SOCIAL WORK

PROJECT-3

CONTEMPORARY SOCIAL
PROBLEMS

SUBJECT CODE: EDO-393

SUBMITED BY:
RITHIKA RAJ
UID NO: 17BAR1017
COURSE:
BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE
(B. ARCH)
 STUDENT DECLERATION

I RITHIKA RAJ (17BAR1017) have completed this

project in the academic year. the info submitter is
true and original to the best of my knowledge.

I declare under penalty and perjury that the

foregoing is true and correct.

RITHIKA RAJ, signed

CONTENT

1.INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL PROBLEMS

2. DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION

3. UNEMPLOYMENT

4. ILLITRACY

5. POVERTY

6. DOWRY

7. CRIME

8. DRUG ADDICTION

9. CHILD LABOUR
INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL PROBLEMS
• The term social problem is used in a range of contexts
and disruptive behaviors that are perceived as signs of
social instability and authorization for change through
‘social
engineering’ methods.
• Often, these problems involve many forms of deviant
behavior. Such as crime, child abuse, prostitution, mental
illness, drug addiction, suicide, ethnic strife, domestic
violence, industrial conflicts, and more.

REACTIONS TO SOCIAL PROBLEMS ARE THE FOLLOWING:

• An attitude of unconcern- Many people often ignore the problem

thinking it will not affect them personally.
 Sometimes a person has personal problems such as family
discord and work pressures that make them less likely to take
the time to be interested in what affects others living in the
same community.

• Fatalism - Some people believe that everything is created by fate.

 Major social problems, such as poverty and unemployment,
are explained by luck and karma in the past.
 So, they meet this ambition and wait for some miracle to happen.

• Permitted interest - most people do not care about the

problems because they have to benefit as long as the problem
exists.
 Motivated by their own interests, they described the problem
as insurmountable.

• Lack of professional knowledge - Some people, although

very concerned about the problem, do not care much about
it and believe that the solution is not possible unless people
change their attitudes and values.
 As a change is initiated by a change in perspective, they are less
likely to find other opportunities.
DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION
• Population change is a series of stages that the country goes through
as it shifts from non-industrial to industrial. The concept of
demographic includes four categories based on changes in population
size and social behavior.

STAGES OF DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION:

The four stages of social change are described as follows:
FIRST PHASE:
This stage has been called the phase of mass growth. It is characterized
by high and evolving rates of birth and death that will almost decrease
each other. People mainly live in rural areas and their main occupation
is the backyard agriculture sector. The higher education sector, which
includes transportation, commercial banks, and insurance, is
underdeveloped.
All of these things are responsible for the low income and poverty of
the crowd. Social and cultural beliefs play a vital role in keeping the
birth rate high. The mortality rate is also high due to old hygiene and
lack of medical facilities. People live in an unclean, unhealthy
environment.
As a result, they are plagued by disease and a lack of proper medical
care is causing many deaths. The mortality rate is very high for the
poor. Therefore, high birth rates and mortality rates remain the same
over time to stabilize equity and population growth.
SECOND PHASE:
It's called the explosion phase. At this stage the mortality rate
decreases while the birth rate remains high. Agricultural and industrial
production is increasing, transportation and communication are
improving. There is a huge movement of workers. Education is on the
rise. The price is going up. People get more quality with food products.
Medical and health facilities
During this phase economic development is accelerated as a result of
individual and government efforts. More use of better technology, use of
equipment and urban transportation is possible. But there is no major
change in men, in the attitude of the people which is why the birth rate
remains high that is, economic growth has not yet begun to affect the
birth rate.
Because of the growing gap between birth and death rates, the
population is growing at a very high rate and that is why it has been
called the explosion phase. This is the “Growth” phase in human
development where the population is growing at an increasing rate, as
indicated in the statistics, with a decrease in mortality rates and no
change in birth rate.

• THIRD STAGE:

It is also seen as a population because the population continues to grow

at a rapid rate. At this stage, the birth rate compared to the mortality
rate drops dramatically. As a result, the population is growing at an
alarming rate. This stage proves the decline in the birth rate while the
mortality rate remains unchanged because it has already dropped to a
very low level. Birth rates are declining due to the impact of economic
development, changing attitudes and expanded family planning areas.
The population continues to grow rapidly as the mortality rate stops
declining and the birth rate or decline but remains higher than the
mortality rate.
• FOURTH STAGE:
It is called the standing class. Birch levels and mortality rates are both
low and close to balance. The birth rate is about the same as the
mortality rate and there is a small increase in population. It is more or
less standing on a lower level.

URBANIZATION
Before the change in the death toll in the cities they used to give them
more deaths than were born and they were only fed on the migration
of rural people. As the death toll decreases the urban mortality rates
fall below the number of deaths in rural areas. Urban dwellers make a
living even though migration to the cities, which means that a growing
number of people in urban areas, require the continuation of rural
areas to people migrating to cities.

THE QUALITY OF PEOPLE

A notable feature of the modern era is the increase in "quality" and
population. In economics, quality or people's money is taken in the
same way as education. Over the past hundred years we have seen a
dramatic increase in the physical and mental development of children,
as evidence of achievement at higher levels of adults (Fogel and Costa
(1997)) and IQ (Neisser (1998)) schools, even in the unrelated sector of
education. These benefits are due to the development of healthy and
healthy eating in the first few years of life
 Mortality
This is linked to the debate over the importance of nutrition, reliance on
wildlife and income-dependent, and community health measures due to
exogenous advances in health information on the development of a
history of mortality. Evidently, the death revolution began in rich
countries and spread to poorer countries. It is also problematic that the
implementation of basic public health measures requires that public
health be a policy objective and that there is a basic infrastructure for
the delivery of public health services. Sen (1991) reported that
democracy plays an important role in ensuring the provision of basic
food and public health services. This suggests that historically the timing
of the death toll in each country depended on its level of political
development.
However, although this may have been true before 1950, since then all
countries have begun a death change. To some extent this is simply a
process of technological advancement but aided by the fact that
technology and funding are available from international organizations to
support these initiatives. This supports Dyson's argument that at least in
modern times, the death toll is very high. While the death toll has had a
significant impact on economic and social development it is important to
know that the duration of a healthy life is beneficial to human well-
being.
CASE EXAMPLES:
In many ways, the Indian population is the envy of the world. As
the population of countries such as China, the US, and Japan grows,
the Indian population is dwindling-:
this increase in the number of working people should create a
“segregation of the population” that could increase economic growth.
However, according to a study by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), this
will depend on India's declining participation rate. The study, Atri
Mukherjee, Priyanka Bajaj and Sarthak Gulati examined the impact of
change on the Indian population on economic outcomes between 1975
and 2017. Instead of population growth, they suggest that the growth of
the working population is crucial to economic growth.
The number of people working in India is now increasing due to the
rapid decline in birth and death rates. The age-related dependence rate
in India, the proportion of people who depend on (children and the
elderly) in working age (14- to 65-year-olds), is expected to begin to rise
by 2040, as estimated by the UN.
However, this growth will depend on those who are in the age of
working people actually working. The authors point out that the level of
labor participation in India is declining, especially among rural youth
(aged 15 to 29) and women. For India to harness the power of its
beautiful landscapes, the authors say it is important to address this.
UNEMPLOYMENT
Unemployment occurs when a diligent job seeker is unable to find a
job. Unemployment is often used as a measure of economic health.
The most common unemployment rate is the unemployment rate,
which is the number of unemployed people divided by the number of
working people.

TYPES OF UNEMPLOYMENT
1. Frictional Unemployment
Unemployment occurs when a person is in the middle of a job.
After a person leaves the company, it naturally takes time to find
another job, making this type of unemployment last for a while.
2. Cyclical Unemployment
Ongoing unemployment is the difference in the number of
unemployed workers in times of economic downturn and job
losses.
3. Structural Unemployment
Unemployment is due to technological changes in the economic
structure where labor markets operate. This leads to
unemployment among workers leaving jobs that are no longer
needed.
4. Institutional Unemployment
Institutional unemployment is unemployment resulting from
long-term or permanent institutional conditions and economic
incentives.
CAUSES OF UNEMPLOYMENT

1. Caste System:
In India the class system is in full swing. The work is not allowed in
certain castes elsewhere. In most cases, the work is not done by
qualified individuals but is given by a member of the community. So
this results in inefficiency.

2. Slow Economic Growth:

India's economy is underdeveloped and the role of economic growth
is slowing. This slow growth fails to provide enough employment
opportunities for the growing population.

3. Increase in Population:
Continued population growth has become a major problem in India.
It is of the main causes of unemployment. The unemployment rate is
11.1% in Schedule 10.

4. Agriculture is a Seasonal Occupation:

Agriculture is underdeveloped in Bharat. It provides seasonal
employment. giant a part of population depends on agriculture.
however, agriculture being seasonal provides work for a couple of
months. thus, this offers rise to state.

5. Fall of Cottage and Small industries:

Industrial development has had a devastating effect on small houses
and small industries. The production of the cottage industry began to
decline and many craftsmen were unemployed.
EFFECTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT
• Poverty: Unemployment and poverty go hand in hand. The
problem of unemployment is causing the problem of poverty.
Thus job growth can also reduce poverty in the country.

• Non-social activities: Young people after long periods of

unemployment find the wrong way to earn money. This includes
all anti-social activities such as trafficking, growth of rowdies etc.

• Drug use: Rise in alcohol and other drugs due to the pressure of
not having a proper source of income.

• Suicide: The organization usually does not accept the

unemployed and the income. This attitude of avoidance always
undermines people's self-esteem. Unemployed youths therefore
accept suicide as the last resort in their lives.

• Low economic growth: due to a lack of productivity and labour

distribution the country is losing its economic growth. This
affects the development of the country.

• Increased crime rate: As unemployed youth have nothing to

do they start robbing, killing etc.

• Health problems: unemployment affects the health of the

unemployed physically and mentally. It therefore reduces the
health and well-being of the individual.
SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEM OF UNEMPLOYMENT
• The first solution to unemployment is to control population growth
in our country. The government should encourage people to have
smaller families.
• The Indian government has started a population control program
but still the number of people and the inability to provide them with
jobs is a problem
• . Improve the quality of education and provide effective education
• Young people should be given the knowledge and encouragement
to choose the path they prefer rather than the desire of another.
These goals will help her reach higher levels of life.
• Government should encourage and develop agricultural support
industries in rural areas so that rural candidates do not relocate to
urban areas. Much work should be done in rural areas for part-
time employees.
• Industrial growth should be accelerated.
• Rural development will halt the migration of rural people to cities
and this will not put much pressure on urban activities.
• Foreign currencies. The government should allow more foreign
companies to open their units in India.

STATISTICS ABOUT UNEMPLOYMENT IN INDIA

•Unemployment Rate in Republic of India slashed to four.90 % in 2013
from 5.20 % in twenty12.

• Unemployment Rate in Republic of India averaged seven.32 % from 1983

till 2013, reaching associate all time high of nine.40 % in 2009 and a record
low of four.90 % in 2013. percentage in Republic of India is reportable by
the Ministry of Labor and Employment, India.

• In 2017, the percentage in Republic of India was calculable to be

three.52 percent.
ILLITERACY
• Illiteracy similarly as practical illiteracy were outlined on the
twentieth session of United Nations Educational Scientific and
Cultural Organization in 1978 as follows: A person is illiterate UN
agency cannot with understanding each browse and write a brief
easy statement on his way of life. A person is illiterate UN agency
cannot have interaction all told those activities within which
accomplishment is needed for effective functioning of his cluster
and community and conjointly for sanctionative him to still use
reading, writing and calculation for his own and therefore the
community’s development.

• UNESCO says,
Literacy could be a elementary right and therefore the foundation
for long learning. it's absolutely essential to social and human
development in its ability to rework lives. for people, families, and
societies alike, it is an instrument of authorization to boost one’s
health, one’s financial gain, and one’s relationship with the planet.
The uses of accomplishment for the exchange of information square
measure perpetually evolving, beside advances in technology.

ILLITERACY A RETARDANT IN INDIA: Illiteracy affects a private all

told areas of their life.
Associate in Nursing illiterate individual cannot browse and write,
and so cannot be a part of the personnel or may fit as unskilled
labor, lack awareness to create Associate in Nursing informed call
that affects them and their community.
MAIN REASON BEHIND ILLITERACY:
Illiteracy in Asian country is owing to a posh internet of social and
economic divide within the country.
Economic disparities, gender discrimination, caste discrimination,
and technological barriers cause illiteracy in Asian country.
Asian country has the biggest population of illiterate adults, that any
contribute to the current vicious circle of illiteracy in Asian country.
State with lowest accomplishment rate in India: Bihar has very
cheap accomplishment rate in Asian country, at 61.80%, whereas
India’s accomplishment rate is seventy-four.04%. feminine
accomplishment rate in Bihar stands at fifty-one.5%, whereas the
male accomplishment rate is far higher, at 71.2%.

INDIA’S RANK IN LITERACY:

According to the 2005 United Nations Educational Scientific and
Cultural Organization world Education observation Report, which
contains the 2001 census, Asian country hierarchical 106 out of 127
countries surveyed in terms of accomplishment. Asian country ranks
123 out of a hundred thirty-five countries in terms of feminine
accomplishment rate.

LITERACY RATE IN INDIA:

Literacy rate in Asian country stands at seventy-four as per Census
2011. there's a stark distinction between male and feminine
accomplishment rates, that stand eighty-two and sixty fifth
severally. there's a wider gap in accomplishment rates of various
castes. The accomplishment rate of scheduled Tribes stands at fifty-
eight.96%, whereas the scheduled Castes is at sixty six.10%
Is illiteracy the cause of poverty?
There is a very strong relation between illiteracy and also poverty.
Literacy is “the ability to read and write”. Therefore, an illiterate
person, unable to read and write, cannot find a skilled job and is
forced to do unskilled work. This affects her income, quality of life and
ultimately her ability to provide quality education for her children.
This could mean that her children will not be able to develop their
skills and get a better job and end up out of poverty. An illiterate
person cannot get proper health care, understand their basic rights
and the same demands.

Causes of illiteracy
Lack of access:
Many villages do not have their own schools, which means that
children have to walk miles every day to and from classes. Some
families do not see the value of spending time with their children
when they need help with their homework or to work to support
themselves.
Caste Discrimination:
Although the law says that all children should receive an education, in
reality children from lower classes or Dalit (Affected) families are
abused at school - by their classmates and even by their own teachers.
This leads to an increase in schooling and even encourages children to
go to school early.
Preference for boys:
Poor families can't always afford the heavy school fees - and if they
have to choose between educating their son or daughter, they are
more likely to choose a son. That's because Indian culture expects
boys to provide for their parents when they grow up… but girls will get
married and leave their families. Millions of girls have never been sent
to school because it is considered a waste of valuable resources

SOLUTIONS TO ILLETRACY
Illiteracy creates several hurdles in the development of a country and
affects every person in that country. Here are five ways by which we
can end illiteracy in India:
• The RTE Act (2009) has resulted in accrued entry of youngsters in
colleges, however the Act is applicable for kids between 6-14 years
ancient. Children, particularly lady kids, United Nations agency drop out
of college when fourteen years ancient, notice it virtually not possible to
continue their education. The scope of the Act should be accrued to form
education accessible to each individual.
2.Accrued investment in government schools:
Due to lack of funds, the govt. schools are unable to speculate in
providing basic facilities to kids. Lack of functioning bogs, hand- laundry
space, and potable compels kids, particularly lady kids to drop out of
school. On the opposite hand, non-public colleges with high-end
facilities charge immoderate fee creating it not possible for those from
the marginalized communities to access services. Increasing
government expenditure publically colleges can build them additional
accessible.

3. Job coaching:
Often faculty education alone doesn't offer the talents needed to enter
the manpower. the present system of memorisation while not sensible
coaching affects the standard of education and fails to develop employable
talent sets. Thus, vocational education is very important to fill this gap.
4.TEACHER COACHING
The education system can't be increased while not trained and educated
academics. Lack of qualified academics in each public and personal
colleges impact learning outcomes of youngsters. there's a desire for
forceful changes to make sure that colleges rent qualified academics,
availableness of qualified academics, and opportunities for people to be
trained as academics.
Steps were taken by the govt to enhance literacy
standards in India
• The government conducts various scholarship examinations and
provides school uniform, textbooks and stationery in order to
encourage students and adults to take up studying.

• The Mid Day Meal Scheme was launched by the government in 1995
to provide students free food grain so as to improve enrolment,
attendance, and retention in government schools.

• Samagra Shiksha Programme was launched by the government with

the broader goal of improving school effectiveness. This will be
measured in terms of equal opportunities for schooling and equitable
learning outcomes.

• Awareness campaigns were launched in rural areas to create

awareness among people about the importance of education. They
were encouraged to attend or send their children to colleges.
POVERTY
Poverty is a state or condition in which a person or community lacks the
financial resources and essentials for a minimum standard of living.
Poverty means that the income level from employment is so low that basic
human needs can't be met. Poverty-stricken people and families might go
without proper housing, clean water, healthy food, and medical attention.
Each nation may have its own threshold that determines how many of its
people are living in poverty.
TYPES OF POVERTY
On the basis of social, economical and political aspects, there are different
ways to identify the type of Poverty:
1.Absolute poverty: It is a condition characterized by severe deprivation
of basic human needs, including food, safe drinking water, sanitation
facilities, health, shelter, education and information. It depends not only
on income but also on access to social services. For example, a family is
poor if it is not able to earn food, water or even a basic kutcha house to
live.
2.Relative Poverty: It is a level of household income which is considerably
less than median income of the country. It is the lack of resources when
compared to other members of the society. It is a relative concept
therefore it differs across countries. For example, a family may be
considered poor if it is not able to send their children in good school even
though they have basic amenities like food, water, shelter etc.
3.Situational Poverty: It is temporary in nature and occurs due to some
adverse situation like earthquakes, floods or some severe health problem.
For example, a family earns decent income of $400 per month and is able
to meet basic necessities of life. One day earthquake hits the city and
destroys their house; earning member of family loses his job. So a well off
family suddenly becomes poor overnight.
4.Generational Poverty: This type of poverty is inherited by household.
The two to three generation born into poverty and they do not have tools
to come out of this situation.
5.Rural Poverty: It occurs in non-metro areas with population less than
50,000 inhabitants. Due to lesser population, the area lacks basic services
and amenities which is the cause of their financial struggle.
6.Urban Poverty: It occurs in areas with population of more than 50,000
inhabitants. These families live in much stressed condition due to
overcrowding. They lack basic necessities like affordable housing.
CAUSES OF POVERTY
SOLUTIONS TO POVERTY

1. Develop and implement rapid and sustained economic growth

policies and programs, in areas such as health, education, nutrition
and sanitation, allowing the poor to participate and contribute to the
growth. Studies show that a 10 percent increase in a country’s average
income reduces poverty by as much as 20-30 percent.

2. Improve management of water and other natural resources.

Most ofthe rural poor depend on agriculture or other natural
resources for their livelihood. Consequently, it is necessary that they
have more equitable access to those resources so they are better able
to manage their resources.

3. Invest in and implement agricultural programs. China has

helped 800 million people out of poverty since 1978. As a part of its
strategy to eradicate poverty by 2020,
DOWRY
The dowry system in India refers to the durable goods, cash, and real or
movable property that the bride's family gives to the bridegroom, his
parents, or his relatives as a condition of the marriage. Dowry stemmed
from India's skewed inheritance laws, and the Hindu Succession Act
needed to be amended to stop the routine disinheritance of daughters.
Dowry is essentially in the nature of a payment in cash or some kind of
gifts given to the bridegroom's family along with the bride and includes
cash, jewellery, electrical appliances, furniture, bedding, crockery,
utensils, vehicles and other household items that help the newlyweds
set up their home.

CAUSES OF THE DOWRY

Various reasons have been suggested as cause of dowry practice in
India. These include economic factors and social factors.
ECONOMIC FACTORS
There are many economic factors that contribute towards the system of
dowry. Some of these include inheritance systems and the bride's
economic status.
Some suggestions point to economics and weak legal institutions on
inheritance place women in disadvantage, with inheritances being left
only to sons. This leaves women dependent upon their husbands and
in-laws, who keep the dowry when she marries. Prior to 1956, including
during the British Raj, daughters had no rights of inheritance to their
family's wealth. In 1956, India gave equal legal status to daughters and
sons among Hindu, Sikh and Jain families, under the Hindu Succession
Act (India grants its Muslim population the Sharia derived personal
status laws).
Despite the new inheritance law, dowry has continued as a process
whereby parental property is distributed to a daughter at her marriage
by a social process, rather than after parents death by a slow court
supervised process under Hindu Succession Act (1956).
Dowry gave, at least in theory, women economic and financial security
in their marriage in the form of movable goods. This helped prevent
family wealth break-up and provided security to the bride at the same
time. This system can also be used as a premortem inheritance, as once
a woman is presented with movable gifts, she may be cut off from the
family estate.
SOCIAL FACTORS
The structure and kinship of marriage in parts of India contributes to
dowry. In the north, marriage usually follows a patrilocal (lives with
husband's family) system, where the groom is a non-related member of
the family. This system encourages dowry perhaps due to the exclusion
of the bride's family after marriage as a form of premortem inheritance
for the bride. In the south, marriage is more often conducted within the
bride's family, for example with close relatives or cross-cousins, and in a
closer physical distance to her family. In addition, brides may have the
ability to inherit land, which makes her more valuable in the marriage,
decreasing the chance of dowry over the bride price system.
In addition to marriage customs that may influence dowry, social
customs or rituals, and parents expectations of dowry are important
factors to consider. A 1995 study showed that while attitudes of people
are changing about dowry, dowry continues to prevail. In a 1980 study
conducted by Rao, 75% of students responded that dowry was not
important to marriage, but 40% of their parents' likely expected dowry.
While India has been making progress for women's rights, women
continue to be in a subordinate status in their family. Women's
education, income, and health are some significant factors that play
into the dowry system, and for how much control a woman has over
her marriage.
RELIGIOUS FACTORS
Dowry in India is not limited to any specific religion. It is widespread
among Hindus and other religions. For example, Indian Muslims call
dowry as jahez, justify the practice in terms of jahez-e-fatimi.
Islamists classify jahez into two categories: The first comprises some
essential articles for the outfit of the bride as well as for conjugal life.
The other is made up of valuable goods, clothes, jewelry, an amount of
money for the groom's family, which is settled on after bargaining. The
jahez often far exceeds the cost of the baraat and marriage parties. The
jahez is separate from cash payment as Mahr or dower that Sharia
religious law requires.

SOLUTIONS TO DOWRY
Important steps to eradicate dowry
• Educate your daughters
• Encourage them to have their own career
• Teach them to be independent and responsible
• Treat them (your daughter) equally without any discrimination
• Do not encourage the practice of giving or taking dowry
LAW ON DOWRY IN INDIA
The Dowry Prohibition Act 1961 deals with dowry in India.
ABOUT THE LAW
This Act prohibits the practice of giving or taking of dowry by either
parties to a marriage. This law also punishes demanding and advertising
dowry.
It imposes a duty on parties getting married to make a list of gifts and
presents.
If dowry has been exchanged at a wedding anyway, it imposes a duty
on the person who is given dowry to give it to the bride.
Note that the more serious crimes in relation to dowry such as dowry
death and cruelty from dowry demands are punishable under the
general law on crimes – the Indian Penal Code, 1860.
PERSONS PUNISHED BY THIS ACT
Any person who gives or takes dowry (minimum punishment of five
years),
Any person who helps someone to give or take dowry; Anyone who in
any way demands dowry,
Anyone who advertises and offers to give money or property in return
for marrying his son, daughter or relative,
Anyone who publishes these advertisements,
Anyone who does not hand over the dowry to the bride within the
specified time.
CRIME
Crime consists of conduct that is in violation of federal, state or local
laws. When a law is broken, there is a penalty imposed. The penalty can
include a loss of one's freedom or even one's life. Without a law to
indicate the particular prohibited behavior, there can be no crime.
Therefore, even if an individual's behavior is so horrible that it is
shocking, it will still not be considered criminal if there is no law making
it a crime.

CATEGORIES OF CRIME

There are three categories of crime:

Felonies Misdemeanors

Violations (also known as infractions)

Felonies are the most serious of crimes that one can commit. Felonies are
punishable by one year or more imprisonment. In fact, there are some
states which impose the death penalty for certain types of felony crimes.
Felony crime includes personal crimes, such as murder, robbery and rape.
Other types are crimes against property, including burglary or larceny.

One well-known celebrity case that involved a felony charge was the
murders of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ron Goldman. Celebrity O.J.
Simpson, the former husband of Nicole Brown Simpson, was charged with
the murders of the two victims. After a lengthy public trial, O.J. Simpson
was found not guilty of the felony murder charges.
Misdemeanors are less serious crimes. These crimes are punishable by

Misdemeanors are less serious crimes. These crimes are punishable by

less than one year imprisonment. Examples of misdemeanors include
assault, battery or writing bad checks. For instance, in 2011, actress
Lindsay Lohan pled guilty to a misdemeanor charge for stealing a $2,500
necklace.

Finally, violations are less serious than misdemeanors and include traffic
violations or violations of town or city ordinances. Recently, actor Alec
Baldwin received a ticket for riding his bicycle down the wrong side of the
road in New York City. This is an example of a violation of a New York City
ordinance.

TYPES OF CRIME

There are many different types of crime. One category of crime is crimes
against individuals, often called personal crimes. The harm that is
sustained due to a personal crime is always against a person.

This category of crime includes:

Murder Forcible rape Robbery

Aggravated assault Terrorism

Causes of Crime
CAUSE OF CRIME

• The Oxford Dictionary defines a crime as an action or omission which

constitutes an offence and is punishable by law. A crime is a fact, a matter
of law and it is not an opinion. As society changes, some actions which
used to be criminal are no longer so. Likewise some actions which were
legal can become prohibited.

• An example of this is the introduction of by-laws which allow local

authorities to prohibit drinking in designated public places. Laws are
made by the politicians we elect democratically - we may not agree with
the law but there are democratic opportunities to change it.

• In a democratic society someone charged with a crime has the

opportunity to defend him/herself. He or she will be deemed innocent
until proven guilty by a criminal court. Punishments traditionally reflect
the seriousness of the crime, the most serious are those which involve
violence and/or loss of life.

• The causes of crime are complex. Poverty, parental neglect, low self-
esteem, alcohol and drug abuse can be connected to why people break
the law. Some are at greater risk of becoming offenders because of the
circumstances into which they are born.

INDIVIDUALIST AND COLLECTIVIST APPROACH

• Individualists tend to focus on personal weakness as the reason a crime

is committed. If someone chooses to offend, that is their responsibility
and if caught, they should suffer the consequences. Individualists believe
that if punishments were stronger and the police and courts had more
powers, there would be less crime.

• Collectivists feel that society is unequal and some people are at greater
risk of being influenced by criminal behaviour, often through the actions
of parents or friends.

• In order to tackle crime, collectivists feel that social conditions which

create the catalyst for crime need to be addressed. This could be through
better housing, improved employment opportunities and a more equal
society to make crime less of an attraction. If people are in work and are
content with life they will be less likely to break the law.

• Most recent governments at a UK and Scottish level see merit in both

the individualist and collectivist beliefs and accept that there are
underlying causes of crime. But individuals also need to accept

responsibility for their actions. It is the government’s job to tackle crime,

both its causes and the offenders. Former Prime Minister David Cameron
said the government must think hard about dealing with the causes of
crime not just the results of crime.

SOLUTIONS TO CRIMES

• Create, implement and monitor a national action plan for violence

prevention.

• Enhance capacity for collecting data on violence.

• Define priorities for, and support research on, the causes,

consequences, costs and prevention of violence.

• Promote primary prevention responses.

• Strengthen responses for victims of violence.

• Integrate violence prevention into social and educational policies, and

thereby promote gender and social equality.

• Increase collaboration and exchange of information on violence

prevention.

• Promote and monitor adherence to international treaties, laws and

other mechanisms to protect human rights.

• The commissions agree on the role of municipalities, because they are

best able to organize the strategies to tackle the risk factors that cause
crime. The European Forum for Urban Safety and the United States
Conference of Mayors have stressed that municipalities must target the
programs to meet the needs of youth at risk and women who are
vulnerable to violence

• Now a days criminality is at the top amongst college and university

going students. Therefore. It is a high time to establish crime prevention
centres at University level. It can be devoted to identify the root causes of
crime and make earnest efforts for crime prevention through empirical
studies and effective policy planning.
DRUG ADDICTION
Addiction is a disease that affects your brain and behavior. When you’re
addicted to drugs, you can’t resist the urge to use them, no matter how
much harm the drugs may cause.
Drug addiction isn’t about just heroin, cocaine, or other illegal drugs. You
can get addicted to alcohol, nicotine, opioid painkillers, and other legal
substances.
At first, you may choose to take a drug because you like the way it makes
you feel. You may think you can control how much and how often you use
it. But over time, drugs change how your brain works. These physical
changes can last a long time. They make you lose self-control and can lead
you to damaging behaviors.

TYPES OF DRUG ADDICTION:

Most Common Types of Addiction
Almost any chemical or foreign substance that alters one’s mind can be
addictive. Within the United States, some of the most common addictions
are the following:
Prescription medication (painkillers, stimulants, anti-anxiety pills)
• Methamphetamines
• Cocaine
• Opiates
• Marijuana
• Hallucinogens
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF RECENT USE CAN INCLUDE:
• A sense of euphoria or feeling "high"
• A heightened sense of visual, auditory and taste perception
• Increased blood pressure and heart rate
• Red eyes
• Dry mouth
• Decreased coordination
• Difficulty concentrating or remembering
• Slowed reaction time
• Anxiety or paranoid thinking
• Cannabis odor on clothes or yellow fingertips
• Exaggerated cravings for certain foods at unusual times
CAUSES OF DRUG ADDITION :
Like many mental health disorders, several factors may contribute to
development of drug addiction.

The main factors are:

• Environment: Environmental factors, including your family's beliefs and
attitudes and exposure to a peer group that encourages drug use, seem to
play a role in initial drug use.
• Genetics: Once you've started using a drug, the development into
addiction may be influenced by inherited (genetic) traits, which may delay
or speed up the disease progression.

PREVENTIONS AND REMEDIES

Take these steps to help prevent drug misuse in your children and
teenagers:

• Communicate: Talk to your children about the risks of drug use and
misuse.

• Listen: Be a good listener when your children talk about peer pressure,
and be supportive of their efforts to resist it.

• Set a good example: Don't misuse alcohol or addictive drugs. Children of

parents who misuse drugs are at greater risk of drug addiction.

• Strengthen the bond: Work on your relationship with your children. A

strong, stable bond between you and your child will reduce your child's
risk of using or misusing drugs.
CHILD LABOUR
Child labor is the practice of having children engage in economic activity,
on part or full-time basis. The practice deprives children of their
childhood, and is harmful to their physical and mental development by
blocking access to education.

IMPORTANT CAUSES OF
CHILD LABOUR IN INDIA
• Poverty,
• Lack of good schools
• Growth of
informal economy.

A Vicious Circle
CHILD LABOUR STATISTICS
• % Across world 61% in Asia, 32% in Africa, and 7% in Latin
America, 1% in US, Canada, Europe and other wealthy nations.
• Asia
In Asia, 22% of the workforce is children. Approximately 10 million
bonded children laborers are working in south Asia.
• Census India
According to the census 2001 figures there are 1.26 crore working
children in the age group of 5-14 as compared to the total child
population of 25.2 crore.
• Hazardous processes
There are approximately 12 lacs children working in the hazardous
occupations/processes which are covered under the child labor
(prohibition & regulation) act
• India accounts for the second highest number where child labor
in the world.
• National sample survey organization (nsso) in 2004-05, the
number of working children is estimated at 90.75 lakh. It shows
that the efforts of the government have borne the desired fruits.
• Africa accounts for the highest number of children employed and
exploited.

CAUSES
Primary causes
• ILO suggests poverty is the greatest single cause behind child labor.
• For impoverished households, income from a child's work is
usually crucial for his or her own survival or for that of the
household.
• Income from working children, even if small, may be between 25
to 40% of these household incomes.
• Other scholars all across the world have reached the
same conclusion.
Cultural causes
• In European history child labor was common, certain cultural
beliefs have rationalized child labor and thereby encouraged it.
• Some view that work is good for the character-building and
skill development of children
• In many cultures, particular where informal economy and small
household businesses thrive, the cultural tradition is that
children follow in their parents' footsteps;
• Similarly, in many cultures the education of girls is less valued, and
these girls pushed into child labor such as providing domestic
services.

Macroeconomic causes
• A study on five Asian nations including India, Pakistan, Indonesia,
Thailand and Philippines on this factor was done.
• They suggest that the causes for child labor include both the
demand and the supply side.
• While poverty and unavailability of good schools explain the child
labor supply side
• Inflexible labor market, size of informal economy, and lack of
modern manufacturing technologies are major factors affecting
demand and acceptability of child labor.
THE POLICY FRAMEWORK SURROUNDING CHILD LABOUR

• The key international laws dealing with child labor include the UN
Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989 (CRC) and the
International Labor Organization (ILO) conventions on the
Minimum Age for Admission to Employment of 1973 (ILO
Convention138) and on the Worst Forms of Child Labor of 1999
(ILO Convention182).
• India has not ratified either of the two ILO conventions and also
made a reservation to article 32 of the CRC at the time of
ratification stating that it would apply the article in a progressive
manner, according to its national legislation and international
commitments, especially in relation to the minimum age.
Related national legislations: ·
Child Labor (Prohibition and Regulation) Act (1986), “to prohibit
the engagement of children in certain employments and to
regulate the conditions of work of children in certain other
employments” (preamble of the CLPR Act). It excludes a section of
toiling children in the unorganized sectors including agriculture, as
well as household work. ·
• National Policy on Child Labor (1987), with a focus more on
rehabilitation of children working in hazardous occupations
and processes, rather than on prevention. ·
• Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act 2000 (the JJ
Act) and amendment of the JJ Act in 2006: includes the working
child in the category of children in need of care and protection,
without any limitation of age or type of occupation. Section 23
(cruelty to Juvenile) and Section 26 (exploitation of juvenile
employee) specifically deal with child labor under children in need
of care and protection. · The Right to Education Act 2009 has made
it mandatory for the state to ensure that all children aged six to 14
years are in school and receive free education. Along with Article
21A of the Constitution of India recognizing education as a
fundamental right, this constitutes a timely opportunity to use
education to combat child labour in India.

INDIA’S 2011 CENSUS SHOWED THAT:

• There were more than 10.2 million “economically active” children in
the age group of five to 14 years – 5.6 million boys and 4.5 million
girls,
• Eight million children were working in rural areas, and 2 million
in urban areas,
• Although in rural settings the number of child workers reduced
from 11 million to 8 million between the 2001 and 2011
censuses, over the same period, the number of children working
in urban settings rose from 1.3 million to 2 million