Active Learning Task 12

100 Points: Total based on points shown for each problem. Immediately below is a table of
formulas you may or not need for ALT 12.

Formula
Class Interval Width =
( X Largest −X Smallest ) +1
Number of Class Intervals
Relative Frequency (rf) =
Number of occurrences of the score .
Total number of scores .
Percent Frequency (%f) = rf X 100
ΣX
X=
n
Description
Calculates the width of class intervals for a
frequency distribution based on the number of
desired intervals
Calculates the relative frequency of scores in
a class interval.
Calculates the percentage of scores in a class
interval.
Calculates the mean of a sample.

ΣX Calculates the mean of a population.

μ=
N

Range = XHighest – XLowest Calculates the range of a sample or

population.
IQR = X75 – X25
Calculates the range of scores that include the
middle 50% of a distribution.

SIQR = IQR/2 = (X75 – X25)/2

Calculates the range of scores that include the
middle 25% of a distribution.
2 ∑ ( X−μ ) 2 Calculates the variance of a population.
σ =
N

∑ ( X−μ ) 2 Calculates the standard deviation of the

σ=
√ N
population.

2 ∑ ( X− X ) 2 Calculates the variance of a sample as an

s ¿ unbiased estimate of the population variance.
n−1

∑ ( X−X ) 2 Calculates the standard deviation of a sample

s¿
√ n−1
as an unbiased estimate of the population
standard deviation.
X - µ Calculates the z score value for an individual
Z =
obs
s raw score value, using population values for
mean and standard deviation.
 X −X Calculates the z score value for an individual
Z obs=
s raw score value, using sample values for
mean and standard deviation.
Probability (of A) = Calculates the empirical probability of an
event A.
Number of possible occurrences of target event A .
Total number of possible event outcomes .
Calculates the standard error of the sampling
σ distribution of the mean from population data.
σ X=
√n
s Calculates the standard error of the sampling
sX =
√n distribution of the mean from sample data,
using the unbiased estimate of the population
standard deviation.
X −μ x Calculates the z score for a sample mean,
Z obs= within a sampling distribution using
σX
population mean and standard deviation.
X−μ x Calculates the one sample t-test within a
t obs = sampling distribution using population mean
sX
and the unbiased sample standard deviation.
X −1.96 ( s X ) ≤ μ ≤ X + 1.96 ( s X ) Calculates the 95% confidence interval on the
sample mean as an estimate of the unknown
population mean using the z distribution.
X −2.58 ( s X ) ≤ μ ≤ X + 2.58 ( s X ) Calculates the 99% confidence interval on the
sample mean as an estimate of the unknown
population mean using the z distribution.
X −t .05 ( s X ) ≤ μ ≤ X +t .05 ( s X ) Calculates the 95% confidence interval on the
sample mean as an estimate of the unknown
population mean using the t distribution.
X −t .01 ( s X ) ≤ μ ≤ X +t .01 ( s X ) Calculates the 99% confidence interval on the
sample mean as an estimate of the unknown
population mean using the t distribution.
( X −μ ¿−t .05 ( s X ) ≤ X −μ ≤ ( X−μ ¿+t .05 ( s X ) Calculates the 95% confidence interval on the
X −μ difference as an estimate of Ho’s
validity using the t distribution.
( X −μ ¿−t .01 ( s X ) ≤ X−μ ≤ ( X −μ ¿+t .01 ( s X ) Calculates the 99% confidence interval on the
X −μ difference as an estimate of Ho’s
validity using the t distribution.
X −μ Cohen’s d, measures the Strength of Effect in
d=
s standard deviation units of shift between two
means as a result of the IV.
2 t2 Eta Square, measures the Strength of Effect
η= as a percentage of variance (differences) in
t 2+ df
the DV that can be predicted from IV.
 2t 2−1 Omega Square, measures the Strength of
ω= 2 Effect as a percentage of variance
t +df
(differences) in the DV that can be predicted
from IV, with correction to Eta Square.

A researcher interested in cognitive aging decides to test the hypothesis IQ declines with age
because of diminished intellectual stimulation. He knows that mean IQ (μ ¿of the US population
is 98 but has no idea what the population standard deviation is ( σ ) . He recruits a sample of 16,
70-year-old adults from the population of Americans to participate in a test of his research
hypothesis.

He has each of the 16 participants watch 11 hours of intellectually stimulating television

programs for a 6-month period. They watch the PBS NewsHour hosted by Judy Woodruff five
hours a week, Christiana Amanpour’s interviews with the world’s intellectual elite for five hours
and one hour of Margaret Hoover’s Firing Line interviews with the conservative intellectual elite
of American politics.

At the end of 6 months he measures the IQ of these 16 participants and finds the following
sample data:

X = 107, s = 12.0.

1. The researcher described above predicted that 6-months of intellectual stimulation will
increase IQ. Test this researcher’s hypothesis using the 5-step hypothesis testing procedure
described in Lecture 12-1. These 5-steps are summarized in the PowerPoint slides for Lecture
11-2, and 12-1 (should you need to refresh your memory). Also, you can find a model template
for the 5-step hypothesis testing procedure in the Answer key to ALT 11, posted on Blackboard
(which you could copy and paste, below, and then edit to fit this problem). The next table
provides critical values for t you may need for this and subsequent problems. (16 points)

Two Tailed, Non-Directional One Tailed, Directional

∝level .05 .01 .05 .01
t(15) Critical 2.13 2.95 1.75 2.60
t(48) Critical 2.02 2.70 1.68 2.42
Copy and paste the appropriate figure in Step 3 of problem 1, to describe the rejection region of
your hypothesis test:
2. Compute the 95% confidence interval for the sample mean ( X ) using the sample standard
deviation (s) given for Question 1. (10 points)

3. Compute the 95% confidence interval on the difference between the X −μ of IQ data provided
for problem 1, using the sample standard deviation (s) also provided. (10 points)
4. In a few sentences, compare and contrast what the results of your hypothesis test tell you
versus what information the 95% confidence interval on the sample mean (prob 2) and the 95%
confidence interval on the difference between X −μ provides (prob 3). (5 points)

5. Compute Cohen’s d, Eta Square and Omega Square for the data of problem 1. And, write a
few sentences summarizing what these three measures add to your analysis. (9 points)
The researcher interested in cognitive aging decides to examine the effects of Fox News
Programs on IQ declines with age. He knows that mean IQ (μ ¿of the US population is 98 but has
no idea what the population standard deviation is ( σ ) . He recruits a sample of 49, 70-year-old
adults from the population of Americans to participate in a test of the effects of Fox News on the
IQ of older adults. Being open minded and objective, he is unsure whether Fox News
programing will improve or impair cognitive functioning.

He has each of the 49 participants watch 11 hours of Fox News programs for a 6-month period.
They watch the Sean Hannity’s program for five hours a week, Tucker Carlson’s program for
five hours and one hour of Laura Ingram’s program.

At the end of 6 months he measures the IQ of these 49 participants and finds the following
sample data:

X = 93.4, s = 12.0.

6. The researcher described above has no directional prediction as to what effect Fox News
programs will have on IQ. Conduct an hypothesis test to asses this researcher’s data using the 5-
step hypothesis testing procedure described in Lecture 12-1. These 5-steps are summarized in
the PowerPoint slides for Lecture 11-2, and 12-1 (should you need to refresh your memory).
Also, you can find a model template for the 5-step hypothesis testing procedure in the Answer
key to ALT 11, posted on Blackboard (which you could copy and paste, below, and then edit to
fit this problem). The next table provides critical values for t you may need for this and
subsequent problems. (16 points)

Two Tailed, Non-Directional One Tailed, Directional

∝level .05 .01 .05 .01
t(15) Critical 2.13 2.95 1.75 2.60
t(48) Critical 2.02 2.70 1.68 2.42
Copy and paste the appropriate figure in Step 3 of for this problem, to describe the rejection
region of your hypothesis test:
7. Compute the 95% confidence interval for the sample mean ( X ) using the sample standard
deviation (s) given for Question 1. (10 points)

8. Compute the 95% confidence interval on the difference between the X −μ of IQ data provided
for problem 1, using the sample standard deviation (s) also provided. (10 points)
9. In a few sentences, compare and contrast what the results of your hypothesis test tell you
versus what information the 95% confidence interval on the sample mean (prob 2) and the 95%
confidence interval on the difference between X −μ provides (prob 3). (5 points)

10. Compute Cohen’s d, Eta Square and Omega Square for the data of problem 1. (9 points)
And, write a few sentences summarizing what these three measures add to your analysis.