Cnsoûf co prfyodtfs co ngvostnmkdnôg

Skrok ? - Uokjnzkr trkgsborogdnks coj dfgfdn`nogtf

Yrosogtkcf pfr

Ufeortf Bkenf Dkgf Euojvks

Dôcnmf1 ;>2;2;?4

Yrosogtkcf k1

Ocgk ^urkgy @frk Ufcrnmuoz

Mrupf< ??;;9;V=

_gnvorsnckc Gkdnfgkj Kenortk y k Cnstkgdnk _GKC

Osduojk co Dnogdnks co jk Ocudkdnôg (ODOC_)

Yrfmrk`k co Jndogdnkturk og `kto`ëtndks

`kto`ëtndks

DOKC Rkjjocupkr

Cndno`ero - 59;>
 

;.  Ojkefrkr ugk tkejk co df`pkrkdnôg pkrk ospodnbndkr jks dkrkdtoràstndks, jks cnborogdnks y
jks so`oakgzks ogtro jfs cnsoûfs oxporn`ogtkjos y jfs cnsoûfs gf oxporn`ogtkjos co
ngvostnmkdnôg.
Cnsoûfs oxporn`ogtkjos  Cnsoûfs oxporn`ogtkjos 
Cobngndnôg  To trktk co ugk dfjoddnôg co cnsoûfs co Uoqunoro co ugk

ngvostnmkdnôg quo utnjnzkg jk `kgnpujkdnôg `kgnpujkdnôg rnmurfsk co jks

y jks pruoeks dfgtrfjkcks pkrk ogtogcor vkrnkejos f bkdtfros

jfs prfdosfs dkuskjos. Og mogorkj, ugk f oxporn`ogtkjos, y coj

`ës vkrnkejos sfg `kgnpujkcks pkrk dfgtrfj cnrodtf f pfr

cotor`ngkr su obodtf sfero ugk vkrnkejo prfdocn`nogtfs ostkcàstndfs

copogcnogto.  kj kzkr, co ftrfs bkdtfros quo

puocog kbodtkr oj

oxporn`ogtf. Uokjnzkg

ropotndnfgos co jfs

oxporn`ogtfs pkrk vornbndkr

cotor`ngkcks hnpôtosns

rokjnzkcks pfr oj

ngvostnmkcfr. To puoco

rokjnzkr og ug jkefrktfrnf f

og oj dk`pf 

Dkrkdtoràstndks  Uoqunoro co ugk `kgnpujkdnôg rnmurfsk Gf so prfcudo `kgnpujkdnôg

co jks vkrnkejos f bkdtfros co jks vkrnkejos ostucnkcks.

oxporn`ogtkjos, y coj dfgtrfj cnrodtf f Os `uy df`ñg quo so

pfr prfdocn`nogtfs ostkcàstndfs kj kzkr, utnjndog og ngvostnmkdnôg

co ftrfs bkdtfros quo puocog kbodtkr oj kpjndkck, yk quo ostucnkg jfs

oxporn`ogtf. Uokjnzkg ropotndnfgos co hodhfs tkj y df`f fdurrog

jfs oxporn`ogtfs pkrk vornbndkr co `kgork gkturkj. Os

cotor`ngkcks hnpôtosns rokjnzkcks pfr oj kprfpnkcf dukgcf pfr

ngvostnmkcfr. To puoco rokjnzkr og ug rkzfgos prëdtndks,

jkefrktfrnf f og oj dk`pf  odfgô`ndks f îtndks, gf os

 

pfsnejo rokjnzkr

oxporn`ogtfs. 

Cnborogdnks  Os ugk tîdgndk ostkcàstndk. Os ug ostucnf snsto`ëtndf y

o`pàrndf co ugk sntukdnôg.
Ncogtnbndk y dukgtnbndk jks dkusks co ug Fesorvk jfs bogô`ogfs tkj
obodtf cogtrf co ug ostucnf. df`f sfg og su k`enogto
gkturkj.
To `kgnpujkg ugk f `ës vkrnkejos Jks vkrnkejos gf so puocog
`kgnpujkr
Os utnjnzkck og dk`pfs df`f jk To utnjnzkg sfjk`ogto og
ngcustrnk, jk kmrndujturk jk k`enogtos gkturkjos.
`ordkcftodgnk, jk `ocndngk, ogtro ftrks
N`pjndk `kgtogor jk ngvostnmkdnôg ekaf  Gf `kgtnogo jk

dfgtrfj. ngvostnmkdnôg ekaf dfgtrfj.

To`oakgzks  Cogtrf co jfs dk`pfs co kddnôg og jfs Cogtrf co jfs dk`pfs co
quo dfgvormo dfg jk gf oxporn`ogtkj kddnôg og jfs quo dfgvormo
ostë jk Ysndfjfmàk dfg jk oxporn`ogtkj ostë jk
Ysndfjfmàk

Ojkefrkr ug cnkmrk`k co ërefj pkrk ncogtnbndkr jk djksnbndkdnôg co jfs cnsoûfs gf

oxporn`ogtkjos y sus dfrrospfgcnogtos tnpfs co cnsoûfs.
 

Cosdrneo y `nco
vkrnkejos tf`kgcf
Cosdrnptnvf
mrupf c ofeaotfs f
Srkgsoddnfgkj porsfgks
(@f`ogtf ñgndf coj
tno`pf) Jks hnpôtosns so
Dfrrojkdnfgkj ostkejodog k trkvîs co
ostucnfs cosdrnptnvfs

Cnsoûf Gf
Oxporn`ogtkj
Jk vkrnkejo os dogtrkck
Co togcogdnk
og ugk pfejkdnôg.
pfejkdnôg.

Jfgmntucngkj Dkck voz quo so `nco

Co ovfjudnôg oj mrupf so tf`k ugk
(Cfs f `ës `f`ogtfs) `uostrk

Jk `ocndnôg co jfs
Co pkgoj suaotfs so hkdo og
tfcfs jfs tno`pfs

5.  _g ngvostnmkcfr cosok ovkjukr jk rojkdnôg ogtro jk oxpfsndnôg k vncofs `usndkjos dfg kjtf
dfgtogncf soxukj y jk kdtntuc hkdnk oj soxf. Oj ngvostnmkcfr gfs pnco quo jo kyuco`fs k
dfgstrunr ug cnsoûf oxporn`ogtkj pkrk kgkjnzkr cndhk rojkdnôg y tk`enîg ug cnsoûf
trkgsoddnfgkj-dfrrojkdnfgkj. ¶Dô`f soràkg k`efs cnsoûfs6, ¶quî kdtnvnckcos so
coskrrfjjkràkg og dkck dksf6, ¶duëjos soràkg jks cnborogdnks ogtro k`efs cnsoûfs6, ¶dô`f
so `kgnpujkràk jk vkrnkejo ‚dfgtogncf soxukj‐ og oj oxporn`ogtf6, ¶dô`f so ngbornràk jk
rojkdnôg ogtro jks vkrnkejos og oj cnsoûf trkgsoddnfgkj-dfrrojkdnfgkj6, y ¶pfr quî jks
vkrnkejos yk hkeràkg fdurrncf sn so jjovkrk k dkef6

Uosfjudnfg coj dksf1

Oj ug tnpf co cnsoûf so eksk og oj coskrrfjjf co todgndks oxporn`ogtkjos tkjos df`f jk

rokddnôg co jks porsfgks brogto k cnborogtos dnrdugstkgdnks< y jk ftrk so ogdfbkrnk kj kgkjnsns
co jfs cktfs fetogncfs k trkvîs co ogduostks pkrk dfgfdor quo tnpf co proborogdnks `usndkjos
tnogo jk pfejkdnôg dfgsujtkck, pfr oao`pjf. To puoco `kgnpujkr jk vkrnkejo ‚dfgtogncf
soxukj‐ k trkvîs co oxpfsndnôg co cfs sntukdnfgos ospodàbndks og jfs vncofs, y promugtkgcf kj
dfjkefrkcfr coj oxporn`ogtf1 ¶duëj os su drntornf kgto jks cfs sntukdnfgos oxpuostks6
 

.Cnsoûf oxporn`ogtkj

Oj cnsoûf prfpfgo oxporn`ogtkr dfg vkrnkejos df`f ‚dfgtogncf co soxf‐, y ‚kdtntuc hkdnk oj
soxf‐. To trktkrë co oxporn`ogtkr dfg ugk `uostrk co porsfgks co 
co  cnborogtos ockcos y
mîgorfs, pkrk dfgfdor quo pnogskg sfero jfs vncofs quo so jfs trkgs`ntkg, y tk`enîg so puoco

tf`kr dkgdnfgos proborncks co ug mrupf co porsfgks (`uostrk), y sferopfgor og cfs

osdogkrnfs1 ugf dfg dfgtogncf soxukj, y oj ftrf gf< pfr oao` pjf1 dfg jk dkgdnôg ‚Bjfr
‚Bjfr pëjnck‐
coj krtnstk ‚@krd Kgthfgy‐, ug vncof dfg dfgtogncf soxukj, y oj ftrf dfg pknskaos f ovogtfs
co jk gkturkjozk (sng osdogks co soxf)< y oxporn`ogtkr jks rokddnfgos fetogncks co dkck
 porsfgk, og dkck dksf. Oj feaotnvf os trkekakr dfg oj mrupf co porsfgks co
c o cnborogtos ockcos
y mîgorf, pfgnîgcfjos vncofs dfg y sng dfgtogncf soxukj y ovkjukr su df`pfrtk`nogtf kgtos,
curkgto y cospuîs co jk oxpfsndnôg.

Oj oxporn`ogtf dfgsnsto og ncogtnbndkr jks rokddnfgos, sogtn`nogtfs, o`fdnfgos, otd., trks vor
vncofs quo ngdjuykg soxf, y kj `ns`f tno`pf skeor dukjos sfg jfs drntornfs quo tnogog kdordk
co jfs `ns`fs.

Cnsoûf trksoddnfgkj dfrrojkdnfgkj

Oj cnsoûf trkgsoddnfgkj dfrrojkdnfgkj ostë ekskcf og jk utnjnzkdnôg co ngbfr`kdnôg rodkvkck k

trkvîs co ogduostks, pfr oao`pjf. Cogtrf co ostk ngvostnmkdnôg, so prfpfgo rokjnzkr ugk
ogduostk tost quo snrvk pkrk dfgfdor jfs ngtorosos og dukgtf k jk proborogdnk `usndkj,
broduogdnk og quo jfs `nrkg, proborogdnks, fpngnôg co jk oxpfsndnôg co soxf og vncofs

`usndkjos y ovkjukrjfs copogcnogcf co jk ockc, djkso sfdnkj, mogorf, gnvoj co ocudkdnôg. Co

nmukj bfr`k so rokjnzkràk ugk ogduostk pkrk ovkjukr su gnvoj co dfgfdn`nogtf co ocudkdnôg
soxukj, y pugtf co vnstk brogto kj soxf< y ksà pfcor cotor`ngkr sn oxnsto kjmugk rojkdnôg ogtro
îstks cfs vkrnkejos, y sn ugk kdtntuc cotor`ngkck brogto kj soxf copogco coj mrupf og oj quo
jf dktomfrnzk`fs pfr ockc, mogorf, otd. Cogtrf co osto cnsoûf tk`enîg so puoco tf`kr og
duogtk jk ngvostnmkdnôg rokjnzkck kgtornfr`ogto
 

CNBOUOGDNKT OGSUO CNTOÛFT 

Cnsoûf oxporn`ogtkj  Cnsoûf dfrrojkdnfgkj cnroddnfgkj
To puocog `kgnpujkr vkrnkejos df`f1 To utnjnzk ngbfr`kdnôg fetognck k trkvîs co
proborogdnks `usndkjos, pfr oao`pjf ogduostks k ugk `uostrk co jk pfejkdnôg,
cfgco jks vkrnkejos sorëg1 ockc, mîgorf,
 proborogdnk `usndkj, sntukdnôg odfgô`ndk,
tno`pf ngvortncf og jk fesorvkdnôg co
vncofs `usndkjos, rojnmnôg.
To oxpfgog cfs osdogkrnfs (vncofs dfg y To puoco rokjnzkr drudo co vkrnkejos,
sng dfgtogncf soxukj), pkrk ovncogdnkr oao`pjf1 ockc, mîgorf, sntukdnôg
rokddnfgos kgto sntukdnfgos ospodàbndks. odfgô`ndk, proborogdnks `usndkjos.
Jk ngbfr`kdnôg co proborogdnks so puoco Tfjf so rodfjodtk ngbfr`kdnôg k trkvîs co
fetogor k trkvîs co oxporn`ogtf. `ocnfs osdrntfs, tkjos df`f1 pornôcndfs,

jnerfs, otd.
Uodfgfdn`nogtf co o`fdnfgos, rokddnfgos Tfjf rodfjodtk ngbfr`kdnôg k trkvîs co
y sogtn`nogtfs k trkvîs co oxporn`ogtf. `ocnfs cnmntkjos, tkjos df`f pfrtkjos
`usndkjos y rovnstks cnmntkjos.

5. _g mrupf co ngvostnmkcfros ngtogtk kgkjnzkr oj obodtf quo tnogo jk oxtogsnôg co ug cnsdursf

 pfjàtndf sfero jk kdtntuc hkdnk oj to`k trktkcf y kj frkcfr. Jk oxtogsnôg coj cnsdursf os jk

vkrnkejo ngcopogcnogto y tnogo duktrf gnvojos1 `ocnk hfrk, ugk hfrk, ugk y `ocnk hfrk y cfs
hfrks. Jks vkrnkejos copogcnogtos sfg jk kdtntuc hkdnk oj frkcfr (bkvfrkejo-cosbkvfrkejo) y jk
kdtntuc hkdnk oj to`k (pfsntnvk-gomktnvk), jks dukjos so `ocnrëg pfr pruoeks quo ngcnquog
cndhfs gnvojos co kdtntuc. Og oj oxporn`ogtf ostëg ngvfjudrkcks porsfgks co k`efs mîgorfs,
ockcos quo bjudtñkg ogtro jfs ;8 y ?9 kûfs,
kû fs, y cnvorsks prfbosnfgos co cfs cnstrntfs ojodtfrkjos.
Oxnsto jk pfsnenjnckc co ksnmgkr kj kzkr k jfs pkrtndnpkgtos k jfs mrupfs oxporn`ogtkjos.
Coskrrfjjo y cosdrnek cfs f `ës cnsoûfs oxporn`ogtkjos quo puockg kpjndkrso kj ostucnf,
dfgsncoro dkck ugk co jks buogtos co ngvkjnckdnôg ngtorgk (¶kjmugk kbodtk jfs rosujtkcfs coj
oxporn`ogtf6 ). Ostkejozdk jks hnpôtosns portngogtos pkrk osto ostucnf.
 

Tfjudnôg1

Jk ngvostnmkdnôg pfcràk utnjnzkr ug cnsoûf oxporn`ogtkj tnpf oxporn`ogtfs ‚purfs‐ yk quo

osto cnsoûf puoco ngdjunr ugk f `ës vkrnkejos ngcopogcnogtos y ugk f `ës copogcnogtos. Ksà
`ns`f so puocog utnjnzkr pro-pruoeks y pfs-pruoeks, sng o`ekrmf og osto dksf so utnjnzkràk

ug cnsoûf dfg pfs-pruoek ñgndk`ogto y mrupf co dfgtrfj, cfgco so uskg cfs f `ës
trktk`nogtfs oxporn`ogtkjos. Jfs pkrtndnpkgtos so ksnmgkg kj kzkr k jfs mrupfs, y jfs obodtfs
co jfs trktk`nogtfs oxporn`ogtkjos so ngvostnmkg df`pkrkgcf jks pfs- pruoeks co jfs mrupfs.

Oj bfr`ktf mogorkj sornk1

;    ;  (suporvnsnôg dfg kdtntuc kj frkcfr) 9;  

5   5  (suporvnsnôg dfg kdtntuc kj to`k)  95  
4   4  (suporvnsnôg dfg kdtntuc kj frkcfr) 94  

3    3  (suporvnsnôg dfg kdtntuc kj to`k) 93  

?    ô  9?  

Sk`enîg so pfcràk utnjnzkr ug cnsoûf trkgsoddnfgkj cosdrnptnvf, yk quo tnogo df`f feaotnvf
ngckmkr jk ngdncogdnk co jks `fckjnckcos f gnvojos co ugk f `ës vkrnkejos og ugk pfejkdnôg.
Oj prfdocn`nogtf dfgsnsto og uendkr og ugk
u gk f cnvorsks vkrnkejos k ug mrupf co porsfgks, soros
vnvfs, sntukdnfgos, dfgtoxtfs, bogô`ogfs, df`ugnckcos< y ksà prfpfrdnfgkr su cosdrnpdnôg.
 

Uoborogdnks

Ngvostnmkdnôg Oxporn`ogtkj. \Dfgsujtk og jàgok1 ;;/9>/;8P. Uoduporkcf co 1

https1//oxpjfrkejo.df`/os/ngvostnmkdnfg-oxporn`ogtkj

@fgtkgf Afkquàg. (59;4). Ngvostnmkdnôg Gf Oxporn`ogtkj1

Ox porn`ogtkj1 Cnsoûfs, Dkrkdtoràstndks, Snpfs y
Oao`pjfs. Uoduporkcf co 1 https1//www.jnbocor.df`/ngvostnmkdnfg-gf-oxporn`ogtkj/