4.6 SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS = 103 , ti 2 ; z| I & + } Gal jth interval i | v ¥ 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 Degrees Figure 3.24 Measurement of deviation factor of the synchronous generator generated voltage; Source: Ref. [20]. ‘Though ithe generators produce little harmonics by themselves’ these’are sen: sitive to harmonic loading. "This!is S because synchronous generators have limited negative sequence capability, Chapter 8, 3.6.2. Third Harmonic Voltages and Currents Generator neutrals have predominant third harmonic Voliges. Ina wye-connected Peneralor, with’ the neutral grounded through’ high impedance, the third harmonic Voltage’ increases: toward) the neutral,’ while’ the’ fundamental frequency’ voltage decreases, The third harmonic’ voltages ar line “and ‘neutral'can vary ‘considerably ‘with Toad. Figure 3.25 shows the fundamental frequency and third harmonic voltage distri- bution, typical of synchronous generators. Figure 3.25(a) shows that the fundamental frequency voltage decreases linearly to the neutral point, whereas 3.24(b) shows that the third harmonic distribution crosses somewhere in the middle of the wind- ings under normal operating condition. Fora ground faultin)the’Stator windings towards the néutral, the third harmonié voltage distribution is shown in Fag. 3.25(c); in increases ar the line terminals“and decreases ar neutral! When the Heutrals of the generators are grounded throligh high résistance, current limited to no more than 1OA\ (equal to the stray capacitance ‘current of the system; generally in system configura: tion Where the penerat6r and stép up transformer are directly connected toa utility HV system) this fundamental and third harmonic voltage profile is used to provide 100% stator Winding protection against ground faults [22:23]. Normally, the generator winding wye neutrals are not solidly grounded) Some- times! generators of smaller ratings’ may be solidly ‘proundedy When Such solidly grounded ‘generators are paralleled ‘on the same bus; large’ third harmonic currents ani Circulate in the #enerator windings: "Thermal overloads can occur Inis a 00d Practice not to solidly ground any: generator. A resistance’introduced in'the genera> tor neiitral limits these third harmonic currents. A third harmonic current of 20A was