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\ α ⊗ (x ⊕ y) = (α ⊗ x) ⊕ (α ⊗ y) u
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(α + β) ⊗ x = (α ⊗ x) ⊕ (β ⊗ x) u
i (αβ) ⊗ x = α ⊗ (β ⊗ x) u
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B = {b1 , . . . , bn } V n
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ck
x1 − δc1 , . . . , xk−1 − δck−1 , δ , xk+1 − δck+1 , . . . , xn − δcn .

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x 1 = 0, . . . , x k−1 = 0 k+1 n k
−δc1 , . . . , −δck−1 , δ, −δck , . . . , −δcn ,

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 a1  a2   a3   a4  a5  b

1 1 1 1 1 9
G=  2   1
     −1   1   1   4 
 1  ,  −1
, 
  1 ,  0 ,  1 
      
 1 
3 0 0 1 2 5
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a1
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¡ ¡
a5 b
H_ Z"bJg e1
¡ ¡ ¡
qWe"c}>lWfNlWc e2
¡ −1
¡ ¥ ¡ ¡
e3
e4
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¥ ¥ ¡
↓
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a_HZ"bJgN1lWdcrq5^ }<\Hf}Ntc Iu*\HfNf>\cHe"^J^ i"g>\Hc hHwWe"^Jddc
u lWhHw hWe"de"f>_H^Jye"^Je"p \HZT\
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e"^Je"pvde"c
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e"^rqW~"hWe"Z"db7uolWhHwve"^ WgNZ"WfQ\hWe"de"f>1_H^Jyke"^Je"p
gNlWf>_} qW~"hWbJhWlWgNZ}Ntc\hWe"de"f>_H^JyOe"^Je"pvpve"^7 ccHlWfjpvbJdze"dupv~"h\Oa_HZ"bJgNlWdcrq^
pT\Hf>\Hzo}UqWe"c}>lWfNf>\pve"hWc\HmNtc \' δ 5_Hdw\HzlWg}M Z"Z"e"^{\HZ}<_Hd \hWe"de"f>_H^Jye"^Je"p

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a2
¡ a3
¡ ¡
a4 a5
¡ b
a1
s¡
e2
e3 −2
−3
¥ −1
−1
¥
−1 −14
−8
e4 −3 −3 −2 −1 −22
a3
¥
a4
¥
a5 b
a1 −2
¡ −5
a2
¡ 1
H¥
14
e3 ¡ H¥
e4
a1
a3
−2
a5
¥ b
−5
a2 −3 −1 −6
H¥
a4 ¥ ¥ ¥
e4
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s\H^7ugNe"p a sBe"^cbJi"gNe"fN~"^Jdb7 brqWe"^ bsBde"cv\HZ e sBfNe¦qWlWd\}>cHlWZ"y54 cHllWfNzbJd_}<_>\ ¥ u b
ne"3^JJfN\}>y5\HZ5\H^`_HaabpvyzlWd
a 4
b = −5a1 − 6a2 + 20a4 .

dde"ce"^rwWe"gNgN~"hW~"f W^ pve"hbJgUhHw WZze}>dc
vY G qWe"c}>lWfNfNe"dzgNZ"e"ff>\HdhM>\ ~"g
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b∈
\ bsBde"c\HZ e4 sBfNe qWlWd\}>cHlWZ"y cHllWfNzbJd_}<_>\¦dt^J^`_}>yW^Wc^JWdaWZ ^Je"ddeHuW\HccHlWf
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b∈
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pve"hW\}<_HfNlWZ}>tc5\jcHqWe}>cHe"Z5e"hHwWe"d^Je}>fNe"dzgNZ"e"f
e"hHwa_HZ"bJg<pve"hWlW^Jz_Hg>_}M
x1 + x 2 + x 3 + x 4 + x5 = 9
2x1 + x2 − x3 + x4 + x5 = 4
x1 − x 2 + x 3 + x5 = 1
3x1 + x4 + 2x5 = 5

Y[Z u u u u i"g>\HcthHw\Hd e"hHwa_HZ"bJgNpveIs
hWlW^Jzx_H1g"*=Y[−5 fNfNyW^7ux2lWhH=w&−6
pve"hWlW^Jxz3_H=ge"0hHwgNZ"xe"4fN|O=a20
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2 4
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h_H^`\}>lH}[e"^rqW~"hWe"Z"db7Y cHlWpvm\}>bJabJ^Jbr}<_Hg]qbJZ"gNh_H^`\}Ue"fNe"zpv~"dwWe"cH~"d}thHw\HdbJg GsBde"c
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pve"hW\}<_HfNlWZ}>tc
e"hHwWe"de"ce"Z"e"c dj (i = 1, . . . , r; j = r + 1, . . . , k) qH\HhHwbJg
i
aj = dj1 a1 + . . . + djr ar j = r + 1, . . . , n .
ccHlWf[\HZUe"hHwWe"d^Je}>fNe"dzgNZ"e"f[JhHwbJg]JfN\}>y
a1 x1 + . . . + ar xr + dr+1 r+1

1 a1 + . . . + dr ar xr+1 + . . .
+ dk1 a1 + . . . + dkr ar xk = d01 a1 + . . . + d0r ar .

brqWe"^\ H
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u
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xi + dr+1
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qH\HhHwO_}>fNe"dze"ZqWe
xi = d0i − dr+1
i xr+1 − . . . − dki xk (i = 1, . . . , r) .
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u\HZ x , . . . , x qH_H^r}>lWZ"yWc\}
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e"hHwWe"d^Je}>fNe"dzgNZ"e"f0e"hHwTpve"hWlW^Jz_Hg>_}U PCHGI@2J4 KrFHGI2J;UST698RKr3F; c\HmNtcv~"g0\HZ e"hHwWe"ds
^Je}>fNe"dzgNZ"e"fQpvbJdze"dTpve"hWlW^Jz_Hg>\je"^ _H^J^Jr}>\}>y bJ^rw5pvyzlWd \gNZM\Ha\Hzde"pka_HZ"bJg<
qH_H^r}>lWZ"yWcd\Hcdt^J^`\U~"f}>~"cHe}Q\Hztdc
uo\HccHlWf{\HZ0JhHwkc\HmlH}N}[m\Hf}>bJct^`_HfNbJg<pve"hWlW^Jz_Hg
e"hHwOa_HZ"bJgNpve"hWlW^Jz_Hg"
Y gNZM_Hpvr}<_HgNb*e"^ >_Hf>_HgUthHw\Hd\HZHupvbJd}U\OcHlWpvm\}>bJabJ^Jbr}<_Hg]qbJZ"gNh_H^`\}>d_H^7 Z"lWc_Hg
\HZ"lWda\Hd bJ^rwWe"dcHlWfk\qWe"c}>lWfNlWc\}&\lWZ"ZM_}<\Hf}>lWZ"yqH_H^r}>lWZ"yWcc\H^ fNe"mfNe"Z"e"d}<_H^Jdb7u\HZ
e"hHwgN~"hHqWe"c}>lWfNlWc\} me"zbJh&de"p JfANtccb7 Y gNZM_Hpvr}<_HgNlWc\}]JhHwO\&cHqWe}>cHe"Z }>WpvWf
nlWfNpT_Ha\HdqW~"hWe"Z"e}Nce"^7
x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 b x2 x3 x4 x5 b x3 x4 x5 b x 3 x5 b
x1 1 1 1 1 9 1 1 1 1 9 −2 0 0 −5 −2 0 −5
x2 2 1 −1 1 1 4 −3 −1 −1 −14 3 1 1 14 −3 −1 −6
x4 1 −1 1 0 1 1 −2 0 −1 0 −8 6 2 20 6 2 20
3 0 0 1 2 5 −3 −3 −2 −1 −22 6 1 2 20 0 0 0

Y[Zje"hHwWe"d^Je}>fNe"dzgNZ"e"f _H^r}<\H^`_HdlWgpve"hWlW^Jz_Hg>\o
x1 = −5 + 2x3
x2 = −6 + 3x3 + x5
x4 = 20 − 6x3 − 2x5
\m^7\HZ u ~"f}>~"cHe"cHe}v\HzNtc\gNZM\Ha\Hz qH_H^r}>lWZ"yWcd\Hc
u \HccHlWf5\HZ
u x3 = 1 x 5 = 1
u u u m\Hf}>bJct^`_HfNbJg¦pve"hWlW^Jz_Hg} c\HmNtc
u
\Hpv
x b}>e"fNpv~"gNZ"e}>e"gNe"dde"p a_HZ"bJgNpve"hWlW^Jz_Hg"
1 = −3 x2 = −2 x3 = 1 x4 = 12 x5 = 1
Y cHlWpvm\}>bJabJ^Jbr}<_Hg qbJZ"gNh_H^`\}>lH}U~"g]\HZ e"^Je"pvb

a_HZ"bJg}>f>\HdgNZnlWfNpT_Hi"bJyWg{}>e"i<dbJc_}I

pT_}>fNb xOf>\HdhM>_Hd\HcOpve"hW\}<_HfNlWZM_Hg>_HlWZj~"g[pT_}>fNb xbJdqWe"fNZ"~"de"ccbJgNZM_Hpvr}<_Hg>_HlWZjbJg
^Je"e}[\HgNZ"d_H^Jdb7]Y[Ze"^ Waab\HZ"~"f} ^Je"e}>gN~"hWe"g"upve"f}[\vpT_}>fNb xf>\HdhM>\v\HZlWgNZ"^JlWms
qWe"c}>lWfNfNe"dzgNZ"e"fN~"de"c\f>\HdhM>\qH\HhHwbJgQ\HZ[lWgNZ"^JlWmqWe"c}>lWfNlWcTcHWZ"â_HfNpve"^rwva_HZ"bJgNa\
aeqWlWd\}>yqWe"c}>lWfNlWcpT\xobJpT_H^JbJg¦gNZM_HpT\o5Y ne"d}>be"hHwWe"d^Je}>fNe"dzgNZ"e"fe"hHwo}N}>\}>y
pT_}>fNb x_Hd\Hc¦f>\HdhM>\ ubJgNZ"e"dmlWd}>lWg>\Hde"ddwbr}}>tzo}>tdcj\HZ lWgNZ"^JlWmqWe"c}>lWfNlWcUcHWZ"^
\5a_HZ"bJgNa\5aeqbJddb7 nsBfNe"dz| A pT_}>fNb xbJdqWe"fNZ"eme"zbJhv\HZ
Ax1 = e1
...
Axn = en
z\Hf>\Hae"hHwWe"d^Je}>fNe"dzgNZ"e"f e"hHwW~"f}>e"^Jpk|kpve"hWlW^Jz_Hg>_HayW^\[\HZbJdqWe"fNZQ^J~}>e"Z"bJco-c\Hms
\}>y
n
A−1 = [x1 , . . . , xn ] .
Y[Z


1 1 1
A= 0 1 1 
1 0 1
pT_}>fNb x bJdqWe"fNZ"~}\HZ{\H^`_HaabWgNZM_Hpvr}<_HgNlWcc\H^\}<_HfNlWZ"\}Ntc pve"h0e"^Je"pvba_HZ"bJg}>f>\HdgNZIs
nlWfNpT_Hi"bJyWc&gNlWfNlWZM\}<_MqH\H^7
a1 a2 a3 e1 e2 e3 a2a3 e1 e2 e3 a3 e1 e2 e3 e1 e2 e3
a1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 −1 0 1 −1 0
a2 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 −1
a3 1 0 1 0 0 1 −1 0 −1 0 1 −1 1 1 1 1 1
↓
A−1
[Y Z AA−1 = I e"hHwWe"d^WgN~"he"^J^Je"d WfNZ"~"gN~qWe"^]hHw W Zze}>dcpve"h \HfNfNyW^7ulWhHw
qH\H^JyWa\Hd\HZ A bJdqWe"fNZ"~}[gNZM_Hpvr}>lH}N}>tcvcb7
"!(')*+ (',-"!
F="KrCH@BR;2J;ST6GI@B6@B:<;
e"cbJd}>gNdcTe"hHw K 2AE6>FHGI2J;{PG>R>8HGNCHSTRM=F;2

M6KrC3CH@BR@ \HZ td 4WCHERE2J4 ;jCHKrC4WL<CHE
x≥0
Ax = b
¡
c0 x −→ max
\HlW^ne"^r}>e"gNgNZ"c
ulWhHw'\HZ A m × nsBe"gpT_}>fNb xgNlWf>\Hb ^JbJdeM_HfNbJg>\Hd nhWhWe}>^Je"de"c ~"g
u0qH\H^`\HpvbJd}TlWhHw¢\HZ Ax = b e"hHwWe"d^Je}>fNe"dzgNZ"e"fNde"c qH\Hd ^Je"h\H^`_Haa¤e"hHw
^Je"e}>gN~"hWe"gTa_HZ"bJgNpve"hWlW^Jz_Hg>\o Y[Z_H^r}<\H^`_HdlWgNg>_HhcHlWfN^`_}>lWZM_Hg>\ d~"^Jc^]ne"^r}>e"e}Nc
u
b ≥ 0
lWhHw\HZ x0 = [x0 , x0 ] de"pvde"h\}>rqa_HZ"bJgNpve"hWlW^Jz_Hg hHwm\Hf}>Ji"bJlWd_H^J\}>yulWhHw
}<\Hf}<\H^JpT\HZ"ZM\vB\va_HNZ"bJgqH_H^r}>lWZ"yWc\}kcHH}>H}N}[bJgNpve"fNe}>^Je"de"coIu x me"zbJh\vde"pka_s
xB
Z"bJgqH_H^r}>lWZ"yWc\}gNZM\Ha\HzbJgNpve"fNe}>^Je"de"coI dde"cpve"hHne"^Je"^ e"dm\HNf}>Ji"bJlWd_H^ NtcT\HZ A
pT_}>fNb xolH}MuqH\H^`\HpvbJd}Q\ c qWe"c}>lWf}[bJg"
A = [B, N] ,
c0 = [c0B , c0N ] .
Y pT_}>fNb xlWgNZ"^JlWm\Hb}>e"_}[\HZ lWgNZ"^JlWmqWe"c}>lWf}>e"fN~"de"ce"hHwOa_HZ"bJg>_}0\Hz>_Hcg]JhHw
\ B A
BxB + NxN = b
e"hHwWe"d^Je}>fNe"dzgNZ"e"fNa W ^7u\HZ
xB + B−1 NxN = B−1 b

e"cqbrqH\H^Je"dge"hHwWe"d^Je}>fNe"dzgNZ"e"f}c\HmNtc
u\Hpve"^rwa W ^\HZ gNZM\Ha\Hz&qH_H^r}>lWZ"yWc~"f}>~"cH~}
dt^J^`_Hd\Hc&qH_H^`\HgNZ}NqH\&\HZ xN
xB = B−1 b
xN = 0
a_HZ"bJgNpve"hWlW^Jz_HgNlWZ¦Nto}>tdc

e"^r}>~}>e"^Je"Z"~"gNdcgNZ"e"fNbJd} −1 ugJhHwe"e"Z\
a_HZ"bJgNpve"hWlW^Jz_HgNlWZ}<\Hf}>lWZ"yOi"~"^rnhWhHqW~"dwW~"f}>~"c
c0 B−1Bb b \ ≥B0−1b > 0 u\HccHlWf
\gNZ"yWa\Hd nlWfNhWyOa_HZ"bJgNpve"hWlW^Jz_Hg} E6Sv36986E6GNFHK @EBC4 ue"^J^Je"dcHe"Ze"gNe}>ae"d 36986E6
GNFHK @EC4 deqWe"Z"Z"c
Y e"hHwWe"d^ WgN~"hWe}Qne"^J\HgNZ"d_H^rqH\\HZ
qWe"c}>lWf}[\HZT ¡ i"~"^rnhWhHqW~"dwW~"aee"^rwWe}N}>e"gNr}NqWe\HZ\H^`_Haabxe"Bcq=brqH\HB^Je"dg0b^J−bJdeMB_HfNbJgNx
mfNlNs
−1 −1
hWf>\HpvlWZM_HgNbne"^`\Hz\}>lH}0c\HmNtc

xB ≥ 0, xN ≥ 0
xB + B−1 NxN = B−1 b

c0B B−1 b + (c0N − c0B B−1 N)xN −→ max
bJd}>lWhHw[ne"^r}>e}N}>c
ulWhHw B−1b ≥ 0 u~"gpvbrqWe"^ x ≥ 0 u\ c0 −c0 B−1N ≤ 0
e"hHwWe"d^H}>^Je"dgN~"hne"dd_H^J^`_Hg>\e"gNe}>~"d$\HZ x = B−1b u Nx = 0 aN_HZ"bJgNpvB e"hWlW^Jz_Hg>\\
kne"^`\Hz\}>d\Hc
uQgJhHw \qWe"^Jee"cqbrqH\H^Je"dBg ¡ 9sBde"c$bJgvNlWmo}>bJpT_H^JbJg5pve"hWlW^Jz_Hg>\oY
ne"^`\Hz\}[}>e"_}\HZHu-lWhHwcHe"fNe"gNgNdc \HZ Ax = b e"hHwWe"d^Je}>fNe"dzgNZ"e"fNde"c e"hHwlW^rw\Hd
a_HZ"bJgNpve"hWlW^Jz_Hg>_}Mu\Hpve"^rwfNe\ −1 ~"gT\ 0 e"hHwWe"d^ H}s
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x1 + x3 − x4 + x5 ≤ 7
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6x1 + 3x2 + 2x3 + x4 − 4x5 −→ max
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x1 x2 x3 x4 x5
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−z 6 3 2 1 −4 0
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¡
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x1 = x2 = x5 = 0, x3 = 4, x4 = 13, u1 = u3 = 0, u2 = 16
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4
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x1 = 0, x2 = 13, x3 = 4, x4 = 0, x5 = 0, u1 = 0, u2 = 3, u3 = 0, z = 47 .
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= e"2^J^Je"d WfNbJZ"e}Nc
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\ x−y+z−u = 1
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a
x
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+ u = −3
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a) x 1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , x5 ≥ 0
x1 + 2x2 + 3x3 + x5 ≤ 100
x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 ≤ 80
x1 + x3 + x4 ≤ 50
2x1 + x2 + 3x3 + x4 + 2x5 −→ max
¡

b) x 1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ≥ 0
x1 + x 2 + x 3 ≤ 8
2x1 − x2 + x4 = 12
7x1 + 3x2 + 4x3 + 6x4 −→ max
c) x 1 , x2 , x3 ≥ 0
x1 + x2 + 2x3 ≤ 5
2x1 + x2 + x3 ≥ 2
x1 + x2 + 3x3 −→ max
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"! $#&%'"!(')*+$(',-"!

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b = −5a1 − 6a2 + 20a4 .

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