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Nhận dạng mặt bậc 2
Phương trình tổng quát của mặt bậc 2:
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Phương trình chính tắc của mặt bậc 2
2 2 2
x y z
1 Elippsoid
2 2 2
a b c
x
2
y
2
z
2
R
2
Mặt cầu
2 2 2
x y z
2 2 2
1 Hyperboloid 1 tầng.
a b c
2 2 2
x y z
2 2 2
1 Hyperboloid 2 tầng.
a b c
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2 2 2
x y z
0 Nón
2 2 2
a b c
2 2
x y
z
2 (Dạng thường gặp của nón)
2 2
a b
2 2
x y
cz d Paraboloid elipptic
2 2
a b
2 2
x y
cz d Paraboloid hyperbolic
2 2
a
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2 2
x y
1 Trụ elipptic
2 2
a b
2 2
x y
1 Trụ hyperbolic
2 2
a b
y
2
2px Trụ parabolic
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Hình ảnh các mặt cơ bản
z
Elippsoid
2 2 2
x y z
1
2 2 2
a b c
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Mặt cầu
z
2 2 2 2
x y z R
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Hyperboloid
2 2
x y
z
2 2
a b
2 2 2 2 2 2
x y z x y z
1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
a b c a b c
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Nón
z
y
x
2 2 2
z x y
2 2 2
c a b
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Vẽ nón
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Vẽ nón
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Paraboloid elipptic
2 2
x y 2 2
z z 2 x y
2 2
a b
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Vẽ paraboloid elliptic
2 2
x y
z
2 2
a b
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Vẽ paraboloid elliptic
2 2
x y
z
2 2
a b
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Parapoloid hyperbolic
2 2
x y
z
2 2
a b
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Trụ elliptic
z
Cách vẽ các mặt trụ:
1.Vẽ đường chuẩn ( là
đường cong bậc 2
trong phương trình
mặt) y
trình mặt
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Vẽ trụ
2 2
x y
1
2 2
a b
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Vẽ trụ
2 2
x y
1
2 2
a b
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Trụ hyperbolic
z
x
y
2 2
x y
1
2 2
a b
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Trụ parabolic
z z
2
y 2 px
x
x
y
2
y 2px 2
y 2pz
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Cách phân loại mặt bậc 2:
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2 2 2
Q (x,y ,z) 4x 4y 8z 10 xy 4 xz 4yz
2 2
9x 9y
x 1 2 1 3 2 2 3 x
Phép biến
y 1 2 1 3 2 2 3 y
đổi
z 0 4 3 2 1 3 z
x y 2z x y 2z
x ,y
2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3
4y z
z
3 2
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2 2 2
4x 4y 8z 10 xy 4 xz 4yz 16 x 16y 8z 72 0
x y 2z
x , -16
2 3 2 3
x y 2z
y -16
2 3 2 3
4y z
z -8
3 2 3
Phương trình (1) viết lại 9x
2
9y
2
24z 72 0
2 2
x y z
1 Paraboloid hyperbolic
8 8 3
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2 2
x y z
1
8 8 3
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2 2 2 (2)
2 / 6x 5y 7z 4 xy 4 xz
4x 4y 16z 8 0
x 2 3 1 3 2 3 x
y 2 3 2 3 1 3 y
z 1 3 2 3 2 3 z
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Phương trình (2) viết lại
2 2 2
3x 6y 9z 12y 12z 8 0
2 2 2
3x 6(y 1) 9(z 2 3) 18 0
2 2 2
3x 6y 9z 18
2 2 2
x y z
1 Elippsoid
6 3 2
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3 / z xy
2 2
z x y
Parapoloid hyperbolic
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Các mặt phẳng song song các mặt tọa độ
z
z z
y
x y
x x
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Một số mặt phẳng
z
x x
x+y=1
x+z=1
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Một số mặt phẳng
x y z
y=x 1
a b c
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Nhận dạng các mặt cong sau
2 2
x xy z 0
2 2
z x 4 xy y
xy 2yz x y 0
2 2 2
x 2 xy 2y z 9
2 2 2
2x 2y 5z 2 xy 2x 4y 4z 2 0
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