PEARSON EDEXCEL INTERNATIONAL A LEVEL aus‘atshes by Posen Edation Line, 80 Star, Landon, WO2R ORL. wwipersongboaechoolcom ‘Copies ool speciteabon ora Pearson qualifications ay be found on the ‘webate: hipe//quatteatons pearon.com “ext © Poaroon Eavoston Lites 2018 ted ny Ere Pract Designed by © Pearzon Eaueation Lets 2018 “ypest by TochSet La, Gstesheas, UK (rig uations © Pausan Eduction Lined 2018 ‘stood by © Tech Sat tc, Gatesnead, UK ‘Cove design by © Pearson Eacatan Lito 2018 “ho rights of Gog Atwood, Jack Baraloun, lan Betisen, Gordon Das, Ket Gales, Dania Glebe, Asta Machewon, Arne MeAloe Bronwen Man ‘5 Neholon, Dane Diver oe Pea, Keth Pledger. Cong San, Joe Serko, ay Sth, Gao Staley, Robert Ward Pony and Oave Whikns obscene a5 he autorsof the werk have boon aseotd by hem n accordance wit he ‘Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, Fret pba 2018 10987654921 ‘rsh Library Cataloguing n Pubcon Data ‘Nostlogie recor forte book aval fom th teh Ubrary Copyright noice [Anahi reserve. No pa ofthis publication ray be reproduced in ary frm or by {ary means (heucing phoxecopyng or stn in ary medium by econ means {nd hater or not anion riety to sore oor us of his pubicater) ‘uttrout he ween porrisson ofthe copy une, except accordance wih the prouons of he Copyright. Design and Pater Act 088 of under the rs ‘fa toorcoseued my the Copyrant Loaner Agere, amar on 06 Fer {apa London, ECAR TEN (uiula.coul. Appicatne fore copyright owners \writon permission shou be aderessod to the pubes Prete by Neogatia in Stovaka Plotre Croce ‘The blr would het thank the flowing for he Kd permission to reproduce thr petooraphe: ‘Nomy Stock Phot: Xa 8; Goty Image: Grok 150, Henalon and Sees 18, ‘rwaron ; NABA: 170 Science Photo Librery Lit CMS EXPERIMENT, CER; ‘Shutterstock com: Dain M85, Dae 159 tt 8 Cover images: Fro: Getty Images: Wear Vin Sin ‘rete rant cover: Shutterstock com: Dry Labarow Allothr images © Pearson Educator ‘larwork © Peston Edveaton Endorsement Statement rower to enaure hal hi retcuce fe highly sia forthe atocited Pearson auton, thas bob trou ave process by the awaring body “Ths proces covfme al thwsoure fy comes the teaching a earn contnt ofthe sposteaton or prof a soctoation at which ti med lso onfima that emonavates an appropiate balance betweon the devaonent fai sts role an ncetndig aan panton Ensocstmant a nt cover any gusance on atetementactitas or proceenea {@9-procice uestons or advice on how to wsewerasossrien questions) Iruted mtn recite, rer does t pesca parc appreach 10h teaching oF delivery ofa elated course. le the pubiars have made erry arp to enue that advice onthe (qualflcaton ands assessments accurate, the oficial epecfeaten ahd ‘icoited assesment gute mater re the any eave sere Irtoraton ana stous aways be refs to for dott guidance, Pearson examiners have nt contributed to any actions inthis resource relevant to ‘ramnaton papers er whien hey have responsbiy. ascecoment st by Poaron. Endorsmant of arovoure dees mean that he resource i rogue to schave ths Pearson quailtin, pox dows rea that Is tre ery eutabe matora avaible to support the qualcaton and ary rsource 1s produced by te awarding body shal icudo tha and ther approprateCOL COURSE STRUCTURE ABOUT THIS BOOK vi QUALIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW viii EXTRA ONLINE CONTENT x 1 ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS 1 2 QUADRATICS 18 3 EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES 36 4 GRAPHS AND TRANSFORMATIONS 57 REVIEW EXERCISE 1 81 5 STRAIGHT LINE GRAPHS 85 6 TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS 104 7 RADIANS 133 8 DIFFERENTIATION 150 9 INTEGRATION 170 REVIEW EXERCISE 2 181 EXAM PRACTICE 185 GLOSSARY 187 ANSWERS 190 INDEX 222aca CHAPTER 1 ALGEBRAIC CHAPTER 4 GRAPHS AND EXPRESSIONS 1 TRANSFORMATIONS 57 1.1 INDEX LAWS 2 4.1 CUBIC GRAPHS 58 1.2 EXPANDING BRACKETS, 4 4,2 RECIPROCAL GRAPHS 62 1.3 FACTORISING 6 4.3 POINTS OF INTERSECTION 63 1.4 NEGATIVE AND FRACTIONAL 4.4 TRANSLATING GRAPHS 67 INDICES 9 4.5 STRETCHING GRAPHS a 1.5 SURDS 12 4.6 TRANSFORMING FUNCTIONS 75 1.6 RATIONALISING DENOMINATORS 13 CHAPTER REVIEW 4 78 CHAPTER REVIEW 1 15 REVIEW EXERCISE 1 81 CHAPTER 2 QUADRATICS 18 2.1 SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS §= 19 2.2 COMPLETING THE SQUARE 22 CHARTER 2S) RAIGHT EINE 2.3 FUNCTIONS 25 ‘GRAPHS 85 2.4 QUADRATIC GRAPHS g Slyemete a os me visennaman so 52 EQUATIONS OF STRAIGHT LINES 99 Peepetaeaicatin 535.3 PARALLEL AND PERPENDICULAR LINES 93 5.4 LENGTH AND AREA 96 CHAPTER 3 EQUATIONS AND CHAPTER REVIEW 5 99 INEQUALITIES 36 eos a CHAPTER 6 TRIGONOMETRIC 3.2 QUADRATIC SIMULTANEOUS RATIOS 104 calimmonis gg _ 8-1 THE COSINE RULE 105 3.3 SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS ON 6.2 THE SINE RULE 10 GRAPHS 40 6.3 AREAS OF TRIANGLES 116 3.4 LINEAR INEQUALITIES a4 6.4 SOLVING TRIANGLE PROBLEMS 118 3.5 QUADRATIC INEQUALITIES 4g 8-5 GRAPHS OF SINE, COSINE AND 3.6 INEQUALITIES ON GRAPHS 49 meen 1 3.7 REGIONS 51 6.6 TRANSFORMING TRIGONOMETRIC CHAPTER REVIEW 3 54 GRAPHS 125 CHAPTER REVIEW 6 129CUTS at CHAPTER 7 RADIANS 133 7.1 RADIAN MEASURE 134 7.2 ARC LENGTH 135, 7.3 AREAS OF SECTORS AND SEGMENTS 139 CHAPTER REVIEW 7 145 CHAPTER 8 DIFFERENTIATION 150 8.1 GRADIENTS OF CURVES. 151 8,2 FINDING THE DERIVATIVE 154 8.3 DIFFERENTIATING x" 157, 8.4 DIFFERENTIATING QUADRATICS 159. 8.5 DIFFERENTIATING FUNCTIONS ‘WITH TWO OR MORE TERMS: 161 8.6 GRADIENTS, TANGENTS AND NORMALS 163 8.7 SECOND ORDER DERIVATIVES 165 CHAPTER REVIEW 8 167 CHAPTER 9INTEGRATION 170 9.1 INTEGRATING x" 1 9.2 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 173 9.3 FINDING FUNCTIONS: 176 CHAPTER REVIEW 9 178 REVIEW EXERCISE 2 181PCS 4 ABOUT THIS BOOK The following three themes have been fully integrated throughout the Pearson Edexcel International Advanced Level in Mathematics series, so they can be applied alongside your learning, 1. Mathematical argument, language and proof + Rigorous and consistent approach throughout, + Notation boxes explain key mathematical language and symbols 2. Mathematical problem-solving ‘The Mathematical Problem-Solving Cycle + Hundreds of problem-solving questions, fully integrated r pei the problem 1 into the main exercises + Problem-solving boxes provide tips and strategies interpret results sees einen = Challenge questions provide extra stretch t j proces and 3. Transferable skills tepeent information = + Transferable skills are embedded throughout this book, in the exercises and in some examples + These skills are signposted to show students which skills they are using and developing Finding your way around the book Each chapter starts with Ist f Laarang objectives The Prior knowledge check helps make sure you ae ready to start the chapter Glossary terms wil be Identified by bold blue tox, on hel frst appearance Each chapters mapped tothe specification content or e295. rotenone “The eal world applications of the maths you ae about fe lean are highlighted atthe start ofthe ‘chapterCUCL Slop bystep worked ‘examples focus en the key types of questions you'lneed te tack. Tiansieabee sue ave signposted whore they naturaly occur in tho exercises and examples rercise questions are caretuly graded ‘so tey increase in csc ane gracuaty bring you up 0 exam stancor races we packed ‘ath exam-ayle {Questions to encure you Bre ready forthe eras roblen-solving boxes provide hints, tips and sratogles, and Watcn out boxes highight areas where students dften ose marks in ther exams Jqueations Exam-style questions are flagged with © Problem-solving ‘questions are flagged Each chaptor onde with a Chapter reviow with © ‘anda Summay of ey points Yor every fw chapters, a Review exercise fee file rr ere —< on of exaresiye ueations Exam practice Mathematis International Advanced Subsidiary! ‘Advanced Level Pure Mathematics 1 Review exercise’ 1 ‘ul practice paper at the back of the bbook sips you prepare forthe real thing vilvili QUALIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW QUALIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW Qualification and content overview Pure Mathematics 1 (P1) is a compulsory unit in the following qualifications: International Advanced Subsidiary in Mathematics International Advanced Subsidiary in Pure Mathematics International Advanced Level in Mathematics International Advanced Level in Pure Mathematics Assessment overview The following table gives an overview of the assessment for this unit. We recommend that you study this information closely to help ensure that you are fully prepared for this course and know exactly what to expect in the assessment, aC Availability Pl:PureMathematics1 —|33}%0f1AS—|75 ‘Thour30mins | January, June and October PapercodeWMAIVOL | 162 of AL Fist assessment january 2019 IAS - international Advanced Subsidiary IAL - International Advanced A Level Assessment objectives and weightings cr ee reer Recall, select and use their knowledge of mathematical facts, concepts and techniques in a 20% | variety of contexts. 30% Construct rigorous mathematical arguments and proofs through use of precise statements, logical deduction and inference and by the manipulation of mathematical expressions, including the construction of extended arguments for handling substantial problems presented in unstructured form, Recall, select and use their knowledge of standard mathematical models to represent ‘x03. | situations in the real world; recognise and understand given representations involving standard models; present and interpret results from such models in terms of the orginal situation, including discussion of the assumptions made and refinement of such models. Comprehend translations of common realistic contexts into mathematic; use the results of ‘804 | calculations to make predictions, or comment on the context; and, where appropriate, read 5% critically and comprehend longer mathematical arguments or examples of applications. Use contemporary calculator technology and other permitted resources (such as formulae 805. | booklets or statistical tables) accurately and efficiently; understand when not to use such 5% ‘technology, and its limitations, Give answers to appropriate accuracy. 30% 10%CEU Uu cassie My a Ld Relationship of assessment objectives to units ed oy Marks out of 75 30235 25-30 15 510 “5 % ue Bho 20 a3} ihe Calculators Students may use a calculator in assessments for these qualifications. Centres are responsible for making sure that calculators used by their students meet the requirements outlined below. Students are expected to have available a calculator with at least the following keys: +,-, +, 7,32, ve, 4», ln x, e%, x1, sine, cosine and tangent and their inverses in degrees and decimals of a degree, and in radians; memory. Prohibitions Calculators with any of the following facilities are prohibited in all examinations: + databanks + retrieval of text or formulae + built-in symbolic algebra manipulations + symbolic differentiation and/or integration + language translators + communication with other machines or the internetun ey @ Extra online content Whenever you see an Online box, it means that there is extra online content available to support you. SolutionBank SolutionBank provides worked solutions for questions in the book. Download all the solutions as a PDF or quickly find the solution you need online, Use of technology Explore topics in more detail, visualise problems and consolidate your understanding, Use pre-made GeoGebra activities or Casio resources for a graphic calculator. EDD ins nest ofnerecion GP EY graphically using technology. GeeGebra GeoGebra-powered interactives CASIO. Graphic calculator interactives o_tex Interact with the maths you are learning using GeoGebra’s easy-to-use tools Explore the maths you are learning and gain confidence in using a graphic calculator Calculator tutorials Our helpful video tutorials will guide you through how to use your calculator in the exams. They cover both Casio's scientific and colour graphic calculators. CED Wea cuteness sep git autoinsrctons ‘the "C; and power functions on your calculator. Finding the value of the first derivative te acess the fanction press ‘on exactly which buttons to press and what should appear on your calculator’s screen1 ALGEBRAIC + smpleting this chapt Multiply and divide in Expand a single term over brackets and collect like terms > pages 2-4 Expand the product of two or three expressions > pages 4-6 Fa linear, quadratic and simple cubic expressions > pages 6-9 ind use the laws of indices + pages9-12 Simplify and use the rules of surds “pages 12-13 Ration: > pages 13-15 2nen + mn = 3m Sx+243x2-Tx-12 ‘+ International GCSE Mathematics er of 2: b 26322 « International GCSE Mathematles Expand: a 3(r+4) © 6(2x-5y) «International GCSE Mather Write down the highest common factor of: a 2and16 b 6xand 8x 3xy © International 20x ie 24 < 40x ‘€ International GCSE Mathematics S ientists use indices y large numb A quantum computer with 1000 qubits (quantum bits lues simultaneously. This is reater than the number of particles in the observable unae Gs} & Index laws = You can use the laws of i + a xatsane + an"sarzan—" + @ysam This isthe index, is power or exponent. (aby ex) Simplify these expressions: . a xxxt bIPxar € g @ 6x5 3x7 € (WP x27 abe This is the base, Cans Expand these expressions and simplify if possible: a -3x(7x-4) b y°B-2y4) © 4xGx=2x8 +505) d 2x(Sx+3) SOx +3)PMs Gass) Crate a -3x(7x— 4) = 21x? + 12 b yAS ~ 2p%) = By? - 2y® © AxGx~ 2x2 + 538) = 0x8 ~ Bx? + 20x" d 2x(5x +3) - 5(2x+ 3) = 10x? + Gx 10x- 15 10x? - 4x— 15 | Goo | Simplify these expressions: 3x2= 6x 20x? + 183% Ze 6 Se fl vm 1. Simplify these expressions: a a xat b 2x x 3x? ef ae ee Fo Ip ae g 10x82 28 h (pp spt i QwPs 20 i 8p = 4p k 2a x 30° ae m 9x2 x 302) 3x3 x 2x? x dys 0 Tat x Gat)? Pp Gy £299 4 2a + 3a? x 6a br 3a x 2a xa?ata) SG} 2 Expand and simplify if possible: a 9x=2) b xv+9) © -3y(4-3)) d xiv +5) fe -x3x+5) f -Sx(4x-41) g Gx 45)x bh -3)(5 299) i -2x(5x-4) i Gx-5)? k 3(e+2)4 00-7) 1 5x-6-(3x-2) m (c+ 3d2)—3Q2c+d2) ow (P4324+9)- OP +328-4) 0 xG3x? = 20-45) p 7y°2-5y+39) a 25 = Ty +3) F 1(x-2)+ Hx4 4) -6(x-2) $s Sx- 34-20) +6 t axe aG—4x)+7 wu date + 3)- 200-7) ¥ BM NH1)-SeBe-4) 3 Simplify these fractions: 9 Oxt+ 10x6 2x 8x3 + Sy ano @®) Expanding brackets To find the product of two expressions you multiply each term in one expression by each term in the other expression, Multiplying each of the 2 terms in the first expression by each of the a3 3 terms in the second expression gives 2 x 3 = 6 terms. Bee (0 5Yldx~ by +3) = alr 2y +3) + 5402p +3) = 4x? ~ 2xy + 3+ 20x~ 10y + 15] 5x ax —2xy +23x—10y 415 EMD ED wove Expand these expressions and simplify if possible: a (x +5) +2) b (w= 2+ 1) © 3 d (x+y)Gx=2y-4) ‘Simplify your answer by collecting like terms, 2 (e+ Bet 2) =x + 2x4 5x4 10 Bx24 7x10aa assy Crate © nF vie = Y) xy ay ty ax aye 4 (+ Bx - 2y- 4) (Sx = 2y ~ 4) + (Sx = 2y~ 4) xe = 2xy— Ax + Sup — 2p? - Ay x2 4 xy ~ Ay ~ By? — ay Expand these expressions and simplify if possible: a xx +3)0-7) b x(x -3)Qx-y +4) © (x AOr + 3+ DD | a x(2x + 3x7) b x(x ~ Syllax- y+ 4) Sx* — Sxyl@x —y +4) = Sx(2x—y + 4) ~ Sxy2x © iw Act Bx + x2 = x= 12)ee +) EID mn 1 Expand and simplify if possible: a (et ArH 7) b (x= 3042) © (v-2P d (x—y)Q2x +3) © (x + 3ydx—y) £ Qv—4y8x+y) 2 2x 30-4) h Gy42yP i Qx+8)2x+3) J (e+ 5)Qx 4 3y-5) k (= DGx-4y-5) 1 4) t +5) m (+2 1+ 3) n Qx42p+ 3046) (4-yyy-x +3) P (Ay + SW3x- y +2) @ (Sy = 2x + 3x4) (Gy -x = 25 -y)ata) SG} 2 Expand and simplify if possible: a Stet Ir-4) x= Dx +5) © 3(x=3)(r-3) @ x(x ye +y) xQx + 33x44) £ y(e-Syr4 1) 8 Bx 2y)4x +2) HT = x)Q2x- 5) i xQx+y)Sx-2) 1 yGx+2y-3Qe+)) m xQx4 3x45) 2xBx-dx-y—3) 0 3x(x-2IQe+3y+5) P r+ 34 04D) (xt WOAH HF LV= DOr= 5) S$ (x= Sr AYxr-3) xt Noe= ees) w Ax+9Bx-1e+2) b e h j x(v + 2)(e + 3y-4) k prt y= Der+5) n a t ¥ Gx-2Qx+)Gx-2) wx+y-e-1I) x r= 39h © 3 The diagram shows a rectangle with a square cut out. ET EWES ‘The rectangle has length 3x — y+ 4 and width «+7. ‘The square has side length v2 Use the same strategy as you would use Find an expanded and simplified expression pee ca for the area shaded green in loom xa7 Tem Benya © 4 A cuboid has dimensions (x + 2)em, (2x - 1) em and (2x + 3)em, Show that the volume of the cuboid is (4x* + 12x? + 5x—6)em’ ©) 5 Given that 2x + 5y}Gx~ 2x +y) = ax" + bxty + exp? + dy, where a, 6, ¢and dare constants, find the values of a, b, ¢ and d. (2 marks) Expand and simplify (x+y ® Factorising You can write expressions as a product of their factors. ' Factorising is the opposite of expanding brackets.PMs Gass) Crate EEO ©) ED wuss Factorise these expressions completely: a3ve9 b x= Sy © 8x? + 20x 9x2y-4 15xy?@ 3x? Ixy a Bv49= 3043) b x? 5x = x(¥-5) | © 8x? + 20: 4x(2x +5) | 4 9x2y + 15xy? = Sxy(Su + 54) © 3x" Oxy = 3xtx ~ 35) | # A quadratic expression has the form (CCT eat numbers are onthe postive and ave + bx + ewhere a, band care real ‘negative numbers, or zero, including fractions numbers and a+ 0. oeeren To factorise a quadratic expression: + Find two factors of aethat add up to b———— For the expression 2x°+ 5x = 3, a axe + Rewrite the btermasasumofthese =. 92 v4 6x3 ‘two factors + Factorise each pair of terms + Take out the common factor: near yee-y) CEEEED an exoressionin the form x? — 9? is called the difference of two squares. =x(2x~ 1) +3@x-1) = x= 1x43) am Factorise: -5x-6 b 4 6r48 © 6x2-1xe- 10d 8-25 42-9? x-6 (x +N) lx +. x+ thx = 6) x ex-Gx-Gata) Mesias sy be +exe8 Bxt42x44x48 x(x 2) + A(x + 2) = (x4 2x +4) © Gx?= 1x10 = Gx? 15x 4 4x ~10 = 3x(2x — 5) + 22x - 5) ———+ = (2x- 5)18x +2) 4 xe -25 2g (+ 5x - 5) — | © 4x2 - 992 - 338 (2x + 3y(2x - 33) Factorise completely: aed? b= 25x a 2x? b x3 - 258 ae 2) (x? — 5) (x + S)or= 5) © x94 3x2 — 10x = xix + SXx- 2) 1. Factorise these expressions completely: a 4v48 b 6x24 © 20x-415 © 4x +20 f 6-18 h 2 +4x i oa-x k 10° -5y 1 35x°- 28x n3y42y 0 4x4 12e p 5y°—20y 4 Oxy? + 1204 bab ~ ab? 8 Sx? =25xy t iaxty + 8x wu 1sy = 2092" y 12x30 woye—aey x 12y2— 4pxMesa as) Crate 2 Factorise: a ear b ce 4liy+ md d easel e f e-8r412 gv t5x+6 b i e-3x-10 j vtx-20 k 1 3x°+10r-8 : EMD For paren, sake 2 ouras.a common Boat Maxi 24 factor first. For part p, let y'= qvns rea) s 4x2-25 t 9x2 = 2592 u 36x? 4 y 2x7-50 Ww 6x? 10x44 x 15x74 420-9 3 Factorise completely: a 42x b +x € x8-5x do -9y ea 12 1x84 112 + 30x g 8-74 6x hos 64x i 2x) - 5x? 3x j 2x) 13x? + 15S k 8-4 1 3x3 + 27x? + 60x Qmarks) GEES Watch out for terms that can be written as a function ofa function for example oa (0 @® 4 Factorise completely x4 - y © 5 Factorise completely 63° +7?~ 5x. (2 marks) rs Write 4x — 13x? + 9 as the product of four linear factors. ©) Negative and fractional indices Indices can be negative numbers or fractions. COED rationar humbers are those that can be written as “where b and bare integers, and x0, nterms ' You can use the laws of indices with any rational power. CEEDD oie aistne positive square root ofa.Sara Gay ata) Simplily: bxxx ed 2xt8e4res —e VD5x% V125x¢ = (125x5) (25) CEN 10) TED semenernon Evaluate: ao b 64 © 492 d 2staa assy Crate Given that y= 6 bay .+2, express each of the following in the form kx", where k and 1 are constants. ED) FETED evoarcu-soume 1 Simplify j Went boxset e wy h Sxiext k Gx) xGky 3 Simplify: a (64x"0) © 4 a Find the value of 814, b Simplify x(x © 5 Given that y ay? 1 by Geen Check that your answers are in the correct form. IF cand m are constants they could be positive or negative, and they could be integers, fractions or surds. xtaw Sc e-0s i 3xtx 2x ee e 87, express each of the following in the form kx", where k and n are constants. ' weds? © (125x")1 at 9x2= 15x5 4 Sete Boe 15x? (I mark) (2 marks) (2 marks) (2 marks) "Pee aise \LGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS © ss san integer that is not a square number, then any multiple of vit pte of surds are v2, /19 and 5:2. Surds are examples of irrational numbers. CED rational numbers cannot be written The decimal expansion of a surd is never-ending in tne for 2 where a and b are integers. and never repeats, for example v2 = 1.414213562... h called a surd. ‘You can use surds to write exact answers to calculations. ® You can manipulate surds using these rules: Simplify © Sv6 - 2/24 + \294 = WG(5 ~ 20 + 549) = -2x24+7) = 66) breaa assy Crate OM 23) SLID onrzn-soume Expand and simplify if possible: a (5-03) be Do not use your calculator for this exercise. 1 Simplify: bi © 0 ~ aE da s32, e 90 f oh 22 bh +80 i 30048 § 17S +63 + 2928 k 28-263 +07 1 80-220 + 345 a 1m 3:80 — 220 + 5v45 0 12 + 3V48 + V75 ar 2 Expand and simplify if possible: a /3(2+V3) b 33-3) © V2(4-V3) d (2-923 +05) © (2-V3N3-07) £ + V5)2 +05) g (5-3) -V3) bh (4+ V3)(2-V3) i @-vIp@+vT) © 3 Simplify /75 - /12 giving your answer in the form av’3, where a is an integer. (2 marks) €B Rationalising denominators If a fraction has a surd in the denominator, it is sometimes useful to rearrange it so that the denominator is a rational number. This is called rationalising the denominator. = The rules to rationalise denominators are: + For fractions in the form =, multiply the numerator and denominator by va. + For fractis in the form multiply the numerator and denominator by (a - vB). ae + For fractions in the form _, multiply the numerator and denominator by |a + vb).eat) Mee as Rationalise the denominator: i . B+ a 3 342 S-2 aaa B4v2 (3 + v2 - v2) “9-3/2 + 3/2 -2 3-8 WS + V2) 5 +52 + 25 +2 5-2 | 178-845 4-28 1x (4 + 208) 203)4 + 23) |aa assy Crate oc Do not use your calculator for this exercise. 1 Simplity 1 at S 1 Weir ae a2 3 Rationalise the denominators and simplify: Ons 2 (5 +9/2)3-V2) V3)2+V3) ® 4 Simplity a? 7 siving your answer in the Gare 5 5 You can check that your answer is in the correct form p+ qi5, where p and g are rational camben (marks) fOrmby writing down the values ofp and y and checking that they are rational numbers. Chapter review @) ExEcuTVe FNCTON 1 Simplify: ayy? b 3xtx2xF © xt) + 2x8 4B x 36x bE 2. Expand and simplify if possible: a (v+3w-5) b Qx- 73x41) © Qx+5\Gx- +2) 3. Expand and simplify if possible: a xir+ r= 1) bet r= 347) © 2x +3)=2GX=1) 4 Expand the brackets: a 3544) b Se G—Sy+2x) © SxQv43)—2x(1-3x) od 3x + 3x)- 2B -2) 15earl Bee 5. Factorise these expressions completely: a 3x2 +x b 432+ 10y ¢ Sa xyexy 4 8x2 + 10x¢y 6 Factorise a 43x42 b 3x2 + 6 ¢ x= 2x-35 © 58-1By-6 Ff 6-Sy=¥ 7 Factorise a 2x3 + 6x b x3 36x € 2x84 7x2 15x 8 Simplify: a 9x3 + 3x3 bay © 9 Evaluate, without using your calculator: 8y 225)! + (5) » Gao) 10 Simplify, without using your calculator: a see b 120 +245 - 80 ves 11 a Find the value of 35x? + 2x ~ 48 when x= 25. b By factorising the expression, show that your answer to part a can be written as the product of two prime factors. 12. Expand and simplify if possible, without using your calculator: a 23+ 5) b (2-v5\(5+03) © (6-V2\"(4-\7) 13 Rationalise the denominator and simplify: acs b— oo. ae i 3 O-1 B-2 B47 +3 7p 14. Do not use your calculator for this question. © 15 @&) 6 @® © @® vo a. Given that x! — x°— 17x —15 work out the values of b and c. x +3)(32 + Ax + 0), where b and c are constants, b Hence, fully factorise x9 x?- 17x ~ 15. Given that y = @jx", express each of the following in the form kx", where k and n are constants. ay! (mark) bay (mark) Show that ——>——can be written in the form va + vB, where a and bare integers. (5 marks) Expand and simplify (VT ~ 5)(5 - v1), without using your calculator. (2 marks) Factorise completely x - 643°, (marks) Express 27°* in the form 3", stating y in terms of » (2 marks)Mesa as) Crate 20 Solve the equation 8 + TT a Give your answer in the form avB, where a and b are integers. (Amarks) ©® 21 Do not use your calculator for this question. A rectangle has a length of (1 + /3)em and area of vI2 em? Calculate the width of the rectangle in em. Express your answer in the form a+ 6/3, where a and b are integers to be found. ¢ : © 22 Show that ‘can be written as 4x7! = 44° (2 marks) ve 23 Given that 243V Given that “can be writen inthe form 4x" +3, write down the value of a and the value of 5. (2 marks) a. Simplify (a + vB)(da — 8). 1 1 b He how that ————+ — a AMIS TERD TEED RS ERS 3 «find the value of a. (GB marks) Sood ts 1. You can use the laws of indices to simplify powers of the same base, sata + (esa Factorising is the opposite of expanding brackets. ae + ansaid" A quadratic expression has the form ax? + bx + c where a, b and c are real numbers and a #0. @+G-y) wnun ‘You can use the laws of indices with any rational power 6 You can manipulate surds using these rules: + ab =Vax yb . 7 The rules to rationalise Seo are: + For fractions in the form 7, multiply the numerator and denominator by Va + For fractions in the form Fe multiply the numerator and denominator by (a - vb). ati + For fractions in the form —1,, multiply the numerator and denominator by (a+b). a-b: a Learning objectives After completing this chapter you should be able to: © Solve quadratic equations using factorisation, the quadratic formula ‘and completing the square Read and use f(x) notation when > pages 19-26 working with functions Sketch the graph and find the turning > pages 25-27 point of a quadratic function “> pages 27-30 Find and interpret the discriminant of a quadratic expression > pages 30-32 Smarr ead Solve the following equations: a 3r+6 b 5(v+3)=6(2x-1) © 4x2= 100 d (x-8)2= 66 ‘# International GCSE Mathematics Factorise the following expressions: a teat 15 b x243x-10 d x2—400 « Section1.3 jphs of the following equations, points where each graph cro: ; by ¢ x42p=18 dy=x € International GCSE Mathematics Solve the following inequalities: axt8<1l b2v-5 © 4x-7<2x-1) d4-x<11 ‘ International GCSE Mathemati ADRATICS 13 or oF) Quadratic functions are used to model tile motion. Whenever an object thrown or launched, its path will mately follow the shape of aCW tes raid ) solving quadratic equations A quadratic equation can be written in the form ax? + bx +.¢=0, where a, b and c are real constants, and « # 0. Quadratic equations can have one, two, or no real solutions. = To solve a quadratic equation by factorising: CED the solutions to an + Write the equation in the form ax? + bx+e=0 ‘equation are sometimes called + Factorise the left-hand side Sa ee ee + Set each factor equal to zero and solve to find the value(s) of x SI) ED msm aie Solve the following equations: a xt-2-15=0 bao © 6x?+13x-S=0 0 d x= Sx+18=2+3x TE This statement says fx +3 =0, then x =—3! a x8 2x-15=0 (x + 3e-5)=0 Then either x +3=0> x or ¥-5=05¥=5 3 Sox =-3 and x of the equation | Qa are the two solutions The solutions are © Gx®4138x-5=0 (x - 2x + 5) = 0 Then either 3x — 1 =O > x or ax+5 The solutions are 4 x8 5x4 1822 43x x - Bx +16 (x= 4-4) When a quadratic equation has exactly one rct is calle a repeated rot You can also say thatthe equation has two equal roots.me aiid CUE} In some cases it may be more straightforward to solve a quadratic equation without factorising. Example [2) Solve the following equations: Senet flict Ia ‘statements in one line of working, You say ‘plus or minus’ or ax=3- B27 The solutions are x = 3+ v7 and 3-7 | sous 1 Solve the following equations using factorisation: attirt2=0 bxttSye4=0 © t47r+1050 9 dP -x-6=0 ee 8xt15=0 9 f -9x42050 — g x°-Sx-6=0 he -4y-12=0 2 Solve the following equations using factorisation a sted bx © Bxt= 6x d Sx? = 30x exe Iet3=0 f 6x¢-7y-3=0 — g 6x?-Sv-6=0 hh dx? 16x + 15=0 3 Solve the following equations: a 3x25. b Qx-3) ¢ (= 7F e3ts5 f (e-3F2 13 g Gr-1P=tl h 5x? 10x? = ~7-4 x42 i 62-72 1x j 4x24 x= 6x- 2 © 4 This shapehasan area of 4am? Divide the shape into two sections: Find the value of x. Joc +3)m i ©® 5 Solve the equation 5x +3 = v3x+7.CW tes Cr aieied 2 ‘Some equations cannot be easily factorised. You can also solve quadratic equations using the quadratic formula. = The solutions of the equation cer ax? + bx + c= O are given by the formula: =b + P= bac 2a CTD treet o2a0 treconsms EE) EXD ween Aer Solve 3x? — 7x -1 = O by using the quadratic formula. Or x = 2.47 (3 si) or rin 1 Solve the following equations using the quadratic formula, Give your answers exactly, leaving them in surd form where necessary. 0135 (3 sf) aetaet b xe 3x-2 ex s6r46=0 d x-Sx-2=0 e 3x+10x-2=0 0 f 4x°—4x- g dxt-Ir=2 h IL? +2x-7=0 2 Solve the following equations using the quadratic formula. Give your answers to three significant figures, a etdes2 be-8rt1=0 e+ IIy-9=0 0 d xe-7e-17=0 e 5x4 9x-1=0 — f 2v-3x-18=0 gg 3x74 8 = 16x bode + lly = 5x18 3 For each of the equations below, choose a suitable method and find all of the solutions. Where necessary, give your answers to three significant figures. a e+8yt12=0 — b x249x- 1150 © P-9x- 150 d 24 5x42=0 MLD You can use any method ‘you are confident with to solve these equations. © Qt 8F=100 Ff 6x2+6= 120 g = Mee hvs Be 15Pea aid ©® 4 This trapezium has an area of 50m? Show that the height of the trapezium is equal to 5(\5 ~ 1) m. tues Height must be positive. You will have to discard the negative solution of your quadratic equation. —erlm—> Challenge EBD rte te equation nthe form - r 7 ‘ax? + hx + ¢ = Obefore using the quadratic Given that xis positive, solve the equation aptsae carer i x x42" 195) ©) completing the square It is frequently useful to rewrite quadratic expressions by completing the square: . (xa) (27 wie=(x+3) -(3) You can draw a diagram of when xand bare positive: process The original rectangle has been rearranged intothe © <——x—>=0> shape of a square with a smaller square mi ‘The two areas shaded blue are the same. at ebx AGM ESMMNHEE Complete the square for the expressions: ee ee a4 8x b t= 3x © 2-12 a x4 Bx= (vt 4? - 42 = (x44) = 16 © 2x? — 12x= 2[x? - Gx) = 2iix = 3 = 2x = 3° gata ait = 2ly - 3" -CW tes raid Write 312 + 6x + 1 in the form p(x + g)? +r, where p, q and rare integers to be found. a eeret (rns Bi? + 2x) +1 (ix + Pe Bix + F-3 +1 (x Pe Sop=3,q=1andr=-2 erry €3) INTERPRETATION Gz) E> © ircvesons 1 Complete the square for these expressions: ‘write the expression as 2 2 3 wax? — 16x + 10 then avtedy bxt-6x e -l6y dex eH Ide ee ror wont of the first two terms to get alr? + 4x) +10. 2. Complete the square for these expressions: a 2x24 6x b 3x2 24x © Sx°+20x d 2x?— Se @ Bx— 2x 3. Write each of these expressions in the form p(x + g)? + r, where p, g and r are constants to be found: ade48rtl 5 © 4 Given that x? + 3x +6 © § Write 2 + 0.8% ~ 0.04x? in the form A ~ Box + CP, where A, Band Care constants to be determined marks) was Solve the equation x + 8x + I Give your answers in surd form. 15x43 © 32+2v-1 d 10-16y—4x? © 2y-8x2 +10 +a)? +6, find the values of the constants a and b. (2 marks) 0 by completing the square, x + 6x+10me aiid 5 EI Cy ax Solve the equation 2x? — 8x + 7 = 0. Give your answers in surd form. EEcuen This is an equation so you can divide every term by the same constant. Divide by 2 to get x? on its ‘own, The right-hand side is 0 so itis unchanged. 2x? - Bx +7 stax} So the roots are 24 Sandx=2- EDD ec jeratatmnrindea bs ‘Solutions to quadratic equations quickly. ss 1 Solve these quadratic equations by completing the square, Leave your answers in surd form, ave6rel=0 bare 1243 d= 10x © x 44y-2 2. Solve these quadratic equations by completing the square, Leave your answers in surd form, a 2H6x-3=0 — b Sx7#8x-2=0 © 4x7-¥-8=0 @ 15-6x-2x7=0 @© 3 2~ 14 41 = (0 + 9)? + gy where p and g are constants, ‘a Find the values of p and g. (2 marks) b Using your answer to part a, or otherwise, show that the solutions to the equation x? = 14x + 1 =0 can be written in the form r + sv3, where rand s are constants to be found. (2marks) 4 By completing the square, show that the solutions to Problem-solving the equation x? + 2by + ¢ = Oare given by the formula Follow the same steps as you would xen bab GAmarks) the confilents were umbers. ‘a Show that the solutions to the equation ax? + 2bx + e= 0 are gven by x=—5 2 P=ae GED stare oy dividing the whole ay a ‘equation by a. b Hence, or otherwise, show that the solutions to the ‘equation ax? + bx + ¢= 0 can be written as You can use this method to prove the quadratic formula, + Section 2.1CW tes raid @&) Functions ‘A function is a mathematical relationship that maps each value of a set of inputs toa single output. The notation f(x) is used to represent a function of x. = The set of possible inputs for a function is called the domain, = The set of possible outputs of a function is called the range. This diagram shows how the function f(1) five values in its domain to values x? maps range. © The roots of a function are the values of x for which f(x) = 0. ‘The fonotonsF and g are given by fl) =2— 10 CEE the input oro urction, and g(x) =? - 9, ER, “x, can be any real number, then the a Find the values of £(5) and g(10). domain can be written as x € R. b Find the value of x for which f(x) = g(x). ‘The symbol € means ‘is a member ‘a {(5) = 25) - 10 =10=0 set of real numbers. g(l0) = (OP - 9 = 100-9 =91 b fix) = g(x) 2x-10=x7-9 x=1 ! Ge The function f is defined as fx) = x2 + 6 a Write f(x) in the form (x + p+ 4. b Hence, or otherwise, find the roots of f(x), leaving your answers in surd form. © Write down the minimum value of f(x), and state the value of 2 for which it occurs, -5,xER. afi)=x@ter-5 —] = (r+ 3-9-5 xe 3e-t4__| wt aViA -34 4 f(x) has two roots: 3 + Vid and -3 - id 25aie} L So the minimum value of f(x} Find the roots of the function fx) = x4 + 7x3 = 8, «ER, io x 47x58 = 0) (2)! + 703) - B= 0 (3-169 +6) The roots of (x) are 1 and ~2 \_|_[oetonceearana | (4) can be written as a function of a function. The only powers of x in f(x) are 6,3 and 0 so you can write it as a quadratic function of » Altematively, let u fia) = a8 + 78 = 8 = 0x8)? + 7h" 6 an > ____ =) = thee 8) So when fox) = O,u= 1 or w Wustexeetoxet (aang The roots of f(x) are 1 and GEES BD vercve 1 Using the funetions f(x) = 5x+ 3, g(x) = x2 ~ 2 and h(x) = VT, find the values of a fl) b a3) © hg) di f1.5) e 22) a) f hw) £14) +22) bh MO)+g@)+hO) i & solving Substitute x =a into the function and set the resulting expression equal to 8. ® 2 The function f(x) is defined by fx) = x7 - 2x, x ER. Proble Given that f(a) = 8, find two possible values for a. 3. Find all the roots of the following functions: a f(x) = 10 15x b gx) = (0+ 9-2) © h(x) =5?+ 6x40 d iQ) = 144-2 © KOS ae SMH T) mlx) sx 4 Sx? = 24©) 8 The function f is defined as fix) = raid 4 The functions p and q are given by pix Find the two values of x for which pt 3x and q(x) = 2x 6.¥ER 5 The functions f and g are given by f(x) = 2x3 + 30x and g(x) = 17x?, x ER. Find the three values of x for which f(x) = g(). 2-2x+2,.xER. © 6 The function f is defined as fx) a Write fix) in the form (x + p)? + g, where p and g are constants to be found. (2 marks) b Hence, or otherwise, explain why I(x) > 0 forall values of x, and find the minimum value of f(x). (i mark) 7 Find all roots of the following functions: a fix) =xo + 9x9 +8 b g(x) x4 = 12x24 32 ED The function in h(x) = 27x + 26x -1 a j(x) = 320! 330841 part bas four roots. -We +10 £ mx <= 28039) +27, ER, Mee) 2st See +2xt-12 e K(x) a Write fix) in the form (3° = a)(3* =D), : where « and bare real constants, marke) ee function ofa function Hence find the two roots of f(x) (2 marks) @ Quadratic graphs When f(x) = ax? + by + ¢, the graph of y= f(x) has a curved shape called a parabola. You can sketch a quadratic graph by identifying key features The coefficient of x2 determines the overall shape of the graph When a is positive, the parabola will have this shape: \/ When a is negative, the parabola will have this shape: /\\ © The graph crosses the y-axis when x=0. The y-coordinate is equal t0 @ The graph crosses the x-axis when y=0. The x-coordinates are rots of the Function fs) © auachatie graphs have one turning paint This can bea minimum or a maximum Since a paraboia is symmetrical the turing Pointand line of symmetry are half-way between the two rots. * You can find the coordinates of the turning point rs cacupeee: of a quadratic graph by completing the square. ED re cap sty neo +ais f(a) = abe + p)? + g, the graph of y= fx) has a yay 2) © omen turning point at (-p, 4). yeaxtby (7 ection PdSketch the graph of y =x? Sx +4, and find the coordinates of its turning point Asam 116 posttve, the graph has 3 VJ shape and a mirimum point. Whee x= 0, ¥= 4,20 the gfaph crosses the y-axis at (O, 4). When y = 0, -5x44=0 (= r-4)=0 em lor = 4,20 the graph crosses the Sais at (1,0) and 4, 0) | Completing the square: | ieee = (x3) So the minimum point has coordinates Bux4): Ce Alternatively, the minimum occurs when xis half-way between 1 and 4, 20 the minimum has coordinates xe 5x4 4s (x The sketch of the graph is: CmCW tes raid Sketch the graph of y= 4x ~ 2x? 3, Find the coordinates of its turning point and write down the equation of its line of symmetry. As am =2 lp negate, the araph has a /\, shape and a maximum point When x = y= -3, so the graph xis at (0, -3) | crosses the y When y = 0, -2x? + 4v-3 = 0. Using the quadratic formula, There are no real solutions, so the graph does not cross the x-axis, Completing the square: ~2xt + Ae 3 Me) te — IP + 2 2x = 1 So the maximum point has coordinates =. The line of symmetry i vertical and goes through the maximum point. It has the ‘equation x = 1 Pe)alae) CUE} GEE) EID ws 1 Sketch the graphs of the following equations. For each graph, show the coordinates of the point(s) where the graph crosses the coordinate axes, and write down the coordinates of the turning point and the equation of the line of symmetry. a ysxr-6x4+8 by 24+ 2x-15 e@ yet 6x47 f ps2 tax +10 d paxt+3r42 h y= 6x2 19x +10 bree. Gncaenr Check your answers. by substituting values into the function. In partethe graph passes through (0, 1), so h(0) should be -18, 2. These sketches are graphs of quadratic functions of the form ax Find the values of a, band c for each function, 3. The graph of y= bx +c has a minimum at (5, ~3) and passes through (4, 0). Find the values of a, 6 and . (Smarks) @) The discriminant Ifyou square any real number, the result is greater than or equal to 0. This means that if y is negative, \y cannot be a real number, Look at the quadratic formula: IF the value under the square root sign is negative, x cannot be {a real number and there are no real solutions. Ifthe value under the square root is equal t0 0, both solutions will be the same * For the quadratic function f(x) = ax? + bx + ¢, the expression b? - 4ac is called the discriminant. The value of the discriminant shows how many roots f(x) has: ‘+ If? ~ 4ac > 0 then f(x) has two distinct real roots. + If? ~ 4ac = 0 then f(x) has one repeated root. + IFO? — 4ac < O then f(x) has no real roots.CW tes raid You can use the discri nant to check the shape of sketch graphs. Below are some graphs of y= f(x), where f(x) = ax? + by +e. SECM 23) ELIE rvoeuensoumc Find the values of k for which fx) = 2 + kx +9 has equal roots. Problem-solving Here a= 1, b=kande=9 Use the condition given in the question to write a For equal roots, 6? ~ 4ac statement about the disc Ke -4x1x9=0 k= 36=0 ke = 36 sok = 36 Find the range of values of k for which x2 + 4x + & = 0 has two distinct real solutions, xe+4x+k=0 Here a=1,b=4 ande=k. For two real solutions, b® - 4ac > 0.1 #-4x1xk>O 16-4k>0 16 > 4k 4>k Sok<4Erm airy CUE} XEED ED veo 1 a Calculate the value of the discriminant for each of these five functions i fiat + 8x43 fi g(x)= 2-344 fii h(x) =—x? + Tx -3 iv j= - 8x4 16 Vv k(x) =2v— 32-4 b Using your answers to part a, match the same five functions to these sketch graphs. AV AMY Find the values of k for which x2 + 6x + k= 0 has two real solutions. (2 marks) Find the value of ¢ for which 2x ~ 3x + 1= 0 has exactly one solution, (marks) Given that the function f(x) = sx? + 8x +s has equal roots, find the value of the positive constant s. (2 marks) Find the range of values of & for which 3x? 4x + k = 0 has no real solutions. (marks) ‘The function g(x) =.2 + 3px + (4p ~ 3), where p is an integer, has two equal roots. a Find the value of p. (2 marks) b For this value of p, solve the equation x? + 3px + (14p 3) (marks) T h(x) = 2x7 + (k + A)w + k, where k is a real constant, ees a Find the discriminant of h(x) in terms of k, (marks) Ifa question part says hence or b_ Hence or otherwise, prove that h(x) has two distinct otherwise" its usually easier to use your real roots for all values of &. Bmarks) _2nsWer to the previous question part. Prove that, if the values of a and e are given and non-zero, itis always possible to choose avalue of b so that f(x) = ax? + bx +c has distinct real roots. b Isit always possible to choose a value of b so that f(x) has equal roots? Explain your answer,CW tes raid CEST 2) IED cccrrvermenon 10 Solve the following equations without a calculator. Leave your answers in surd form, where necessary, 0 b 3x24 13x-10=0 7 a yeeaye © Sx? = 10y = 4y +3 d (2x-sp Sketch graphs of the following equations: etxn3 = 15x - 2? a yaessyed © y=6-10x~4: e f(x) =8 + 3y = Sand g(x) = 44+ &, where k is a constant, a Given that £(3) = g(3), find the value of k. (Gmarks) b Find the values of «for which f(x) = g(x). (Gmarks) Solve the following equations, giving your answers correct to 3 significant figures: a +Mk-1=0 b 2e-Sr+1=0 © 10 d Bx Write each of these expressions in the form p(x + 4)? + r, where p, q and r are constants to be found: a+ 12v-9 b Sx? 40+ 13 © 8y— 25? d 3x2- (041)? Find the value k for which the equation 5x* ~ 2x + &=0 has exactly one solution, (2 marks) Given that for all values of x: 3x2 + xt Se ple gh tr a find the values of p, q and r (3 marks) b Hence solve the equation 3x2 + 12x + 5 =0. (marks) The function f is defined as f(x! 20(2") + 64,8 ER. a Write f(x) in the form (2 ~ a)(2* ~ 5), where a and b are real constants (2marks) b Hence find the two roots of f(x). (2 marks) Find, as surds, the roots of the equation 2(x + I= 4) = (r= 27 =0. Use algebra to solve (x - 1)(x +2) = 18.Sal sie CUE} 11 A diver launches herself off a springboard. The height of the diver, in metres, above the pool f seconds after launch can be modelled by the following function: h(n) = Sr—10P + 10,1 =0 a How high is the springboard above the water? (1 mark) b Use the model to find the time at which the diver hits the water. (3marks) © Rearrange h(i) into the form A ~ B(¢ - CP and give the values, of the constants 4, Band C. (3 marks) d_ Using your answer to part ¢, or otherwise, find the maximum height of the diver, and the time at which this maximum height is reached. (2 marks) 12. For this question, f(x) = kx? + (4k + 2) + 1, where k is real constant. a Find the discriminant of f(x) in terms of &. GB marks) By simplifying your answer to part a, or otherwise, prove that f(x) has two distinet real roots for all non-zero values of & (2 marks) ¢ Explain why f(x) cannot have two distinct real roots when k= 0. (mark) 13 Find all of the roots of the function r(x) = x* = 17x + 16. (S marks) a The ratio of the lengths ad in this line is the same as the ratio of the lengths bc. —s Show that this ratio is 2°? 1 b Show also that the infinite square root 145 Vrey14yi+vte vsCW tes ode 1 raid 1 To solve a quadratic equation by factorising: + Write the equation in the form ax? + bx +¢=0 + Factorise the left-hand side + Set each factor equal to zero and solve to find the value(s) of x. The solutions of the equation ax? + bx + ¢ = Owhere a + 0 are given by the formula: ab = \bE= hae xerbre (x44) (4) attbrtcma(s+2)'+(c-2) The set of possible inputs of a function is called the domain. ‘The set of possible outputs of a function is called the range ‘The roots of a function are the values of x for which f(x) = You can find the coordinates of a turning point of a quadratic graph by completing the square. If f(x) = a(x + p)? +g, the graph of y = f(x) has a turning point at (-p, q). For the quadratic fun n f(x) = ax? + bx +e = 0, the expression b? — 4ac is alled the discriminant. The value of the discriminant shows how many roots f(x) has: + If 6? —4ae > 0 then the quadratic function has two distinct real roots. + If B® — 4ac =0 then the quadratic function has one repeated real root. + If B® —4ac <0 then the quadratic function has no real roots.3 EQUATIONS rN en Vana Sse Pu eed After completing this chapter you should be able to: Solve multaneous equations using elimination or substitution “> pages 37-38 Solve simultaneous equations: one linear and one quadratic “> pages 39-40 Interpret algebraic solutions of equations graphically > pages 40-43, Solve linear inequal > pages 44-46 Solve quadratic inequaliti Interpret inequalities graphically ar and quadratic inequalities g ~ pages 51: De guerie ees B= Write di numbers in of these sets: a An’ b (4UB) + International GCSE Mathematics of intersection with the axes and the coordinates of the turning point b y=(x-2'+4 \d scientists use regions on graphs to optimise athlet ‘nutritional intake and ensure the} the minimum dietary requirements for calories and itamins,USE UE SU Vals} COGaitoky Ed Linear simultaneous equations in two unknowns have one set of values that will make a pair of equations true at the same time. The solution to this pair of simultaneous equations is x= 5, xe3ysl1 (I) 5+3(2)=5+6=11¥ 4x-5y=10 2) 45) ~ 5(@) = 20-10 = 107 Linear simultaneous equations can be solved using elimination or substitution. EEN) ED wou nine Solve the simultaneous equations: b dx Sp 6x +2y olution is. x = 34, y= 2EC aie} ee SEWED EVs) Solve the simultaneous equations: he solution is x rons 1 Solve these simultaneous equations by elimination: a 2v-y=6 © Sx42y=6 4x +3y 3-109 = 26 d2x-y f 3x48 6x4 2y 2 Solve these simultaneous equations by substitution: x43 b 4x—3y=40 © 3x-y=7 a etys 10x + 3p =-2 3 Solve these simultaneous equations LD Fist scavenge a 3x-2y +520 > © 3y=5(x-2) both equations into 3 the same form, Sirty)=Ox+1) 2x +3y44=0 3w-D+y+4=0 egaxtbyae 4 Bvteky=8 are simultaneous equations where & is a constant. ‘constant, as the a Show that x= 3. (3 marks) same value in both equations. b Given that y=}, determine the value of k. (1 mark) 5 2x py axe Sytq= are simultaneous equations where p and gare constants. ‘The solution to this pair of simultaneous equations is x = g, y= —1. Find the value of p and the value of g. (Smarks)USE UE SU Vals} COGaitoky 39 You must be able to solve simultaneous equations where one equation is linear and one is quadratic. To solve simultaneous equations involving one linear equation and one quadratic equation, you need to use a substitution method from the linear equation into the quadratic equation. = Simultaneous equations with one linear and one quadratic equation can have up to two pairs, of solutions. You need to make sure the solutions are paired correctly. The solutions to this pair of simultaneous equations are x= 4, y=—3 and x yet Q) yebaye2ee5 | (Q) av and 55 LF NS) +20) = 9-12 B= SV and Gx») CAS? + (65)C15) +2155) =225-825 + 11-57 oa | 9 - lay +4? 4 Oy GF 2y2 + 3p+1=0 y+ My +920 oxedorx= Solutions are and x =5,y EE 28) FLIED voeron scume 1 Solve the simultaneous equations axty=ll b2xty=l © y=3x 29 = 30 eeeel d 3a4+b=8 e Quty=7 3a? + b= 28 w=6 2. Solve the simultaneous equations: a Qv42y=7 bv x 4y © Sy-4y Say +2y2=0Cali) ee SEWED EVs) 3 Solve the simultaneous equations, giving your answers in their simplest surd form: (CotRaRERIEE ‘substituting an expression into an equation. ax-y=6 aye4 (6 marks) show that x? = 2x—11 =0. (2 marks) b Hence, or otherwise, solve the simultaneous equations giving your answers in the form a v3, where a and b are integers. (S marks) © 6 One pair of solutions for the simultaneous equations SIS ne yake-5 4x2 — xy =6 is (1, p) where & and p are constants. a Find the values of k and p. b Find the second pair of solutions for the simultaneous equations. Challenge = wae Given that the simultaneous equations have exactly one pair of solutions, show that kaa IF Qp) isa solution, then x= 1, =p satisfies both equations. ©) Simuttancous equations on graphs You can represent the solutions of simultaneous equations graphically. As every point on a line or curve satisfies the equation of that line or curve, the points of intersection of two lines or curves satisfy both equations simultaneously. «= Solutions to a pair of simultaneous equations represent the p< GEE) BED wore 8 On the same axes, draw the graphs of: 2v43y=8 3 its of intersection of their graphs. Br-y b Use your graphs to write down the solutions to the simultaneous equations.USE UE SU Vals} ai Find the point of Tees calor using technology. b The solution is (7, -2) or x = 7 y a On the same axes, draw the graphs of: Qtys3 yex-3vel b Use your graphs to write down the solutions to the simultaneous equations, a 1 ] on | l | 5 p49 7 $4 fe fai) tT? x+ye3 b The solutions are (+1, 5) or x SN eee and (2, -1) oF x points of intersection. The graph of a linear equation and the graph of a quadratic equation can either: * intersect twice itersect once + not intersect ‘After substituting, you can use the discriminant of the resulting quadratic equation to determine the number of points of intersection. aOSU us} Ceara EQUi ' For a pair of simultaneous equations that produce a quadratic equation of the form ax? + bx +0=0: + Bhac>0 + Bahac=0 + P4ac<0 ‘two real solutions one real solution no real solutions wm VA UN ‘The line with equation y = 2x + | meets the curve with equation kx? + 2y + (k~ 2) =0 at exactly ‘one point. Given that k is a positive constant ‘a find the value of & | Explore how the value of OB b for this value of k, find the coordinates of sthe line and the curve the point of intersection. [te etc ax+1 tt) kat + By + k= 2)= kee + 20x + D+ k= by? bye 24k kat tae Geter ama You are told that the ine meets the curve at exactly one point, so use the discriminant of the resulting quadratic. There wil be exactly one solution, 50.5? —4ae =0. b 2x2 +44 220 ye 2a Point of intersection is (-1, 1),BT UNSEEN SU aus) COGaitoky EEE) ED rover 1 Ineach case: i draw the graphs for each pair of equations on the same axes find the coordinates of the point of intersection. Be- b y=2v-7 © ye3-x ye8-3x +2 xty+1=0 y 2 a Use graph paper to accurately draw the graphs of 2y-= 2x + 11 and 3x5 on the same axes b Use your graphs to find the coordinates of the points of intersection. © Verily your solutions by substitution. 3a On the same axes, sketch the curve with equation x? + y= 9 and the line with equation 2x + y= 6. b Find the coordinates of the points of intersection. ¢ Verify your solutions by substitution. 4a On the same axes, sketch the curve with equation ; , GED sou need to use algebra (v—2) and the line with equation y = 3x -2. nese tose e Be ea b Find the coordinates of the point of intersection. ppart b to find the coordinates. 6 Find the coordinates of the points at which the line with equation y = 3x — 1 intersects the curve with equation y? = xy +15. ©® 7 Determine the number of points of intersection for these pairs of simultaneous equations. 6x? +3x-7 b yay? 18+ 40 22ved yedxt8 y= l0x-9 G@) 8 Given the simultaneous equations Dey x + dky + 5k=0 where k is a non-zero constant a show that x2 + 8kx +k =0. (2 marks) Given that x2 + 8k + & = 0 has equal roots b find the value of (Bmarks) © for this value of &, find the solution of the simultaneous equations, (3 marks) rcCe arse} ee SEWED EVs) You can solve linear inequalities using similar methods to those for solving linear equations. = The solution of an inequality is the set of all real numbers x that make the inequality true. NTI) ED see Find the set of values of x for which: a Syt9= 0420 b12=3x< 27 CREED you can write the solution to this © ¥x-5)> 5 2Ax-8) inequality using set notation as (x:x = 2.75). This means the set of al values «for which xis pene greater than or equal to 275, a 5x49 Ax+9= 20 b 12-3y<27 3x < 15 © 3(x-5)>5-2(r-8) Bx-15>5- +16 Syo5 416415 Sx >36 x>72 You may sometimes need to find the set of COED ih set notation values for which two inequalities are true Sar eae eT together. Number lines can be useful to find peanarretten eee eta) the solution, SL orx>3is written (x:x< =U (x: ¥>3} For example, in the number line below the solution set is.x > —2and.x = 4, © is used for and means the end value is not included, |__. eisused for and = and means the end value is included. ‘These are the only real values that satisfy both equalities simultaneously, so the solution is -2 3. SoS Here there is no overlap and the two inequalities have = % os to be written separately as x= —1or.x>3.USE UE SU Vals} ai emo Find the set of values of x for which: a 3y—Sx-8 b x-S>1-xor 1S-3x>5 42x a 3r-5x-8 2ax-5<8 4x>-8 2x<13 x>-2 x<65 So the required set of valves 18-2 t-x 15 -3x>5 42x ax-5>1 10- ax > 2x 2x>6 10> 5x x>3 2>x x2 4 2 0 2 4 € 6 o——> «3 The solution is x> 3 or x < 2, BETTE ies 1 Find the set of values of x for which: a 2v-3<5 b Sy+4=39 © 6x-3>2v47 d Sx+6<-12-x © 1Saxe4 f 21-2v>843x g l+x<2543x bh Ix-7<7-7x i 5-05e>1 j Sx+4> 12-26 ri)Cali) ee SEWED EVs) 2. Find the set of values of x for wh a %x-3)>0 b &(1-x)>x-1 © 3x47) <8-x% d %xe-3)-(e+1N<0 — e 141-9 <10(x-4) f Yx-5)=34-x) g 1tv-3(x- 3) <45 he x-2%5+2y< 11 i x(x-4)= 842 | 2 > « - dxOe +3) jxG-ye34x-x8 k 3x4 2x(v=3) S$ 5 #4) 1 aQv-5)< 9 3. Use set notation to describe the set of values of x for which: a v= 2)> x -4and 4v+ 12> 20417 Dv -S 23-x 2x 3 >2and Hx +2) <12+x 15 =x < 2(11 = x) and 5(3x = 1) > 12x 419 3x +8 < 20 and 23x-7) = x+6 5x43 <9 or 52x + 1)>27 1- 6x 43x +7) 5 20 of 23x = 5) = A=(x:3x+5>2) 2 C=(:Me<2x-1) Given that 4.9 (BUC) = fv:p-< x= 4} Ufvix> A find the values ofp, and r @® Quadratic inequalities * To solve a quadratic inequality + Rearrange so that the right-hand side of the inequality is 0 + Solve the corresponding quadratic equation to find the critical values + Sketch the graph of the quadratic function * Use your sketch to find the required set of values. ‘The solutions to the quadratic inequality wae 5 x*=4x~5>Oare the xvalues when = G+ De-5) the curve is above the x-axis (the darker , part ofthe curve) This is when x-<=1 oF {x> 5.In set notation, the solution is (er<-I}Ute:x> 5) The sketch shows the graph of f(x) The solutions to ffx) = 0 ‘The solutions to the quadratic inequality pre-e Lend = 3 [| x= 4-5 -Landx <5or-1d 3 ~ $x — 2x < 0 (y'<0) for the outer parts of the ‘graph, below the x-axis, as shown by the lighter parts of the curve. Inset notation this can be written as feix< Ube x> 2 a Find the set of values of x for which 12+ 4x > 3°. b_ Hence find the set of values for which 12 + 4y > x? and 5y~3>2. a 1244x> x2 You can use a table to check your solution. O>x = 4x—12 ~2exeé x? 4y-12<0 Use the critical values to split the real number x? - 4x ~12=0 line into sets. (w+ 2X -6)=0 xe-2orxe6 Sketch y xe a 5 ey i x-6 = E ie (eea(e-6 | + = + For each set, check whether the set of values makes the value of the bracket positive or negative, For example, fx <-2, (x +2) is negative, (x 6) isnegatlve, and (x + 2\(x-6) Is win ax -12<0 (neg) x (neg) = positive. Solution: -2 x? gues -2 2 gives x > 1 42624668 Bamed o> «m1 The two sets of values tex<é, Sot Find the set of values for which £> 2, x #0 1p where olution is 1 < x < 6. fae Gx > 2x? Gx- 2x20 The solution is 0 1 b 12-x-a?>0 @ 74 13x-2x2>0 h -247x-3x2<0 k 5x30 b l0and 10-2x<5 © 4x2 = 3x1 0and v4 17>2 f a?-2y-3 0. (4 marks) © 7 Find the set of values of x for which a 23x-1)<4-3y (2 marks) b 2x?-5y-3<0 (4marks) € both (31) <4— 3x and 2x2 Sx -3< 0 (marks) @® 8 Given that #3, find the set of values for which 5 <2. Ree x Multiply both sides of the (marks) inequality by (x37. EP) 9 The equation kx? - 2kx + 3 = 0, where k is a constant, has no real roots. Prove that k satisfies the inequality 0 = k-< 3. (4 marks) @ Inequalities on graphs You may be asked to interpret graphically the solutions to inequal of functions that are related to them. ies by considering the graphs = The values of x for which the curve y= f(x) is below the curve y= g(x) satisfy the inequality fa) < gt. = The values of x for which the curve. fa) > a. f(a) is above the curve y= gia) satisfy the inequalityCe arse} ee SEWED EVs) (x) is above g(x) when x-< 2 and when x>5. These values of x satisfy fx) > gla). These values of x satisfy fx) < BU. The solutions to f(x) = glx) are x= 2and.x=5. Ly has equation y Lz has equation y ‘The diagram shows a sketch of L, and L, on the same axes a Find the coordinates of P, and Ps, the points of intersection. Hence write down the solution to the inequality 12 + 4x > x, a x #12 44x =4x-12=0 (= Gir + 2) =6ondx Jostitute into y = x whenx=6,y=36 P, (6,36) 2y=4 P2(-2,4) b 12 + 4x > x2 when the graph of Ly is above the graph of when x ~2ex fla) represents the points on the coordinate grid above the curve y = flx). All the shaded points in this region satisfy the inequality y > f(x) All the unshaded points in this region satisfy the inequality y < f(s)