1.

Characteristics of business environment during pre-globalization period

- Stable market
- Few competing local firms
- Standard and fixed product design
- Labor intensive production
- High focus on production and low focus on R&D
- Customer was ready to wait and accepted functional product
- Reasonable pricing and average quality of product

2. How business environment changed after introduction of globalization

- Uncertain and disruptive market
- Business faced heavy competition
- Product design started changing
- Reduction in the cost of product to increase sales
- Demand for high quality products
- End of waiting and instant availability of product

3. Steps taken by supply chain to sustain operation post globalization

- High market share
- Focus on production of good quality products
- Research and development
- Expansion of firm depending upon the type of firm
- Focusing towards lean manufacturing instead of mass production
- Good distribution network
- Usage of information technology
- Merger and acquisition

4. Supply Chain Risk Mapping – Image

- A – If probability of occurrence is high and business impact is high (Red
Zone)
 - B – If probability of occurrence is low but business impact is high (Yellow
Zone)
- C- If probability of occurrence is low and business impact is low (Green
Zone)
- D – If probability of occurrence is high but business impact is low

5. Balanced Scorecard - https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/balancedscorecard.asp

6. Kraljic matrix - https://www.kbmanage.com/concept/kraljic-matrix-update

7. Supply and Demand Mapping

8. Kaplan and Norton Framework

- Translate vision
- Create operational strategy
- Create groups and group leaders
- Have a separate group to monitor market data
- Correction in strategy
- Financial budgets
- Training and development
- Usage of balanced scorecard
- Make Strategy map

9. Warehousing Strategies
- Cost of lost sales
- Inventory cost
- Cost of warehouse
- Transportation cost
- Future expansion plans
- Competitor’s plans
 - Incremental revenue ensured by including specific warehouse vs
incremental cost incurred for the warehouse

10. Success factors of airline

- Route selection
- Fare
- Frequency of route
- Stoppage or no stoppage
- Food and services during air travel
- Design of facilities for economy class
- Design of facilities for business and first class
- Performance evaluation
- Monitoring performance of all airlines in the market

11. Supply chain dashboard

12.Decision areas in SCM

- Make or buy
- Focused manufacturing
- Modular production
- Lean manufacturing
- Merger & acquisition
- Manufacturing options
- Type of supply chain
- Outsourcing

13.Qualitative forecasting
- Executive opinion
- Sales composite method
 - Market research method
- Delphi method

14.Components of time series analysis

- Random variation
- Trend analysis
- Seasonal demand
- Cyclic analysis

15. Simulation technique is useful in designing stocking policy in retail

business

16.MAD MSE MEFE TRACKING SIGNAL

- Mean absolute deviation - The average absolute deviation (or mean

absolute deviation (MAD)) about any certain point of a data set is
the average of the absolute deviations or the positive difference of the
given data and that certain value . It is a summary statistic of statistical
dispersion or variability. In the general form, the central point can be
the mean, median, mode, or the result of any other measure of central
tendency or any random data point related to the given data set. The
absolute values of the difference, between the data points and their
central tendency, are totaled and divided by the number of data points.

- Mean Squared Error - In statistics, the mean squared error (MSE)

or mean squared deviation (MSD) of an estimator measures
the average of the squares of the errors—that is, the average squared
difference between the estimated values and the actual value. MSE is
a risk function, corresponding to the expected value of the squared
error loss. The fact that MSE is almost always strictly positive (and not
zero) is because of randomness or because the estimator does not
 account for information that could produce a more accurate estimate.
The MSE is a measure of the quality of an estimator—it is always non-
negative, and values closer to zero are better.
- Mean Absolute Percentage error - The mean absolute percentage
error (MAPE), also known as mean absolute percentage
deviation (MAPD), is a measure of prediction accuracy of a forecasting
method in statistics, for example in trend estimation, also used as a loss
function for regression problems in machine learning. It usually
expresses accuracy as a percentage.
- Tracking Signal - In statistics and management science, a tracking
signal monitors any forecasts that have been made in comparison with
actuals, and warns when there are unexpected departures of the
outcomes from the forecasts. Forecasts can relate to sales, inventory, or
anything pertaining to an organization’s future demand. The tracking
signal is a simple indicator that forecast bias is present in the forecast
model. It is most often used when the validity of the forecasting model
might be in doubt.

17. Preventive Breakdown and Predictive Maintenance -

https://www.plantengineering.com/articles/predictive-preventive-and-breakdown-
maintenance-tips/

18.Importance of analytics in designing supply chain

- Analysis of data
- Detailed profitability analysis
- Monitor the performance of supply chain
- Design of balanced scorecard
- Design of 3PL & 4PL logistics
- Merger & acquisition act as a shield against risk involved in supply hain