Introduction:

Opening in rocks can be termed as fracture or voids. Fracture is a general term used for
a surface in material across which there has been a loss of continuity and strength of
rock. It can result from extension or shearing. While opening in the form of voids like
scoria and amygdaloidal basalt is when lava rich in gaseous content solidifies the gases
comes out, leaving its path as an opening.

Explanation:

Designing of single and multiple openings in rocks:

These openings are the result of stress being applied to the rock. Joint is an extensional
feature with very little or no displacement on the surface of the rock. When the stress
condition is similar thought the deformation or opening in the rock, then there will be a
single fracture. But if the stress direction has changed significantly or multiple phases of
deformation with stress applying from different direction leads to multiple opening in the
rock. When rock contains mineral minerals with various cleavage planes, then applying
the stress, multiple fractures may happen.

Compressive stress, tensile stress, and shear stress; all can produce an opening in the
form of fracture in the rock.

Factors influencing the design of openings:

Some factor that influences the design of opening in the rock are following:

1. Type of stress:

Like compressive stress forms two fracture in a rock while shear stress and tensile
stress creates multiple fractures at a time.

2. Mineralogy of rock:

The presence of minerals with cleavage planes, like mica with basalt cleavage, opens
the rock.

3. Amount of deformation:

More significant the deformation greater will be the number of fractures.

 4. Presence of fluid:

Opening may also result from erosion. Any minute opening can be widened by running
stream.

5. Temperature:

During the day and night, rock expands and contracts, respectively. This expansion and
contraction lead to the formation of an opening in the rock. The water inside the opening
freezes during winter nights and water expands as it converts to ice; this leads to the
widening of the opening.

Conclusion:

Single and multiple openings in the rock are the result of pressure conditions and stress
type. Multiple phases of deformation, presence of minerals with cleavage planes results
in multiple opening in the rock. There are factors like stress condition, mineralogy of
rock, amount of deformation, presence of fluid, temperature, influence the design of
opening in the rock. The Primary opening is a result of gaseous content in magma.