Chromosome Simulation Lab Activity Student Study Guide BACKGROUND ‘The cell cycle denies the growth and development of actively d- ding cells Although coll dvision i 2 consinaous proces, the Proc ess occurs In distinc stages, The two Opes of ell division ae texts Sha meiosis. DID You KNow? All of the genetic material in ‘he sperm and egg cells that produced the Ears present —— ate | Fenn chance coc nt Mitosis resus into daughter cols wih nck that re idenalto | i'n ofthe sar fone 0h thr and opr eh Govt and dewloper of se i aes te saris, malntenance and repair of the body, and asexual eeproduc typical aspirin abe Sonar alla result of mito cell division, Meiosis ites in that oll division results in dhe formation of daugh- ter cals with half the ehomosome namber ofthe parent cell. Sex calls = gametes and spores ~ are the reel of meiotic division Preparation for Cell Division A cll isnot always actively dividing. The complex process of ll Vision involves a gest desl of preparation prior tothe actus division process, During Preparation, & newly formed cll must fist grow, synthesize its DNA, an replicate its internal organelles Collectively i this prooas is refered tos interphase and accounts for approx mately 0% of el ite Interphase - Interphase is ganeraly considered a resting phase and typically civides into tree stages fst growth (Gy, DNA, Synthesis (9) and second growth () phases First growth (G) phase - During te first growth (G) phase, the | fall grows rapidly and caries out ls assigned fanctons, Some felis Yemals in the Gy phase, meaning they never divide and once | they de the body cannot replace ats, DNA synthesis (5) phase - In this phase,» cls DNA is rep ‘ated. By the end ofthe synthesis pase, each chremowome inthe call consists of two chromatids attached at centromere ‘ape 23041366seam port hehe nd got pit Be cghon Sette pete amen gece fore at eerer satya en Sint Keleeaas nettle DID You KNOW? “Mitosis and Cytokinesis || German. biologist Theodore Boveri, studying fertilization After the final tage of interphase, the els end to begin mio. In| of egg cells discovered that animal eels, spcalized stutures called centrioles replicate in the fone single sperm was required nal stages of the Gs phase and protein fibers, called microtubules, for succesful development. are assembled. During mits, these cenrles and microbe He observed ferlizatons in combine to form what are Inown as spncle, which ae structures ‘which more than one sperm used to move chvomesames during cel division. Pn ells do ot fll succesflly entered the contain centrioles, but form epindle-lke apparatis thi eal fgg, resulting 1 the addition identical to that fund in an aul ll of an ene se of chromosomes and an extra censoe using, Mitosis ocurs in eontinuous proces but i usally broken int our fall disruption. He called this isin stages, vith discrete events curing in each stage. The contin “plpspenay™ Stages of mutes are refered to as prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. After lophas, the eal enters a proces called eto ‘esi, Ir whch the cell's cyoplsm is divided iy hal andthe cal membrane pinches, forming two distinct cells. ‘The events occuring during ach stage are as follows: Prophase -the replicated pais of centvoles migrate to opposite poles af the ell The chromosomes condense inthe cell becoming shorter land thicker. The spindle ters form from the centres and wil ‘tently tach to each chromosome a he centromere “Metaphase —the spindle fiber enter the maces repon ataching toa complex syste of fiers or the centromere known asthe Kier hore. Aferatachment, the spindle fiber lign the centromeres long an equatorial region in the auceus, own asthe metaphase Plat, so thatthe ams ofthe chromosome pont towards the poles of the call‘Anaphase ~ the centromere divides and the two chromate separate ‘om each other forming two dential daughitrchromesomes, The spindle bers pull the newiy-divded chromsomes towards the | poles and away from the metaphase plat. Though the spindle fibers | appear to move they ace infact continuously fooring atone end and | Alsassembling ste other end Telophase ~ alter the chromosomes rach the poles ofthe cel, nuclear membrane forms aound each se of chroner ‘somes, forming daughter nuclei. The chromasomesoncall and elongate. The spindle fibers break down and cieppenr land, in animal col, a cleavage forzew Between the (00 ‘daughter nucle Deine to form (Cytokines in animal cells the clevagefarow continues, pinching together and eventually drawing together com pletely, separating the cell into wo ditinct daughter cela. ‘The newly formed cells now enter intephase, in plant el, there is no formation ofa cleavage furow, Stal droplets ferm along the equator region of thee, and gradually fuse forming «dis that grows outward ntl ireaches the wal ofthe dividing cell completing be separation of the ‘oro daughter cali Meiosis Meiosis is a form of coll vision that accu nly in reproductive, ot germ, cells, Meiosis i termed a reductive civisin because f resale in daughter cals with half te chromosome number ofthe orginal parent cell Like mitosis, meiosis ours in 9 series of sages wih Some notable diferences. Meiosis actus involves two call division, referred toas meiosis | ‘sd meiosis. The stages in which meiosis cccurs area fllows Interphase ~ lke miosis, interphase occurs and esl in DNA syn thesis and eepiation ofthe chromesomes, The cls aso prepoing | for division sila to mitosis. | sie “ie| SSeS | Y ID You KNow? ‘A stvimp has greater than 100 pars of chromosomes in each fl man hae 23 pars Prophase I~ during prophase, the centrioles migrate tothe oppose | poles ofthe cal and the microtubules bein to form. However, the Fomologous chromo inthe cll come together a pir. Some times, during this stage of malo, the am ofthe homologous eho | mosomes become entwined, creasing each tera scaled hasnt, “Metaphase I~ the hamologous chromosome pairs lineup along the metaphase pate Spindle bers are attached tthe centrioles at oppo Site poles ofthe call. The fibers from one poe ofthe cal attach fo the kinetochore of one homologous eemossme and de bers fom the other centrioles tach othe ther homologous chromosome [Anapliase I~ asin mitosis the spindle fibers pull the chromosomes toward opposite poles nthe ell However, during melon, the eet chromatids do not separate and the cwomasome is pulled intact 1 fone pole while is homologous chromosome is pulled toward the tthe pole Incase where the chromosomes have crated Over, the fentwied chromosome arms wil often beak of, swapping eepten's ‘ofthe chromosome anne Debween each oer, ‘Telophase I~ the chromosomes continue to move unl they each reach bie respective poles. Cytokinese often occurs smullancovaly| with telophase in meres esting in two daughter el each wih half the deomosome number ofthe paren. It important t not, however, that the chromasores in each daughter eel eu from eich cell reccving hall ofthe homologous chromosomes (each cot {aining both chromatid) instead ofeach cll ecivng one comet ‘rom teenie chromosome sen some species, there is rie inte= phase stage before the next division, while in oer, the felophase Calls Begin the next vision menial Drophase I~ the centiles migrate and the spindle fibers begin to form. Keepin mind that this scccuring in both daughter cells sulting fom the st dvs ‘Metaphase I~ the chromosomes in each cll ine up slong a mets | phase plat and the spindles attach tothe Kinetochore on each chro ‘mosoate Similarly 9 mitosis, the chromatid arme ate poling fo ‘ward oppastepoesof thecal Anaphase Il ~ the spindle fibers pull the chromosomes o apposite ‘ples ofthe cl. The chromosomes separate atthe centromere sid tne chromatid from each cuomesome is pulled to respective pole ol theca, ‘Telophase Il—nucle orm, a in miosis, nd the cleavage fron de: velops. The chromosomes uncll and elongate Cytokinesis =the esvagefurrove (or disc in plant cells) develops fully, pinching the tops and separating each of the erga daughter cals imo two new call, esuing in atoll of four haploid ale || “taoDID YOU KNOW? Inthe te take to reed ths scxanc, approximately 50000, cals in you body wil de and Dereplaced with new cells OBJECTIVES ers ‘Understand the cell eyle and proces of call division 1 Demerstrate mitosis and meiosis uring pop bead models ‘+ Simulate segregation of alleles, independent assortment, end crossing over during cll division MATERIALS peso MATERIALS NEEDED PER GROUP. 40 Red popbeads 40 Yellow pop beads 2 Red centriole 4A Plastic bola centro PROCEDURE Activity #1: Mitosis, Use Analysis Sheet #: Mitosis to diagram each stage of mitosis as you simulate it inthis exerci A. Interphase What happens: Alter el division takes place, the eal enters the longest tage ofthe ‘al eyle. This ig cles inerphace, During thi sige he cls pee- paring for the next division. Dshet chromosomes ar not vishle DNA exists in an uncoled state and the chromosome material p= ears as granular matter called chrematin within the nels ‘Tosimalates 1. Construct two stands of seven red pop beads and stich each strand toa red cenromere, Repeat with two grands of sven Je low pop beads and a yellow centromere These will represent & homologous par of chromosomesDip You KNOW? Researchers at Coral Univer: sly have shown how tiny mo- lecular motes earyag target Proteins help guide th mitotic Spindle that transfer genetic ‘terial from the ndeus of 3 mother cell toa newly-formed daughter cell. If these molec Jac motors fi the spindle can- rot properly erent elf with the ai of the cel and genetic material canot be taste. ‘boundary will represent the miclesr membrane, Pace the chr rmosomes in the center ofthe imaginary nucleus 8. DNA replication occurs, producing « duplicate of each chrome some. Construct two chromosomes identical to the ones you made previously. Exch half of the duplicated chromosome i Caled chvomaud. Join both red chromate a the crtomere to fouma pir ofsiter chromate Rept for he yellow romano 4. Place pair of plastic centile, at ninety degre angles, jus out side of Your nuclear membrane. The centriole ab repiate dur- Jing interphase so place another pair nett them in your el may be Alfa to tape your centri tage daring thecseree. B. Prophase What happens: (Chromatin condenses within the nucleus and chromosaes become visible. Centioles migrate fo opposite poles (sides) ofthe cll and spindle bers begin to form. AS the spindle ber apes, the nicer ‘membrane disappears The spindle fibers attach tothe centromere ‘eon of each chvomasome ‘Tosimulate: 1. Move your two pats of dentro opposite pos sdes) ofthe col your des), C Metaphase iat happens ‘The chromosomes ine up inthe middle of the nucleus slong the metaphase pate. The catromeres ofeach sister chromatid are a tached, by spindle bers, othe ensioles at opposite ols of the cel Tosimulate 1. Center your chromosomes along an imaginary metaphase plate wth the centrioles silat opposite poles of the cl, a ‘ ‘aoe 2. Piette an imaginary boundary i the center of your desk. This—————— D. Anaphase What happens ‘The chromaus of ech chromosome separate tte centromeres and move to opposite poles ofthe cell forming daughter chremnosomes. Tosimalate 1. Sepacate anc move the centromeres of ech chromosome toward ‘ppt poles ofthe cel. Notice how the arm ofeach cho Some ral the centromeres to the poles. E. Telophase and Cytokinesis | What happens ‘The spindle apparatus disappeors. Nuclear membranes beg reap ese, forming two separate clei; one foreach daughter cell The hromosomes unto and become diffuse chromatin. Cytokines be Bins and separates the eyoplaam int wo dre daughter cll | __ pin you kNow? Scinsstshave discovered sev- To simulate: cal chet mado So 1 ton cn sed ped nd oe alow sod Bent ee te tate eeaeg tae tang oe ges Sac e ectcyseaezoneyee: Spry eet each Sade ond potas Sec cud heer te coopera 2, Note how each ell now contnne one sed and one yellow chi ‘mosome, a6 well 35 one ple of centile, epcly lke the cell ‘ith whieh you began Activity #2: Mitosis with Two Pairs of Homologous Chromosomes [Now that you ate fara with the proces of mitosis, work with an other group of students and repeat the procedure with two pits of homologous ehromotomes, Short both arms of one fed Gromo- some to sx beads per side and do the ame fora yelow chromosome. | Repeat allofthe tages of mitosis. After toss, yor should have two ential daughter cell each with one lng rad ard yellow chromer seme and ona short and yellow cheomasoe Activity #3: Melosis I&II | Use Analysis Shet #2: Meiosis to diagram each sage of meiosis 2s you simolate iin this exercise “argh ewesDID YOU KNow? has Been found that meny human cancers are likely t0 stem from defective ite herkpon Meiosis 1 A. Interphase 1 ‘What happens: DNA replatlon occurs, resin inthe formation of pled chroma is. Cenrioles, and che all organels, replicates ell ‘Tosimalae 1. Construct two stands of seven red pop beads and tach each strand toa re centromere. Repest wi two strands of seven yl Jw pop beads and a yllow centromere Plcture an imaginary boundary’ inthe center of your desk Tis boundary wil represent the nudear membrane. ace the chro -mosomes dhe center of the imaginary milous 3. DNA replication occur, producing a duplicate of ach chrome Some. Construct two stuands dental the anes you made pre lousy Each half ofthe duplicated chromosome ie called wee ‘mat Join bth red cuomatis tthe centromere to frm pa faster comatide Repet forthe yellow chromosome, 4. Place a pie of plastic centrioles, at rinety degree angi, ust ut ‘side of your nuclear rembrane. The cenroles leo replicate Gur Ing interphase so place another pai nex to Uem n your el ema ke pl lo tape our conti lah daring theres, B. Prophase I What happens A process called synapsing occurs in which homologous chroma: somes move close together and pai up along their entre length. A tetad, consisting of four chvomelda informed. Cents mare to ‘opposite pes ofthe cll and the nuclear mambrane begins res down, Tosimulate: 1 Align your homologous chromosomes and entrine them in the center of he maces ‘Move your enrol to opposite ples ofthe el e 8 vttipu medi Se DID You KNow? | 1903, Water Suton discov- feed that chromosomes con tained genes and that thet be- havior during selosis was ran- dom, concepts that later pro ied the bai forthe Chromo- Somal Theory of Heredity. C Metaphase T What happens i ‘Chromosomes disentangle and become aligned in the conter ofthe cell in homologous pairs. ! 1 Disentangle the entwined homologous chromosomes and place them sideby id in the center ofthe cl, D. Anaphase What happens: ‘The homelogous chromosomes separie and are drawn to opposite sides ofthe cel by spindle ers To simulate: 1 Move each homologous pair toward is respective cence ‘Mave the chromosome pais by the centromere, noting how the chromosome amg ri the centromere ss ovement occurs, E.TelophaseT What happens: Daring meiosis cell division occurs and cents replicate resign ‘wo daughter cel sil containing pied amas To simulate 1 Keeping each paired strand near its respective centiles, cele sn imaginary ne around each paired stand, representing two new daughter ees. Duplicate the centile for both Gaughter fells an piace them next othe origina centres, Meiosis IL F, Interphase Il ‘nat nappens DNA replication DOES NOT occur during the second inerphase stage of moos vata Reve1, Leave the daughter cells as thay were after telophase G. Prophase II What happens: ‘The centioles move to oppasite poles of both daughter cells. The chomosomes mave toward the center ofthe daughter cle To sista: 1 Move the centile to opposite poles ofeach daughter call. Pace he centomeres af the pled ands in the center ofeach daugh- tercell, 1H. Metaphase II What happens: | ‘i ofthe cromoxomestine up singel te entero hcl LL — DIDYOURNON? ——_Tosimalte Developed by Alte Stare ont atdant fT Hor. 1. Caer he pied sade lng an inayiary Hw arse ce Gena Delage sap summary" terof thecal Une op the sta tthe te coir in eh Hote ite centinaton ght cl Reerean any. psf ck | is cocorery wos Cac to T Anaphase I | |: Morye's ecich wit ree Pile Tor whlch he was Whathappens: | | Seed eh Nobel ze | ihe ‘or ipso io ‘The cromutof tch psd sand spare and are rn top ass Ponte ple ofthe cll Each chat wit a wer defined cat | Ban, bnow scooeome | ‘To simulate: 1. Separate each pated strand at its centromere. Move each stand I toward ss respective cntziole, noting how the chromesom= | ‘arms tall the centromere as it moves owards each pale Repeat | ths procedure for both daughter els fom mesons J. Telophase II and Cytokinesis CCl division i completed and four daughter els ae formed, Each contin hall ofthe comosoine number ofthe orginal parent cl. A fruclear membrane forms around each cls chromosomes and the aughter cals rom melas | finish dividing completly. Centres ‘remain outside the niclar membrane of eath ofthe four daughter | cells [ese Se "AE Rights ered1 Pace ech crmotone san nar ts mapa ccs, | ee et Capi ion ne Suge mms eg stoiacnger et Activity #8: Segregation of Alleles, Independent Assortment, and Crossing Over A, Segregation of Alleles What happens: Homologous chromosomes in dplid organisms inure tt theresa pair of gnes foreach alt These genes are fund In th same locus (postion) ofeach ehromacame, Each of these genes cle a alle Te genes fr a specie ral are identical on both eheomoscres, the ‘organism has » homozygous genotype. IF the orgaisn bas genes Sspeaiying two different tats (an brown or blue eyes, te oar isms genotype Is called heterozygous. In mato, the alls on he rmologous chromosomes separate curing the proces an the alleles fare sid tobe segeegated. This Is Mendel ft nw alls segregate DID YOU KNOW? ring meiosis The segregation of alleles in diploid organisms enoures that Te simulate: | | | | | | otborng reve genes fom ‘out pars increting the ges 1+ Exchange one red bet for ane yellow bead a piston one of | | | | | | netic verabiity ofthe lispehg Your yelow chromodome strands. This wil represnt allele R. (except in cose of inbreeding). Replace a red bead with 2 yellow bead at the sme loc (pasion) on one of your rd chromosome strand Ths wil rep resent leer, 2. Follow the procedure for meloss you used previously. Be sue to lagers each sep in Analysis Sheet #9. Ceprepetin of Aci, being sure to indicate the positon ofeach allen your agra B. Independent Assortment What happens Mendel’ second lw sates that alleles on separate chromosomes a= sort independently ofeach othe. IF alleles fra particular ta ait Rare found on one chromosome and alleles for 2 differmt ta, tit Bare found on another cvomosome, then the alleles fortes Rand B wll assor independently during mets Heterozygous parent, with the genes RrBb, can produce gametes withthe genctypes RE, Rb, xB, an 1b, depending on how the chromosomes arange dus, metaphase.pip You Know? Crossing over serves asa rechania to crate frter ge ‘etic variation by re-crganizing the chromosomes. New comb rations of genes can be crested by this proces, ten affecting the phenorype ofthe offspring SEE EEE ‘To simulate 1. Form team with another group. Remove three bends from one side of ench of four of your sande (2 ed and? yellow), One ho rologous pair of chromosomes will have two arm of eel length while one homalogous par will have some of unequal length on either side ofthe centromere. 2. Replace one yellow bes with a red bend on th one of the arms ofa yellow chromosome with arms of equal length This wil be allele R.Cresie alee r by replacing a red bead with «yellow bead atthe same locus on red chromosome with sms of equal length 5. You will nove cesta siferent rat on anther chromosome. Re- place one yellow bead with hie bead on tte longer am of = Yellow chvomesome with arms unequal in legth. This willbe lee B Allele b will be represented bya red bred 3 the same o- ‘cas on the red chromosome with armgof uneq.al gt, 44 Follow the procedure for meiosis using both othe chromosomes your have constructed. Notice how there are 200 ways tht the Ehromosomes can align in metaphase. depending on which side you sligned the rand yellow homologous chromosomes. Be fre to diagram each step on Analyse Sheet #4 Independent As foronent (maintain proper nentaton of yoor chromosomes thyoughout the proces). Indicate the postion af each allele ix your eiaprams. Crossing Over What happens: Crossing over accre when arms of homologous chomosomes ine contact and exchange prtors between each otter During prophase [ethe chromosomes align inthe centr ofthe sucess andthe arms of the eheomosomes often entwine In some eases, te ars break of sid rettach fo the chromorome with which they ae ened. Ths process results ina restbuton a genetic materia flowing mei To simulate 1 Perform the meiosis procedure using red and yellow chromo: fomes Be sure fo cingram each step ih Analyas sheet #9 Cros {ng Over. During prophase , when the honslogeus chromo” Somes align in the center ofthe nucleus with tha arms entwined, Snap te red beads ff fone red chromatid end exchange em ‘with three yellow beads on one yellow chroma. Place the tee ypllow Beads on the altered arm of the sed @vomaid. Continse ‘he meiosis proces, being sure o diagram each step and indie {he poulion of te exchanged chromate portion, Eas n “IonaWARD’ Chromosome Simulation Lab Activity. Analysis Sheet #1: Mitosis OC ‘Brophae 2 =OooocH (geez 3] a