, 142
2011 & 2013
2t Comparison of percentage of children 6-8 months old introduced to 142
complementary feeding between 2011 and 2013 surveys: Philippines,
2011 & 2013
2u Comparison of age-appropriately breastfed children 0-23 months 142
old: Philippines, 2011 & 2013
2v Comparison of children 6-23 months old meeting the Minimum 142
Dietary Diversity: Philippines, 2011 & 2013
3 Questionnaire for mothers with youngest child 0-36 months old, and 143
pregnant women
4 Questionnaire for children, 0-23 months old 153
5 Differences in the interpretation of 8th NNS and NDHS data 164
Food and Nutrition Research Institute xvii

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
The coming out of a separate Facts and Figures monograph on maternal health and nutrition
and infant and young children is a proof of the importance and priority given to mothers,
infants and young children.
The findings presented in this monograph tries to shed light on the country’s standing
towards Millennium Development Goals 4 and 5 on reducing child mortality and improving
maternal health, respectively, which ends in 2015. This also looks into the progress of
implementation of the Maternal, Newborn and Child Health and Nutrition (MNCHN), DOH
banner program, which consists of services that span from the period before pregnancy to
post childbirth that must be available and easily accessible to targeted population. The results
will also serve as benchmark data for the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
Results of the 2013 NNS on maternal health and nutrition and infant and young child feeding
revealed some improvements while a number of key results point to a need to further look at
how the programs are currently being planned and implemented.
One of the notable results that need immediate action is on teenage pregnancy. This group of
young mothers are more nutritionally at-risk, particularly chronic energy deficient (37.4%)
and anemic (30.6%) than their adult counterparts (22.6% and 25.4%, respectively). Higher
proportion of teenage mothers tends to delay their first prenatal care (39.2%) and do not take
micronutrient supplements (21.7%). Moreover, they have low educational attainment, with
no gainful employment and mostly living in rural areas as compared to their older
counterparts.
Although improvement was noted on the proportion of mothers giving birth in a health
facility, 20.5% still gave birth at home assisted by traditional birth attendants. By timing of
the first prenatal care, about 30% of mothers still delay their first prenatal check-up at 2nd to
3rd trimester of pregnancy. Only about half of pregnant women availed prenatal services such
as urinalysis, ultrasound, blood test and nutrition counseling.
Results also revealed that mothers in the poorest and poor quintiles, with low educational
attainment, not gainfully employed, and mostly living in rural areas tend to have limited
access to maternal health services. There were also regions of the country that were lagging
behind other regions in terms of the implementation of various maternal health services of the
government particularly ARMM, MIMAROPA, and Bicol.
Food and Nutrition Research Institute 1

Infant and Young Child Feeding
Among infants and young children, improvement was seen on breastfeeding indicators. The
rate of timely breastfeeding initiation and exclusive breastfeeding increased from the 2011
data. This may be attributed to the revitalized implementation of Mother-Baby Friendly
Hospital Initiatives, the passage of RA 10028 or the Expanded Breastfeeding Act and the
training on IYCF conducted at the national and local levels. However, compared with the
2011 data, the proportion of children given breastmilk substitutes also increased in the 2013
NNS. It was also observed that the proportion of children 12-23 months old already on
regular diet and receiving no breastmilk or other milk almost doubled from 8.6% to 13.8% in
2013.
Another important aspect of infant feeding that needs equal attention as breastfeeding is
complementary feeding. Based on the results, only 15.5% of children 6-23 months old met
the minimum dietary diversity score (DDS), suggesting that majority of the children in this
age group do not receive complementary foods of good nutritional quality. Children from
urban areas are more likely to meet the minimum DDS than their rural counterparts.
Furthermore, the proportion of children who met the minimum DDS increased with
increasing wealth of the households.
Comparing the results of the 2011 and 2013 surveys, children who were given
complementary foods from at least four food groups decreased from 21.6% to 15.5%.
According to age group, the sharpest decline on the proportion of children who met the
minimum dietary diversity was seen among 12-17 month-old children (26.1% vs. 16.9%).
Relatively higher proportion of children (94.1%) met their daily meal frequency with almost
equal proportion of children in rural and urban areas, a proxy for energy intake from foods
other than breast milk as measured by Minimum Meal Frequency.
Likewise, the proportion of children who met the Minimum Acceptable Diet (MAD) at the
national level was alarmingly very low at 6.4%. The MAD measures the quality and quantity
dimensions of children’s diet, which is the proportion of children 6-23 months of age meeting
both the minimum dietary diversity and the minimum meal frequency.
The findings shown in this monograph are prevalence rates from the survey as well as profile
of mothers and children that are most vulnerable to malnutrition. These data are vital in
targeting the population groups that need the most services and resources available.

2 Department of Science and Technology
1. INTRODUCTION
This monograph covers the result of the 8th National Nutrition Survey (NNS) components on
Maternal Health and Nutrition and Infant and Young Child Feeding. The release of this
monograph comes in an opportune time when the country evaluates the targets set in UN
Millennium Declaration in September 2000 to end extreme poverty and meet the needs of the
world’s poorest by 2015. Standing at the center of the framework as the 4th and 5th of the
eight MDGs, are improving women’s and children’s health and well-being, particularly on
dramatically reducing millions of their preventable and unnecessary deaths.
The first 1000 days is a scientific concept that emphasizes the importance of good nutrition to
ensure a healthy start in life and avoiding early morbidity and mortality. In fact, more than
one third of all child deaths occur within the first month of life. This can be prevented by
providing skilled care to mothers during pregnancy, as well as during and after birth.
The effect of poor maternal health and nutrition leads to a vicious cycle. Malnutrition that
occurs during childhood, adolescence and pregnancy has a negative impact on birthweight of
the newborn. When a child suffers from diseases, nutrition absorption is affected that retards
growth and development, which remains until adolescence. When a poorly nourished woman
gets pregnant, she will likely to give birth to an undernourished child, who will become a
parent later on to undernourished baby, and the cycle goes on and on.
In 2013, the Philippines’ Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) is 23 per 1,000 live births, a big
improvement from the baseline of 42 per 1,000 live births in 1990. It is estimated that the
MDG 4 target of 19 per 1,000 live births is likely to be met by 2015 owing to significant
reduction on child mortality. In contrast, the country is in critical danger of not achieving the
target on improving maternal health by 2015. The country’s current Maternal Mortality Rate
(MMR) is 120 per 100,000 live births, which is way too far from the MDG target of 52 per
100,000 live births.
Maternal Health and Nutrition and Infant and Young Child Feeding components were not
separate components of the FNRI surveys until the 2011 Updating Survey. Relevant
questions on Maternal Health and Nutrition were spread out in different components
particularly in the Biochemical Component in relation to biochemical markers among
pregnant women. IYCF, on the other hand, was then part of the Dietary Survey Component.
Both evolved as a separate component starting from the 2011 Updating Survey to adapt to the
changes in global and local policies and priorities on maternal health and nutrition.
Now being two separate components, survey tools were developed in adherence to
international indicators on Maternal Health and Nutrition and Infant and Young Child
Feeding Practices to come up with statistics that can be compared with the regional and
global data.

In the 2011 Updating Survey, IYCF tool has been harmonized with the WHO-UNICEF
global indicators. Child’s feeding previously categorized based on the child’s usual day-to-
day feeding at the time of the survey was now based on the previous day’s feeding using 24-
hour food recall. This was also used as basis for the complementary feeding indicators to
categorize the child’s food intake the previous day as meeting the minimum acceptable diet,
meeting the minimum dietary diversity and minimum meal frequency.
Another positive change was the big leap in the number of samples. Prior to the 2011 Survey,
IYCF was under the Dietary Component where only half of the samples of one replicate was
used as sampling coverage while in the 2011 Updating and 8th NNS, all four replicates were
used as the sampling coverage. This quadruples the sample size from the previous samples
and hence a better and more reliable estimates. In the interpretation of trends and comparing
the results prior to 2011 Updating Survey, caution must be practiced with these changes in
mind.
The "Continuum of Care" framework from pregnancy to motherhood – the key component of
saving maternal, newborn and child lives, served as the guiding principle in the preparation of
this monograph. It recognizes that safe childbirth is critical to the health of both the woman
and the newborn child, and that a healthy start in life is an essential step towards a sound
childhood and a productive life (WHO, 2011).
There are two dimensions of the Continuum of Care. The first covers the time from pre-
pregnancy, through pregnancy, childbirth, and the early days and years of life (Figure 1). Pre-
pregnancy indicators which also form part of the cycle is covered in a separate monograph of
the 8th NNS.
PMNCH (2011). Adapted from WHO (2005). Make every mother and child count.
Source:http://www.who.int/pmnch/about/continuum_of_care/en/
Figure 1. Connecting care giving between households and health facilities to reduce
maternal, newborn, and child deaths
The second dimension is place, which is linking the various levels of home, community, and
health facilities (Figure 2). It shows that connecting care giving between households and
health facilities to reduce maternal, newborn, and child deaths allows greater efficiency,
increase uptake and provide opportunities for promoting related healthcare elements (WHO,
2011).

Source: http://www.who.int/pmnch/about/continuum_of_care/en/
Figure 2. Connecting care giving across the continuum for maternal, newborn and child health
Many mothers, newborns and children die or develop serious problems due to the poor
linking between different levels of care. Families and communities can help women by
supporting home-based care and programs that encourage them to seek and demand
appropriate care. Mid-level health workers can provide outreach and outpatient services such
as family planning services, routine antenatal and postnatal check-ups or immunization which
are very important. Clinical care has to be available 24 hours a day and seven days a week.
Trained health-care workers can provide it including basic and emergency care, and link the
primary and tertiary levels of the health system (WHO, 2011).
The findings of the 8th NNS as reported in this monograph tries to link the existing
interventions and gaps in the implementation of maternal and child care programs and infant
feeding. Understanding these links are vital in improving opportunities for promoting related
healthcare elements such as prenatal, postnatal and newborn care and infant feeding as an
important window of opportunity.

2. METHODOLOGY
The overall methodology, sampling design and coverage of the 8th NNS can be accessed in
the “8th National Nutrition Survey Overview and Socio-economic Status Survey” monograph.
2.1 Sampling Design
The 8th NNS adopted the 2003 Master Sample developed by the Philippine Statistics
Authority (PSA). The survey employed a three-stage sampling design. The first stage was the
selection of Primary Sampling Units (PSUs), consisting of one barangay or a combination of
contiguous barangays with at least 500 households each. From these PSUs, enumeration
areas (EAs) with 150-200 households were identified, from which housing units were
randomly selected. The third and final stage was the random selection of the households,
which was the ultimate sampling unit. Eligible members of the sampled households were
included in the survey. The list of sample households was taken from the 2009 Labor Force
Survey (LFS).
2.2 Scope and Coverage
The NNS used four replicates of the Master Sample to obtain national, regional and
provincial estimates for measurements of anthropometry, blood pressure, and interview
schedule-based information including maternal health and nutrition and infant and young
child feeding practices.
The 8th NNS data collection was divided into three (3) phases. The first phase was conducted
in Luzon survey areas from June 19 to September 2013. Areas in Visayas and Mindanao,
except for areas hit by typhoon ‘Yolanda’ comprised the second phase, which were surveyed
from September 2013 to December 4, 2013. The last phase consisted of areas in the National
Capital Region (NCR), BaSulTa (Basilan, Sulu and Tawi-tawi) and remaining municipalities
in Northern Iloilo, Capiz, Aklan and Antique which were covered from February 16 to April
15, 2014.
Table 1. Response Rate for Maternal Health and Nutrition and IYCF Surveys
Component Sample size Response (%)
Infant and Young Child Feeding 4,960 97.8
Non-pregnant/non-lactating 5,450 94.7
Pregnant with child 360 98.4
Pregnant without child 843 98.1

2.3 Subjects/Respondents
For the Maternal Health and Nutrition Survey, subjects are all biological mothers with
youngest child 0-36 months from randomly selected households regardless of whether the
mother is pregnant, lactating or non-pregnant/non-lactating at the time of the survey.
For Infant and Young Child Feeding, all children 0-23 months from the randomly-selected
households are the subjects i.e., if there are two children aged 0-23 months in the household,
both are included as subjects. Child’s food intake the previous day was determined by using
24-hour food recall asked among mothers/primary caregivers. To capture the target
population of children who were still breastfed beyond 24 months, the age of sample children
was extended to 36 months.
2.4 Method of Data Collection
Data on maternal and child health and nutrition practices such as pre-natal care, nutrition
counseling, pregnancy complications, micronutrient supplementation and post-natal care
were collected through face-to-face interview using e-DCS. Questions on mother’s
knowledge and practices on breastfeeding and complementary feeding, child’s immunization,
attitude and willingness on maternal and child health care, mother’s health-seeking behaviors
and practices, hygienic practices, childcare practices and feeding practices were also
included. These characteristics are known to influence health and nutrition of mothers and
children.

Face-to-face interview using the electronic data collection system (e-DCS) was done to
determine mother’s health-seeking behaviors during pregnancy, postnatal care and infant
feeding practices.
Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF)

For Infant and Young Child Feeding data, face-to-face interview using e-DCS was done
among primary caregivers of the 0-23 month-old children in sampled households. Intake of
the child the previous day was determined using 24-hr food recall form and later encoded in
the e-DCS.
Data collection was implemented nationwide from June to November 2013 and February to
April 2014 by 64 interviewing teams and a total of 332 researchers.
2.5 Survey Questionnaire
A pretested 8-page questionnaire (Booklet 3) was used to collect information on maternal

health and nutrition (Appendix 3). Likewise, a pretested 9-page questionnaire (Booklet 4A)
was also used to collect information for children 0-23 months old (Appendix 4).

2.6 Ethical Review
The 2013 National Nutrition Survey was granted approval by the FNRI Institutional Ethics
and Review Committee.
Written consent to participate in the 8th National Nutrition Survey was obtained from the
respondents and subjects (through the mother or guardian for children < 10 years old and
below) prior to the interview and other measurements. It explained the background and
objectives of the survey, the data collection procedures, involved risks (any undesirable effect
that may result or invasion circumstances, e.g., expected duration of the interview with
respondent) and benefits of participation, confidentiality of information, option to withdraw
without penalty or consequences, and the respondent’s written consent.
NSCB/PSA Review and Approval

PSA also granted clearance for the 2013 National Nutrition Survey Questionnaire Booklet 3 –
Mothers with Youngest Child 0-36 Months and Pregnant Women with NSCB Approval No.
FNRI-1227-03, and Questionnaire Booklet 4A – Children 0-23 Months with NSCB Approval
No. FNRI-1227-04.
2.7 Data Processing and Analysis
The collected information were organized and validated to check for incorrect inputs, double
entries and possible outliers. Analysis was done using STATA version 12. Statistical analyses
include frequencies and cross tabulations as well as descriptive statistics such as weighted
means, median and confidence intervals. Table 2 shows the indicators for IYCF used in the
data analysis based on the WHO-UNICEF indicators.

Table 2. Indicators for IYCF used in the analysis of data
Core Indicators
Breastfeeding Initiation
Children born in the last 24 months who were put to breast within an hour of birth
(Early initiation of
Children born in the last 24 months
breastfeeding)
Exclusive breastfeeding
Infants 0-5 months of age who received only breastmilk during the previous day
(exclusive breastfeeding
Infants 0-5 months of age
under 6 months)
Continued breastfeeding
Children 12-15 months of age who received breastmilk during the previous day
(continued breastfeeding at
Children 12-15 months of age
1 year)
Introduction of
complementary food Infants 6-8 months of age who received solid, semi-solid or soft foods during the
__________________________previous day_________________________
(Introduction of solid, semi-
solid or soft foods)
Dietary diversity (minimum Children 6-23 months of age who received foods from >4 food groups during the
__________________________previous day_________________________
dietary diversity)
Proportion of breastfed and non-breastfed children 6-23 months of age

who receive solid, semi-solid or soft foods (but also including milk feeds
for non-breastfed children) the minimum number of times or more.
Minimum is defined as:

 2 times for breastfed infants 6-8 months
 3 times for breastfed children 9-23 months
 4 times for non-breastfed children 6-23 months
 “Meals” include both meals and snacks (other than trivial
Meal frequency (minimum amounts) and frequency based on caregiver report
meal frequency)
The indicator is calculated from the following two fractions:
Breastfed children 6-23 months of age who received solid, semi-solid or soft
___foods the minimum number of times or more during the previous day___
Breastfed children 6-23 months of age
and
a
Non-breastfed children 6-23 months of age who received solid, semi-solid or soft
____foods the minimum number of times or more during the previous day____
Non-breastfed children 6-23 months of age

Table 2 Continuation…
Core Indicators
Proportion of children 6-23 months of age who receive a minimum
acceptable diet (apart from breastmilk).
The indicator is calculated from the following two fractions:

Breastfed children 6-23 months of age who had at least the minimum dietary
1 ___diversity and the minimum meal frequency during the previous day___
Minimum acceptable diet
Breastfed children 6-23 months of age
and
Non-breastfed children 6-23 months of age who had at least the minimum dietary
____diversity and the minimum meal frequency during the previous day______
Non-breastfed children 6-23 months of age
Optional Indicators
Proportion of children born in the last 24 months who were ever
breastfed.
Children ever breastfed
Children born in the last 24 months who were ever breastfed
Children born in the last 24 months
Proportion of children 20-23 months of age who are fed with breast milk.
Continued breastfeeding at
Children 20-23 months of age who received breast milk during the previous day
2 years
Children 20-23 months
Proportion of children 0-23 months of age who are appropriately

breastfed.
Infants 0-5 months of age who received breast milk during the previous day
Age-appropriate Infants 0-5 months of age
breastfeeding and
Children 6-23 months of age who received breast milk, as well as solid, semi-solid or
soft foods, during the previous day
Proportion of infants 0-5 months of age who are predominantly breastfed.

Predominant breastfeeding Infants 0-5 months of age who received breast milk as the predominant source of
under 6 months nourishment during the previous day
1
For non-breastfed children, the dietary component of this indicator is different from the indicator for minimum dietary
diversity. A 6-food group score (instead of a 7-food group score) that excludes dairy products is used for non-breastfed
children for this indicator. In addition, this indicator required that non-breastfed children receive a minimum number of at
least 2 milk feeds. A non-breastfed child with a positive score on minimum DDS and minimum meal frequency will not
necessarily score positively on the minimum acceptable diet indicator (WHO-UNICEF indicators for assessing infant and
young child feeding practices part 2: Measurement)

Optional Indicators
Proportion of children 0-23 months of age who are fed with a bottle.
Bottle feeding Children 0-23 months of age who were fed with a bottle during the previous day
Mean duration of breastfeeding among children 0 - 23 months of age and

among children 0-36 months.
Duration of breastfeeding
Median duration of children 0-36 months who are breastfeeding based on
24-hour food recall.

2.8 Interpretation of the NNS Data vis-a-vis NDHS
Both the National Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) conducted by the PSA and NNS
of the FNRI-DOST collected data on Maternal Health and Nutrition and Infant and Young
Child Feeding Practices in 2013. However, there are particular differences in the analysis and
interpretation of results from both NNS and NDHS data. Detailed discussion of the
differences between the NNS and NDHS data on maternal health and nutrition and IYCF can
be found in Appendix 5.

3. RESULTS
3.1 Maternal Health and Nutrition
One of the strategies of the government to improve women and children’s health is the
implementation of Maternal, Newborn and Child Health and Nutrition (MNCHN) Program. It
consists of services from the period before pregnancy to post-childbirth that must be available
and easily accessible to targeted population.
Mothers were classified into 1) non pregnant mother with children 0-36 months; 2) first time
pregnant; 3) pregnant mother with children 0-36 months; and 4) pregnant mother with
children beyond 36 months.
3.1.1 Pregnancy
Prenatal/Antenatal Care
Antenatal care is the use of health care during pregnancy. This is crucial to having healthy
pregnancy and safe childbirth and has significant implications on infant’s survival and health
outcomes of both the mother and the infant. The result is the combined proportion of
currently pregnant mothers and non-pregnant mothers during their pregnancy with their
youngest child 0-36 months.
Socio-demographic characteristics of mothers with prenatal care
Figure 3 plots the 8th NNS results on the percentage distribution of mothers who received
prenatal care during their last/current pregnancy. There were significantly more adult (≥20
years old) pregnant mothers (93.9%) who received prenatal care than teenage (<20 years old)
pregnant mothers (90.5%). Based on wealth quintile, the richest quintile group (97.8%) had
the highest percentage of mothers who received prenatal care. It was significantly higher
compared with the middle (94.5%), poor (94.2%) and poorest quintile groups (87.5%),
although, only a slight difference between the percentages was noted among the quintile
groups.
Looking into the location of residence, there was no significant difference between mothers
who live in urban and rural areas on receiving prenatal care (94.5% vs. 92.9%).
Based on educational attainment, the highest percentage of mothers who availed prenatal care
were those who graduated college (98.9%) and the lowest percentage were those who had no
grade level completed (61.1%). There was no significant difference noted between the
proportions of working and non-working mothers (Figure 3) (See Appendix 1a for details).

Received Prenatal Care
Figure 3. Percentage distribution of mothers who received prenatal care during their
last/current pregnancy by socio-demographic characteristics: Philippines, 2013.
Timing of first prenatal check-up by socio-demographic characteristics of mothers
According to WHO clinical guidelines on the timing and number of antenatal visits, a
pregnant woman must have at least 4 prenatal check-ups throughout her pregnancy and the
first visit should be between 8 – 12 weeks (first trimester) of pregnancy. The second visit
should be in between 24-26 weeks then on the 32nd week and in between 36 – 38 weeks of
pregnancy (WHO, 2006). In the Philippines, prenatal care is given importance and priority by
the government to improve maternal health (DOH, 2008).
Figure 4 shows the percentage distribution of mothers on the timing of receiving first prenatal
care. Overall, higher proportion of mothers had their first prenatal visit while on the first
trimester (0-3 months) of their pregnancy (68.6%) compared to those who had their first
prenatal visit on the second (4-6 months), 28.9% and last trimester (7-9 months) of pregnancy
(2.4%) (See Appendix 1b for details).

80
68.6
70
60
50
40
28.9
30
20
10 2.4
0
0-3 months 4-6 months 7-9 months
Age of Gestation
Figure 4. Timing of mothers’ first prenatal check-up during their last/current pregnancy:
Philippines, 2013.
Significantly higher percentage of adult women (≥20 years old) received their first prenatal
check-up on the first trimester of pregnancy compared with teenage pregnant women (<20
years old) (69.2% vs. 60.8%).
Prenatal Check-up on the First Trimester
Figure 5. Percentage distribution of mothers who had their first prenatal check-up on the first
trimester during their last/current pregnancy by socio-demographic characteristics: Philippines,
2013

Based on wealth quintile, mothers who belonged to the richest quintile (83.6%) had the
highest percentage who availed their first prenatal check-up on the first trimester. This was
significantly higher than the rest of the wealth quintile groups. In contrast, there were only
slight differences found among middle (67.0%), poor (63.8%) and poorest (59.5%) quintile
groups. There were more pregnant mothers in urban areas (70.9%) who availed their first
prenatal check-up on their first trimester of pregnancy than those who live in rural areas
(66.3%).
College graduate mothers (82.1%) had the highest percentage who availed first prenatal
check-up on the first trimester of pregnancy. However, the difference between the no grade
level (62.0%) and college undergraduate (71.7%) was not significant. Working mothers
(75.1%) had higher percentage who received prenatal check-up on the first trimester
compared with non-working mothers (66.8%).
At the national level, the mean month of first prenatal check-up was 2.9 months and this was
within the DOH recommended timing. Across regions, the mean month of first prenatal
check-up of mothers from NCR (2.8 months) was earlier while mothers from ARMM (3.7
months) had prenatal check-up at a later time than the national estimate (Table 3).
Table 3. Mean month of the first prenatal check-up of mothers by region: Philippines, 2013
(n=6,185)
C.I.
Region n Mean SE % CV
L.L. U.L.
Philippines 6185 2.9 2.2 3.0 3.1 5.4
NCR 587 2.8 7.4 2.7 3.0 2.6
CAR 217 3.1 11.3 2.9 3.3 3.7
I. Ilocos 391 2.9 6.8 2.8 3.0 2.3
II. Cagayan Valley 305 3.0 8.5 2.9 3.2 2.8
III. Central Luzon 544 2.9 6.5 2.8 3.1 2.2
IV-A. CALABARZON 639 2.9 7.1 2.8 3.1 2.4
IV-B. MIMAROPA 223 3.3 8.8 3.1 3.5 2.7
V. Bicol Region 429 3.3 8.4 3.1 3.4 2.6
VI. Western Visayas 398 3.0 6.8 2.9 3.2 2.3
VII. Central Visayas 416 3.3 7.7 3.1 3.4 2.4
VIII. Eastern Visayas 368 3.4 8.1 3.3 3.6 2.4
IX. Zamboanga 272 3.3 8.7 3.1 3.5 2.6
X. Northern Mindanao 328 3.3 9.2 3.1 3.5 2.8
XI. Davao 272 3.2 9.3 3.0 3.4 2.9
XII. SOCCSKSARGEN 301 3.3 10.8 3.1 3.5 3.3
ARMM 210 3.7 11.0 3.5 3.9 3.0
Caraga 287 3.3 7.7 3.1 3.4 2.4
n= All mothers (mother’s classification nos. 1-4)

Reasons for availing prenatal check up
When the mothers were asked about their reasons for availing prenatal check-up (Table 4), 7
out of 10 (70.7%) said that they availed prenatal care to have healthy pregnancy. The second
reason was to avoid complications (42.1%) while for some mothers, prenatal visit was to
confirm their pregnancy (26.3%).
Table 4. Reasons for availing prenatal check-up during their last/current pregnancy:
Philippines, 2013 (n=6,156)
C.I.
Reasons of availing pre-natal check-up % SE %CV
L.L. U.L.
To have healthy pregnancy 70.7 0.7 69.3 72.0 1.0
To avoid pregnancy complications 42.1 0.8 40.6 43.6 1.8
To confirm pregnancy 26.3 0.7 24.9 27.6 2.6
To receive micronutrient supplement 8.6 0.4 7.8 9.4 4.8
To check blood pressure 6.8 0.4 6.0 7.5 5.7
To monitor weight gain 6.1 0.4 5.3 6.8 6.1
To get advice on proper diet 2.2 0.2 1.8 2.7 10.6
To have blood test 1.9 0.2 1.5 2.4 11.8
To get advice on breastfeeding and 1.5 0.2 1.2 1.9 12.1
complementary feeding
Advice by Health Professional/Requirement 0.5 0.1 0.3 0.7 19.4
Don't know 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 45.7
n= All mothers (mother’s classification nos. 1-4) who availed prenatal check-up
*31 missing answers in reasons but availed prenatal check-up
Services received during prenatal care, by region
Figure 6 shows that most mothers were monitored for their weight and height (95.1%) as well
as blood pressure (97.6%) during their prenatal check-up. There were approximately 6 in
every 10 mothers who had undergone urinalysis, while 5 in every 10 had undertaken blood
testing. Meanwhile, there were approximately 4 in every 10 mothers who were subjected for
ultrasound during their prenatal check-up and most (86.5%) mothers were given vitamin or
micronutrient supplementation.

Nutrition Counseling 43.4
Tetanus toxoid 78.8
Supplementation (vit/minerals) 86.5
Ultrasound 41.8
Urinalysis 59.0
Blood Test 51.4
Blood Pressure 97.6
Weight and Height 95.1
0 20 40 60 80 100
Percentage (%)
Figure 6. Services received during prenatal care based on the mother’s last/current
However, only about 4 in every 10 (43.4%) pregnant mothers received nutrition counseling
during prenatal care. Nutrition counseling is important during this stage especially for first
time pregnant mothers to get information on proper nutrition while pregnant and to learn the
importance of breastfeeding and appropriate complementary feeding practices in preparation
for the birth of the baby.
Table 5 shows the regional result of the services received by mothers during prenatal care.
Regions with the highest percentage of mothers who were monitored for weight and blood
pressure measurements during prenatal check-up were Western Visayas (99.5% and 99.8%,
respectively) and NCR (97.7% and 99.4%, respectively). MIMAROPA (90.3%) and ARMM
(91.7%) had the lowest percentage of mothers monitored for weight changes.
NCR had the highest proportion of mothers who received both blood test (76.0%) and
urinalysis (81.4%) services while ARMM had the lowest percentage for both services (21.0%
and 24.9%, respectively). Moreover, NCR (67.8%) had the most mothers who had undergone
ultrasound while Zamboanga (18.7%) had the least.
Likewise, Northern Mindanao had the highest proportion of mothers who received vitamin
and mineral supplementation and tetanus toxoid injection (93.4% and 90.0%, respectively),
while ARMM (73.8%) and CALABARZON (65.0%) had the lowest. The highest proportion
of pregnant mothers who received nutrition counseling was seen in Zamboanga (57.9%)
whereas the lowest was in Eastern Visayas (31.4%).

Table 5. Percentage distribution of mothers by services received during prenatal care by region: Philippines, 2013 (n= 6,187)
Weight & Blood Blood Urinalysis Ultrasound Supplementation Tetanus Nutrition

Region N Height pressure test (%) (%) (%) (%) toxoid counseling
(%) (%) (%) (%)

Philippines 6187 95.1 97.6 51.4 59.0 41.8 86.5 78.8 43.4
NCR 587 97.7 99.4 76.0 81.4 67.8 89.9 82.3 49.1
CAR 217 94.4 98.0 46.0 59.4 40.3 86.0 83.6 43.6
I. Ilocos 391 94.9 97.8 38.8 51.1 40.2 84.6 70.0 35.4
II. Cagayan Valley 305 95.2 96.7 45.7 56.2 33.2 88.2 82.0 36.1
III. Central Luzon 544 92.0 95.8 56.4 69.4 50.2 80.7 72.9 38.6
IV-A. CALABARZON 639 91.9 96.4 48.7 61.0 54.2 79.7 65.0 41.7
IV-B. MIMAROPA 223 90.3 97.8 39.5 45.4 35.6 83.6 80.2 40.0
V. Bicol Region 429 94.7 97.6 36.7 41.8 27.2 87.5 74.5 32.7
VI. Western Visayas 398 99.5 99.8 52.8 59.4 21.6 92.1 87.2 42.0
VII. Central Visayas 416 96.7 98.7 47.9 55.8 28.5 90.9 88.0 46.7
VIII. Eastern Visayas 368 96.0 95.9 41.0 41.8 24.5 87.7 77.5 31.4
IX. Zamboanga 272 97.0 98.3 31.9 30.8 18.7 89.0 87.1 57.9
X. Northern Mindanao 328 97.5 98.0 52.4 59.2 47.2 93.4 90.0 56.0
XI. Davao 272 95.4 97.3 60.6 67.2 39.5 91.5 87.8 53.1
XII. SOCCSKSARGEN 301 95.0 97.5 47.9 49.9 34.4 87.4 86.7 55.0

ARMM 210 91.7 96.3 21.0 24.9 21.6 73.8 78.5 35.6
Caraga 287 97.0 98.0 62.7 62.0 26.3 89.5 83.1 47.6
n = All mothers (mother’s classification nos. 1-4)
19
Any vitamin and mineral supplements taken during pregnancy
During pregnancy, the body needs additional vitamins and minerals than are required when
non-pregnant in order to suffice with the increased body needs for the development of the
unborn baby. Thus, the DOH requires health facilities to provide micronutrient
supplementation as part of the routine prenatal package for pregnant women.
Philippines: 84.5%
NCR 89.2
CAR 84.4
Ilocos 88.3
Cagayan Valley 87.5
Central Luzon 83.2
CALABARZON 76.7
MIMAROPA 81.8
Bicol 86.0
Western Visayas 91.3
Central Visayas 87.2
Eastern Visayas 85.8
Zamboanga Peninsula 83.2
Northern Mindanao 88.4
Davao 87.5
SOCCSKSARGEN 83.9
CARAGA 84.1
ARMM 60.2
0 20 40 60 80 100
Figure 7. Percentage distribution of mothers who took any vitamin/mineral supplements during
their last/current pregnancy by region: Philippines, 2013.
About 4 in every 5 mothers (84.5%) reported taking vitamin/mineral supplements during

their last or current pregnancy. Across regions, NCR (89.2%) and Western Visayas (91.3%)
had the highest proportion of mothers who took micronutrient supplements while ARMM
(60.2%) and CALABARZON (76.7%) had the lowest.
One of the important micronutrients that a pregnant mother should take during her pregnancy
is folic acid. Folic acid requirement is increased during pregnancy because of the rapidly
dividing cells in the fetus and elevated urinary losses. Folic acid can help in the prevention of
neural tube defects or the major birth defects on the baby’s nervous system particularly in the
brain and spine. Iron supplementation is also important to prevent maternal anemia and iron
deficiency at term. Likewise, some vitamins and minerals (e.g. vitamin A and calcium) can
help overcome other possible maternal micronutrient deficiencies (WHO, 2011).

The World Health Organization estimated that at least 50% of the recorded anemia cases
among pregnant women worldwide are caused by iron deficiency. The WHO strongly
recommends the daily oral iron and folic supplementation as part of the antenatal care to
reduce the risk of low birth weight, maternal anemia and iron deficiency (WHO, 2012).
Figure 8 shows the type of supplements that mothers reported they had taken during their
last/current pregnancy. Most mothers took ferrous sulfate or iron supplement (66.4%) while
some took the combination of iron-folic acid (19.1%) and the rest were folic acid,
multivitamins and single vitamin.
100
80
66.4
60
40
19.1
20
5.3 8.4 6.4
0
Ferrous sulfate Folic-acid Iron-folic acid Multivitamins Single vitamin
Vitamin/Mineral Supplements
Figure 8. Vitamin and mineral supplementation taken during pregnancy: Philippines, 2013.
Table 6 shows that overall, more adult pregnant mothers (84.8%) took supplements than
pregnant teenagers (78.5%). Higher proportion of pregnant adults was taking iron-folic acid,
folic acid and single vitamin/mineral supplements than pregnant teenagers. In contrast, there
were more pregnant adolescents who took ferrous sulfate and multivitamins than pregnant
adult. The difference between the consumption of supplements among adult and pregnant
teens was found to be significant (p-value= 0.00).
Based on wealth quintile, percentage of mothers who took any supplements was highest
among the richest quintile group (91.6%) while the poorest had the lowest intake (77.3%).
Also, the richest quintile had the highest percentage of mothers who took folic acid, iron-folic
acid, multivitamins and single vitamin/mineral supplements compared with the other quintile
groups except for the ferrous sulfate wherein the highest consumption was seen among the
poorest quintile group.
A slightly higher percentage of pregnant mothers who took folic acid, iron-folic acid,
multivitamins and single vitamin supplements was observed among those who live in urban

areas than those who were in rural areas. In contrast, there were more mothers in rural areas
who took ferrous sulfate than mothers in urban areas. However, there was no significant
difference noted in the consumption of supplements among mothers in urban and rural areas.
In terms of educational attainment, there were more college graduate pregnant mothers who
took any type of supplement than those who were not. Moreover, highest percentage of
mothers who took folic acid, multivitamins and single vitamin/mineral supplements was
observed among mothers who were college graduate except for ferrous sulfate wherein the
highest percentage was seen among elementary undergraduate mothers.
Table 6. Percentage distribution of mothers who took supplements and the types of supplements
taken during their last/current pregnancy by socio-demographic characteristics:
Philippines, 2013.
Types of Supplements (%)
Took
Iron- Single
Characteristics Supplements Ferrous Folic Multi-
folic vitamin/
(%) sulfate acid vitamins
acid mineral
Age group (year)
<20 yo 78.5 68.5 4.9 18.6 9.7 5.0
≥20 yo 84.8 66.3 5.3 19.2 8.4 6.5
Wealth Quintile
First (Poorest) 77.3 76.0 1.8 16.5 3.8 3.0
Second 83.2 67.6 2.9 20.7 6.4 3.7
Third 84.8 66.9 4.2 18.8 8.5 6.5
Fourth 89.0 64.7 7.0 19.1 10.5 8.1
Fifth (Richest) 91.6 53.9 12.1 20.8 14.6 12.2
Location of Residence
Rural 83.3 69.2 3.4 18.9 7.0 4.6
Urban 85.6 63.8 7.0 19.4 9.8 8.2
Highest Educational Attainment
No grade completed 50.0 77.0 1.6 8.2 7.4 2.9
Elementary undergraduate 74.2 78.3 1.3 16.5 3.5 1.7
Elementary graduate 80.5 74.4 1.2 18.6 5.0 2.0
High school undergraduate 79.9 71.7 1.8 17.3 7.6 4.1
High school graduate 85.7 66.7 4.5 19.6 8.8 6.2
College undergraduate 88.4 65.7 7.6 20.1 7.4 8.3
College graduate 93.0 53.2 11.7 20.8 12.9 11.5
Work Status
Not working 83.7 68.0 4.5 18.9 7.8 5.4
Working 87.1 61.1 8.0 19.8 10.5 10.0
Significantly higher percentage of those who took supplements was found among working
mothers (87.1%) compared with the non-working ones (83.7%). Folic acid, iron-folic acid,
multivitamins and single vitamin/mineral was highly consumed by working mothers except for
ferrous sulfate wherein higher percentage of consumption was observed among non-working

mothers. However, significant difference between the two groups was observed only for
ferrous sulfate, folic acid and single vitamin/mineral consumptions.
Across regions, the highest percentage of mothers who reported taking ferrous sulfate was
seen in ARMM (79.4%) while the lowest percentage was noted in Ilocos (50.9%) (Table 7).
On the contrary, highest consumption of iron-folic acid was observed in Ilocos (33.8%)
whereas the lowest was in ARMM (3.2%). For folic acid, multivitamins and single vitamin,
the highest percentage of mothers who took these supplements was seen in Central Luzon at
9.8%, 13.7%, and 11.8%, respectively, while the lowest percentage was observed in Northern
Mindanao (1.2%), CAR (3.8%) and ARMM (1.5%).
Table 7. Percentage distribution of mothers by type of supplements taken during pregnancy and
by region: Philippines, 2013 (n=5,590)
Ferrous Folic acid Iron- Multi- Single
Region n sulfate (%) folic vitamins vitamin
(%) (%) (%) (%)
Philippines 5590 66.4 5.3 19.1 8.4 6.4
NCR 553 58.3 5.6 19.5 9.2 7.0
CAR 199 65.4 5.3 22.4 3.8 6.1
I. Ilocos 365 50.9 6.9 33.8 9.2 4.1
II. Central Luzon 474 71.2 9.8 13.9 13.7 11.8
IV-A. CALABARZON 517 71.8 9.7 18.0 12.0 9.1
IV-B. MIMAROPA 213 78.4 7.2 14.8 9.7 8.7
V. Bicol Region 392 75.3 2.7 13.6 4.4 3.8
IX. Zamboanga 241 74.1 2.5 15.5 4.9 3.0
XI. Davao 255 70.3 1.8 14.7 7.6 5.2
ARMM 173 79.4 4.1 3.2 7.4 1.5
Caraga 262 62.5 1.6 21.4 7.5 6.9

Nutritional Status of Pregnant Women
The weight and height of pregnant women were assessed using the criteria established for
pregnant women by Magbitang et al., (1988). Pregnant women whose weight fell below the
95th percentile of the reference were considered having high risk of delivering low
birthweight (LBW) babies.
Socio-demographic characteristics of nutritionally-at-risk pregnant women
Table 8 shows the results of the nutritional status of pregnant women by socio-demographic
characteristics and by region. At the national level, 24.5% percent of pregnant mothers were
nutritionally-at risk.
By age group, 37.4% of teenage pregnant women and 22.6% of adult pregnant mothers were
nutritionally-at-risk. In terms of educational attainment, pregnant women who had no grade
completed (14.5%) and those who graduated college (19.9%) had the lowest proportion of
nutritionally-at-risk while the highest proportion was observed among mothers who were
high school undergraduate (27.7%). The difference, however, was not significant.
Based on work status, pregnant mothers who are not working were more nutritionally-at risk
(26.7%) than those who are working (17.3%). Looking at the place of residence, mothers who
reside in rural areas were more nutritionally-at-risk (24.9%) compared to their urban-dweller
counterparts (24.2%), although, the difference was not significant. By wealth quintile, there
was a decreasing proportion of nutritionally-at risk pregnant mothers starting from the
poorest to the richest. As expected, mothers who belonged to the poorest quintile were more
nutritionally-at-risk (29.2%) compared to the rest of the wealth quintile groups.
Among regions, the highest proportion of pregnant women who were nutritionally at-risk
were seen in Cagayan Valley (33.6%), Bicol (33.0%) and Western Visayas (32.4%) while the
lowest proportions were in Central Luzon (16.5%), Caraga (14.7%) and Eastern Visayas
(12.6%).

Table 8. Percentage distribution of pregnant mothers’ nutritional status by socio-demographic

characteristics and by region: Philippines, 2013 (n=1,171)
Nutritional Status
Not nutritionally-at-risk (>P95) Nutritionally-at-risk (<P95)
Characteristics n
C.I. % C.I. %
% SE (%) SE
L.L. U.L. CV L.L. U.L. CV
Philippines 1171 75.5 1.3 73.0 78.0 1.7 24.5 1.3 22.0 27.0 5.2
Age group (year)
<20 years old 187 62.6 3.9 55.0 70.2 6.2 37.4 3.9 29.8 45.0 10.4
>20 years old 984 77.4 1.4 74.6 80.1 1.8 22.6 1.4 19.9 25.4 6.1
Highest educational attainment
No grade completed 13 85.5 9.7 66.4 104.6 11.4 14.5 9.7 0.0 33.6 67.0
Elementary undergraduate 103 73.3 4.5 64.4 82.2 6.2 26.7 4.5 17.8 35.6 17.0
Elementary graduate 124 79.9 3.8 72.4 87.4 4.8 20.1 3.8 12.6 27.6 19.1
High school undergraduate 227 72.3 3.2 66.1 78.6 4.4 27.7 3.2 21.4 33.9 11.5
High school graduate 395 73.4 2.3 68.8 78.0 3.2 26.6 2.3 22.0 31.2 8.8
College undergraduate 143 78.2 3.5 71.3 85.0 4.5 21.8 3.5 15.0 28.7 16.0
College graduate 160 80.1 3.2 73.8 86.4 4.0 19.9 3.2 13.6 26.2 16.0
Work Status
Not working 927 73.3 1.5 70.3 76.4 2.1 26.7 1.5 23.6 29.7 5.7
Working 244 82.7 2.5 77.9 87.6 3.0 17.3 2.5 12.4 22.1 14.4
Rural 657 75.1 1.8 71.5 78.7 2.5 24.9 1.8 21.3 28.5 7.4
Urban 514 75.8 1.8 72.3 79.4 2.4 24.2 1.8 20.6 27.7 7.5
Wealth Quintile
First (Poorest) 326 70.8 2.8 65.4 76.3 3.9 29.2 2.8 23.7 34.6 9.5
Second 268 74.0 2.8 68.5 79.4 3.8 26.0 2.8 20.6 31.5 10.7
Third 238 75.2 2.9 69.4 80.9 3.9 24.8 2.9 19.1 30.6 11.8
Fourth 170 74.1 3.6 67.0 81.1 4.8 25.9 3.6 18.9 33.0 13.8
Fifth (Richest) 160 85.6 2.9 79.9 91.2 3.4 14.4 2.9 8.8 20.1 20.0
By Region
NCR 108 76.9 3.5 70.0 83.8 4.6 23.1 3.5 16.2 30.0 15.1
CAR 36 81.4 8.0 65.6 97.2 9.9 18.6 8.0 2.8 34.4 43.3
I. Ilocos 71 78.6 5.2 68.3 88.9 6.7 21.4 5.2 11.1 31.7 24.5
II. Cagayan Valley 55 66.4 7.3 52.0 80.8 11.0 33.6 7.3 19.2 48.0 21.8
III. Central Luzon 100 83.5 3.7 76.2 90.9 4.5 16.5 3.7 9.1 23.8 22.6
IV-A. CALABARZON 137 72.0 3.4 65.2 78.7 4.8 28.0 3.4 21.3 34.8 12.2
IV-B. MIMAROPA 46 70.5 6.2 58.3 82.8 8.8 29.5 6.2 17.2 41.7 21.1
V. Bicol Region 73 67.0 7.1 53.1 80.9 10.5 33.0 7.1 19.1 46.9 21.4
VI. Western Visayas 66 67.6 4.9 58.0 77.1 7.2 32.4 4.9 22.9 42.0 15.0
VII. Central Visayas 77 77.3 4.8 67.8 86.8 6.2 22.7 4.8 13.2 32.2 21.2
VIII. Eastern Visayas 58 87.4 5.4 76.8 98.0 6.2 12.6 5.4 2.0 23.2 42.9
IX. Zamboanga 58 71.5 5.9 59.9 83.0 8.2 28.5 5.9 17.0 40.1 20.6
X. Northern Mindanao 67 75.9 6.1 64.0 87.8 8.0 24.1 6.1 12.2 36.0 25.1
XI. Davao 46 68.0 5.7 56.8 79.2 8.3 32.0 5.7 20.8 43.2 17.7
XII. SOCCSKSARGEN 57 79.2 4.4 70.5 87.8 5.5 20.8 4.4 12.2 29.5 21.0
ARMM 54 75.7 7.5 60.9 90.5 10.0 24.3 7.5 9.5 39.1 31.0
Caraga 62 85.3 4.4 76.7 93.9 5.1 14.7 4.4 6.1 23.3 29.8
*Based on Magbitang et al. classification

Anemia by age, residence and wealth quintile
Anemia in pregnancy continues to be a major health problem in many developing countries

and is associated with increased rates of maternal and perinatal deaths, premature delivery,
low birthweight, and other adverse outcomes. An estimated 41.8% of pregnant women
worldwide are anemic according to the World Health Organization in 2012.
Maternal anemia has been associated with diminished ability of the body to fight infections.
The worst that can happen to an anemic pregnant mother is the risk of death resulting from
stress of labor or other delivery complications. Maternal anemia likely leads to infant anemia
which may be coupled with low birthweight that increases risk of early death.
Table 9 shows that teenage pregnant women (30.6%) had higher anemia prevalence
compared with pregnant adults (25.4%). Pregnant mothers living in urban areas (30.3%) had
higher proportion of anemia prevalence than those who were residing in rural areas (21.8%).
By wealth quintile, anemia was present regardless of wealth quintile and the highest
proportion of anemic pregnant was found in the fourth or the rich quintile (34.1%) while the
lowest was found in the third or the middle quintile (21.7%).
Table 9. Percentage distribution of anemic pregnant mothers by socio-demographic

C.I.
CHARACTERISTICS n % SE % CV
L.L. U.L.
Age group (year)
<20 years old 43 30.6 7.8 15.3 45.9 25.4
>20 years old 267 25.4 2.9 19.7 31.1 11.3
Rural 187 21.8 3.0 16.0 27.7 13.6
Urban 123 30.3 4.4 21.7 38.9 14.4
Wealth Quintile
First (Poorest) 79 23.3 4.7 14.1 32.5 20.1
Second 78 30.0 5.4 19.4 40.6 17.9
Third 60 21.7 7.9 6.1 37.3 36.5
Fourth 49 34.1 6.8 20.7 47.5 20.0
Fifth (Richest) 38 22.0 6.9 8.4 35.7 31.5
Birth Delivery Status
One of the key interventions of the MNCHN to reduce maternal and neonatal mortality is to
have a facility-based delivery attended by skilled health professionals. Based on the result of
the National Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) in 2003, there were only 39% of

facility-based deliveries in the country and the goal of the government is to make it 90% by
2015.
Formulation of standards of care is one of the MNCHN interventions to assure the safety of
the mother and the newborn. Basic Emergency Obstetrics and Newborn Care (BEmONC)
facilities are expected to deliver services such as complete childbirth package comprised of
basic maternal and newborn care during and after delivery. The Comprehensive Emergency
Obstetrics and Newborn Care (CEmONC) is basically the same as BEmONC but these facility
providers are the tertiary level regional hospitals or medical centers with additional services
during delivery such as caesarean section, blood transfusion and management of newborn
complications (DOH, 2008).
Place of delivery by socio-demographic characteristics
Figure 9 shows the national estimates of mothers with 0-47 month old children by place of
delivery. A total of 81.4% of mothers or approximately 4 in every 5 mothers gave birth in a
health facility while 18.7 or approximately 1 in every 5 mothers delivered at home. Most
mothers had given birth in a public hospital.
45
39.1
40
Health facility: 81.4%
35
30
25 23.3
18.7 19.0
20
15
10
5
0
At home Public Private Public health
hospital hospital center
Place of delivery
Figure 9. Percentage distribution of mothers with 0-47 months old children by place of
delivery: Philippines, 2013.
Table 10 shows the percentage distribution of mothers by place of delivery according to socio-
demographic characteristics. Regardless of age, both adult (≥20 years old) and teenage (<20
years old) mothers had high proportions of giving birth in a health facility. Higher proportion

of mothers who gave birth in public hospital and public health center was observed among
teenage mothers (49.8% and 19.6%, respectively) while higher proportion of mothers who
delivered in private hospital/clinic/lying-in was seen among adult mothers (23.5%). Also,
there were more adult mothers (19.0%) who gave birth at home than teenage mothers (12.9%).
Generally, women were more likely to give birth in a health facility if it was their first time to
deliver, has finished her education up to college level, lived in urban areas and belonged to
middle to richest wealth quintile. Delivery at home was more likely among mothers who
experienced more than 3 deliveries, were more than 20 years old, finished up to elementary
education, were not working, lived in rural areas and belonged to the poorest wealth quintile.
Table 10. Percentage distribution of mothers with 0-47 months old children by place of delivery
by socio-demographic characteristics: Philippines, 2013 (n=4,851)
Health facility
Private Public
At Public
Characteristics n hospital/ health Total
Home Hospital
clinic/ lying-in center
Philippines 4851 18.7 39.1 23.3 19.0 100.0
Mother's Age 4851
<20 years old 308 12.9 49.8 17.7 19.6 100.0
≥20 years old 4543 19.0 38.6 23.5 18.9 100.0
Parity (15-45 Years) 4667
1 1470 10.0 44.3 29.2 16.5 100.0
2-3 1873 17.6 38.1 24.6 19.7 100.0
>3 1324 30.7 34.5 14.4 20.4 100.0
Education 4698
No Grade Completed 30 35.2 35.3 3.0 26.4 100.0
Elementary Undergraduate 252 45.6 28.0 8.2 18.3 100.0
Elementary Graduate 438 34.0 30.0 10.6 25.3 100.0
High School Undergraduate 754 26.3 37.9 13.4 22.5 100.0
High School Graduate 1714 18.4 40.9 20.3 20.4 100.0
College Undergraduate 653 11.8 45.0 26.6 16.6 100.0
College Graduate 857 4.7 39.3 44.5 11.5 100.0
Working Status 4851
Not working 3909 19.6 39.3 20.9 20.2 100.0
Working 942 15.1 38.4 32.5 14.0 100.0
Area of Residence 4851
Rural 2541 23.2 39.8 13.8 23.2 100.0
Urban 2310 14.9 38.5 31.1 15.4 100.0

Health facility
Private Public
At Public
Characteristics n hospital/ health Total
Home Hospital
clinic/ lying-in center
Wealth Quintile
Poorest 1042 34.9 32.2 6.2 26.7 100.0
Poor 1127 23.7 40.3 13.3 22.6 100.0
Middle 1013 16.5 46.5 17.8 19.3 100.0
Rich 908 11.9 41.3 29.9 16.9 100.0
Richest 718 5.5 33.6 53.1 7.7 100.0
Region
NCR 527 10.5 41.0 35.8 12.8 100.0
CAR 185 15.7 65.4 11.1 7.7 100.0
I. Ilocos 337 11.5 55.7 18.3 14.5 100.0
IV-A. CALABARZON 499 25.9 26.4 33.7 14.0 100.0
IV-B. MIMAROPA 166 31.8 37.2 16.7 14.3 100.0
V. Bicol Region 332 20.7 41.2 15.4 22.8 100.0
IX. Zamboanga 189 32.5 24.3 6.3 37.0 100.0
XI. Davao 216 21.4 32.9 34.3 11.5 100.0
ARMM 86 47.7 28.0 9.6 14.7 100.0
Caraga 222 17.4 52.9 8.2 21.6 100.0
There were more first time mothers who gave birth in public hospital (44.3%) and private
hospital/clinic/lying-in (29.2%) than mothers with 2 or more children. Consequently, there
were more mothers with 2-3 children (19.7%) who gave birth in a public health center than
first time mothers (16.5%) and those with more than 3 children (20.4%). Most mothers with
more than 3 children delivered at home (30.7%).
Mothers who attended at least high school education were more likely to deliver in a health
facility while those who finished elementary education mostly delivered at home. In terms of
work status, working mothers were more likely to deliver in a health facility while non-
working mothers had higher proportion of home delivery.
Based on location of residence, mothers living in rural areas (23.2%) had significantly higher
proportion of delivery at home than mothers living in urban areas (14.9%). Likewise, the
proportion of mothers who delivered at home decreased with increasing wealth. Mothers who

belonged to the poorest quintile had the highest proportion (34.9%) of home delivery. The
highest proportion of mothers who delivered in a public hospital was seen in the middle
quintile (46.5%) while the richest quintile had the highest percentage of delivery in a private
hospital/clinic/lying-in (53.1%) and the poorest had the highest delivery in a public health
center (26.7%).
At the regional level, the highest proportion of mothers who delivered at home was observed
in ARMM (47.7%) while the lowest percentage was noted in NCR (10.5%). The highest
proportion of delivery in a public hospital was seen in CAR (65.4%) while Davao (34.3%)
had the highest delivery in a private hospital/clinic/lying-in. The lowest proportions of
delivery in a public (24.3%) and private hospitals/clinic/lying-in (6.3%) were noted in
Zamboanga Peninsula but the highest proportion of delivery in a public health center (37.0%)
was also observed in this region. The lowest percentage of delivery in a public health center
was seen in CAR (7.7%).
Delivery assistance by socio-demographic characteristics
Assistance during delivery is also a very important component on having safe and successful
childbirth. Only skilled health professionals can detect early birth complications and perform
immediate or emergency care. One of the guiding principles in the MNCHN Program is that
every delivery should be attended by skilled health professionals.
Figure 10 shows the percentage distribution of mothers with 0-47 month old children by
assistance during delivery. Approximately 9 in every 10 mothers (90.2%) delivered their
babies with the assistance of doctors/nurses/midwives, collectively known as skilled health
professionals while 1 out of 10 mothers (9.4%) gave birth with the assistance of a traditional
birth attendant (TBA). There were also a few who reported being assisted by others like
family members who have no background on delivery care (0.5%).

100
90.2
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
9.4
10
0.5
0
Doctor/Nurse/midwife Traditional Birth Others
Attendant
Assistance during delivery
Figure 10. Percentage distribution of mothers with 0-47 months old children by
assistance during delivery: Philippines, 2013.
Teenage mothers (94.5%) had significantly higher proportion of delivery assisted by

doctors/nurses/midwives compared to adult mothers (89.9%). Skilled health professionals’
assistance during delivery was higher among first time mothers (96.2%) and lower among
mothers who had given birth for at least 3 times (80.4%). Moreover, mothers with more than
3 children (18.5%) had higher proportion of delivery assisted by TBAs than the first time
mothers (3.8%). Mothers who had college education (98.6%) were mostly assisted by skilled
health professionals during their delivery while mothers who completed at most elementary
education (30.1%) had higher proportion of delivery assisted by TBA. Noteworthy was that
both working (92.4%) and non-working mothers (89.6%) had high proportions of delivery
assisted by skilled health professionals and their difference was not significant (Table 11).
Based on location of residence, mothers living in urban areas (93.8%) had significantly
higher proportion of delivery assisted by skilled health professionals than mothers in rural
areas (85.8%). In terms of wealth quintile, the proportion of mothers who were assisted by
skilled health professionals increased from the poorest to the richest while the proportion of
mothers who were assisted by TBAs decreased from the poorest to the richest.
At the national level, 90.2% or approximately 9 in every 10 mothers were assisted by skilled
health professionals during their childbirth. Across regions, the highest proportions of
delivery assisted by skilled health professionals were observed in Ilocos (96.4%), Central
Luzon (96.2%) and NCR (95.0%) while the lowest proportions were seen in ARMM
(72.1%), MIMAROPA (76.0%) and Zamboanga Peninsula (75.5%).

In contrast, 1 in every 10 childbirths in the country was assisted by TBAs. Across regions, the
highest proportions of TBA-assisted delivery was observed in ARMM (27.9%),
MIMAROPA (23.5%) and Zamboanga Peninsula (24.1%) while the lowest proportions were
in Central Luzon (3.3%), Ilocos (3.6%), and NCR (4.3%).
In summary, mothers who were more likely to be assisted by skilled health professionals
during childbirth were first-time pregnant, mothers who attended at least college education,
living in urban areas, and those who belonged to the rich and richest quintiles. Conversely,
TBA-assisted delivery was more likely to happen to mothers who were more than 20 years
old, had experienced at least 3 times of childbirth, finished elementary education, living in
rural areas and belonged to the poor and poorest quintile.

Table 11. Percentage distribution of mothers by assistance during delivery: Philippines, 2013
(n=4,858)
Doctor/Nurse/ Traditional Birth
Characteristics n Others Total
Midwife Attendant (TBA)
Philippines 4858 90.2 9.4 0.5 100.0
Mother's Age 4858
<20 years old 308 94.5 5.1 0.5 100.0
≥20 years old 4550 89.9 9.6 0.5 100.0
1 1470 96.2 3.8 - 100.0
2-3 1875 91.8 7.8 0.4 100.0
>3 1329 80.4 18.5 1.1 100.0
Education 4705
No Grade Completed 31 65.7 25.3 9.0 100.0
Elementary Undergraduate 252 67.6 30.1 2.3 100.0
Elementary Graduate 440 76.6 21.5 1.9 100.0
High School Undergraduate 754 87.2 12.6 0.2 100.0
High School Graduate 1717 91.0 8.8 0.2 100.0
College Undergraduate 653 96.7 3.1 0.2 100.0
College Graduate 858 98.6 1.4 0.0 100.0
Working Status 4858
Not working 3915 89.6 10.0 0.4 100.0
Working 943 92.4 7.1 0.5 100.0
Area of Residence
Rural 2546 85.8 13.7 0.6 100.0
Urban 2312 93.8 5.8 0.4 100.0
Wealth Quintile 4815
Poorest 1048 75.8 23.4 0.8 100.0
Poor 1127 86.2 13.0 0.8 100.0
Middle 1013 94.2 5.5 0.4 100.0
Rich 909 96.1 3.7 0.3 100.0
Richest 718 99.1 0.9 - 100.0
Region
NCR 527 95.0 4.3 0.7 100.0
CAR 186 93.5 4.7 1.8 100.0
I. I. Ilocos 338 96.4 3.6 0.0 100.0
II. Cagayan Valley 222 90.7 9.0 0.4 100.0
III. Central Luzon 432 96.2 3.3 0.5 100.0
IV-A. CALABARZON 499 88.8 10.8 0.3 100.0
IV-B. MIMAROPA 168 76.0 23.5 0.5 100.0
V. Bicol Region 332 89.1 10.1 0.8 100.0
VI. Western Visayas 319 91.3 8.4 0.3 100.0
VII. Central Visayas 348 90.1 9.9 0.0 100.0
VIII. Eastern Visayas 266 89.9 9.1 0.9 100.0

Doctor/Nurse/ Traditional Birth

Characteristics n Others Total
Midwife Attendant (TBA)
IX. Zamboanga 190 75.5 24.1 0.5 100.0
X. Northern Mindanao 264 87.6 12.0 0.4 100.0
XI. Davao 217 81.6 17.9 0.5 100.0
XII. SOCCSKSARGEN 242 84.5 15.2 0.3 100.0
ARMM 86 72.1 27.9 0.0 100.0
Caraga 222 87.4 12.2 0.4 100.0
“-” no observation
Type of delivery by socio-demographic characteristics
In the Philippines, 87.2% of mothers delivered normally while 12.8% gave birth through
caesarean section (Figure 11).
12.8
Normal Caesarean
87.2
Figure 11. Percentage distribution of mothers with 0-47 month old children by type of delivery:
Philippines, 2013
Higher proportion of mothers who delivered normally was seen among teenage mothers
(93.2%) compared to adult mothers (86.9%). Conversely, adult mothers had significantly
higher proportions of caesarean section delivery (13.1%) than teenage mothers (6.8%).
Furthermore, among those who had caesarian section delivery, higher proportions were seen
among mothers who had given birth for the first time up to three times than those who had
given birth more than three times (4.3%). Mothers who had experienced more than 3 times of
delivery had significantly higher proportions of normal delivery (95.7%).
Mothers who finished at most secondary education had significantly higher proportions of
normal delivery than mothers with higher education. A higher proportion of caesarean section
delivery was seen among mothers who had at least college education.

In terms of work status, non-working mothers (89.3%) were more likely to have normal
delivery than working mothers (79.0%). Mothers from rural areas had higher proportion of
normal delivery (89.3%) than their counterparts in urban areas (85.4%).
Based on wealth quintile, the proportion of mothers who delivered normally decreased while
the proportion of caesarean section deliveries increased from the poorest to the richest,
respectively.
Across regions, the highest proportion of mothers who gave birth normally was found in
Zamboanga Peninsula (94.9%) while the lowest proportion was recorded in Central Luzon
(79.5%).
Table 12. Percentage distribution of mothers by type of delivery: Philippines, 2013 (n=4,858)
Type of Delivery
Characteristics Total
n Normal Caesarian
Philippines 4858 87.2 12.8 100.0
Mother's Age 4858
<20 years old 308 93.2 6.8 100.0
≥20 years old 4550 86.9 13.1 100.0
1 1470 84.0 16.0 100.0
2-3 1875 84.3 15.7 100.0
>3 1329 95.7 4.3 100.0
Education 4705
No Grade Completed 31 91.3 8.7 100.0
Elementary Undergraduate 252 96.0 4.0 100.0
Elementary Graduate 440 93.2 6.8 100.0
High School Undergraduate 754 94.8 5.2 100.0
High School Graduate 1717 89.5 10.5 100.0
College Undergraduate 653 86.6 13.4 100.0
College Graduate 858 72.3 27.7 100.0
Working Status 4858
Not working 3915 89.3 10.8 100.0
Working 943 79.0 21.0 100.0
Area of Residence 4858
Rural 2546 89.3 10.7 100.0
Urban 2312 85.4 14.6 100.0
Wealth Quintile 4815
Poorest 1048 95.4 4.6 100.0
Poor 1127 93.2 6.8 100.0
Middle 1013 89.4 10.6 100.0
Rich 909 85.4 14.6 100.0
Richest 718 70.2 29.8 100.0

Type of Delivery
Characteristics Total
n Normal Caesarian
Region
NCR 527 86.7 13.3 100.0
CAR 186 83.8 16.2 100.0
I. Ilocos 338 84.5 15.5 100.0
II. Cagayan Valley 222 83.7 17.3 100.0
III. Central Luzon 432 79.5 20.5 100.0
IV-A. CALABARZON 499 85.2 14.8 100.0
IV-B. MIMAROPA 168 91.0 9.0 100.0
V. Bicol Region 332 92.0 8.0 100.0
VI. Western Visayas 319 89.7 10.3 100.0
VII. Central Visayas 348 90.9 9.1 100.0
VIII. Eastern Visayas 266 93.0 7.0 100.0
IX. Zamboanga 190 94.9 5.1 100.0
X. Northern Mindanao 264 88.1 12.0 100.0
XI. Davao 217 85.5 14.6 100.0
XII. SOCCSKSARGEN 242 88.9 11.1 100.0
ARMM 86 90.9 9.1 100.0
Caraga 222 93.8 6.2 100.0
In summary, mothers who were more likely to deliver normally were the teenage mothers,
those who had given birth to 3 or more children, had finished up to high school education, not
working, those who lived in rural areas and the ones who belonged to the poorest to middle
wealth quintiles. On the contrary, mothers who were more likely to give birth through
caesarian section were the 20 years old and over, gave birth only once, attended at least
college education, working, those who lived in urban areas and the ones who belonged to rich
and richest wealth quintiles.
Postnatal Care
The postnatal period is critical to the health and survival of a mother and her newborn. The
most vulnerable time for both is during the hours and days after birth. If not given attention
during this time period, it can result to death or disability as well as missed opportunities to
promote health behaviors affecting women, newborns and children. A newborn’s life is
critical up to 7 days after being born while a mother’s life is critical 42 days after she gave
birth. Also, postnatal care can enhance the breastfeeding experience, assisting the mother to
address issues and help increase nurturing skills of the mother (DOH, 2008).

Timing of first postnatal check-up
On the timing of postnatal care, WHO recommends that if the birth is in a health facility,
mothers and newborns should receive postnatal care in the facility for at least 24 hours after
birth. On the other hand, if the birth is at home, the first postnatal check-up should be as
early as possible within 24 hours of birth. Also, the mother and the newborns must have at
least three additional postnatal check-ups. The first check-up is on day 3 or between 48 – 72
hours, then between days 7 – 14 and six weeks after birth (WHO, 2013).
Knowledge on the timing of postnatal check-up by socio-demographic characteristics
Table 13 presents the mothers’ knowledge on the timing of their postnatal check-up after
delivery. There were more adult mothers who believed that a mother who had just undergone
delivery should be checked by a skilled health professional immediately after birth and within
4-24 hours after their delivery, compared with teenage mothers. There was a higher
percentage of teenage mothers who answered that a mother who had just given birth should
be checked within 3 hours after delivery than adult mothers. However, the association
between the two age groups was not significant (p-value = 0.32).
In terms of wealth quintile, the highest percentage of mothers who said that a mother who
had just given birth should be checked immediately after birth and within 4-24 hours after
delivery was seen among the richest quintile while the lowest percentage was recorded
among the poorest. Likewise, the highest percentage of mothers who responded that postnatal
check-up should happen within 3 hours after delivery was noted among the rich and middle
quintiles.
In terms of location of residence, significant association (p-value <0.04) was observed

between mothers from urban and rural areas who believed that postnatal check-up should be
done immediately after birth or within 3 hours after delivery. Although, significantly higher
percentage of mothers living in urban areas (5.6%) said that postnatal check-up should be
within 4-24 hours after delivery.
There were more college graduate mothers who were knowledgeable on the proper timing of
postnatal check-up compared to those who did not graduate in college. No significant
association was observed between employment status of mothers and their knowledge on the
timing of postnatal check-up (p-value <0.68).

Table 13. Percentage distribution of mothers by knowledge on the timing of post-natal check-
up: Philippines 2013
Knowledge on timing of post-natal check-up (%)
Characteristics Immediately Within 3 hours Within 4-24 hours
after birth after delivery after delivery
Age group (year)
<20 yo 4.2 2.5 3.0
≥20 yo 5.4 1.8 4.6
Wealth Quintile
First (Poorest) 2.8 1.7 2.8
Second 4.6 1.9 4.4
Third 5.3 2.1 4.6
Fourth 6.3 2.1 5.8
Fifth (Richest) 9.2 1.4 6.0
Rural 4.7 1.8 3.5
Urban 5.9 1.9 5.6
No grade completed 1.8 0.0 0.0
Elementary undergraduate 1.5 0.5 3.0
Elementary graduate 3.4 1.6 3.1
High school undergraduate 4.3 1.9 3.0
High school graduate 5.6 1.9 5.2
College undergraduate 6.0 1.9 5.6
College graduate 8.5 2.7 6.0
Work Status
Not working 5.3 1.8 4.6
Working 5.6 1.9 4.5
Figure 12 shows the actual timing of first postnatal check-up of mothers after their delivery.
Majority (82.0%) of mothers had their first postnatal check-up immediately (within 24 hours)
after birth which parallels their knowledge on postnatal care. Those who had their check-up
beyond two days were 8.3% or about 4 in every 50 mothers. However, 7.8% or about 4 in
every 50 mothers still had no postnatal check-up at all.

100
Timing of first postnatal check-up
90 82.0
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
8.3 7.8
10
0.3 0.2 0.7 1.0
0
Immediately Within 3hrs within 4-24hrs Within 2 days Beyond 2 days Did not have
after birth after delivery after delivery post-natal
check-up
Figure 12. Percentage distribution of mothers by timing of receiving first postnatal check-up:
Philippines, 2013.
Table 14 shows the national and regional results on the timing of first postnatal check-up of
the mothers.
Among mothers who had their first postnatal check-up immediately after birth, the highest
proportion was found in NCR (90%) while the lowest was in ARMM (55.3%). Among the
regions, CALABARZON (1.2%) had the highest proportion of mothers who had their first
postnatal check-up within 3 hours after delivery. Meanwhile, MIMAROPA (16.1%) had the
highest proportion of having postnatal check-up beyond 2 days after delivery while Davao
(4.9%) and NCR (4.6%) had the lowest. Consequently, pregnant mothers in ARMM (22.3%)
had the most number of mothers not having postnatal check-up while Ilocos had the least at
4.9%. In spite of that, the differences on all the mentioned proportion were not significant
compared to the national estimate and among regional estimates.

Table 14. Percentage distribution of mothers with 0-36 months old children by timing of receiving first postnatal
check-up after giving birth to youngest child by region: Philippines, 2013 (n=4,834)
Did not
Within Within
have
Immediately 3hrs 4-24hrs Within Beyond
post-
Region n after birth after after 2 days 2 days Total
natal
(%) delivery delivery (%) (%)
check-up
(%) (%)
(%)
Philippines 4834 82.0 0.2 0.7 1.0 8.3 7.8 100.0
NCR 525 90.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.6 5.4 100.0
CAR 186 85.0 1.0 0.6 2.0 5.8 5.6 100.0
I. Ilocos 338 88.4 0.0 0.9 0.6 5.1 4.9 100.0
II. Cagayan Valley 221 79.1 0.0 0.4 1.0 12.1 7.4 100.0
III. Central Luzon 428 84.4 0.0 0.5 1.4 6.2 7.6 100.0
IV-A. CALABARZON 494 75.0 1.2 2.5 1.2 14.6 5.5 100.0
IV-B. MIMAROPA 168 69.1 0.0 0.5 2.8 16.1 11.5 100.0
V. Bicol Region 331 79.9 0.4 1.2 0.3 11.2 7.1 100.0
VI. Western Visayas 319 84.5 0.0 0.3 2.3 7.2 5.6 100.0
VII. Central Visayas 345 84.7 0.4 0.0 1.1 7.0 6.8 100.0
VIII. Eastern Visayas 266 85.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.5 6.2 100.0
IX. Zamboanga 189 68.2 0.0 0.6 1.0 8.0 22.2 100.0
X. Northern Mindanao 261 81.1 0.4 0.7 0.7 8.6 8.7 100.0
XI. Davao 216 78.5 0.0 0.0 0.8 4.9 15.8 100.0
XII. SOCCSKSARGEN 242 77.4 0.0 0.3 0.9 7.9 13.5 100.0
ARMM 83 55.3 0.0 1.1 6.5 14.9 22.3 100.0
Caraga 222 83.2 0.0 1.5 0.9 6.2 8.3 100.0
3.1.2 Knowledge, Health Seeking Behavior and Practices
Mother’s knowledge on nutrition and health
Health and nutrition information from health professionals and health workers are very
important for the mothers especially for the first time mothers since any health and nutrition
information they will learn and practice is a good investment in having healthy pregnancy.
Counseling is included in the MNCHN core services package from pregnancy to post-partum
care. During prenatal visits, the health worker is expected to counsel mothers on family
planning, nutrition and personal hygiene, among others. They are also responsible in
promoting healthy lifestyle by giving advice on smoking cessation, healthy diet, regular
exercise and moderate alcohol consumption. Post-partum care includes counseling about
nutrition, exclusive breastfeeding for six months and essential newborn care (DOH, 2008).

There were more adult mothers (51.1%) who received nutrition information during their
last/current pregnancy than teenage mothers (42.0%) (Figure 13). The difference between the
two age groups was found to be significant. Looking into wealth quintile, mothers belonging
to the poor quintile (54.2%) had the highest proportion who reported receiving nutritional
information followed by mothers belonging to rich quintile (52.3%). It was also observed that
the richest quintile (46.0%) had the lowest percentage of mothers who received nutrition
information. However, the difference among the wealth quintile groups was not significant
(See Appendix 1c for details).
Figure 13. Percentage distribution of mothers who received nutrition information during their
In terms of location of residence, there was no significant difference on nutrition information

received between mothers living in urban areas (50.0%) and those living in rural areas
(51.2%).
Based on educational attainment, the lowest proportion of mothers who received nutrition
information was observed among mothers who had no grade level. Also, there was no
significant difference in the proportion of mothers who were working and not working in
terms of receiving nutritional information.
Table 15 shows the proportion of mothers who received nutrition and health information
from health professionals during their last/current pregnancy. In the Philippines, only 50.6%
of mothers received nutrition and health information from health professionals. Across
regions, Davao had the highest (64.3%) while ARMM had the lowest percentage (36.0%) of
mothers who received health and nutrition information from health professionals.

Table 15. Percentage distribution of mothers who received nutrition and health information and
messages from a health professional during their last/current pregnancy by region:
C.I.
Region n % SE % CV
L.L. U.L.
Philippines 6652 50.6 0.8 49.1 52.0 1.5
NCR 617 47.7 2.2 43.3 52.1 4.7
CAR 237 49.4 3.7 42.0 56.7 7.6
I. Ilocos 414 44.3 2.9 38.6 49.9 6.5
IV-A. CALABARZON 675 48.9 2.2 44.5 53.3 4.6
IV-B. MIMAROPA 260 50.1 3.4 43.5 56.7 6.7
V. Bicol Region 458 40.4 2.8 35.0 45.9 6.9
IX. Zamboanga 290 50.9 3.6 43.9 57.9 7.0
XI. Davao 292 64.3 3.2 58.0 70.7 5.0
ARMM 290 36.0 3.5 29.1 43.0 9.8
Caraga 312 53.8 4.1 45.8 61.8 7.6
Most mothers (91.7%) considered mother’s class as the most important source of nutrition
information. A high proportion of mothers also considered forum or seminar (88.0%), food
demonstration (88.0%) and tri-media (82.5%) as important source of nutrition information.
Social media through internet and mobile phones were also considered important nutrition
information sources.
Table 16. Percentage distribution of mothers who considered the different information medium
as important sources of nutrition information: Philippines, 2013 (n=6,652)
Important sources of C.I. %
N %
Information SE L.L. U.L. CV
Mother's class 6,652 91.7 0.4 90.9 92.6 0.5
Forum/Seminar 6,651 88.0 0.5 87.0 89.1 0.6
Food demonstration 6,652 88.0 0.5 87.0 89.1 0.6
TV/Radio/Newspaper/Magazine 6,652 82.5 0.6 81.4 83.6 0.7
Cellphone 6,647 66.0 0.7 64.6 67.5 1.1
Internet 6,650 64.0 0.7 62.6 65.4 1.1
n = All mothers (mother's classification 1-4)
During prenatal visits, mothers also received nutrition counseling as one of the routine
packages for prenatal check-up. The topics that were highly-discussed among mothers were on

increasing food intake (54.7%) followed by the importance of prenatal check-up (42.9%) and
breastfeeding (41.4%) (Table 17).
Table 17. Percentage distribution of mothers and nutrition topics discussed during prenatal
counseling visit: Philippines, 2013 (n=2,646)
C.I.
Nutrition topics % SE % CV
L.L. U.L.
Increase food intake 54.7 1.1 52.6 56.9 2.0
Importance of pre-natal check-up 42.9 1.2 40.5 45.3 2.8
Importance of breastfeeding 41.4 1.2 39.1 43.8 2.9
Increase intake of iron rich foods 38.1 1.1 36.0 40.3 2.9
Complications during delivery 34.0 1.2 31.7 36.3 3.4
Weight monitoring 26.9 1.0 24.9 28.9 3.8
Personal hygiene 26.9 1.1 24.9 29.0 3.9
Effect of iron/folic supplements 24.7 1.0 22.8 26.6 4.0
Anemia, it's causes and effects 22.6 1.0 20.6 24.6 4.5
n= All mothers (mother’s classification nos. 1-4) who received nutrition counseling on their prenatal check-up
Pregnancy is a vulnerable stage as a woman is highly at-risk of health complications. These

are health problems that may occur during pregnancy and can affect the mother’s health, the
baby’s health, or both. Some health problems arise during pregnancy while others are
consequences of existing health problems before a mother becomes pregnant. To decrease the
risk of pregnancy complications, it is very important for women to receive health care before
and during pregnancy.
As shown in Table 18, about half of mothers (54.5%) were diagnosed with urinary tract
infection. Some were diagnosed with hypertension (18.0%) and anemia (8.8%).
Table 18. Percentage distribution of mothers by type of pregnancy complications experienced

during their last/current pregnancy: Philippines, 2013 (n=610*)
C.I.
Complications % SE % CV
L.L. U.L.
Urinary tract infection 54.5 2.1 50.3 58.7 3.9
Hypertension 18.0 1.6 14.9 21.2 8.8
Anemia 8.8 1.2 6.5 11.0 13.1
Goiter 4.4 0.9 2.7 6.2 19.8
Diabetes 4.2 1.0 2.2 6.2 23.8
Asthma 3.4 0.8 1.8 4.9 23.1
Heart Disease 3.0 0.7 1.6 4.4 23.6
Tuberculosis 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.8 58.1
n= All mothers (mother’s classification nos. 1-4) who availed pre-natal check-up
*51 missing answers in complications but availed pre-natal check-up
Hypertension during pregnancy can put the lives of the mother and the unborn child in danger
as it may increase the risk of maternal complications such as preeclampsia, placental abruption

and gestational diabetes. In addition, women are also at-risk of having pre-term delivery,
having low birth weight infant and infant death. It is thus important for a pregnant woman to
have her blood pressure monitored and treat hypertension before, during, and after pregnancy.
Included in the MNCHN core services package is the post-partum counseling on nutrition and
exclusive breastfeeding for six months. On the practice of preparing for breastfeeding, most
mothers ate foods that help produce or increase breastmilk (72.5%), other mothers did nothing
(24.8%) while a small proportion of mothers asked assistance from traditional hilot (1.4%)
(Table 19).
Table 19. Mother's practices to prepare for breastfeeding during her last/current pregnancy:
C.I.
Practices to Prepare for Breastfeeding % % CV
SE L.L. U.L.
Eat foods that help produce/increase breastmilk 72.5 0.7 71.1 74.0 1.0
Do Nothing 24.8 0.7 23.4 26.2 2.8
Ask Assistance from Traditional Hilot 1.4 0.2 1.0 1.7 11.7
Practice good and personal hygiene 0.6 0.1 0.4 0.8 18.8
Take Food Supplement 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.5 23.9
Breast Massage and Hot Compress 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.5 26.1
Taking a rest 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.2 45.9
n = All mothers with intention to breastfeed (Mother's classification 1-4)
Mothers’ knowledge on the best feeding practice for their child
Almost all of the mothers answered breastfeeding (93.4%) as the best feeding practice for their
baby. A small proportion of mothers (4.8%) thought that mixed feeding with breastmilk and
formula milk was the best while only 1.2% thought it was bottle feeding with infant formula
(Table 20). However, looking at the rate of actual breastfeeding practice in the Philippines,
only 53.4% of children were breastfed.
Table 20. Mother's knowledge on the best feeding practice for babies: Philippines, 2013
(n=6,635)
C.I.
Knowledge on Breastfeeding % % CV
SE L.L. U.L.
Breastfeeding 93.4 0.3 92.7 94.1 0.4
Mixed feeding with breastmilk and formula milk 4.8 0.3 4.2 5.5 6.5
Bottle feeding with infant formula milk 1.2 0.1 0.9 1.5 12.4
Do not know 0.6 0.1 0.4 0.8 16.8
n = All mothers (mother's classification 1-4)
Figure 14 plots the distribution of mothers based on knowledge that breastfeeding is the best
feeding practice for their child. Adult and teenage mothers believed that breastfeeding is the
best way to feed their baby but the difference in their proportions was not significant.

Figure 14. Percentage distribution of mothers who thought breastfeeding is the best feeding
practice for their babies by socio-demographic characteristics: Philippines, 2013.
The poorest quintile group (95.4%) had the highest proportion of mothers who thought that
breastfeeding is the best way to feed their child while the richest quintile group (90.5%) got
the lowest percentage. Furthermore, mothers in urban (93.1%) and rural areas (93.7%) both
believed that breastfeeding is the best feeding practice for their child but the difference was
not significant.
By educational attainment, the highest percentage of mothers who thought that breastfeeding
is the best feeding practice was seen among elementary graduates (95.6%). In terms of work
status, there was no significant difference in the proportion of working (91.9%) and non-
working mothers (93.8%) who believed that breastfeeding is the best way to feed their child
(See Appendix 1d for details).
Mothers’ intention to breastfeed their child by socio-demographic characteristics
Figure 15 shows the percentage distribution of mothers’ intention to breastfeed their child. By
age group, significantly higher percentage (29.3%) of adult mothers had the intention of
breastfeeding their children as long as there is milk flow compared to teenage mothers with
only 21.1%.

Figure 15. Percentage distribution of mothers’ intention to breastfeed their babies as long as
there is milk flow by socio-demographic characteristics: Philippines, 2013.
By wealth quintile, the poorest (32.6%) had higher proportion of mothers who intended to
breastfeed as long as there is milk flow than the poor (26.8%) and the rich (26.9%) quintile
groups. However, the difference among these wealth quintile groups was not significant.
Significant association was also noted between mothers living in urban and rural areas, and
those working and not working mothers, on their intention to breastfeed as long as there is
milk flow (p-value <0.00).
Based on the mothers’ educational attainment, the highest proportion who intended to
breastfeed their child was observed among those who did not achieve any grade level
(44.6%). It was significantly higher compared with those who were high school
undergraduate (27.9%), and high school graduate (27.5%). The lowest proportion was seen
among college undergraduate (24.4%) (See Appendix 1e for details).

Mothers receiving enough counseling on infant and young child feeding by socio-
demographic characteristics
Figure 16 illustrates the percent distribution of mothers who received enough counseling on
infant and young child feeding during their last/current pregnancy. It shows that there was no
significant difference between adult and teenage mothers on receiving enough counseling on
IYCF.
However, considering their wealth quintile, those who belonged to the richest group (90.9%)
had the highest percentage of mothers who received enough counseling which was
significantly higher compared with those belonging to the middle (80.6%), poor (79.6%) and
poorest (71.2%) groups.
Based on location of residence, mothers living in urban areas (84.2%) had significantly
higher proportion of those who reported receiving counseling on IYCF compared to their
rural counterparts (77.4%).
Received counseling on IYCF
Figure 16. Percentage distribution of mothers who received counseling on IYCF during their
By educational attainment, mothers who were college graduates (90.4%) had the highest
proportion in terms of receiving enough counseling on IYCF while mothers who did not
achieve any grade level had the lowest percentage (49.2%). Based on work status, the
proportion of working mothers (84.5%) who received enough counseling was significantly
higher than non-working mothers (79.9%) (See Appendix 1f for details).

In addition to breastfeeding, the best way to ensure that a child is safe from deadly diseases is
through immunization. According to UNICEF, millions of children die each year from
diseases that are preventable with readily available vaccines. Also, it is a child’s right to have
this protection. Based on the MNCHN core services package, mothers should also be
counseled on post-partum or postnatal check-up, home care and immunization so that they
will become aware on the importance of giving immunization to a child.
Results showed that almost all mothers said that a child should be vaccinated. Reasons cited
were to protect the child from infectious diseases (41.0%), to help the child to be healthy and
not sickly (33.4%) while some mothers believed that vaccination prevents life-threatening
diseases (24.6%).
Table 21. Reasons on the need for a child to be vaccinated: Philippines, 2013
C.I. %
Reasons N %
SE L.L. U.L. CV
Protects the child from infectious diseases 2,647 41.1 0.8 39.5 42.5 1.9
Helps the child to be healthy or not to be
sickly 2,249 33.8 0.8 31.9 35.0 2.4
Prevents life threatening diseases 1,617 24.6 0.7 23.3 25.9 2.7
Do not know 70 0.5 0.1 0.8 1.3 12.5
Within 24 hours after a child has been delivered, he/she is expected to be immunized with
BCG and Hepatitis B (first dose). Immunization is urgent and is particularly important on the
first two years of a child’s life since early protection is critical (UNICEF, 2010).
Most of the mothers knew that a child less than one year old should receive BCG or anti-TB
vaccine (76.3%). Many mothers also knew that measles (64.9%), Hepatitis B (63.5%), DPT
(59.2%) and OPV (50.5%) must be given to children below 1 year old (Table 22).
Table 22. Knowledge on the type of vaccine to be given to a child below 1 year old: Philippines,
2013 (n=5,976)
C.I.
Vaccine % % CV
SE L.L. U.L.
BCG (anti TB) 76.3 0.7 75.0 77.6 0.9
OPV (anti-Polio) 50.5 0.8 49.0 52.1 1.5
DPT (Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus) 59.2 0.7 57.7 60.6 1.3
Hepatitis B 63.5 0.7 62.1 64.9 1.1
Measles 64.9 0.7 63.5 66.2 1.1
HIB (Hemaphilus Influenza type-B) 8.2 0.4 7.3 9.0 5.2
Rotavirus 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.4 25.5
Hepatitis A 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 59.7
Influenza 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 74.3
Mumps 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 100.0
Pneumococcal 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 70.7

The survey results showed that only 26.2% of pregnant mothers were visited by a health
worker at home during their pregnancy (Table 23). The highest percentage was seen among
pregnant mothers in Eastern Visayas (37.1%) and MIMAROPA (37.0%) while the lowest
percentage was observed in ARMM (17.3%).
Table 23. Percentage distribution of pregnant mothers who were visited by a healthworker:
C.I.
Region % % CV
SE L.L. U.L.
Philippines 26.2 0.6 24.9 27.4 2.5
NCR 18.5 1.9 15.0 22.7 10.5
CAR 34.8 3.7 28.0 42.4 10.6
IV. Ilocos 23.6 2.3 19.4 28.3 9.6
V. Cagayan Valley 28.1 2.9 22.8 34.1 10.3
VI. Central Luzon 28.6 2.2 24.4 33.1 7.8
IV-A. CALABARZON 24.9 1.7 21.8 28.3 6.6
IV-B. MIMAROPA 37.0 3.7 30.2 44.4 9.9
V. Bicol Region 25.0 2.3 20.7 29.8 9.4
VI. Western Visayas 21.0 2.3 16.8 25.9 11.1
VII. Central Visayas 25.1 2.2 21.0 29.6 8.7
VIII. Eastern Visayas 37.1 3.1 31.2 43.3 8.4
IX. Zamboanga 24.2 2.8 19.0 30.1 11.7
X. Northern Mindanao 34.8 3.0 29.1 41.0 8.7
XI. Davao 33.0 3.3 27.0 39.7 9.9
XII. SOCCSKSARGEN 29.1 2.7 24.2 34.7 9.2
ARMM 17.3 3.4 11.7 24.9 19.5
Caraga 34.1 3.6 27.4 41.6 10.6
Mothers’ health seeking behavior when they got sick
Mothers have different health seeking behaviors when they got sick. The survey results
showed that most of the mothers sought the help of doctors, nurses and midwives in public
health facilities (62.4%), followed by those who went to private health facilities (17.2%).
About 1 in every 10 mothers did self-medication by buying over-the-counter drugs (9.2%)
while some mothers did nothing (7.9%). A very small percentage of mothers consulted
traditional healers (1.8%) or resorted to traditional herbal medicines (1.1%) and other
traditional practices (0.4%) (Figure 17).

Figure 17. Percentage distribution of mothers’ health seeking behavior when they got sick:
Philippines, 2013.
Table 24 shows the percentage distribution of mothers who consulted health professionals
when they got sick. A higher percentage of mothers who consulted health professionals in
private health facilities was observed among adult mothers (17.8%) than teenage mothers
(8.6%). On the contrary, a higher percentage of teenage mothers (66.7%) consulted in public
health facilities compared to adult mothers (62.1%).
Table 24. Percentage distribution of mothers who consulted health professionals when they got
sick: Philippines, 2013.
Health-seeking behavior (%)
Consulted doctor, nurse, Consulted doctor,
Characteristics
midwife in private health nurse, midwife in
facility public health facility
Age group (year)
<20 yo 8.6 66.7
≥20 yo 17.8 62.1
Wealth Quintile
First (Poorest) 4.6 69.9
Second 6.8 70.9
Third 12.5 67.7
Fourth 23.1 58.2
Fifth (Richest) 50.4 37.5
Rural 12.4 66.6
Urban 21.9 58.3

Table 24 Continuation….
Health-seeking behavior (%)
Consulted doctor, nurse, Consulted doctor,
Characteristics
midwife in private health nurse, midwife in
facility public health facility
No grade completed 4.5 38.3
Elementary undergraduate 2.7 68.0
Elementary graduate 6.3 69.1
High school undergraduate 9.0 70.3
High school graduate 12.6 67.4
College undergraduate 22.9 57.6
College graduate 44.8 43.0
Work Status
Not working 14.1 64.6
Working 28.3 54.6
The result in terms of wealth status was quite expected as mothers belonging to the richest
quintile (50.4%) had the highest percentage who consulted health professionals in private
health facilities compared with the other wealth quintile groups. In contrast, mothers who
belonged to the poorest (69.9%) and poor quintiles (70.9%) had the highest proportions of
mothers who consulted health professionals in public health facilities. Likewise, there were
more mothers living in urban areas (21.9%) who consulted health professionals in private
health facilities than those living in rural areas (12.4%).
A significantly higher proportion of mothers who were college graduates (44.8%) consulted
health professionals in private health facilities than those who were college undergraduate
(22.9%). For those who consulted health professionals in public health facilities, the highest
percentage was observed among high school undergraduate mothers.
Higher proportion of working mothers (28.3%) consulted health professionals in private

health facilities while more non-working mothers (64.6%) sought consultation from health
professionals in public health facilities.
Table 25 shows the regional results of the health-seeking behavior of mothers when they got
sick. Across regions, NCR had the highest percentage of mothers who consulted health
professionals, both from public (14.0%) and private (18.8%) health facilities. In contrast,
Bicol Region (13.9%) had the highest proportion of mothers who consulted traditional
healers like albularyo, manghihilot and magtatawas when they were sick. Mothers in
CALABARZON preferred to self-medicate by buying over-the-counter drugs (17.9%) or
buying/resorting to traditional medicines (16.4%). The highest proportion of mothers who
resorted to traditional practices or beliefs was observed in SOCCSKSARGEN (18.2%) while

Central Luzon (12.6%) was noted to have the highest percentage of mothers who did
nothing when they got sick.

Table 25. Percentage distribution of mothers’ health-seeking behavior when they got sick by region: Philippines, 2013 (n=6,651)
Consulted Consulted Buy over the Buy herbal/ Resorted to
health health Consulted counter drugs traditional traditional

Region n Did nothing professionals professionals traditional for self- medicines for practices/beliefs
in private in public healer medication self-medication for self-
facility facility medication
Philippines 6651 7.9 17.2 62.4 1.8 9.2 1.1 0.4
NCR 617 9.5 18.8 14.0 10.1 16.3 3.6 -
CAR 237 1.8 1.9 1.4 0.6 1.1 1.0 3.9
I. Ilocos 414 6.0 7.1 5.8 - 4.4 5.5 -
II. Cagayan Valley 318 2.3 3.7 3.7 - 2.1 1.1 9.5
III. Central Luzon 573 12.6 15.0 9.6 7.5 14.0 6.9 6.0
IV-A. CALABARZON 675 12.0 16.9 13.3 17.2 17.9 16.4 10.7
IV-B. MIMAROPA 260 2.4 2.3 2.5 9.5 1.7 3.7 16.4
V. Bicol Region 458 5.2 4.4 7.6 13.9 3.2 4.6 6.8
VI. Western Visayas 412 6.0 5.5 7.2 3.5 6.4 8.4 -
VII. Central Visayas 428 7.6 6.4 7.8 6.3 4.2 4.8 -
VIII. Eastern Visayas 392 4.5 2.4 5.8 2.6 2.5 4.3 13.0
IX. Zamboanga 290 4.0 2.2 3.7 3.7 4.2 1.9 -

X. Northern Mindanao 346 5.6 4.3 4.4 3.7 4.0 6.6 3.3
XI. Davao 292 4.8 3.6 3.6 8.5 5.7 10.4 4.0
XII. SOCCSKSARGEN 337 7.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 5.0 10.0 18.2
ARMM 290 7.1 0.6 2.5 7.6 5.7 8.7 8.3
Caraga 312 1.2 1.3 3.4 1.6 1.6 2.3 -
“-“ no observation
53
Mother’s Health and Sanitation Practices
There were about 9 in every 10 mothers who claimed that they always practice handwashing
with soap before food preparation, before and after eating, after toilet use, before feeding the
child and after attending to a child who defecated (Figure 18).
Figure 18. Percentage distribution of mothers’ practice of hand washing with soap: Philippines, 2013.
Table 26 illustrates the proportion of mothers who always practice hand washing. There was a
higher proportion of adult mothers (>20 years old) who reported washing their hands before
food preparation, before and after eating, after toilet use, before feeding the child and after
attending to a child who defecated than their teenage counterparts.
Table 26. Percentage distribution of mothers who always practice hand washing by socio-
demographic characteristics: Philippines, 2013.
Always Washing Hands (%)
Before After attending
Before food Before After After toilet
Characteristics feeding the to a child who
preparation eating eating use
child defecated
(n=5835) (n=5935) (n=5900) (n=6146)
(n=5397) (n=5542)
Age group (year)
<20 yo 81.9 84.0 83.8 89.4 78.4 83.5
>20 yo 88.7 90.0 89.5 93.1 87.8 90.0
Wealth Quintile
First (Poorest) 81.1 83.1 82.7 87.1 80.5 84.4
Second 87.5 88.6 88.8 93.2 86.5 89.2
Third 90.2 91.6 90.6 93.4 88.6 90.0
Fourth 91.5 93.3 91.5 95.9 91.3 93.6
Fifth (Richest) 94.1 94.6 94.9 96.8 93.4 93.7
54 Food and Nutrition Research Institute

Always Washing Hands (%)
After
Before
Before food Before After After attending to
Characteristics feeding
preparation eating eating toilet use a child who
the child
(n=5835) (n=5935) (n=5900) (n=6146) defecated
(n=5397)
(n=5542)
Rural 87.3 88.9 88.2 92.2 86.5 88.8
Urban 89.2 90.4 90.0 93.5 88.3 90.6
No grade completed 72.2 74.8 70.3 80.4 70.1 73.1
Elementary undergraduate 79.0 79.8 81.5 84.8 77.4 82.3
Elementary graduate 84.2 85.6 85.0 89.3 83.5 86.4
High school undergraduate 86.4 88.5 88.1 92.5 85.7 89.2
High school graduate 89.6 90.9 90.6 94.4 88.8 90.9
College undergraduate 90.0 91.7 91.5 94.4 89.7 91.9
College graduate 93.7 94.7 92.8 95.7 92.8 92.7
Work Status
Not working 87.9 89.2 88.7 92.6 86.8 89.1
Working 89.7 91.3 90.8 93.5 89.7 91.7
By wealth status, the richest quintile had the highest percentage of mothers who reported hand
washing on all the above-mentioned situations compared to the rest of the wealth quintile
groups. In terms of location of residence, more mothers in urban areas reported practicing hand
washing compared to their rural counterparts.
Mothers who did not complete any grade level had the lowest percentage of hand washing in
various situations compared to those who had any grade level education. Based on work status,
non-working mothers had lower proportion of hand washing than working mothers.
Across regions, Ilocos had the highest proportion of mothers who always practice hand washing
with soap before food preparation (94.9%), before eating (96.4%) and after eating (96.1%).The
practice of always washing hands with soap after using the toilet was observed to be highest in
Ilocos and Caraga (both 97.2%). In terms of hand-washing with soap before feeding the child
and after attending to a child who defecated, highest proportions were seen among mothers in
Caraga at 95.7% and 96.4%, respectively (Table 27).
However, there were still mothers who never practiced hand washing with the use of soap on all
of the activities that were asked (Figure 18). The highest proportion of mothers who did not ever
practice hand washing with soap before food preparation (5.2%), before eating (3.6%), before
feeding the child (7.4%) and after attending to a child who defecated (9.8%) was observed in
55
ARMM. Northern Mindanao had the highest proportion of mothers who never practiced hand
washing with soap after eating (5.7%) and after using the toilet (5.8%).

Table 27. Percentage distribution of mothers’ practice of hand washing with soap by region: Philippines, 2013
Before food Before feeding the After attending to a
Before eating After eating After toilet use
preparation child child who defecated
Region n N A S N A S N A S N A S N A S N A S
Philippines 6651 1.4 88.3 10.3 1.3 89.6 9.1 1.6 89.1 9.2 1.6 92.8 5.5 3.8 87.4 8.8 4.4 89.7 5.9
NCR 617 0.4 89.8 9.8 0.9 90.3 8.7 0.5 92.2 7.3 0.7 95.3 4.0 1.6 91.1 7.4 1.4 94.3 4.3
CAR 237 0.9 87.9 11.2 1.9 87.1 11.0 2.2 85.1 12.7 1.5 92.0 6.5 3.1 87.5 9.4 2.7 92.0 5.3
I. Ilocos 414 0.8 94.9 4.4 0.5 96.4 3.1 1.0 96.1 3.0 1.2 97.2 1.6 2.6 94.9 2.4 3.8 94.3 2.0
II. Cagayan Valley 318 2.3 84.3 13.4 2.3 84.4 13.3 2.6 85.1 12.3 2.9 90.3 6.8 4.8 83.3 11.9 5.2 86.8 8.0
III. Central Luzon 573 1.6 88.5 9.8 1.7 90.9 7.3 1.9 89.6 8.4 1.8 93.2 5.0 3.0 87.6 9.4 3.4 89.5 7.1
IV-A. CALABARZON 675 2.7 87.9 9.4 2.2 89.5 8.3 2.5 88.7 8.8 2.0 93.1 4.9 4.8 86.6 8.7 5.8 87.7 6.4
IV-B. MIMAROPA 260 1.9 82.3 15.8 2.5 85.5 12.0 2.3 83.9 13.8 1.2 87.0 11.8 5.5 80.9 13.6 4.5 84.3 11.2
V. Bicol Region 458 1.4 91.2 7.4 1.2 92.0 6.8 1.4 92.3 6.3 1.6 93.3 5.1 6.7 86.3 7.0 7.0 89.4 3.6
VI. Western Visayas 412 0.5 90.6 8.9 0.5 90.8 8.7 0.8 88.5 10.8 0.8 93.1 6.2 4.1 86.4 9.5 4.8 89.2 6.0
VII. Central Visayas 428 0.5 88.3 11.2 0.5 88.4 11.1 0.5 85.2 14.3 1.1 92.2 6.7 2.1 85.7 12.2 2.6 90.0 7.4
VIII. Eastern Visayas 392 0.2 92.4 7.3 0.2 94.3 5.5 0.2 95.5 4.2 0.7 94.5 4.8 1.3 94.5 4.2 1.4 95.4 3.2
IX. Zamboanga 290 2.0 85.1 12.9 0.3 85.1 14.5 1.7 86.1 12.2 0.3 94.9 4.8 2.7 89.1 8.2 2.3 93.4 4.4
X. Northern Mindanao 346 2.9 81.9 15.1 0.9 87.6 11.5 5.7 85.1 9.2 5.8 88.0 6.2 7.2 84.3 8.5 8.6 84.6 6.9
XI. Davao 292 1.5 88.6 9.9 1.2 89.6 9.2 1.5 88.1 10.4 2.1 92.7 5.2 5.7 83.7 10.6 7.6 86.5 5.9
XII. SOCCSKSARGEN 337 0.5 84.5 14.9 1.1 86.3 12.7 1.1 85.7 13.2 0.8 89.6 9.6 5.2 82.6 12.2 7.8 81.8 10.3
ARMM 290 5.2 74.2 20.6 3.6 77.7 18.7 4.3 77.3 18.4 4.1 81.2 14.7 7.4 73.8 18.8 9.8 79.3 10.9
Caraga 312 0.8 92.8 6.5 1.0 93.7 5.2 0.8 94.6 4.7 1.0 97.2 1.8 0.8 95.7 3.5 0.8 96.4 2.8
n=All mothers (mother’s classification 1-4); *exclude first-time pregnant
N – Never A – Always S – Sometimes

57
3.1.3 Nutritional Status of Mothers with 0-36 Month-Old Child
Lactating mothers
Among lactating mothers, Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) is often a result of prolonged
inadequate food intake. If a lactating mother has CED, it can result to reduced quantity of milk
produced and a decline of the vitamins A, D, B6, and B12 in the breast milk. Obesity, on the
other hand often contributes to degenerative diseases like diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and
cancer. These conditions may limit the breastfeeding capacity of mothers, thus affecting the
health and nutrition of the infant.
In the Philippines, approximately 1 in every 8 (12.5%) of lactating mothers are chronic energy
deficient while 2 in every 10 (21.8%) are overweight and obese.
Table 28 shows the percentage distribution of lactating mothers’ nutritional status by socio-
demographic characteristics and by region. The prevalence of CED was slightly higher among
teenage lactating mothers (12.7%) than adult mothers (12.5%). In contrast, prevalence of
overweight/obesity was observed to be significantly higher among adult mothers at 22.9%
compared to their teenage counterparts at 6.1%.
The highest proportion of lactating mothers with CED was seen among mothers who did not
complete any grade level (16.9%). Notable was the decreasing proportion of CED with
increasing educational attainment of mothers. In contrast, mothers who were college graduates
had the highest percentage of overweight and obese (31.1%) while mothers who did not
complete any grade level had the lowest (14.0%).
A slight difference in the proportion of CED was noted among working (11.2%) and non-
working mothers (12.7%). Moreover, working mothers had significantly higher proportion of
overweight/obese (29.0%) compared to those who were not working (20.6%).
By location of residence, higher prevalence of CED was seen among lactating women who
reside in rural areas (13.6%) than those who were in urban areas (11.2%). Consequently,
lactating mothers living in urban areas had significantly higher percentage of overweight/obesity
(25.8%) compared to their counterparts in rural areas (18.5%).
In terms of wealth status, lactating mothers who belonged to the poorest quintile had the highest
percentage of CED at 16.8% while the richest mothers had the lowest prevalence at 2.1%. On
the contrary, the richest quintile had the most overweight/obese lactating mothers (36.4%) while
the poorest quintile had the lowest prevalence (15.2%).

Across regions, the highest proportion of mothers with CED was seen in MIMAROPA with a
prevalence of 19.9% while the lowest prevalence was found in CAR (6.2%). Northern Mindanao
(32.4%) and NCR (32.3%) had the highest proportions of mothers who were overweight or
obese.
59
60
Table 28. Nutritional status of lactating mothers by socio-demographic characteristics by region: Philippines, 2013 (n=2,499)
Nutritional Status
CED/Low BMI Normal Overweight/ Obese
C.I. C.I. C.I. %
n (%) SE % CV % SE % CV (%) SE
CHARACTERISTICS L.L. U.L. L.L. U.L. L.L. U.L. CV
Philippines 2499 12.5 0.7 11.1 13.9 5.7 65.7 1.0 63.7 67.7 1.6 21.8 0.9 20.1 23.6 4.0
Age group (year)
<20 years old 204 12.7 2.5 7.8 17.6 19.5 81.2 2.9 75.4 86.9 3.6 6.1 1.8 2.7 9.6 29.0
>20 years old 2295 12.5 0.7 11.0 13.9 5.9 64.6 1.1 62.5 66.7 1.6 22.9 0.9 21.1 24.7 4.0
No grade completed 45 16.9 5.5 6.0 27.7 32.7 69.1 7.7 53.9 84.3 11.2 14.0 5.7 2.9 25.1 40.5
Elementary undergraduate 241 15.5 2.4 10.9 20.2 15.2 68.7 3.2 62.4 75.0 4.7 15.7 2.5 10.8 20.6 15.9
Elementary graduate 317 14.0 2.0 10.0 18.0 14.6 66.0 2.8 60.5 71.5 4.2 20.0 2.4 15.3 24.7 11.9
High school undergraduate 477 14.7 1.9 11.0 18.4 12.8 65.7 2.3 61.2 70.2 3.5 19.7 1.9 15.8 23.5 9.9
High school graduate 832 12.0 1.1 9.8 14.2 9.4 66.1 1.8 62.7 69.6 2.7 21.8 1.5 18.8 24.8 7.0
College undergraduate 292 11.0 1.9 7.3 14.7 17.0 65.1 3.0 59.3 70.9 4.5 23.9 2.6 18.8 29.0 10.8
College graduate 286 6.9 1.6 3.7 10.1 23.5 62.1 3.1 55.9 68.2 5.1 31.1 3.0 25.2 36.9 9.6
Others 4 55.6 24.7 7.2 104.1 44.4 44.4 24.7 0.0 92.8 55.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Work Status
Not working 2,152 12.7 0.8 11.2 14.2 6.1 66.7 1.1 64.5 68.8 1.7 20.6 0.9 18.8 22.4 4.5
Working 347 11.2 1.9 7.4 14.9 17.2 59.8 2.7 54.5 65.2 4.6 29.0 2.5 24.1 34.0 8.6
Rural 1502 13.6 0.9 11.8 15.4 6.8 68.0 1.3 65.4 70.5 1.9 18.5 1.1 16.4 20.5 5.7
Urban 997 11.2 1.1 9.0 13.3 9.8 63.0 1.6 60.0 66.1 2.5 25.8 1.4 22.9 28.6 5.6
Table 28 continuation...
Nutritional Status
CHARACTERISTICS
C.I. % C.I. % C.I. %
n (%) SE % SE (%) SE
L.L. U.L. CV L.L. U.L. CV L.L. U.L. CV

Wealth Quintile
First (Poorest) 815 16.8 1.4 14.0 19.6 8.5 68.0 1.9 64.4 71.7 2.7 15.2 1.5 12.3 18.1 9.6
Second 600 14.6 1.7 11.4 17.8 11.3 66.3 2.1 62.2 70.4 3.1 19.1 1.6 16.0 22.1 8.2
Third 511 11.0 1.5 8.1 13.9 13.2 66.3 2.3 61.9 70.8 3.4 22.6 1.9 18.8 26.4 8.6
Fourth 347 10.0 1.6 6.8 13.2 16.5 62.0 3.0 56.2 67.9 4.8 28.0 2.7 22.6 33.3 9.8
Fifth (Richest) 207 2.1 1.0 0.2 4.1 47.0 61.5 3.5 54.7 68.3 5.6 36.4 3.5 29.6 43.2 9.5
By Region
NCR 196 7.8 2.3 3.3 12.3 29.6 60.0 3.1 53.9 66.0 5.2 32.3 3.1 26.1 38.4 9.7
CAR 116 6.2 2.1 2.2 10.3 33.1 63.9 3.7 56.6 71.2 5.8 29.9 3.8 22.4 37.4 12.7
I. Ilocos 151 15.8 2.8 10.3 21.3 17.8 67.7 4.1 59.6 75.7 6.1 16.5 3.2 10.2 22.9 19.6
II. Cagayan Valley 130 13.0 3.1 6.9 19.1 23.9 72.8 4.2 64.6 81.1 5.8 14.2 3.6 7.1 21.3 25.6
III. Central Luzon 171 13.8 2.4 9.1 18.6 17.6 60.7 4.2 52.6 68.9 6.9 25.5 3.5 18.6 32.3 13.7
IV-A. CALABARZON 103 19.9 4.5 11.0 28.8 22.8 68.7 5.4 58.1 79.2 7.8 11.4 3.3 4.9 17.9 29.1
IV-B. MIMAROPA 211 14.1 2.3 9.6 18.6 16.1 66.0 3.5 59.1 72.9 5.3 19.9 2.6 14.7 25.1 13.3
V. Bicol Region 194 14.9 2.6 9.7 20.0 17.6 62.8 3.9 55.3 70.4 6.1 22.3 3.2 16.0 28.6 14.3

VI. Western Visayas 198 16.6 2.9 10.9 22.3 17.5 71.5 3.2 65.2 77.7 4.5 11.9 2.2 7.7 16.2 18.2
VII. Central Visayas 160 9.4 2.3 4.9 13.9 24.4 71.1 3.6 64.1 78.1 5.0 19.5 2.8 14.0 25.0 14.5
VIII. Eastern Visayas 173 11.7 2.4 7.0 16.3 20.3 68.9 3.9 61.3 76.5 5.7 19.5 3.2 13.2 25.7 16.4
IX. Zamboanga 101 8.7 2.6 3.6 13.8 30.0 65.1 4.1 57.0 73.1 6.3 26.2 3.3 19.8 32.7 12.6
X. Northern Mindanao 131 4.0 1.7 0.6 7.3 43.4 63.6 3.8 56.2 71.0 5.9 32.4 4.1 24.5 40.4 12.5
XI. Davao 109 14.8 3.6 7.8 21.7 24.1 66.2 4.2 57.9 74.5 6.4 19.1 3.8 11.6 26.5 19.9
XII. SOCCSKSARGEN 123 14.4 2.7 9.0 19.8 19.0 64.0 4.0 56.2 71.9 6.3 21.5 4.5 12.7 30.4 20.8
ARMM 122 16.6 3.8 9.1 24.1 23.1 66.0 5.1 55.9 76.0 7.7 17.5 3.6 10.5 24.5 20.4
Caraga 110 8.8 3.1 2.6 14.9 35.6 65.1 4.3 56.8 73.5 6.5 26.1 3.9 18.4 33.8 14.9
61
Table 29. Nutritional status of non-pregnant/non-lactating mothers by socio-demographic characteristics by region: Philippines, 2013(n=2,907)
62
Nutritional Status
CHARACTERISTICS CED/Low BMI Normal Overweight/ Obese

C.I. C.I. C.I. %
n %) SE % CV (% SE % CV % SE
L.L. U.L. L.L. U.L. L.L. U.L. CV
Philippines 2,907 11.5 0.6 10.3 12.7 5.3 61.3 1.0 59.4 63.2 1.6 27.2 0.9 25.5 28.9 3.2
Age group (year)
<20 years old 135 13.6 3.1 7.5 19.6 22.7 75.6 3.7 68.3 83.0 5.0 10.8 2.8 5.4 16.2 25.5
>20 years old 2772 11.4 0.6 10.2 12.6 5.5 60.8 1.0 58.8 62.7 1.6 27.8 0.9 26.0 29.6 3.3
No grade completed 38 23.9 7.6 9.0 38.8 31.7 57.4 8.4 41.0 73.9 14.6 18.7 6.9 5.2 32.2 36.8
Elementary undergraduate 205 14.1 2.6 8.9 19.3 18.7 63.3 3.7 55.9 70.6 5.9 22.7 3.1 16.6 28.7 13.7
Elementary graduate 292 12.9 2.1 8.8 16.9 16.0 63.4 3.1 57.4 69.4 4.8 23.7 2.7 18.3 29.1 11.6
High school undergraduate 400 13.2 1.8 9.6 16.8 13.8 60.3 2.6 55.2 65.5 4.4 26.5 2.5 21.7 31.3 9.3
High school graduate 981 12.6 1.1 10.4 14.7 8.7 61.0 1.6 57.8 64.2 2.7 26.4 1.5 23.6 29.3 5.5
College undergraduate 388 10.5 1.8 7.0 14.0 16.9 62.3 2.7 57.1 67.6 4.3 27.2 2.6 22.1 32.2 9.5
College graduate 590 7.6 1.2 5.4 9.9 15.0 60.3 2.2 56.0 64.7 3.7 32.0 2.0 28.0 36.0 6.4
Others 3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Work Status
Not working 2,138 12.9 0.8 11.4 14.4 5.9 61.3 1.2 59.0 63.6 1.9 25.8 1.0 23.8 27.8 4.0
Working 769 7.8 1.1 5.8 9.9 13.5 61.2 1.9 57.6 64.9 3.0 30.9 1.8 27.5 34.4 5.7
Rural 1573 12.4 0.9 10.7 14.1 6.9 62.7 1.3 60.2 65.2 2.0 24.9 1.1 22.7 27.1 4.5
Urban 1334 10.7 0.9 9.1 12.4 8.0 60.1 1.4 57.3 62.8 2.3 29.2 1.3 26.6 31.8 4.6
Table 29 continuation...
Characteristics C.I. % C.I. C.I. %
n %) SE (% SE % CV % SE
L.L. U.L. CV L.L. U.L. L.L. U.L. CV
Wealth Quintile
First (Poorest) 689 14.4 1.4 11.7 17.1 9.7 66.5 1.9 62.8 70.3 2.9 19.1 1.6 16.0 22.2 8.3
Second 594 12.9 1.5 10.0 15.9 11.6 58.3 2.3 53.9 62.8 3.9 28.7 2.0 24.8 32.7 7.0
Third 555 14.9 1.6 11.8 18.1 10.7 58.0 2.2 53.8 62.3 3.8 27.0 1.9 23.2 30.8 7.2
Fourth 559 10.4 1.3 7.8 13.0 12.9 61.7 2.2 57.5 66.0 3.5 27.9 2.0 23.9 31.8 7.2
Fifth (Richest) 480 5.0 1.1 2.9 7.2 21.3 62.2 2.4 57.4 67.0 3.9 32.7 2.3 28.3 37.2 6.9
By Regions
NCR 309 12.0 1.6 8.9 15.2 13.4 57.1 3.0 51.4 62.9 5.2 30.8 3.0 25.0 36.7 9.7
CAR 84 4.5 2.8 1.0 10.0 61.6 62.2 7.0 48.6 75.9 11.2 33.2 6.7 20.0 46.4 20.2
I. Ilocos 190 12.0 2.3 7.5 16.4 18.8 61.7 3.3 55.2 68.1 5.3 26.4 3.0 20.6 32.2 11.2
II. Cagayan Valley 133 10.2 2.8 4.7 15.6 27.2 62.7 4.4 54.1 71.4 7.0 27.1 3.7 19.8 34.4 13.8
III. Central Luzon 286 16.3 2.3 11.8 20.8 14.1 55.5 2.7 50.3 60.7 4.8 28.2 2.3 23.6 32.8 8.3
IV-A. CALABARZON 316 8.6 1.5 5.6 11.5 17.7 64.2 2.7 58.9 69.5 4.2 27.2 2.5 22.4 32.1 9.1
IV-B. MIMAROPA 109 14.9 3.5 8.1 21.7 23.3 61.3 4.6 52.3 70.2 7.4 23.9 4.5 15.1 32.6 18.8
V. Bicol Region 186 8.1 2.0 4.2 12.0 24.7 71.4 3.3 64.9 78.0 4.7 20.5 2.9 14.9 26.1 14.0
VI. Western Visayas 143 15.0 2.9 9.2 20.7 19.5 52.4 4.4 43.8 61.0 8.3 32.6 4.2 24.4 40.9 12.8

VII. Central Visayas 188 12.1 2.6 6.9 17.3 21.8 63.6 3.5 56.7 70.5 5.5 24.3 2.6 19.1 29.4 10.8
VIII. Eastern Visayas 159 12.1 2.6 7.1 17.2 21.3 62.1 4.0 54.3 69.9 6.4 25.8 3.2 19.4 32.2 12.6
IX. Zamboanga 129 12.7 2.7 7.4 18.0 21.3 67.8 3.9 60.0 75.5 5.8 19.5 3.3 13.1 26.0 16.8
X. Northern Mindanao 147 8.2 2.4 3.6 12.8 28.7 66.9 4.0 59.1 74.7 5.9 24.9 4.0 17.2 32.7 15.9
XI. Davao 136 12.2 2.6 7.1 17.3 21.2 64.4 4.2 56.2 72.7 6.5 23.3 3.8 15.9 30.7 16.2
XII. SOCCSKSARGEN 150 8.9 2.4 4.2 13.6 26.9 63.8 4.0 56.0 71.6 6.3 27.3 3.2 21.1 33.5 11.6
ARMM 110 12.1 3.3 5.7 18.5 27.0 58.7 4.8 49.3 68.2 8.2 29.2 4.8 19.7 38.6 16.6
Caraga 132 7.8 2.3 3.3 12.3 29.4 57.3 4.1 49.1 65.4 7.2 34.9 3.8 27.6 42.3 10.8
63
Non-pregnant/non-lactating mothers with 0-36 month-old child
Table 29 shows the percentage distribution of the nutritional status of non-pregnant and non-
lactating mothers by socio-demographic characteristics and by region. At the national level, 1
in every 9 mothers (11.5%) were chronic energy deficient while 4 in every 10 mothers were
overweight or obese (27.2%).
For non-pregnant/non-lactating mothers with 0-36 month-old children, the prevalence of

CED was higher among teenage mothers (13.6%) than adult mothers (11.4%). The
prevalence of overweight/obesity was significantly higher among adult mothers at 27.8%
than teenage mothers (10.8%).
In terms of educational attainment, the highest prevalence of CED was reported among
mothers who did not complete any grade level (23.9%) while the lowest was among mothers
who completed college education (7.6%). Meanwhile, college graduates had the highest
proportion (32%) of overweight/obesity while those who did not complete any grade level
had the lowest (18.7%). In terms of work status, significantly higher proportion of CED was
noted among non-working mothers (12.9%) than those who were working (7.8%).
Consequently, working mothers were more likely to be overweight/obese (30.9%) than those
who were not working (25.8%).
Mothers who belonged to the middle wealth quintile had the highest prevalence of CED at
14.9% while those who belonged to the richest quintile had the lowest prevalence (5.0%).
Conversely, the highest prevalence of overweight/obesity was observed among those
belonging to the richest quintile (32.7%) whereas the poorest quintile had the lowest
prevalence rate at 19.1%.
Mothers who reside in rural areas had higher prevalence of CED (12.4%) than those residing
in urban areas (10.7%). In contrast, overweight/obesity prevalence was higher among
mothers who reside in urban areas (29.2%) than those in rural areas (24.9%).
Across regions, mothers in Central Luzon (16.3%) had the highest proportion of CED
prevalence while CAR had the lowest (4.5%). Moreover, the highest proportion of
overweight/obese mothers was found in Caraga (34.9%) and the lowest was in Zamboanga
Peninsula (19.5%).

3.1.4 Anemia
Lactating mothers
Prevalence of anemia was higher among adult lactating mothers (17.3%) compared to their
younger counterparts. In terms of wealth status, prevalence of anemia among lactating
mothers increased with decreasing wealth. Also, higher anemia prevalence was noted among
mothers residing in rural areas (20.1%) than those who were in urban areas (13.0%) (Table
30).
Table 30. Prevalence of anemia among lactating mothers by socio-demographic characteristics:

Philippines, 2013 (n=725)
Anemic
Characteristics C.I.
n % SE % CV
L.L. U.L.
Age group (year)
<20 years old 72 9.8 3.6 2.7 17.0 37.0
>20 years old 653 17.3 1.5 14.3 20.3 8.8
Wealth Quintile
First (Poorest) 258 21.3 2.9 15.6 27.0 13.5
Second 161 16.5 2.7 11.2 21.9 16.4
Third 147 13.6 3.1 7.4 19.8 23.1
Fourth 94 13.1 3.8 5.6 20.5 29.0
Fifth (Richest) 50 8.8 3.7 1.5 16.1 42.0
Rural 434 20.1 2.0 16.1 24.1 10.1
Urban 291 13.0 2.1 9.0 17.1 15.9
Non-pregnant/non-lactating mothers with 0-36 month-old children
Among non-pregnant and non-lactating mothers with 0-36 month-old children, a higher
proportion of anemia prevalence was observed among teenage ones (19.8%) compared to the
older ones (13.4%). Anemia prevalence also decreased with the mother’s increasing wealth.
Meanwhile, mothers living in rural areas (15.1%) had higher anemia prevalence than those
who live in urban areas (12.3%) (Table 31).

Table 31. Prevalence of anemia among non-pregnant and non-lactating mothers by socio-
demographic characteristics: Philippines, 2013 (n=805)
Anemic
CHARACTERISTICS C.I.
N % SE % CV
L.L. U.L.
Age group (year)
<20 years old 32 19.8 8.5 3.2 36.5 42.6
>20 years old 773 13.4 1.2 10.9 15.8 9.3
Wealth Quintile
First (Poorest) 181 15.7 2.4 11.0 20.5 15.5
Second 149 14.6 3.0 8.6 20.5 20.7
Third 153 15.7 3.1 9.6 21.8 19.7
Fourth 165 12.6 3.0 6.7 18.5 23.8
Fifth (Richest) 136 9.2 2.4 4.5 13.9 26.2
Rural 424 15.1 1.6 12.0 18.1 10.3
Urban 381 12.3 1.8 8.7 15.9 14.9

3.2 INFANT AND YOUNG CHILD FEEDING
3.2.1 Current Feeding Practices: Breastfeeding
The current feeding practice at the time of the survey pertains to the child’s feeding practice
the day prior to the interview. This is to differentiate it from other indicators which are based
on historic recall such as breastfeeding initiation, ever breastfeeding and giving of prelacteal
feeds where the mother/caregiver tries to recall the practice since it already occurred before
the interview.
Figure 19 is a graphical presentation showing the proportion of children by current feeding

practice and the child’s age where each feeding starts, peaks, declines, or stops. At the time of
the survey, about 64.8% of children 0-2 months were exclusively breastfed, 17.4% were fed
on breastmilk with other milk and 9.4% were fed on pure other milk. Infants 4-5 months old
had the highest proportion of predominantly breastfed at 9.1%. Among infants 2-3 months,
the proportion of exclusively breastfed declined to 56.7% while those fed on pure other milk
increased to 23.7% from the less than 2 months proportion (See Appendix 2a).
100% Foods w/o any milk

Other milk+foods
90%
Pure other milk
80% BF+ Other Milk+CF
70% Predominant Breastfeeding
Exclusive Breastfeeding
Percentage
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
<2 2-3 4-5 6-7 8-9 10-11 12-15 16-19 20-23
Age in Months
Figure 19. Percentage distribution of children 0-23 months old by current feeding practice: Philippines, 2013
Breastfeeding with complementary feeding started to peak at age 8-9 months and gradually
declined when the child reached one year old. Children 20-23 months old had the highest
proportion fed on other milk. Furthermore, beginning at six months, there were children who
were no longer taking any milk.

Comparison between 2011 and 2013 results
Figure 20 compares the feeding practices of children 0-23 months by age group between
2011 and 2013 surveys. Among 0-5 months, results showed an increased proportion of
exclusive breastfeeding and a decline in the proportion who received untimely
complementary foods. However, on the same period, the proportion given other milk also
showed a slight increase from 2011 to 2013 (See Appendix 2l for details).
Figure 20. Comparison of current feeding practice of children 0-23 months old by age group:
At 6-11 months, the age when infants should have been introduced to complementary foods,
the proportion of children who continue to receive exclusive breastfeeding increased from
3.1% to 5.0% between 2011 and 2013 surveys, respectively. Proportion of children who
continue to breastfeed and given complementary foods also showed a decline from 2011 to
2013 and consistently showed an increase in the proportion fed on other milk with foods and
children receiving regular foods without breastmilk or other milk.
Among 12-23 months, the same pattern as 6-11 months was observed. It was noticeable that
the proportion of children on regular diet and receiving no breastmilk or other milk increased
in 2013 (from 8.6% to 13.8%).

Initiation of Breastfeeding
Breastfeeding initiated as early as one hour postpartum has been highly associated with
longer breastfeeding duration. Early suckling of the child helps to establish mother-baby
bonding and boosts the confidence of the mother to breastfeed. This also stimulates the
release of hormones responsible for milk production and increases intrauterine activity
thereby contracting the uterus to return to its normal size more rapidly. More importantly, it
makes the thick, yellowish, antibody-rich fluid from the breast, known as colostrum,
available to the baby during the first two or three days after delivery (Whitney, Rady and
Rolfes, 2005).
Table 32 shows that about 8 in every 10 children (77.1%) were initiated to breastfeed within
one hour after delivery.
Table 32. Percentage distribution of children 0-23 months old initiated to breastfeeding within one
hour after delivery by socio-demographic characteristics: Philippines, 2013 (n=4,292)
[95% Conf. Interval]
Characteristic Proportion Std. Err. CV
LL UL
All 77.1 0.7 75.7 78.6 1.0
Sex
Male 78.1 1.0 76.1 80.1 1.3
Female 76.1 1.0 74.2 78.1 1.3
Area of Residence
Rural 78.5 1.0 76.6 80.3 1.2
Urban 75.8 1.1 73.6 78.0 1.5
Wealth Quintile
Poorest 82.4 1.2 80.0 84.7 1.5
Poor 79.1 1.4 76.3 81.9 1.8
Middle 78.3 1.6 75.2 81.5 2.0
Rich 75.6 1.8 72.0 79.1 2.4
Richest 66.2 2.2 61.9 70.6 3.4
Mother’s Age
<20 75.8 2.4 71.1 80.5 3.2
≥ 20 77.2 0.8 75.8 78.7 1.0
Parity
1 72.5 1.4 69.8 75.2 1.9
2–3 76.9 1.2 74.6 79.2 1.5
4–5 80.0 1.6 76.9 83.1 2.0
≥6 80.9 1.9 77.2 84.7 2.4
Occupation
Working 71.8 2.0 67.9 75.7 2.8
Not working 77.6 0.8 76.0 79.1 1.0

Characteristic Proportion Std. Err. CV
LL UL
Education
No grade completed 86.5 5.6 75.5 97.5 6.5
Elementary undergraduate 82.5 2.3 78.0 87.0 2.8
Elementary graduate 78.8 2.1 74.7 82.8 2.6
High School undergraduate 77.6 1.7 74.3 80.9 2.2
High School graduate 77.2 1.2 74.8 79.7 1.6
Vocational Undergraduate 62.6 7.9 47.2 78.0 12.5
Vocational Graduate 74.6 4.0 66.8 82.4 5.3
College undergraduate 79.4 2.0 75.4 83.3 2.5
College graduate 66.2 2.4 61.5 70.9 3.6
Others (SPED, Arabic Schooling,
Others) 33.7 27.4 20.0 87.5 81.2
Region
NCR 83.0 2.1 78.8 87.2 2.6
CAR 85.2 3.2 79.0 91.5 3.7
I. Ilocos 71.5 2.9 65.9 77.1 4.0
II. Cagayan Valley 71.2 3.4 64.5 78.0 4.8
III. Central Luzon 57.0 3.0 51.2 62.9 5.2
IV-A. CALABARZON 71.5 2.4 66.9 76.2 3.3
IV-B. MIMAROPA 72.9 3.4 66.1 79.6 4.7
V. Bicol Region 71.3 2.8 65.9 76.7 3.9
IX. Zamboanga 83.3 2.9 77.5 89.0 3.5
XI. Davao 88.9 2.3 84.4 93.5 2.6
ARMM 76.8 3.9 69.2 84.5 5.1
Caraga 85.9 2.8 80.5 91.3 3.2
By area of residence, initiation of breastfeeding within one hour was slightly higher in rural
areas. By wealth quintile, initiation of breastfeeding within one hour decreased with
increasing wealth, from 82.4% among the poorest quintile to 66.2% among the richest.
By maternal characteristics, the proportion of breastfeeding initiation generally decreased

with increasing educational attainment of mothers. More children born to mothers with lower
education completed tend to receive timely breastfeeding initiation than mothers with higher
educational attainment. Parity was observed to be associated with timely breastfeeding
initiation. Mothers with more children have higher proportion of breastfeeding initiation
within one hour after delivery than first-time mothers or those with 2-3 children. By
employment status, unemployed mothers were more likely to have their children initiated to
breastfeeding within an hour than those who were employed.

Between 2011 and 2013, results showed a significant increase in the proportion of timely
initiation of breastfeeding from 51.9% to 77.1%, respectively (Figure 21). This may be partly
due to the strengthened implementation of Mother-Baby Friendly Hospital Initiatives in both
the public and private hospitals and clinics (See Appendix 2m for details).
Figure 21. Comparison of the timing of breastfeeding initiation: Philippines, 2011 & 2013
Association between birth delivery variables, breastfeeding initiation and current

feeding
The Department of Health Administrative Order 0035 series of 2009 is one of the policies
and protocol on essential newborn care that is critical in the timely initiation of breastfeeding.
In this policy, health professional who assisted in the delivery require mothers to practice the
skin-to-skin contact with their newborn immediately after delivery by placing the newborn on
the mother’s abdomen/bare chest after the baby is born.
This report tried to look into the association of timely association of breastfeeding with
different birth delivery variables to help identify gaps in the full implementation of DOH AO
0035 s. 2009. The variables are place of delivery (home, public hospital, private hospital,
public health center), type of delivery (normal or caesarean) and the person who assisted the
delivery (doctors, midwives, nurses or hilot). Timing of initiation and the current feeding
practices of the children was also tested for association.

Breastfeeding initiation by place of delivery
Regardless of where the child was born, there was a significant increase in the proportion of
children initiated to breastfeed within one hour after delivery between 2011 and 2013. In
both survey periods, higher proportion of children with timely initiation of breastfeeding
were from public health centers and much lower among those born in private hospitals
(Figure 22) (See Appendix 2n for details).
2011 vs. 2013
82.9
100 77.1 78.9 76.5
67.6
61.5
80 51.9 51.1 51.6 49.8
60
40
20
0
2011 2013
All At home Public Hospital Private hospital/clinic/lying-in Public health center/clinic
Figure 22. Comparison of the percentage distribution of children 0-23 months old initiated to breastfeeding
within one hour after delivery by place of delivery: Philippines, 2011 & 2013
Comparison between place of delivery and current feeding practice among 0-5 months
Results showed that infants were more likely to be exclusively breastfed if they were
delivered in public health centers followed by those who were delivered at home and at
public hospitals. A lower proportion of infants currently on exclusive breastfeeding and
consequently higher proportion currently on other milk feeding were those delivered at
private hospital and clinics. These results were consistent with the proportion of infants by
place of delivery and breastfeeding initiation within one hour (See Appendix 2c for details).

Figure 23. Percentage distribution of children 0-5 months old by current feeding practices and by place
of delivery: Philippines, 2013
Comparison between place of delivery and current feeding among 0-5 months old infants
between 2011 and 2013 results
Feeding practice by place of delivery showed positive improvements between 2011 and 2013.
Among 0-5 months old infants, proportion of exclusive breastfeeding increased between 2011
and 2013 regardless of place of delivery while there was a decline in the proportion of given
predominant breastfeeding, untimely complementary foods and giving of other milk/formula.
It must be noted that those born in private facilities were the least likely to be exclusively
breastfed and the most likely to be given breastmilk substitutes/other milk (See Appendix 2o
for details).
Figure 24. Comparison of the percentage distribution of children 0-5 months old by current feeding
practices by place of delivery: Philippines, 2011 & 2013

Breastfeeding Initiation by Type of Delivery
By type of delivery, 9 out of 10 (88.9%) children were delivered normally while there were 1
out of 10 (11.1%) children delivered through caesarean section (Figure 25). Children born via
normal delivery were most likely to be initiated to breastfeed within one hour after birth than
their counterparts delivered by caesarean section (Figure 26) (See Appendix 2b & 2d for
details).
Figure 26. Percentage distribution of children 0-

Figure 25. Percentage distribution of children 0-
23 months old initiated to breastfeeding within
23 months old by type of delivery: Philippines,
one hour after delivery by type of delivery:
2013
Philippines, 2013
Breastfeeding initiation by assistance at delivery
About 8 out of 10 children were delivered through the assistance of medical professionals
like doctor, nurse and midwife while about 2 of 10 children were delivered through the
assistance of traditional birth attendants (TBA) (Figure 27).
Initiation of breastfeeding within one hour after delivery was more common among infants
delivered through the assistance of health professionals at 80.7% than those delivered with
the help of TBA at 18.6% (Figure 28) (See Appendix 2b & 2d for details).
Figure 27. Percentage distribution of children 0-23 Figure 28. Percentage distribution of children 0-
months old by person who assisted in the delivery: 23 months old by initiation of breastfeeding
Type 2013 and Current Feeding Practice within one hour by person who assisted in the
of Delivery
Philippines,
delivery: Philippines, 2013

Type of Delivery and Current Feeding Practice
Figure 29 shows that higher proportion of infants born via caesarean section were non-
exclusively breastfed and were given milk formula and complementary foods earlier than
infants born via normal delivery (See Appendix 2c for details).
7.0
0.0
Figure 29. Percentage distribution of children 0-5 months old by current feeding practice and by
type of delivery: Philippines, 2013
Birth delivery via caesarean section has been associated to delay onset of lactation since
newborns are often taken to nursery to let the mother recover and rest after the operation.
This makes it difficult for the mother to establish breastfeeding thus will increase the
likelihood of the infant to receive prelacteal feed. Further, giving prelacteal to infant makes
them less interested in feeding at the breast lessening the stimulation of breast milk
production which lead to lack/limited milk flow. When a mother perceives lack of milk
flow, she often resorts to milk formula to feed her baby.
Assistance at Delivery and Current Feeding Practice among Children 0-5 months old
Higher percentage of infants 0-5 months old on exclusive breastfeeding was found among
those who were delivered through the assistance of traditional birth attendants (65.2%) than
those who were delivered through the help of health professionals (52.2%). There were also
higher percentages of breastfeeding with complementary or mixed feeding and formula
feeding among infants delivered through the assistance of medical professionals (Figure 30)
(See Appendix 2c for details).

Figure 30. Percentage distribution of children 0-5 months old by current feeding practices and person
who assisted the delivery: Philippines, 2013
There was an association between the practice of exclusive breastfeeding and breastfeeding
initiation within one hour. The proportion of children currently on exclusive breastfeeding
was higher when initiated to breastfeed within one hour than beyond one hour. On the
contrary, higher proportion of infants currently on breastfeeding with complementary foods
(mixed feeding) and formula or other milk feeding were found on infants initiated to
breastfeed beyond one hour (Figure 31).
Figure 31. Percentage distribution of children 0-5 months old by current feeding practices by
timing of breastfeeding initiation: Philippines, 2013
Exclusive Breastfeeding
The WHO recommends that children be exclusively breastfed from birth to six months. This
requires that the infant receives only breastmilk but allows giving of oral rehydration
solution, vitamins, minerals and medicine in drops or syrups and nothing else. For this
survey, the proportion of exclusive breastfeeding pertains to children 0-5.9 months who were
exclusively breastfed the day prior to interview over the total number of 0-5.9 months old
children.

Table 33 shows the exclusive breastfeeding rate among children 0-5.9 months by socio-
demographic characteristics. Disaggregated by single age, a decreasing trend on the rate of
exclusive breastfeeding was observed with child’s age. Significant decrease was noted among
infants at 4 and 5 months old, respectively.
Exclusive breastfeeding was more common in the rural than urban areas. Around 6 in every
10 infants 0-5 months old were exclusively breastfed in rural areas while around 4 out of 10
were observed in urban areas.
Breastfeeding was associated with wealth quintile, being more common among households in
the poor quintiles and the proportion was decreasing with increasing household wealth.
In terms of maternal education, the proportion of exclusive breastfeeding tends to decrease

with mothers increasing educational attainment. Mothers with lower educational attainment
were more likely to exclusively breastfeed their children compared to those with higher
educational attainment. Exclusive breastfeeding rate also increased with increasing number of
children. Similarly, significantly higher proportion of children with unemployed mothers was
exclusively breastfed (58.0%) compared to those with employed mothers (30.2%).
Table 33. Percentage distribution of exclusively breastfed children 0-5 months old by socio-
demographic characteristics: Philippines, 2013 (n=1,139)
Characteristics Proportion Std. Err. CV
LL UL
All 52.3 1.6 49.2 55.4 3.0
Single Age (in months)
0 65.5 4.1 57.5 73.5 6.2
1 64.3 3.7 57.0 71.5 5.8
2 54.4 3.6 47.4 61.4 6.6
3 58.8 3.6 51.8 65.8 6.0
4 44.2 3.7 36.9 51.6 8.5
5 28.3 3.7 20.9 35.6 13.2
Sex
Male 52.6 2.2 48.3 57.0 4.2
Female 52.0 2.3 47.5 56.4 4.3
Area of Residence
Rural 60.3 1.9 56.5 64.1 3.2
Urban 44.2 2.5 39.3 49.1 5.6
Wealth Quintile
Poorest 66.6 2.9 61.0 72.3 4.3
Poor 57.9 3.1 51.8 64.1 5.4
Middle 54.2 3.4 47.5 60.9 6.3
Rich 45.8 4.1 37.8 53.9 9.0
Richest 29.6 3.9 22.0 37.2 13.0

Table 33 Continuation….
LL UL
Mother’s Age
<20 51.5 4.4 42.8 60.2 8.6
≥20 52.4 1.7 49.1 55.8 3.2
Parity
1 50.1 2.6 45.0 55.2 5.2
2–3 56.3 2.8 50.9 61.7 4.9
4–5 58.0 4.5 49.2 66.8 7.7
≥6 62.9 4.7 53.6 72.2 7.5
Education
Others (SPED, Arabic
Schooling, Others) 100.0 - - - -
Occupation
Working 30.2 4.0 22.2 38.1 13.4
Not working 58.0 1.7 54.7 61.4 2.9
Comparison between 2011 and 2013 surveys

In comparison with 2011 survey, there was an overall increase in the proportion of
exclusively breastfed infant from 2013 proportion except among new born less than one
month old (Figure 32) (See Appendix 2p for details).
Figure 32. Comparison of the percentage distribution of children 0-5 months old currently
exclusively breastfed at the time of the survey: Philippines, 2011 & 2013

Trends on exclusive breastfeeding
Figure 33 shows that in 10 years’ time (from 2003 to 2013 surveys), there has been an
increasing rate of exclusive breastfeeding among children. The increase between 2011 and
2013 can be attributed to the increased proportion of children who were delivered in public
and private health facilities, increased proportion of children initiated to breastfeeding within
one hour after birth and decreased rate of predominant breastfeeding among children 0-5
months old.
Figure 33. Trends on the rate of exclusive breastfeeding: Philippines, 2003 - 2013
*For comparison purposes, note that estimates in 2003 and 2008 were based on the usual feeding
of the children at the time of the survey while estimates in 2011 and 2013 were based on the 24-
hour food recall the previous day.
**2003 and 2008 estimates were based only on one replicate of the Master Sample while 2011 and
2013 utilized the four replicates of the Master Sample.
Predominant Breastfeeding
Predominant breastfeeding is a practice wherein the predominant source of nourishment is

breastmilk but the child also receives fluids such as water, water with sugar, fruit juice and
other clear liquids in addition to breastmilk. Giving of these kinds of clear liquids among
infants 0-5 months of age while breastfeeding is discouraged as it interferes with exclusive
breastfeeding.
Results showed that about 1 out of 15 infants 0-5 months (6.6%) was predominantly
breastfed and the practice increased with increasing age of the child. Predominant
breastfeeding was higher among poor and poorest to middle wealth quintiles but was lower
among the rich and richest quintiles. However, no significant difference was found across all
the socio-demographic characteristics (Table 34).

Table 34. Percentage distribution of predominantly breastfed children 0-5 months old by socio-
LL UL
All 6.6 0.8 5.1 8.1 11.5
Single Age (in months)
0 5.1 1.7 1.8 8.5 33.5
1 5.8 1.8 2.3 9.3 30.9
2 5.5 1.7 2.2 8.9 30.8
3 4.7 1.5 1.7 7.6 31.8
4 7.9 1.9 4.3 11.6 23.7
5 10.5 2.3 6.1 15.0 21.6
Sex
Male 5.7 1.0 3.8 7.6 17.1
Female 7.5 1.1 5.4 9.6 14.5
Area of Residence
Rural 7.2 1.0 5.2 9.2 14.5
Urban 6.0 1.1 3.8 8.2 18.9
Wealth Quintile
Poorest 6.6 1.4 3.9 9.3 20.6
Poor 8.4 1.9 4.7 12.1 22.2
Middle 9.7 2.1 5.6 13.8 21.7
Rich 3.8 1.3 1.2 6.4 35.0
Richest 4.3 1.9 0.6 8.0 43.7
Mother’s Age
<20 6.5 1.9 2.9 10.2 28.5
≥ 20 6.6 0.8 5.0 8.2 12.3
Parity
1 6.7 1.3 4.2 9.2 19.0
2–3 6.8 1.3 4.2 9.3 19.1
4–5 4.4 1.6 1.1 7.6 37.5
≥6 9.6 2.8 4.1 15.1 29.3
Education
Occupation
Working 5.0 2.0 1.1 9.0 39.9
Not working 7.0 0.9 5.3 8.7 12.2

Comparison between 2011 and 2013 results
At the national level, an overall decrease in the proportion of predominantly breastfed

children was noted. By age group, the rate of predominant breastfeeding increased among
infants less than 2 months old (4.8% to 5.5%) to 4 to 5 months old (8.9% to 9.1%).
Conversely, predominantly breastfed infants 2 to 3 months of age decreased by 2.8
percentage-points from 7.9% to 5.1% (Figure 34) (See Appendix 2q for details).
Figure 34. Comparison of predominantly breastfed children 0-5 months old by age in months:
Philippines, 2011 and 2013
Prelacteal Feeding
Although not part of the WHO-UNICEF indicator, prelacteal feed was included in the survey
because of its negative effect on optimal breastfeeding. Prelacteal feeds are liquid feeds given
to a newborn before breastfeeding was established within three days after birth. Prelacteal
feeds are discouraged because it satisfies a baby’s hunger and thirst. This in turn makes the
baby less interested in breastfeeding which results in decreased stimulation for breast milk
production. Prelacteal feeds increase the risk of illnesses such as diarrhea and other infections
and allergies particularly as infants are not given the colostrum.
The results below (Table 35) show that there were about 2 out of 10 infants 0-5 months old
who were given prelacteal feeds. The practice of giving prelacteal feeds did not vary by sex.
Children from rural areas were less likely to receive prelacteal feeds than their urban
counterparts. Generally, children from poorer households were less likely to receive
prelacteal feeds than from those of wealthier households.
With the national estimate as reference, the highest proportion of prelacteal feeding was
observed in Central Luzon at 42.5%. Conversely, giving of prelacteal feeds among children
was lowest in Caraga (9.7%) and CAR (9.8%).

Significantly more mothers (25.6% ) who have given birth to only one child gave prelacteal
feeds than those who have at least 2 children [19.8% (2-3 children), 18.9% (4-5 children),
and 15.8% (≥6 children)]. The practice of giving prelacteal feeds was significantly higher
among mothers who have completed a college degree (33.0%) compared to those with lower
education completed [no grade completed (14.5%), elementary undergraduate (16.6%),
elementary graduate (21.7%), high school undergraduate (18.8%), high school graduate
(18.6%), and college undergraduate (20.6%)]. Likewise, significantly higher proportion of
children with employed mothers (25.7%) was given prelacteal feeds than those whose
mothers were unemployed (20.1%).
Table 35. Percentage distribution of children 0-23 months old given prelacteal feeds by socio-
Background Characteristic Proportion Std. Err. CV
LL UL
All 20.9 0.7 19.5 22.3 3.4
Sex
Male 20.8 1.0 18.8 22.7 4.7
Female 21.0 1.0 19.1 22.9 4.6
Area of Residence
Rural 18.0 0.9 16.2 19.8 5.1
Urban 23.7 1.1 21.5 25.9 4.8
Wealth Quintile
Poorest 15.5 1.2 13.2 17.8 7.6
Poor 20.4 1.5 17.4 23.4 7.4
Middle 18.1 1.5 15.1 21.1 8.5
Rich 23.0 1.8 19.6 26.5 7.6
Richest 31.3 2.2 27.0 35.6 7.0
Region
NCR 15.9 2.2 11.6 20.2 13.8
CAR 9.8 2.3 5.3 14.2 23.3
I. Ilocos 20.9 2.8 15.5 26.3 13.2
IV-A. CALABARZON 28.5 2.3 23.9 33.0 8.2
IV-B. MIMAROPA 22.7 3.8 15.3 30.1 16.7
V. Bicol Region 19.5 2.2 15.2 23.9 11.4
IX. Zamboanga 14.3 2.8 8.8 19.8 19.5
XI. Davao 11.7 2.8 6.2 17.1 23.8
ARMM 25.6 3.5 18.8 32.4 13.6
Caraga 9.7 2.0 5.8 13.6 20.7

LL UL
Mother’s Age
<20 19.7 2.3 15.2 24.1 11.5
≥ 20 21.0 0.7 19.5 22.4 3.5
Parity
1 25.6 1.4 22.8 28.3 5.4
2–3 19.8 1.1 17.6 22.1 5.7
4–5 18.9 1.7 15.5 22.3 9.1
6+ 15.8 1.7 12.4 19.1 10.9
Education
Occupation
Working 25.7 1.9 22.0 29.4 7.4
Not working 20.1 0.8 18.5 21.7 4.0
Type of prelacteal feeds, reasons for giving and person who influenced to give prelacteal
feeds
Types of prelacteal feeds given to children were also elicited. Based on the results, other milk
or formula milk (56.9%) and plain water (46.0%) were the most commonly given prelacteal
feeds (Table 36).
Table 36. Percentage distribution of children 0-23 months old by type of prelacteal feed given:
Type of Prelacteal Feed Proportion Std. Err. [95% Conf. Interval] CV
Other milk 56.9 1.9 53.1 60.6 3.4
Plain water 46.0 1.9 42.3 49.8 4.1
Water with sugar/honey 6.4 0.8 4.7 8.1 13.2
Herbal extract 2.0 0.5 1.0 2.9 25.2
Fruit extract 1.0 0.3 0.4 1.6 32.3
Honey 0.6 0.2 0.2 1.1 38.0
Others 0.6 0.3 0.0 1.2 48.7

Advice by health professionals as doctors, nurses or midwives (36.1%), personal choice

(35.0%) and advice of relatives and friends (21.0%) were the mothers’ most cited influence in
providing prelacteal feeds among their children (Table 38).
Table 37. Percentage distribution of children 0-23 months old by factors influencing prelacteal
feeding: Philippines, 2013 (n=852)
Factors that influenced to give
Proportion Std. Err. [95% Conf. Interval] CV
prelacteal feed
Doctor/Nurse/Midwife 36.1 1.9 32.4 39.9 5.2
Personal choice 35.0 1.7 31.7 38.4 4.8
Relatives/friends 21.0 1.5 18.0 24.0 7.4
Family tradition 4.3 0.7 2.9 5.6 16.0
BHW/BNS 2.4 0.6 1.2 3.5 25.3
Others 1.2 0.4 0.5 1.9 30.3
Around 7 in every 10 mothers opted to give prelacteal feeds because there was no breastmilk
flow while 1 in every 5 practiced it to prevent baby from dehydration. The remaining
proportion gave prelacteal feeds to cleanse/prepare the baby’s gut for digestion (Table 37).
Table 38. Percentage distribution of children 0-23 months old by reasons for giving prelacteal
feeds: Philippines, 2013 (n=902)
Reason for Giving Prelacteal Feed Mean SE [95% Conf. Interval] CV
No milk flow 71.4 1.8 67.9 74.8 2.5
Prevent dehydration/quench thirst 24.4 1.6 21.2 27.6 6.7
To cleanse/prepare baby's gut for digestion 8.5 1.0 6.5 10.5 11.8
Others 1.1 0.4 0.3 1.8 37.0
Prevent jaundice 0.6 0.3 0.1 1.2 46.1
Continued Breastfeeding at 1 Year and at 2 years
The WHO and UNICEF recommend to breastfeed children continuously from birth up to 2
years and beyond. The current data illustrates the practice of continued breastfeeding at 1
year and at 2 years, indicated by the proportion of children 12 to15 months old and 20 to 23
months old, who were still breastfeeding at the time of the survey.
Among 1 year olds, only 48.4% continued breastfeeding and the proportion further declined
to 27.6% among 2 years old children. More females were likely to have prolonged
breastfeeding than males and more likely among rural children than their urban counterparts
(Table 39).

Wealth is inversely related with both continued breastfeeding at one year and at two years.
The proportion of children who were breastfed for longer duration was observed to decline
with increasing household wealth.
Across regions, continued breastfeeding at 1 year ranged from 28.3% in NCR to 68.3% in
CAR. NCR rates were significantly lower than the national level estimates.
More children who were born to mothers less than 20 years of age (59.0%) were breastfed
continuously up to 1 year compared to those born to older mothers (47.7%). Conversely,
significantly greater proportion of mothers more than 20 years (28.4%) old tends to prolong
breastfeeding up to 2 years than their younger counterparts (7.7%).
Mothers who have more children tend to breastfeed up to 1 and 2 years compared to mothers
who have lesser children.
Mother’s educational attainment has an inverse relation to breastfeeding duration. Mothers

who have completed at most high school were more likely to prolong breastfeeding until 1
year compared to mothers who have completed a degree. Furthermore, mothers who have
reached or have completed elementary level were more likely to have continued
breastfeeding up to 2 years than those who have higher educational attainment or have at
least graduated high school.
A significantly lower proportion of working mothers continued breastfeeding up to 1 year

(28.8% vs. 58.7%) and up to 2 years (21.7% vs. 34.4%) when compared to non-working
mothers.
Table 39. Percentage distribution of children with continued breastfeeding at 1 year and at 2
years by socio-demographic characteristics: Philippines, 2013
Continued Breastfeeding at 1 Continued Breastfeeding
Background Characteristic
Year (n=732) at 2 Years (n=823)
All 48.4 27.6
Sex
Male 45.8 24.4
Female 51.1 31.5
Area of Residence
Rural 57.8 29.1
Urban 39.6 25.8
Wealth Quintile
Poorest 64.1 39.0
Poor 50.1 32.7
Middle 54.8 27.7
Rich 36.4 19.8
Richest 21.7 9.9

Continued Breastfeeding at 1 Continued Breastfeeding
Background Characteristic
Year (n=732) at 2 Years (n=823)
Region
NCR 28.3 25.5
CAR 68.3 40.8
I. Ilocos 50.3 33.2
II. Cagayan Valley 65.8 15.5
III. Central Luzon 44.8 22.1
IV-A. CALABARZON 39.3 21.1
IV-B. MIMAROPA 54.1 48.1
V. Bicol Region 48.0 38.1
VI. Western Visayas 60.6 38.8
VII. Central Visayas 62.7 27.7
VIII. Eastern Visayas 58.4 28.5
IX. Zamboanga 55.8 17.7
X. Northern Mindanao 44.3 33.1
XI. Davao 54.2 17.6
XII. SOCCSKSARGEN 51.3 27.4
ARMM 56.0 36.0
Caraga 66.0 14.9
Mother’s Age
<20 59.0 7.7
≥ 20 47.7 28.4
Parity
1 43.7 20.8
2–3 51.2 28.4
4–5 65.1 34.8
≥6 67.6 52.9
Education
No grade completed 80.1 36.3
Elementary undergraduate 66.4 46.6
Elementary graduate 60.1 47.2
High School undergraduate 56.0 38.2
High School graduate 60.6 29.3
Vocational Undergraduate 0.0 14.8
Vocational Graduate 18.6 19.3
College undergraduate 43.4 22.4
College graduate 30.9 17.6
Occupation
Working 28.8 21.7
Not working 58.7 34.4

Ever Breastfeeding
Ever breastfed children refer to those born in the last 24 months who were given breastmilk,
including expressed human milk or breastfed through a wet nurse, regardless of duration.
This is an indicator if breastfeeding remains part of the culture of feeding infants and young
children in the country. The survey results indicate that about 9 (88.8%) in every 10 infants
and young children were ever-breastfed. This rate of ever-breastfeeding was the lowest
recorded in a span of 6 years (Figure 35).
Figure 35. Comparison of ever breastfeeding rate among children 0-23 months old: Philippines, 2003 -2013**
**2003 and 2008 estimates were based only on one replicate of the Master Sample while 2011 and 2013 used four
*For comparison purposes, note that 2003 and 2008 data were based on the child’s usual feeding at the time of the survey
replicates of the Master Sample.
while in 2011 and 2013, feeding practice is based on the child’s intake the previous day using the 24-hour food recall.
The proportion of ever-breastfed children did not vary by sex and was significantly higher
among children from rural areas compared to those from urban areas (Table 40).
Table 40. Percentage distribution of ever breastfed children 0-23 months old by socio-
LL UL
All 88.8 0.5 87.8 89.8 0.6
Sex
Male 88.9 0.7 87.4 90.3 0.8
Female 88.7 0.7 87.3 90.2 0.8
Area of Residence
Rural 90.6 0.6 89.4 91.9 0.7
Urban 87.1 0.8 85.5 88.6 0.9
Wealth Quintile
Poorest 94.0 0.7 92.6 95.5 0.8
Poor 90.5 1.0 88.6 92.4 1.1
Middle 87.5 1.2 85.2 89.8 1.4
Rich 86.6 1.3 84.1 89.1 1.5
Richest 82.7 1.6 79.5 86.0 2.0

LL UL
Region
NCR 86.2 1.8 82.7 89.7 2.1
CAR 96.0 1.5 93.0 99.0 1.6
I. Ilocos 89.0 2.0 85.1 92.8 2.2
IV-A. CALABARZON 84.4 1.8 80.9 87.8 2.1
IV-B. MIMAROPA 91.1 1.8 87.6 94.6 2.0
V. Bicol Region 91.3 1.7 88.0 94.6 1.8
IX. Zamboanga 94.3 1.6 91.2 97.4 1.7
XI. Davao 92.0 2.4 87.3 96.7 2.6
ARMM 93.3 2.2 89.0 97.5 2.3
Caraga 90.0 2.1 86.0 94.1 2.3
Mother’s Age
<20 93.4 1.5 90.6 96.3 1.6
≥ 20 88.4 0.5 87.4 89.5 0.6
Parity
1 92.0 0.8 90.4 93.6 0.9
2–3 91.0 0.8 89.5 92.6 0.9
4–5 93.8 1.0 91.9 95.8 1.1
≥6 95.0 1.0 93.0 97.0 1.1
Education
Occupation
Working 87.8 1.4 85.1 90.6 1.6
Not working 93.0 0.5 92.0 93.9 0.5

Ever-breastfeeding rate tends to decrease with increasing household wealth which means that
children whose mothers were from poorer households were more likely to be breastfed
compared to those children from the wealthier households. While 94.0% of children from the
poorest household were breastfed at some time, only about 83.0% from the richest
households were ever breastfed.
Across regions, children from the Mindanao areas were more likely to be breastfed compared
to children from other parts of the country. Significantly higher proportions of ever-
breastfeeding were noted in the regions of CAR (96.0%), SOCCKSARGEN (94.5%) and
Zamboanga Peninsula (94.3%) compared to the national estimate at 88.8%.
Mothers who were not employed and less than 20 years of age had significantly higher
likelihood of ever-breastfeeding their children. The ever-breastfeeding rate is inversely
related to maternal education.
Duration of Breastfeeding
For the past surveys and 8th NNS, duration of breastfeeding was based on children 0-23
months old. Mean duration in months was computed based on the child’s age when
breastfeeding was stopped for children not currently breastfed and the actual age of the child
was used for those who were currently breastfed at the time of the survey.
Mean duration of breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding among children were only 8.2
months and 4.1 months, respectively. Despite a slight increase on the recorded duration of
breastfeeding, these are short of the global recommendation set by the WHO to have children
exclusively breastfed until 6 months and breastfeeding continued from birth up to 2 years and
beyond (Figure 36) (See Appendix 2r for details).
Mean Duration 2011

2013
24 Continued BF
21 Recommendation
18
Months
15
12 7.7 8.2
9 3.7 4.1
Exclusive BF
6
3 Recommendation
0
Breastfeeding Exclusive Breastfeeding
Figure 36. Comparison of mean duration (in months) of breastfeeding and exclusive
breastfeeding: Philippines, 2011 & 2013.

In addition, for the 8th NNS, mean and median duration of breastfeeding were also computed
for 0–36 months old children to conform to the requirement of the indicator set by the WHO.
Among 0-36 month old children, the mean duration of breastfeeding was 12.3 months while
the median duration was 10.4 months. This proportion was based only on children who were
breastfed the previous day and night.
Reasons for not ever breastfeeding
The top most reason of mothers for not ever breastfeeding her baby was inadequate milk flow
(40.6%) followed by the mother working away from home (17.3%) or the child was separated
from the mother (9.2%). Others reported having problem with the nipple (8.7%), the child
was adopted (8.0%), the child refused to breastfeed (5.8%) and the mother was sick (5.7%).
Table 41. Reasons why the baby was not ever breastfed: Philippines, 2013 (n=503)
Reasons n Percentage SE [95% Conf. Interval] CV
Inadequate milk flow 205 40.6 2.4 35.9 45.2 5.9
Mother is working outside home 91 17.3 1.7 13.9 20.8 10.1
Child was abandoned/separated from
mother/absent/died 49 9.2 1.3 6.5 11.9 14.6
Problem with nipple (cracked,
inverted, infected) 42 8.7 1.4 5.9 11.5 16.2
Child is adopted 34 8.0 1.8 4.5 11.5 22.1
Child refused to breastfeed 28 5.8 1.0 3.8 7.7 17.1
Mother ill/weak/underwent surgery 28 5.7 1.1 3.6 7.9 19.1
Child ill/weak 11 1.6 0.5 0.6 2.6 31.1
Mother refused to breastfeed 8 1.6 0.5 0.6 2.7 33.0
Father was not supportive of breastfeeding 2 0.5 0.3 0.0 1.1 71.2
Another pregnancy 2 0.4 0.3 0.0 0.9 72.6
As advised by health personnel 2 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.7 71.2
As advised by relatives/friends 1 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.7 99.6
Bottle-feeding
Mothers/caregivers were asked if they used a bottle with nipple in feeding the child, or
pacifier, or both the previous day. Bottle feeding refers to the container used for feeding the
child regardless of its content. When bottle feeding is associated with unhygienic and poor
preparations, it puts the infant at a great risk of illness, resulting in increased risk of morbidity
and mortality. Feeding an infant from a bottle with an artificial teat may also make it difficult
for the baby to learn to attach well at the breast which has been associated with early
cessation of breastfeeding (WHO, 2010).
Table 42 shows that almost half of the children 0-23 months old were bottle-fed at the time of
the survey. The practice of bottle-feeding increased as the child age also increased (31.0%)

among children less than 2 months vs. 53.1% among 20-23 months age group). Children
from urban areas had greater likelihood of being bottle-fed compared to their rural
counterparts (56.6% vs. 40.6%). Bottle-feeding among children increased with household
wealth.
Across regions, bottle-feeding was significantly higher in Luzon areas compared with the
national estimate (48.8%) particularly Central Luzon (61.7%), NCR (61.5%) and
CALABARZON (55.2%). Significantly lower bottle-feeding estimates, on the other hand,
were recorded in majority of the areas in Mindanao including Zamboanga Peninsula (29.0%),
ARMM (33.9%), Caraga (35.5%) and Davao (37.9%). Other regions with smaller proportions
of bottle-fed children were noted in CAR (31.8%) and Eastern Visayas (39.7%).
Among children who were bottle-fed, majority (84.9%) made use of the bottle with teats only
(84.9%) and use of pacifier was very minimal (1.4%).
The practice of bottle-feeding among children decreased with increasing parity but increased
with increasing maternal education. Employed mothers tend to bottle-feed their children
(65.8% vs. 42.4%) compared to unemployed mothers.
Table 42. Percentage distribution of bottle-fed children 0-23 months old who made use of bottle,
pacifier or both bottle and pacifier by socio-demographic characteristics: Philippines,
2013 (n=4870)
Percentage of children who made use of
Bottle-fed
Background Characteristic Both Bottle and
Children Bottle Only Pacifier Only
Pacifier
All 48.8 84.9 1.4 13.7
Age Group (in months)
<2 31.0 75.0 2.9 22.2
2-3 38.5 81.6 0.8 17.6
4-5 44.5 76.8 2.0 21.2
6-7 48.7 75.3 3.3 21.4
8-9 51.2 78.4 2.1 19.4
10-11 54.3 86.5 0.3 13.2
12-15 51.6 89.9 1.1 9.0
16-19 52.1 89.4 0.4 10.2
20-23 53.1 89.4 1.5 9.1
Sex
Male 50.3 85.1 1.2 13.7
Female 47.1 84.6 1.6 13.8
Area of Residence
Rural 40.6 85.8 2.2 12.1
Urban 56.6 84.2 0.9 14.9
Wealth Quintile
Poorest 30.4 88.3 1.7 10.0
Poor 41.7 82.6 2.6 14.8

Background Characteristic Bottle-fed Both Bottle and
Bottle Only Pacifier Only
Children Pacifier
Middle 48.8 88.1 2.3 9.5
Rich 59.9 83.9 0.4 15.7
Richest 73.1 82.3 0.4 17.3
Region
NCR 61.5 81.4 0.8 17.9
CAR 31.8 92.8 - 7.2
I. Ilocos 52.1 85.0 2.0 13.0
II. Cagayan Valley 39.8 88.6 1.2 10.2
III. Central Luzon 61.7 81.1 0.8 18.1
IV-A. CALABARZON 55.2 86.1 1.0 12.8
IV-B. MIMAROPA 43.1 89.6 - 10.4
V. Bicol Region 44.9 83.2 1.2 15.5
VI. Western Visayas 45.3 86.8 2.2 11.0
VII. Central Visayas 43.7 89.3 2.2 8.5
VIII. Eastern Visayas 39.7 90.1 1.6 8.3
IX. Zamboanga 29.0 78.4 7.3 14.3
X. Northern Mindanao 39.9 84.9 0.9 14.2
XI. Davao 37.9 87.8 3.8 8.4
XII. SOCCSKSARGEN 45.9 86.9 0.9 12.3
ARMM 33.9 82.5 3.0 14.5
Caraga 35.5 90.2 1.3 8.5
Mother’s Age
<20 41.1 80.8 1.5 17.7
≥ 20 49.4 85.2 1.4 13.5
Parity
1 54.0 83.6 0.8 15.6
2–3 48.4 84.1 1.6 14.3
4–5 38.0 86.2 2.4 11.4
≥6 31.4 89.0 2.9 8.1
Education
No grade completed 24.0 94.3 0.0 5.7
Elementary undergraduate 25.7 90.3 2.2 7.5
Elementary graduate 33.9 89.4 3.4 7.2
High School undergraduate 36.8 84.5 2.1 13.3
High School graduate 46.5 84.6 1.4 14.0
Vocational Undergraduate 66.2 83.0 2.7 14.3
Vocational Graduate 58.8 82.7 1.1 16.2
College undergraduate 53.7 84.9 0.0 15.1
College graduate 70.4 82.4 1.4 16.3
Occupation
Working 65.8 85.1 1.3 13.5
Not working 42.4 84.7 1.5 13.8

Comparison of bottle feeding between 2011 and 2013
Comparing the rate of bottle-feeding between surveys, a slight increase on the proportion of
bottle-fed children was observed (Figure 37) (See Appendix 2s for details).
48.8
44.7
50
30
10
2011 Year 2013
Figure 37. Comparison of bottle-fed children 0-23 months old: Philippines, 2011 & 2013
Reasons for giving other milk
Among children who were given other milk the previous day, the top reasons for the
mothers/caregivers’ choice of other milk were affordability (44.6%), nutrition (16.5%), and
recommendations from skilled health professionals (14.5%) and relatives/friends (10.4%)
Table 43. Reasons for choosing the other milk* given to the child: Philippines, 2013 (n=2,096)
Reasons n Percentage SE [95% Conf. Interval] CV
Affordable 949 44.6 1.2 42.2 46.9 2.6
Nutritious 349 16.5 0.9 14.8 18.2 5.3
As advised by Doctor/ Nurse/
Midwife 292 14.5 0.9 12.8 16.2 6.0
As advised by relatives/friends 213 10.4 0.7 9.0 11.8 7.0
To make my child healthy/active 133 6.4 0.6 5.3 7.5 9.0
To make my child intelligent 57 2.8 0.4 2.0 3.6 14.5
As advised by BNS/BHW 49 2.1 0.3 1.5 2.7 15.0
Influenced by quad media 35 1.8 0.3 1.2 2.4 17.7
Others 19 0.9 0.2 0.5 1.3 24.1
*milk intake based on 24-hour food recall
3.2.2 Current Feeding Practices: Complementary Feeding
Equally important as breastfeeding is the child’s intake of complementary foods starting at 6

months of age. Introduction of timely, adequate and safe complementary foods among
breastfeeding infants by the time they reach the age of six months is essential to ensure that
they receive the nutrient requirements for healthy growth and development.

Introduction of complementary foods
Table 44 shows that around 8 in every 10 children were introduced to complementary foods
at 6-8 months old. This suggests that 2 out of 10 were given complementary foods in an
untimely manner; i.e., either too early or before six months or too late (e.i. beyond 8
months).
Table 44. Percentage distribution of children 6-8 months old who were introduced to
complementary foods by socio-demographic characteristics: Philippines, 2013 (n=585)
Non-
Characteristics All Breastfed
breastfed
All 80.5 80.1 80.7
6 65.8 71.7 62.0
7 86.2 82.7 88.2
8 92.6 89.6 94.0
Sex
Male 80.4 82.6 79.1
Female 80.6 77.4 82.3
Area of Residence
Rural 78.9 77.4 79.3
Urban 82.0 81.5 82.5
Wealth Quintile
Poorest 77.6 88.9 75.4
Poor 83.5 79.1 85.0
Middle 84.7 83.3 85.5
Rich 78.5 81.8 75.5
Richest 79.2 73.0 93.1
Mother’s Age
<20 85.7 61.8 92.3
≥ 20 80.0 81.1 79.4
Parity
1 86.7 85.5 87.3
2–3 78.9 82.6 76.8
4–5 74.8 65.3 77.2
≥6 77.9 63.6 80.8
Region
NCR 76.2 79.8 72.4
CAR 78.1 53.4 80.3
I. Ilocos 77.5 87.9 70.0
II. Cagayan Valley 92.6 100.0 91.0
III. Central Luzon 81.1 75.5 88.4
IV-A. CALABARZON 87.3 88.1 86.7
IV-B. MIMAROPA 77.0 81.8 75.6
V. Bicol Region 73.3 54.8 77.9
VI. Western Visayas 78.6 75.2 79.3
VII. Central Visayas 91.0 83.2 94.0

Non-
Characteristics All Breastfed
breastfed
VIII. Eastern Visayas 71.8 59.3 76.7
IX. Zamboanga 68.3 75.1 66.6
X. Northern Mindanao 87.7 100.0 83.0
XI. Davao 79.0 81.3 78.1
XII. SOCCSKSARGEN 83.6 77.0 84.6
ARMM 66.6 87.5 56.0
Caraga 86.4 77.9 92.3
Education
High School undergraduate 82.7 85.7 81.6
High School graduate 84.5 77.9 87.0
Vocational Undergraduate 75.4 75.4 0.0
Vocational Graduate 85.4 85.3 85.7
Occupation
Working 88.0 88.4 87.4
Not working 79.4 77.1 80.3
The proportion of children receiving timely complementary foods increased with age and
children from urban areas were more likely to receive timely complementary foods.
Disaggregating by breastfeeding status, non-breastfed children were more likely to receive

complementary foods earlier than breastfed children. Furthermore, non-breastfed children
belonging to higher wealth quintile groups had lower percentage of timely introduction of
complementary foods.
Regional disaggregation revealed that timely introduction of complementary foods was

lower among breastfed than non-breastfed children in Ilocos (87.9% vs 70.0%), Cagayan
(100% vs. 91.0%), Zamboanga (75.1% vs 66.6%), Northern Mindanao (100.0% vs 83.0%),
Davao (78.1%), NCR (79.8% vs. 72.4%), ARMM (87.5% vs. 56.0%), CALABARZON
(88.1% vs. 86.7%) and MIMAROPA (81.8% vs 75.6%).
The timing of introduction of complementary foods varied by mother’s age and child’s
breastfeeding status. Mothers of breastfed children who were less than 20 years of age were
observed to have higher percentage of timely introduction of complementary foods than
mothers 20 years old and above. For non-breastfed children, more mothers above 20 years of
age gave timely complementary foods than mothers below 20 years old.

Table 45 presents the proportion of children who had complementary foods (e.i. either
earlier than recommended at 6 months, or later than 8 months). About one in every 10
(10.2%) children were given complementary foods earlier than 6 months while about 6 in
every 10 (65.3%) were introduced to complementary foods at beyond 8 months.
Table 45. Percentage distribution of children 0-23 months old who were given complementary
foods earlier or later than recommended (6-8 months) (N=4143)
Age of introduction N Percentage SE [95% Conf. Interval] CV
<6mos 1,139 10.2 1.0 8.2 12.1 9.8
>8mos 3,004 65.3 0.9 63.5 67.2 1.4
Although, in terms of nutritional status, there were only slight differences in the prevalence
rates of underweight, stunting and thinness among those who were provided timely
introduction of complementary foods (6-8 months) as opposed to those who were not
(Figure 38).
100
88.9 89.6
90 81.7 82.0
80 75.2 72.9
70
60
50
40
30 24.9 27.1
18.4 18.1
20 11.1 10.5
10
0
not
normal underweight not
normal stunting normal thin
stunted not thin
underweight stunted
Weight-for-age Height-for-age Thinness
Untimely Introduction* Timely**
Figure 38: Comparison of nutritional status of children 6-23 months old with timely and untimely
introduction of complementary foods: Philippines, 2013
*earlier than 6 months or later than 8 months
**at 6-8 months
Comparison of timely introduction to complementary foods between 2011 and 2013
The proportion of children 6-8 months old introduced to complementary feeding was lower in
2013 than in 2011. Introduction of complementary foods declined among children at six
months while proportion for children 7 months and 8 months of age almost remained the
same (Figure 39) (See Appendix 2t for details).

92.6 92.6 2011

100 83.7 80.5 84.7 86.2
2013
72.8
80 65.8
60
40
20
0
All 6 7 8
Age in months
Figure 39. Comparison of the percentage distribution of children 6-8 months old introduced to
complementary foods between 2011 and 2013 surveys: Philippines, 2011 & 2013
Age-appropriate breastfeeding
Age appropriate breastfeeding is the proportion of children 0-23 months of age who are
appropriately breastfed. This indicator is the summary of two indicators: (1) the proportion of
infants 0-5 months exclusively breastfed and (2) the proportion of 6-23 months who were
breastfed and given complementary foods.
Results showed that less than half of the sampled children (45.2%) were breastfed age-
appropriately (Table 46). Children from the rural areas were more likely to be age-
appropriately fed (52.0%) than those from urban areas (38.7%). Age-appropriate
breastfeeding was noted to decline with increasing household wealth.
By region, significantly lower rates of age-appropriate breastfeeding were recorded in the

regions of Central Luzon (34.4%), CALABARZON (35.5%) and NCR (37.0%) compared to
the national estimate. Conversely, estimates were significantly higher in the regions of Bicol
(53.4%), Western Visayas (52.5%), Eastern Visayas (55.6%) and CAR (64.6%) which may
be attributed to higher proportions of children under exclusive breastfeeding and
breastfeeding with complementary foods in these regions.
Younger mothers (less than 20 years of age) appeared to have the practice of age-appropriate
breastfeeding than their older counterparts (20 years old and above). A significantly higher
proportion of age-appropriately breastfed children had younger mothers (53.6% vs. 44.5%).
Age-appropriate breastfeeding among children was observed to decline with increasing

maternal education and tend to be more practiced by those who were unemployed (53.2% vs.
31.3%).

Table 46. Percentage distribution of age-appropriately breastfed children 0-23 months old by
socio-demographic characteristics: Philippines, 2013 (n=4,728)
Background Characteristic Proportion Std. Err. [95% Conf. Interval] CV
All 45.2 0.8 43.7 46.7 1.7
Sex
Male 43.5 1.1 41.4 45.6 2.5
Female 47.0 1.1 44.8 49.3 2.4
Wealth Quintile
Poorest 58.4 1.5 55.5 61.3 2.5
Poor 50.8 1.6 47.7 53.9 3.1
Middle 46.9 1.8 43.4 50.4 3.8
Rich 37.2 1.9 33.5 40.9 5.0
Richest 25.1 1.9 21.4 28.8 7.6
Mother’s Age
<20 53.6 2.7 48.4 58.8 5.0
≥ 20 44.5 0.8 42.9 46.1 1.8
Parity
1 44.6 1.4 41.8 47.5 3.2
2–3 47.8 1.4 45.1 50.4 2.9
4–5 55.7 2.0 51.8 59.6 3.5
≥6 62.3 2.3 57.8 66.9 3.7
Region
NCR 37.0 2.6 31.9 42.1 7.0
CAR 64.6 4.1 56.7 72.6 6.3
I. Ilocos 44.3 3.0 38.3 50.3 6.9
IV-A. CALABARZON 35.5 2.3 31.1 39.9 6.3
IV-B. MIMAROPA 52.0 3.6 45.0 59.0 6.9
V. Bicol Region 53.4 3.1 47.3 59.4 5.8
IX. Zamboanga 47.1 3.3 40.5 53.6 7.1
XI. Davao 50.3 3.8 42.8 57.9 7.6
ARMM 49.6 4.5 40.8 58.3 9.0
Caraga 49.6 3.5 42.8 56.4 7.0
Area of Residence
Rural 52.0 1.0 50.0 53.9 1.9
Urban 38.7 1.2 36.3 41.0 3.1
Education

Background Characteristic Proportion Std. Err. [95% Conf. Interval] CV
Occupation
Working 31.3 1.9 27.5 35.0 6.1
Not working 53.2 0.9 51.5 55.0 1.7
Comparison between 2011 and 2013
There was a decline in the prevalence of age-appropriately breastfed children from 48.8% in
2011 to 45.2% in 2013 (Figure 40). This may be brought by the increased proportion of
children with untimely introduction of complementary foods during the span of 3 years (See
Appendix 2u for details).
60 48.8
45.2
50
40
30
20
2011 2013
Year
Figure 40. Comparison of the percentage distribution of age-appropriately breastfed children 0-23
months old: Philippines, 2011 & 2013
Minimum Dietary Diversity
The Dietary Diversity Score (DDS) is a useful proxy indicator of dietary quality and nutrient
adequacy of diets of children 6-23 months based on the number of food groups consumed by
the child.
The Minimum Dietary Diversity refers to the proportion of children 6-23 months of age who
received foods from at least 4 food groups the previous day. The following food groups: (1)
grains, roots and tubers, (2) legumes and nuts, (3) dairy products (milk, yogurt, cheese), (4)
flesh foods (meat, fish, poultry, and liver/organ meats), (5) eggs, (6) vitamin-A rich fruits
and vegetables, and (7) other fruits and vegetables were used as reference food groups.
Based on the results, only 15.5% of children 6-23 months old met the minimum DDS of 4.
The proportion of children who met the DDS increased with child’s age, being highest

among those 18-23 months old. Minimum DDS tend to be difficult for infants 6-11 months.
Only 4.6% of the infants from this age group met the minimum DDS. More children who
were non-breastfed met the MDD than those who were breastfed (Figure 41) (See Appendix
2v for details).
All Non- Breastfed Breastfed

29.3
30
25.2
25 21.8 22.4
20 16.9
15.5 16.0
15
10.4
10 8.1 7.9
4.6
5 2.4
0
6-23 6-11 12-17 18-23
Age group (in months)
Figure 41. Percentage distribution of children 6-23 months old meeting the Minimum
Dietary Diversity: Philippines, 2013
Children from urban areas were more likely to meet the minimum DDS. The proportion of
children who met the minimum DDS increased with wealth.
Across regions, estimates ranged from 7.0% in Eastern Visayas to 22.0% in Ilocos Region,
suggesting that majority of the children 6 to 23 months old did not receive complementary
foods of good nutritional quality (Table 47).

Table 47. Percentage distribution of children 6-23 months old meeting the Minimum Dietary
Diversity by breastfeeding status and socio-demographic characteristics:
Non-
Characteristics Proportion Breastfed
breastfed
All 15.5 21.8 8.1
Sex
Male 16.4 22.8 8.2
Female 14.5 20.6 8.0
Area of Residence
Rural 14.7 23.0 7.3
Urban 16.3 21.0 9.1
Wealth Quintile
Poorest 11.1 20.0 5.2
Poor 13.7 20.0 7.6
Middle 18.4 26.1 9.8
Rich 18.5 22.3 12.2
Richest 17.6 20.2 9.6
Mother’s Age
<20 8.8 12.6 5.8
≥ 20 16.0 22.3 8.3
Parity
1 18.4 23.6 11.8
2–3 15.2 23.2 6.6
4–5 12.0 18.9 7.3
≥6 11.4 18.9 7.5
Occupation
Working 16.7 20.7 8.4
Region
NCR 15.9 19.3 9.9
CAR 16.0 39.7 4.6
I. Ilocos 22.0 28.8 14.3
IV-B. MIMAROPA 18.1 33.9 6.7
IX. Zamboanga 12.8 18.5 6.4
XI. Davao 14.9 21.3 7.5
ARMM 13.8 23.0 5.1
Caraga 17.4 26.1 8.5

Non-
Characteristics Proportion Breastfed
breastfed
Education
Table 48 presents the dietary diversity score of children 6-23 months old and their
consumption of food by food groups. At a DDS of 1, foods under grains, roots & tubers
(83.0%) and milk & milk products (16.1%) were the most consumed foods. At a DDS of 2,
about 25% of children were given flesh foods. Looking at the minimum cut-off of DDS of 4,
children were observed to consume foods under grains, roots and tubers (100.0%), milk and
milk products (87.4%), flesh foods (87.3%), and vitamin A-rich fruits and vegetables (54.2%)
the most. Of the 7 food groups, foods classified under other fruits and vegetables were the
least foods fed to children.
Table 48: Dietary Diversity Score of children 6-23 months old and their consumption by food
groups: Philippines, 2013
Food Groups
Grains, Vit. A-
Milk & Other
DDS Proportion Roots Legumes Flesh rich Fruits
Milk Eggs Fruits &
by No. of & & Nuts Foods &
Products Vegetables
DDS Tubers Vegetables
0 4.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
1 18.3 83.0 0.0 16.1 0.5 0.1 0.4 0.0
2 35.4 99.3 3.0 57.3 24.9 6.0 9.1 0.4
3 26.9 100.0 8.2 72.5 65.1 24.0 27.0 3.1
4 12.8 100.0 12.6 87.4 87.3 52.4 54.2 6.1
5 2.2 100.0 42.0 93.6 98.0 70.4 88.0 7.9
6 0.4 100.0 65.4 100.0 100.0 80.2 85.7 68.7
7 0.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Figure 42 compares the percentage of children 6-23 months old who met the Minimum
Dietary Diversity in the 2011 and 2013 surveys. Based on the results, children who were
given complementary foods from at least 4 of the food groups decreased from 21.6% to
15.5%. The sharpest decline on the proportion of children who met the minimum dietary
diversity was seen in the 12-17 months old group (26.1% vs. 16.9%).
2011
33.4
35
2013
30
26.1 25.2
25 21.6
20 16.9
15.5
15
10 7.3
4.6
5
0
6-23 6-11 12-17 18-23
Age group (in months)
Figure 42. Comparison of the percentage distribution of children 6-23 months old
meeting the Minimum Dietary Diversity: Philippines, 2011 & 2013
Minimum Meal Frequency (MMF)
Minimum meal frequency is an indicator that reflects the energy intake from foods other than
breast milk. It refers to the proportion of breastfed and non-breastfed children 6-23 months
of age who receive solid, semi-solid, or soft foods (but also including milk feeds for non-
breastfed children) consumed at the minimum number of times or more per day.
A minimum daily meal frequency is defined as: two (2) times for breastfed infants 6-8
months old; three (3) times for breastfed children 9-23 months old and four (4) times for non-
breastfed children 6-23 months old. Meals include both meals and snacks (other than trivial
amounts) and frequency is based on what the mother/caregiver had reported in the 24-hour
food recall. Children who failed to meet the minimum meal frequency are at risk for
undernutrition.

Based on the operational definition stated above, almost equal proportion of children from
rural and urban received the minimum meal frequency. Compared with the national estimate
(94.1%), significantly higher estimate was noted in Central Visayas (97.4%) while lower
estimate was observed in MIMAROPA (86.3%).
There was no significant difference noted by sex, residence and wealth quintile. Compared to
the national estimate, a significantly higher proportion of breastfed children in Central
Visayas and Northern Mindanao had consumed the minimum number of meals at 96.4% and
94.8%, respectively (Table 49).
Table 49. Percentage distribution of children 6-23 months old meeting the Minimum Meal
Frequency by breastfeeding status and socio-demographic characteristics:
Characteristics All Non-breastfed Breastfed
All 94.1 99.0 88.2
Sex
Male 94.0 99.1 87.4
Female 94.1 98.9 89.0
Area of Residence
Rural 93.2 98.9 88.2
Urban 94.9 99.1 88.3
Wealth Quintile
Poorest 90.9 98.7 85.8
Poor 94.1 97.8 90.6
Middle 94.6 99.6 89.1
Rich 94.9 99.7 87.0
Richest 97.3 99.3 90.7
Mother’s Age
<20 93.4 97.0 90.6
≥ 20 94.1 99.1 88.0
Parity
1 95.5 99.4 90.6
2–3 93.5 98.8 87.8
4–5 92.0 98.8 87.4
≥6 91.5 99.1 87.5
Education
Occupation
Working 96.4 99.7 89.7
Not working 92.9 98.8 88.1


Region
NCR 95.2 99.4 87.8
CAR 88.6 100.0 83.2
I. Ilocos 93.2 100.0 85.5
IV-B. MIMAROPA 86.3 98.5 77.6
IX. Zamboanga 92.5 100.0 84.0
XI. Davao 95.4 98.8 91.3
ARMM 91.9 100.0 84.3
Caraga 95.0 96.3 93.7
Minimum Acceptable Diet
The Minimum Acceptable Diet (MAD) is the proportion of children 6-23 months of age
meeting both the minimum dietary diversity and the minimum meal frequency. MAD
provides a useful way to track progress at simultaneously improving the quality and quantity
dimensions of children’s diet. In the calculation of this indicator, a 6 food group score
(instead of a 7 food group score) that excludes dairy products is used for non-breastfed
children. This is because milk feeds, which are classified under dairy products group, are
considered a separate and required element for non-breastfed children. Exclusion of milk
feeds from the dietary diversity score avoids “double-counting” and allows comparison
between populations with different rates of continued breastfeeding. In addition, only non-
breastfed children who received at least 2 feedings of other milk were included. This means
that a non-breastfed child who met the MDD and MMF will not necessarily meet the MAD if
given less than 2 feedings of other milk.
Based on the results, the proportion of children who met the MAD at the national level was
alarmingly low at 6.4% (Table 50).
There were higher proportions of non-breastfed children who received the MAD than the
breastfed children. Overall, there were more children who received the MAD in urban areas.
The proportion of breastfed children meeting the MAD increased as the wealth quintile
increased up to rich wealth quintile but the proportion declined at the richest quintile. Among
non-breastfed children the highest proportion was on the middle wealth quintile while the
lowest were both belonging to the poorest and poor wealth quintiles.

Table 50. Percentage distribution of children 6-23 months old meeting the Minimum Acceptable
Diet by breastfeeding status and socio-demographic characteristics: Philippines, 2013
(n=3588)
All 6.4 5.0 8.1
Sex
Male 6.2 4.7 8.2
Female 6.7 5.5 8.0
Area of Residence
Rural 6.1 4.8 7.3
Urban 6.8 5.3 9.1
Wealth Quintile
Poorest 4.3 3.1 5.2
Poor 6.2 4.8 7.6
Middle 8.4 7.1 9.8
Rich 7.1 4.0 12.2
Richest 6.6 5.7 9.6
Mother’s Age
<20 4.7 3.1 5.8
≥ 20 6.5 5.1 8.3
Parity
1 7.2 3.5 11.8
2–3 6.1 5.6 6.6
4–5 6.4 5.1 7.3
6+ 6.6 4.9 7.5
Education
Occupation
Working 6.0 4.8 8.4
Region
NCR 6.0 3.7 9.9
CAR 6.5 10.7 4.6
I. Ilocos 10.4 6.9 14.3
IV-B. MIMAROPA 7.1 7.6 6.7

IX. Zamboanga 3.0 0.0 6.4
XI. Davao 8.3 9.0 7.5
ARMM 7.2 9.4 5.1
Caraga 6.0 3.6 8.5
Consumption of iron-rich foods
Iron is the most common nutrient that is deficient in children’s diet. This nutrient is important
to make hemoglobin, the substance in blood that carries oxygen. All cells in the body need
oxygen to use energy from food. When a child has iron deficiency, his physical and mental
development might be hindered because iron deficiency anemia slows intellectual and motor
development, thus diminishes a child’s ability to think and learn. Therefore, mothers must
make sure that their children are consuming enough iron-rich foods such as meat, fish,
poultry, organ meats like liver and kidney, cereals, vegetables and other plant products
(Linkages, 2005).
For this report, the estimate for the consumption of iron-rich foods indicator was limited to
the proportion of children aged 6-23 months who consumed fish, meat, poultry, organ meats
and their products based on 24-hour recall. Intake of iron-fortified foods, iron-fortified milk
formula and lipid-based nutrients which should be included based on the WHO-UNICEF
indicator was not included in the analysis. Nevertheless, this can be used to assess the iron
intake of children 6-23 months old from animal sources.
Based on the biochemical result, the iron deficiency anemia among infants 6 months to less
than one year old was 40.1% and remains a public health problem. Consistent with the
biochemical result, less than half of children consumed iron-rich foods (40.1%). By age
group, only children aged 18-23 months had above 50% consumption of iron-rich foods. By
wealth quintile, middle income groups had higher proportion of children with intake of iron-
rich foods than all the quintile groups. Children whose mothers were not working had higher
intake of iron-rich foods than those whose mothers were working. Moreover, almost all
regions had less than 50% of children with intake of iron-rich foods (Table 51).

Table 51. Percentage distribution of children with intake of iron-rich foods by socio-
demographic characteristics by region: Philippines, 2013 (n=3623)
Characteristics Percentage SE [95% Conf. Interval] CV
All 40.1 0.9 38.3 41.9 2.3
Age group (mos)
6-11 17.3 1.2 15.0 19.7 7.0
12-17 44.1 1.6 40.9 47.3 3.7
18-23 59.2 1.5 56.2 62.2 2.6
Sex
Male 40.5 1.2 38.1 42.9 3.0
Female 39.7 1.3 37.1 42.2 3.3
Wealth Quintile
Poorest 37.8 1.7 34.4 41.2 4.6
Poor 39.5 1.9 35.8 43.2 4.8
Middle 44.6 1.9 40.8 48.3 4.3
Rich 39.4 2.2 35.2 43.7 5.5
Richest 38.2 2.5 33.4 43.1 6.5
Rural 41.9 1.2 39.5 44.3 2.9
Urban 38.4 1.4 35.7 41.1 3.6
Education
Occupation
Working 36.0 2.3 31.6 40.5 6.3
Not working 41.1 1.0 39.1 43.1 2.5
Region
NCR 36.8 3.0 30.8 42.7 8.2
CAR 31.6 3.6 24.6 38.6 11.3
I. Ilocos 38.2 3.7 31.0 45.4 9.6
IV-A. CALABARZON 41.2 2.7 35.8 46.5 6.6
IV-B. MIMAROPA 44.0 3.9 36.3 51.7 9.0
V. Bicol Region 43.2 3.2 36.8 49.6 7.5

Table 51 Continuation...
Characteristics Percentage SE [95% Conf. Interval] CV

IX. Zamboanga 40.2 4.4 31.6 48.8 10.9
XI. Davao 39.1 4.1 31.0 47.1 10.5
ARMM 32.3 3.5 25.3 39.2 11.0
Caraga 46.6 3.5 39.8 53.5 7.5

4. CONCLUSION
The results on this monograph from the 8th National Nutrition Survey identified the mothers
most vulnerable to malnutrition and with limited basic health services based on their age,
location in terms of urbanity or region, wealth index, education, presence of work and
number of children. The vulnerability of infants and young children was also underscored by
their mothers/caregivers feeding practices. These information are pivotal in terms of targeting
the mothers and children that needs more attention in terms of the needed services and
programs.
While there had been increased proportion of mothers availing of services from health
facilities, the presence of lingering poverty affects the mothers’ access to the most needed
information and services. Pregnant and lactating mothers from the poorest quintile, with low
educational attainment and with no gainful employment were more nutritionally at risk than
their counterparts from the rich or richest wealth quintiles. Fewer of them took micronutrient
supplements, while their delivery at home with the assistance of traditional birth attendants
was higher than the mothers from the rich/richest quintiles. Mothers from the richest quintile
were also more knowledgeable on the timing of postnatal care, the one who received enough
counseling on IYCF and who claimed to practice hand washing with soap than mothers from
the poorest quintile. On the contrary, higher proportion of mothers from the poorest quintile
believed that breastfeeding is the best way to feed the baby and that they will breastfeed as
long as they have milk flow.
Another notable result was the high prevalence of nutritionally at-risk teenage pregnant
women. Teenage pregnancy is a double jeopardy for a young woman as her nutritional needs
must meet that of her growing body and her developing baby. Adolescent females who
become pregnant are likely to stop schooling and not employed which may lead them and her
family further into the bondage of poverty. Results revealed that higher proportion of
teenage mothers delay their first prenatal care, do not take supplements, have low
educational attainment and no gainful employment than their adult counterparts.
In terms of infant and young child feeding, the improvements in timely breastfeeding
initiation and exclusive breastfeeding must be commended. Having the policies in place
coupled with intensified advocacy efforts paved the way for increased exclusive
breastfeeding practice, at least in the most recent survey.
While the feeding practices for the first six months of an infant improved, those at 6 months
onward seemed quite the opposite. The results on complementary feeding were alarming as
the proportion of breastfed children given complementary foods declined while the
proportion of children already on regular diet and receiving no breastmilk or other milk
almost doubled from 2011 to 2013. Moreover, only about 1 in every 7 children 6-23 months
old met the minimum dietary diversity score (DDS) of 4, suggesting that majority of the

children in this age group do not receive complementary foods of good nutritional quality.
Children from urban areas and those belonging to the wealthier quintiles were the ones who
were more likely to meet the minimum DDS. Likewise, the proportion of children who met
the Minimum Acceptable Diet (MAD) at the national level was alarmingly low at only about
1 in every 16 children 6-23 months old. Thus, promotion of appropriate and timely
complementary foods while continuing breastfeeding must be intensified among mothers and
caregivers as this is also the period where malnutrition peaks. Nutritious and affordable
complementary food should be made accessible especially in the rural areas where children
from the poor and poorest quintiles belong.
Infrastructure development must be continued to encourage mothers to further seek assistance

from skilled health professionals particularly for antenatal, delivery and postnatal care
especially at the local level. In addition, policies or programs that will further support
mothers to provide the best care and nutrition for their babies should be considered. These
may include the review of special privileges that a pregnant or lactating mother can take at
the workplace such as the extension of maternity leave and full implementation of
breastfeeding station in the workplace.
The findings presented in this monograph clearly showed how critical the first 1,000 days of
life are in the Filipino population. The results hope to pinpoint the services that need to be
strengthened or crafted to address the nutrition and health concerns of mothers, infants and
young children.

5. REFERENCES
Department of Health (2008). Administrative Order No. 2008-0029: Implementing Health Reforms
for Rapid Reduction of Maternal and Neonatal Mortality.
Magbitang, J.A. et al. (1988). Weight-for-height as a measure of nutritional status of pregnant women.
Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health Volume 2, No.2, pg.96-104.
United States Agency for International Development. (2005, July). Facts for Feeding – Meeting the
Iron Requirements of Infants and Young Children, Retrieved from
http://www.linkagesproject.org/media/publications/FFF_Iron.pdf accessed November 2015
Requejo, J., Bryce, J., Victora, C. (2014). Fulfilling the Health Agenda for Women and Children. The
2014 Report. World Health Organization. Switzerland. Retrieved from
http://www.countdown2015mnch.org/documents/2014Report/Countdown_to_2015-
Fulfilling%20the%20Health_Agenda_for_Women_and_Children-The_2014_Report-
Conference_Draft.pdf
United Nations Development Program. (n.d.) Millenium Development Goal 4. Retrieved from
http://www.ph.undp.org/content/philippines/en/home/mdgoverview/overview/mdg4/
Whitney,E. and S. Rolfes (2005). Understanding Nutrition, 10th Edition. Wadsworth

Publishing/Thompson Learning, USA.
World Health Organization. (2005). The World Health Report 2005: Make every mother and child
count. Switzerland. http://www.who.int/whr/2005/whr2005_en.pdf
World Health Organization (2008). Indicators for Assessing Infant and Young Child Feeding
Practices, Part 1 Definitions: Conclusions of a Consensus Meeting held on 6-8 November
2007, Washington D.C., USA.
World Health Organization (2010). Indicators for Assessing Infant and Young Child Feeding
Practices, Part 2: Measurement. Geneva, Switzerland.
World Health Organization. (2011). PMNCH Knowledge Summary 2: Women’s and Children’s
Health – Enable the Continuum of Care. Retrieved from
http://www.who.int/pmnch/knowledge/publications/summaries/ks2.pdf?ua=1
World Health Organization. (n.d.). Millenium Development Goals. Retrieved from

http://www.who.int/topics/millennium_development_goals/en/

6. APPENDICES


Appendix 1 – Maternal Tables
Appendix 1a. Percentage distribution of mothers who availed prenatal care by socio-demographic characteristics: Philippines, 2013
Prenatal Care
Did not receive Prenatal care Received prenatal care
CHARACTERISTICS n
C.I. C.I.
freq (%) SE % CV freq (%) SE % CV
L.L. U.L. L.L. U.L. p-value

Age group (year)

<20 years old 533 51 (9.5) 1.3 6.9 12.2 14.1 482 (90.5) 1.3 87.8 93.1 1.5
0.0029
>20 years old 6120 415 (6.1) 0.3 5.4 6.7 5.7 5705 (93.9) 0.3 93.3 94.6 0.4
Wealth Quintile
First (Poorest) 1851 250 (12.5) 0.9 10.7 14.3 7.5 1601 (87.5) 0.9 85.7 89.3 1.1
Second 1482 87 (5.8) 0.6 4.6 7.1 10.8 1395 (94.2) 0.6 92.9 95.4 0.7
Third 1313 74 (5.5) 0.7 4.1 6.9 12.6 1239 (94.5) 0.7 93.1 95.9 0.7 < 0.001
Fourth 1089 30 (2.9) 0.5 2.0 3.9 17.2 1059 (97.1) 0.5 96.1 98.0 0.5
Fifth (Richest) 858 19 (2.2) 0.5 1.1 3.2 24.6 839 (97.8) 0.5 96.8 98.9 0.5
Rural 3766 292 (7.1) 0.5 6.1 8.1 6.9 3474 (92.9) 0.5 91.9 93.9 0.5
0.0191
Urban 2887 174 (5.5) 0.5 4.6 6.4 8.5 2713 (94.5) 0.5 93.6 95.4 0.5
No grade completed 99 41 (38.9) 5.6 27.8 50.0 14.5 58 (61.1) 5.6 50.0 72.2 9.2
Elementary undergraduate 555 102 (16.4) 1.8 13.0 19.9 10.8 453 (83.6) 1.8 80.1 87.0 2.1
Elementary graduate 741 57 (7.4) 1.0 5.5 9.3 13.2 684 (92.6) 1.0 90.7 94.5 1.1

High school undergraduate 1115 103 (9.0) 0.9 7.2 10.8 10.2 1012 (91.0) 0.9 89.2 92.8 1.0
<0.001
High school graduate 2235 111 (4.6) 0.5 3.6 5.5 10.8 2124 (95.4) 0.5 94.5 96.4 0.5
College undergraduate 830 35 (4.5) 0.7 3.0 5.9 16.4 795 (95.5) 0.7 94.1 97.0 0.8
College graduate 1050 12 (1.1) 0.3 0.4 1.7 29.7 1038 (98.9) 0.3 98.3 99.6 0.3
Others 7 2 (23.9) 15.6 0.0 54.4 65.2 5 (76.1) 15.6 45.6 106.7 20.4
Occupation
Not working 5270 380 (6.4) 0.4 5.7 7.2 5.8 4890 (93.6) 0.4 92.8 94.3 0.4
0.4271
Working 1383 86 (5.8) 0.7 4.5 7.1 11.3 1297 (94.2) 0.7 92.9 95.5 0.7
115
Appendix 1b. Percentage distribution of mothers’ timing of prenatal check-up by socio-demographic characteristics: Philippines, 2013

116
Timing of Prenatal Check-Up

First trimester Second Trimester Third Trimester
CHARACTERISTICS n
C.I. % C.I. % C.I. % p-
freq (%) SE freq (%) SE freq (%) SE
L.L. U.L. CV L.L. U.L. CV L.L. U.L. CV value
Age group (year)
<20 years old 482 287 (60.8) 2.4 56.1 65.5 3.9 180 (36.0) 2.3 31.6 40.5 6.3 15 (3.2) 0.8 1.5 4.8 26.8
0.0015
>20 years old 5703 3863 (69.2) 0.7 67.8 70.5 1.0 1695 (28.5) 0.7 27.2 29.8 42.3 145 (2.4) 0.2 1.9 2.8 9.0
Wealth Quintile
First (Poorest) 1600 949 (59.5) 1.4 56.9 62.2 2.3 596 (37.4) 1.3 34.8 40.0 59.4 55 (3.1) 0.4 2.3 3.9 13.7
Second 1394 879 (63.8) 1.4 61.0 66.6 2.2 474 (33.1) 1.3 30.5 35.8 51.5 41 (3.0) 0.5 2.0 4.1 18.1
Third 1239 819 (67.0) 1.4 64.2 69.8 2.1 389 (30.6) 1.4 27.8 33.4 45.8 31 (2.5) 0.5 1.5 3.4 18.9 <0.001
Fourth 1059 770 (73.9) 1.4 71.1 76.6 1.9 271 (24.5) 1.4 21.9 27.2 34.4 18 (1.6) 0.4 0.8 2.4 24.3
Fifth (Richest) 839 695 (83.6) 1.3 81.0 86.3 1.6 132 (15.0) 1.3 12.5 17.5 18.7 12 (1.3) 0.4 0.5 2.2 32.7
Rural 3473 2268 (66.3) 0.9 64.6 68.0 1.3 1112 (31.2) 0.9 29.5 32.9 47.1 93 (2.5) 0.3 2.0 3.0 10.9
<0.001
Urban 2712 1882 (70.9) 1.0 68.9 72.9 1.4 763 (26.8) 1.0 24.9 28.6 39.1 67 (2.4) 0.3 1.7 3.0 13.3
No grade completed 58 34 (62.0) 6.4 49.5 74.5 10.3 24 (38.0) 6.4 25.5 50.5 70.6 0 (0.0) - - - -
Elementary undergraduate 451 271 (61.0) 2.4 56.3 65.6 3.9 156 (34.2) 2.3 29.8 38.7 52.9 24 (4.8) 1.0 2.8 6.7 20.8
Elementary graduate 684 416 (61.3) 2.1 57.3 65.4 3.4 250 (36.3) 2.0 32.3 40.3 57.6 18 (2.3) 0.6 1.2 3.5 24.6
High school undergraduate 1012 620 (62.1) 1.7 58.8 65.5 2.8 361 (34.7) 1.7 31.4 38.0 55.5 31 (3.2) 0.6 2.0 4.3 19.3
High school graduate 2124 1401 (67.4) 1.2 65.2 69.7 1.7 665 (30.0) 1.1 27.8 32.3 45.6 58 (2.5) 0.4 1.8 3.3 14.4 <0.001
College undergraduate 795 553 (71.7) 1.7 68.4 75.1 2.4 223 (26.2) 1.7 22.9 29.5 39.0 19 (2.1) 0.5 1.1 3.1 24.2
College graduate 1038 841 (82.1) 1.3 79.6 84.5 1.5 187 (16.9) 1.2 14.5 19.3 22.0 10 (1.0) 0.4 0.2 1.8 39.7
Others 5 3 (66.5) 20.6 26.1 107.0 31.0 2 (33.5) 20.6 0.0 73.9 66.7 0 (0.0) - - - -
Work status
Not working 4888 3194 (66.8) 0.8 65.3 68.3 1.1 1558 (30.5) 0.7 29.1 32.0 46.8 136 (2.7) 0.3 2.2 3.1 9.5
<0.001
Working 1297 956 (75.1) 1.3 72.6 77.6 1.7 317 (23.3) 1.2 20.9 25.7 32.3 24 (1.6) 0.3 0.9 2.2 21.3
Appendix 1c. Percentage distribution of mothers who received nutrition information by socio-demographic characteristics: Philippines, 2013
Nutritional Information
n
Did not Receive Received
CHARACTERISTICS
C.I. C.I.


Age group (year)
<20 years old 533 306 (58.0) 2.3 53.5 62.4 3.9 227 (42.0) 2.3 37.6 46.5 5.4
0.0002
>20 years old 6119 2980 (48.9) 0.8 47.3 50.4 1.6 3139 (51.1) 0.8 49.6 52.7 1.6
Wealth Quintile
First (Poorest) 1851 948 (51.1) 1.4 48.4 53.9 2.8 903 (48.9) 1.4 46.1 51.6 2.9
Second 1482 669 (45.8) 1.5 42.9 48.7 3.2 813 (54.2) 1.5 51.3 57.1 2.7
Third 1313 655 (49.6) 1.5 46.6 52.6 3.1 658 (50.4) 1.5 47.4 53.4 3.0 0.0036
Fourth 1089 526 (47.7) 1.7 44.4 51.0 3.5 563 (52.3) 1.7 49.0 55.6 3.2
Fifth (Richest) 857 461 (54.0) 1.9 50.4 57.7 3.5 396 (46.0) 1.9 42.3 49.6 4.1
Rural 3766 1846 (48.8) 1.0 46.9 50.8 2.0 1920 (51.2) 1.0 49.2 53.1 1.9
0.4345
Urban 2886 1440 (50.0) 1.2 47.7 52.3 2.3 1446 (50.0) 1.2 47.7 52.3 2.3

0.0737
Others 7 3 (38.0) 18.4 1.8 74.1 48.5 4 (62.0) 18.4 25.9 98.2 29.7
Work status
Not working 5269 2638 (50.0) 0.8 48.4 51.6 1.6 2631 (50.0) 0.8 48.4 51.6 1.6
0.1236
Working 1383 648 (47.5) 1.5 44.5 50.5 3.2 735 (52.5) 1.5 49.5 55.5 2.9
117
175
118
Appendix 1d. Percentage distribution of mother’s knowledge on the best feeding practice by socio-demographic characteristics: Philippines, 2013
Best Feeding Practice
Bottle Feeding with Mixed feeding with breastfeeding

Breastfeeding Do not know
CHARACTERISTICS n Infant Formula Milk and formula milk
C.I. % freq C.I. % C.I. % freq C.I. % p-

freq (%) SE SE freq (%) SE SE
L.L. U.L. CV (%) L.L. U.L. CV L.L. U.L. CV (%) L.L. U.L. CV value
Age group (year)

<20 years old 531 491 (92.2) 1.3 89.7 94.7 1.4 6 (1.3) 0.5 0.2 2.3 41.7 26 (5.0) 1.0 3.1 7.0 19.8 8 (1.5) 0.6 0.4 2.6 36.5
0.454
>20 years old 6104 5724 (93.5) 0.4 92.8 94.2 0.4 75 (1.2) 0.2 0.9 1.5 1.2 270 (4.8) 0.3 4.2 5.5 6.7 35 (0.5) 0.1 0.3 0.7 18.8
Wealth Quintile
First (Poorest) 1843 1759 (95.4) 0.5 94.3 96.5 0.6 17 (0.9) 0.2 0.4 1.3 0.9 46 (2.6) 0.4 1.8 3.4 15.8 21 (1.2) 0.3 0.6 1.7 25.0
Second 1480 1395 (94.0) 0.7 92.7 95.3 0.7 18 (1.2) 0.3 0.6 1.9 1.2 61 (4.5) 0.6 3.3 5.6 13.1 6 (0.3) 0.1 0.1 0.6 42.2
Third 1311 1221 (93.0) 0.8 91.5 94.5 0.8 17 (1.3) 0.3 0.7 1.9 1.3 65 (5.2) 0.7 3.9 6.5 13.0 8 (0.5) 0.2 0.1 0.9 37.0 <0.001
Fourth 1084 1007 (92.9) 0.9 91.2 94.6 0.9 13 (1.0) 0.3 0.5 1.6 1.2 60 (5.7) 0.8 4.2 7.3 13.9 4 (0.3) 0.2 0.0 0.6 52.3
Fifth (Richest) 857 775 (90.5) 1.1 88.3 92.7 1.2 16 (1.7) 0.4 0.8 2.6 1.9 63 (7.5) 1.0 5.5 9.5 13.6 3 (0.3) 0.2 0.0 0.7 61.7
Rural 3759 3526 (93.7) 0.5 92.8 94.6 0.5 51 (1.3) 0.2 0.9 1.7 1.4 151 (4.3) 0.4 3.5 5.0 9.3 31 (0.7) 0.2 0.5 1.0 20.1
0.0618
Urban 2876 2689 (93.1) 0.5 92.1 94.2 0.6 30 (1.1) 0.2 0.7 1.5 1.1 145 (5.4) 0.5 4.5 6.4 9.0 12 (0.4) 0.1 0.2 0.6 30.0
Appendix 1d continuation...
Appendix 1d. Percentage distribution of mother’s knowledge on the best feeding practice by socio-demographic characteristics: Philippines, 2013
Best Feeding Practice

Bottle Feeding with Mixed feeding with breastfeeding

CHARACTERISTICS n Breastfeeding Do not know
Infant Formula Milk and formula milk
freq C.I. % freq C.I. % freq C.I. % freq C.I. % p-

SE SE SE SE
(%) L.L. U.L. CV (%) L.L. U.L. CV (%) L.L. U.L. CV (%) L.L. U.L. CV value
No grade completed 98 89 (90.2) 3.3 83.7 96.6 3.6 1 (1.6) 1.5 0.0 4.5 1.0 2 (2.1) 1.5 0.0 4.9 71.1 6 (6.2) 2.8 0.6 11.8 45.9
Elementary 518 10 14
555 1.2 90.6 95.2 1.3 0.6 0.6 3.1 1.8 13 (3.1) 0.8 1.4 4.7 27.5 0.6 1.0 3.4 27.0
undergraduate (92.9) (1.8) (2.2)
707 12
Elementary graduate 740 0.8 94.1 97.1 0.8 0.4 0.6 2.4 1.6 18 (2.5) 0.6 1.3 3.7 24.1 3 (0.3) 0.2 0.0 0.7 58.2
(95.6) (1.5)
High school 1046 12
1111 0.8 92.5 95.5 0.8 0.3 0.4 1.4 1.1 45 (4.4) 0.7 3.1 5.7 15.0 8 (0.7) 0.3 0.2 1.3 36.2
undergraduate (94.0) (0.9)
<0.001
2105 24
High school graduate 2228 0.6 92.9 95.2 0.6 0.2 0.6 1.5 1.1 94 (4.7) 0.5 3.7 5.7 11.0 5 (0.2) 0.1 0.0 0.4 46.3
(94.0) (1.1)
773
College undergraduate 828 1.0 91.7 95.4 1.0 8 (0.8) 0.3 0.2 1.4 1.0 45 (5.3) 0.9 3.6 7.1 16.5 2 (0.3) 0.2 0.0 0.7 74.1
(93.6)
951 14
College graduate 1047 1.0 88.5 92.4 1.1 0.4 0.7 2.3 1.4 79 (7.8) 0.9 6.0 9.6 11.7 3 (0.2) 0.1 0.0 0.4 57.8
(90.5) (1.5)
Others 7 6 (85.6) 13.4 59.4 111.8 15.6 0 (0.0) - - - - 0 (0.0) - - - - 1 (14.4) 13.4 0.0 40.6 93.0
Work status

4941 63
Not working 5255 0.4 93.1 94.6 0.4 0.2 0.8 1.4 1.2 220 (4.5) 0.3 3.9 5.2 7.5 31 (0.5) 0.1 0.3 0.7 19.4
(93.8) (1.1)
0.0926
1274 18
Working 1380 0.8 90.3 93.4 0.9 0.4 0.8 2.2 1.3 76 (5.9) 0.7 4.5 7.3 12.0 12 (0.7) 0.2 0.3 1.2 29.8
(91.9) (1.5)
119
175
120
Appendix 1e. Percentage distribution of mothers by duration of intention to breastfeed their children by socio-demographic characteristics: Philippines, 2013
Mother’s intention to breastfeed the child of last/current pregnancy

At least 6 months As long as there is milk flow Did not intend to breastfeed
CHARACTERISTICS n
C.I. % C.I. % C.I. %
freq (%) SE freq (%) SE freq (%) SE p-value
Age group (year)

<20 years old 531 201 (35.9) 2.1 31.7 40.1 5.9 111 (21.1) 1.8 17.6 24.7 8.5 26 (5.1) 1.0 3.1 7.0 20.0
<0.0001
>20 years old 6112 2436 (38.5) 0.7 37.1 39.9 1.8 1798 (29.3) 0.7 28.0 30.6 41.7 183 (3.0) 0.2 2.6 3.5 7.9
Wealth Quintile
First (Poorest) 1849 718 (38.6) 1.3 36.0 41.1 3.4 598 (32.6) 1.3 30.2 35.1 47.8 52 (2.7) 0.4 2.0 3.5 14.2
Second 1476 641 (41.4) 1.4 38.6 44.2 3.4 398 (26.8) 1.3 24.4 29.3 36.9 37 (2.4) 0.4 1.6 3.2 17.0
Third 1313 580 (42.7) 1.5 39.8 45.7 3.5 365 (28.1) 1.3 25.5 30.7 38.5 42 (3.2) 0.5 2.2 4.2 15.6 <0.0001
Fourth 1089 419 (37.9) 1.5 34.9 40.9 4.0 290 (26.9) 1.5 24.0 29.9 36.3 46 (4.4) 0.7 3.1 5.7 15.0
Fifth (Richest) 856 258 (28.7) 1.7 25.3 32.0 5.9 241 (29.0) 1.6 25.8 32.2 39.2 29 (3.3) 0.6 2.1 4.6 19.2
Rural 3760 1598 (42.3) 0.9 40.5 44.1 2.2 1068 (28.3) 0.8 26.7 30.0 39.7 106 (2.7) 0.3 2.2 3.3 10.7
<0.0001
Urban 2883 1039 (34.5) 1.0 32.5 36.4 2.9 841 (29.3) 1.0 27.3 31.2 41.2 103 (3.6) 0.4 2.9 4.3 10.2
No grade completed 98 21 (20.5) 4.2 12.4 28.7 20.3 44 (44.6) 5.2 34.4 54.8 81.5 4 (3.8) 2.0 0.0 7.7 51.5
Elementary undergraduate 554 210 (37.7) 2.2 33.3 42.0 5.9 184 (33.2) 2.1 29.1 37.3 49.7 13 (2.4) 0.7 1.1 3.8 28.7
Elementary graduate 740 280 (36.6) 1.9 32.9 40.3 5.1 247 (33.3) 1.8 29.8 36.9 50.1 29 (4.0) 0.8 2.5 5.5 18.8
High school undergraduate 1115 473 (41.2) 1.6 38.0 44.4 4.0 306 (27.9) 1.4 25.0 30.7 37.8 40 (3.4) 0.6 2.3 4.6 16.8
High school graduate 2231 940 (40.2) 1.1 38.0 42.3 2.7 601 (27.5) 1.0 25.5 29.6 36.9 70 (3.4) 0.4 2.5 4.2 12.8 <0.0001
College undergraduate 829 349 (41.6) 1.8 38.1 45.1 4.3 206 (24.4) 1.6 21.2 27.6 33.1 19 (2.1) 0.5 1.1 3.1 24.3
College graduate 1049 358 (32.1) 1.6 29.1 35.2 4.9 309 (29.6) 1.6 26.5 32.6 41.8 32 (3.1) 0.6 2.0 4.1 18.1
Others 6 2 (35.8) 20.3 0.0 75.6 56.5 2 (35.7) 20.6 0.0 76.1 50.0 0 (0.0) - - - -
Appendix 1e continuation...
Appendix 1e. Percentage distribution of mothers by duration of intention to breastfeed their children by socio-demographic characteristics: Philippines, 2013
Mother’s intention to breastfeed the child of last/current pregnancy

At least 6 months As long as there is milk flow Did not intend to breastfeed
CHARACTERISTICS n
C.I. % C.I. % C.I. %
freq (%) SE freq (%) SE freq (%) SE p-value
Work status
Not working 5263 2135 (39.3) 0.8 37.8 40.8 2.0 1529 (29.4) 0.7 28.0 30.8 40.9 158 (3.0) 0.3 2.5 3.5 8.3
<0.0001
Working 1380 502 (35.0) 1.4 32.3 37.6 3.9 380 (26.7) 1.3 24.2 29.2 38.0 51 (3.7) 0.6 2.6 4.8 14.9

121
15
122
Appendix 1f. Percentage distribution of mothers who received counselling on IYCF by socio-demographic characteristics: Philippines, 2013
Enough Counselling on IYCF

Did not receive Received
CHARACTERISTICS n
C.I. C.I.
Age group (year)
<20 years old 365 71 (19.4) 2.1 15.3 23.5 10.8 294 (80.6) 2.1 76.5 84.7 2.6
0.9014
>20 years old 5439 1080 (19.1) 0.6 17.9 20.4 3.3 4359 (80.9) 0.6 79.6 82.1 0.8
Wealth Quintile
First (Poorest) 1633 478 (28.8) 1.4 26.1 31.5 4.8 1155 (71.2) 1.4 68.5 73.9 2.0
Second 1281 253 (20.4) 1.3 17.8 23.0 6.4 1028 (79.6) 1.3 77.0 82.2 1.6
Third 1147 225 (19.4) 1.3 16.8 21.9 6.7 922 (80.6) 1.3 78.1 83.2 1.6 <0.0001
Fourth 956 122 (13.7) 1.2 11.2 16.1 9.1 834 (86.3) 1.2 83.9 88.8 1.4
Fifth (Richest) 733 68 (9.1) 1.2 6.8 11.4 12.7 665 (90.9) 1.2 88.6 93.2 1.3
Rural 3270 755 (22.6) 0.9 20.9 24.3 3.9 2515 (77.4) 0.9 75.7 79.1 1.1
<0.0001
Urban 2534 396 (15.8) 0.9 14.1 17.6 5.6 2138 (84.2) 0.9 82.4 85.9 1.1
<0.0001
Others 7 2 (23.9) 15.6 0.0 54.4 65.2 5 (76.1) 15.6 45.6 106.7 20.4
Work status
Not working 4628 964 (20.1) 0.7 18.8 21.5 3.5 3664 (79.9) 0.7 78.5 81.2 0.9
0.001
Working 1176 187 (15.5) 1.2 13.2 17.8 7.5 989 (84.5) 1.2 82.2 86.8 1.4
Appendix 2 – IYCF Tables
Appendix 2a. Percentage distribution of children 0-23 months old by feeding practice and by age group: Philippines, 2013 (n=4,728)
Feeding Practice
AGE GROUP Breastfeeding + Complementary Foods +
n Exclusive Breastfeeding Predominant Breastfeeding
(in months) Other Milk
C.I. C.I. % C.I. %
freq (%) SE % CV freq (%) SE freq (%) SE
L.L. U.L. L.L. U.L. CV L.L. U.L. CV

All 4,728 700 (13.8) 0.5 12.8 14.8 3.7 92 (1.9) 0.2 1.5 2.3 10.8 368 (7.9) 0.4 7.1 8.8 5.4
<2 348 235 (64.8) 2.7 59.5 70.2 4.2 19 (5.5) 1.3 3.0 8.0 23.1 56 (17.4) 2.1 13.2 21.6 12.3
2-3 402 238 (56.7) 2.5 51.7 61.6 4.5 21 (5.1) 1.1 2.9 7.3 22.1 45 (11.8) 1.8 8.3 15.3 15.0
4-5 389 150 (37.0) 2.7 31.6 42.4 7.4 34 (9.1) 1.5 6.2 12.0 16.3 44 (11.1) 1.7 7.8 14.4 15.1
6-7 400 50 (11.5) 1.6 8.3 14.7 14.2 12 (2.5) 0.7 1.1 3.9 29.1 33 (8.1) 1.4 5.3 10.9 17.6
8-9 399 - - - -
11 (2.4) 0.7 0.9 3.9 31.1 0 (0.0) 40 (10.9) 1.9 7.3 14.5 17.0
10-11 423 6 (1.2) 0.5 0.2 2.1 42.0 3 (0.6) 0.4 0.0 1.3 57.7 20 (4.5) 1.1 2.4 6.5 23.8
12-15 732 7 (0.8) 0.3 0.2 1.5 39.5 2 (0.3) 0.2 0.0 0.6 75.3 50 (6.7) 1.0 4.8 8.6 14.3
16-19 812 - - - -
2 (0.2) 0.1 0.0 0.4 72.0 0 (0.0) 48 (5.8) 0.8 4.2 7.4 14.3
20-23 823 1 (0.1) 0.1 0.0 0.1 100.0 1 (0.1) 0.1 0.0 0.3 100.0 32 (4.2) 0.7 2.7 5.6 17.7
Appendix 2a continuation...
Feeding Practice
AGE
Breastfeeding + Complementary Pure Other Milk Other Milk with Foods Foods without any Milk
GROUP

(in months) C.I. % C.I. % C.I. % freq C.I.
freq (%) SE freq (%) SE freq (%) SE SE % CV
L.L. U.L. CV L.L. U.L. CV L.L. U.L. CV (%) L.L. U.L.
All 1468 (29.7) 0.7 28.3 31.1 2.4 259 (5.9) 0.4 5.1 6.7 6.7 1,469 (33.4) 0.8 31.9 34.9 2.3 372 (7.3) 0.4 6.5 8.1 5.4
<2 - - - -
6 (2.1) 0.9 0.4 3.8 40.9 30 (9.4) 1.7 6.1 12.8 18.1 2 (0.7) 0.5 0.0 1.8 70.8 0 (0.0)
2-3 9 (2.0) 0.7 0.6 3.5 35.6 85 (23.7) 2.2 19.3 28.1 9.4 3 (0.5) 0.3 0.0 1.2 60.0 1 (0.2) 0.2 0.0 0.5 100.1
4-5 - - - -
53 (12.6) 1.6 9.4 15.9 13.0 78 (21.6) 2.3 17.1 26.2 10.8 30 (8.6) 1.6 5.4 11.7 18.6 0 (0.0)
6-7 167 (40.3) 2.7 35.0 45.6 6.7 32 (8.8) 1.5 5.8 11.8 17.4 103 (28.2) 2.5 23.2 33.2 9.0 3 (0.7) 0.4 0.0 1.4 58.7
8-9 213 (50.2) 2.7 44.9 55.5 5.4 10 (2.2) 0.7 0.8 3.7 33.1 119 (32.9) 2.6 27.9 38.0 7.8 6 (1.3) 0.6 0.2 2.5 43.1
10-11 224 (50.0) 2.8 44.5 55.5 5.6 6 (1.6) 0.7 0.3 2.9 41.7 153 (40.0) 2.8 34.6 45.5 7.0 11 (2.1) 0.7 0.8 3.4 31.0
12-15 316 (40.5) 1.9 36.8 44.3 4.7 5 (0.7) 0.3 0.0 1.3 47.5 304 (44.8) 1.9 41.0 48.6 4.3 48 (6.1) 0.9 4.3 7.9 15.0
16-19 281 (33.1) 1.8 29.5 36.7 5.5 9 (1.2) 0.5 0.3 2.1 37.4 364 (47.5) 1.9 43.6 51.3 4.1 108 (12.3) 1.3 9.8 14.7 10.3
20-23
123
199 (23.3) 1.5 20.3 26.3 6.5 4 (0.5) 0.3 0.0 1.0 51.5 391 (49.5) 1.9 45.8 53.2 3.8 195 (22.4) 1.5 19.5 25.3 6.6
175
124
Appendix 2b. Percentage distribution of children 0-23 months old by delivery characteristics: Philippines, 2013 (n=4,418)
C.I.
DELIVERY CHARACTERISTICS freq (%) SE % CV
L.L. U.L.
Type of Delivery
Normal Delivery 3,960 (88.9) 0.6 87.8 90.0 0.6
Caesarian Section 458 (11.1) 0.6 10.0 12.2 5.0
Place of Delivery
At home 1,274 (26.9) 0.8 25.3 28.4 2.9
Public Hospital 1,566 (34.9) 0.9 33.2 36.6 2.5
Private Hospital/Clinic/Lying- 781 (20.4) 0.7 18.9 21.9 3.6
Public Health Center/Clinic 787 (17.6) 0.7 16.3 18.9 3.8
Others 10 (0.2) 0.1 0.1 0.3 33.0
Person who Assisted Delivery
Doctor/Nurse/Midwife 3,509 (81.8) 0.7 80.4 83.1 0.8
Traditional Birth Attendant 870 (17.5) 0.7 16.2 18.9 3.8
Others 39 (0.7) 0.1 0.4 0.9 18.2
Appendix 2c. Percentage distribution of children 0-5 months old by feeding practice and delivery characteristics: Philippines, 2013 (n=1,078)
Feeding Practice
Breastfeeding with Complementary
DELIVERY Exclusive Breastfeeding Predominant Breastfeeding
n Foods
CHARACTERISTICS
C.I. % freq C.I. % C.I. %
freq (%) SE SE freq (%) SE
L.L. U.L. CV (%) L.L. U.L. CV L.L. U.L. CV

Type of Delivery
Normal Delivery 966 568 (56.3) 1.7 53.0 59.6 3.0 66 (7.0) 0.9 5.3 8.7 12.3 181 (19.2) 1.3 16.6 21.8 6.9
Caesarian Section 112 45 (39.1) 4.9 29.5 48.7 12.5 6 (4.9) 2.1 0.9 9.0 41.7 26 (22.6) 4.3 14.3 31.0 18.8
Place of Delivery
At home 387 176 (61.1) 3.1 55.0 67.3 5.1 21 (8.4) 1.8 4.8 12.0 21.8 46 (18.1) 2.6 13.1 23.1 14.1
Public Hospital 416 232 (54.3) 2.7 49.1 59.5 4.9 28 (7.0) 1.3 4.4 9.6 18.8 84 (19.7) 2.1 15.6 23.8 10.7
Private Hospital/Clinic/Lying- in 193 77 (39.1) 3.6 32.0 46.2 9.3 10 (4.5) 1.4 1.7 7.3 31.8 45 (22.6) 2.9 16.8 28.3 13.0
Public Health Center/Clinic 191 125 (63.3) 3.6 56.1 70.4 5.8 13 (6.8) 2.0 3.0 10.7 28.9 32 (17.9) 3.0 12.0 23.8 16.8
Others 3 3 (100.0) - - - - 0 - - - - 0 - - - -
Doctor/Nurse/Midwife 885 482 (52.2) 1.8 48.7 55.8 3.5 59 (6.6) 0.9 4.9 8.3 13.0 178 (20.4) 1.4 17.6 23.2 7.0
Traditional Birth Attendant 182 122 (65.2) 3.6 58.1 72.3 5.6 13 (8.2) 2.4 3.5 13.0 29.5 29 (16.3) 3.0 10.4 22.2 18.4
Others 11 9 (78.5) 13.9 51.2 105.8 17.7 0 - - 0.4 - 0 - - - -
Appendix 2a continuation...
Feeding Practice

Formula Milk with Foods Regular Foods without any Milk
DELIVERY CHARACTERISTICS
C.I. % C.I.
freq (%) SE freq (%) SE % CV
L.L. U.L. CV L.L. U.L.
Type of Delivery
Normal Delivery 150 (17.4) 1.3 14.8 20.0 7.7 1 (0.1) 0.1 0.0 0.2 100.0
Caesarian Section 35 (33.4) 4.9 23.7 43.0 14.7 0 - - - -
Place of Delivery
At home 31 (12.1) 2.1 7.9 16.3 17.6 1 (0.3) 0.3 0.0 0.8 100.1
Public Hospital 72 (19.0) 2.0 15.0 22.9 10.6 0 - - - -
Private Hospital/Clinic/Lying- in 61 (33.9) 3.9 26.3 41.4 11.4 0 - - - -
Public Health Center/Clinic 21 (12.0) 2.5 7.2 16.8 20.5 0 - - - -
Others 0 - - - - 0 - - - -
125
Doctor/Nurse/Midwife 166 (20.8) 1.5 17.9 23.7 7.2 0 - - - -

175
Traditional Birth Attendant 17 (9.9) 2.3 5.3 14.5 23.6 1 (0.4) 0.4 0.0 1.2 99.9
Others 2 (1.5) 13.9 0.0 48.8 64.8 0 - - - -
Appendix 2d. Delivery characteristics of children 0-23 months old by timing of breastfeeding initiation: Philippines, 2013 (n=4,059)
126
Timing of Breastfeeding Initiation

Within one hour after delivery Not within one our
DELIVERY CHARACTERISTICS C.I. C.I.
L.L. U.L. L.L. U.L.
Type of Delivery
Normal Delivery 2,913 (92.4) 0.6 91.3 93.5 0.6 753 (80.8) 1.5 77.8 83.8 1.9
Caesarian Section 223 (7.6) 0.6 6.5 8.7 7.3 170 (19.2) 1.5 16.2 22.2 7.8
Place of Delivery
At home 937 (28.1) 0.9 26.3 29.9 3.3 247 (24.5) 1.5 21.5 27.5 6.2
Public Hospital 1,110 (35.1) 1.0 33.1 37.1 2.9 333 (35.2) 1.7 31.9 38.6 4.9
Private Hospital/Clinic/Lying-in 466 (17.1) 0.8 15.6 18.7 4.7 220 (26.9) 1.8 23.4 30.4 6.6
Public Health Center/Clinic 617 (19.5) 0.8 18.0 21.1 4.1 121 (13.2) 1.3 10.6 15.7 9.9
Others 6 (0.1) 0.1 0.0 0.3 42.1 2 (0.2) 0.1 0.0 0.5 70.6
Doctor/Nurse/Midwife 2.459 (80.7) 0.8 79.1 82.3 1.0 751 (83.8) 1.2 81.4 86.2 1.4
Traditional Birth Attendant 647 (18.6) 0.8 17.0 20.2 4.4 168 (15.8) 1.2 13.5 18.2 7.6
Others 30 (0.8) 0.2 0.5 1.1 20.6 4 (0.4) 0.2 0.0 0.7 50.3
Appendix 2e. Feeding practice of children 0-23 months old with timely breastfeeding initiation by age group: Philippines, 2013 (n=3,189)
Age Group
0 – 5 Months 6 – 23 Months
FEEDING PRACTICE n
C.I. C.I.
L.L. U.L. L.L. U.L.
Exclusive Breastfeeding 573 507 (60.6) 1.9 56.9 64.3 3.1 66 (2.5) 0.3 1.8 3.1 13.7
Predominant Breastfeeding 74 61 (7.7) 1.0 5.7 9.6 12.9 13 (0.5) 0.1 0.2 0.7 28.2
Breastfeeding with Complementary foods 1,399 135 (16.7) 1.4 13.9 19.5 8.4 1,264 (52.1) 1.2 49.8 54.4 2.2
Formula Milk with Foods 901 108 (15.0) 1.4 12.3 17.8 9.3 793 (35.7) 1.1 33.5 37.9 3.1
Regular Food without any Milk 242 0 - - - - 242 (9.3) 0.6 8.1 10.5 6.5
Appendix 2f. Percentage distribution of children with continued breastfeeding at 1 year (12-15 months old) (n=732) and
at 2 years (20-23 months old) (n=823) by socio-demographic characteristics: Philippines, 2013
Continued Breastfeeding
1 Year 2 Years
CHARACTERISTICS
n C.I. % C.I. %
freq (%) SE freq (%) SE
All 608 375 (48.4) 1.9 44.6 52.2 4.0 233 (27.6) 1.6 24.5 30.8 5.8
Sex
Male 298 186 (45.8) 2.6 40.8 50.9 5.6 112 (24.4) 2.2 20.1 28.8 9.1
Female 310 189 (51.1) 2.8 45.7 56.5 5.4 121 (31.5) 2.5 26.7 36.4 7.8
Area of Residence
Rural 380 232 (57.8) 2.6 52.7 62.8 4.5 148 (29.1) 2.1 25.1 33.2 7.0
Urban 228 143 (39.6) 2.8 34.2 45.1 7.0 85 (25.8) 2.5 20.8 30.8 9.8
Wealth Quintile
Poorest 238 141 (64.1) 3.6 57.0 71.3 5.7 97 (39.0) 3.2 32.8 45.3 8.1
Poor 148 92 (50.1) 4.1 42.1 58.2 8.2 56 (32.7) 3.8 25.3 40.1 11.5
Middle 120 78 (54.8) 4.2 46.5 63.0 7.7 42 (27.7) 3.9 20.0 35.4 14.1
Rich 63 36 (36.4) 5.0 26.6 46.2 13.7 27 (19.8) 3.7 12.5 27.1 18.8
Richest 31 22( 21.7) 4.4 13.1 30.3 20.2 9 (9.9) 3.2 3.6 16.3 32.5
Mother’s Age
<20 30 27 (59.0) 7.5 44.3 73.7 12.7 3 (7.7) 4.7 0.0 17.0 61.4

≥ 20 578 348 (47.7) 2.0 43.8 51.6 4.2 230 (28.4) 1.6 25.1 31.6 5. 8
Parity
1 113 81 (43.7) 3.9 36.0 51.3 8.9 32 (20.8) 3.8 13.3 28.2 18.2
2–3 214 134 (51.2) 3.4 44.6 57.8 6.6 80 (28.4) 2.7 23.0 33.7 9.6
4–5 134 83 (65.1) 5.2 54.8 75.4 8.0 51 (34.8) 4.4 26.2 43.4 12.5
≥6 115 59 (67.6) 6.0 55.9 79.4 8.8 56 (52.9) 5.0 43.0 62.8 9.5
Region
NCR 34 22 (28.3) 4.9 18.6 38.0 17.5 12 (25.5) 6.4 13.0 38.0 25.0
CAR 29 15 (68.3) 10.2 48.3 88.3 14.9 14 (40.8) 7.2 26.6 54.9 17.7
I. Ilocos 36 18 (50.3) 6.8 36.9 63.7 13.6 18 (33.2) 6.8 20.0 46.5 20.3
127
175
Appendix 2f Continuation…
128
Continued Breastfeeding
1 Year 2 Years
CHARACTERISTICS
n C.I. % C.I. %
freq (%) SE freq (%) SE
II. Cagayan 25 19 (65.8) 8.2 49.6 81.9 12.5 6 (15.5) 4.9 6.0 25.1 31.4
III. Central Luzon 32 19 (44.8) 7.0 31.0 58.7 15.7 13 (22.1) 6.1 10.2 34.1 27.5
IV-A. CALABARZON 49 31 (39.3) 6.0 27.4 51.2 15.4 18 (21.1) 3.7 13.9 28.4 17.5
IV-B. MIMAROPA 34 17 (54.1) 7.2 40.0 68.3 13.3 17 (48.1) 7.5 33.4 62.7 15.5
V. Bicol Region 49 23 (48.0) 8.2 32.0 64.1 17.0 26 (38.1) 6.6 25.2 51.0 17.2
VI. Western Visayas 49 31 (60.6) 6.9 47.1 74.1 11.3 18 (38.8) 6.2 26.6 51.0 16.0
VII. Central Visayas 50 29 (62.7) 6.4 50.2 75.3 10.2 21 (27.7) 4.8 18.2 37.2 17.4
VIII. Eastern Visayas 45 31 (58.4) 6.5 45.5 71.2 11.2 14 (28.5) 7.3 14.0 42.9 25.8
IX. Zamboanga 23 17 (55.8) 9.0 38.0 73.5 16.2 6 (17.7) 6.3 5.3 30.0 35.5
X. Northern Mindanao 29 17 (44.3) 5.8 32.9 55.7 13.1 12 (33.1) 9.6 14.3 51.9 28.9
XI. Davao 24 16 (54.2) 13.0 28.7 79.6 23.9 8 (17.6) 5.5 6.9 28.4 31.0
XII. SOCCSKSARGEN 36 23 (51.3) 6.5 38.5 64.0 12.6 13 (27.4) 6.8 14.1 40.7 24.7
ARMM 33 20 (56.0) 7.9 40.4 71.7 14.2 13 (36.0) 8.0 20.2 51.9 22.3
Caraga 31 27 (66.0) 9.7 47.0 85.0 14.6 4 (14.9) 6.4 2.3 27.4 42.8
Education
High School undergraduate 119 76 (56.0) 4.9 46.4 65.6 8.7 43 (38.2) 4.6 29.1 47.3 12.1
High School graduate 215 137 (60.6) 3.5 53.7 67.4 5.8 78 (29.3) 2.9 23.7 35.0 9.8
Vocational Undergraduate 1 0 (0.0) - - - - 1 (14.8) 13.4 0.0 41.1 90.8
Vocational Graduate 10 4 (18.6) 9.2 0.4 36.7 49.7 6 (19.3) 8.3 2.9 35.6 43.2
Occupation
Working 74 36 (28.8) 4.4 20.2 37.4 15.2 38 (21.7) 3.4 15.0 28.4 15.6
Not working 530 337 (58.7) 2.3 54.3 63.2 3.9 193 (34.4) 2.1 30.3 38.5 6.1
Appendix 2g. Percentage distribution of children 0-23 months old who made use of bottle, pacifier or both bottle and pacifier by socio-demographic
characteristics: Philippines, 2013 (n=4,870)

Bottle Only Pacifier Only Both Bottle and Pacifier
Bottle-fed
CHARACTERISTICS
Children C.I. C.I. C.I.

% % %
All 2, 245 (48.8) 1,918 (84.9) 0.8 83.2 86.5 1.0 33 (1.4) 0.2 0.9 1.9 18.0 294 (13.7) 0.8 12.1 15.4 6.1
<2 101 (31.0) 79 (75.0) 4.7 65.7 84.2 6.3 3 (2.9) 1.7 0.0 6.2 58.4 19 (22.2) 4.6 13.2 31.1 20.6
2-3 150 (38.5) 122 (81.6) 3.1 75.5 87.8 3.8 2 (0.8) 0.6 0.0 1.9 70.9 26 (17.6) 3.1 11.5 23.7 17.6
4-5 172 (44.5) 134 (76.8) 3.2 70.4 83.1 4.2 4 (2.0) 1.0 0.0 4.1 50.3 34 (21.2) 3.1 15.0 27.4 14.8
6-7 194 (48.7) 148 (75.3) 3.5 68.4 82.2 4.7 7 (3.3) 1.3 0.8 5.9 38.1 39 (21.4) 3.4 14.7 28.0 15.9
8-9 195 (51.2) 157 (78.4) 3.1 72.3 84.6 4.0 5 (2.1) 1.0 0.2 4.0 45.5 33 (19.4) 3.1 13.4 25.5 15.8
10-11 215 (54.3) 185 (86.5) 2.4 81.9 91.1 2.7 1 (0.3) 0.3 0.0 1.0 100.3 29 (13.2) 2.3 8.6 17.8 17.7
12-15 362 (51.6) 329 (89.9) 1.7 86.5 93.3 1.9 3 (1.1) 0.7 0.0 2.4 58.3 30 (9.0) 1.6 5.8 12.2 18.1
16-19 421 (52.1) 376 (89.4) 1.5 86.4 92.4 1.7 2 (0.4) 0.3 0.0 1.0 70.5 43 (10.2) 1.5 7.3 13.2 14.7
20-23 435 (53.1) 388 (89.4) 1.6 86.2 92.6 1.8 6 (1.5) 0.6 0.3 2.7 41.8 41 (9.1) 1.5 6.1 12.2 16.9
Sex
Male 1175 (50.3) 1,002 (85.1) 1.1 82.9 87.2 1.3 15 (1.2) 0.3 0.6 1.8 27.1 158 (13.7) 1.1 11.6 15.8 7.9
Female 1070 (47.1) 916 (84.6) 1.2 82.3 87.0 1.4 18 (1.6) 0.4 0.8 2.3 23.9 136 (13.8) 1.2 11.4 16.1 8.6
Area of Residence
Rural 1067 (40.6) 921 (85.8) 1.2 83.4 88.2 1.4 22 (2.2) 0.4 1.3 3.0 20.8 124 (12.1) 1.2 9.7 14.4 9.8
Urban 1178 (56.6) 997 (84.2) 1.2 82.0 86.5 1.4 11 (0.9) 0.3 0.3 1.4 33.1 170 (14.9) 1.2 12.6 17.2 7.8

Wealth Quintile
Poorest 392 (30.4) 347 (88.3) 1.8 84.7 91.9 2.1 6 (1.7) 0.7 0.3 3.1 41.0 39 (10.0) 1.7 6.7 13.3 16.9
Poor 434 (41.7) 359 (82.6) 2.0 78.7 86.6 2.4 13 (2.6) 0.7 1.2 4.0 26.8 62 (14.8) 1.9 11.0 18.6 13.1
Middle 468 (48.8) 411 (88.1) 1.5 85.1 91.2 1.8 10 (2.3) 0.8 0.8 3.8 32.8 47 (9.5) 1.4 6.7 12.4 15.0
Rich 472 (59.9) 401 (83.9) 1.8 80.4 87.3 2.1 2 (0.4) 0.3 0.0 1.0 71.6 69 (15.7) 1.7 12.3 19.1 11.1
Richest 454 (73.1) 377 (82.3) 1.9 78.5 86.0 2.3 2 (0.4) 0.3 0.0 1.0 71.8 75 (17.3) 1.9 13.6 21.0 10.9
129
175
Appendix 2g Continuation…

130
Bottle-fed Bottle Only Pacifier Only Both Bottle and Pacifier

CHARACTERISTICS
Children C.I. freq C.I. C.I.
freq (%) SE % SE % freq (%) SE
L.L. U.L. CV (%) L.L. U.L. CV L.L. U.L. % CV
Region
NCR 279 (61.5) 227 (81.4) 2.4 76.7 86.1 2.9 2 (0.8) 0.5 0.0 1.8 71.3 50 (17.9) 2.4 13.1 22.7 13.7
CAR 52 (31.8) 48 (92.8) 3.8 85.4 100.3 4.1 - - - - - 4 (7.2) 3.8 0.0 14.6 52.9
I. Ilocos 153 (52.1) 130 (85.0) 3.0 79.1 91.0 3.6 3 (2.0) 0.9 0.1 3.8 47.6 20 (13.0) 2.8 7.4 18.6 21.9
II. Cagayan Valley 89 (39.8) 79 (88.6) 3.7 81.3 95.9 4.2 1 (1.2) 1.2 0.0 3.5 100.1 9 (10.2) 3.5 3.4 17.1 34.2
III. Central Luzon 253 (61.7) 205 (81.1) 2.4 76.5 85.8 2.9 2 (0.8) 0.6 0.0 1.9 70.8 46 (18.1) 2.4 13.4 22.8 13.3
IV-A. CALABARZON 288 (55.2) 248 (86.1) 2.3 81.7 90.6 2.6 2 (1.0) 0.6 0.0 2.2 57.8 37 (12.8) 2.2 8.4 17.2 17.5
IV-B. MIMAROPA 88 (43.1) 79 (89.6) 2.8 84.2 95.0 3.1 - - - - - 9 (10.4) 2.8 5.0 15.8 2.7
V. Bicol Region 158 (44.9) 131 (83.2) 4.0 75.4 91.0 4.8 2 (1.2) 0.9 0.0 2.9 70.7 25 (15.5) 4.1 7.5 23.6 26.4
VI. Western Visayas 131 (45.3) 114 (86.8) 2. 8 81.3 92.4 3.3 3 (2.2) 1.0 0.2 4.1 45.7 14 (11.0) 2.6 5.8 16.1 23.9
VII. Central Visayas 141 (43.7) 126 (89.3) 2.9 83.6 95.1 3.3 3 (2.2) 1.3 0.0 4.7 58.9 12 (8.5) 2.3 3.9 13.1 27.6
VIII. Eastern Visayas 122 (39.7) 110 (90.1) 3.1 84.1 96.1 3.4 2 (1.6) 1.1 0.0 3.8 71.1 10 (8.3) 2.8 2.7 13.9 34.2
IX. Zamboanga 55 (29.0) 43 (78.4) 4.7 69.1 87.7 6.0 4 (7.3) 3.6 0.2 14.5 49.7 8 (14.3) 4.5 5.4 23.1 31.5
X. Northern Mindanao 102 (39.9) 86 (84.9) 4.4 76.3 93.5 5.1 1 (0.9) 0.9 0.0 2.7 100.1 15 (14.2) 4.3 5.7 22.7 30.6
XI. Davao 77 (37.9) 68 (87.8) 3.4 81.1 94.6 3.9 3 (3.8) 2.7 0.0 9.1 72.5 6 (8.4) 4.0 0.6 16.2 47.3
XII. SOCCSKSARGEN 109 (45.9) 95 (86.9) 3.1 80.7 93.0 3.6 1 (0.9) 0.8 0.0 2.5 98.6 13 (12.3) 3.1 6.3 18.3 25.0
ARMM 65 (33.9) 54 (82.5) 4.8 73.1 91.9 5.8 2 (3.0) 2.2 0.0 7.4 72.8 9 (14.5) 4.1 6.4 22.6 28.5
Caraga 83 (35.5) 75 (90.2) 3.5 83.3 97.1 3.9 1 (1.3) 1.3 0.0 3.8 100.2 7 (8.5) 3.3 2.0 15.0 38.7
Mother’s Age
< 20 148 (41.1) 121 (80.8) 3.6 73.8 87.8 4.4 2 (1.5) 1.0 0.0 3.5 71.3 25 (17.7) 3.4 11.0 24.5 19.4
≥ 20 2097 (49.4) 1,797 (85.2) 0.9 83.4 86.9 1.0 31 (1.4) 0.3 0.9 1.9 18.8 269 (13.5) 0.9 11.8 15.2 6.4
Parity
1 678 (54.0) 573 (83.6) 1.5 80.6 86.6 1.8 6 (0.8) 0.4 0.1 1.6 46.2 99 (15.6) 1.5 12.7 18.5 9.4
2–3 761 (48.4) 646 (84.1) 1.5 81.2 87.0 1.7 13 (1.6) 0.5 0.7 2.5 28.5 102 (14.3) 1.4 11.4 17.1 10.1
4–5 280 (38.0) 243 (86.2) 2.4 81.5 90.9 2.8 7 (2.4) 0.9 0.5 4.2 39.6 30 (11.4) 2.3 7.0 15.9 19.9
≥6 154 (31.4) 136 (89.0) 2.6 83.9 94.1 2.9 5 (2.9) 1.3 0.3 5.5 45.7 13 (8.1) 2.3 3.5 12.6 28.7
Appendix 2g Continuation…

Bottle-fed Bottle Only Pacifier Only Both Bottle and Pacifier
CHARACTERISTICS
Children C.I. freq C.I. C.I.
freq (%) SE % SE % freq (%) SE
L.L. U.L. CV (%) L.L. U.L. CV L.L. U.L. % CV
Education
No grade completed 14 (24.0) 13 (94.3) 5.6 83.4 105.2 5.9 0 (0.0) - - - - 1 (5.7) 5.6 0.0 16.6 98.1
Elementary undergraduate 85 (25.7) 77 (90.3) 3.4 83.6 97.0 3.8 2 (2.2) 1.6 0.0 5.4 72.0 6 (7.5) 3.1 1.5 13.5 40.9
Elementary graduate 160 (33.9) 144 (89.4) 2.7 84.1 94.6 3.0 6 (3.4) 1.4 0.6 6.2 41.4 10 (7.2) 2.4 2.4 11.9 33.6
High School undergraduate 269 (36.8) 228 (84.5) 2.4 79.9 89.2 2.8 6 (2.1) 0.8 0.6 3.7 37.5 35 (13.3) 2.3 8.8 17.9 17.2
High School graduate 680 (46.5) 581 (84.6) 1.5 81.7 87.6 1.8 9 (1.4) 0.5 0.4 2.3 34.5 90 (14.0) 1.4 11.1 16.8 10.4
Vocational Undergraduate 31 (66.2) 26 (83.0) 7.1 69.0 97.0 8.6 1 (2.7) 2.7 0.0 7.9 99.2 4 (14.3) 6.7 1.1 27.6 47.1
Vocational Graduate 85 (58.8) 71 (82.7) 4.4 74.0 91.4 5.4 1 (1.1) 1.1 0.0 3.2 99.6 13 (16.2) 4.4 7.7 24.8 26.8
College undergraduate 253 (53.7) 215 (84.9) 2.4 80.1 89.7 2.9 0 (0.0) - - - - 38 (15.1) 2.4 10.3 19.9 16.1
College graduate 369 (70.4) 308 (82.4) 2.4 77.7 87.0 2.9 6 (1.4) 0.6 0.2 2.5 42.0 55 (16.3) 2.3 11.7 20.8 14.3
Occupation

Working 449 (65.8) 382 (85.1) 1.8 81.5 88.7 2.2 6 (1.3) 0.6 0.2 2.5 41.7 61 (13.5) 1.8 10.1 17.0 13.0
Not working 1506 (42.4) 1,290 (84.7) 1.0 82.7 86.8 1.2 25 (1.5) 0.3 0.9 2.1 21.0 191 (13.8) 1.0 11.7 15.8 7.6
131
175
Appendix 2h. Percentage distribution of children 6-8 months old who were introduced to complementary foods by breastfeeding status by socio-demographic
132
characteristics: Philippines, 2013 (n=585)
Breastfeeding Status
All children 6-8 months
Breastfed Non-breastfed
CHARACTERISTICS
C.I. % C.I. % C.I. %
All 468 (80.5) 1.8 77.0 84.0 2.2 312 (80.7) 2.2 76.3 85.1 2.8 156 (80.1) 3.0 74.3 86.0 3.7
6 142 (65.8) 3.5 58.9 72.7 5.3 87 (62.0) 4.5 53.2 70.9 7.3 55 (71.7) 5.3 61.3 82.1 7.4
7 156 (86.2) 2.9 80.5 91.9 3.4 105 (88.2) 3.4 81.4 95.0 3.9 51 (82.7) 5.1 72.7 92.7 6.1
8 170 (92.6) 1.8 89.0 96.2 2.0 120 (94.0) 2.2 89.8 98.3 2.3 50 (89.6) 4.0 81.7 97.5 4.5
Sex
Male 235 (80.4) 2.5 75.4 85.4 3.2 152 (79.1) 3.3 72.6 85.6 4.2 83 (82.6) 3.9 75.0 90.2 4.7
Female 233 (80.6) 2.4 75.9 85.4 3.0 160 (82.3) 3.0 76.4 88.2 3.6 73 (77.4) 4.7 68.2 86.5 6.0
Area of Residence
Rural 252 (78.9) 2.5 74.0 83.7 3.1 193 (79.3) 2.8 73.8 84.9 3.6 59 (77.4) 5.2 67.1 87.7 6.8
Urban 216 (82.0) 2.5 77.2 86.9 3.0 119 (82.5) 3.6 75.4 89.6 4.4 97 (81.5) 3.4 74.7 88.2 4. 2
Wealth Quintile
Poorest 110 (77.6) 3.8 70.1 85.1 4.9 87 (75.4) 4.4 66.8 84.0 5.8 23 (88.9) 6.2 76.8 101.0 6.9
Poor 123 (83.5) 3.3 77.0 90.0 4.0 96 (85.0) 3.6 77.9 92.2 4.3 27 (79.1) 7.1 65.1 93.1 9.0
Middle 104 (84.7) 3.3 78.1 91.3 3.9 67 (85.5) 3.9 77.8 93.3 4.6 37 (83.3) 6.0 71.5 95.0 7.2
Rich 82 (78.5) 4.5 69.6 87.3 5.7 45 (75.5) 6.0 63.6 87.4 8.0 37 (81.8) 6.4 69.3 94.4 7.8
Richest 47 (79.2) 5.4 68.5 89.9 6.9 17 (93.1) 6.6 80.1 106.2 7.1 30 (73.0) 7.0 59.2 86.8 9.6
Region
NCR 41 (76.2) 6.2 64.1 88.3 8.1 16 (72.4) 10.6 51.5 93.3 14.6 25 (79.8) 7.2 65.7 94.0 9.0
CAR 19 (78.1) 8.7 61.0 95.2 11.1 18 (80.3) 8.4 63.8 96.9 10.5 1 (53.4) 35.2 0.0 122.7 65.9
I. Ilocos 31 (77.5) 7.2 63.3 91.6 9.3 16 (70.0) 8.8 52.6 87.5 12.6 15 (87.9) 8.7 70.8 105.1 9.9
II. Cagayan Valley 25 (92.6) 5.2 82.3 102.9 5.6 20 (91.0) 5.8 79.5 102.5 6.4 5 (100.0) - - - -
III. Central Luzon 48 (81.1) 5.5 70.2 92.0 6.8 23 (88.4) 6.8 75.0 101.9 7.7 25 (75.5) 8.2 59.3 91.7 10.9
IV-A. CALABARZON 48 (87.3) 4.3 78.8 95.8 5.0 26 (86.7) 6.5 73.9 99.4 7.5 22 (88.1) 6.0 76.3 99.8 6.8
IV-B. MIMAROPA 20 (77.0) 6.4 64.4 89.6 8.3 15 (75.6) 5.7 64.4 86.8 7.5 5 (81.8) 16.3 49.8 113.9 19.9
V. Bicol Region 33 (73.3) 5.8 61.8 84.7 7.9 28 (77.9) 6.3 65.5 90.4 8.1 5 (54.8) 19.1 17.2 92.5 34.9
VI. Western Visayas 18 (78.6) 10.2 58.5 98.7 13.0 15 (79.3) 12.2 55.2 103.4 15.4 3 (75.2) 21.5 32.9 117.6 28.6
VII. Central Visayas 41 (91.0) 4.2 82.6 99.3 4.7 31 (94.0) 4.1 86.0 102.0 4.3 10 (83.2) 10.5 62.6 103.9 12.6
Appendix 2h Continuation…
Breastfed Non-Breastfed
CHARACTERISTICS
C.I. % C.I. % C.I.

freq (%) SE freq (%) SE freq (%) SE % CV
L.L. U.L. CV L.L. U.L. CV L.L. U.L.
VIII. Eastern Visayas 31 (71.8) 8.2 55.7 88.0 11.4 24 (76.7) 9.1 58.8 94.6 11.8 7 (59.3) 14.1 31.5 87.2 23.8
IX. Zamboanga 13 (68.3) 10.4 47.8 88.9 15.2 10 (66.6) 12.2 42.5 90.6 18.3 3 (75.1) 8.6 58.2 92.0 11.4
X. Northern Mindanao 27 (87.7) 5.0 77.9 97.6 5.7 18 (83.0) 7.3 68.5 97.4 8.9 9 (100.0) - - - -
XI. Davao 15 (79.0) 10.6 58.0 99.9 13.5 11 (78.1) 12.8 52.9 103.3 16.4 4 (81.3) 16.3 49.2 113.3 20.0
XII. SOCCSKSARGEN 23 (83.6) 8.3 67.3 99.8 9.9 20 (84.6) 8.6 67.7 101.6 10.2 3 (77.0) 20.5 36.6 117.4 26.6
ARMM 16 (66.6) 8.4 50.1 83.1 12.6 9 (56.0) 12.9 30.6 81.3 23.0 7 (87.5) 11.6 64.8 110.3 13.2
Caraga 19 (86.4) 9.6 67.4 105.4 11.2 12 (92.3) 7.3 77.8 106.7 8.0 7 (77.9) 17.9 42.6 113.2 23.0
Mother’s Age
< 20 45 (85.7) 4.8 76.2 95.2 5.6 37 (92.3) 3.8 84.8 99.7 4.1 8 (61.8) 15.1 32.2 91.5 24.3
≥ 20 423 (80.0) 1.9 76.2 83.9 2.4 275 (79.4) 2.4 74.6 84.2 3.1 148 (81.1) 3.1 75.1 87.2 3.8
Parity
1 143 (86.7) 2.7 81.3 92.1 3.2 96 (87.3) 3.2 81.1 93.6 3.6 47 (85.5) 5.2 75.2 95.7 6.1
2–3 151 (78.9) 3.2 72.6 85.2 4.1 98 (76.8) 4.1 68.8 84.9 5.3 53 (82.6) 4.8 73.3 92.0 5.8
4–5 70 (74.8) 4.6 65.8 83.8 6.1 58 (77.2) 4.8 67.8 86.6 6.2 12 (65.3) 11.2 43.3 87.3 17.1
≥6 52 (77.9) 5.2 67.7 88.0 6.6 45 (80.8) 5.4 70.3 91.4 6.6 7 (63.6) 15.3 33.4 93.8 24.1
Education
No grade completed 4 (59.7) 20.9 18.4 100.9 35.1 2 (41.8) 24.4 0.0 89.8 58.4 2 (100.0) - - - -
Elementary undergraduate 34 (65.5) 6.5 52.6 78.3 10.0 30 (68.3) 6.4 55.6 81.0 9.4 4 (52.2) 19.4 14.1 90.4 37.1
Elementary graduate 39 (78.7) 5.9 67.0 90.3 7.5 28 (73.8) 7.5 59.0 88.6 10.2 11 (93.2) 6.5 80.4 106.1 7.0

High School undergraduate 81 (82.7) 4.0 74.8 90.5 4.8 62 (81.6) 4.6 72.5 90.8 5.7 19 (85.7) 7.9 70.1 101.3 9.2
High School graduate 151 (84.5) 2.9 78.7 90.2 3.4 113 (87.0) 3.0 81.0 93.0 3.5 38 (77.9) 6.7 64.7 91.0 8.6
Vocational Undergraduate 3 (75.4) 21.5 33.1 117.7 28.5 - - - - - 3 (75.4) 21.5 33.1 117.7 28.5
Vocational Graduate 14 (85.4) 8.1 69.4 101.5 9.5 5 (85.7) 13.6 59.0 112.4 15.8 9 (85.3) 10.1 65.5 105.2 11.8
College undergraduate 57 (87.5) 4.3 79.0 95.9 4.9 43 (88.5) 5.0 78.7 98.3 5.6 14 (84.7) 8.7 67.6 101.8 10.3
College graduate 54 (75.9) 5.3 65.4 86.4 7.0 27 (73.4) 8.6 56.5 90.3 11.7 27 (78.1) 6.9 64.6 91.6 8.8
Occupation
Working 71 (88.0) 3.6 80.8 95.1 4.1 34 (87.4) 4.9 77.7 97.1 5.6 37 (88.4) 5.1 78.3 98.5 5.8
Not working 366 (79.4) 2.1 75.3 83.5 2.6 276 (80.3) 2.4 75.5 85.0 3.0 90 (77.1) 4.1 69.0 85.1 5.3
133
175
134
Appendix 2i. Percentage distribution of children 6-23 months old meeting the Minimum Dietary Diversity by breastfeeding status and socio-demographic
CHARACTERISTICS
C.I. C.I. C.I.
freq (%) SE % CV freq (%) SE % CV freq (%) SE % CV
L.L. U.L. L.L. U.L. L.L. U.L.
All 557 (15.5) 0.6 14.3 16.8 4.2 135 (8.1) 0.7 6.7 9.5 8.8 422 (21.8) 1.0 19.9 23.7 4.4
Sex
Male 305 (16.4) 0.9 14.6 18.3 5.7 67 (8.2) 1.0 6.2 10.2 12.3 238 (22.8) 1.4 20.1 25.5 6.0
Female 252 (14.5) 0.9 12.8 16.3 6.1 68(8.0) 1.0 6.0 10.0 12.8 184 (20.6) 1.4 17.9 23.4 6.7
Area of Residence
Rural 295 (14.7) 0.9 13.0 16.4 5.9 75 (7.3) 0.8 5.6 8.9 11.6 220 (23.0) 1.4 20.2 25.8 6.2
Urban 262 (16.3) 0.9 14.5 18.1 5.8 60 (9.1) 1.2 6.8 11.5 13.1 202 (21.0) 1.3 18.4 23.5 6.1
Wealth Quintile
Poorest 105 (11.1) 1.1 8.9 13.2 9.8 31 (5.2) 1.0 3.3 7.0 18.5 74 (20.0) 2.3 15.6 24.4 11.3
Poor 116 (13.7) 1.2 11.2 16.1 9.0 35 (7.6) 1.3 5.0 10.2 17.3 81 (20.0) 2.1 15.9 24.1 10.4
Middle 132 (18.4) 1.6 15.3 21.5 8.7 31 (9.8) 1.8 6.3 13.3 18.2 101 (26.1) 2.4 21.3 30.9 9.4
Rich 113 (18.5) 1.7 15.1 21.9 9.4 27 (12.2) 2.5 7.3 17.2 20.7 86 (22.3) 2.3 17.8 26.8 10.3
Richest 84 (17.6) 1.9 13.9 21.4 10.8 11 (9.6) 2.9 3.8 15.4 30.7 73 (20.2) 2.3 15.6 24.8 11.6
Region
NCR 53 (15.9) 1.9 12.1 19.7 12.1 12 (9.9) 2.8 4.4 15.4 28.2 41 (19.3) 2.6 14.2 24.3 13.3
CAR 20 (16.0) 2.9 10.2 21.7 18.3 4 (4.6) 2.3 0.1 9.0 49.5 16 (39.7) 7.5 25.0 54.4 18.9
I. Ilocos 49 (22.0) 2.9 16.3 27.6 13.1 15 (14.3) 3.7 7.0 21.6 26.0 34 (28.8) 3.5 21.9 35.7 12.2
II. Cagayan Valley 30 (18.9) 3.1 12.8 24.9 16.3 9 (10.2) 2.8 4.7 15.7 27.4 21 (29.1) 4.9 19.4 38.8 17.0
IV-A. CALABARZON 55 (14.4) 1.9 10.6 18.1 13.4 9 (7.0) 2.2 2.7 11.3 31.5 46 (18.5) 2.5 13.5 23.5 13.8
IV-B. MIMAROPA 28 (18.1) 2.8 12.6 23.6 15.5 6 (6.7) 3.2 0.5 12.9 46.9 22 (33.9) 5.2 23.7 44.2 15.4
V. Bicol Region 36 (14.0) 2.4 9.4 18.7 17.0 12 (9.0) 2.7 3.8 14.2 29.5 24 (19.4) 3.6 12.4 26.4 18.3
VI. Western Visayas 24(11.2) 2.2 7.0 15.4 19.3 8 (6.5) 2.3 2.0 11.1 35.8 16 (17.7) 3.8 10.3 25.1 21.4
IX. Zamboanga 17 (12.8) 3.5 6.0 19.7 27.1 4 (6.4) 3.1 0.3 12.5 48.2 13 (18.5) 5.4 7.8 29.1 29.4
X. Northern Mindanao 39 (21.0) 3.1 14.9 27.1 14.8 11 (12.6) 3.8 5.1 20.0 30.3 28 (28.7) 4.8 19.3 38.1 16.7
XI. Davao 22 (14.9) 3.0 8.9 20.9 20.4 5 (7.5) 3.3 1.0 13.9 44.3 17 (21.3) 4.7 12.1 30.6 22.1
Appendix 2i Continuation…
All children 6-23 months Breastfed Breastfed
CHARACTERISTICS
C.I. % C.I. % C.I. % CV

ARMM 20 (13.8) 3.7 6.6 21.0 26.7 4 (5.1) 2.5 0.2 10.0 49.2 16 (23.0) 6.2 10.8 35.2 27.1
Caraga 29 (17.4) 3.1 11.3 23.5 17.9 7 (8.5) 3.2 2.3 14.7 37.1 22 (26.1) 5.3 15.6 36.6 20.5
Mother’s Age
< 20 22 (8.8) 1.9 5.1 12.5 21.5 8 (5.8) 2.1 1.6 10.1 36.7 14 (12.6) 3.2 6.4 18.9 25.2
≥ 20 535 (16.0) 0.7 14.6 17.3 4.2 127 (8.3) 0.8 6.8 9.7 9.1 408 (22.3) 1.0 20.3 24.2 4.5
Parity
1 161 (18.4) 1.4 15.7 21.1 7.4 47 (11.8) 1.7 8.5 15.2 14.5 114 (23.6) 2.0 19.7 27.5 8.5
2–3 186 (15.2) 1.1 13.0 17.3 7.2 39 (6.6) 1.1 4.5 8.7 16.3 147 (23.2) 1.8 19.7 26.8 7.9
4–5 73 (12.0) 1.4 9.3 14.7 11.5 28 (7.3) 1.4 4.5 10.0 19.3 45 (18.9) 2.7 13.7 24.2 14.2
≥6 40 (11.4) 1.7 8.0 14.8 15.3 17 (7.5) 1.8 4.0 11.0 23.9 23 (18.9) 3.7 11.7 26.1 19.5
Education
No grade completed 2 (4.2) 3.0 0.0 10.0 71.2 1 (2.4) 2.4 0.0 7.1 99.6 1 (8.4) 8.1 0.0 24.3 95.9

Vocational Undergraduate 5 (15.7) 6.6 2.8 28.7 41.9 2 (17.1) 11.6 0.0 39.8 68.1 3 (15.1) 8.0 0.0 30.8 53.1
College graduate 78 (20.5) 2.2 16.2 24.8 10.7 14 (13.3) 3.4 6.7 19.9 25.2 64 (23.4) 2.8 17.9 28.9 12. 0
Occupation
Working 88 (16.7) 1.7 13.4 20.0 10.2 18 (8.4) 1.9 4.6 12.2 23.1 70 (20.7) 2.3 16.2 25.2 11.0
Not working 395 (14.8) 0.7 13.4 16.2 4.8 117 (8.1) 0.7 6.7 9.6 9.2 278 (22.9) 1.2 20.6 25.3 5.2
135
1
Appendix 2j. Percentage distribution of children 6-23 months old meeting the Minimum Meal Frequency by breastfeeding status and socio-demographic
136
CHARACTERISTICS C.I. C.I. C.I.
% freq %
freq (%) SE SE freq (%) SE % CV
L.L. U.L. CV (%) L.L. U.L. CV L.L. U.L.
All 3,361 (94.1) 0.4 93.3 94.9 0.4 1,510 (88.2) 0.8 86.6 89.9 1.0 1,851 (99.0) 0.2 98.6 99.5 0.2
Sex
Male 1,739 (94.0) 0.6 92.9 95.1 0.6 745 (87.4) 1.2 85.0 89.8 1.4 994 (99.1) 0.3 98.6 99.7 0.3
Female 1,622 (94.1) 0.6 93.0 95.3 0.6 765 (89.0) 1.1 86.8 91.3 1.3 857 (98.9) 0.4 98.1 99.7 0.4
Area of Residence
Rural 1,855 (93.2) 0.6 92.1 94.4 0.6 934 (88.2) 1.1 86.1 90.2 1.2 921 (98.9) 0.4 98.2 99.6 0.4
Urban 1,506 (94.9) 0.6 93.7 96.0 0.6 576 (88.3) 1.4 85.6 91.0 1.6 930 (99.1) 0.3 98.5 99.8 0.3
Wealth Quintile
Poorest 877 (90.9) 1.0 89.0 92.9 1.1 495 (85.8) 1.5 82.8 88.8 1.8 382 (98.7) 0.6 97.6 99.9 0.6
Poor 766 (94.1) 0.8 92.5 95.8 0.9 398 (90.6) 1.4 87.8 93.5 1.6 368 (97.8) 0.9 96.1 99.5 0.9
Middle 680 (94.6) 0.9 92.9 96.4 0.9 304 (89.1) 1.8 85.6 92.6 2.0 376 (99.6) 0.3 99.0 100.2 0.3
Rich 562 (94.9) 0.9 93.1 96.8 1.0 199 (87.0) 2.3 82.5 91.4 2.6 363 (99.7) 0.3 99.1 100.3 0.3
Richest 439 (97.3) 0.9 95.6 98.9 0.9 102 (90.7) 3.1 84.6 96.8 3.4 337 (99.3) 0.5 98.4 100.3 0.5
Region
NCR 328 (95.2) 1.2 92.9 97.5 1.2 105 (87.8) 3.1 81.7 93.9 3.5 223 (99.4) 0.6 98.2 100.6 0.6
CAR 111 (88.6) 2.8 83.1 94.2 3.2 71 (83.2) 4.0 75.4 91.0 4.8 40 (100.0) 0.0 - - -
I. Ilocos 207 (93.2) 2.0 89.2 97.2 2.2 89 (85.5) 4.0 77.7 93.3 4.6 118 (100.0) 0.0 - - -
IV-A. CALABARZON 363 (94.9) 1.1 92.8 97.1 1.2 121 (87.3) 2.6 82.2 92.5 3.0 242 (99.2) 0.6 98.1 100.6 0.6
IV-B. MIMAROPA 131 (86.3) 3.5 79.5 93.1 4.0 67 (77.6) 5.4 67.0 88.2 7.0 64 (98.5) 1.5 95.4 101.5 1.6
V. Bicol Region 242 (92.7) 1.5 89.7 95.7 1.6 117 (86.6) 2.7 81.3 92.0 3.1 125 (99.2) 0.8 97.7 100.8 0.8
VI. Western Visayas 194 (90.9) 2.2 86.7 95.2 2.4 105 (84.5) 3.5 77.5 91.4 4.2 89 (100.0) 0.0 - - -
IX. Zamboanga 124 (92.5) 2.4 87.8 97.3 2.6 53 (84.0) 5.1 74.0 94.0 6.1 71 (100.0) 0.0 - - -
Appendix 2j Continuation…
CHARACTERISTICS
C.I. C.I. C.I.
freq (%) SE % CV freq (%) SE % CV freq (%) SE % CV
L.L. U.L. L.L. U.L. L.L. U.L.

XI. Davao 143 (95.4) 1.8 92.0 98.8 1.8 65 (91.3) 4.2 83.0 99.7 4.6 78 (98.8) 1.2 96.6 101.1 1.2
XII. SOCCSKSARGEN 173 (96.0) 1.5 93.2 98.9 1.5 83 (91.9) 3.0 86.0 97.8 3.3 90 (100.0) 0.0 - - -
ARMM 135 (91.9) 2.2 87.7 96.2 2.3 64 (84.3) 4.2 76.0 92.5 5.0 71 (100.0) 0.0 - - -
Caraga 158 (95.0) 2.0 91.0 99.0 2.1 77 (93.7) 3.6 86.6 100.8 3.9 81 (96.3) 1.7 92.9 99.7 1.8
Mother’s Age
< 20 206 (93.4) 1.7 90.0 96.8 1.9 115 (90.6) 2.5 85.8 95.5 2.7 91 (97.0) 2.4 92.4 101.7 2.4
≥ 20 3,155 (94.1) 0.4 93.3 95.0 0.5 1,395 (88.0) 0.9 86.3 89.8 1.0 1,760 (99.1) 0.2 98.7 99.6 0.2
Parity
1 850 (95.5) 0.7 94.1 96.9 0.7 376 (90.6) 1.5 87.7 93.5 1.6 474 (99.4) 0.4 98.7 100.1 0.4
2–3 1,122 (93.5) 0.8 92.0 95.0 0.8 528 (87.8) 1.4 85.0 90.6 1.6 594 (98.8) 0.5 97.8 99.8 0.5
4–5 538 (92.0) 1.2 89.7 94.3 1.3 312 (87.4) 1.8 83.9 90.9 2.0 226 (98.8) 0.7 97.3 100.2 0.7
≥6 353 (91.5) 1.5 88.6 94.3 1.6 228 (87.5) 2.1 83.3 91.7 2.4 125(99.1) 0.9 97.4 100.8 0.9
Education
No grade completed 34 (82.4) 5.2 72.2 92.6 6.3 23 (77.8) 7.0 64.0 91.6 9.0 11 (93.5) 6.4 81.0 106.0 6.8
High School graduate 1,042 (94.7) 0.7 93.4 96.1 0.7 538 (91.0) 1.2 88.5 93.4 1.4 504 (98.9) 0.5 97.9 99.8 0.5

Vocational Graduate 109 (98.5) 1.1 96.3 100.6 1.1 37 (95.3) 3.3 88.9 101.8 3.4 72 (100.0) - - - -
Occupation
Working 533 (96.4) 0.8 94.8 98.0 0.8 185 (89.7) 2.3 85.2 94.2 2.6 348 (99.7) 0.3 99.0 100.3 0.3
Not working 2,465 (92.9) 0.5 91.9 93.9 0.6 1,316 (88.1) 0.9 86.4 89.9 1.0 1,149 (98.8) 0.4 98.1 99.4 0.4
137
175
Appendix 2k. Percentage distribution of children 6-23 months old meeting the Minimum Acceptable Diet by breastfeeding status and socio-demographic
138
CHARACTERISTICS C.I. C.I. C.I.
% %
freq (%) SE freq (%) SE freq (%) SE % CV
All 234 (6.4) 0.4 5.6 7.3 6.8 135 (8.1) 0.7 6.7 9.5 8.8 99 (5.0) 0.5 4.0 6.1 10.8
Sex
Male 119 (6.2) 0.6 5.1 7.3 9.1 67 (8.2) 1.0 6.2 10.2 12.3 52 (4.7) 0.6 3.4 5.9 14. 0
Female 115 (6.7) 0.7 5.4 8.0 9.8 68 (8.0) 1.0 6.0 10.0 12.8 47 (5.5) 0.9 3.8 7.2 15.8
Area of Residence
Rural 120 (6.1) 0.6 4.9 7.2 9.6 75 (7.3) 0.8 5.6 8.9 11.6 45 (4.8) 0.8 3.2 6.3 16.2
Urban 114 (6.8) 0.6 5.5 8.0 9.4 60 (9.1) 1.2 6.8 11.5 13.1 54 (5.3) 0.7 3.8 6.7 14.2
Wealth Quintile
Poorest 44 (4.3) 0.7 3.1 5.6 15.1 31 (5.2) 1.0 3.3 7.0 18.5 13 (3.1) 0.9 1.4 4.8 28.0
Poor 55 (6.2) 0.8 4.6 7.9 13.6 35 (7.6) 1.3 5.0 10.2 17.3 20 (4.8) 1.1 2.7 6.9 22.4
Middle 58 (8.4) 1.1 6.1 10.6 13.6 31 (9.8) 1.8 6.3 13.3 18.2 27 (7.1) 1.5 4.3 10.0 20.6
Rich 42 (7.1) 1.2 4.8 9.4 16.8 27 (12.2) 2.5 7.3 17.2 20.7 15 (1.1) 1.1 1.9 6.1 27.1
Richest 33 (6.6) 1.2 4.3 9.0 18.2 11 (9.6) 2.9 3.8 15.4 30.7 22 (5.7) 1.3 3.1 8.3 23.1
Region
NCR 20 (6.0) 1.3 3.4 8.5 21.8 12 (9.9) 2.8 4.4 15.4 28.2 8 (3.7) 1.4 1.0 6.5 37.8
CAR 8 (6.5) 2.4 1.9 11.2 36.0 4 (4.6) 2.3 0.1 9.0 49.5 4 (10.7) 5.3 0.2 21.1 50.0
I. Ilocos 23 (10.4) 2.1 6.2 14.5 20.5 15 (14.3) 3.7 7.0 21.6 26.0 8 (6.9) 2.3 2.5 11.3 32.7
IV-A. CALABARZON 17 (4.5) 1.1 2.4 6.6 24.1 9 (7.0) 2.2 2.7 11.3 31.5 8 (3.1) 1.2 0.8 5.4 38.0
IV-B. MIMAROPA 11 (7.1) 2.3 2.5 11.6 32.7 6 (6.7) 3.2 0.5 12.9 46.9 5 (7.6) 3.4 0.9 14.2 44.8
V. Bicol Region 16 (6.2) 1.6 3.1 9.3 25.6 12 (9.0) 2.7 3.8 14.2 29.5 4 (3.2) 1.5 0.2 6.1 47.1
VI. Western Visayas 12 (5.7) 1.6 2.5 8.9 28.9 8 (6.5) 2.3 2.0 11.1 35.8 4 (4.5) 2.2 0.2 8.8 48.3
IX. Zamboanga 4 (3.0) 1.4 0.2 5.8 47.4 4 (6.4) 3.1 0.3 12.5 48.2 0 (0.0) - - - -
XI. Davao 12 (8.3) 2.3 3.8 12.7 27.4 5 (7.5) 3.3 1.0 13.9 44.3 7 (9.0) 3.1 3.0 15.0 34.3
ARMM 10 (7.2) 2.5 2.2 12.2 35.4 4 (5.1) 2.5 0.2 10.0 49.2 6 (9.4) 4.7 0.2 18.5 49.7
Caraga 10 (6.0) 2.0 2.2 9.8 32.4 7 (8.5) 3.2 2.3 14.7 37.1 3 (3.6) 2.1 -0.6 7.7 59.0
Appendix 2k Continuation…
CHARACTERISTICS
C.I. C.I. C.I.
L.L. U.L. % CV L.L. U.L. % CV L.L. U.L. % CV
Mother’s Age
< 20 11 (4.7) 1.5 1.7 7.6 32.6 8 (5.8) 2.1 1.6 10.1 36.7 3 (3.1) 1.8 0.0 6.6 57.5
≥ 20 223 (6.5) 0.5 5.7 7.4 7.0 127 (8.3) 0.8 6.8 9.7 9.1 96 (5.1) 0.6 4.0 6.2 11.0
Parity
1 65 (7.2) 0.9 5.4 9.0 12.5 47 (11.8) 1.7 8.5 15.2 14.5 18 (3.5) 0.8 1.9 5.2 24. 1
2–3 78 (6.1) 0.7 4.7 7.4 11.4 39 (6.6) 1.1 4.5 8.7 16.3 39 (5.6) 0.9 3.8 7.4 16.2
4–5 40 (6.4) 1.0 4.4 8.4 15.8 28 (7.3) 1.4 4.5 10.0 19.3 12 (5.1) 1.5 2.2 8.1 29.1
≥6 22 (6.6) 1.4 3.8 9.4 21.3 17 (7.5) 1.8 4.0 11.0 23.9 5 (4.9) 2.2 0.5 9.3 45.5
Education
No grade completed 1 (1.7) 1.7 0.0 5.0 99.9 1 (2.4) 2.4 0.0 7.1 99.6 0 (0.0) - - - -

Occupation
Working 35 (6.0) 1.0 4.0 8.0 17.0 18 (8.4) 1.9 4.6 12.2 23.1 17 (4.8) 1.2 2.5 7.1 24.6
Not working 179 (6.7) 0.5 5.7 7.7 7.6 117 (8.1) 0.7 6.7 9.6 9.2 62 (4.9) 0.6 3.6 6.2 13.1
139
175
Appendix 2l. Comparison of current feeding practice of children 0-23 months old by age group: Philippines,
2011 & 2013
0-5 months 2013 vs. 2011 6-11 months 2013 vs. 2011
Feeding Practice 2011 2013 2011 2013
Diff. p-value Diff. p-value
n % n % n % n %
Exclusive breastfeeding 806 48.9 623 52.3 3.4 0.0802 61 3.1 67 5.0 1.9 0.0077
Breastfeeding w/ complementary foods 491 31.4 287 25.6 -5.8 0.0010 1133 59.6 712 55.6 -4.0 0.0284
Other milk w/ foods 284 19.8 228 22.1 2.3 0.1446 607 36.3 423 38.1 1.8 0.3134
Regular food w/o any milk 0 0.0 1 0.1 0.1 0.2085 20 1.0 20 1.4 0.4 0.3125
Appendix 2l Continuation…
12-23 months 2013 vs. 2011

Feeding Practice 2011 2013
Diff. p-value
n % n %
Exclusive breastfeeding 12 0.4 10 0.3 -0.1 0.5363
Breastfeeding w/ complementary foods 1,355 40.5 929 37.7 -2.8 0.0343
Other milk w/ foods 1,559 50.5 1,077 48.1 -2.4 0.0764
Regular food w/o any milk 301 8.6 351 13.8 5.2 0.0000
Appendix 2m. Comparison of the timing of breastfeeding initiation: Philippines, 2011 & 2013
2011 2013 2013 vs. 2011
Breastfeeding initiation
n % n % Diff. p-value
Within one hour 6,196 51.9 4,292 77.1 4.1 0.0000
Appendix 2n. Comparison of the percentage distribution of children 0-23 months old initiated to
breastfeeding within one hour after delivery by place of delivery: Philippines, 2011 & 2013
2011 2013 2013 vs. 2011
Feeding Practice
All 6,196 51.9 4,292 77.1 25.2 0.0000
At home 2,810 51.1 1,184 78.9 27.8 0.0000
Public Hospital 1,826 51.6 1,443 76.5 24.9 0.0000
Private hospital/clinic/lying-in 932 49.8 686 67.6 17.8 0.0000
Public health centers/clinic 549 61.5 738 82.9 21.4 0.0000

Appendix 2o. Comparison of children 0-5 months old by current feeding practice by place of delivery:
At home 2013 vs. 2011 Public Hos. 2013 vs. 2011
p-
Feeding Practice 2011 2013 p- 2011 2013 Diff.
Diff. value
value
n % n % n % n %
Predominant breastfeeding 41 6.3 21 8.4 2.1 0.2493 37 8.3 28 7.0 -1.3 0.4635
Breastfeeding w/ 84
160 24.6 46 18.1 -6.5 0.0307 127 25.5 19.7 -5.8 0.0377
complementary foods
Other milk w/ foods 65 11.4 31 12.1 0.7 0.7609 97 21.2 72 19.0 -2.2 0.4098
Regular food w/o any milk 0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 - 0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 -
Appendix 2o Continuation…
Priv. Hos/Clinic 2013 vs. 2011 Public health center 2013 vs. 2011
Feeding Practice 2011 2013 p- 2011 2013 p-
Diff. Diff.
n % n % value n % n % value
Predominant breastfeeding 16 6.0 10 4.5 -1.5 0.4849 14 10.0 13 6.8 -3.2 0.2780
Breastfeeding w/ complementary
61 23.9 45 22.6 -1.3 0.7474 31 18.1 32 17.9 -0.2 0.9613
foods
Other milk w/ foods 94 38.2 61 33.9 -4.3 0.3488 25 15.7 21 12.0 -3.7 0.3152
Regular food w/o any milk 0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 - 0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 -
Appendix 2p. Comparison of the percentage distribution of children 0-5 months old currently exclusively
breastfed at the time of the survey: Philippines, 2011 & 2013
2011 2013 2013 vs. 2011
Age in months
All 1581 48.9 1139 52.3 3.4 0.0802
0 258 69.1 161 65.5 -3.6 0.4433
1 240 55.6 187 64.3 8.7 0.0693
2 308 51.9 191 54.4 2.5 0.5866
3 250 55.0 211 58.8 3.8 0.4120
4 233 39.8 214 44.2 4.4 0.3463
5 292 23.8 175 28.3 4.5 0.2801
Appendix 2q. Comparison of predominantly breastfed children 0-5 months old by age in
months between 2011 and 2013 surveys: Philippines, 2011 & 2013
2011 2013 2013 vs. 2011
Age in months
All 1581 7.2 1139 6.6 -0.6 0.5438
<2 498 4.8 348 5.5 0.7 0.6485
2-3 558 7.9 402 5.1 -2.8 0.0875
4-5 525 8.9 389 9.1 0.2 0.9167

141
Appendix 2r. Comparison of mean duration (in months) of breastfeeding and exclusive
breastfeeding: Philippines, 2011 & 2013
2011 2013 2013 vs. 2011
Duration
Breastfeeding 5376 7.7 4344 8.2 0.5 0.0000
Exclusive breastfeeding 6219 3.7 3909 4.1 0.4 0.0000
Appendix 2s. Comparison of bottle-fed children 0-23 months old: Philippines, 2011 & 2013
2011 2013 2013 vs. 2011
Bottle-fed children 6501 44.7 4870 48.8 4.1 0.0000
Appendix 2t. Comparison of percentage of children 6-8 months old introduced to complementary
feeding between 2011 and 2013 surveys: Philippines, 2011 & 2013
2011 2013 2013 vs. 2011
Age in months
All 851 83.7 585 80.5 -3.2 0.1177
6 280 72.8 220 65.8 -7.0 0.0908
7 263 84.7 180 86.2 1.5 0.6614
8 308 92.6 185 92.6 0.0 1.0000
Appendix 2u. Comparison of age-appropriately breastfed children 0-23 months old: Philippines,
2011 & 2013
2011 2013 2013 vs. 2011
Age-appropriately breastfed
6614 48.8 4728 45.2 -3.6 0.0002
children
Appendix 2v. Comparison of children 6-23 months old meeting the Minimum Dietary Diversity:
2011 2013 2013 vs. 2011

Age in months
6-23 5033 21.6 3588 15.5 -6.1 0.0000
6-11 1,694 7.3 1222 4.6 -2.7 0.0028
12-17 1,224 26.1 1106 16.9 -9.2 0.0000
18-23 1043 33.4 1260 25.2 -8.2 0.0000

Appendix 3 – Questionnaire for mothers with youngest child 0-36 months, and
pregnant women (Booklet 3)

143


145


147


149


151

Appendix 4 – Questionnaire for children 0-23 months (Booklet 4A)

153


155


157


159


161


163
Appendix 5
Differences in the analysis of NNS and NDHS data on Maternal Health and Nutrition
and IYCF

1. In the FNRI’s 8th NNS, subjects were all mothers with youngest child 0-36 months
old whereas in the NDHS, subjects for antenatal care coverage were women who had
a live birth in the five years preceding the survey. In both surveys, the reference child
is based on the youngest child if the mother had more than one live births during the
period.
2. The 8th NNS was focused on the mother’s nutritional status during pregnancy and
lactation and knowledge and practices in nutrition which was not covered by the
NDHS. FNRI survey also asked reasons for availing prenatal care, timing and services
availed during prenatal care with focus on nutrition counseling. Questions about
micronutrient supplementation were more specific in the 8th NNS unlike in NDHS
wherein the question was only limited to iron or iron with folic acid.
3. The NDHS, on the other hand, has more detailed questions on prenatal and postnatal
care including information on whether the mother was able to set aside money during
their pregnancy in case of emergency. In the NDHS, questions on tetanus toxoid
vaccine were more detailed unlike in the 8th NNS wherein it was only included as part
of the services received during prenatal check-up. Provision of deworming drugs was
elicited in the NDHS but not in the 8th NNS.
The NDHS also incorporated question on the problems encountered during delivery.
It also included information on the problems of women in accessing health services
and cost of delivery which was not obtained in the 8th NNS.
4. In the NDHS data, information on postnatal care was taken for all women with a live
birth in the two years preceding the survey (time elapsed between delivery, postnatal
care received and the provider of care) whereas in the 8th NNS, subjects for postnatal
care were the same as that of prenatal care.
NDHS also collected information on the amount paid by the mother for her delivery
and if she was able to experience skin-to-skin contact when she gave birth to her child
which were not included in the 8th NNS questions.
On the other hand, 8th NNS included questions on the importance of postnatal care,
whether the mother was able to receive enough counseling on infant and young child
feeding after giving birth, mothers’ intention for maternity leave and the right time to
return to work which were not included in the NDHS.

Other data obtained in the 8th NNS that were not shown in the NDHS include
knowledge on child’s immunization, type of nutrition and health information
received, mother’s health-seeking behaviors and practices during illness, hygienic
practices and childcare by mothers with children 0-36 months.
Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices
1. The 8th NNS gathered data on the feeding practice of infants and young children 0-23
months old both for breastfeeding and complementary feeding. The NDHS on the
other hand, collected information only on the prevalence and initiation of
breastfeeding, pre-lacteal feeding, breastfeeding status and duration of breastfeeding.
2. In the 2003 and 2008 NDHS, subject children considered for ever breastfeeding,
breastfeeding initiation and prelacteal feeding was the last born child ever breastfed
in the 5 years before the survey (NDHS 2008) but for the 2013 NDHS, IYCF results
only include children under 2 years which is the same as the 8th NNS.
The 8th NNS subject children are all children 0-23 months in the sample households,
and have no reference child unlike the NDHS. Two or more children in the
household 0-23 months of age means interviewing the mother/s for the infant and
young child feeding practices of both/all children.
3. The prelacteal feeding results between the 8th NNS and 2013 NDHS showed varied
degree of difference from the national down the regional estimates which maybe due
to some differences on how question was phrased and asked.
In the NDHS, the rate of prelacteal feeding was based on asking mothers of breastfed
children born in the past two years if the child was given anything to drink other than
breastmilk in the first three days after delivery while on the NNS, mothers/primary
caregivers were asked if the child was given anything to drink in the first three days
after delivery while there is irregular breastmilk flow.
4. There were also differences in the result of breastfeeding initiation between 8th NNS
and 2013 NDHS. In the 8th NNS, initiation within one hour was the combined
proportion of those initiated “immediately” and “within one hour” while
“immediately” only in the 2013 NDHS. The 8th NNS has higher proportion of
breastfeeding initiation (77.1%) than 2013 NDHS (49.7%).
5. The previous data of FNRI on breastfeeding duration is not comparable with that of
NDHS. For the FNRI, duration of breastfeeding only covered children 0-23 months.
For children currently not breastfeeding, the age in months of stopping breastfeeding
was still considered in the computation while for currently breastfeeding, their actual

165
age in months at the time of the survey was used. The same analysis was also done
for the 8th NNS to compare the results with previous surveys.
In addition to the mean duration of breastfeeding among 0-23 months, mean and
duration of breastfeeding was also computed for children 0-36 months based on
children who were still breastfeeding as reflected on their 24-hour food recall.
For the NDHS, duration of breastfeeding was based on children 0-36 months
currently breastfeeding.


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8 TH National Nutrition Survey Maternal Health and Nutrition and Infant and Young Child Feeding Surveys

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Philippine Nutrition

Facts and Figures 2013

8th National Nutrition Survey

Food and Nutrition Research Institute

3.1 Maternal Health and Nutrition 13

Food and Nutrition Research Institute i

3.2 Infant and Young Child Feeding 67

3.2.2 Current feeding practices: Complementary feeding 93

ii Food and Nutrition Research Institute

Food and Nutrition Research Institute iii

MARIO V. CAPANZANA, Ph.D.

iv Food and Nutrition Research Institute

THE 8th NATIONAL NUTRITION SURVEY MANAGEMENT TEAM

Mario V. Capanzana, Ph.D.

Imelda A. Agdeppa, Ph.D.

COMPONENT STUDY LEADERS DATA MANAGEMENT

Ma. Adrienne S. Constantino Charmaine A. Duante, M.S. Epidemiology

Ma. Lilibeth P. Dasco, M.S. (Applied Nutrition) Glen Melvin P. Gironella

Marina B. Vargas, Ph.D. (Human Nutrition) Ma. Lynell V. Maniego

Eva A. Goyena, M.F.S.N. Apple Joy D. Ducay

Maria Belina N. Nueva España, M.S.

Mario V. Capanzana, Ph.D.

Food and Nutrition Research Institute v

vi Food and Nutrition Research Institute

ARMM Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao

Food and Nutrition Research Institute vii

OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

viii Food and Nutrition Research Institute

Regular foods A feeding practice where the infant is no longer receiving

Food and Nutrition Research Institute ix

Table No. Title Page No.

x Food and Nutrition Research Institute

Table No. Title Page No.

18 Percentage distribution of mothers by type of pregnancy complications 43

Food and Nutrition Research Institute xi

Table No. Title Page No.

37 Percentage distribution of children 0-23 months old by factors influencing 84

xii Food and Nutrition Research Institute

Figure No. Title Page No.

Food and Nutrition Research Institute xiii

Figure No. Title Page No.

16 Percentage distribution of mothers who received counseling on IYCF during 47

xiv Food and Nutrition Research Institute

Figure No. Title Page No.

33 Trends on the rate of exclusive breastfeeding: Philippines, 2003-2013 79

Food and Nutrition Research Institute xv

Appendix No. Title Page No.

2 IYCF Tables 123

xvi Food and Nutrition Research Institute

Appendix No. Title Page No.

2k Percentage distribution of children 6-23 months old meeting the 138

Food and Nutrition Research Institute xvii

Maternal Health and Nutrition

Food and Nutrition Research Institute 1

Infant and Young Child Feeding

Food and Nutrition Research Institute

Food and Nutrition Research Institute 3

Food and Nutrition Research Institute

Food and Nutrition Research Institute 5

2.1 Sampling Design

2.2 Scope and Coverage

Food and Nutrition Research Institute

2.4 Method of Data Collection