MNRAS 000, 000–000 (0000) Preprint 30 September 2017 Compiled using MNRAS LATEX style file v3.

Dark Matter Response to Galaxy Assembly History

M. Celeste Artale1,2⋆ , Susana E. Pedrosa1 , Patricia B. Tissera1,3,4 ,

Pedro
1
Cataldi1 & et al.
Instituto de Astronomı́a y Fı́sica del Espacio (IAFE,CONICET-UBA), C.C. 67 Suc. 28, C1428ZAA Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
2 Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25/8, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
3 Departamento de Ciencias Fı́sicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Av. Republica 220, Santiago, Chile
4 Millennium Institute of Astrophysics, Av. Republica 220, Santiago, Chile

30 September 2017

ABSTRACT
We study the cosmic evolution of four dark matter haloes from the Aquarius project
between z = 0 − 4 in order to explore the role that baryons have onto the properties of
Milky Way size haloes. In this work we compare the results from the dark matter only
runs with those from one of the hydrodynamical models implemented on the Aquarius
haloes. Our results show that dark matter profiles are approximately isothermal at
z = 0 in the inner regions when baryons are included. However dark matter profiles
have different cosmic evolution, showing that those early assembled contain a much
important amount of stellar mass that in turn prevents and conserves the inner region
of the profile constant in time. XXXXXX
Key words: galaxies: haloes – galaxies: evolution – galaxies: formation

1 INTRODUCTION
Within the current standard cosmological model Λ-CDM,
dark matter together with dark energy are the main in-
gredients that shape the formation and evolution of cosmic
structures. In this scenario, galaxies form and evolve within
virialized dark matter haloes. In general terms, the morphol-
ogy of the dark matter haloes is triaxial, with preferential
directions according to the initial density perturbations, and
the cosmic web formed by sheets and filaments.
Through N-body simulations, different reports explore
the dark matter halo shape and the distribution of the
angular momentum, finding that in general they tend to-
wards prolate shapes in the inner regions (e.g., Frenk et al.
1988; Jing & Suto 2002; Allgood et al. 2006; Stadel et al.
2009; Zemp et al. 2012). Furthermore, the sphericity de-
creases with increasing halo mass and the spin might be in-
dependent of mass (e.g., Bett et al. 2007; Macciò et al. 2008;
Boylan-Kolchin et al. 2009).
However, the aforementioned reports does not take into
account how galaxy formation and baryonic processes be-
hind might affect the evolution of the dark matter haloes.
Different works pay attention to the connection between
dark matter haloes and baryons, finding that they might
transform haloes into more spherical or axisymmetric (see
e.g., Tissera & Dominguez-Tenreiro 1998; Kazantzidis et al.
2004; Pedrosa et al. 2010; Tissera et al. 2010; Bryan et al.
⋆ E-mail:mcartale@iafe.uba.ar
2012; Zemp et al. 2012; Bryan et al. 2013; Ceverino et al.
2015; Zhu et al. 2017).
A different but related aspect is the shape of the
dark matter density profile. While N-body simulations pre-
dict a cuspy matter distribution in the central regions
(Navarro et al. 1997; Diemand et al. 2005), this result is
not supported by observations which through the rotational
curves of spiral galaxies have shown that dark matter haloes
might have a central density core (e.g., Salucci & Burkert
2000; Oh et al. 2008; Donato et al. 2009). Again the effect
of baryons is a key ingredient shaping the distribution of
dark matter (see, Governato et al. 2012; Macciò et al. 2012;
Di Cintio et al. 2014; Zhu et al. 2016).
It is currently established that within galaxy forma-
tion there are two main mechanisms that modifies the
shape of dark matter haloes. One is the gas cooling in the
centre of haloes, which accretes baryons onto the central
galaxy and contract adiabatically the dark matter haloes
(Blumenthal et al. 1986; Gnedin et al. 2004). The second
are the feedback processes which causes outflows that pre-
vents cooling and remove gas from central regions (e.g.,
Read & Gilmore 2005; Macciò et al. 2012; Governato et al.
2012; El-Zant et al. 2016), and in turn expand the haloes.
Other processes might modify the dark matter haloes such
as the galactic discs and bars (e.g., Debattista & Sellwood
1998; Errani et al. 2017), dynamical friction from infalling
clumps (e.g., El-Zant et al. 2001), and mergers of substruc-
tures within or close to the halo (e.g., Dekel et al. 2003).
Although there is strong evidence that baryons have

c 0000 The Authors

2 Artale et al.
impact onto the shape of dark matter haloes, it is still cur-
rently debated how it depend on the halo mass and galaxy
properties. Furthermore, most of the reports focus on the
properties at z = 0 without an analysis of the evolution and
how baryons impact on halo assembly. There are some works
that investigate this aspect.
Chan et al. (2015) explore the dark matter profiles in
the FIRE suite hydrodynamical simulations from z = 0 − 2
in a wide range of halo masses. Their results suggest that
the dark matter density profiles are governed by dark matter
and stellar mass, while in general terms cores are formed
typically at later times. Furthermore, baryonic contraction
of the dark matter haloes is significant for the haloes with
masses above 5 × 1011 M⊙ .
Using hydrodynamical simulations with different pre-
scriptions for the subgrid physics of baryons, Zemp et al.
(2012) investigate the properties of the haloes with masses
above 1010 M⊙ at z > 2. They find that dark matter haloes
contract in response to baryon dissipation, producing ap-
proximately isothermal profiles in the inner 10% of the virial
radius. Moreover, they find that the specific angular mo-
mentum of dark matter is conserved in time which, as they
claim, provides evidence for the halo contraction model in a
hierarchical galaxy formation process.
In this work we explore how the physics of baryons af-
fect the evolution of Milky Way type dark matter haloes.
For this purpose we analyse four haloes from the Aquarius
Project (Springel et al. 2008; Vogelsberger et al. 2009) and
compare the dark matter only run with their counterparts
which includes the physics of baryons (Scannapieco et al.
2009).
This paper is organized as follows. We describe briefly
the numerical simulations, and discuss the convergence of
the results in § 2. We compare the results obtained from the
hydrodynamical runs with those from the dark matter only
in § 3. We contrast the cosmic evolution of the dark matter
profiles, the triaxiality, the mass accretion history and the
angular momentum. We summarize our main results in § 4.
2 SIMULATION
The haloes of this project originally were run with dark mat-
ter particles only (DMO run), but subsequently different
methods were implemented to model the physics of baryons
(Scannapieco et al. 2009; Cooper et al. 2010). Here we com-
pare the results from the DMO with those from the hydro-
dynamical run of Scannapieco et al. (2009) (SPH run). Both
DMO and SPH simulations were run from z = 127 to z = 0
using versions of GADGET-3, an update of GADGET-2
(Springel et al. 2001; Springel 2005) optimized for massively
parallel simulation of highly inhomogeneous systems such as
individual dark haloes. In both cases, the initial conditions
were settled depending on the mass resolution, and for the
SPH runs the mass of dark matter particles was reduced
accordingly to the cosmological parameters adopted (for
further details see Springel et al. 2008; Scannapieco et al.
2009).
The DMO were run with different resolutions as part
of the Aquarius Project (see, Navarro et al. 2010). Here we
use the higher resolution of DMO haloes, named as level
2. The haloes that include baryonic processes were run in
a lower resolution that is approximately 200 times worse
than the DMO, and we name this resolution as level 5. We
also present the results of a lower resolution run of level 6
for one of the haloes. In general, the convention adopted
to label each halo is with a letter and the resolution level.
Therefore the haloes from the hydrodynamical simulation
analyzed are Aq-A-5, Aq-C-5, Aq-D-5, Aq-E-5 and Aq-E-6.
From the set of six haloes analized by Tissera et al. (2010)
at z = 0, we studied the evolution of four of them picked
not to have any major event which left distinct features in
the dark matter distribution. This is the case for Aq-B-5
and Aq-F-5. We label DMO haloes as Aq-A-2, Aq-C-2, Aq-
D-5 and Aq-E-5. The gravitational softening of SPH runs
are in the range of ǫG,SPH = 0.5 − 1 h−1 kpc, while for the
DMO is ǫG,DMO = 0.048 h−1 kpc. The dark matter particles
in the SPH simulation are ∼ 1 − 2 × 106 h−1 M⊙ , while gas
particles have initially masses of ∼ 2 − 5 × 105 h−1 M⊙ . For
the DMO run the mass of dark matter particles are 0.7 −
1 × 104 h−1 M⊙ .
Here we study the evolution of the dark matter haloes
in the range of z ∼ 4 to z ∼ 0 in both DMO and hydro
simulations. In the following section, we describe briefly the
main properties of the baryonic model implemented in the
hydrodynamical simulation.
The hydrodynamical model
The simulations were run by Scannapieco et al. (2009) us-
ing a version of P-GADGET-3 that includes a multi-
phase model for the gas component with metal-dependent
cooling, star formation and phase-dependent treatments
of supernova (SN) feedback and chemical enrichment (see
Scannapieco et al. 2005, 2006, for further details). The
chemical model implemented follows the chemical enrich-
ment by supernovae type II (SNII) and type Ia (SNIa) from
Mosconi et al. (2001). The SN feedback model has been
proven to be effective at reproducing the observed phe-
nomenology of star formation and wind generation in qui-
escent and starburst galaxies. Hence, the algorithm imple-
mented in the SPH runs have shown to be a powerful tool to
investigate galaxy formation within a cosmological context
(see, Scannapieco et al. 2009).
Haloes are established within their virial radius R200 (z),
defined as the radius which encloses a density equal to 200
the critical density at certain redshift. The halo mass is de-
fined as the mass enclosed within R200 (z) (we refer it as
M200 (z)). We summarize the main properties of the haloes
in Table 2.
The dark matter haloes from the SPH run were pre-
viously studied in Tissera et al. (2010) at z = 0. It is cur-
rently established that Aquarius haloes have diverse assem-
bly histories which in turn produce a mixture of star for-
mation histories and structures. The properties of the cen-
tral galaxies within the Aquarius haloes are analyzed in
Scannapieco et al. (2009), finding that most of them present
centrifugally supported discs composed of approximately a
fifth of the total stellar mass (with exception of Aq-F-5
which is not studied in the present work). Star formation
rate of the central galaxies have shown to be different for
each halo, which it is also different for each spheroidal and
disc component. Therefore, the mixture of different assembly
histories with varied galaxy formation and evolution within
MNRAS 000, 000–000 (0000)
 Dark Matter Response to Galaxy Assembly History
haloes, will produce different evolutions for the dark mat-
ter halo shapes. The present work represents an extension
of the previous report from Tissera et al. (2010) in order to
investigate the cosmic evolution of dark matter haloes and
the role that baryons have on them.
Spatial resolution and convergence considerations
In order to study the inner region of the dark matter
haloes, it is very important to analyze the minimum ra-
dius above which the results obtained are robust. This ra-
dius is named as the convergence radius. For DMO sim-
ulations, Power et al. (2003) find that the converge radius
RP03 should not exceed the radius where the two body re-
laxation time is shorter than the age of the Universe. How-
ever, there is no a straightforward definition for hydrody-
namical simulations. Nonetheless the converge criteria of
Power et al. (2003) might be use as reference in hydro sim-
ulations, considering it is a conservative representation of
the convergence radius when baryons are included in simu-
lations (Schaller et al. 2015; Hopkins et al. 2017). Adopting
the RP03 estimation for SPH runs, we find that the values are
around 1.50–2.50 h−1 kpc at z = 0 which represent roughly
one per cent of the virial radius. This result is similar at high
redshift where the convergence radius is consistently below
to the 5 percent of the virial radius. For the dark matter
haloes of the DMO runs, the convergence radius is lower
since the resolution is much higher than the hydro runs.
Therefore, in order to study the evolution of the dark
matter profiles and the changes in the inner region, we con-
sider the convergence radius of Power et al. (2003) (i.e., ∼
1%Rvir ) as the minimum radius to which we analyze our
results. It is also important to be careful with the number
of particles on each radius bin when the dark matter profile
is computed. We calculate the dark matter profiles adopting
15–22 bins in space between the minimum cut adopted up
to the virial radius of each halo. We also indicate when the
radial bins have more than 2000 particles.
In this work we also explore different properties of the
inner region of the dark matter profile. Considering the con-
vergence radius, and in order to make a robust analysis, we
define the inner region of the haloes as the region within
5%R200 .
3 RESULTS
3.1 Dark matter density profiles
We first study the dark matter profiles of the DMO and SPH
runs at z=0. In Fig. 1 we present the results obtained at z =
0 for the SPH run. We implement two different profiles: the
Einasto profile (Einasto 1965), also shown in Tissera et al.
(2010) and the one proposed by Di Cintio et al. (2014). The
Einasto profile describes the dark matter density profile by
three free parameters α, r−2 and ρ−2 , where the second
and third parameters are the isothermal radius and den-
sity, respectively, when the logarithmic slope is -2. There-
fore, Einasto profile is represented by
h −2 r i
ρ = ρ−2 exp (( )α − 1) . (1)
α r−2
MNRAS 000, 000–000 (0000)
3
We fit the free parameters for each redshift between
2 h−1 kpc–R200 , finding that the Einasto profile provides a
good fit for all the analysed haloes (see Fig. 1). The values
obtained are presented in Table 2.
The dark matter profile proposed by Di Cintio et al.
(2014) (DC14), is based on a double power-law model with
three free parameters (α, β, γ) which are fitted depending
on the star formation efficiency of the galaxy (i.e., the re-
lation between stellar mass and dark matter halo mass) in
the range of −4.1 < log(M∗ /M200 ) < −1.3. The star for-
mation efficiency for the four central galaxies within the
haloes are log(M∗ /M200 ) = -1.22 (Aq-A-5), -1.18 (Aq-C-
5), -1.28 (Aq-D-5) and -1.16 (Aq-E-6) agregar Aq-E-5.
We find that these values are out of the range studied by
Di Cintio et al. (2014), since there is an excess of star for-
mation in SPH halos compared with other results from nu-
merical studies. However we consider that this discrepancy
is not significant, and we implement the model taking in
consideration this difference. The model also includes the
parameters ρs , the scale density and rs , scale radius which
can be obtained if we have information regarding the con-
centration parameter of the DMO halo (see Di Cintio et al.
2014, for further details). Since the concentration parameter
at a fixed halo mass present a wide range of values (see Fig.
1 from Ludlow et al. 2014), as long as this is linked with the
accretion history of the halo (see, Jing 2000; Ludlow et al.
2014), we fit the profile in the range of r = 2 h−1 kpc–Rvir .
For this purpose we adopt two methods: the first assuming
the concentration parameter as a free parameter but using
the halo mass from the simulation result (DC14 w/fitI) and
the second adopting both the concentration parameter and
the halo mass as free parameters. In both cases the concen-
tration parameters obtained represent reasonable values in
agreement with the range shown by Ludlow et al. (2014).
In particular for the first method, the values obtained are
cDM = 10.75 (Aq–A), 22.0 (Aq–C), 7.0 (Aq–D), 10.75 (Aq–
E). Table 1 shows the halo masses inferred from the fits of
Einasto and DC14 at z = 0, compared with those obtained
from the simulation.
In Fig. 2 we plot the dark matter density profiles for
both DMO and SPH runs at redshift z = 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4.
The dark matter density of DMO haloes were computed up
to R200 by using 100 bins for DMO haloes. For the SPH
haloes the resolution is lower, hence we use around 15–22
bins in order to have a suitable number of particles of 2000
in each radial bin. When the bin does not fulfil this condition
the line of the profile is shown with a thin line.
All the DMO haloes show that the amplitude of the
density profile increases in the inner region, below ten per-
cent of the R200,z , for decreasing redshift while they present
similar characteristics in the outer parts. In the SPH runs,
the haloes do not show the same evolution signs. For exam-
ple, haloes Aq-A-5 and Aq-C-5 do not evolve in the inner
nor in the outer parts at z = 0 − 2, while they show a weak
evolution between z = 2 − 4. This is not the case for Aq-D-5
and Aq-E-5 which show an increase in the inner region, sim-
ilar to we find in the DMO haloes. However, we would like
to point out that the inner region of Aq-E-5 does not have
enough dark matter particles to fulfil the condition required
of the number of particles per bin,. The comparison of the
inner radii of SPH and their counterparts DMO shows that
SPH haloes are more concentrated. Furthermore, we find
4 Artale et al.

Figure 1. Comparison of the spherically averaged dark matter profiles from the SPH run at z ∼ 0 with the fits of Einasto profile
(green dotted lines) and Di Cintio et al. (2014) (DC14) profile. In the case of DC14, we adopt three methods: the first is selecting the
concentration parameter from the Einasto profile of the DMO run as DC14 suggests (named as DC14, grey dot and dash lines); the
second method assumes the concentration parameter DMO as a free parameter in order to obtain a better agreement with numerical
results (named as DC14 w/fitI, blue dashed lines); and the third method considers both the concentration parameter and the halo mass
as free parameters (named as DC14 w/fitII, dashed purple line). Grey dashed line in the profiles of Aq-C-5 and Aq-E-5 represent three
times the gravitational softening for these haloes.

Table 1. Comparison of the mass of the dark matter halo with those inferred from the fits of the dark matter profiles from Einasto
DC14,II
ME
200 , and Di Cintio et al. (2014) M200 .

Name Msim
200 ME 200 MDC14,II
200
12
×10 h−1 M 12
×10 h−1 M ×1012 h−1 M⊙
⊙ ⊙

Aq-A-5 1.10 0.99 1.00

Aq-C-5 1.18 1.07 1.20

Aq-D-5 1.09 1.01 1.05

Aq-E-5 0.77 0.68 0.78

Aq-E-6 0.79 0.69 0.75

MNRAS 000, 000–000 (0000)

 Dark Matter Response to Galaxy Assembly History 5

9.0
Aq-A-5 9.0
Aq-C-5
log(r 2 ρ(r) [M ⊙ h 2 /kpc])

log(r 2 ρ(r) [M ⊙ h 2 /kpc])

8.9 8.9

8.8 8.8

8.7 8.7
z=0 z=0
8.6 z=1 8.6 z=1
z=2 z=2
8.5 z=3 8.5 z=3
z=4 z=4
8.4 8.4
−2.0 −1.5 −1.0 −0.5 0.0 −2.0 −1.5 −1.0 −0.5 0.0
log(r /r 200, z ) log(r /r 200, z )
9.0
Aq-D-5 9.0
Aq-E-5
z=0 8.9
z=0
log(r 2 ρ(r) [M ⊙ h 2 /kpc])

log(r 2 ρ(r) [M ⊙ h 2 /kpc])

8.9 z=1 z=1
z=2 8.8 z=2
8.8
z=3 8.7 z=3
8.7
z=4 8.6
z=4
8.5
8.6
8.4
8.5
8.3
8.4 8.2
−2.0 −1.5 −1.0 −0.5 0.0 −2.0 −1.5 −1.0 −0.5 0.0
log(r /r 200, z ) log(r /r 200, z )
Figure 2. Dark matter density profiles at redshift z = 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 for SPH (filled lines) and DMO (dashed lines) simulations. Thin
lines from dark matter density profiles of SPH run show the bins that contains less than 2000 particles. The radius range presented fulfil
the convergence criteria of Power et al. (2003).

that the dark matter profiles of SPH run show flatter pro-
files in the inner region below to the ten percent of R200,z at
z = 0−2, which implies isothermal profiles in these redshifts.
This trend is more clear for Aq-A-5, Aq-C-5 and Aq-E-5.
Since both DMO and SPH describe the evolution of
the same dark matter haloes, the main difference lie on the
physics of baryons which together with the mass assembly
history of each halo lead to a different evolution of the dark
matter profile. The main goal of this work is to explore the
evolution of the dark matter halos and the effect that galaxy
formation has on them as a function of cosmic time.
3.2 The evolution of mass distribution
Different physical processes in which baryons are involved
like stellar feedback and adiabatic contraction, might mod-
ify the inner region of the dark matter haloes. Their effect
is mainly observed in dwarf galaxies, and different reports
claim that their dark matter profile is flatter or core (e.g.,
Governato et al. 2012), while N-body simulations show they
are steep or cusp. This controversy is known as the cusp/core
problem. In general the core profile is not observed in Milky-
Way type haloes, and higher resolution is needed to study
this feature in detail. However, it is interesting to explore if
there are hints regarding this trend in the inner of the dark
matter profile. In Fig. 3 we compare the dark matter density
within the 5%Rvir from z = 0 − 4, normalized by the critical
density in each redshift. We find that this ratio increases as
redshift decreases, mainly due to the critical density of the
Universe decreases with redshift. Furthermore, the compar-
ison of the SPH haloes with those from DMO, shows that
the ratio is higher for the haloes that were run with baryons.
This result show us qualitatively what we find in the dark
matter profiles of Fig. 2, where SPH haloes are denser in the
inner regions than their DMO counterparts. Moreover, we
see that the trend is flattened for the SPH haloes compared
to those from DMO run. Therefore the different amplitudes
and slopes between SPH and DMO haloes might be due to
the effect of baryons on dark matter haloes.
We compare the mass accretion history (MAH) of dark
matter haloes within the virial radius in Fig. 4. We include
the results from Fakhouri et al. (2010) as reference (see Eq. 2
in the aforementioned work). We find that the mass is ac-
creted earlier for the SPH runs. From Fig. 4 it is possible
determine the formation time of the dark matter haloes, de-
fined as the redshift at which the halo reach the half of the
mass at z = 0. Our results show that SPH haloes are assem-
bled earlier than those from the DMO run. To complement
our findings, we also present the mass accretion history of

MNRAS 000, 000–000 (0000)

6 Artale et al.

Table 2. Properties of the haloes from the SPH run: virial radius R200 , virial mass M200 , number of dark matter particles NDM
200 ; and
the parameters of the Einasto profile at z = 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4. Los parámetros de los ajustes no incluı́dos es para los perfiles
donde Einasto no converge (aún variando las condiciones iniciales de los parametros)

Name α log(ρ−2 ) r−2 σ R200 M200 NDM

200
M⊙ h2 /kpc3 kpc h−1 kpc h−1 1012 M⊙ h−1

Aq-A-5
z∼0 0.08 7.65 4.36 0.01 169.42 1.10 527620
z∼1 0.05 8.73 1.31 0.01 109.43 0.79 372467
z∼2 0.08 7.98 3.02 0.04 70.15 0.55 267611
z∼3 0.12 7.96 3.27 0.02 44.74 0.36 164520
z∼4 0.15 8.22 2.88 0.01 32.81 0.25 114884

Aq-C-5
z∼0 0.13 7.17 8.02 0.03 173.19 1.18 680301
z∼1 0.11 7.43 5.98 0.01 113.59 0.91 512148
z∼2 0.07 7.91 3.31 0.02 73.10 0.66 365642
z∼3 0.06 8.39 1.99 0.01 47.03 0.42 229907
z∼4 0.10 7.94 3.30 0.01 36.42 0.33 181789

Aq-D-5
z∼0 0.11 6.87 10.13 0.01 170.63 1.09 602250
z∼1 0.10 6.91 9.39 0.01 113.70 0.82 437386
z∼2 0.16 6.87 9.71 0.04 67.69 0.45 265752
z∼3 – – – – 39.02 0.24 142447
z∼4 – – – – 27.29 0.13 72326

Aq-E-5
z∼0 0.11 6.99 7.82 0.01 149.94 0.77 538991
z∼1 0.10 7.21 5.95 0.01 95.00 0.53 359610
z∼2 – – – – 64.24 0.40 275840
z∼3 0.18 6.79 8.08 0.01 36.64 0.18 122193
z∼4 – – – – 23.44 0.09 59092

5.1 0.2
R 200, 0 ))

5.0
)/ρcrit, z )

0.0
4.9
<

4.8 −0.2
R 200, z )/ M (r
,z
log(ρ(r < 0. 05R200

4.7
−0.4
4.6
Aq-A-5
4.5 −0.6 Aq-C-5
Aq-A
<

4.4 Aq-C Aq-D-5

log(M (r

Aq-D −0.8 Aq-E-5

4.3 Fakhouri et al. 2010
Aq-E
4.2 −1.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
z z

Figure 3. Dark matter density enclosed in five percent R200 as a
function of redshift for SPH simulated haloes, normalized by the
critical density in each redshift ρcrit,z . We use the grey line as
reference, which represents how the dark matter density evolves
in the case it stays constant in time.
baryons split by stars and gas in Fig. 5. The halos Aq-A-5
and Aq-C-5 present a large fraction of stellar mass compared
to Aq-D-5 and Aq-E-5 at z > 1.5, while at lower redshifts
(z < 1.5) it flattens. The gas fraction does not present sig-
nificant differences between the four haloes. This results are
in agreement with previous findings which also shows that
Figure 4. The mass accretion history of the four haloes, com-
puted as the mass of dark matter enclosed within r < R200 at
redshift z, normalized by the mass at z = 0, as a function of
redshift for SPH (filled lines, Aq-A-5 red, Aq-C-5 brown, Aq-D-5
green, and Aq-E-5 blue) and DMO (dashed lines) runs for the four
haloes. We compare our results with Eq. 2 from Fakhouri et al.
(2010). Grey line is used as reference to estimate the formation
time of the haloes, as the redshift at which the mass of the halo
reach their mass at z = 0.
stellar mass is the main baryonic component that contribute
to the shape of the haloes (see e.g., Ceverino et al. 2015).
In order investigate with more detail the mass distribu-
tion within the halo, we compute the cumulative mass as a

MNRAS 000, 000–000 (0000)

 Dark Matter Response to Galaxy Assembly History
0.2
Stars
R 200, 0 ))
0.0 Baryons
Gas
<
−0.2
R 200, z )/ M (r
−0.4
−0.6
<
log(M (r
−0.8
−1.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
z the shape is oblate if 0 < T < 1/3, prolate if 2/3 < T < 1,
Figure 5. Mass accretion history of stars (dashed lines), and gas
(dotted lines) enclosed within r < R200 at redshift z, normalized
by the mass at z = 0 as a function of redshift for the four haloes
(Aq-A-5 red, Aq-C-5 brown, Aq-D-5 green, and Aq-E-5 blue). We
also plot the contribution of both together (i.e., baryons, filled
line).
function of distance at z = 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 in Fig. 6. We find
that dark matter concentrates and increases in the inner re-
gion of the haloes as redshift decrease, as we state previously
in Fig. 4. Each halo present different trends for the stellar
mass and gas mass distribution, however we find that Aq-D-
5 and Aq-E-5 present much lower stellar mass at z = 4 than
Aq-A-5 and Aq-C-5. This critical difference might explain
the discrepancy we find for the dark matter density evolu-
tion in Fig 2. Hence, Aq-A-5 and Aq-C-5 assembled earlier
and concentrate a big amount of stellar mass in the inner
regions which in turn preserves the inner shape of the dark
matter haloes. The evolution of the gas does not show sig-
nificant differences between the haloes. Three of them have
more gas in the inner region at z = 2, which moves outwards
at low redshift. This can be explained if star formation oc-
cur at central region which in turn produce outflows due to
SNe feedback.
A different way to analyse and compare the distribution
of the dark matter in the SPH and DMO runs is through the
ratio of the circular velocities (i.e., v SP H /v DMp
O
). The DMO
circular velocity has been scaled by the factor 1 − Ωb /Ωm .
Therefore if the ratio is equal to 1 this implies no change in
the dark matter profile between both runs. In Fig. 7 we
present the ratio v SP H /v DM O at z = 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4, as
a function of the distance to the centre normalized by the
virial radius of the SPH run at each z. Our results show that
the SPH haloes are more concentrated than those from the
DMO run mainly within . 0.1 R200 . The difference is more
significant at high redshift, while the ratio decreases at low
redshifts for all the haloes.
3.3 Morphology of the dark matter haloes
It is currently know that within the standard Λ − CDM
cosmogony, the dark matter haloes are typically triaxial
(e.g., Frenk et al. 1988; Jing & Suto 2002; Allgood et al.
2006), while their inner regions tend to have prolate
shapes. Their prolate morphology would be due to the
haloes assemble along a preferred direction dominated
MNRAS 000, 000–000 (0000)
7
by the cosmic-web environment. However as baryons
condense within the inner regions of the dark matter
haloes, they will dominate the potential at the centre
and may affect the DM-haloes shape making them more
oblate systems (e.g.,, Tissera & Dominguez-Tenreiro 1998;
Kazantzidis et al. 2004; Abadi et al. 2010).
We adopt the same methodology than in Tissera et al.
(2010), and investigate the shape evolution of the dark
matter haloes from the SPH and DMO runs following
Dubinski & Carlberg (1991). We compute the eigenvalues
of the tensor of inertia and obtain the semi-axes of the tri-
axial ellipsoids (a>b>c). We also compute the triaxiality of
2
−b2
4.0 the dark matter haloes defined as T = aa2 −c 2 . We say that
and triaxial if 1/3 < T < 2/3. We analyse the evolution of
the triaxiality parameter at R200 and 5%R200 , in order to
investigate the inner and global shape of the haloes. In Fig-
ure 9 we show the results obtained for the SPH haloes and
their counterparts DMO. The triaxiality within R200 does
not present a clear trend or distinction between the SPH
and DMO runs of each halo. The evolution of the triaxiality
in the inner region of the haloes show that DMO haloes are
more prolate than the SPH haloes as expected. The haloes
Aq-A-5 and Aq-C-5 show that the triaxiality reduces be-
tween z = 4 and z = 1, while at z = 0 the trend reverts
for Aq-A-5 which turns to more prolate. These two haloes
also are more oblate than Aq-D-5 and Aq-E-5 at redshifts
below to 2. Therefore in agreement with previous results
from Ceverino et al. (2015), we find that as galaxy and stel-
lar mass grows within the inner regions, the DM halo tend
to be more rounder and oblate.
3.4 Angular momentum of dark matter
The angular momentum evolution of the dark matter par-
ticles within the haloes can also provide information about
how the dark matter is assembled. We P compute the specific
m r~ ×v~
angular momentum defined as ~j = iP i mi i i , where ri is
i
the radial distance of the particle i to the centre of mass of
the halo, vi is their peculiar velocity and mi is the mass of
the particle i.
The specific angular momentum can be measured
through the Lagrangian fashion way, by following in time
the same particles selected with a set criteria, or through
Eulerian fashion in which we select a region in space or ra-
dial bin of the halo and explore how the specific angular
momentum evolves as a function of time. In order to con-
trast the differences found in the inner region of the haloes,
we explore the specific angular momentum within 5%Rvir .
In Fig. 10 we present the results for the dark mat-
ter particles of the SPH and DMO runs computed by the
Eulerian fashion following the dark matter particles within
5%Rvir as a function of redshift (bottom panel ), and from
Lagrangian fashion by selecting those dark matter particles
within 5%Rvir at z = 0 and follow them back in time (top
panel ). From the Lagrangian fashion, we find that the spe-
cific angular momentum of Aq-A-5 and Aq-C-5 is approx-
imately constant, while for Aq-D-5 and Aq-E-5 decreases
with redshift. The difference between them might be ex-
plained since Aq-A-5 and Aq-C-5 were assembled earlier,
hence the dark matter particles were accreted earlier in the
8 Artale et al.

12.5
Aq-A-5 12.5
Aq-C-5 12.5
Aq-D-5 12.5
Aq-E-5
z=0 z=0 z=0 z=0
12.0 z=1 12.0 z=1 12.0 z=1 12.0 z=1
11.5 z=2 11.5 z=2 11.5 z=2 11.5 z=2
z=3 z=3 z=3 z=3
11.0 z=4 11.0 z=4 11.0 z=4 11.0 z=4
10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5
10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0
9.5 Dark Matter 9.5 Dark Matter 9.5 Dark Matter 9.5 Dark Matter
9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5

10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0

9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5

log(M [M ⊙ /h])

log(M [M ⊙ /h])

log(M [M ⊙ /h])

log(M [M ⊙ /h])
9.0 Stars 9.0 Stars 9.0 Stars 9.0 Stars
8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5
10.5 10.5 10.5 10.5
10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0
9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5
9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0
8.5 8.5 8.5 8.5
8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0
7.5 Gas 7.5 Gas 7.5 Gas 7.5 Gas
7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0

12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0

11.5 11.5 11.5 11.5

11.0 11.0 11.0 11.0

10.5 All 10.5 All 10.5 All 10.5 All

10.0 -2 10.0 -2 10.0 -2 10.0 -2
10 10 -1 10 0 10 10 -1 10 0 10 10 -1 10 0 10 10 -1 10 0
r/R 200, z r/R vir, z r/R vir, z r/R vir, z

Figure 6. Cumulative mass distribution as a function of distance to the centre, and normalized by the virial radius of each redshift,
Rvir,z for the four haloes studied in the hydro run (filled lines). Grey dashed lines represent three times the gravitational softening in
Aq-C-5 and Aq-E-5 at z = 0, while in Aq-A-5 and Aq-D-5 this value is below the range we show in this figure.

past, while in Aq-D-5 and Aq-E-5 dark matter particles in 4 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
the inner region of the haloes were accreted recently. This
In this paper we use four dark matter haloes from the
result is in agreement with those from the evolution of dark
Aquarius project to analyse how the properties of the haloes
matter halo profiles and the cumulative mass distribution
change between z = 0 − 4, and the impact of baryons dur-
(see Fig. 2 and Fig. 6, respectively) which also shows how the
ing this period of time. In order to understand the role
dark matter mass increases as redshift decreases in the inner
of baryons shaping the halo, we compare the results from
region for Aq-D-5 and Aq-E-5. The Eulerian fashion shows
the dark matter only run with one of the hydrodynamical
that the specific angular momentum of Aq-D-5 and Aq-E-
cosmological models implemented onto the Aquarius haloes
5 increases as redshift decreases, which can be explained
(Scannapieco et al. 2009). Our main conclusions can be sum-
due to the contraction of dark matter in the inner region of
marised as follows: XXXX
the halo. While the specific angular momentum of Aq-C-5
remain constant in the Eulerian fashion, Aq-A-5 present a
slight evolution with redshift. Falta analisis para DMO.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to thank Aaron Ludlow and Julio Navarro for
providing access to the dark matter only runs of the Aquar-
ius project, and to Arianna Di Cintio for useful discussions.
Tha authors acknowledge the Southern Astrophysics Net-
work Proyecto Redes 150078 (Conicyt-Chile) for partial final
support.

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MNRAS 000, 000–000 (0000)

10 Artale et al.

Figure 8. Promotion. Red dashed lines represent the mean temperature in each redshift, while green lines belongs to the mean tem-
perature considering only those gas particles with temperature above T> 106 K. Este no tiene Aq-E-5 porque no tengo la tabla
correspondiente para hacer este plot.

1.0 Aq-A-5 Aq-A-5

Aq-C-5 1.0 Aq-C-5
T(<0.05R 200 )
Prolate

Aq-D-5 Aq-D-5

Prolate
0.8 Aq-E-5 Aq-E-5
0.8

0.6
0.6
Triaxial
T

Triaxial
0.4 0.4
Oblate

0.2 T(<R 200 ) 0.2 Oblate

0.0 0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
z z
Figure 9. Comparison of the triaxiality of the haloes in the SPH (filled lines) and DMO (dashed lines) runs within R200 and 0.05 R200
as a function of redshift.

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MNRAS 000, 000–000 (0000)

 Dark Matter Response to Galaxy Assembly History 11

10 5
Lagrangian fashion 1.0
Aq-A
Aq-A-5
Aq-C-5
10 4 0.8
Aq-D-5
Aq-E-5
j DM (5%R200 )

10 3 0.6

T
10 2 0.4 z=0
z=1
10 1 0.2 z=2
z=3
z=4
10 0 0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 −1.4 −1.2 −1.0 −0.8 −0.6 −0.4 −0.2 0.0
z log(r/R 200, z )
10 3
Eulerian fashion Aq-C
1.0
Aq-A-5 z=0
Aq-C-5 z=1
Aq-D-5 0.8
z=2
10 2 Aq-E-5 z=3
j DM (5%R200 )

Aq-E-6 z=4
0.6

T
10 1 0.4

0.2

10 0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 0.0
−1.4 −1.2 −1.0 −0.8 −0.6 −0.4 −0.2 0.0
z log(r/R 200, z )
Figure 10. Specific angular momentum of dark matter particles 1.0
Aq-D
for the four haloes studied. Top panel: we compute it through
Lagrangian fashion within the 5%R200 at z = 0. Therefore, we 0.8
follow the same particles and compute the specific angular mo-
mentum for each redshift. Filled lines correspond to the haloes 0.6
from the SPH run, while dashed lines belong to their DMO coun-
T

terparts. Bottom panel: we compute it through Eulerian fashion 0.4 z=0

within the 5%R200 (z) as a function of redshift for the SPH run z=1
Incluir plot con DMO. 0.2 z=2
z=3
z=4
0.0
−1.4 −1.2 −1.0 −0.8 −0.6 −0.4 −0.2 0.0
log(r/R 200, z )
1.0
Aq-E
z=0
z=1
0.8
z=2
z=3
0.6 z=4
T

0.4

0.2

0.0
−1.4 −1.2 −1.0 −0.8 −0.6 −0.4 −0.2 0.0
log(r/R 200, z )

Figure 11. Triaxiality T at redshift z = 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 as a

function of radius normalized by the virial radius at each redshift,
R200,z . The oblate systems are T=0, while prolate ones are T=1.

MNRAS 000, 000–000 (0000)

12 Artale et al.

1.00
Aq-A 1.00
Aq-A
z=0
0.95 0.95 z=1
0.90 0.90 z=2
z=3
0.85 0.85 z=4
b/a

c/a
0.80 0.80
0.75 z=0 0.75
z=1
0.70 z=2 0.70
0.65 z=3 0.65
z=4
0.60 0.60
−1.4 −1.2 −1.0 −0.8 −0.6 −0.4 −0.2 0.0 −1.4 −1.2 −1.0 −0.8 −0.6 −0.4 −0.2 0.0
log(r/R 200, z ) log(r/R 200, z )
1.00
Aq-C 1.00
Aq-C
z=0
0.95 0.95 z=1
0.90 0.90 z=2
z=3
0.85 0.85 z=4
b/a

c/a
0.80 0.80
0.75 z=0 0.75
z=1
0.70 z=2 0.70
0.65 z=3 0.65
z=4
0.60 0.60
−1.4 −1.2 −1.0 −0.8 −0.6 −0.4 −0.2 0.0 −1.4 −1.2 −1.0 −0.8 −0.6 −0.4 −0.2 0.0
log(r/R 200, z ) log(r/R 200, z )
1.00
Aq-D 1.00
Aq-D
0.95 0.95
0.90 0.90
0.85 0.85
b/a

c/a

0.80 0.80
0.75 z=0 0.75 z=0
z=1 z=1
0.70 z=2 0.70 z=2
0.65 z=3 0.65 z=3
z=4 z=4
0.60 0.60
−1.4 −1.2 −1.0 −0.8 −0.6 −0.4 −0.2 0.0 −1.4 −1.2 −1.0 −0.8 −0.6 −0.4 −0.2 0.0
log(r/R 200, z ) log(r/R 200, z )
Aq-E 1.0
Aq-E
1.00
0.95
0.8
0.90
0.85 0.6
c/a
b/a

0.80
z=0 0.4 z=0
0.75
z=1 z=1
0.70 z=2 z=2
0.2
0.65 z=3 z=3
z=4 z=4
0.60 0.0
−1.4 −1.2 −1.0 −0.8 −0.6 −0.4 −0.2 0.0 −1.4 −1.2 −1.0 −0.8 −0.6 −0.4 −0.2 0.0
log(r/R 200, z ) log(r/R 200, z )

Figure 12. Axis ratios b/a and c/a at redshift z = 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4, as a function of the radius normalized by the virial radius at each
redshift, R200,z .

MNRAS 000, 000–000 (0000)