Map

2: Energy Transmission Lines and Transformer Stations (EIE, 2010)

Total electricity subscribers were 6.197.010 in region in 2009, 3.954.871 subscribers on
European side and 2.424.139 subscribers on Anatolian side. (Table 20) is shown electricity
subscribe distribution. (Governor of Istanbul, 2009)

Group of European Anatolian
Total
Subscribers Side Side
House 3.192.852 1.876.940 5.069.792
Trade 634.433 306.662 941.095
Industry 64.739 9.681 74.420
Government
8.065 2.652 10.717
Agencies
Other 54.782 46.204 100.986
Total 3.954.871 2.242.139 6.197.010
Table 20: Electricity Subscribers Distribution (Governor of Istanbul, 2009)

Total electricity consumption was 18.492.015.721 kW/h in region in 2009, electricity
consumption on European side was 9.909.703.867 kW/h and electricity consumption on
Anatolian side was 8.582.311.854 kW/h. 54% of electricity consumption was consumed on
European side and 46% of electricity consumption was consumed on Anatolian side. In recent
years, with the natural gas spread, electricity consumption is increased by decreasing.
(Governor of Istanbul, 2009)

31

 Group of European Anatolian
Total
Subscribers Side Side
House 3.103.397.489 3.581.658.948 6.685.056.437
Trade 3.096.031.057 1.988.575.671 5.084.606.728
Industry 2.697.044.625 1.845.322.213 4.542.366.838
Government
265.777.896 590.733.703 856.511.599
Agencies
Other 747.452.800 576.021.319 1.323.474.119
Total 9.909.703.867 8.582.311.854 18.492.015.721
Table 21: Electricity Consumption Distribution (Governor of Istanbul, 2009)

Electricity Natural Gas x 1.000.000 m3 /
Consumption (TWh/Year) Year
IMM 1,2 0,60% 45,5 0,13%
Istanbul 24 12% 3.500 10%
Turkey 200 100% 35.000 100%
Table 22: Electricity Consumption in 2008 (IMM)

Figure 18: Energy Usage by Sectors in Istanbul (TUIK, 2010)

The maximal consumption is in residential areas. Besides the commercial areas’ consumption
is also very close to the residential consumption. There are three main areas on consumption:
Residential, Commercial and Industrial. (Figure 18)
A thermal power plant that is the largest thermal power plants in Turkey belongs to
Electricity Generation Company (EÜAŞ) and was established in Avcılar. The thermal power

32

plant is composed two parts working fuel oil and natural gas. When plant operates at full
capacity, plant generates 14 million kW/h per day and 4-4,5 million kW/h per year electricity
power. The thermal power plant that is Turkey’s second largest plant with Keban
Hydroelectric Power Plant after Demirköprü Hydroelectric Power Plant in terms of power
works brought fuel oil from TÜPRAŞ, ATAŞ and Aliağa refinery. The thermal power plant is
second after Keban in terms of generating electrical energy. Total produced electrical energy
that is 3.365.056 MW/h in 2008 is transmitted to Thrace and Istanbul. (Provincial Directorate
of Environment and Forestry, 2008-09)

Ambarlı Natural Gas Thermal Power Plant was put into operation in 1988, and this plant is
established on a field that is 2.600.000 m². The plant’s power is 1350,90 mW. Total produced
electrical energy was 9.370.640 MW/h in the plant in 2008. (Provincial Directorate of
Environment and Forestry, 2008-09)

ISKI is the most important share of electricity consumption (57%). ISKI’s majority of the
consumption is water distribution, water treatment and waste water pumping stations used
to take place. (Table 23) (Figure 19)

IMM Agencies 328.000.000 Isbak Inc. 662.512
ISKI 614.776.989 Isfalt Inc. 7.666.493
IETT 12.361.031 Ispark Inc. 35.843
Ağaç Inc. 391.698 Istac Inc. 6.207.458
Belbim Inc. 225.454 Istanbul Energy Inc. 3.612
Beltur Inc. 2.430.008 Istanbul Imar Inc. 7.199
Bimtaş 78.855 Iston Inc. 2.906.747
Halk Ekmek Inc. 8.029.040 Kültür Inc. 3.027.584
Hamidiye Inc. 830.540 Sağlık Inc. 98.154
IDO Inc. 2.761.849 Spor Inc. 3.049.549
IDTM 7.745.247 Ulaşım Inc. 66.215.145
IGDAS 7.029.537
Total Consumption: 1.074.446.971 kWh
Table 23: Electricity Consumption in 2006 (IMM)

33


Figure 19: Electricity Consumption in 2006 (IMM)

8.4. Renewable Energy

Renewable energy sources are non-fossil energy sources, such as, hydro, wind, geothermal,
biomass, wave, and tide energy.

8.4.1. Solar Energy

Energy obtained from sunlight by advancing technology are called solar energy. With the
gained momentum in developments about benefitting from solar energy especially after
1970’s has been progress in solar power systems in terms of technological and decreased in
terms of cost. Thus, solar energy has been accepted as a clean source of energy all over the
world.

Turkey that is located between 36-42 north latitude and 26-45 east longitude has 1303
kWh/m²- y solar radiation and 2623 hours duration of sun an average annual. Calculated on a
daily, this number is equivalent to 3,6 kWh/m² power and 7,2 hours per day and corresponds
to duration of a total 110 daily sun. Thermal applications are applied with 9,8 million TOE.
Turkey has energy potential of 26,2 million TOE an annual. Turkey can benefit technically and
economically 63% of Turkey’s land during 10 months and 17% of Turkey’s land during a year
from solar energy. (Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, 2010)

34


Map 3: Solar Energy Potential (EIE, 2010)

(Map 3) is shown that total solar radiation is between 1400 and 1450 kWh/m² per year in
Istanbul. When Istanbul compares with Turkey, Istanbul is not economic region in Turkey in
terms of solar energy investment. (EIE, 2010)

Figure 20: Duration of Sun in Istanbul (Hours)
Figure 21: Solar Radiation in Istanbul (KWh/m²-day)

8.4.2. Wind Energy

Wind energy is obtained wind that is converted to kinetic energy by wind turbines. Capacity
of wind power generators that produces 2% of used in the world is 159,2 GW and production
of energy is 340 TW. In 2008, production of wind energy in worldwide was a noticeable
increased in some countries, such as, 19% in Denmark, 13% in Spain and Portugal, 7% in
Germany and Ireland. Studies of wind energy are at an early stage in Turkey yet. (World Wind
Energy Association, 2009)

35


Map 4: Wind Speed – 50 m in Istanbul (EIE,2010)

Map 5: Areas that can be Wind Energy Power Plant (EIE, 2010)

7m/h or above wind speed should require to establish an economic wind power plant. (Map
5) is shown that although Istanbul is a weak geography in terms of wind energy investment,
wind turbines can be established places that are shown in yellow without the residential
areas.

36


Map 6: Factor of Capacity – 50 m in Istanbul (EIE,2010)
35% or above capacity factor should require to establish an economic wind power plant. (Map
6) is shown that wind turbines can be established places that are shown in orange and red
without the residential areas.

The Total
The Wind The Total
The Wind Power Established
Speed Area
at 50m (W/m²) Power
at 50m (m/s) (km²)
(MW)
300 - 400 6.8 - 7.5 832,91 4.154,56
400 - 500 7.5 - 8.1 2,48 12,4
500 - 600 8.1 - 8.6 0 0
600 - 800 8.6 - 9.5 0 0
> 800 > 9.5 0 0
835,39 4.176,96
Table 24: Wind Energy Power Capacity can be established in Istanbul

Trade opportunities that are increased as a result of population growth, rapid
industrialization and urbanization increase the demand for natural resources and energy all
over the world. Istanbul that has the industry and rapidly growing population require high
energy in an area.

37

 KEMERBURGAZ
WEPP
ÇATALCA
WEPP
SUNJUT
WEPP

TEPRE

Map 7: Wind Power Plant in Istanbul (RITM, 2012)

ÇATALCA WEPP KEMERBURGAZ WEPP
Installed Power: 60.0 MW Installed Power: 24.0 MW
Ertürk Electricity Lodos Electricity
Firm:
Generation Company
Firm:
Generation Company
The Number of Turbines: 20 The Number of Turbines: 12
Province: Istanbul Province: Istanbul
Town: Çatalca Town: Gaziosmanpaşa

Latitude: 41,13376 Latitude: 41,2387
Longitude: 28,45285 Longitude: 28,69305

SUNJUT WEPP TEPERES

Installed Power: 1.2 MW Installed Power: 0.85 MW
Firm: Sunjut Teperes Electricity
Firm:
Generation Company
The Number of Turbines: 2
The Number of Turbines: 1
Province: Istanbul
Province: Istanbul
Town: Hadımköy Town: Silivri
Latitude: 41,13322 Latitude: 41,05553

Longitude: 28,62347 Longitude: 28,44805

Table 25: The Data Regarding Wind Power Plant (TUBİTAK, 2012)

There are four wind power plant in Istanbul. These are Çatalca, Kemerburgaz, Sunjut, and
Teperes. (Map 7) (Table 25)





38

8.4.3. Biomass

Today, biomass energy can be divided into two types: traditional and modern. With the
burning animal waste and wood, traditional biomass energy is obtained. Modern biomass
energy is defined energy crops, energy forests, various fuels such as, bio-diesel, atenol is
obtained from waste of wood industry, vegetable and animal wastes in agriculture, urban
waste, industry based on agriculture wastes. (EIE, 2012)

Obtaining of biomass classifies:
§ Energy Forests
§ Energy Agriculture – High-yield Energy Crops

8.4.4. Energy Forests

Fast-growing trees such as, poplar, willow are growth to produce energy in the world. These
trees can grow quite climate and soil conditions and growth speeds between 10 and 20 times
compared other trees. Growth speed of energy forests can be increased by biotechnological
methods. These trees are usually provided re-growth by pruning every 5 years. Harvested
branches are used as a source of biomass. The average annual yield of energy forest is 22 tons
(in 1 ha) of biomass. Energy trees provide both protection of forests and reduction of
environmental pollution.

8.4.5. Energy Agriculture

Energy agriculture that is a new type of agriculture can be made annual or perennial plants.
Seeds of some plants are being developed with help of genetic engineering.

-
Map 8: Biomass Potential from Forest in Turkey (EIE, 2012)

39

Amount of total waste from forest is 4.8 million tons. (1,5 mtoe) Capacity of gasification plant
that can be installed is 600 MW. According to the (Map 8), biomass potential of Istanbul from
forest is between 4.000 and 50.000 tons.

Map 9: Total Biomass Potential in Turkey

9. Incentives and Investment Regarding Energy in Istanbul

9.1. Continuing Energy Studies

Istanbul Provincial Directorate of Environmental and Forestry provides loans in order to
using of clean energy in forest villages, reduce using of fossil fuels and provide less costly
energy via Directorate of ORKÖY. Forest villages are provided technical assistance to get and
place solar energy panels. The directorate was provided 498.800 TL loans to 344 households
in 10 villages in 2010. Placement of solar panels is continuing in forest villages and is
managing by the Provincial Directorate. (EIA, 2010)

40