Proliferasi Sel

dr. Elvira Rosana, M.Biomed

FKIK Universitas Bengkulu
Sel Prokariotik dan Eukariotik
 • the process that results
Cell in an increase of the
proliferation number of cells
Proliferasi Sel Prokariotik

Amitosis
(Pembelahan
Biner)
Proliferasi Sel Eukariotik
The rate of cell proliferation should be balanced
with the number of cell death to maintain
homeostasis

Cell Cell
cycle death
Proliferasi Sel= Reproduksi Sel
Eukariotik
Cell Reproduction : Cell Cycle
1. Mitosis - Autosom
2. Meiosis - Sex Cell (ovum dan Sperma)
Cell Regulation
Cell cycle consist of interphase & M phase

G1 = gap phase 1
S = DNA synthesis
G2 = gap phase 2
M = mitosis

The cell cycle is an ordered set of events, culminating in

cell growth and division into two daughter cells

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/graphics/cellcycle.gif
The cell cycle may be divided into 4 phases

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 Details of cell cycle

The major events of the cell cycle are:

• DNA replication (S phase) results in duplicated chromosomes.
• Separation of duplicated chromosomes and cellular constituents (M phase)
•G1 stage – cell growth, cell doubles its organelles, accumulates materials for
DNA synthesis.
• G2 stage – cell synthesizes proteins needed for cell division
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Cells can withdraw from the cell cycle and
dismantle the regulatory machinery

• G0 is a quiescent state
• Cdks and cyclins disappear
• Some cells enter G0 temporarily and
divide infrequenty (I.e. hepatocytes)
• Other differentiated cell types
(neurons) spend their life in G0

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 Cells
• Cell division increases the number of
somatic (body) cells, and consists of:
– Mitosis (division of nucleus)
– Cytokinesis (division of cytoplasm)
• Apoptosis (cell death) decreases the
number of cells.
• Both cell division and apoptosis
occur during normal development
and growth.

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 M phase can be divided into mitosis and cytokinesis

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 How is cell cycle regulated ?

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Mitosis: The Dance of the Chromosomes

• Once the chromosomes have replicated, the cell is ready to

begin mitosis.
• Mitosis is the period when the cell divides.
• Mitosis consists of a sequence of four stages: prophase,
metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

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The duration of the cell cycle

• The duration of the cell cycle

varies between different cell
types.
• In most mammalian cells it lasts
between 10 and 30 hours.

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The essential processes of the cell cycle are
triggered by control system

Figure 18-3 Essential Cell Biology indwiani@gmail.com 23

 Two points where it is committed to
proceed to the next stage in the cycle

• The first point called start occurs near the end of the G1, and the
cell becomes committed to DNA synthesis in the S phase of the
cycle.
• The second commitment point is at the beginning of the M
phase when the cell becomes committed to chromosomal
condensation and the subsequent mitotic steps.

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Several checkpoints are needed to ensure the
successful and beneficial cell cycle

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 “Start” checkpoint
•Controls G1/S transition
•Commits cell to another
round of cell division

G2/M checkpoint
•Checks that DNA is fully
replicated

M checkpoint
•Is DNA division
(chromosome segregation)
progressing correctly?

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Cell cycle checkpoints
Cell cycle checkpoints are
regulatory pathways that:

1. control the order/timing of

cell cycle transitions

2. ensure that critical events

such as DNA replication and
chromosome segregation
are completed correctly
before letting the cell
progress further through the
cycle

In addition, checkpoints respond

to cellular damage by
slowing the cell cycle to
provide time for repair
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Checkpoint: spindle assembly

• Mitosis must not complete unless all the chromosomes

are attached to the mitotic spindle
• Mitotic checkpoint delays metaphase to anaphase
transition until all chromosomes are attached
• Prolonged activation of the checkpoint  cell death
• Mechanism of many anti-cancer drugs

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Checkpoint signaling

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 What allows passage through a checkpoint?

Proteins that push cells past check points:

– Growth Factors
– Hormones

Proteins that prevent cells from passing check points:

– Tumor Suppressors

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Meiosis
Terimakasih