MODULE 4

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

Overview:
Man’s environment consists of natural resources like air, land, water, plants, and
animals. With the progress of industrialization and civilization, man has interacted with his
surroundings and disturbed the nature. It leads to environmental pollution, which cannot be
eradicated by nature’s self-acting process, i.e., various biogeochemical cycles.
Environmental damage around includes pollution of water and air and consequent
health problems, biodiversity loss, deterioration of buildings and monuments, soil fertility
loss, desertification, ozone depletion, and many more. Environmental protection and
management have become one of the foremost concerns of the world as well as the
Philippines.
Philippines is one of the most vulnerable countries to climate-related disasters
because of its location, geographical circumstances, and socio-economic conditions.
Therefore, great imperative should be given to disseminate information and to educate the
people about the ramifications of environmental issues especially about biodiversity
conservation and climate change.
This module covers Republic Acts and other Laws on Environmental Protection, Solid
Waste Management and Proper Waste Disposal, Preventing Air Pollution, Water Resource
and Pollution, and Coping with Climate Change.

Objectives:

At the end of this module, the students should be able to:

• define environmental protection, climate change, solid waste management, air pollution
and water pollution;
• discuss fully and apply solid waste management;
• familiarize themselves with the ways of reducing air pollution;
• recommend measures to maintain good water quality; and,
• develop volunteerism in taking care of the environment.

Course Materials:

Unit 1: Republic Acts and Other Laws on Environmental Protection

Republic Act No. 9152 - An act to promote environmental awareness through

environmental education and for other purposes. This Act is known as the “National
Environmental Awareness and Education Act of 2008.”

Sec. 2 Declaration of Policy -- Consistent with the policy of the State

to protect and advance the right of the people to a balanced and

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 healthful ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature,
and in recognition of the vital role of the youth in nation-building and
the role of education to foster patriotism and nationalism, accelerate
social progress, and promote total human liberation and development,
the state shall promote national awareness on the role of natural
resources in economic growth and the importance of environmental
conservation and ecological balance towards sustained national
development.

Republic Act 9003: January 26, 2001 -- This is an act providing for an ecological
solid waste management program, creating the necessary institutional mechanisms
and incentives, declaring certain acts prohibited and providing penalties, appropriating
funds thereof and for other purposes.

Republic Act No. 9275: March 22, 2004 – An act providing for a comprehensive water
quality management and for other purposes.

SECTION 2. Declaration of Policy – The State shall pursue a policy of

economic growth in a manner consistent with the protection,
preservation and revival of the quality of our fresh, brackish
and marine waters.

Republic Act 8749: June 23, 1999, “Philippines Clean Air Act of 1999” - An act
providing for a comprehensive air pollution control policy and for other purposes.

Republic Act No. 9147 – An act providing for the conservation and protection of
wildlife resources and their habitats, appropriating funds therefor and for other
purposes.

Republic Act No. 9175 – An act regulating the ownership, possession, sale,
importation and use of chainsaws, penalizing violations thereof and for other purposes
CHED Memorandum Order no. 33 Series of 2009 – CMO which mandates the integration
of Environmental Education in the Tertiary Education Curriculum particularly the Civic Welfare
Training Service component in the National Service Training Program

This part is optional:

Please Watch:

Environmental Laws (Philippines) at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YVhOEehUyIA

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Please Read:

Major Environmental Laws at http://ecac.emb.gov.ph/?page_id=43

Unit 2: Solid Waste Management and Proper Waste Disposal

We have an “out of sight, out of mind” attitude towards garbage disposal. The system
of garbage disposal can be described simply as: tapon (by the individual, household); hakot
(by government trucks and/or private contractors); tambak (in open dumpsites); kalat (due to
improper manner of disposal, retrieval, inadequate collection and over-congestion in
dumpsites); sunog (to burn the pile of uncollected garbage). The cycle is unending.

As part of the problem, we should break the cycle and take the initiative to be part of
the solution. The tragedy that has befallen the residents of Payatas dump site in Quezon City,
when its mountain of garbage toppled down burying many shanties as well as garbage-
pickers, should strengthen our desire to do something about our wasteful lifestyles.

Schools are cradle of values formation and students form the majority of is community.
When we educate students on the rationale, theories, and practice of solid waste
management, we form a strong alliance with future leaders who would largely affect the future
stewardship of our environment.

Paradigm Shift

Dump vs Raw
Waste
Material
Waste site

Raw Materials Use

Old Paradigm
New Paradigm

Source: Solid Waste Management Bureau Module for School. Quezon City: Miriam College-
Environmental Studies Institute and Environment Management Bureau-DENR, 2005.

The following are the steps on proper waste disposal. Complying with these steps,
individuals can help the government in enacting the enabling laws. This will largely aid the
resolution of ecological problems and contribute to environment-conservation.

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I. Segregating

It is the process of separating biodegradable and non-biodegradable garbage.

Biodegradable is a type of waste which can be broken down in a reasonable amount

of time, into its base compounds by micro-organisms and other living things regardless of
what those compounds may be. On the other hand, non-biodegradable refers to materials that
do not break down naturally or take an inordinate amount of time to do so. When thrown away,
these materials cannot be dissolved by the bacteria, fungi and living organisms in the air,
moisture climate in the soil.

Hence, biodegradable materials decompose naturally unlike non-biodegradable.

From these classifications, sub-groupings could be made depending on the kind and bulk of
waste an establishment produces. Classifying our wastes will help us dispose garbage
properly.

Below is table that shows classification of wastes present in the Country. Generally,
wastes can be classified as biodegradable and non-biodegradable.

Non - Biodegradable
Biodegradable
Recyclable Residual Hazardous

food waste white paper (bond Styrofoam (styro busted lamps

yard waste paper, notebook cups, electronic batteries
wet tissue sheets) fillers) CDs
wet paper card board/ carton plastic spray
(corrugated boxes, composite and canisters
folders) wrappers (candy paint cans
newspaper/ and junk food
magazines (tin cans, wrappers,
aluminum cans, shrinking straws,
aluminum foils, wires) paper plate with
glass (bottles, broken foil)
ceramics) disposable
PET bottles (drinking utensils (single
water bottles) use plastic
spoons, fork,
disposable cups)
rubber
others: clothes,
shoes, slippers,
yarn

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II. Composting

It is the process where biodegradable waste is placed in a certain tank or a hole for a
certain time to let it decompose with the help of decomposers like yeasts, worms, and moulds.
After the decomposition, the decomposed waste can now be used as a fertilizer for plants.

Here are the steps in composting.

1. Chop biodegradable wastes into finer portions. The smaller the size of organic wastes,
the faster the compost will be ready for use.

2. Mix up the biodegradable wastes and place them into the composters. Do not burn
on top of the piles or composters because the heat will kill the biological
“decomposers”, thus, delaying the composting process.

3. Sprinkle a small amount of water. Moisture is essential for microbial activity. Protect
the composters from accumulating too much liquid to avoid leaching (garbage juice).

4. Sprinkle or layer with soil so as not to invite flies and to control odors. Place the soil in
between the layers of the mixture.

5. Aerate the pile. Turn it once or twice a month to provide the necessary oxygen to
hasten the composting process.

6. When the interior of the pile is no longer hot and the material has broken down into a
dark and dry soil, the composting is finished.

Types of Small-Scale Composters are:

1. Twin Pits

Dig into (1m x 1m x 1m) one-half meter apart.

Put small twigs at the bottom and place a
hollow tube for air inlet. Follow the rules for
composting, using the pits by turns. For an
average household, it might take a month to fill
each pit, thus allowing sufficient time for the
materials to decompose or mature into soil
conditioners.

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 2. Tower Tires

Make two piles of old car tires directly

on the ground and use them as containers for
composting. To aerate, just insert anything in
between the tires. If placed directly on
cemented ground, line the bottom with soil.

3. Bottomless Composters

Old drums, cans, plastic water

containers with the bottoms off, even
an old jute or rice sack with bottom
seam ripped off and supported by 3
pegs or cheap posts.

4. Clay Flower Pots

Compost

Have ten flower pots. Use

flower pots by turns. By the time the
tenth pot is full, in about a month’s time,
empty contents of the first pot and use
as soil conditioner for
plants/trees/lawn. Pots may be stacked
one on top of another but keep
contents moist.

5. Plastic Bag Composters

Line plastic bags with soil,

place chopped biodegradable top with
soil/leaves, moisten, then stack them
on top of one another while awaiting
collection. In few weeks’ time, these
become clean, safe, odorless compost,
very good for plants.

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 6. Compost Bins

These may be constructed

from chicken wire or any durable
“basket” material for small-scale
composting. They are designed to
adequately accommodate the
necessary materials or ingredients
and to allow access of air.

III. Recycling

It is the most useful and helpful way of waste management. Non-biodegradable waste
can be recycled by creating helpful and useful things out of it like the plastic bottles can be
made as house decorations while used magazines can be made into beautiful pillows.
Recycling can also be a source of income in the community, can really reduce pollution, save
natural resources, and conserve energy in the households.

This part is optional:

Please Watch:

Solid Waste Management: A Video Documentary at

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GRwhQvmkBXw

I Witness Documentary “Plastic Republic” at

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qGNCK_buzNk

Unit 3: Preventing Air Pollution

Air pollution is a life-threatening problem in Manila. "Air pollution" means any alteration
of the physical, chemical and biological properties of the atmospheric air, or any discharge
thereto of any liquid, gaseous or solid substances that will or is likely to create or to render the
air resources of the country harmful, detrimental, or injurious to public health, safety or welfare
or which will adversely affect their utilization for domestic, commercial, industrial, agricultural,
recreational, or other legitimate purposes (Clean Air Act of 1999).

The Clean Air Act of 1999

Republic Act 8749, now known as the Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999, was approved
by the then President Joseph Ejercito Estrada on June 23, 1999. The act provides for a
comprehensive air pollution control policy and for other purposes, such as the filing of an
administrative action against violators of the standards or limitations set by the act or any

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order, rule, or regulation issued by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources
(DENR) regarding such standard or limitation, as well as the imposition of fines and penalties
(for example, a fine of not more than P100,000 for each day of violation against the owner or
operator of a stationary source until such time that the standards have been complied with).

The seven-chapter act contains provisions for basic air quality policies, air quality
management, air pollution clearances and permits for stationary sources, and pollution
standards for the three sources of air pollutants (stationary sources, motor vehicles, and other
sources). One important section (Sec. 24) prohibits smoking in public places (buildings,
enclosed places, vehicles, or enclosed areas).

The DENR is the primary government agency responsible for the implementation and
enforcement of this act, but it shall consult, participate, cooperate, and enter into agreement
with other government agencies, or with affected nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) or
people’s organizations (POs), or private enterprises. Local government units (LGUs) shall,
likewise, share the responsibility in the management and maintenance of air quality within
their territorial jurisdiction.

Air Pollutants

Air pollutants are any substances in air that could harm humans, animals, vegetation,
or materials when they occur in sufficient concentration. The pollutants (which may be solid
particles, liquid droplets, and/or gases) are generally grouped into two major types:

1. primary pollutants, which are emitted directly from sources, and

2. secondary pollutants, which are produced in the air by an interaction between

two or more primary pollutants, with or without sunlight.

Based on the World Bank report, there are more than 100 identified air pollutants, and
they are categorized into particulates of various sizes, oxides of sulfur and nitrogen, volatile
organic compounds (VOCs), and ozone (O). Noise and odor are also considered pollutants.

Air pollutants like the visible smoky automobile exhaust or the plume from an industrial
chimney invoke public concern because of the health hazards and odor nuisance they
present. Some pollutants, such as carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO ), sulfur
dioxide (SO ), and very fine particles, are not visible, but they are equally or even more
damaging for human health and the environment.

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 In the Philippines, the sources of air pollution are of three kinds: (1) mobile sources
consisting of transports, such as buses, cars, and motorcycles; (2) stationary sources
comprising industries and power plants, and (3) area sources like road dust, construction, and
burning.

Reducing Air Pollution (as suggested by DENR)

For vehicle owners/motorists

1. Maintain your vehicle engine regularly. Change oil every 5,000 kilometers. Use the right
grade of engine oil. Have regular engine tune-ups.
2. Clean the air filter regularly. It is important to maintain the right amount of air in the engine
to ensure the complete burning of diesel fuel. A dirty air filter can obstruct the entry of air
into the engine.
3. Make sure the engine capacity is suited to the size of the vehicle.
4. Observe proper driving habits. Avoid jackrabbit starts. Always use the correct gear
position.
5. Travel only at speeds set by traffic regulations and suitable to road conditions.
6. Avoid leaving your engine idling.
7. Plan your trips well and save on fuel.
8. Don’t overload. Overloading strains the engine’s capacity. Remove unnecessary things
from the trunk.
9. Keep tires properly inflated.
10. Make sure the exhaust pipes are well-maintained.

For commuters and office workers

1. Take the bus or patronize the mass railway transit whenever you can.
2. Use company vehicles wisely and make sure they are well-maintained.
3. Use natural lighting during the daytime. Make sure that lights use energy efficient.
4. Try talking to the jeepney, bus or tricycle driver about the benefits of proper vehicle
maintenance as well as the high health risks of air pollution and improper driving
practices.

For homeowners and homemakers

1. Use low-watt bulbs or energy-saving lights.

2. Limit the use of air-conditioning units and keep the temperature a few degrees higher.
3. Don’t burn your garbage.
4. Work with residential associations to stop the burning of garbage in your neighborhood.
5. Avoid using aerosols.
6. Dispose of refrigerants, refrigeration equipment, and used coolants properly.

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For everyone

1. As much as possible, walk or ride your bicycle instead of taking motorized transport.
2. Report smoke belchers to the MMDA, LTO, and other appropriate local government
units and organizations.
3. Spread the word about the ban or smoking in public places.
4. Talk to people on what they can do about stopping of air pollution.

This part is optional:

Please Watch:

Air Pollution in Metro Manila at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lRG3yllALVQ

Salamat Dok: Causes and Effects of Air Pollutioon at

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=irywtgENGwU

Improving Air Quality in the Philippines at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jOm1Snyl3vA

Unit 4: Water Resource and Pollution

Water as a Vital Ecosystem Resource

Water is vital to the sustenance of all forms of life on earth. There is no substitute for
fresh water, and its depletion in quantity and quality has an all-encompassing effect not only
on society but also on the country’s economy and on its ecology. Without water, people die,
economic activities stop, and ecosystems are destroyed.

Water plays a significant role for sustainable development, including poverty reduction.
The ever-increasing use, abuse of, and competition for precious water resources have
intensified over the past years, resulting in water shortages, water quality degradation, and
aquatic ecosystem destruction, all of which are now seriously affecting prospects for social
and economic development, political stability, and ecosystem integrity.

Problems in Water Resources Management

Despite a series of active efforts in the water sector, there seems to be a continuing
momentum in the degradation of the country’s dwindling water resources creating problems
like water scarcity, water pollution, rising groundwater extraction, degradation of watersheds,
and poor condition of coral reefs.

Water scarcity. Some 450 million people in 29 countries are now suffering from water
scarcity because of geographical and climatic factors, and since the demand for water is
growing, severe water shortages will affect many other countries, not only those in arid and

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semi-arid regions. The UN estimates that about 5.5 billion or as much as two-thirds of the
world’s population are on the verge of facing inadequate water supply by 2025.

The Philippines is one of the most populous countries in Asia and the world. While
most of the population still resides in the rural areas, urban migration has increased steadily,
and urbanization is adding pressure in providing water supplies. Supplying water to an urban
center whose population is rapidly expanding requires the installation of more expensive and
sophisticated water facilities since water must be derived from distant areas.

There are nine water-critical urbanized areas in the Philippines where water is
consumed intensively: Metro Manila, Metro Cebu, Davao, Baguio City, Angeles City, Bacolod
City, Iloilo City, Cagayan de Oro City, and Zamboanga City.

Water pollution. About half of the world’s 500 major rivers and all rivers running
through Asian cities are badly polluted. The sources of water pollutants are domestic sewage,
industrial wastewater, agricultural runoff, stormwater runoff, and naturally occurring sources.

Domestic sewage is wastewater discharged from residential, commercial, institutional,

recreational, and industrial facilities where wastes are generated through the use of dining
facilities, shower rooms, and toilets. Commercial sources are hotels, restaurants, and malls,
while institutional sources are hospitals and schools. Industrial wastewater is discharged by
industries after water has been utilized in production purposes. Industries like canneries,
chemical plants, food and beverage plants, pulp and paper factories, and textile mills
discharge wastewater laden with organic load, chemicals, and solids. Agricultural run-off, the
wastewater from farms, contains fecal materials, soil particles, fertilizers, and pesticides.
Stormwater run-off, which results from rainfall, causes turbidity and contamination of receiving
water bodies.

Naturally occurring or geologic sources are volcanic eruptions, floods, earthquakes,

tsunamis, tropical cyclones, El Niño and La Niña episodes, heavy rains, and drought. Volcanic
eruptions, for instance, can completely obliterate river channels because they substantially
increase the sediment load and other inorganic load of waterways. Heavy rains, on the other
hand, erode denuded forest lands, mountains, hills, and plains resulting in turbidity, solid
concentration, and silting in streams.

Rising groundwater extraction. Groundwater, or water in the soil, is the water

storage for the dry season. The country has an extensive groundwater reservoir with an
aggregate area of about 50,000 km2, and the total available groundwater supply is estimated
at 20,200 m3/day, but some of it is too deep and too expensive to extract. Extraction for use
and groundwater extraction of as much as 65 percent may be carried out without the required
permit. Those with permits, however, generally extract 20-60 percent more than their
allowable levels because of the absence of a metering system and effective monitoring.
Consequently, the unabated extraction of groundwater by illegal users and the declining

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aquifer recharge rates have led to saline intrusion in Metro Manila and Metro Cebu and to
pollution of groundwater from domestic sewage, factory wastes, and agriculture chemicals.

Degradation of watersheds. According to Avelino, about 70 percent of the country’s

total land area consists of watersheds—421 river basins, 18 of which are major and 119,
covering 1.36 million hectares, have been proclaimed watershed reservations—with drainage
areas ranging from 5,000 to 2.5 million hectares. Many major basins are now in critical
condition because of over-exploitation and mismanagement, and their degradation has
resulted in accelerated soil erosion, surface runoff, siltation of dams and reservoirs, poor water
quality, flash flooding, prolonged drought, and other ecosystem imbalances. Most of the
watershed reservations are also degraded after having been subjected to various forms of
cultivation and settlement.

Poor condition of coral reefs. Avelino reports that the latest inventory of the
country’s coral reef areas of about 27,000 km2 shows that only 4.3 percent of the reefs are in
excellent condition. Almost one-third of all fish species live on the reefs, while 55 percent of
the country’s fish consumption depends on them and on seagrass beds at various stages in
their life cycles.

Maintenance of Good Water Quality.

To ensure the availability and sustainability of freshwater, the following

countermeasures have to be instituted:

1. water conservation at home, in schools, at the offices, and other places;

2. increasing the efficiency of irrigation systems;
3. safeguarding all wetlands from destructive activities;
4. development of crop varieties that need less water and those that are drought-
resistant;
5. large-scale reforestation of denuded watersheds;
6. cleaner production in industries (recycling wastewater, good housekeeping);
7. provision of clean water for underdeveloped localities through aggressive water
programs and achieving UN targets to halve by 2015 the proportion of people unable
to reach or to afford safe drinking water; and
8. enactment of appropriate laws, such as Republic Act 9275 or the Philippine Clean
Water Act of 2003 that was signed into law on March 22, 2004, which provides for
comprehensive water quality management, and for other purposes like the
streamlining of processes and procedures in the prevention, control, and abatement
of pollution of the country’s water resources.

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Waterway Stewardship

Waterway Stewardship is an application of the theory of governance to the concrete

condition of NCR waterways: consolidation of various efforts and initiatives from the
government, private sector and the civil society toward rehabilitation and preservation of
waterways and its environs.

Reasons for Stewardship

• Instill sense of individual and collective accountability

• Make efficient and effective use of resources
• Save the environment

Phases of Waterway Stewardship

• Groundworking
• Community Organizing
• Capacity Building
• Mobilization
• Waterway Convergence

This part is optional:

Please Watch:

Born to be Wild: San Juan River at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hfaCbe98JpQ

PURPCOMM PSA “Water Pollution in the Philippines” at

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2u-SfLjWf6Y

Unit 5: Coping with Climate Change

Climate change is primarily caused by the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the

atmosphere, trapping heat of the sun commonly known as the greenhouse effect. The
“Greenhouse Effect” is the warming that happens when certain gases in Earth’s atmosphere
trap heat. These gases heat from escaping, like the glass walls of a greenhouse that is why it
is called greenhouse effect.

First, sunlight shines onto the Earth’s surface, where it is absorbed and then radiates
back into the atmosphere as heat. In the atmosphere, “greenhouse” gases trap some of this
heat and the rest escapes into space. The more greenhouse gases are in the atmosphere,
the more heat gets trapped.

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 Addressing climate change requires adaptation and mitigation strategies.
Adaptation refers to the adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or
expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial
opportunities. On the other hand, mitigation in the context of climate change pertains to
human intervention that address anthropogenic or human-induced emissions by sources and
removal of all greenhouse gases, including ozone-depleting substances such as carbon
dioxide and carbon monoxide.

The Philippine government created the Climate Change Commission through Republic
Act 9729 otherwise known as the Climate Change Act of 2009.

The Climate Change Commission is the sole policy-making body of the government
tasked to coordinate, monitor, and evaluate action plans of the government related to climate
change. The Commission is also tasked to formulate the National Framework Strategy on
Climate Change and the National Climate Change Action Plan. The National Framework
Strategy on Climate Change is a technical document which is the basis to protect vulnerable
communities from the adverse effects of climate change.

Reducing Green House Gases Emissions

Filipinos, as responsible citizens or stewards, can help reduce Green House Gases
(GHG) emissions which greatly cause climate change. Here are some of the ways:

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Lights. Change your incandescent light bulbs with compact
fluorescent bulbs. Turn off lights when not in use. Whenever possible,
bring natural sunlight into your home.

Vehicles. Those who have vehicles should have them regularly

serviced for efficient engine performance. For short distances,
you can just walk or use the bicycle.

Refrigerators. Regularly clean your refrigerator. Don’t set the

thermostat higher than what is necessary.

Energy Guzzlers. Minimize or avoid the use of home appliances

that eat up too much energy. Some of these are water heaters,
washing machines, dryers, dishwashers, and industrial fans.

Use Renewable Energy Sources. If you have the means, have

solar panels installed in your home to provide some of your
electricity needs. Use electricity coming from renewable sources
such as wind, geothermal or hydro, if available in your place.

Patronize Recycled Products. Buy recycled products

and actively help create a market for them. Before you
buy an item, check if the product or its packaging is
recyclable.

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 Reduce Consumption. Buy less, use less and re-use as much as
possible.

This part is optional:

Please Watch:

Global Warming 101: Natioinal Geographic at

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oJAbATJCugs

NTK: Epekto ng Climate Change at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xf22U4aV-LQ

Climate Change Explained at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ifrHogDujXw

ASSESSMENTS

Task 1
Instructions:
1. Make clippings of news reports and magazine articles on how air pollution and water
pollution can drastically affect people’s health and the environment.
2. Discuss your findings with family members to get additional input from them. Be ready
to prepare a written report on this.

Task 2
Instructions:
1. Document any kind of improper waste disposal. Take pictures of or videotape the
wrong practice as evidence.
2. List down ways of applying solid waste management as solution to these improper
ways.

Task 3
Instructions:
1. Observe your home environment.
2. List down good ways manifested in your home aligned with reducing greenhouse
emissions.

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 REFERENCES

Books and Modules

Avelino, Larry. “Water Resources Management.” Environmental Modules for Project ECO-
CORPS, PATLEPAM.

Bucao, Avelina C., et.al. Modules in National Service Training Program-Civic Welfare
Training Service, Copyright 2008

Teves, Lailanie G., et. al. Modules on Civic Welfare Training Service (CWTS).

Website References

“CLEAN AIR ACT - Republic Act 8749.” Grupong Sagip. 2003. 26 Apr. 2007;
http://www.gbgm-umc.org/Grupongsagip/cleanair.htm

Kjellstrom, T., L. van Kerkhoff, G. Bamme "Comparative Assessment of Transport Risks –

How It Can Contribute to Heath Impact Assessment of Transport Policies," Bulletin of the
World Health Organization 81 (6) (2003). qtd. in “Philippines.” U.S. Department of Energy.
Clean Cities. 12 Jul. 2005. 26 Apr. 2007;
http://www.eere.energy.gov/cleancities/philippines.html

Mogato, Manny. “Philippines Toughening Air Pollution Standards.” Planet Ark. Reuters
News Service. 23 Nov. 2005. 26 Apr. 2007;
http://www.planetark.org/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/33612/story.htm

“Philippines Environment Monitor 2002.” The World Bank Group. Nov. 2002. 23 Apr. 2007;
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTEASTASIAPACIFIC/Resources/Philippines2002

“Philippines Toughening Air Pollution Standards.” Planet Ark. Today’s Environment News.
Reuters News Service. 26 Apr. 2007;
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTEASTASIAPACIFIC/Resources/Philippines2002.p
df.

“The Key to Sustainable Water Management and Poverty Eradication.” UNDP/Energy

Environment. 24 Apr. 2007; http://www.undp.org/water/about_us.html.

The National Water Resources Board of the Philippines. “National Water Resources Board
Strategic Planning and Management of Integrated Water Resources Management in the
Philippines.” 24 Apr. 2007;
http://www.unescap.org/esd/Water/publications/water/wrs/85/08%20WRS-

“Wanted: A Breath of Fresh Air.” World Bank. 26 Apr. 2007;

http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPHILIPPINES/Resources/Pages1-20.pdf

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