ese - peony paw mxpe Guta panzo 30 sows ag a pete sade * Eapoquocpe Kjotesd sua msn spsresny om Jo aC pv axn 05 uowesuedio sparen ait Aq apgzod apres wraq eng UopuOT wT Ame PH IMO} mq “2eM-¥ ene WEN, 9p wea HH “des “gf “ero gC “MOREA sp SRDS aP'D “SngEPS Taghr atom omequoeoy a9 "emmy 2 ARjoued "AIO 29P WOA'D OMPION SDS Tey teal Koper ¥ ducf ‘wumury roveyel “imdeys susey “wumgRI $2095 Bong tmtanyvoqepenrs wie Sree So=ue| “MH PC Ae ma MMBIORE HNO ‘PPPS Tadeo clin Sexpetont snore aptesppD HPD WA“ T POL BPD WEA a T PHIST ‘eon Sheva ‘eoped neg Joie ‘ppewoqeg uel wemeeY "W presaD -Pounooy a oss aN “Brow emsued exp po sun rpm sonpe Ped prose Jo} sprayed 290 BuO OF HHH T ‘qeogpes v oe Tom se yoeuoRspen © BmqreMy sous Te anode — adoos pay, © ypns OF aouaiaupe ue jo ZoSuep penyze avg yo azeme Aresnyen we | vuorsm0> Kddey sy 0} 0 ‘ey ABojouooy sumasext jo aseyd ary ays ‘siz0H9 portoniuc> Aymnyare> s,AmareN4 O} STUER ‘arp 2x61 ut sem ap “ex61—Lo6r sre—k oxy SiaKoams 0} skus auyfB0> [TUE] "P22A02 creak jo sunzay uy eM suvaus sry, “ABojouor] jo zoqpey paBpaymourpe “(HPF 74) Bing Siem Aqy jo Knjeuosiad axg woysstostp Aus Jo 1ayua> auf oj aDe4 0} voRUayEE KUL Sy sjse} sno}yiqure say ypmu Kes 0} ssappaaut‘adoos syt ut “specadde sei.ey xp uasorp ancy | ‘Sttog oyu 29 poyyaes [eO:opoul>t Uapour ay YPIYA Up TwaWOU qempe ayp Jo woresoxe oxy jdumae Avur oy 3eyp SY aanrumDe oyy “Aambpue poysEePD ye] jo Suna agp ut 001 Ht 0} EQ O8 0} Aaj ‘PoLaauE ORKIeuE axp Jo uaUdopPARP arp jo Kaains © ut ‘Ket ABojousoy jo ALowsiHy ay Jo Ywapmis ay, ‘sowpeondde aqqyssod fons) Jo zoxpfo sans Kewt — , AHofouen] Jo sisouaD, — saded Aut Jo apn ay FeKp Azte=3 | Surg panag Jo Asouayy Uf (269 seve area Si #99 9 #581 pe meses op ages toi 0 (560) oon HOHE ‘opt veforaies apg song pen 2gEOEI ‘HP op Sksnpyg a got 4 ayoug nese Sate i mn Fp PUD -somnesns wn er uy Sys “een 7 aigengsdog umpc 3p ‘wopog sm sun ap 1H Spas PURSE SIN (2x60) pronstoou {9 pssopnsng wap sep oh PUPA nga coeur voor ping seoponpesiynuny of sponpeatanneenT (9839 200 ouopenfo asjou mp fn 904 sABojoucsy Jo sysauas oy. bu Angybnvey 2 = fos 03 ssp ae aeayy ueztoys We 9p jo Supe oueysoays omy A ssounBue eanzay aan em As Ae) pee opnyrafeur ems PUE ZIOH IPN paw05 ae sept ny (ee amp Jo swos aya ssj20d reuondaox: ‘ea1029q 09 spuEay ‘mopps * Sues | prea }905 ay 4g “sez H99 1 ‘micn9q 2h ‘201240 William S. Heckecher ranged so far in his interests. His universality in fact convinced me that his achievement ‘can never be properly appreciated as long as one sees it in isolation from other cultural ‘manifestations and endeavours that took place around him and which, undoubtedly, encouraged him to pursue his self-chosen path. [ propose to examine Warburg's achieve- ment not only on its own merits but also when seen against the background of an age of synthesis, an age to which he belonged and of which he was one of the most sig- nificant representatives, In short, I am convinced that it is not just sensible but abso- lately necessary to speak of the achievements made at this time in fields as divergent from one another, and from art history, as those of Einstein's Theory, Freud's Method of Psychoanalysis, of a number of tedunical and social advances, of the Motion Pictures and of Motion Photography and, last but not least, of the figurative arts. Tconology was born in the month of October of the year 1912. It was then that in a thirty minute lecture given by Warburg, the iconclogical method paraded for the first ‘ime ia full panoply. The word ikonologisch appears three times in Warburg's paper on “Antike Kosmologie in den Monatsdarstellungen des Palazzo Schifanoja zu Ferrars.” Whether he was aware of it or not, this word ikonologisch turned into the key-word in his discourse. Each time he used the adjective, Warburg, used it in the set phrase “ikono- logische Analyse"! The occasion was the Xth International Congress of Art History ‘which convened in Rome? As we look back from the vantage point of the year 1964, this ‘eccasion reminds us, in its setting and in its implications, of the solemn launching of a ship. More than two generations have passed since then. In the meantime the words “iconology” and “Warburg Method,” and justifiably so, have virtually become inter 1This was the tle of Warburg's aig typetriten, dra whic s preserved in Box 200% ofthe Ar- ‘hives of the Warburg insite in Condon slong with the bandwtensetdes preceding See aso [Notes infra The deSstve te “Taersche Konet ed internasionale (te) Astologie Im Palazro Schilatja tu Fecrara” was obviously adapted sm order 10 ft the theme of the Congress. The Wat ‘layed he plating ofthe Aca The lecture appeared tie: () img inthe AW del X Congreso Ittefuionale a Stora dat arte tr Roma. Lola e Fare stoner, Rome, pp s7o-93 and (2) Sosa, in Warburg's Gesammalte Sdriten, I, Leipzig and Beri, pp 439-408 (with copioes added ole, tbls, and ilactalone on pp. Gaye). 1 abl show that Warburg mind ae occupied lth Echfanoia problems from a lant 07 onward Formally, Warburg offered hs lectre tthe Congress {a leer Lddessed to Arduino Colava (of he Ante Balle Artin Rome) dated Apr 319% “teks Thnen ston sgt, Hn cha dem Wee, de sehr sdweige Frage der Heratlang nd et Bodectung deer Bldereke quelled ou Tose, und ce worde oir ese Fede sen, auf dem Kengred Spa dice Deutangsosegen 21 Hlnnen, dis sath Sur die Grensen Talons Minas kulture ‘ence neeslren dare “Thee ample evcnce nthe printed and writen word for ively eaponse to Waburg’s ete among discerning contemporuie orname only a few. A fy deta sammary of Warburg’ pape ‘Store innominatappateds. "Di scnn Kongrerse” Der Clerone, TV, ps pp 6a A por ‘Splive commentary tthe Kwnecironie XXIV, i, November, 94% ol 6, prised Warburg for beng {Ble to construc Gidges “aur Klcnen Beastinen” Ant aslo, weting in the Internatonsie Monatsh fir Winona, Kuno und Ted, December sgt, col: a0 (ol), spe of the lecture ae “eines der frnocsten Engnsse des Kongresres” R. Kautsch, President f the, Con ire, wrote fo Waborg afer hi lecture“ 1 cannot tell you wt It means tome porwonally that Sou belies in alma a Ine more cxaed than the sbvious one of elstying there strange objects Euled works of at” (quoted afer a biographic manuscript by Fritz Sed whick Gerred Bing allowed ‘eo cou, To Attrns Aubert the lectre was the vent ofthe Congres, while Adolfo Ventur {he had himself worked and written on the Seufencis Fcscoes before Warburg) witly Temarked ‘Tanico Watbarg twat ct cBibe gi pace” — Tor the sigidcance ofthe please "honologche Ans™ Iyser see Note infos 2 Walburg spoke inte concluding plenary sesion ofthe Congres Inthe moming of Saturday, Oco- brag, apne See als Note 26 infra, 254 changeable.* The his new and yet old disci aa past that has stealth Let me begin by st Art History. In analy played in it, we shot hhad been trained as seemingly insurmour to methodology 2 -"U hope’ said Father tain do, bu cor Sh oethci incinat srowds are astered in Ponreyel by Gio ‘aide od etneep tha fered two exten ‘Side onthe Warber Ce seston’ nota “Endy withthe Lila ‘of hedern Art, New” © Of the many satis indebted: Anon. a ‘yay Gutta Bing," SHC cade "A qeosss; Aled Dore Ty Alcete Giogett Florence soso (Vi, “York 3947; WesnerK hard” Newe Sdeoe fessor A. Warburg” fir Kaatoinsensth ‘hry M. err, He ont din flog, Ssse-apay” Hh Diboshek Warburg ey, Boao, Hem tndone 3957, p35 Bibiogrphie su Ni Boga and Kanab ‘fomeine Kunatoisen "A tre Bo vented ith seed Warburg le by he Watbarg’s Gover {or some fine on 8 ‘Adelie engaged in fifa “Ebro oh am fed a5 “a lowopt SPathophobic" (1 2 einer progatic of an expeblced wa fo pce Sty dopo ‘Warburg Haat democratic. A Unive:ssz spon ‘sono oun ao 2044 PEON SL ag aye So Bano oY ours Kystngen Y 2HeEOmED ‘fenunee s yoamsrana ack eng w ev -yptenunyy pa com Songun Sgro “esodrp fae set ot sce put sem spuquon sour wry anyon yorydosotd eg erp se om prymgndim Ue Jo orsan tonhinad a3 Sip we ) td ‘Sage = nny apeASpRIpmy tapmeead zx Me ‘Spmimpnig apesfopunin, ey sp cove Jo psye ay 1 ovord Keodoqoryed's 1) -rgogdoxved, 22 fom pps peo rk pr kommt ey nn elnof P "nsiany apave sug 2) ,ounr0lj ousoep now Ip esrtsingay “onSees Tp ost, eee ‘Savy pasoasSangoont soanpodearosemgeeya 30 ASoyoqyn ue Ssednd uy padeBun 5 'SOPY sey -tos mazeyg «seorts Soggy go Veedo)pA0d Put S409, 4) Jo APE CUO SUT ste 50) ‘uryaom voog ey ey yin ba ss O96" envel queD mur “eeylaps eyruonon 2AsmaseNy 49 dono une pabolord oxy oy fesng Gopnpony ue se seadie que puny oy A 3 em PeAL Jo spine v “pomp ou tay enon, sy jo Pue Singuran Jo uoneDasds duppsnee « Saim paoues “pe om se Burg paseo sip puejropun | “enon 09.08 Fry Smgsey Jo KudesBONg ons) “edsefor debe aedinis “NY 1 Gxkvox AT Yedoa Ss) Uepeusenaseuny auisuo$ yo ron yoniny anh Suspener ogi ety 205 BumsapoN Harpe Gopal pan eg Breage np (pen dos koe gg paw Badwy ' aiouy 9p tagoroey ne nde Sone setninpricesraunipey emg pan apoqryt SuIoTE 4 PIAL sedpg PIS ISK dd “S6E “Op ‘Tisserooy penny aboet sngryayusog eggs AusabLe AaL, ops lowe ad eee ‘tig pt Bedi esnoee6e “Sangam sowenig op aban ore ng pom Aoareaa oATONSTS Sey ng mieg ‘Ober Sd “Se6r Sanqung, OF HE og Hyiasay Sunquyy Veoeggge Aang Sen oe hay soergoad 30 loser op, ng sven f9-OP°8d nae esos edoqons rp it “habit sued aaome 9 enon pabstg “CoopeurBed sox) 6 Anas anon He Bay “lrtjor to una ot ea} apON, Mood pa 8S YoroaeAny f liounco Asean oe 29) 61 sean “mopaong Bong viaraaA Yee reign “bxjoing upasy 6 age “dd abs “guandas 5 "dN “ipepuny seams PON pI “sping gooed Jose empmoiianum ous py Hlongzoyy AAV Yanga coc, “Boey amen hee OK Inox Banga gy ao uoBuanatey prea “ae, Sioa ary "EHS dma) abs OURO ‘Soma utes ame ais cere Amami fy mbna, unig may et “ad or “po "aproentaman 4 cnpey «9h wes Pin Hingegy Say, ‘ase Pau! At-eot id “pos “[eceN e8) IROL OUUY “ron DH0}s lary nae Lay uspe® MEAN sd rao pon fed aodipgnurng nga Kay oabeny ero ak “4 “Geer sue sec) IX "Pens sapaasong saiprad a BINGENA AGN, DEI COUY “POPPCT ‘Ryedoed xe 1 iy 0} 040 94 won udu | Mom Bn pur ngeyy cy prvnep szpms Acre of JO & Saye amu Of OR MONLY ep oss 9 A, S961 ut pontos eydesBovoyd audrey yore seboet 20 Foc HPL Nw APE Eaayei 39 my enon sasor> ep on 99g ertdod hs app ayesiny oy Fay woes "ose seo am Suvsod Ape 2ea Ay Sou 305 SUB aus Pur LOD ATU 8 HOHE TD2D » ue § ON wt pend “Ly Bmeaegy oy 0 PEE sarang fasgean ose 29g “cor-16 28) ox. op czzeeg wih wo epee satetaes on PLD PG lex atak sip jo uno, Ronny muy "re dager speapadeg wrung osSr ndnowd p9] opMHTE ores Moning sduy 90521 PP o2zepeg 98 Jo Sug 9G wo OU OTD A Pakesod sasenppos pce souoy Jo nowy sti ait se Jone aap vem fo maya vy asain ave ION drogt nai 30 rovedopeap og aszner crhimgreny © 28 spseuoy wo Seay Saupe Saya on simon fons wpe save 1 Te 189 Specs {Ye OP I PN juep 1 2290 soy sane 70 wend SpwoReas aN op TG, WMAP] IRE PM ao «ABojopoyiaut 04 onnguaiuos v se suenoisty re Jo SuuaRes v arojaq swa|goxd ajqenmousUr ASuIa—s 0% suojanjos Sumpreis sty poounowre ay eM PUR “MEHTOISTY He He se PALER w5Iq, PRY (626r ‘92 seqo1sQ-999" “ om 4) fem Joys} sy UO aBojouD) sed a Peo ge bey og Eaete]Soeign dd "xbe qx Yoyparraiuny sus Pu ey In ieiponse. step pon teeta prep seipewemminenx expriap sap Horpenaseg =k, ‘ponent 20 ‘amieznry 2p eidoomspey, anh ah pe emma 4 paneroune “dT iigeae secs wos) sous spupoey Cangol wep sjumpeoe ue Adsoo 01 WeuONT, We 7 MHL = vo} rs “wpe i) eg Hay, aysoun uo oss RysRON ways soul of day te Buiog Tiray ony ot Se manner opis progsnsen nfo 4snyonvotnag untae Oop Ras TIES Rieti vo ha mpeg mounds gat mt Revue ebogenyy 9 oeg yn Wade een “hue au 30 antenvaserdn row Arman anual fel V “ror “eee “(62 smHEaNEC HD ete sbunsjuop) sno nun avoanou op ssn won io so4e] e809 SAPO, 4 San ga ogetaeans& hq anogs Spt 5 se ony use saa va o peosedeY>OROeO, ‘jo pon on sup tego, sed Lx yondoos oh nog 08 prone ary 91 odin OL wea) Fos Doan 8 iprepeiee gooe| wos] SuBues onestay 3 sates apm aunasea Jo Ape {Yds uso aun et Boyouan 30 soos gt Jo Apmis © Buuedad s epso;era WHUEOL I aut #2 oN, cone 505 “Coe da) Sear 560 uaa ‘oH 1 A°N nepapumg isaups aN Sp, SSping gee] jo venpuayoranun wnu ao sSinqrey, Key "pone sea, oes a ged sy gh anog pe 04 tp sono] syperpprng gnds’ 822 patemones ssuur Yespang atu OP SSuasua ots sey poland) ADO uadlngopon eunUaIOS 2p nore Mod woDeey, Y's SPAT rar geged oy puny 9y rane sah, anh 0} sosie hal weap 03 Brave Pood se PRE, ‘Shogo fon uy une as Poe Ss) say au Bufo ews sa_sePINa OF SENET -aporeping ef Sunyptiogy mama Uf “soqueg vosuageis sour spaspsny wp 21g wore "ufos euots ep ovpzesiog tpn poses Hoe fang me onsen ovpey sop uum Wop Sea ‘Walupguresatene wise -oug eu 2p pon umlsfuyn 2p oo yBHE oop oar ue “begin (ee 8805) sein Sumpnaioa spe HpLoI9g 2» G2siq) uvopeyy vopusgonas sp pnapensnrs wap a “se WN) (8 For WO OP Tota Wp ope 0 sn ‘osuypuur oipung saBocogy speek wp pow ipme eee reas “PAIN onde Bunyan spunqorg ein ae pal Burns, 9p Seminar Pa Hops “hse seipg tage unas yes ag spp nea one spn pon wk Many pS “proreny 9 unpenpod “eyenee op SeatAnt op eDgey 245 Tey NPD DUNNE Sp ae Ueur amveur axp jo purur axp ut papfuer [As 19ydexouory-quezUr ue Se pale; oy 91ByNR Seounysir May ax Jo aouerqitauras at) 724) 2xeZ Os “PPE OF pavarsey ay ‘s>vaIMDI0 UE = auass uo » oweu 0} 2ige Suraq iou Fe poyriou Ayes] sem WOT opArT “sid ovBojoyp us pue teowoBoe ‘dey 5 zeyzompuess sry uo payeas ‘umous sem ay (BSZr) om jo a8e aus paypear pry ay ax0jaq ‘Moy yfeoes 1yStur ‘ayR209 5 KuEMIET) 0} Jwedis}UNOD ‘usno8s0; ieymous s puro “YIPIOPLIG WaT UOREONpA yesiaKTUN s,ueURHOs & 30 Hed 12K se som aouaIes v Suroq wey JeYpEE AydesBou0dt ‘KimqUsD YRaayysTe ep UT -qeroua8 ur Aanquas yquaayysie oyp 30 amy ayp ur pue rejnonzed uy Surssa7] uneIydy PloyReD jo drusiefowps ayy wt pojoor “aq pinoys Koy) se ‘aiam sjeapr asoym astuewny e Se pue IS![eUONIPEN € Se Te BAOge PIP 2y — siowor May & ur siys apenussoy oF Any Ypeys { pue — PanaTie Sinqsen 1eyM, Se ABopouost Jo se0u99 945 se 29 Supe sapseipping wane 23 40 wor a) S1c00 pro -p fox 17 Smee PEM eas yoo “adds pena ye wREO usinos eek camps wauanemso Snag sp mer 4388 “oo Si ‘esionbay UO (x ae, «w dome-ue SiSiors Sunsoue Sepunvuos snp Panos sey ‘ors tas 208 pra 2baulieap ere yo soqun © wos) meen mate ~ Ap si, pobioy stnd ‘sing amp ot don ‘or sade 20) 904 a sno ayBnox 30 San ge few “pnd ven sar Tijprransya0 9 ‘to Berra 30) Spuodanso oqpe fr eyurang 3 joy © a uo B Saag ane oh pre « dams sewed ure 1 smog “asrurcs: “poor poe such Sayan “0 MOTH sworedde inq one {566% spronyy ‘v1 2q jo munis us ‘onpreBieatag pepe ee 30 end, yo ope Aro yun 20 Suramys + 24 voneyessmp 1 Lup way “WwapMi “Tey 3026 om 'S ord s1y ‘sr2tpea: Sunpeas Arosyndus ‘opebimapyy asca4 William 8. Heckscher But in the 1910's, the situation was radically changed. Warburg's contemporaries right devote much fruitbearing ingenuity to the stylistic analysis and to the dividing of thands when dealing with Francesco Cossa’s murals in the Salone dei Mesi of the Palazzo Schifancia (pl. 4x2. 3); yet, they would either blissfully ignore the puzzle posed by the central register with the signs of the Zodiac, or they would calmly admit ignocance when iteame to explaining the meaning of those paintings, or they would see nothing in re- sorting to phantasy in suggesting interpretations. It was Warburg alone who spent sleep- fess nights on account of the mystery of the Schifanoia program. For, in contradistinction to his colleagues, he confessed to being haunted by what he called the “enigmatic Sgures” ‘which now, thanks to him, we are able to identify as the personified decani of the months. Fortunately we aze well informed about the circumstances under which — by the grace of innate Serendipity — Warburg hit upon the right solution. Tt was in the year 3908 that he read, in a German translation, Abumasar’s Introductorium magnum, the ninth ‘century depository of Arabic, Ptolemaeic and Indian astrological lore.? He was wonder- Strack When he realized that it was the Indian decani (with theis Egyptian admixtures a5 ‘well as classical Greek antecedents) that had faithfully been recorded on the walls of the North Italian palace, The “enigmatic figures” then, were nothing but a faithful rendering cof Abumasay’s Arabic description. ‘The kind of discovery Warburg made is, of course, a well known phenomenon in every field of scientific endeavour: a man of genius succeeds in mentally Hinking to hitherto unconnected data and thereby arrives at a fresh insight? The fruitful applica “universal History, and Iam plessed to think that ~ ap Iwas seated on my grandmother's lap —1 shoal Fear ble i cxpin them to her, Iyoung ae Twas, Twas unable to interpet an historical print oF ere age caused me su gt that shold have preferred the most ruc death, This happened Faeee png vate oecstons only whi even today rand so vividly before my mind as if they hed appenel only yesterday’; bilder was ify years old when he wrote these words ln alter to is saree re calc de Vile, Leyden, September 5, 1806; ed. Brieven van Mr. Willem Bilderiife, 1, ‘Aaneterdam, 1857, PP. 102-15, 5.104, oR WTR, Gazehntre Serine, Il Leipalg and Berlin, 2952 fp. pp. 468. For the extensive com aaerety wth adenda and cornigenda, eee pp 627-644, i tun to be complemented by Wilhelm Gun Bi oktne wad Dekanstembilder (Stadion der Biblethek Warburg XIX, Ghidkstadt and Hamburg, ae eet. i96E and by David Pingree, "The Indian Teonography of the Decans end Horie,” Journal whic Deabarg and Courtauld Tnsttes, XXX, 3963, pp. 225-254, 2P- 223 For the Abumasss editions oe nice, ec Note 11 infra The bet moder edition ofthe SAifonoa frescoes i by Panto Eon The Sistanaie Months ot Ferrara, «.1 29p4] see alto Giacomo Bargelles, Palazzo Shife~ See Git fren nel'Selone det Mas? in Ferrara, Bergamo, 1948 (5p. P.7, RO. 4-6) Bos (eecing populaiation f wel worth reading inthis seopet, Asthut Koestler, The Act of Cree ee UStion’ Melbourne, ere, a984, Part Two, 3 VIL, pp. a21ff - Noone has described the secret of * nbengs metiod mutate sitandie~ more aphy than Emst Robert Custas; “aben wi en Ae aRiiee Prunomen jolcet und benannt, so ist ln Befund gesicert. Wir sind an dieser Stele i ls koukeete Strktur der literariachen Mterie cngedrungen. Wir haben eine Analyse vollzogen, Sind Ge Rat Detzend cdr cn paar Hundert solder Befunde geworncn, 20 ist ein System von Punkten Peitge Man kann se dunt Linen verbindens das enibtFiguren. Betachet and verkndpft man Fetter cinen Uborgretfendon Zasammenhang. Das meinte Aby Warburg mit dem frherster- ten Wort: ‘Der liebe Gott sect i Detail’ Wl Har lle Synthese geht sus der Analyse hervor; und nur eine 10 gow che Literatur nd lteinsdhes Mittelater, Bern, 1948, p. 386. Foro Te peibeonce ofthe collages (which shall compare to that of Wasbarg'a method), see Note 42 infra ‘ee ie carious theological eudy based on Warburg's dictum, Hans Jangen Baden, Gott it irs Detail os oe ea. brome manusttpt watten by Ele Sax! (Wasburg institute Archive) it appears that Grasbung hed ld “Truth lies bored in the detall” I had always been piven to think that It was Caren Haubert who colned the phrase but eat remember my source of information. 258 tion of such tro: play of the hum of the trained sc to scientific con rather led back eenth when, in pendently) the discourse on the the Three Stagt -vertiscono con ¢ We may say reached Vico's : Ihit upon the 2s hhad filtered thr ‘This mental lin fied The succ precise identific fication, citing « [Ralph Cadwor 160, already Ecious Before F Aemporaries, w phiques de fou Und Adventure were always m For Giambat ‘Mllan-Napels | the “Faneton rind as by ins without « could nok com fet exeaneos: ssnegaivocally ward the end Intrament, 1 fextrinseco Env Gassze, Ina 39, Leipzig an creation can I which were = Feavily on th Renaissance 1 12 Warburg owe lage” to): Fea ‘gusition No. aso, of Abusose sane ojomponuy a3 30 :p2 URE F05t “ony 299 (OEE ON) o76e I puk BUOHDLN|D s.ceERINaY 30 ‘6E BacGanyeps cyobiew poogea pannbae of seak 7; Jo 2UN{ Jo thle xp UO, robe oN OREM Se to clenatt ur oom sq poutbne opp -cgh dl Lobe ea eomnds“oa mmHg (0% ae, YT Struct) on poe ps eponka pst oy at sreseunqy tain snueureoe 1g pomo BnGeeM ct “pee ope dd i9bk IO aN LC] apromedo sages 2c ay $0 SHON, DeEETECNY por surpryy oy Wo MON Y sLY of Jo Kiteranng UL, ‘REIesTABS JO powam a uo KyAsoy Toh pp soul asepoar go ASojoosp feormod ony 4s mayer wouypansop Kpeou 200 BE REE pee ay senomoy ‘posauye off Sommosonsx. a £4 wAOYS sem Puno oa WD HEA sues yo sooosout soe wey €atou “ep pe 4H -da ‘Zebs “oqang pur Seder} “Oc Begneae Sowonara tp cojpre)sovoeseuoy sop srqdosopid 1p 1 soso Pom simnppa ANE see cab ary igo cpm aon eedo.d pos “y snaeae suoquDAuy Dosis> SEE dieu wid snoudsg yo etejgonse snarwojorg yn -yesou ye teesoep #8 “eME-tt GE" Janney oe euhue oor, pres on ephs“oagc pe Ageresnad yy 6 3 POD at BEE Sofenueeny somosg sm Super 39 SaneeD snip Jo aqsedso fem pu sank ray eoambeun aise ov ade ezpous tary ay Teun wanoys wove ory 3 shkeue radoed z>(vortoparie)snosuRs1 190 ety bess 20 eon of tanod uno oo a Ws @ PEs a0 S97 YDOGE aD OU FIED ‘epee ac pe of re sno so 30 sous oy ane 36 “A ER SAVEPOSSE a Rae stage har oben sys “kee 0) eeypoon~ 7 a} “J oped "96t"oOIsueAg PUR OR MON, Towra Kaapeoy HL “e0ORpOL SAEsEH Po) SOS HIS ROMBESOURY Pg “SERS "EOS “Tonay oqjoueg aaa nyo “aj sponse 1 open 13d] ‘anyon mun ‘Seoby FELL ee otcade Sxgou sas erju e] stag ss) anstp pond Wwapussva) io 3 18 SsNGRurALACS Sab Sas umes tou ‘sngnsde go auf cnc © agou UF sgeane> "eonjer ania ponb TOSPLP ike py. tes gry our vamesofe aqeu se gow wt snag aeenb, —vonedpnzed sho moqyat 58 ut [Byesode ply won paves Page poo Jo Hed € seo pur -eonju a, oe pores ‘soup hq Pu Sites oy use sede apps ogy vt teuga = 920m [EHH We wy esxidaoed sayz jo WORM. 7 Spon eSowedaed we f6ede Senn nun ps FYE -po wo poses) s8P 5569] sHeN-UERNN Trad po ‘8 "29g subnog "| ight ony oTuMHg Ip Ladoutag eB SOF “OMIA EFRTETERID 20 EO abla you som Kays stung 49 - Apes poe juoppoe A sovoncop Bunge see 206 GoW Fate seod ven usa stor pou bea dipussog fo aout von, m4 fo sunuRGpY Pee Syaaony uve, Asmua> yasonass sr, ~“edery pow uepsmany Coder po) 7 38 ta 2p Sond “ceoqiid ssc) 1 “ocx Peak at Ut Grd) HEP TUG Jaye BueT paysTGAM sem "oped esta Jo oor on umowy eeoxye som vey 5 Tk euony jowopuosag one sym xe “on sfsgor toa loging Patio’) —"} 20 “2d “£968 DHOK way “AD UOpEED ‘Frady @O}eG eno}g saosin ner Bikqya MEL Yopouey 3 ¢_worreBo> pauoyemein Asworp v, 30 axede Kpesse “95 ‘eq 9) Rage "wopeoy ""ascoqury yp fo iss momen omar, 94x “@a9e-L797) serompaD NA Te ueyosny 28 ue Aueur paysies ueNp azour axey 1yStUI — 95390 pue IaIdetp SuBP ‘WOREIG “pygp! srydeBou0sy Appone Aes 0} 51 erp — sONeUT-palqns spp Jo voHTagHUEPs aB!eLd yo sua) ur sSunured osoxp jo IwayuoD axp Jo wMop BuysKozzeU [AysH929Ns OY. ex PB “yuosiod sapeap feoetpor ayp Jo sagas axp a4]08 0} Zungreny pajqee dry [eWUDU STAI, “exeuiog ye saydexSouon, souvssreay au} 0} 4493 2EqUrY azMDsqo Ue YSNONA Per=HTy PeY 1 Aqgensuowrap se worexidsur Jenowid e SenmsueN ‘soanos jroyojon3se ay} VOdN ny ‘eownrp Aq, 31 52 “Pey at{ PRM Aq, WoRRBooar SUTIN ayA ‘aBeIs PUODS $,021A PAIPEDT pry ‘curSnuo erouegng ay 0} prear my Runqrey, goo seak ay ut zeus Aes AEUI aM ‘qa"¥and aqsau woo ouoHay ajuaunjeug ‘ossounstos 9 oveqniiad OUTTE 6D CUODSAIaA nw oddop ‘osnsoane zuas ouoyues eusId TmWON YD, *woRMadieg jo sa%0Ig SAN} ay Jo wonTUgap snowes sry Ur ODI, eISHIEqUIEND Wo 40 ‘suotidevLed sopjad ayy Uo BSsNCOSID Sy ur zugiey wo apdurexo 30} ‘PouMep {Ldipuaras jo ssouazene any ax ( 2gBUR! oY Siyisut annum sipaigns wprya poypeur axp ‘axeme ure | se Jey Sy “etOYps paUTEN 2H jo paypHUy paumzosur pam ays jo Aupnu2s ayy Aq >parp wt Play sf purut ueuny ayp jo Ava sox] oy LPIA UL saseyd [EDHLOYSTY UFELIa) OF PHU “PUT [ ‘St Se[|FeANO wPas JO YON se ABojouen} fo e1s0u05 O45, sem Fe yea sreadee ‘psig wa 8 “raft 07 OND ‘wo suogenteng pdoony ‘st ‘open oe pets oaomon ayes ser ss sn ong penne om Fone Jo PY oh sites oxieg era Aq at 26 Stone ser foun soe Singur pow “ns wu “eo ose “1 eerie Seovonm es Pe fons ‘ouoddey rar 2B yd poner: row 1 de® -eoydde jmp ‘omy Buppuy]| uy uouewou: Suyapuor ny 2p 30 S12 se sompensp -tapuon sem pote ayy go6r 209K a 35818 ay Aq “sypuour ayy som Het Uonaunstpes -daojs wuads a1 uy Sunpe ‘ways aouez0 ‘axa Aq patoc ozzeyea oy 3 yo Surpiaip 2 soduayt246 William 8. Heckscher at the time. To Warburg, however, this was only a preliminary step in the direction of what Vico had called “pure reflexion.” ‘Warbutg’s discovery had been possible only on account of a conscious breakthrough into territory outside the legitimate grazing-grounds of the art historian. He was fully aware of this In the final summing-up in his Congress lecture, he spoke of his achieve- ent as “an iconological analysis which does not allow itself to be hemmed in by the restrictions of the border-police.”> With these words Warburg defiantly paraphrased Cicero's “liberae sunt enim nostrae cogitationes,” a dictum that implied freedom of thought as much as free play of imagination and that was most likely suggested to War- burg by the Abumaser of German proverbial lore, old man Biichmann, who, in his Ge- fligelte Worte, registers: “Gedanken sind zollfre”** With this, Warburg in the year ‘1922 declared his independence from restrictions imposed upon the permissable range of their craft by the art historians themselves. (One thing is certain: with his particular manner of associative thinking, with his dac- ing crossing of frontiers hitherto secured by near-impenetrable taboos, by stressing the interpenetration of the textual with that of the pictorial tradition as a principle valid beyond the one case under investigation, in short with his decompartmentalization (to approptiate a term applied by Panofsky to the Renaissance), Warburg moved in a | direction diametrically opposed to the path followed and steadfastly adhered to by col- leagues of great renown and ment. Let me mention here only two names, those of Walff- lin and Dvotdk. Heinrich Woliflin had delivered on December 7 of the year zor his important address on the Problems of Style in his maiden speech before the Prussian “Academy of Sciences. In this he had asserted that stylistic changes were brought about bby changes in the human eye.* Max Dvotak, on two occasions, falling in the year after “Mn diesem hier gewagten voriafigen Einzslvesuch wollte ich mir ein Paidoyer enauben zugunsten cee iaaadiet Crenacrwelterung uncerer Kunstwssensdhat in stffcher und rSumiicher Bosie- Fate wel hotles durch die Method mines EldSrungsvereuches der Fresken im Palazo Scfanojt OOS a geasgt 2a haben, dal eine iRonologacho Analyse, de sich dorch grenzpolizeliche Bofangen- Rat wederSlaven absctedcen lait, Antike, Mittdalter und Neazet ole suzammenhingende Epocien ae ee douk davon dle Werke fviester und angewandtester Kunst als gleibecechtigte Doku- pote des Ausdrods su belragen, dae diese Methote, sadem sie sorgahig sch wim ce Aufellang fete So hon Dunkelbelt benukt die grden sllgemeinen Entwictungsvorgange fa threm Zusam- ae eee lout: Mir wares weniger at ton um de glate Ling, als wm die Heraushebung cnet ‘tan Pesblem, das ict so formuliecen mochte: Tnwicwet ist der Elnisitt des aiistischen Umschwun~ see Ee Dursllong mensericuerEredsinang in der ialinisden Kunst al international bodinger Re tandersetnungy Proves mit den nachlebenden bildlicien Vorsellungen der hotdnischen Kultor Be Geithen Mitedmecrvlker ancuschen?”” CE Gesarimolte Schiff, tl, Leprig-Berkn, 2932, PP. get Leave Bachmann, Gfligelte Wort. Der Zatershatz des devtchen Volker, Becin 1978p 435 (ac- Guise by Warburg tc) slighty mlequating Cicero, Pro Milone, 20,70. The proverb was orig Seligalch» td eietums Domitius Uipianss said (ab-209 A.D) in Liber il Ad edictum, Digestse, RE Mht wp 9: "Cogtatonls poenam nemo patter” Sco also Franz Frelerr von Lipperhede, Sprach- teérterbnds, Boon, 2997, =. "Gedanke.” Widlelin then enthecrscus at Munich, lectured before the Prescan Academy on December 7, 1911 srareetie Sopeared on Jane x7, 1902, "Das Problem des Stls in der bdenden Kunst,” Siteungs- Pee der Ronigios preufschen Aksdemle der Wisvensdufen Gabrgang 19. Ester Halbband. Pees ane), Bec, apie, pp. 37i-s78. On p. 573 se sead: "Alor Avsdrud ist an bestimmte optische Magician geburden, de in Jodem Zeltalter andere sind. Det geide Inhalt Kinate zu vershede- weeriten aide in glecher Welve aengedstdet werden, nich wall die Gefhlstemperstur sich gedndert Pee Satie weil dis Augen sch gesndert haben.” Not counting his doctorl dissertation (ssa), Erwin DeeSeUg tse publication was # magisterial rejoinder to Wolslin’ paper, “Das Problem det Stil in serpiiddaten Kant Zetedr far Acthetlc und allgemeine Kunshissensthat, X, 1015, PP. 480-467, 260 the Schifanoia I of shallowness. to the “Erforsd to him that sty the essential ta historical tress was not just hi edge of that da Morellian Mett the competenct Institat for Ge of the Ecole de: Ie is, pethap bihed in HlOberer end Sh cin so gx Welt von Ver respesivel). Sou Anas a ‘Bat, some ter Saya Hae Prospero be sro Har 16 Dect "501 Retorsden 7 Gercciop ‘mang Arbeit Fret ea ene ndigen Ves Ser Kunst zu tise aude Tote tis *Alelgh Gol poster por Eiken Ford (Get 90) a ‘hele fapenduche Sete die a toenlad tnlebar ane Romanian12 duel esa 30 sure a He ptonPUOD wo; ‘9 piers pram sesondia pur KgdesSoong oj seanoD srunads prpuns 2g) ATS 01 ERPS GR padeanonua fini ‘Chbavor6e) Bmquen vt “Aysyowea “as él yx da “dso bx MpmageoU “Te Son “unx porgefunsvsdig Sompueyarpipsen 2a} siveul UMprrpIaMaKG sep eaBuNTeHIHD) Srenpootieun! 9p ayes sau st SesO]pS WOR sel aM CHIMONAET UOA B09) AUG Ue) “hue ue weTagog-ove Aenpes 9 40 yeANBHE UoOg Dey JOKE 21) SLEpODNE SABA 40% ovo} sy arene tang ace paygnopum “pon 942g, rem Jo amooy yeti ay puss 0} pay pew ay ft ‘onDuNy[eDGIO Me Uy ao at 958405 oye popuetie "eoonia up mewrpeo ua Tp108c— (696) «-uapIMM NEAT UeHNLEE UNPAPHPH Fig taveapa tap ne ney wxpradue apsngaummsoTy BtpsseNenue sours apedoyauaLeew ST Te Sapapeatieuny op ure om nz uf annoW 9p UNI 290 UNUNUOW wopaTydeu {hpo saiparsip sie se Wopsan vowposdewnz yenpuog assaf eades NPG Wr 3599808 Jets 96 yt gout Tomopaq Fenppynavaysuny Sop TOVIN suspunaran sey 9p UoBUMIPUEAY Soputwqsad pun Wofeo,tevurareq wun pun rz avauang saute er preeen Pen ge {bor pun apulorde Stretoponpan sighenPwpHl UONpHDNY UouSParpeDN te paar, “Spina Siw sep sans sas auger spre 9p eC, (99D) 9a Sogogee HamsETL SFrpae aE expnprpesisomy sp aaa Soya one Banipeog BPRDSSANE ap ep "unep opeind purieag “"" snpnpelisumy ap Hispsuod agg tq, “(85 °d) ," axeN SIE Frac op #9) wie ton 8 eog, epieg song qqeguagee ay fumqunweeens eqieeen FpTE “Saisany sop) seein Jos ie pre se pu fond 1 =p sg SE oe) 190-460 poe 1 HeRD) Gebeto dd hats “atiny ‘Geapanpoy unjerpeveminanneg) afc, y praeedde Sampaio Woe, Snpnpeofisuns ane Sungorang sop sujupsojsa upsypoyion varspuaBp ofp JogG, sodas tweed Siar poooos ay. Zed “esoe] newer ‘stanpypen wine sPnarpsre doPY APTINPSPTOD WEOPY. “eho egy age ‘or Soma "een “eeu [OHH HY trang OW 8mo9| sp oteNDf _Stapueenqiwaveqpinsi9 sop Sumpeojsa {Gos uojae sp Yaqui emegrpmenra p9! wt Eipnpsan stp grp “ymin seep mil oqe wary ofRY Seid “GRE oaeNy Supe a “fon lau nz “pam vogeipeed qq us note Uuam ne app ot waved weg ape 9 JOE I “stan Jong suppeebisrat fp oP “aged UoyuRPI Se THON WopEagayG oA IR Bum “hig eamp ipa sm Wow "pinpom "uashyrIeg eBepID aps Haye RIAOHOTIEATTP AD on noiey uapaonny 2p “aojphedineny sop uafeng aap wep at Souemy, DRO Fram usujaadhe ma re ap wostpematae Goragry Snieuauaey aperB tage pur 96, F080 ot 7 i re gah 204 a taps Songun poe Sea © yur weary 1 ap &@ poppe siete aap Sutera ut popomone pe of osntang esdoord tn reser a ‘Repyung Woonvs sty Buppeas uo aa: ov Roge sem ay) wary asec 91 TATeUe Sse joanne eet op Soe & sion pong myst wn a8 “Taatmox pe piso Tonto sme Spot fo meeford nn gga Woe me sy ON ‘ddne nomed Mpuionna sunyiom wodn Worbres fuo au ‘aieme we [se 26} 81 (Sonoda. Ge pe eon) gomeay pron sopanpary HspUNE PAL INz 3995 2p FTES WON TPA ne sragetioq Wis gep wanpesig wuounsisuy empatforopladn ve os ‘sapenesso Fard os we {pou ody, sap [yon sep soa tayanp *", cakece de 496r “aqang“(wokogion uody PUL 21990 "HL {ape pen poidtos) yeipstaesiniy sap SaBeapinas nz suze “jou weed my poRTERAA -noroowp ayy, ‘padsonar wy sspurdansrp asoyy azewsesp 0} Sunduray ‘sdeysad “St 3p SHU UI SOUTH S9p 21003 49 Jo exp s9ye poqppour woo pry wesSord Sure acoyM ‘SunspssossypAPEOO Mj ImAiSUL A1pSNIpIAUISED ayF PAPUIRE PeY OYM suEHIOISTY We Jo suoHEI=Ues jo aouaTeduto> ay {ato 7x95 mp ovary 0} preBax ut pue ‘pausaDU09 Sem a[A3s BIaUN POU WEH|PION, ap Jo aouesnsse ay yase ayods HpRyNa “AsoysE xe Jo [OOTP FUUATA ay “AEP TeIp JO 98p9 you eatiogsry we 30 $6923205 fysomod jSour ay Waxy au af “wsKo sy 3Enf You sem 29108 519100] gy'Fandeo|foo paweuun sty Jo awos £q poremadiad Suyssedssan [wOHOIsTY -qemyjo jo sig40a stesasdxa ‘pousem aff soups © SE AIOysTY WE 50 S4SE) HUISSD aK atom afhis jo yuawdorenap ayy jo Apras anisuayur avy pur sisAreue InSTAGS eK WITY OY jueowr SyE ,-anpupsadisuny ap sapumsaqie] vareqypsioy9 sop SumIpsio}1Z, a4} OF ‘umes » poreymsod 2q] “Pauayeaitp SeM auydioeip Sunok ayy YHA YN ssauKo[[2YS JO soSuop ogy jo pourem op “ursioieny ie ay Jo s¥se) axp pauno ‘euni2—] wloUE;NPS ap bre ‘ABojouoc Jo s1s0u95 94 “aahoesh da ors 2 ims) opuTad er Papasan wa Sendo se ‘purser 2 “Bums win fase Estee spud apy ‘eistig “an “Bue sem a Sard “Ad e660 “ep seam vopat sexta tro “enmpau soure Bunga seueang war Susyegioy an ie, Ep nipedy ope “iobsejea opt Hloweseps e22 “ore sso! semis tog aye 20K 2y ynoge aysno. weissnsg ax sn 116r 33 “BIOM 0 25 “109 £403 pe © ut panout 3) wonezi prea aydiou 3 Suzseans ep sry yam Jo a8ue2 aqge Beak op a 90 seu’ “25M, 0) pois Jo wopee | pasesydeued ayy Aq ur pat -ananpe sj Ay sem apy yBnonynxeouq Jo worau1p 2248 William. Heckscher Gans of method, luckily, hardly ever stick to their self-imposed restrictions. There is, however, no denying the widening grap between the two camps, that of Warburg and his school on the one hand and, on the other, that of those committed to problems of style and conoisseurship. ‘The intrinsic contrast in method becomes evident as we look at another characteristic aspect of Warburg’s novel method of research. He selected among the artists engaged in the Schifanoia paintings the weakest hand (cf. pl. 42.2. 3). Fully aware of this artist's lacking ability when compared to Francesco Cossa, Warburg analyzed, in the first place, that master’s decani as well as the rest of the mural (July) in the light of the text of Abumasar. Thereby he succeeded in uncovering what Cossa’s greater gilts had, partly at least, managed to disguise: “das trockene Programm” “the dry program” designed by the Ferrarese court librarian Pellegrino Prisciani” Edgar Wind, in a brilliant article on Warburg's concept of Kunstwissenschaft, pointed in this connection at Sigmund Freud who, at approximately the same time, made head- ‘way in the understanding of psychological functions by paying attention not to the mechanism of the well-adjusted but to the malfunctions of the neurotic, in much the ‘same way in which the science Physics studied the phenomenon of light by passing it through an irregular medium I should add that Warburg's singling out of the weakest link was by no means arbitrarily conducted; his selection was based on sound historical considerations. He was able to show from the archives that Prisciani himself patently favoured the weaker and therefore iconographically more obedient artists and that he did this at the expense of Francesco Cossa who, not for nothing, referred to his less gifted collaborators as “i piu tristi garzoni di Ferrara.” ‘The apparent aberration of Warburg, into the extra-aesthetic realm of astrology re- sulted in the careful elaboration of another remarkable discovery, for which he coined the term Pathosformeln Once Warburg had realized that Renaissance Man knew him- 1 Fate Sed, Wasbury's great disciple, had studied art history in Vienna under Dvollk and ia Bestia tnder Wali; with the later, 4 the exent that “in lecturing he fen fell ato the hythens of WU Iin's way of speaking”; see Gerrad Bing, “Fitz Soul (sB90-1048): A Memotr,” Fite Saat. A Volume of ‘Menjrial Essays, London, 1957, pp. 2 Well, « Gacple of Bursharats, gave Warburg interesting pointers on his master, ~F. Wickff once said that twa ‘traly regrettable chat Dvotd [hts dsp), Instead of turning art historia, ed not chosen to become a elturel historian’ ee Jules von Seis” ser's monographicstedy cited inthe preceding Note, p20 6). 1» Warburg: ich val sled dle Darstellung des Julimonates herausgeifen, well dort sine wen “widerstendsfthige Kinslerperetickelt das gelehite Program am greifbarsten dardichinen Tat": td: "Cosss ptkender Wicichtetesian.Gbervindt fas uaktnederate Hement des itersnaten Einsdge, Tunso Klaer bel don Monatsilder im Palazzo Seifanoje hevortt, wo de Kkinetleiche ‘Persilchkeit_das trosene Programm nist durch Belebung ‘zu Uberwinden vet= sag’; Ctsammele Sdirien, H, pp. oe and 472 respectively. Possibly the artist was Ercole Roberti; ched/Ancona’s work, clted in Note supra, pp 93 2» See Edgar Wind, “Wasburps Begriff der Kunstwisenschat und seine Bedeatung fir die Asthetik” Zeiten fr Ratheie wed llgemeine Kusstotseenhah (3th Bethe ~ Veh Kongred fr Actheth), ‘Stuttgart, zost p.378. 13 Observations onthe Pathosformetn (erespective of whether the term Is used or not) are scattered over ‘Warirg’s writing. Boginning with his deertation (892) cee expecially the “Vorbemeriung” and the “Third Thesis which reads: “Das den neuen Tindreckappercptende Ennmerangsbia an algemeine dynaminhe Zastinde wird apiter beim Kunstwerk unbewul ls ideslticher Unvib. projekt), followed by “Direr und die taltenisde Antike” (903) his treatment culminates in the Schfanoia-Lec- ture, Gesaramte Sir Ren, Tp. 46s. ~The Pathorformeln have been referred to ianumeross publica tions = none better than Fitz Son's “Die Ausdrudesgebirden der hildenden Kunst,” Bart ber den 262 self to be inf pagan belief b Furnish them formeln. He + ‘ecstatic nif the grammar and that they tions and tran To the end carters of ps: he titled after But even wit Mythology e: whereby Psyc To say ito to his gift fo scholars sup: synthetically study of pas Joachim Win lonian” conci been announ’ suit of Patho anything rest types in the transmitters 18 would b contrary. His personality 2 XI. Kongre agcay, Here "Feral Brechtidee, to “die (te “Triemphan of the Nicbs Pictorial lf ented eigter anid Renaiseance 22 Members of 35,3948 wit ‘been made encouraged Dbarglan pic gathered 2 2 See Frits Se Leipzig and9% “yr coe "ung pe Beedeoy ‘eeéecreSe Sunguryt owierjna ap api Or 24 pum SmmqseM ROHS aC. "HES AH 2S ce Tolsip eo ge pred Ajsnorou Sasjoueg woc pram (9t6e panome Proyged) gouofroyieg jo womponeo Sxdeiotoed it v mt BuszHing Jo tujod sno feepe amma wen “Fou. 7 ua apjaom: hq acne oxy moto} 0 ‘HBANDA Ye susEsY jeBoyouoD] 9x3 wr #8 paferncous seco sup op ssstoed jy 0 rapt ogy, “Oc6r“eanqursag, wo Legh, Sanazeng ah WI PRE HIG pry spoosorauheosinina jo mos anpesoususon res Y “VOREGHPD angderEonoys © WN @FEE SE Sono peg Sunosotoutuos jo eat (eusso og peg vere Senvega mp 70 BH" A 79 SHON * oueesteamt pegdoma sop juny Jap ut suoqa7 wantasiag SungoyicG 9p 199 euDASpRUPMY spe amie Shon worpyund sop Bunipnesan me aqisrptig 201 "uAsoeeH sy PORN A say Srnqreg = Ped opyoog WonDOssy TOIBEED SPUPFEON PE, 296510} EPH “Saul Sue poteurs-ned #901] aM PHP Ay BuPDLY "INDORE SMO 995 roubeeyn ont 30 ,ondoSepeeg poses, ap ‘os) PaNHOp Aino ot pana wryeioNL cpudered ep eaiy ‘Candy expuadorioan sydusey wy Sop Bunaagry ensiojep (PD HP. 5 Sitoroys opew Senaatgd td er eaoqunidag jo vdzzemueea pogennase ‘Ls, APRREBAA Spestepero, sto) stnprog ereing Sunk, 99 WanG oq ue -sueaduesssausdesp FOI. Ser yo bod aiy = pouiedse Kypeny at qsonsonut aypBanus, jo vleruco eAsnqaoy) on 29H] “€e-£0 “Hy Rasp reese yady gute won Bigsby ut Boppheg #8 Bopsyesen waxpened 1p SasBuoy NX ‘Aqnsn 54 ay -souereg qeoWBopowpAsd sy yo yuna axp oF ‘KteEuy “os pIp pur AaeUossod Sune spy passage Alofosisy jo aoiaas ayy uy sada porBoroxpas Jo Apmys spy “Azes4U09 Sep Ug “savaAc3sD asatp Te Ut Pastolax Binazen4 yp sunsse oy Suduay aq prnow aT -suojsed ua Jo siopnmsues sv pons ‘evesjsuowop Pinos ay oe Apmya Aroisty 372 aouessreUDY JO Pay ay Wt sad) oBoowksd aqgeqion poses ay soypeY , sedAiorpe, unoBunf ayy Sup quDsas Bury Ku pte poussouc> iou sea 0 payuiod Sung panz05 se anqreyy ‘uouusefooysny JO Ws Nad spy up “ze 89 jo sojsezeip uersTuoc ay jo Vopr satpsHaIN Aq poounowue w29q ey yeup ydao000 & pedoonap ay aonyd 294 Uy ee'Aambnive [eoese|> Jo Waduo> ,uerUoy sjody,, #aprepppimg qooef Jo wy) Se TPM Se ,/990ID aTTNS, sTEUMPINM UHPEOL ‘uuryof jo 2da0u00 9x9 UoRsanb op aure> samyeo8 aapssardxe pur ayeuarssed jo Apmis sry wBnanp Binqzem “Aype1j ayeposse oF pare> ancy Pinom pany re ‘zo ATONAIAS Sep 6} Grpge ST OF Aes 0} st yeyp ,"onsinbur vanesedunon, ses owrxdne 6 27015 ay paxapssuon (c § ‘1 ‘f ‘eqjuawous} visop aq) smuvsny smefo>iN, 3euM 304 a8 I OF fpyump pros; days jueuodury ue ywam Smqxey4 ‘snp Burop ut “axou aou0 3 Aes O1, -asdeeo ve pauop uns ABojorpésg Aqarsys sovped osasesiog ay jo veh se tpns suesdord yerPojonse ap omus passmuo AROIORA ‘ayia pure Mou MOYS oF 2{ge Sem ay “SEPY ByerOgETD UE Ypns Jo Pre xp IMoNpHeA USAD In :cHNAZOWHNIN Atowsyy Jo Aruparp pue sasnpy aun ayp Jo Joyjour ayy J9ye Pap OY ipiym tppuccojscning Jo sey pareidise> 1axaU vu dou IyTURIS [eDeZojouphsd yo s1OzeD Beorn ‘suo poSieep-Suqeau asoyy piooay oy pay mqrem, “aT sm 30 PUP ayy OX sue oounssteuay uy poon soeod aayesandxo ay 0} SuORE\AMISUED PUE SON een ssoipua ut pus seoutjsuy ayqesouumuus uy 2sau9 wo poszagpuen axoat Kary yy PU ‘Aamnbpue yeorssep aie] Jo suoneruasaides jexRojoupAm ayy Jo ,amse8 jo eure? a jo somepodns, sop uf pu ,oqotags Te[sOsMUs, ay UE PURDY PaapuT azo “af IHEsDe Sup pueseapitp ase] ayy ‘ous Ueda ap Se tps sedKy IN pamoys ax] “uautof wsovjang 50} pouuojaz ay 2604} pur “saan3508 aqenbape Jo Azenqe>oA v Ye ayy YSTUINY aysiu tpnyse sodAy ueded 205 400] of oyempossrer) au 30 Sisze ayy pj Py jtfoq weed sryp yeup ano qulod pina ay ‘syaueyd ayy Aq ep YeuonOW amy we paouangUT 29 0} j[9S ove ABojouos] fo sau 24, ap ay 10 gel encima’ Seresooraps oy “ommaond ge sromadie oF Pr fp por Sone she pasion ae “ome 2 9 aeney ‘gon mone 38 Son apuinsoge ep om aezonay epee 8 aon eumpeps aah oun sop sors wos sgt ‘apap sh 8x Seyret maze so sumen ves “Broa Jo og St pow nes sampy way wey peutoo 24 pry! vor ABojonse 5 ss9] sty 01 pa 3x 3eKp PUR sy Apayed jjosun eouoysty puno sorqeam amp 30 4 usssed &q 3 ‘ayy apnur uy “9 at 0} 30H MO} pray peut “u payed ‘fps aq pautisap Aqued ‘pry sp Jo 333} 21H Jo ‘aoeyd 3535 om sastize siyl jo 1a padedua 5}5) Sasuoy>eseup 7 yo swaigoxd 0% ue Amaze : ‘st ou, ay 5H350 Willian. Heckscher revealing that he could say: “We must forever try to liberate Minerva from the fetters of Alexandria.”™ For this was also a personal, one might even say 2 therapeutical re- mark, From the end of October 1918 onward, Warburg came to identify his own being with the demonic powers of the Alexancrrian planets. Victimized by his madness, he seems to have identified himself with Kronos. By way of magic antidote he carried Pieces of chocolate in his coat-pocket to hand out to small Saturnian victims whom he night pass in the street. And yet, what so deeply affected Warburg's own psyche, charted ‘off, atthe same time, the crucial field of his iconological investigation, the field of tension between reason and un-reason, and the role it played in the genesis of the culture of the Renaissance, as exemplified by the Schifanoia program2* ‘The occasion of Warburg's Schifancia Lecture was itself an example of a new atmos- phere in scholarship which brought people and ideas together on a scale and in a spirit hitherto unknown. The Xth International Congress of Art History convened in Rome tunder the title Lfalia ¢ Arte Straniera. Its success was anything but a foregone con- clusion. It was Warburg who had been responsible not only for the ultimate success of the Congress but also for its materializing under this particular title, inspite of little initial encouragement from the other members of the action committee, the comitato permanente, Warburg's correspondence, beginning in x931 and extending in a crescendo sweep into the following yeas, testifies to the existence of endless barriers and anxieties, ranging from the threat of Cholera (1911) to menacing political developments, from individual apathy to personal acriby. The Ktalians in particular were, for various reasons, lacking in cooperative spirit. In a fit of justified anger, he referred to the Congress as an “intemational vessel with a nordic crew.” In the end, the Congress was a smashing suc- «2s. Its prime significance lay in the fact that it was the first truly international gathering of art historians and — for years to come ~ as many of those in attendance seem to have 24 Warburg used thi phrase atthe helght of his si&kness, n 2920: "Die Wiederbolebung der dimonischen Anil volaiet sid. durch eine Art polarer Funktion des einfuhlenden Bildgedichtnsres. Wir sind inn Zaltalter des Faust, wo sid der moderne Wissenschafler ~ zwishen magiecer Praktk td kosmo- Together Mathematik ~ den Denraum der Besonneneit vinden sick and dein Objet ze oringen vetsudhte, Athen vill eben immer wieder nev aus Alexandrien suriderobert sein.” See “Heidnscy- alike Weissageng ia Wort und Bild su Luthers Zeiten,” Gesaremelte Savion, Typ. 554. Pissed by ‘Warburg in laian: “Bisegna sempre di nuove liberate Atene dal ceppl di Alessandria.” Recorded by Gertrud Bing, “Aby M. Warburg," Riviete Storia ltelians, Anno LXXI, fst. 43960, P21 25 The incident ofthe piecar of chacolate goes back to oral tradition brated about Hamburg in my student aye. Tt seems to be trae that Warburg’ recovery (3924) was dve largely fo his own super-human ‘forts in whlch undoubtedly he was aided by his git of sholaly detachment, his energy, an his sense of humour. fn letter of February 15, 1924 he speais with deep insight of his “auttsigende Eigen kraft zur Befreung,” and ina letter of the year 1924, be signed himself “Warburg redux.” Ennin Ps nofaky, in his article aga cited in Note j supra seid: “Den Weg, den Warburg in der Gorchichte des ‘moderne Geistes 2 erkennen glaubte ~ den Weg ‘pet monstra ad sphaeramn’~, dloson Weg hat et selbst nicht aur in seiner Arbeit, sondern auch in seinem Leben za darchiessen gehabt.” Se also Cash Georg Heise, Persbnlche Erinnorungen an Aby Warburg, New Yor, 1947, Pp. 44-32, G. Pasgual, Veedhie« nuove pagine streoaganti ct un fctogo, Florence, 1952, Pp. 49-7, Alfred Doren, “Aby Wat bg und oon Werk,” Ardiio flr Kunaigeschchte, XXL, 299, pp. 7k, F Sad, “A. Warburg,” Frank farter Zeiten, No. #37, November 9, 1939; Gustav Hila, Herren snd Narren der Welt, Mach, 2954 PP 285 ana Weence Kaeg's article cited in Note 6 supra, Professor Kaegt wrote to me on January 25, 11565 “Ich denke runclen mit Bewegung nict mer an die Bepegnang im Park von Keeualingen (where ‘Viarburg was nursed], sondem such an meinen Avfsate..., den ich in einer Eeregung gosciicben habe, wie sie mich salton wieder beim Sahreiben gopackt hal.” 264 felt, a last oppc bered by the af nationalism thi 11914 flourished of the inevitabi ing relatives, ¢ illusions that ti T mention th the genesis of successful nege of events to cor which ideas as been allowed a This brings should be seen afew. In x910 ther which, in turn, gathering whic 2 For Warberg’® Carl Georg Fle Ng war to E ‘Tranie” The been the divee heen paintolly the wold)" walks of life w han histone that foe sensor fens and wher fothing but a Beden-Powel bad been orga anxiously peer come, The fy omnouly, pot Snowe price nillio.~ Wat declared war o {ad of inltates segard to the twaiike action Deen disputed. jusited ~ mig Berlin, Histor “The very t into sharp rel geben mit Eat Hrtelot, Rede 1 See the colum, asim.92 cuyseod abs poe thés son orpenaenaiouny susoucSye pum seousey a tutpsnez a Jo swumyos 298295 “nsx Sendo “QTM 22480 “eens PaPD ‘TySMOBAEG jos ‘PUMPS "YH WPERNEN MOP “TFT inguy “iung sayetse) Scie slopy Ruaqueysi9g iany "UawD.D [Meg oA weSunuBedia yr wgod “Senesoy) ssumy sipeinap sip 9g tanpmas‘aepy tang Wi papueoe Astanosioo v Aq oq daeys o1ot ‘Unonty #17565 Jo tmoade Uo pur Fuse ze Asosiy ye ueadoamy yoouano pry Aptos Kian eA. ager “6662 "aopuey Nf eset] tn, [DOI Meme aeNSMY) Ata! PED ‘yest 33 12884 POM Jo vaNgaNO fersuo49 sep uh oN) SuDIADIND w uae ant ay ~ PopTsn| Mey shadoeoy nr jog way ayp Au sarogueadsosyar wr ‘samy “z9puos 24 “peyndep oq, Sey Arpeeniauy oqoisry jo AAA ay “UaKe sso WE paAJOAL Adop OsTE Bx fuoEDE OxTLCN (1 pono Apeasye ‘om ee Ae] sn KAERY Pu THsmy Aue ON “OHA RHO eM oY preted f Aprooror on ujapun of Passos anny tones ey SLL ‘asedis Sopdtooy est Ure “SreRI JO In} “pe ange 09 "PHA 1UaND we “TeM UEATER ag 70 SUUTHIG ayy HEM tye ADEA. UO eM Pose op poy eidousrooyy sunjeq shep anafZ s36t “SE ano UO pj ABOH wy MIT FEeNGzEM ~ "VON Efex mone tne] tak say uaubyiom coo'es Steos Zoor Uy PP}esTe Pet “OGRE OOM LMC Suh cog pest ese uy yuo Je Spee sos “webe Jo woRMIDASy ay Te Pee Pero’ “|sNOUEO piyee sous seo pine Sursresequen i] pryasns estan vaBusctmd Usopous ayy 40 gy OL "aWo> “Site aun ut soetoy pascpnue ogy 20) Sonaupoy se uaspIap 30 sdhosd yea Buuedad A\snopsue row hussioc pus pur(tug oq Joey suoHesfpul Op 1am KO “esSe-evbe Uy Pau we Pe ‘Soorsmansuy Aen use Whog "PunppranspSun] J siaquow ayi se aM se $1095 4 5 IMO A-URPE rece "ev6s "ae spanyy Sup urmoqfo 28) Jo 20, ow pounds) kanony kyed9 © ynq Bunt Jen kaon ogo Surupeyyen agp stress ayy 08 Seep POUESNP oy "aa ataes ayy 3 "UO PUE Seas Sin wo ewoidns Joy Suquseutes sy Sprang ssa pura uoReussesde jo suoeeL 105204, hop ou yey s'eremneg Ane, a 0 suoue> jo oonoH{ ay aosaq apres wusarTe}e OT ME UT ‘yetuepy ou) 30 p07 sara se fummeade TNpsMND wonsUty Uo pause "any "0 2 30 sy tre ut suvuaeey arg Aspnoy ny 20) voRe>rios it Jo Pue 4] OEP 12 PRA SETA. H(pHOM 9 Uy eaey Sundays yodiig exp 2g) aur] eyeoeey-Eimqusey au Jo sokop oxy yo are Ajgured uaa ‘aw Som 91 CAD sIne7 e] © PRBsOaOp FOUT] WeI0G wenpeN ogy sgh 0 Hse! PANP 3H UI nnd on oeyd scp ony oF popmedss a sUovear enopma w 905 Sanqeeyy pace! $U9K0 SL RUTH Sy jo Sunyine aif Jo zens ayy rem C29" ~ ,"ugnep 2s o suds sil ~ pr2edxa oq 0, em ON, acta uh Kivu ee opens Song 235: 2ogenog ul "ch pues ad "uabunazuuey 614 81099 pos jth dd ‘odes Fe oN wy pone ape srg prep 296 ‘suonmuowond JsamHfod 5 BINGEEN 303 uopepossy ue jo srequew ajezedstp seype8o3 1ySnouq ‘ous ¥Se] axp 204 “PLY SurzOyRET euoneusaiuy dun e seo 00 sty. ze Koo Te ut suorssnozader Sip pey “UaMy WE “pH sishyeuvoypésg jo s0uarajuoD 3208 is1y ayy Biaqwamy ye pauaAuoD asaKp OF6r wy “mage ‘wonuous aur jo] “Pun payejaz ® Jo suoRE}EastURUT Jo JaquITU w Jo auO se 29s 3q PINOYS juaunsiipe wiouenps = Siqiem apo Tey O Yonsonb ayy oF out ug SLL ‘uM@oUrjun o2s94Ty Vorse|RDs19 2ayj JO B0zB9p & pantoyte WG — yySruzono ysour — poy ‘Uay oF da paBpag A9A0 “aldoad se [aM Se Seap! YpIyr {q se000ns ay) Surureydxa Uy djay Aeus Kowal jo asuss paids sey ayy, “Bw0D 03 S1U—A9 Jo ‘mopeys a) Zapun sieproq snonSques useAtjaq poyrax9 sto}Izeq Jo BupERODU jAjssI>2ns P jo saouejsur prosueu ayy 0} umexp Uaeq sey UORUaRE Aut ‘ABojouoD Jo sTsoURT ay SuyApmys uy ‘asnr2aq “uosssmsIp sapun sr¥ak ay Jo puncs® peg frond aN UoHUALE | ‘oe 80uS SuRTUnS sem au HEY) SOIT Mog poy aAey plnom Amieq Maqiy EMDIaW ay YpIM popUaLyeq Apasop “saanieax Su =queg sty pue Sinqreyy Appang ‘aeos an aBHs w uo YorguoD powure Jo ArTEqeHADH: ay) Jo aydoad pasnsjno Suowe ssouazeme jouN)sIp 959] 30 osow © jo HuneaDe Uo pIystNOY 7261 anny Jo war ayy Suspaoaid s1ead smog jo any ise] yp Ur poyfeaasd yey wsy]evoneE sayuy ystranay axp 324 iqnop apy 2q wed BzayL “ws!TEUOHE jo suoHorse ayh M4 posoq aanouatn soqsquned say30 wos} sareaqfoo YIM Seapr aBueYpxd oF Aarumzoddo Se} & 9} ie ABojouory Jo se9U05 oH, sqaupes® 3x suo wad re Aref Wo ‘956 "prey pg we Gy, ented "9 BSD OFF 295 , Bey dome ssp mERP=O soe ny poe Sesmapadns 1 pet far a pepsi fa paren ~enope, 32 essuun ny “exssox pen Pus oe Soper = azy 03 wi ‘Sursoyes ye -ons Burysee ur se ssaifu wor} “squat ‘sanapau pu opuaosaz9 & omnwoo om ‘ayia 70 aud 30 ssanons a1 Sv0> auo8ax ‘un0y uF par sgunds © ut pt “sou Mau ayp go aman ‘worst Jo PI paarerp “xpk ay woys pores ayy a 3y ‘ssoupeur Su9q uno 5 -21 yeounade sina} ay) UL252 William §. Heckscher that would soon split up into national and even racial groups, Of greater significance yet in the autumn of 1912 there convened in the Minster of Basel the great International Socialist Congress — “der Weltkongress des Sozislismus zur Verhinderung des Welt- kkrieges” — on which occasion the red flags of the International were placed around the altar, while the great Jean Jaurés preached a sermon on the words “Vivos voco, mortuos plango.”#* It is not hard to look for further parallels, In the frst place Albert Einstein comes to mind, In the year 1911 he began widening out his special Theory of Relativity into a general system that deeply and lastingly affected a number of sciences and changed ‘man’s concept of the cosmos. Practical experiments in the field of Physics pointed in the same direction. In the years 19123915 Vietor Franz Hess (3883~1964), in a number of balloon ascents of up to 5,000 m., was the first to demonstrate the existence of cosmic "Garren were overcome in other fel which may seem wngelated at frst sight. The conquest of the air made rapid progress. The editio optima of Otto Lilienthal’s (d. 2896) classical study on the Flight of Birds dates from x93. With it Lilienthal as well as his tities and successors, who had made the glider into the modern power propelled air plane within the first decade of the tweentieth century, laid the foundations of the science of aviation. At this time the Germans were seriously at work perfecting plans to ‘ross the Atlantic Ocean by air. The regulation of international traffic came about as the result of a catastrophy. The spectacular sinking of the “Titanic,” on April 15, 1912, shocked the Western nations into adopting two sensible schemes: the introduction of the first intemational iceberg-control, and agreements defining east and westbound shipping- Janes 40 miles apart from one another. The chance investigation of two Tournaisean ‘razzi in the Palazzo Doria in Rome, visited by participants of the 1912 Congress, show- ced how Warburg's interest extended to the recent conquest of the air and submarine ealms.® ‘Technical improvements and adaptions sometimes appear to be straws in the wind 28 See Eenest Jones, Sigmund Freud. Life and Work, 1, London, 2955, dhapter I, st, "The laternational oychounalylical Assocation epte-s914)” pp. 74-439. The events in Basel Minster ware decribed by. saveral eyewitnesses; see Leonard Ragaz, Mein Weg, Zerich (1953), 1, esp. pp. 3684 Volume tt of ‘Maskas Mattmillers Leonard Regaz, sine Biographic (scheduled for 1967) wily as the asthor kindly {informs me, devote a lage section to a discussion ofthe International Sovaliet Congress of 1923. See also the well Known belltuistic teatment of the events by Louls Aragon, Les Clocies de Bale (esp. the Epilogs) 1 Any reference work will pve the relevant data. Einstein Nimelf referred tothe specialist as “unfall- {ngly an ase in Bis own Geld”; sce W. 5. Hedocher, "Albert Elnsteln, Herlaneringen aan geeprekkon ()" Hollands Wreekblad, 1,127, 1965, p. 7. ~ For Hess's accomplishments see Lajos Janossy, Cormic Rays, Oxford, 199%, 9.2. 59 Dor Vogel als Grundlage der Fhegelunst. Fin Beltrag 2ur Systematik der Flugheciit, Munich and ‘Berlin, 2930% See also the article “Lufechifahrt” of Meyers Grofis Konverstfons-Lerikon, XXIV (ahseo Seppioment) re21-x923, Lefprig and Vienna, 2935, p. 560. Frondh and Garman experiments ‘with jet-propulsion were unerway. For the plans to cross the Atlantic, se OUI Gahses-Supplement) spse-aoat, Ledpelg and Vienne, 2912, pp. 522A concise, tednically sound survey of the crucial years {2 found in Charles H. Gibbs South's The Wright Brothers. A Brlef Account of thelr Work. 2899-7932 (Gcience Museum), London, 2953. Warburg, when visiting the Palazzo Doria whlch, at that time was ‘open to the public, rcted by arazzi from Tournal with representations from the Alexander pend. He subsequent article, "Luftcdhiff and Tauchboot” gives evidence of his interest in modem technical achievements; Gesamimelte Sdriften 1, pp. 24t-249 with, on the last page, a elerence fo alr ‘andlor water-cooled alrplane-engines, 266 indicative © inventions, serviceable the Americ a real type filling foun which was pen and ty) tural break ‘operated wi arly works! course of a ling. Fina ragica, wa ‘magic, the | Most sug with the mi logue devot as “the cli the art of ¢ began, ever Reiter-grou Germans 5} this past st manifold te blended int was differe Orphism, F 5 Although ‘bos like Boutng-d lara see Wildpark Foture Fre gues i ‘The Eder, 2 Warborg bleed Slide had Helse, Err eg by I Halle. bp. the twent sade of th «9 Gert vom ¢ aliens & September 3 LEspresae Fiorentino)wt “to ‘soesos “oops ayeenyy of8Beyy AKG RONG SEIN MI SOY ‘omy mung muni “utttoeeadeT 9 c 1 ese toga 6 song 2) aedoqey “tmsenyt-eipne SEATED) SHEN Aang mipsinapioe puna, 2p Hume ny ath esse ok tang eee aby saps ee ary sO, SEO 2p HON HD «6 rmauidg opiowong nage oddas ose Bupslonduoaqo sim #30 SP aman 2m aen 298 ue euonenewrsnp egg. Hen mts he Suranfag “myus> GANG a ‘ojo Buoy ooo ur bang peg adrar 30 Sunpolosd anepip ox “Ges 0) SsqpOON ~ Loy 09 2d ACH aoe oye oop 2k apupevuoripostng pan eqdmstooyd =a) wegeyeL Sopa een jsol hq {Ehoye se onceape fou sem bpp wofoloud og] $f 0296 0k mon noBunannte] 25H, hood te pur Peruse Gd uayiapg tyounuoven fo ‘porfog why 0} 9pem wy Pe PIP ‘overex sages ysopondsencseSngeey ity !-PNE-ORTENT Up, PaMONs eps PPS Sloylq suo uy sung ogy 90 ah 3 ple sung oye ua © yo sbmoo sey OF -BaeN ce “abe "uopucy “Gee seen 942 9918 ‘moony Bio35 30 79 pa “GanooH "DH Pet) sa800}ED HRN PON fads wo sw smbTE “Eat oovesreany fo suepodey ayy of muerte mavp sey ou sos eM yp Jo MEP S004 se om se uraroouyeng pow sou on po exoecee ain "yoon dd 1 AeepsiogOREPEAN ‘onpnpesioad sop wasny euneevne sep pin aenuy sop pe] ott “BENS HL v8 Hae] {over oy [eso Sutpnyv by oat ooh © Ye 90 Tf fo tdaxp mole cy Pouleap stop Seay pur sin anes se oq Pauli pry OgN auonnUy Suome o szeate sek 9 ip Ke out Seton a Jo mop anh peenone vg ego paps ay avopaT OPRS MEOREREED WEA re ap ur exp “uounos uy snp paseys “sanaMoy ‘ie AOU “SHEUTaLGNS “wsHIMINy “WISNYLLO raigMTy se wpns squowanou ye éneaueroduTs|UOD JayPO WorS “BINS aq 0} NUDIaYEP sem e16x punore yo wstuorssordxg wean a] 4204 BiquzyuFO203 Kye 9u0 O2U POPUG Ayjeganeag wok yexp sanuapord yeuonew payesxenrp say) yNM stuouresadame; ployracu jo wppean snap auSipysey 0} pansos ‘souD.0|Z wr YzzOG ozze[eq oy) WI iouRUMS sed ON tuo and moys apejuotssaidxa ayy. (€'Eb 74) ainseau poo8 oy ut papfunds suew25 May © wpm ‘Sroqpo pie ssIMig PUR SUETSENY 319M “ELST UE Yo paUers oy daos2- ia anoyg ata “wsquojeroxdng wewnsar jo sx9pumo; ayy, “oyPeRe preg 0} DxayALLsOAD “UeBeq ‘rumo soup UO Tome Anand poSeues pey owaNpIY Oy SISREY -sasaqUAS O18 jo 2ze OMA sem 216 jo ue ayy Ip APBuTNAUOD pomoys fy , 8 ueadouny jo zee 2RIeUNTD OMB, 5E seak qeup 01 patsajes ‘Z26E Jo We ay Jo BuF|0IO- Ye YoHeIOUIBUTLIOD ax OF parOAaP anBoy | Serep prpyotds sn uaisQ Tap w9A zap “AmreyA KaY Aq parededord powyour ayy uM | jue tuopous jo suonessayiueur waantjaq syuguasSe Ure}a9 are ‘pu | '2ANsOFENs SOHN =e oO! Smny29] Sy OTL UMP Sem 17 Jo 10M ay ‘oVSEU ‘hq sy “Sanquem Aqy Aq ploy asinoosep [eototsny ie snowas e 40} poen jsny Sem ‘v>}So ‘nusaqo] © 30 sueaut Aq pavoafoud ‘apys-s0j09 ayp exGr uF ey stss—s 3F AeU ye BUT] “jonyet 20u Suyynus soipau papanu ‘Apmis 3NSeOUT Jo YIOM § 4B aTOYM Jo asiM09 ‘ip Ur “yeMp prods wo sounos-aYSH YpRS sy sep seo STU, MMETEATA arp “doys{ZOM AYE joups yeotesep-qsod yang au so} paulisap pue ‘sjruSts-awn avenuAo.UOD yu payer=d0 ‘éurey-10 eoturipour ,snzopossse) “Cry Aanquao YEP oy uF YBnompeATG TEM yo Sunpeos xe} Aenbo ue jo purses ‘Soydun snp ey) fe yim “drysueuady pure wed paydnarejunun Jo sapmugissod way “ex6r ur py “ssnssasd-qummyy kq payesado sem wry. Topgovs v porgo tad-Gayes yelraatun sreunaey apy (SEF 72) vadureyunoy Sumy no] 4535 ap poworeus “Tayaaal Wao] UE “aeayS "y BHM eM “soM|dAy [wos e ay Peoo] WHR Puy sy; Jo auEUE yeIy aMA sem TEBT TOK OY. Jo PUOLED) MEDHOUTY ayy yeig pauaddey 053 "prestuo 5 0:61 ayp wary Ajuo uoHearunuToD Jo syeBpeB a1qeastAIes Aras awzonoq pay {Zom wpreasax aguas wapous Jo s[00a21Seq ay} THs pue ‘suoNUaALT ‘Aanjugo ypuaaqaume tog ‘eadeymos pur TAAdAy, “saBueyp ]yBuUEAG Jo BANeOMpT see ASojouos} fo aeoury a4, sp 0} soma ‘Sapo ute Jepoeory 9p wos seu ou ip icine eek no 9g 30 ‘psnaang ange inated ures ‘Roox "oyna PEP puny tape sue “es0s9f 90 topaaded ow “oi, 2 ene ss) oyna ep sp, fog ite jo sea ‘peng some on je samen sox 1 poqueep ome rroonessnnt oar REM ou uy sat supeurgas pue -moys '9:8405 curastewsno], om -Sudayys punog ay Jo wonanpor: ‘exbr ‘Sx yudy. aq se jnoge aun 01 suepd Bunooy3 axa jo suowepu sare poypdosd 12 xy $e [PM =e IP (o6er-p) sexys ayy ysis tesy, ‘puiso> 30 aouats jo 3quimu e ur! 2p uy paymod $2 poSump pur sant Aqwnepeu 30 40 usury aoqqy + ‘sompzous ‘0304 sc euowewsaquy 308 sounayrus 221254 William 8. Hecksduer : last three years before World War I they congealed into what in retrospect we stil Feel to have been the beginning of Modern Art ‘The achievement of independent artists helps to corroborate what have just tied to suggest in regard to the fsms. Mondrian, in about so11~aeu2, found his very own style ‘of geometric abstraction under the impact of the Paris art world. This led to what he himself called his “Conversion.” In music, Arnold Schoenberg (1874—1951), in his “Pierrot Lunaire” (1032), reached the full unfolding of his unorthedox style of “atonality with free dissonance” (he himself, characteristcaly, referred to it as Pantonalitit), the important feature of his work consisting of the introduction of a “speaking contzalto” (Spredigesang) by which he added a new dimension to musical composition.” In 2941 to -1g12, the Movies, up to then crude if delightful folk-entertainment of the music hall and peepshow petsuasion, began to be taken seriously, while artists practising in the figura- tive arts, for the first time felt the emergence of a competing art form. In 2912, Sarsh Bernhardt (aged 68) appeared in the film “Queen Elizabeth of England.” Even though, this was not an absolute primordium and although i resulted in nothing more than “an unbelievably funny film tragedy,” we now know that with this venturé the film as 42 new art form had announced its coming into being. While thus the movies went into competition with the stage, Muybridgean motion-photography had its repercussion in cone of the most exciting single ventures in serious painting, Marcel Duchamp’s jerky “Na descendant un Escalier.” While applying to a scientific analysis of progressive motion the principles evolved by the Cubists, Duchamp managed, at the same time, to announce the demise (in January 1922) of the academic nude (pl. 43.2. cf. pl. 42.1.2). 28 Amuterdam’s "Kansthring” exhibiting atthe “Stedee Museum,” admitted from 1911 onwards inter ‘national shows of important foreign artist, A.M. Hammacher, Stromingen on persoonlifeheden ‘Schete van een halve ecu acilderceet in Nederland. z9c0-2950, Amsterdam, 2935: PP. 74 46 [bate this statement on observations which Robert Welsh in a letter dated January 2, 1984, was good ‘enough to commanicate 10 me. 27 See Donald Jay Grout, A History of Western Music, New York, 1960, PP 648-650, where Schoenberg 1 described ar the munical counterpart to the expressionist. Discusclng Schoenberg's muse, Aaron Copland remarked: “Perhape onc can say modera painting ofthe Paul Klee schoo! has invaded the new ‘mubie"; The Pleasures of Mute (University of New Hamgshire. Distinguished Lecture Sezies),Duthar, “Apull ks, 4959p 2. The "Sprechatinme” vas suggested from cutsde the museal sphere by Sthoen- tberg’sIriend, the access Albertine Zehme; see HH. Stuckenschmidt, Amold Sckdnberg, Ziv and Freiburg, 1957, pp 372. 38 E Panofsky, “Style and Medium inthe Motion Pictures,” Critique, 1, 3, 1947p 2» Also se fllowing, "Note. The contact, classical stage-flm, goes bade to the end of the aoth century. On September 20, 2899, Shakespeare's King Joli woe fined on the theatrical stage; its producer Sir Herbert Bectbohm ‘Trees teferred lo the enterprice sv “enicely without meaning” (Le. te those unfamiliar with Shake- speare's lines). The Gest commercial Shakespeare flim showed Sarah Bernhardt as Hamlet inthe dael tenet was performed with the aid of an Ediaon cylinder and chown in Marguerite Chesson's “Phono ‘Cindena Thédtre,”on occasion of the Paris Exposition 1900; ste Robert Hamilton Ball, “Shakespeare none Reel,” The Quarterly of Fil, Radio, and Television, Vill, 2, 2957), pas. ~ E Maybridge predicted the true sound-flm in sp0a, As ently a© 19r2 serious altempts wore being made to develop 2} soundc-flm, Known a8 “Kinotophon"; se atticle “Kinematopraphie,” Meyers Grofes Konoerstions- Lexikon. ater Supplement. 1913-7912), Leipag and Vienna, 19:3, . 482. For Maybridge, see Robert ‘Tals Publication cited in the following Note. Cinematography, needless say stinaated research in ‘optics and physiology. 2» PL azz represents tho definitive vertion in the Philadelphia Motoum of Ast (NI 912) (ex: Louise and Walter Arensberg Collection); see Robert Lebel, Marcel Duchamp, Pais [2959], Cat. No. 89, Pl 3. “Thelieve, although I cannot prove it that Duchamp, Iie Meissonice and Degas befors him, hat been {nguenced by the motion studs ofthe nineteenth century (see below). The pount I wish to make here is that of Dadheap’s willingness to be aspired by an optical phenomenon extraneous to atc see 268 [ Tean only | covery of the | speaking of hig belief th: att, as it is fo and in the we ‘hetis Te Zooscone.W tor ofthe m ears. 1 co Zips show plctareade Feng perfor about ene 3 Picturen Ar Kensington) erations sehat then # {oldlers, rw ‘ae the ink sevalted. Mi snough to Servet ana (Groduced Robert Tal History of snspired by tn bronze, Walking (hiss). O: ember 7, Sowing Sv Iie T prefer consideabi Tong series posts From the det seciptore drawing, 4 eawinge fate the co bronze, Wh work years ated Twas For Mayor aueraue, 19 Wearing Bt Marey sof eos and it sendy we he ins pain problem of Eating arte ENude’ is so Kes "Es gh findet ode Tnschelnang Since9c. po eeSe-aear zo) pina won steno, ,vaioasopes ne nay "yi so Muni UeyeMBOAEENE APHRANES ope bang ne um gon im sep Soy" wyeerzmneD Ap UNDaEY op por wun Segerea © poe o uowopy sopuny 5c HT 'NPIE PET ‘aqNpUNY UBS kIaEEP 22PO PLY wefer daueg enpngdesSoone uy ayo sh wes apy won aBujuesn os WPT 148 Fae “0K oF (qute yo trod warp © wor} nay Sok“ UO pasTOSIP sg pbueipng) 906-S6e “rgb “TAO soa] Pee) pun Enger 248 fo resne[-pHee Sun ere eget et Aa Si sep one inl 84 CY Ww NODROW PIE TUAW, 70 WOHGOHE See Gey Sven ‘ese ‘onydeasoron oy 2p enciete “saknony puowey os 3p ‘Sunred Ns Baan, ded dumpeg (Out wou 0} donow ansssdoad yo wopDenege uioweod ayy aur 2m KPO: cre Pipptd porn oso wou rensodes(Pucoes¥ 36 oor) paiadar wo pore #31 Pus £2 Fgetiey tvep ueaver sr yonbyamuny® sygdeioyoudouexp, se pogios ay 0 posepes Scere Ups tytn ead uo fy tspapareg A papers: eBerpe UNL Wu Ia SURO, Hae eee Ak qatio swovry, sAOz07 say rouang Tossyead SHOE ETF “td 0G 79 ‘aba a sae tomy oie pom aug a) “ofeD ved VER sor [esvuad wf ueqaneN aSPHCARHN 2 Teac Keeasryen fH 2, wos} SupuoM 5 anisqns 2Ou S20p 1” Sem 1 PRE sa ee afer wes ok pu oom mf jo Ado © pak og | uspai ae ue se oe sak OH CEPT tome youpriinyy soaqe Surya weBog Aamir Kt “seo aes ofdond vga oFu0sa Se ey ei le sum at olmdpos sauanbes oe 20 St pip | 0d Huypuodseszon x ost roo fifo aup soquau ty poe Th Peg apr © ae em og wo ey Sumy pee LINED Pine ms uae made coy razod jo souonkos Koyeyetes» punoy Tue SunpzOM “Bue sre acg wage fo roses Kren good see] avy Ge sammy jo docs « poses T modynos aa ee aed aab oun idepe sem pap 1 eq souDMBeH SFUQKNY ay} Jo WORFHI;TUEC ToHp A Frounoucs ar pee nopow son ton Pentiepi sl myoeed aE Sea 30 mesa ¥ oss Zasod ere antares srenead yap sigL 29eebos aeons ¥ ut aoy sored jo sme Sut Breen wore ade ake oh von rope Kons" wed ¢opOw ay) wo Anus aygenptsu> Fs ake uoqe po a dom aay sod apm Kosa jo saves « Savoy sooad Tt ion Seep uouaa "oss poxsOM T s[apout oxy 0} sBuorog sfpex> avs o sPmIN vE Step sem | AWA, See ene (tors abn uy 3puqhnye o1uo w08 | wow 01. ‘MOTOS 8 (HOE “25 sega ae a not hos puny Sta thE 3 ASPAGRNIN ore 8 a 04 WOREEN AE WO (=? 18) se ri louana serene fe :r96roreuum ssadtos, 24h te poigipa Sen 20umbag SUPLEM Se oe ais saormesod Bape antesaons soi uy Spm Buipine ures oy Smo /u0%g ve eR POETS shucardur (zee oa) 2 BIER & ABET PorENL. SadpuGhNN hq pnd SIRs ASS pou oy acta dea Su6r “oyunsog, "OX AN “sopuny ydosBoro4d fo cia Bir netaqwuag woe poe MSBP Os JD (GTN YB) Ov wierd "SS6E EO MON “FO SA7EL LOAM ESSIEN “ger ing wor avo uy ot "wopuey ws pogeand yxy em (6o98r aR HE psoepoLs) eae ae panda acum sain (FoSt-otet) ABPUGKEIN | pBFONa sm0}NGE) ayy Ka 'PEP © 2 see nee be Saaesaenod oi azom se Uoye) se (E>) “PTE WI AL 19H HH OF EOS Sed Sr ouyper we Suypusssod, womans POTEN. © 30 aovanbss udesSoioyd saBpuakayy PovPmS lpg mincdtwtpng ps op 03 wofou on pooe Jo zfs reg ot wp Pomc TP MSY Sar ensayo pseedie ~oyupn op avrg ag 30 e wows [doad Burges 20 Bumuuns“s07pIe+ Rabon ‘sso Supdum| ~ centanbos-omnly ow ‘ag aumes ag 4 "amd avo poumes wa IE SAN? Sgioar ope Jo aounnsod go yunaoze vo ~ smo exp Aaya 0 wfnorg 2K SYOREIDG eae eto ‘poole upeoyyo gues tnde se sep ayh 8 woos oy "E'd 756s uopUO] (wOISEISEN Fre amvinpdlaouape suf) mua 948 Jo Aiobanua ogi uo wptoeg Raorapouoty WY “Om Fees ane da uibiey 24g veo, cl aag “bow oh wor suede Zapyae> JY Y PUT 280 ORE Seer ee ees aan kg poze 2 04 0H nous WA pape esOpUIYO ayy wf euoqesoped $40p Oe gar nen tse ay Os} oor 9g pinoo sole ogy 12g) ese w ypne pHEMT APONTE erie sony prosou 9g Fines sooenbon ones ay somind-Buviow Rumor sine PeRVasroud ui rps ey sptsm Gouaerp wt wo oF =) ep Buweios « 7o,powwo> sp “Ieok Peet pow aid sq uf sradod fanaa reo (vGne ve Sues sv Peet>op) semogd vOHOw a {0201 CM BLOM a aie epee npn) Y2"peasuaga7 2g9sT=UNPS "INA[EPIEC FF] JO Te 94098007 eae ee teeta tamouy kot eando ww ype uh aR ynoge Fe SANT JoquonDs ¢ “ORAL or patiuezap Ajjesuaur 2x9 30 20M ayp UE PUE “Azosamna wao 5,200 wf aur 4 ‘suonDa|fo> axydesBoupe oxp UT AkOqE PUO§ S11 Se “HE jo uiStio AzaA yp of ypeq SwIOF snopsuoy e YBnony vaddey prnoo skye YH 52114 SH possaudxo “pozteas 9q 1 oge Poropisxoo ay yy YOREUAOFeE aysnae ayy Jo SuryTode Fhepy fea ‘auesur a Jo pue \axpKNp (See) ‘a]éood axnrnsd Jo sue ap 40 £0002 “ip spaysee ayy “SHaQ3eq yesnyln> sayRo Uo pews sprony ay) vod ypnot Ayo WED | Se Sojoues} fo s150u90) 24.1 tae ona 04 oe 0 oo ab 38 1488 2p ene 28) ( oy paerp agey 235 “seo 2100 ¢1 9 atpaginyy Sresdengs voy, 530" Pap oa 3 yeas gM wxoqiog H ‘oe auras ‘Sawore} 29 paw spe Eraows fa 93 ‘oun @ anyssorS03 opal s,4t const gam se wy 34 vuryp 2:00 -gnowg © eres ‘zr ceaniy ay pur Try oy t36rw ,OHENUG: au ‘Gem ‘Ayeuowe, sm ur“ 2 ey 3A uc 3 pay pay ns256 William S. Heckscher As so often in cultural history, concepts as well as forms that anticipated the future came about without any premeditation. The American commercial artist Maxfield Par- ish, now recognized as one of the Fathers of Pop Art, graced the cover of Collier's with a pasticcio made up of digits which he titled “arithmetic.” The date, need I say so2, 1911 (Pl. 42,4)-# Inevitably the collages (assemblages, papiers collés) come to mind, those enchanting hybrid forms combining with papiers collés, bits of wall-paper, grained to recemble wood, scraps of news-print, match box covers, etc. as well as trompe-'cetl-letter- ing painted in gouache, The collages started in collaboration between Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque in or just prior to the year 1912 as part of an intensified search for reality. It seems to be impossible now (as it may have been at the time) to state which of the two artists was fist“? Out of any number of examples, I selected more ot less at Felix Kle, Cologne, 1957, No. 905 (902) pp. 73H. von Einam, with his introductory address to the XXlst Congress, drew my attention tothe significance of Klee’s Ides, In fais pasage Klee quotes himeelf “aus einem Minchaee Kunstorie, den ih In de Scheie adic," ~ For the slow astlation of artistic manifestations of Primitive Peoples (a process in which the actisis vere far ahead ofthe art Historian), ee Hz van de Weal, "Van veeemd naar elgen,” a lecture in commemoration of the saath year of the Ethnographic Moreum (Rijeomuseum voor Volkeniande) at Leyden in apie, De Clie, ‘Sex, 96, p- 72, Theft glinpss of a rapprochement Between modern artis and primitive art can be found arbund the yea i904 Mausce de Vlaminds sold an Afccen snasgur fo ance Detain in whose atelier Passo and Matisse got acquainted with "la pervs pce d'art nore ula Jaduencl art contemporain”; see Wiliam Fay and Margaret Plas, African Seulptre. An Anihelogy, London and New York, 2964 p13 (with ils). See also Robert J. Gldwater,Prinitioiom in Modern Parting New York and London, 1638, pp. 74,128 and passin, Warburg seized the opportunity of 4 family wat to the United States, 1895-2696, to make « strenuous three monte tip tothe South Westin onder to study the uals ofthe Feebl indians. Ths excursion he prepared eaeflly, sided by the beings of & specialist on Indian Ethnology inthe Smithonfan Inston at Washington, D. Cand he took the ‘pportunity to study Indian Guldren’s drawings: published as “A Lecce on Sezpent Ritu” Jounal of the Warburg Insitute 3, 1936-1939, pp. 377-208, ad Frite Sexi, “Warburgs Vist to New Mest <0" Lectures, 1, Landon, Zor, pp- 324-330. Subsequeatly Warburg collected ethnological materi whids he gave fo the Museum fr Volkerkande at Hamburg. While interest in primitive art made Freadway in the ist decade of the twentieth century, a simltaneous process can be noticed which might beet bo desebed as de-ethnologiation. The beginning of the end of the Manchu-Dynasty (Géue-rpia) is marked by rsings against foreign captalte and Ss accompanind by the cating of ef the pigtalles of members ofthe male population; the Chineve patil bad, up 19 the, sipiged sabe imisios to the hated Dynaty. 41 The ise dates from September 30, 293 ‘2 At best we can say that it was Brag who developed ideas launched by Pcess; cf John Richardson, ‘Georges Braque, Harmondsworth, Middlesex, 1930, pp. 12. Trom p. 23 {quote a passage which the reader ought to compare with Ernst Robert Curis” servations ced in Note 30 supra: The agree™ rent ofthe two passagss, one analyzing the Warbusglan metho, the other that of the collage maker, is as astonishing oss Cogent. Richardson: "The importance ofthe invention of popter cols cannot be cversmphasized. Not ony di tnsform the Csbise Idea of the tlatnship between colour and forms it loo opened the door to anew range of tackle effects, injected aa extra measure of fealty {nto art, sade damaging inroads on the outznoded cult of belle peinure by the artists ight to ine corporat the himblest of matcale into is pctares and sbolished the fronts betnven sulptie and paling by making possible the tablecu-obet. Most far reaching of all however, it hanged the whole onze of cubis! and post-cbist panting by revealing that the artist nced no longer break down rele ity analytically into its component parts; he could achieve as good, if not beter, erste by employing, the severe procers, tat I o say by econsteucton reality synthetically oxt ofa heterogeneous stor ment of elements," For the new spaal concept offered by the esllagea, "he fst since Masel see H.W, Janson’s sucint and luc analysis in his History of the Major Visual Arts from the Daw (of Flitory tothe Present Day, New York, 196s, 7p-5234 1 touted upon the afnity between collages and Warburg's achievement fn an address delivered on April, 3963, before the Senate of the Uni venity of Utrecht, Jarbock der Rijksnioersteit te Utrect, 2982-089, Ute, 1964, pp 20-22: “Wij ‘ovien dere Tenomenen van het jaar 1923 in de context van con zich langeaam ulapeeideade ont ‘ikkeling len Het statsce, wt het éne juste” geictspunt geziene wereld beeld, dat de Renaissance 270 random 2 Brag small Provengs stub, and there gible reality. It ‘ment that he m ‘With all thi noi, I should li tive arts of th Was not his st he conducted F folklore, astrol historical reali oor mid! v swash omen rete siuhtens dey ‘verton, disco «> Yeannot seal teen unable fo Aste Ge7) ofthe Pott Sie panting conventional £ vate house alse accot tows wot a Preden (p nist aie nce i publ Ecopany fon room of tet ehh not He Tha in le ee ac of tay of Semaztabe Soca ae a darout avin fsdoten An Steling 20 etesnge Saometeg'g swerken a Ridteng os Thecalog ofthe wovk of ‘the Manes Furs fure iste Lagenh trys pence (erecialy 03 Simic nda, The presentde and io, mae Forme,” “Religuz a kBoovepay poe yy. ‘Seay “pus vase «dora ‘aues pee Sey ‘wos, sted firsog pu Koy See suorowe-oee ogy =FBC oy én eum a ROUTED "ao Of st POE Dea ingen stomps oy Snargy2m30 Ah xh 30d is Ke assd rede poe (eu “px 8d “ben tx60alot 4 "W96E IDQUBKON "EE “TOL Uf soNSUT UaIpRuosesuNY SOP uedungeianty moet waesnstano) sep eBuy}UY vic, Mbumeg wsiniy os v5 EPs Aveda) (sess “raen0y Gost HY Rip Wo pasha, a Uae. IsEM ayp se} wed mg “ley so suena sem fu yBaaua pinoy) ooysy-uinsg ao ted) exStyesedy] apn Spee onawonipen Dus sun sn, soinqune 10 Kiodoye Jo oem fe rune Aeoon pawn TINS aun sou aygeseens nou a eof ete samgiey“ox6r Mae yA CeTUE JO {opeann op se fam “prtnog Ould ‘foomy IIE] “esky “q oeD TuopIoR SUDA fo E0m NH JO sonessnin pu vn pared i pugeion “aus 9c Ka pune ‘mous a Jo anogeD a4. rrveq exirnosed pe pay sues stp rsuam apwaeNEY wep se ERNE sone peu wn gop "oroepog ne or Se oy penetra snes ous Yoenny Fea ogee ‘russ tap 1g yensunurresne uspos vovareyseduns3 wep aa tory op ‘aedey oass SIN “pimowpege sure ‘or siunatps sep sem "pin wapog wep joe wesus Sokeie oy "waBUEITERe feundinns sopra wesgoHF ap 'agefod sqm ap en pre Apis wey Ue “esp ne Sams SEnpu op um oops ps wangleng wep pnpep se pun ples vabunsepoUY LAI Sap top pr engaeny wadieon sop Sumyseny sngTe Mp BHP WAN eNyNaNE TRS a5 tp ov ‘ntoaiwur ype Ussing 2p 9u9|g0rd agp Hg DE BP “NYLON SIV “Hung pean 2c, BRON sp HARE HD a My OE I =H ‘Emcrega wos} asst apa fo 399] GE RUAS & anne pus Binquy ot su mous su (e26e Bods) wag 3 etd eos He Hann Jo ATI 0 98 “eo Wong es "uunig vo porpowd 99 =apen 4 Secunpoog sghm, PH 4 ngien tmoynansesTEDy s0uCt i, UNOS 94 PINEYS PUTA BEN se PapesTd pf OU LPH Bu pafojdiae og preys sine rus poprep Simazent Pur my prove Saye conpdeurang, onpes wine yin souapuodsaue> snounjen.y “ap DHgDM Uy ee ane pyrowe a0 Sour eep pono Ang 2ff SUT] PHOMEY-gueyy oxy 70 FOHApe AEE ‘ous aor 20j sem fy “se wopow > luegeaNE so860 UE som Songee ~ (SF 6) apa {hip trp von mipnpreg sipaaied op npn tmp 0g uouwon, "se Fyrom Sandi “pores Aid 2m Eo aaa vonta peopel sro ssetoy oq) an hdooa ~ spuspues Kep-iueard Or Seypiooge SoCs Sib ponoo] pee om se Assay aye pve Aleu0 ‘soquss Kew nok Wah amo arened any 30 qe hg ox ot Suey som my omcou Seg OL, PMD Dane © om “pusey euoe ean fn] Jo tnbe Kes Gb sf amp ‘soeSoy ] arode nod taoq 9 pny are nueas fa Supe” a, seep ae susagar pay 996t Pe soguaang Jo Joel & ut “Afsjoueg sostojood “est NN oh 30 {rom ain hq poveuteny aq of ponryuon a4 Pe Supuyed apo feesanostues ARAN w (2/96) sep ‘tsws we v8 Yonamou Btog off sede. a 30 azene seo ange soutne NO Puyo} o}eUN wy fone our} uoqpunpeadyce Tenaousny pq ‘peu, snr sibeag 305 sosor Kat [04 FOUND fey ‘ {20a SIN) -pagnlon st ano ay 7 Ed Hep ane ORAS spnur ge ‘sdeqood wg pee Sgnop of urn uno sep SuTuPIIOe som Passe op FESR “lieapou ina teens Sp uosoypodsy spvarsyresi00 ‘ufodaane sda wseagieke annoys UaOy ‘azo speedy “won oy aeex 0 OO6r syeosruD yudeq ‘isnoran pey weerpow pre USN “3q sxpaioay soy uo aBoposgy tpeueseand ap “ooptedold op Sonsadsiod joy WE [OPP 300p ‘wosg »,Zpequatue> uaeq pey saurexodurayueo sy YpIYM MAA IeyR We AGERT TeDUOISTY yo aimptd rans e se sn aloyaq spueis Kqpnosd mou 1eyM (KRooIpASd “ABOjase ’910/4]0} ‘RSojouy ur “worStpr Jo s41q pue sdesns Jo no) Sumpunodures £q Apmis sty payonpUE> 344 {pryst Ur Kea oxp “ySts uo sir ur aeTIOD e sooDsaxs erOUEAMpS oxp Jo APMIS sry JOU TEM {souy] oures ayp Aye>%5eq Uo ayerado ‘oquasoNyeNZ) ayy JO {EY PUODS oy JO SHE aan, “emg ap porpais ay wprys Aq stsKqeur [wovBojouont s Banque ny “se OF aE PIMOys {OU id ‘ABojoucsy Jo sysaua8 axy oj azour a>uo >peq aUHOD aur 79 “PURE UT STH TE UREN, se POSIOAAE 9ARY [PM YBN ay FEU TUT ayes 8 ,/Kapeor 0} z9s0p9 wand ize soSeyjoo ayn yim SURG OF, UTE s1y SEM IT “ATEOT 21g ve jo tuousBeay x sem ‘anbeag jo Soke ayy Ut yeMp doSursp sdio2 © YMaTDIG put ’qnis WPA sit Papyark ‘sisne Yaoq Aq popwane ‘(esnPAeA) sanBi0g op aqA [eSuanosg I[eUIS atp Jo agnoy-srou yeooy axp “I UT “(e'Eb 74) Exot zeak ayy Jo aBeqoo anbezg ¥ wopuer ose ‘ABojouer fo eeous9 244, spuessjeuny 2p 6 Soo apuoprasasy iw, toe da a] 2 39 ope ‘afleges wana neg 94) woos § OnDeseNy aE Saosse sou: Burton sp =F22 waop 32039 nogeo Basing ou 379 sade "ape mon o0 sot eR fn 3oos pu jo sug oa Sr pie eM ise aes 8. Farag error Sopuey ojoue poomgere mb ‘nena gpa ot nant poe sis ‘en 2a 960+ sade 09h 30 ue He 0 Jo pee gee soy ‘Spon spy oBe aap rape f 4p 989] 40 az0U ApIyA aie OF 20} wpieas por ue osseaid 0] snapped oy pauresd a soy “puts © 1164 “708 Kes wate 8 22100) “Ped PPE arming 3qp pat258 William 8, Heckecher this point of view T feel inclined to admit that Warburg's method was not only the isolated effort of a highly original thinker (which undoubtedly it was) but emphatically also a reflexion of the spirit of synthesis that was at work in innumerable compartments cf social and cultural life in and around the year 1912. (One of Warburg's handwritten drafts for the Einleitung to his Rome Lecture on the Palazzo Schifanoia frescoes contains phrases which — understandably — he decided not to use in hic formal address. Yet, to us they are revealing documentations of the emo- ional drive generated by a somewhat belligerent tendency that sustained his work (pl 44,3) Allow me to leave the one or two passages I want to cite in their original tongue: “Die bisherigen Dentungsversuche; Snobismus des Kennerschaftlchen oder der senti- ‘mental phantasierenden Minnerbrust... Unverantwortlchkeit die... durch den mangelnden Willen 2u universalgeschichtlicher ‘Verwertung des kiinstlerischen Materials zu erklacen ist...” ‘These and others of Warburp’s splendid effusions against the idiotae are scattered among his preparatory notes, filing a few hundred pieces of paper which their guardian, our deeply lamented friend Gertrud Bing, allowed me to inspect and to use. They make it clear how, from 3907 onward, Warburg inveighed against the “Simplists,” “Snobs,” *Sentimentalists” “Recreationalists” (banale Erhotungssucher), the “host of cynical camp-followers” (das Gros der cynischen Mitliufer) and above all the “Guardians of Zion” (die Zionswichter, .e. zelotic priests, by which term he understood the self-con- essed specialists in their own field). Warburg's target were the people who in those years would resent the catholic tastes of the iconclogist who refused to shut his eyes to the outright vulgar and qualitative low, Each of there sections is, needless to say, divided into limitless sub-tections, London University Issued a Brochure in 2980 which gives, on pp. 2-10, the relevant particulars. Cé also Gerad Bing, "The Warburg lsttuie,” The Library Assoclaion Record, 1V, ath Series, No.3, AUgust 1934, PP: 262~ 266; Edgar Wind, “The Warburg Tasttute Classification Sthemo,” The Library Assocation Record, H, “gh Series, No 5, May, 1925, pp. 199-195, and Anthony F Blum, "A Method of Docamventation for the cs” International Federation for Documentation, Oxford and London, 2958, 5) PP. (ot numbered). Accession dates and rmbers have been entered systematically in a handwatien inventory, She socalled Zugangsversichns der Kedturuissenscapichen Bibliothek Warburg Qanuaty 3903) have gratefully ured thie wondarFel inrtrument to ascertain which teme were in Warburg's posses sion at what time. The listings ~ if checed against the present catalogue ~ alo show the loses inca ed by the Institute on account of Acts of God, War and Nazi dealings. Privately, Warburg started regular records of books he purchased when he was 20 (2866). Warburg was 2 very selective and ‘conor reader; he Blamed Ns unwillingness to read anything that fell outside his sphere of interest eis "eprapeonal abbr” he Sberpennon Eigesinn”(emmunetion Nae As Wa «= Tatas my privilege to have been permit to make use of Warburg's, monly handwriten, stra That been gathered and arranged with meticalos care by Gert Bing. The box wih the relevant poten is ied “FOLDER XXX. Seifenoie Lectaze Rome 39:2. Disposition.” 46 The pages reproduced in my pl 4422 come from the Box mentioned in the preceding Note. The hhandvelten ttle of pl. 443 “Schifenoja, Einleltne” suggests that Warburg intended these sketches to go into the introduction of an anticipated publication. He had in mind to expand his lecture ~ those aze his own words prefacing the published version ~ int an “ausfuklidhe ADandlung,” dealing with the “konologache Quellenantersuchung des Teshensyius"; cf. Cesammelte Seeritem Th 439 (ed. Atti 279) The tren "Zionswlchter” wae recorded by Emat Robert Curtis. See also Note 29 supra. The “cynishen Milifer” were people who hed signed up for the Xth Congress in order 0 Ihave a cheap holiday tip to Italy. 272 as well as to very people ¥ theater tcket- artists Aby Warbt whether he kr helped to ush the generatior or not, Warbt tivity, Tradew the end of an to see the sig marking the t ward on the 1 waiting to be altar of St. G Halley's Com the 28th and was still lying ‘while, subseq the event had out that the F centuries one ably, was hele hinted at they I should lik which, 1 2 "In an awe snd Princes, tncommonly ‘out, shed byt lished tha i Pen Book of advertiament thee “ealere attractive col 964, exele goat. Sor the Hawn, i213 Sok: “Integ ie. denun toward Man. eli’s comet IN ORTV 5 symbolicus ( Comets were plata” and ‘oe Wilhelm cols 488,cle “(ssc uognpenayy fuonb) 9167-4 1 ayes exouure9 ‘Bangzeny pow "y 3hox > deo “ees ‘apedopiing ony "enosmn-Saeg eh OHO, PRE PIAS = MPD THA 294 ‘rove ouoqen nan, sna yeep aut oge agsoosg tans ue poourowT Aa pe aed ‘Shvor tou oe eps ued wo euSow tnogsuny, ~ seo Sutpeaday fe sng ae popseBox om soa0> ‘imbnce poop 996-4 “ate “dnp “9 “Bmagny ‘(gery esdny '8 UREN) soqoquAs SMPWHA LLEOTAY SASINAO "WALYNIA SiDAVA 44 POLOHOE ZWASYIIO_LYNDKS ALIO NI PMALVNIN VONAALIN 9Y VIAN "os, T>) UALVNIME VAERLDG #iP4rey-Hl> 6 SB odd so spar sonuaojes Sptaqsead tystsko one “ou Tew Fe “PUD [is Om 3G “VE Plemoh Sree sipop jo stiod age seson of saree [eng] mossy UM "ux 8! 3 UNIO fay tea ayer sey sob dina mer me 3 0g 580g 7 Seton 12G wale. Greg ceenuniuag, “onse pitoy usnayy 19 LV s99e por Zope waepmisay Paid (9) © oe HO ous uoayyy, (SE EE) sameatg] OP eneysTuNS sor MMAR Aamgus> GWuamMNes R305 60 od ser “pages ‘ununidang Reo] suiy./pueyea SpeEMPA. se Pasar Aaa 7% 736 ‘wopuoy “#xsraw0dr “puoi wopsoapy (2) s\gNS-IAMON. HOwIS afer Jo woR2WIfOD PATENT Se jo nbfqne ann spots uoog Suna ee Ayan yo ae ay 30 pus mL sadesan parece, [LaNOD SASTIVH Surpeay a8 z7pen Busoyo ‘exQue7 - WsSan 30 tg my fa peoed soUstanpE Geil pasos sem ano amp Jo seeod ogy 25rd 968 opr, Rucuewey Jo oom wad DiiL "apr suse a fse8 Spouosod ¥ 'uesOURRD “toUENNgES ONO SuouT ‘avTeIweD He PAUL “feiss uoog Peal wonDepYp ogTiaos Wo poseg rm 34) say = SaD 2 AoE J 1) 94) AG PO IO “Hey ques jo voduep ain pue mioxspany weapon t Aq poweand ‘eaypeam zen Seowsooun a paneag i Kaqy. s31g a3 passed sossspune] pur rung Samuel) pve steed "UE PoE Buy sooouh, “be "oe Any penis Jo souiy vopvoy aq Potods: saan Bupqdsiy-ame Ue UL, 2 porom y sy (C-r'Ph yd 39) voneSgsonur sowing sreoq pue spaau “uN T “py YOR sdooiad v “ydesojoy 6,Sinqroy, Jo 2905 24) ur uopdaziad ay 48M opeysoroy o} pres se 3¢ pe ipreuour jo Buysse ou ye payuy soueteodde si , seu yeu! ‘slog euoq,, —sasu> snowayiod sounou 04 Pe st “KIge “rena jauron y"suopnszadns yeutoo snowquio 0} Aypeax as0ur Uano pauarsy avo satsmiua Suyparasd uy apeuaus Year v paymynsuos ynor[ey sRoUOSIOd v 30 ArTasHod ays ieYp In paiurod senareqy “play anaudeur prea oxp ur saoueqimastp 1424[6 posne> per IuEAD oxy sayjaye paindsip siquaps fe ay) Jo wed yBaomy passed wasee ayy ‘Kjuanbasans ‘aya ques pue uns uaoytiag passed euio> pue snapnu rjeg weyuppng ye Bunéy NHS sem plenpa apy 362g anef¢ yoo) yuo ayy Jo ASUEN oP O76 Ke Jo WAGE PUE YaST aU uO -SFaUf FPiey MOUS F,8ury ayy axojaq aoumseadde sy ape Py WpIYM IO) 5 Aa EH jo Suissed ayy “asa yensaja> enon © Aq poryeur sem “pdryD $,98309 15 JO JeITe yp ve paxzepuy 0g 07 apt JOSpUIM ©} “UE Aq ‘Kop yxOW a4 Uo “Uae 2q 0} SuRTEM ‘eH aaysuransoqy 8 anbpeseye> e uo Key pog 5 Buy aw ‘ore Aeyy 40 YREX ayy WO pues so of 4x waxy ‘vaya “ALOITY wy YuaINOU aygeaatiant ayy, JULOd Bumwsm aya Suryreus 58 \pIIA Pieapg jo weap aK JP ParoIOd axey suetzoIs [eM a\p UO SUBS 31p 295 0} stor ‘Aiqepwsiopum ‘sem afoya 8 sv Ara705 ‘AOusde[duos aaneyas Jo ex9 ue Jo pus ay paounouue — Kem uMmo su spea — yprynt soueapy [erp] pur msnuorunopesy, “AIA ejay PUR sis6jeuvo\phsg “zy wsapoyy pajowoud our asoup IM paps BinqzeNy “0M 10 2 mauny ay aatpayyy ‘sutad sues exsyeyd sy BuxKolus wi pexatag peY eu) woHeTaNed ay go xpodo 2x3 — onbodg 2yaq my paljea Uaaq Seq Aide 1EYs Jo PUD ay UE JaYsN O8 Podray ‘oy asoup jo sques ax SEK eu [ROYTOTOUOD] sry NMA porto! “OU 30 1 A=UEY 2 TIOGA ‘sueow ywepuadapur jo uew qf ‘ayysja8yraud OWA “sBUOREPED ap “BangseMy KAY sare Aresodwsayuoo ayy Jo suoneass paatuc> ATyDID 94 O1UL PYOM sqnis-ipH soHE=ys 1g jo pue yundewau jo sdems jo aouasard ayy 48 Joppnys pinom oy afdoad As0n as0\p “sQnop ou ‘sem ip “oe feowoyety UE snorgnp AffeoRaypse Pure aED2e ay} 0} $e PM Se ose ASojou07y Jo epsanes aH. sseropat on BEA eave “Ut semcy 2 w yam ow ompae Faves Sateen being “Sood cana gente = oem ‘ejeouy ene “my dd a a tren Winsett wotead Hee Bore poy © Sain ope ‘Moy Banca soysey Toye! 409-26 4p jo suerpzen5 [eoRuk> jo 38 o/sq0us, 4/84 dye yy, ‘gepsen8 apt poroyieas ore papMpIpNpss! cpues 39p 29] peeBuo sp 14) 330m 514 ona 243 30 jou pappop yp uo a1n3> syvaunedurc Aggeseydiuza ay) Aquo you