Integrated Module - Class X (For CBSE, NTSE & Olympiads) @) Aakash Medical | IIT-JEE| Foundations (Civisions of Aakash Educational Services Limited)Contents CHAPTER NO. TOPIC PAGE NO. GEOGRAPHY 1. Resources and Development... vos st = 12 2. Forest and Wildlife Resources..... 13-24 3. Water Resources 25-34 4, Agriculture . 35 - 48 5. Minerals and Energy Resources... 49-64 6. — Manufacturing Industries ... 65-80 7. Lifelines of National Economy {92 HISTORY 1. The Making of a Global World... 2:93 — 100 2. The Age of Industrialisation .. 104 106 3. Work, Life and Leisure M07 - 114 4. Print Culture and the Modem World wel 15 = 124 5. Novels, Society ANG HIStory. ..se nny plone 125 ~ 132 6. _ Rise of Nationalism in Europe... 133-144 7. The Nationalist Movement in Indo-China 145-156 8. Nationalism in India .. v1 57 = 166 POLITICAL SCIENCE 41. Power Sharing... r 167 - 172 2. Federalism.. 173 - 182 3. Democracy and Diversity....... sevsnnensees4 83 — 188 4. — Gender, Religion and Caste... 189-198 5. Popular Struggles and Movements... 199 - 204 6. Political Parties 205 - 214 7. Outcomes of Democracy. 8. Challenges to Democracy .. ECONOMICS 1. Development... a 227 = 230 2. Sectors of the Indian Economy. e 231 - 236 3. Money and Credit cnr oe 237 - 240 4. Globalisation and the Indian Economy... e241 = 244 5. _ Consumer Rights 245 — 248 Answers & Solutions... 249 — 321GeographyCHAPTER Resources and Development Chapter Contents INTRODUCTION Nature provided resources as assets to human beings. Management of natural resources to meet paople’s requirement practiced since pre-vedic e' 3. Technical knowledge is suitable to specific conditions of a/ region required to manage resources. 4, Man gained this knowledge, developed skill through experience end learned by doing 5. Overexploitation of natural resourdes by Growing population résuttod into severe problems. WHAT IS A RESOURCE? 1. Anything available to man. 2. Can be used to fulfil man’s needs. 3. Example : Water, soll, animals, plants, building, minerals, ete. Physical Environment (Nature) Human’ Beings, Technology: Institutions Inter-dependent relationship between nature, technology and institutions Introduction ‘What 1S a’ Resource? Ciassifiealton of Resources Bevélopment df Resources Problems\Atising Due to Overexploitation ‘of Resources Sysiainable Development conoriic Development Resource Planning : Why? Processes of Resource Planning in India Land Resources Land Utilization Land Use Pattern in India Land Degradation : A Major Problem Conservation Measures for Land Degradation Soil as a Resource Classification of Soil Soll Erosion : A problem ‘Types of Soil Erosion ‘Steps of Conservation of Soil Erosion Assignment ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-476234562 Resources and Development Social Science (Class X) Resources Natural Human Renewable Non-Renewable ‘Structures Quantity and and institutions Quality Continuous or Biological flow e.g. wind Recyclable e.g. Non-Recyclable water ‘metals 2g. Fossil fuels Nalural Wilite Vegetation (Forests) Classification of resources CLASSIFICATION OF RESOURCES 1. On the Basis of Origins : 1. Biotic Resources : (@) Resources acquired from natufe having life are ealled biotic resources, (&) Examples : Humans, plants and animals. 2. Abiotic Resources : (@) Substance made of non-living thing'ereeélied abiotic resources. (&) Examples : Stones, mountains. Il, On the Basis of Exhaustibility : 1, Renewable Resources (@) Resources can be renewed or repfoduced by phiysiclchefnical or mechanical processes are called renewable resources, (0) Examples : Water and aie 2. Non-Renewable Resources (@) Resources cannot be recycled,iget exhausted alter thelr use are called non-renewable resources, (0) Example : Coal and fossil fuels. lil, On the Basis of Ownership : 1. Individual Resources : (@) Resources which has ownership under private hands are called individual resources. (©) Example : Plots and houses under private hand. 2. Public Resources : Resources common in nature are called public resources: Type of Public Resources () Community Owned Resources (a) There are resources which are accessible to all the members of community are called community ‘owned resources. (b) Example : Village commons :grazing ground, burial grounds, village ponds, etc. (i) National Resources : (@) All natural and human resources owned by nation are called national resources, (b) Example : All the minerals, water resources, forest, wildlife land within the political boundaries and oceanic area upto 12 nautical miles (19.2 km) from the coast termed as territorial water and resources there belong to the nation ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456Social Science (Class X) Resources and Development 3 (ii) International Resources : (@) No man's land and free zone in the world that belong to all nations are called international resources. (0) Example : The oceanic resources beyond 200 nautical miles of the Exclusive Economic Zone belong 10 open ocean and no individual country can ullize it without the concurrence of international institutions. () On the Basis of Status of Development : 1. Potential Resources (@) Resources which are found in a region or exist in nature but have not been utilized or exploited are called potential resources. (0) Example : The westem parts of India particularly Rajasthan and Gujarat have enormous potential for the development of wind and solar energy, but s0 far these have not been developed propery. 2. Developed Resources: (@) Resources which utlized at present, their development depends upon quality, quantity, technology and cultural status of a region are called developed resources. (0) Example : Resources which we are using or utilizing at present. 3. Stock : (@) Resources which are present jf evironment,\but not accessitle Because of lack of technology are called stock, (0) Example :Waler is a compound of two inflammable gases -tivdreyen anthorygén, which can be used as a rich source of energy. But we do not have the! requifed technical ‘knawshiow’ to use them for this purpose, 4. Reserves : (@) Resources can be used with the help ofpresént technology but their use’ has riot been started are called reserves. (0) Example : River water can be used fongenerating hydPosiéctrcity but presently, itis being utilized only to a limited extent. Thus, the water injthe dams, forest és. is a reserve which can be used in the future DEVELOPMENT OF RESOURCES Resources are vital for human survival a§)well as fo? rheintaining the quality of life. It was believed that resources are free gift of nature, As a result, hymen-beings used them indiscriminately and this has led to the many major problems. PROBLEMS ARISING DUE TO OVER-EXPLOITATION OF RESOURCES 1. Depletion of resources for satisfying the greed of few individuals. 2. Accumulation of resource in few hands, which in turn, divided the society into two segments ie., have and have nots or rich and poor. 3. Ithas led to global ecological crises or imbalance. For example : (@) Global warming (©) Ozone layer depletion. (©) Environmental pollution. ‘SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 1. Economic development should take place without damaging the environment. 2. Needs of future generations should be kept in mind, it means development in the present should not compromise with the needs of the future generations. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-476234564 Resourves and Development Social Science (Class X) ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 1. Availability of natural resources. Affordability of natural resources. Accessibility of natural resources, sen Use of technology and institutions, A$ a$$ ______§_ India has got the right to mine manganese nodules from the bed of the Indian Ocean from that area which lies beyond the exclusive economic zone. Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit, 1992 In June 1992, more than 100 heads of states met in Rio de Janeiro in Brazil, for the first International Earth ‘Summit. The Summit was convened for addressing.urgent problems of environmental protection and socio- ‘economic development at the global level. Thé assembléd leaders signed the!Dectaifation on Global Climatic ‘Change and Biological Diversity. The Rio Convention endorsad the global Forest Principlesiand adopted Agenda 21 for achieving Sustainable Development in the 24sticeintury Agenda 24 Itis the declaration signed by world leaders in ¥892"At the United Nations! Conferénc@’on Environment and Development (UNCED), which took place at Rio dewaneir@, Brazil, alms at achi€wng glotial sustainable development. Its an agenda to combat environmental demage, poverty, disease:thrbugh global co-operation ‘on common interests, mutual needs and shared responsibilities, One major objective of the Agenda 21 is that ‘every local government should draw its own local Agenda 21: RESOURCE PLANNING : WHY? 1. For sustainable and economic development. 2. For narrowing down the gap between rich and’pdor 3. For reducing the enormous diversity in. the “availability of resources with the help of technology and institution, 4, Example (a) Abundant water resources in Arunachal Pradesh, but lack in infrastructural development. (b) Rich cultural resources in Leh, but deficient in water resources. PROCESSES OF RESOURCE PLANNING IN INDIA 1. Identifying Resources : This involves surveying, mapping and qualitative and quantitative estimation and measurement of the resources. 2. Evolving a planning structure : Endowed with appropriate technology, skill and institutional set up for implementing resource development plans, 3,_Match plan with national development : Matching the resource development plans with overall national development plans, ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456Social Science (Class X) Resources and Development 5 LAND RESOURCES 1. Land is a finite resource. 2. Icovers only 29% of earth's surface. 3. About 90% human beings inhabit only 5% of world's land. India : Land under important Relief Features LAND UTILIZATION | _Land use pattern depends upon 1. Quality of land available, 2. Needs of population 3. Technological level of the society. I. Land resources are used for the following purpOSe8: 1. Forests 2. Land not available for cultivation (@) Barren and waste land, (0) Land put to non-agricultural, ses,\e.g , Building’) roads, factories etc. 3. Other uncultivated land (excluding fallaw land) (@) Permanent pastures and grazing lend: (b) Land under miscellaneous treé craps\(fot included in net sown area). (6) Culturable waste land (left ufiuitivated for more than five agricultural years), 4. Fallow land (@) Current fallow : (left without cultivation for one or less than one agricultural year.) (©) Other than current fallow : (left uncultivated for the past 1 to 5 agricultural years.) 5. Net sown area : Area sown more than once in an agricultural year plus net sown area is known as gross cropped area LAND USE PATTERN IN INDIA Land use Pattern in india |. Physical Factors 1, Human Factors 4. Topography 41. Population Density 2. Soil Types 2. Technological Capability 3. Climate 3. Culture and Traditions ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-476234566 Resources and Development Social Science (Class X) ‘General land use categories -1960-61 ‘General iand use categories - 2008-09 Reporting Area : 100 per cont 18.11% 20% | | aor 3173 3.50% 623% Forest Th cotsrabie wont ans Barren and unculturabe waste lar Ld From other tan curren ow Area under non-agricultural uses 1) curenttatow Permanent pasture and grazing land [D) Netsoon aca ‘Area under misc. tree crops and groves ‘Source : Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Ministry oF Agree) 2008-05 LAND DEGRADATION : A MAJOR PROBLEM | Human Factors 1. Construction activities 2. Industrial development 3. Transportation activities 4. Urban development WL Natural Factors 1. Floods Landslides Mining activities (Over grazing by animals Water logging CONSERVATION MEASURES FOR LAND DEGRADATION Afforestation Planting of shelter belts of plants. Control on over-grazing Stabilisation of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes, Proper management of waste lands. Proper discharge and disposal of industrial effluents and wastes. Control on mining activities Construction of check dams. PNP Ree ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456Social Science (Class X) Water eroded area Forest degraded area Saliffé and Aikaline land Mit eroded area ‘SOIL AS A RESOURCE Formation of soil depends upon: 4. Climate 2. Relief 3. Nature 4, Parent rock 5. Time 6. Change in temperature 7. Actions of running water, wind and glacier 8, Activities of decomposers CLASSIFICATION OF SOIL |. Classified on the basis of : 1. Colour 2. Thickness 3. Age 4. Chemical and physical properties Types Alluvial soil Black soil Laterite soil ‘Arid soil Red and yellow soll Mountain soil or forest soil aaeone ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-476234568 Resources and Development Social Science (Class X) PAKistan ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. 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S6UEIC [eISeOO WISE hos feAniy '¢ "S306 ‘Sadojs seddn uj asi809 “Sapys Aajien “sdojs' 10s UL AWS qwaqUED SNUUNY Mo} ‘oIpoW| _“eayoo pUE aL | syWO|Og ‘euO!SAWIT| UIEIUNOW pUE SKEIEA JO Syed JaMOThSBOVUIEUNOW Z “aunysow pue snWUny $¥2e} OS, yupunoss yeseing | wos pues, aejoereyp ul aujes ‘aunyeu ul APES | pue eileg YeMer wes] Josued pue ueuiseley wasann| 119890 Puy _'t Hos Jo uoneoyISsEID ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-4762345610 Resources and Development Social Science (Class X) SOIL EROSION ; A PROBLEM 1, Meaning : Removing of the top soil is known as soil erosion. 2. Causes. (a) Human activities like mining and deforestation. (b) Over-grazing by animals. (©) Natural forces like winds, glaciers and running water. TYPES OF SOIL EROSION 1, Sheet Erosion : Water flows as a sheet over large areas down a slope. In such cases the top soil is washed away. This is known as sheet erosion. 2. Rill Erosion : The formation of numerous closely spaced rills due to the uneven removal of surface soil by stream lets of running water. 3. Gully Erosion : The running water cuts thr6UgW'the clayey soils and makes deep channels as gullies. Wind Erosion : Removal of upper layer of the earth By wind is known as wind erosion, STEPS OF CONSERVATION OF SOIL EROSION 1. Ploughing along the contour line can débalerate'the Now of water down the slopes Terrace cultivation restricts erosion. 3. Large fields can be divided into strips. Strips of grass are Jeff to Grow between the crops. This breaks up the force of the wind. 4, Planting lines of trees to create shelter alsolworks in a siniar way. Rows of such trees are called shelter belts. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456Race ’ Objective Type Questions : 1 Resources that can be recycled (1) Non-renewable resouroe (2) Renewable resources @) Biotic resources (4) Abiotic resources ‘An example of community owned resource is (1) Private plot (2) House (3) River (4) Village ponds: “There is enough for everybody’s need and nat for anybody's greed.” Who gave this statement? (1) Jawahar Lal Nehru (2) Mahatma Gandhi (@) Rabindra Nath Tagore (4) Moti Lal Nehru How much is the mountain share in the total land, area of the world? (1) 40% (2) 50% @) 20% (4) 30% How much is the plains share in the total land area of the world? (1) 43% (2) 44% @) 45% (4) 46% How much area is required for forest in our country? (1) 33% @) 35% 2) 34% (4) 36% 10. " 12, LSSTU LILLE How much is the plateaus share in the total land. area of the world? (1) 28% @) 27% (8) 24% & 29% ‘Aiuvial soll found mainly in (1) Deccan plates’, (2) Norther plains (3) Westem Rajasthan @) North. castetn states Which agent of 4cosion is: responsible for ‘maximtim land degradation in India? GY wing (2) Glaciers (8) Water (4) None of these Whict?is the major cause of land degradation in Punjab? (1) ining (2) Over-grazing @) Deforestation (4) Oversirigation In which state has mining caused severe land degradation? (1) Jharkhand and Chattisgarh (2) Punjab and Haryana (3) Kerala and Tamil Nadu (4) Assam and Meghalaya Name the state where terrace cultivation is practiced. (1), Himachal Pradesh (2) Rajasthan (3) Madhya Pradesh (4) Gujarat ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Rogd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-4762345612 Resources and Development SECTION-B Matrix Match Type Question: 1 Match the following columns Column Column-it (Type of Soil) (States) a. Laterite soil (i) Western Madhya Pradesh b. Alluvial soil (ii) Western Rajasthan ©. Black soil (ii) Karnataka d. Arid soil (wv) Uttar Pradesh (1) ai), Biv), ef), i) (2) afi), BCH), ct, div) B) afi, BG), ctiv), aii) (4) ali), BD, efiv), Kil) Match the following columns Column Column (Type of Soil) (Crops Grown) a. Arid soil (Cotton and groundnut b. Black soil (i) Jowar and Bajra ©. Laterite soil (i) Tea and coffee d. Mountain/Forest soil (iv) Cashew and spices) (1) ai), BG, efi, Gv) (2) aC), Daye in), a) @) ati, BG), efiv), Ai) 4) ati), BE, av) SECTION-C Very Short Answer Type Question: 1 2 3 4. ae Give example of non-renewable resources, Give example of community owned resources. Define developed resources. In which state has mining caused severe land degradation? ‘ Mention the methods of checking soil erosion, What are the human factors responsible for land 4 degradation in India? Which is the major cause of land degradation ins Punjab? ‘Alluvial soil mainly found in which states of India? What is a resource? gaa 10, 1" 12 13, 14, 15, 16 Social Science (Class X) What are the natural factors responsible for land degradation? Waite any two measures for the conservation of ‘and degradation Mountain and forest soil mainly found in which states? Write any two factors responsible for the formation of soil, Which soil is idea! for growing cotton? Name the states where terrace cultivation is practiced, In which regions of India does terrace cultivation stop soil erosion? ‘Short Answer Type Questions : 1 6 \What is the impdrtan@ of natural resources? Why ig it necessary to,conserve them? Differentiate between renewable and non-tenewable resources, Defifte resourcis on the basis of thei origin with examples Define resource on the basis of exhaustibilty, with examples Writa the processes of the resouree planning. or ‘What are three processes of resource planning? Write ay three causes of soil erosion ‘Long Answer Type Questions : 1 How can we solve the problem of land degradation? “The earth has enough resources to meet the need of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of even. ‘one person.” How is this statement relevant to the discussion of development? Discuss. Explain the resources on the basis of thei ‘ownership. Explain resources on the basis of their status of development. Explain the problems ‘exploitation of resources. What is meant by soil erosion? Explain the type of soil erosion, ing due to the over ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456CHAPTER Forest and Wildlife Resources Chapter Contents Life on Earth 1 2 3, On planet earth life has evolved and shaped its own.environment. Antarctic support only a few species, wheréas rainforasts have diversity of species. Human beings share this planet with micre-organisilittona and lichens to banyan trees to elephants to blue whales. Humans are dependent on the ecological system for this ektstence, Plants, animals and micro-organisms recreate: (a) The quality of the air we breathe (©) The water we drink (©) The soil that produces food for us Forests are the primary products on which all the’ether living Beings depend, FLORA AND FAUNA OF INDIA 1. One of the mega biodiversity centres in the word. 2. Ithas nearly 8% of the total number of species found in the world 3. There are more than 400 species of mammals 4. There are 1,250 species of birds 5. There are 10,000 species of insects 6. There are 2,546 species of fish 7. There are 408 species of reptiles 8, There are 197 species of amphibians. Seen eee cnet mom ee cit ec Over 81,000 species of fauna and 47,000 species of flora are found in India, 2. Of the estimated 47,000 plant species, about 15,000 flowering species are endemic (indigenous) to India. 3. 79 species of mammals, 44 of birds, 15 of reptiles and 3 of amphibians are threatened 4. Nearly 1500 plant species are considered endangered, 5. Flowering plants and vertebrate animals have recently become extinct at a rate estimated to be 50 to 100 times the average expected natural rate, Flora and Fauna of India Biodiversity in India Asiatic Cheetah: Where Did They Go? ‘Are, Colofital Forest\Poticies to bbe Blamed? The Aimdiayan. Yew in Trotible ‘Types of Forest and Wildlife Resources Distribution of Forest and Wildlife Resources Factors declining India’s Biodiversity Change in Forest Cover Reasons for Depletion of Indian Forests Forest Conservation Forest Policy wildiife Reasons for Declining Wildlife Wildlife Conservation in India Several Projects for Various Animals Biosphere Reserves Major Biosphere Reserves Community and Conservation Joint Forest Management Programme (JFM) ing a Step Ahead © Sacred Groves - A Wealth of Diverse and Rare Species Assignment ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-4762345614 Forest and Wildlife Resources Social Science (Class X) BIODIVERSITY IN INDIA 4. Himalaya: Home of a diverse range of flora and fauna. 2. Chilika: Wet land area is protected under the Ramsar convention. 3. Sundarbans: Largest mangrove forest in india 4. Western Ghats: One of the two biodiversity hotspot in India, 5. Thar Desert: Climate and vegetation in this area is in contrast to the Himalayan region, Categories of existing plant and animal species : (On the basis of IUCN (Intemational Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources) 1. Normal Species: Species whose population levels are considered to be normal for their survival, such as cattle, Sal, pine, rodents, ete. 2. Endangered Species: These are species which are in danger of extinction. The survival of such species is dificut if the negative factors that have.led:toa deciine in their population continue to operate. The examples of such species are black buck,crocodile indian wild ass, indian thin®, lion tailed macaque, sangai (brow-antlered deer in Manipur) etc. 3. Vulnerable Species: These are spedies whase population has degiiied to levels from where Ibis likely to move into the endangered category in the near futue if the nedative f@clbrs continue 16 Operate. The examples of such species are blue sheepiyAsiatio €lephant, Gangetic doiphin, etc. 4, Rare Species: Species with small population may move into the efidangered or vulnerable category if the negative factors affecting them continue to operat, The examples of sucthspecies are the Himalayan brown bear, wild Asiatic buffalo, desert fox and hombil, eta 5. Endemic Species: These are species whic @re|only folind in Sorte particular areas usually isolated by natural or geographical barriersExamples of such species"e"é the Andaman teal, Nicobar pigeon, ‘Andaman wild pig, mithun in Arunachal Pradesh: 6. Extinct Species: These are species which are not found’ etter searches of known or likely areas where they may occur. A species may be extinct froma local, area, région, country, continent or the entire earth. Examples of such species are the Asiatic Cheetah, pink head duck ASIATIC CHEETAH: WHERE DID THEY GO? The world's fastest land mammal, the cheetah (Acinonyx jubantus), is a unique and specialised member of the cat family and can move at the speed of 112 km/hr. The cheetah is often mistaken for a leopard. Its {istinguishing marks are the long tear drop shaped lines on each side of the nose from the comer of its eyes. to its mouth. Prior to the 20th century, cheetahs were widely distributed throughout Africa and Asia. Today, the Asian cheetah is nearly extinct due to a decline of available habitat and pray. The species was declared ‘extinct in India tong back in 1952. ARE COLONIAL FOREST POLICIES TO BE BLAMED? ‘Some of our environmental activists say that the promotion of a few favoured species, in many parts of India, has been carried through the ironically-termed “enrichment plantation’, in which a single commercially valuable species was extensively planted and other species eliminated. For instance, teak monoculture has damaged the natural forest in South India and Chir Pine (Pinus roxburghii) plantations in the Himalayas have replaced the Himalayan oak (Quercius spp.) and Rhododendron forests ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456Social Science (Class X) Forest and Wildlife Resources 15, THE HIMALAYAN YEW IN TROUBLE The Himalayan Yew (Taxus wallachiana) is a medicinal plant found in various parts of Himachal Pradesh and Arunachal Pradesh. A chemical compound called ‘taxol is extracted from the bark, needles, twigs and roots of this tee, and it has been successfully used to treat some cancers ~ the drug is now the biggest selling anticancer drug in the world. The species is under great threat due to overexploitation. Inthe last one decade, thousands of yew trees have dried up in various parts of Himachal Pradesh and Arunachal Pradesh. TYPES OF FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES In India forests are classified under the following categories: Reserved Protected Unclassed Forests Forests Forests 1, Reserved Forests: (a) More than half of the total forest lend has BBA Gedlared as reserved forests (b) Regarded as most valuable, as far as the conservation of forests and wilde resources gfe concemed. 2. Protected Forests: {a) Almost one-third of the total forest range, as deciated by the forest depactiient {) As of May 2004, the protected areas of India eBver 1,56,700 km”. roughly 4.95% of the total surface area, 3. Unclassed Forests: Constitutes 5% of the India’s forest land. DISTRIBUTION OF FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES 1. Permanent Forests: Madhya Pradesh has 75% of is total forest area under this category. 2. Reserved Forests: Jammu and Kashmir, Andhfs’ Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Maharashtra Protected Forests: Bihar, Haryana, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Odisha and Rajasthan, 4, Unclassed Forests: All north-eastern states and parts of Gujarat FACTORS DECLINING INDIA'S BIODIVERSITY Habitat destruction Hunting, Poaching Over-exploitation Environmental pollution Poisoning a a Forest Fires: ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-4762345616 Forest and Wildlife Resources Social Science (Class X) CHANGE IN FOREST COVER 1. Forest cover in the country is 2. It comprises of: (a) Dense Forests: 11.48% (b) Open Forests: 7.76% (©) Mangrove Forests: 0.16% timated as 6,37,293 sq.km. ie., 19.39% of the total geographical area. Forest Covers in 1995 and 1997 Assessment (sq.km) Category }997 Assessment] 1995 Assessment | Difference Dense Forests | 367,260 385,037 -17,777 Open Forests 261,310 249,303 + 12,001 Mangrove Forests | 4,827 4533 +204 Total 633,397 638,879 - 5,482, REASONS FOR DEPLETION OF INDIAN FORESTS 1. Expansion of railways, 2. Expansion of agriculture. 3. Commercial and scientific forestry. 4, Mining activities during the colonial period. 5. Agricultural expansion in post-independence pfiod 6. Large scale river-valley projects. 7. Expanding industrial-urban ecofiomy. 8 Mining 8. Grazing 10. Fuel wood collection. (Over half of the natural forests have been depleted. ‘One-third of the wetland have drained out. 70% of the surface water bodies are polluted. 40% of the mangrove forest have wiped out. eens FOREST CONSERVATION Conserve and expand the forest reserves. ‘Adopted a forest policy in 1952, further modified in 1988. Nation-wide forest conservation policy Emphasis on sustainable forest management. ‘Also meets the need of the locals. greene ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456Social Science (Class X) Forest and Wildlife Resources 17. FOREST POLICY Increase the forest cover through social forestry. Afforestation on the degraded land. Environmental stability and restore forests. Check soil erosion, extension of the desert land and the occurrence of flood and droughts. Bring 33% of the geographical areas under the forest cover peene ‘WILDLIFE ‘About 4-5 per cent of all the known plants and animal species found on the earth, exists in India. Existence of diverse life forms due to the diversity of the ecosystem. Habitat is disturbed by human activities. Numbers have dwindled significantly, REASONS FOR DECLINING WILDLIFE 4, Industrial and technological advancement brought about a rapid. increase in, the Exploitation of the forest resources. 2. More and more lands were cleared for (9) Agriculture (b) Human settlements (6) Roads (@) Minings (@) Reservoirs 3. Incidence of forest fires. WILDLIFE CONSERVATION IN INDIA 1. In 1972, Wildlife Protection Act was enacted to Conserve and protect wildlife in India, 2. The two main objectives of this act are (2) To provide protection to the endangered species, (b) To provide legal support to the conservation areas classified as the national parks, sanctuaries and also closed areas. 3, There are 92 national parks and 492 wildlife sanctuaries that cover an area of 15.67 million hectares in our country. 4. Gobind Sagar —> Himachal Pradesh 2. Bharatpur — > Rajasthan 3. Nal Sarover —> Gujarat 4, Bakkhal —+ West Bengal 6. Ranganthittu — > Kamataka ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-4762345618 Forest and Wildlife Resources Social Science (Class X) 6. Pulicat lake 7. Vedanthangal 8 Mayani 8. Sultanpur 10. Kaundinya 11. Salim Ali 12, Kumarakom 13. Chika lake Some Wildlife Sanctuaries Rejaji Banbasa Sariska 1 2. 3 4. Shivpuri 5. Kanha Kisii 6. Periyar 7. Simlipat 8. Nagarhole (Rajiv Gandhi) 9. Sanjay Gandhi 410. Tadoba 11. Dachigam 12, Sunderbans 19, Nanda-Devi 44, Bandipur Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh JArdhra Pradesh Tarnil Nadu Kerala Andra Pradesh Odisha Kamataka Assam Jammu and Kashmir Jammu anc Kashmir ‘Onarakhand (Uttar CFedesh Gijeret Madhya Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Kerala Odisha Jammu and Kashmir West Bengal Uttarakhand Karnataka ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456Social Science (Class X) Forest and Wildlife Resources 19. SEVERAL PROJECTS FOR VARIOUS ANIMALS Project tiger Project elephant. (One-horned rhinoveros. Asiatic lions Black bucks (chinkara) 6 Great Indian bustards (godawan). Project Tiger 4, Implemented in 1973. 2. 27 tiger reserves, area 37,761 sq.km of tiger habitats distributed in 17 states. 3. Tiger population increased from 1,827 in 1972 to 3,642 in 2001-02 Tiger is one of the key wildlife species in the faunal web. In 1973, the authorities realised that the tiger population had dwindled to 1,827 from an estimated:65,000 at the tur of the century. The major threats to tiger population are numerous, such as poaching for trad, shrinking habitat, depletion of prey base species, ‘growing human population, etc. The tradg/of tigen skins and the use of their bones i traditional medicines, ‘especially in the Asian countries left the tiger population on the verge ofyextination, Since India and Nepal Provide habitat to about two-thirds of the Surviving tiger pgpulation in the world, these two, nation’ became prime targets for poaching and illegal trading, “Project Tiger’, one of the well publicised wildif®"Eafipaigns inithe worid was launched i973. Initially, it showed success as the tiger population went up ta 4,002 in 1985 and’4,334 in t@89. But in 1993, the population of the tiger had dropped to 3,600. There were 39 tiger reserves. in India covering an area ‘of 32137.14 sq. km. Tiger conservation has been viewed not only:85 an effort to save an endangered species, but with equal importance as @ means of preserving biotypes Of sizeable magnitude. Corbett National Park in Uttarakhand, Sunderbans National Park in West Bengal, Bandhavgarh National Park in Madhya Pradesh, Sariska Wildlfe Sanctuary in Rajasthan, Manas Tiger Reserve in Assam and Periyar Tiger Reserve in Kerala ‘are some of the tiger reserves of India, Project Elephant 1. It was launched in 1992 to assist states having population of wild elephant. 2. The project aimed at ensure long-term survivabot identified viable population of elephant in their natural habitat 3. It was implemented in 13 states. eeene BIOSPHERE RESERVES 1. A.unique and representative ecosystem of terrestrial and coastal areas. 2. Components: Landscape, habitats, species and land races. 3. Nine biosphere reserves have been recognised by the UNESCO on the World Network of Biosphere Reserves. MAJOR BIOSPHERE RESERVES 1. Cold desert —+ Himachal Pradesh 2. Nokrek —> Meghalaya 3. Nanda devi — Uttarakhand 4, Khangchendzonga —> Sikkim ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-4762345620 Forest and Widlile Resources 5. Pachmarhi — 6. Amarkantak-Achanakmar = —> 7. Manas — 8. Nilgir — 9. Rann of Kutch — 10, Sunderbans — 41, Gulf of Mannar — 12. Simlipal — 13. Dihang-Dibang = 14, Great Nicobar + 15, Dibru-Saikhowa = 16. Seshachalam Hills — 17, Panna = Social Science (Class X) ‘Madhya Pradesh Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh Assam Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Kamataka Gujarat West Bengal Tamil Nadu Odisha ‘Arunachal Pradesh ‘Andaman Nicobar Islands Assam ‘Andhra Pradesh Madhya:Pradesh Nine Out of 18 biosphere reserves internationally recognised within the framework of UNESCO Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme. Nilgii Biosphere Reserves — [Tamil Nady) Kerala’and Karnataka, 1 2, Nanda devi Biosphere Reserves > Uttaraktiand 3, Sunderbans Biosphere Reserves —> West Bengal 4, Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserves — Temi Nadu 5. Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserves > Madhya Pradesh 6. Nokrek Biosphere Reserves > Meghataya 7. Simlpal Biosphere Reserves 3) Odishat ‘8. Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserves > ~ Chattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh 9, Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserves, = Widamantand Nicobar 10. Agasthyamalai 4) Kerala and Tamil Nadu COMMUNITY AND CONSERVATION 1. In the Sariska Tiger Reserve in Rajasthan, villagers have fought against mining by citing the Wildlife Protection Act. 2. The inhabitants of five villages in the Alwar district of Rajasthan have deciared 1200 hectares of forest as the Bhairodev Dakav 'Sonchur dectaring their own set of rules and regulations. 3. Villagers and conservationist Sunder Lal Bahuguna started Chipko Movement in March 1974 in Uttarakhand. 4, Farmers and citizen's groups ike the Bee] Bachao Andolan in Tehri and Navdanya have shown that adequate levels of diversified crop production without the use of synthetic chemicals possible and economically viable. JOINT FOREST MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME (JFM) 1. The Joint Forest Management Programme is structured on the guidelines issued by the ministry. 2. It involves the local communities in the management and the restoration of the degraded forests. 3, Local institutions undertake activities to protect the forests and managed by the forest department, ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456Social Science (Class X) Forest and Wildlife Resources 24 TAKING A STEP AHEAD 1. Local communities have to be involved in some kind of natural resource management 2. Accept only those economic on developmental activities that are (@) People centric (©) Environmental - friendly (©) Economically rewarded SACRED GROVES — A WEALTH OF DIVERSE AND RARE SPECIES Nature worship is an age old tribal belief based on the premise that all creations of nature have to be protected. Such beliefs have preserved several virgin forests in pristine form called Sacred Groves (the forests of God and Goddesses). These patches of forest or parts of large forests have been left untouched by the local people and any interference with them is banned. Certain societies revere a particular tree which they. have preserved from time immemorial. The Mundas and the Santhal of Chota Nagpur region worship miahua (Basia latifolia) and kadamba (Anthocaphalus cadamba) trees, and the tribals of Odisha and Bihar worship the tamarind (Tamarindus indica) and mango (Mangifera indica) trees during weddings. To many of us, peepaliand banyan trees are, considered satred. Indian society comprises several cultures, each with its own set of traditions), methods of Conserving nature and its creations. Sacred qualities are often describe springs. mountain peaks, plants and animals which are closely protected. You will ind troops of macaques-and Tangurs afound many temples. They,are fed daily and treated as a part of temple devotees. In and around Bishndi villages jin Rajasthan Herds. of blackbuck, (chinkara), nilgai and peacocks can be seen as anjintegral pert of the community. anit nobody harms them. @ ayo ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456Race ’ Objective Type Questions : 1 ‘Which species are found in isolated geographical area? (1) Endangered species 2) Rare species @) Normal species (4) Endemic species According to the National Forest Policy (1952), how much forest area should be under cover?, (1) 35% 2) 33% @) 50% (4) 25% ‘When was the Indian Wildlife Act implemented? (1) 1972 (2) 1982 @) 1973 (4) 1969 ‘Where is Kaziranga National Park situated? (1) Meghalaya @) West Bengal @) Arunachal Pradesh 4) Assam ‘When was the Project Tiger implemented? (1) 1972 (2) 1973 @) 1992 (4) 1908 ‘When was the Project Elephant implemented? (1) 1992 2) 1993 @) 1972 (4) 1973 10. " ASSIONIGIY In which state is Corbett National Park situated? (1) Uttar Pradesh (2) Uttarakhand @) Haryana @ Punjab Periyar Tigar Resenv@is situated in Which state of India?, (i) Maghya Pradesh 2) Rajasthan @) Kerola () Tama Nadu Jn which 'state is Bandhavgarh National Park located? (1) Madhya Pradesh (2) Rajasthan (3) Haryana (4) Punjab Which state has the largest area under permanent forest? (1) North-castomn states (2) Gujarat 3) Rajasthan (4) Madhya Pradesh Which state has the higher percentage of unclassed forest? (1) Gujarat (2) North-eastem states (8) Madhya Pradesh @) Rajasthan ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456Social Science (Class X) 12 13, 14, 15. 16. 7. 8. SECTION Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve is situated in (1) Madhya Pradesh (2) Rajasthan (3) Gujarat (4) Punjab Similipal National Park is situated in (1) Karataka (@) Madhya Pradesh (3) Rajasthan (4) Odisha Periyar wildlife sanctuary is situated in (1) Tamil Nadu (2) Kamataka @) Andhra Pradesh (4) Keraia Bharatpur bird sanctuary is situated in (1) Madhya Pradesh (2) Rajasthan @) Haryana (4) Punjab India has how many species of flora? (1) 48,000 (2) 47,000 (3) 81,000 (4) 82,000 India has how many species of fauna?, (1) 47,000 2) 48,000 @) 62,000 (4) 81,000 Chipko movement was started in (1) 1972 2) 1964 @) 1962 (4) 1974 Matrix Match Type Questions : 1 Match the following columns Column Column-t Biosphere Reserve State a. Nilgie () Madhya Pradesh b.Nokrek (i) Odisha ¢. Pachmarhi (i) Tamil Nadu d, Simiipal (v) Meghalaya (1) ai), Biv), ef), A) (2) afi), DA, ct), div) @) ali, D4), ct, dKiv) (4) ativ), BG, ef), A) Forest and Wildlife Resources | 23 Match the following columns Columns Column-tt Chipko Movement (i) 1972 Wildife Protection Act (i) 1974 Project Tiger (ii) 1982 Project Elephant (v) 1973 (1) a(), BG, ei, Gv) (2) alii), bi), cfiv), c(i) @) AG, BAD, of, Gv) (4) ativ), BA, efi, iy aege SECTION-C Very Short Answet Type Questions : 1 i 3 wi 10. 1 2, With whom Chipka movement associated? What is Himalayani¥ev/? Which{@ategoryiof species-does Black buck belong to? Give example of rare. spacies ‘Which species re found in Isolated area? ‘Which programme furnishes a good example of ‘involving total communities restoration of degraded movement? Which tree is worshipped by the mundas and Santhais of Chotanagpur region? Which communities in India is famous for ‘protecting the Blackbuck? Unclassed forest mainly found in which states? Reserved Forest found in which states of India? Protected forest found in which states of India? Write the name of state where mainly Permanent forests are found. Write any two causes of depletion of Indian forest. Write the name of the three categories of forests. Which type of forest found in sunderbans delta? Write the name of any two national parks in Madhya Pradesh, Chipko movement was started in which year? Sariska Tiger Reserve is situated in which state of India? ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-4762345624 Forest and Widlile Resources Short Answer Type Questions : 1 2 Neos 10, ‘What are the three types of forest found in india? Describe briefly about the Wildlife protection or conservation in india. Explain briefly about the Forest conservation in India, Describe briefly about the forest policy in India. ‘Write @ short note on Project Tiger. ‘Write a short note on Project Elephant. Describe briefly about the biosphere reserves in India, Explain the policy of Joint Forest Management’ Programme(JFM). Forest and wildife are vital to the quaity of fe and the environment. Justify the statement. Explain the importance of biodiversity for hUman, beings Social Science (Class X) Long Answer Type Questions : 1 2 3. Describe about the Biodiversity in India. Describe about the distribution of Forest in India, Write the important features of Community Conservation in india. Write the reasons for the depletion of Indian Forests, What are the different steps taken by the government of India for the protection and ‘conservation of Flora and Fauna? Explain about the different categories of existing plant and animal species. Based on the Intemational Union for Conservation of Nature and. Natural Resources (IUCN). Write the reasons for'the Geciining of Wildlife in India. JMaintenang@/of ecological system. iS oF utmost importance” HOW ean you contribite.id conserve It and whatlvaluesiare developed through this activity? ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456CHAPTER Water Resources INTRODUCTION 1. 70% of earth's surface is covered with water 2. Earth is called a ‘Blue Planet’ 3. Life on earth probably originated in water. WATER ; A RENEWABLE RESOURCE Water can be renewed through natural process like hydrocycle Water : Some facts and figures + 96.5 per cent of the total volume of world's Water is @stimatlet to exist as oceans and only 2.5 per cent’as freshwater. Nearly 70 per cant of this freshwater occurs as ica sheets and glaciers in Antarctica, Green land and the mountainous regions of the world, vile 2 ke less than 30 per cent is stored as gtoundwatehr the world’s aquifers, + India receives nearty 4 per cent of the gicbat precipitation and ranks 133 in the word in terms of water availabilty per person per annum. + The total renewable water resources of India are estimated at 1,897 'sq km per annum. + By 2025, it is predicted that large parts of India will join countries or regions having absolute water scarcity. Source: The UN World Water Development Report, 2003 USES OF WATER (1) Domestic consumption > About 8% of fresh water. @) Industrial consumption —» About 22% of fresh water. (3) Agricultural consumption > About 70% of fresh water. Chapter Contents Introduction Water : A Renewable Resource: Use of Water Searcity of Wate® Catises, of Water searcity Warp Conseivation Necessity of water ‘Conservation and Management Methods of Water Conservation Multipurpose River Projects (Dams) Rain water Harvesting Techniques of Rain Water Harvesting Rainwater Harvesting Techniques Assignment ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-4762345626 Water Resources Social Science (Class X) SCARCITY OF WATER (1) It occurs where water resources are insufficient to satisty long term average requirements, 2) It refers to tong term water imbalance, @) It combines with low water availabilty (4) The level of water demand exceeding supply. (6) According to Falkenmark, a Swedish expert, water stress occurs when water availablity is between 1000 ‘and 1600 cubic metre per person per year. CAUSES OF WATER SCARCITY (1) Erratic and uneven rainfall (2) Urbanisation @) Industrialisation (4) Pollution (6) Expansion of agriculture: (6) Increase in population (7) Lack of fresh water WATER CONSERVATION (1) It refers to the wise use of water. @) Methods : Efficient farm practices) economical uselin home’ and-ihdusity, aiming at water storage or ‘conservation project. @) Large scale need for management of water resource jn Inia NECESSITY OF WATER CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT (1) To overcome erratic and uneven rainfall pattern in India (2) To proper utilization of existing water resources. @) To tackle with flood conditions @) To tackle with drought conditions. (©) To full the needs of growing population. ©) To ensure food security METHODS OF WATER CONSERVATION (1) Construction of dams (multipurpose projects) Q) Linking of rivers @) Rainwater harvesting (4) Creation of awareness ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456Social Science (Class X) Water Resources 27 MULTIPURPOSE RIVER PROJECTS (DAMS) (1) It performs many functions. @) It refers to reservoirs rather than structure. @) River projects serving a number of purposes synonymously are known as Multi-purpose projects Advantages of Multipurpose Projects (1) These are multipurpose river valley project. @) It solves the problem of water scarcity in droughts @) It controls the flow of water in floods. @) It helps for the better irrigation of crops. (6) Navigation ©) Fishing (7) Electricity @) Recreation Disadvantages of Multipurpose Projects (1) Loss of cuttvabie areas. @) Loss of forest area. @) Difficut in relocation of people. ) It disturb ecological balance. (5) affects the natural flow of water oF fivers. ( Itis also responsible for earthquake: Hydraulic Structures in Ancient India + In the first century 8.C. Sringaverapura near Allahabad had sophisticated water harvesting system ‘channeling the flood water of the river Ganga. During the time of Chandragupta Maurya, dams, lakes and irrigation systems were extensively built % Evidences of sophisticated irrigation works have also been found in Kalinga, (Odisha), Nagarjunakonda (Andhra Pradesh), Bennur (Kamataka), Kolhapur (Maharashtra), etc. % Inthe 11" Century, Bhopal Lake, one of the largest artifical lakes of its time was bul Inthe 14" Century, the tank in Hauz Khas, Delhi was constructed by litutmish for supplying water to Siri Fort area. ‘Source: Dying Wisdom, CSE, 1997. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-4762345628 Water Resources ‘Social Science (Class X) INDIA MAJOR RIVERS AND DAMS ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delh-110005, Ph.011-47623456Social Science (Class X) Water Resources 29 Important Multipurpose Projects in india [SNNo| Multipurpose Project River State Hi |Bhakre-Nangel Project | Sutlej River Puned > Highest nin. 226m Reservoir —> Gobind Mandi Project [3. [Damodar Valley Project | Damodar River Himachal Pradesh Bihar —> Based on Tennessee Valley Project USA. Madhya Pradesh & Rajasthan (a) Gandhi Sagar Dam (©) Rana Pratap Sagar Dam (0) Jawahar Sagar Dam l4._|Chambal Valley Project | Chambal River Is. | Hirekod dam Mahanadi Odisha — World's longest Dem —> 4801m [6.__|Rihand Project Son Rivoe MirzapurUitar Pradesh [7.__[ Kosi Project Kosi River North iar ls.__|Mayurkashi Project___| Mayurkashiiaiver |_| West Bengal Io. |Kakrapara Project 10 _| Nizam Sagar Project fi. [Nagarjuna Sagar Project fiz |Tungabhadra Project 3. | Shivasamudra Project fia, | Teh Dam 5._| Sardar Sarovar Project et Project a "or Ganey Rie fora Narmada Bachao Andolan or Save Narmada Movemefits @ Non Governmental Organisation (NGO) that mobilised tribal people, farmers, environmentalists ani human sights activists against the Sardar Sarovar Dam being built across the Narmada river in Gujarat ofiginally focused on the environmental issues related to trees that would be submerged under the-dem water, Recently it has re-focused the aim to enable poor citizens, especially the oustees (displaced people) to get full rehabilitation facilites from the government People felt that their suffering would not be in vain... acoapted the trauma of displacement believing in the promise of irigated fields and plentiful harvests. So, often the survivors of Rihand told us that they accepted their sufferings as sacrifice for the sake of their nation. But now, after thirty bitter years of being adrif their livelihood having even being more precarious, they keep asking: “Are we the only ones chosen to make sacrifices for the nation?” ‘Source: S. Sharma, quoted in the Belly of the River. Tribal conflicts over development in Narmada valley, A. Baviskar, 1995. ‘A dam is a barrier across flowing water that obstructs, directs or retards the flow, often creating a reservoir, lake or impoundment, “Dam” refers to the reservoir rather than the structure. Most dams have a section called a spillway or weir over which or through which it is intended that water will flow either intermittently or ‘continuously. Dams are classified according to structure, intended purpose or height. Based on structure and the materials used, dams are classified as timber dams, embankment dams or masonry dams, with several subtypes. According to the height, dams can be categorised as large dams and major dams or altematively as low dams, medium height dams and high dams. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Rogd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-4762345630 Water Resources Social Science (Class X) RAIN WATER HARVESTING (1) Gathering and accumulation and storing of rain water. (2) Practiced in area where water scarcity exists. {@) Provide water for drinking, domestic purposes, livestock and irigation (4) It also increases ground waler level [VOU] KN OW? (1) The popular Bhadu song in the Damodar valley region narrates the troubles faced by people owing to the flooding of Damodar River known as the river of sorrow. (2) The Krishna-Godavari dispute is due to the objections raised by Karnataka and Andhra pradesh ‘governments. It is regarding the diversion of more water at Koyna by the Maharashtra government for ‘a multipurpose project. This would reduce downstream flow in their states with adverse consequences for agrioutture and industry, TECHNIQUES OF RAIN-WATER HARVESTING. 1 Traditional (1) Built diversion like ‘guls’ or ‘kuls', A kul leads to.@ circular village tanks jn Rill Agriculture Social Science (Class X) NON-FOOD CROPS Rubber (1) An equatorial crop, but under special conditions, it also grown in tropical and sub-tropical areas. 2) Climate need moist and humid climate. @) Rainfall More than 200 cm annually. (4) Temperature : Above 25°C. (6) An important Industrial raw material (©) Growing Regions : Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Kamataka, Andaman and Nicobar Isiands, Garo hills of Meghalaya. (7) 5 Rank among the world's natural rubber producer. Consumption of natural rubber ~ 2010-11 Fibre Crops (1) Cotton, Jute, Hemp and Silk @) Cotton, Jute and hemp are derived fromthe crops grown in the soil @) Silk is obtained from cocoons of the sikworrs ¥ed on Green leaves specially mulberry (4) Rearing the silk worms for the produttion’ef silk fibre is known as Sericulture. 1 Cotton (1) India isthe original home of cotton plant (2) Raw material for cotton textile industry. (@) India is second largest producer of cotton in the world in 2008 (4) Grows well in drier parts of Deccan Plateau. (©) It requires (2) High temperature (0) Light rainfall or inigation (6) 210 frost free days () Bright sunshine for its growth (6) 6 to 8 months to mature ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456Social Science (Class X) Agriculture 43, (©) itis a Kharif crop @) Growing Regions : Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Kamataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh. Jute (1) Also known as golden fibre. 2) Soll : Grows well on well-drained fertile soil in the flood plains where soil are renewed every years. @) Temperature : high temperature is required during the time of growth. (4) Uses : In making gunny bags, mats, ropes yam, carpets and other artefacts. (6) Growing Regions : West Bengal, Bihar, Asom, Odisha and Meghalaya. ©) Due to its high cost it is losing market to synthetic fibres and packing materials particularly the nylon. TECHNOLOGICAL AND INSTITUTIONAL REFORMS. (1) Land reform was the main focus of ouf 1 five year Plan. The right of inhefitanc®\had already lead to fragmentation of land holdings necessitation cofisolidation of holdings. (2) During 1960s and 1970s : The Green, Revolution based on the Use ofypackagé technology and the White Revolution (operation flood) were, some ofthe strategies initiated 10 improve: theiot of Indian agriculture. @) Provisions of crop insurance against drought, floody eyclones fire and disease. (4) Establishment of (@) Grameen Bank (b) Cooperative Societies (c) Banks. For providing loan facilties to farmers at lower rate of interest were some important steps in this direction, (6) Some other schemes (a) Kissan Credit Card (KCC) (b) Personal Accident insurance Schiame (PAIS) (6) Special weather bulletin and agricultural programmes for farmers were introduced on the radio and television. @) The Government also announce Minimum Support Price (MSP), remunerative and procurement prices for important crops to check the exploitation of farmers by speculators and middlemen. Mahatma Gandhi declared Vinoba Bhave as his spiritual heir. He also participated in Satyagraha as one of the foremost satyagrahis. He was one of the votaries of Gandhi's concept of gram swarajya. After Gandhij’s martyrdom, Vinoba Bhave undertook padyatra to spread Gandhi's message covered almost the entre country. Once, when he was delivering a lecture at Pochampalli in Andhra Pradesh, some poor landless villagers ‘demanded some land for their economic well-being. Vinoba Bhave could not promise it to them immediately but assured them to talk to the Government of India regarding provision of land for them if they undertook cooperative farming ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-4762345644 Agriculture Social Science (Class X) Suddenly, Shri Ram Chandra Reddy stood up and offered 80 acres of land to be distributed among 80 land- less villagers. This act was known as 'Bhoodan’. Later he travelled and introduced his ideas widely all over India. Some zamindars, owners of many villages offered to distribute some villages among the landless. It was known as Gramdan, However, many land-owners chose to provide some part of their land to the poor farmers ‘due to the fear of land ceiling act. This Bhoodan-Gramdan movement initiated by Vinoba Bhave is also known as the Bloodless Revolution, CONTRIBUTION OF AGRICULTURE TO THE NATIONAL ECONOMY, EMPLOYMENT AND OUTPUT OR PRODUCTION (1) Agriculture has been the backbone of the Indian economy. (2) Its share in the Gross Domestic Production (GDP) has registered a dectining trend from 1951 onwards. (G) Its share in providing employment and livelihood to the population countinues to be as high as 63% in 2004 (4) The Government of india made concerted efforts to modernize agriculture. () Establishment of Indian Council of Agricutfiiral' Research (ICAR), agricultural, Universities, Veterinary services and animal breeding centres, hrtiéulture devdlopment. FOOD SECURITY (1) In order to ensure availabilty of food to all Sections #6 society oUF government carefully desijned a national food security system @) It consists of two components (@) Butfer stock (0) Public Distribution System (PDS) @) Public Distribution System(PDS) isa programme which ptovide foodgrains and other essential commodities at subsidized prices in rural and urban areas, @) India’s food security policy has a primary objective to ensure availabilty of foodgrains to the common people at an affordable price. (6) To maintain their stock, Food Corporation of tridia (FCI is responsible for procuring and stocking food rains, whereas distribution is insured by Public Distribution System. (©) The FCI procures foodgrains from the fermers at the government announced Minimum Support Price (msP), (7) Each district and block can be made self sufficient in foodgrains production if government provide proper agricultural infrastructure, credit linkages and also encourages the use of latest techniques. (8) Creation of necessary infrastructure like irrigation facilities, availabilty of electricity, etc., may also attract private investment in agriculture. IMPACT OF GLOBALISATION ON AGRICULTURE (1) During the British period cotton belts of India attracted the British and ultimately cotton was exported to British as a raw material for their textile industries (2) Cotton textile industry in Manchester and Liverpool flourished due to the availabilty of good quality cotton from India. ) Under globalisation, particularly after 1990, the farmers in India have been exposed to new challenges. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456Social Science (Class X) Agriculture | 45; (4) Today Indian agriculture finds itself at the cross roads. To make agricuture successful and profitable, proper thrust should be given to the improvement of the condition of marginal and small farmers. (6) Infact organic farming is much vague today because itis practised without factory made chemicals such as fertilizers and pesticides. Hence, it does not affect environment in a negative manner. (©) Indian farmers should diversify their cropping pattern from cereals to high-value crops. This wil increase lncome and reduce environmental degradation simultaneously gaa ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456Race ® Objective Type Questions : 1 ‘Which describes a system of Agrioulture whére a single crop is grown on a large area? (1) Horticuture 2) Plantation Agriculture @) Primitive Subsistence Farming (4) Jhumming Which state is the leading producer of rubber in India? (1) Maharashtra (2) Andhra Pradesh, @) Karnataka (4) Kerala! ‘Which state is the leading producer of Jowar? (1) Kerala 2) Rajasthan (3) Madhya Pradesh (4) Maharashtra ‘Which type of soil is ideal for growing cotton?’ (1) Black soil (2) Red soil @) Alluvial soil (4) Arid soi Which one is not a rabi crop? (1) Rice (2) Wheat (3) Barley (4) Peas India produces what percent of the world's vegetable? (1) 12% 2) 13% @ 14% (4) 15% ‘What is the rank of India among the natural rubber producing countries of the world? (1) Fourth (2) Second @) Ninth (4) Fith SSIOMMEIY Which is the leading coffee producer state of India? (1) Kerala (2) Maharashtra: @) Kamataka @)yTamit Nadu ‘Which one is a beverage crop? (A) Rice @ cofee (3) Wheat (4), Vegetables In Which typetof farming high dose of modern inputs @reusec? (1) Commercial Farming 2) intensive Subsistence Farming (3) Primitive’ Subsistence Farming (4), Stash and Bum Agriculture Which.type of farming includes high production from few or limited land? (1) Primitive Subsistence Farming (2) Plantation Agriculture @) Subsistence Farming (4) Intensive Subsistence Farming Which soil is appropriate for the production of rice? (1) Red soi 2) Alluvial soil @) Yellow soil (4) Arid soil Which state is a leading producer of cotton? (1) Kerala (2) Uttar Pradesh @) Punjab (4) Maharashtra What is the appropriate temperature required for the production of sugarcane? (1) 21°C 027°C @) 25°C 030°C 3) Below 20°C (4) Above 30°C ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Oice : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456Social Science (Class X) 15. Which state is a leading producer of pulses? (1) Madhya Pradesh (2) Rajasthan @) Kerala (4) Goa 16. Which state is a leading producer of jute? (1) Kerala (2) Tamil Nadu (@) West Bengal (4) Maharashtra SECTION-B Matrix Match Type Question: 1. Match the following columns Column Column-tt (Crop) {Leading Producer Stat ‘a Cotton {l) Madhya Pradesh b. Pulses (ii), Maharashtra cute (ii). Kamataka Coffee {w) West Bengal (1) ai), Beiv), efi), dQ) (2) afi), b(i), ef), ai) (3) alii), bfiv), c(i), ati) (4) afi, Béll), ctiv), ail) 2. Match the following columns Column Columat (Crop) {Require Annual Rainfall) a. Rice (75 cm to 100 om Wheat (i) More than 200° &. Sugarcane (i) More than 150 cm, d. Rubber (W) 50 om to 75:0m (1) ai), bv), cfil), Afi) (2) aii), Bfiv), efi), Kil) @) aa), Biv), ef), 4G) (4) ati, DA), cf), ai) SECTION-C Very Short Answer Type Questions ‘Write another name for White Revolution’ ‘Write the full form of ICAR, ‘Write the full form of FCI. What is the full form of MSP? ‘What is the full form of POS? ‘Write the full form of KCC. Perera ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Rogd. Office 7. 8 9. 10. n. 12. 13, 4. 15, 16. 17. 18 Agrcuture | 47 Write the ful form of PAIS. ‘Who initiated Bhoodan-Gramdan Movement? In which season Rabi crops are sown? In which season Rabi crops are harvested? In which season Kharif crops are grown? In which season Khan crops are harvested? Which season is known as Zaid Season? Which are the two important Cereal crops in India? Which crop is Commercial crop in one state while Subsistence crop in other state? Write the major producing states of Ragi What are the major rice producing states in India? What are the major wheat producing states in India? Short Answer Type Questions.; or aoe 9. 10. 1 2 13, 14 15, 16. 17. 18, 19. 20. Write the facts"about Indian, agricuituces Describe briefly the meaning of darlculture. Desefibe briefly primitive subsisterice farming Write briefly about Stash €nd' Burn Agriculture, Whet 's meant by Sibsistence Farming? ‘What do you understand by Intensive Subsistence Farming?, Deseripe briefly the characteristic features of ‘commercial farming. What are'the characteristic features of plantation agriculture? Describe briefly about the Rabi crops season. Describe briefly about the Kharif crop season. ‘Write about the Zaid season briefly. Write the geographical conditions required for the production of rice with growing regions. Write the geographical condition required for the production of wheat with growing region. Write a short note on Jowar. Write shortly about Bajra. Write briefly about Ragi. Write the geographical condition required for the production of Maize. What are the major pulses grown in the India and in which states of India pulses are produced? Write a short note about Tea Write a short note about Coffee. ‘Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456AB Agriculture Long Answer Type Questions : 1 2 Explain all the factors which affect the agriculture. Explain the geographical conditions required for the production of sugarcane. Explain the geographical condition required for the rubber production. ‘What are the producing states and geographical Condition required for the production of cotton? Explain a a Social Science (Class X) What are the geographical conditions required for the production of state? What is the reason behind jute is losing its market? Describe the technical and institutional reforms ‘occurred in Indian agriculture. Explain the contribution of agriculture to the national economy, employment and output. Describe the impact of Globalisation on Indian agriculture ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Oice : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456CHAPTER Minerals and Energy Resources INTRODUCTION Chapter Contents (1) We use different things in our daily life fade from metal. © datroduation @) Number of items used in our houses made Ofimetals, + ae @) Almost everything we use from a tiny pin to a towering building /® Rocks or a big ship all are made from mineral8, 1) Type of Rocks: (4) Cars, buses, trains, aeroplanes are manufactured from minerals, ji Propertics tw'Classify ©) Even the food we eat contain minerals, aa © Ore. MINERALS @,Unedital Distribution of Minerals in India Geologist define minerals as a “homogeneous naturally occurring’ Ferrous Minerals substance with a definable internal structure. Non Perrous Mera (1) Naturally occurring substances. © Non-Metallic Minerals (2) Formed through geological processes. * Conservation of Minerals @) Atomic structure is highly ordered © Energy Resources (4) Have specific physical properties, * Conservation of Energy Resour (6) Mineralogy Means-study of minerals. nneteid © Assignment ROCKS (1) An aggregate of minerals. Q) Having specific chemical composition. (3) Formed by combination of homogeneous substances called minerals, (4) Consist of several minerals in Varying proportion. (©) Most rocks contain a few minerals in abundance. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-4762345650 Minerals and Energy Resources Social Science (Class X) TYPE OF ROCKS 1. Igneous Rocks Types ‘of Rocks 2. Metamorphic Rocks 3. Sedimentary Rocks: (1) Igneous Rocks : Formed by solidification of Molten Magma. Term derived from Latin word ‘ignis’ meaning fire (2) Metamorphic Rocks : Make up of a large part of earth's crust. Result of transformation of sedimentary rocks and igneous rocks. Example: Siate, marble, quartzite etc. (8) Sedimentary Rocks : Formed from the erosion and accumulation of rock minerals Example: limestone, ‘sandstone etc. PROPERTIES TO CLASSIFY MINERALS Colours Properties Crystal Forms Hardness Lustre CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS Minerals Metallic Neonmetate Energy ioe J t 1 eg. mica, salt, Coat potash, sulphur, Petroleum frenronon! weoeeee, Precious: granite, limestone, Natural gas Wemltate ie, aise” 99,004 avr, Marl sanétne, cobalt, et. baunite, ote, \ ORE (1) Accumulation of any mineral mixed with other element. (2) Concentration of mineral content makes its extraction commercially viable. @) Example: iron Ore, Manganese Ore eto. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Oice : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456Social Science (Class X) Minerals and Energy Resources | 51 Minerals generally occur in these forms: (In igneous and metamorphic rocks minerals may occur in the cracks, crevices, faults or joints. The smaller ocourrencas are called veins and the larger are called lodes. In most cases, they are formed when minerals. in iquid/ motten and gaseous forms are forced upward through cavities towards the ‘earth's surface. They cool and solidify as they rise, Major metallic minerals like tin, copper, zinc and lead etc., are obtained from vains and lodes. (i) In sedimentary rocks a number of minerals occur in beds or layers. They have been formed as a result of deposition, accumulation and concentration in horizontal strata. Coal and some forms of iron ‘ore have been concentrated as @ result of long periods under great heat and pressure. Another group ‘of sedimentary minerals include gypsum, potash salt and sodium salt. These are formed as @ result ‘of evaporation especially in arid regions. (i) Another mode of formation involves the decomposition of surface rocks, and the removal of soluble ‘constituents, leaving a residual mass of weathered material containing ores. Bauxite is formed this way. (W) Certain minerals may occur as alluvial depasits in sands of valley floors and the base of hils. These deposits are called ‘placer deposits: afid generally.contain minerals which gi@inot corroded by water. Gold, silver, tin and platinum are most important among such minerals, (W) The ocean waters contain vast quantities of Minerals, but mostofithese ate 100 widely, diffused to be of economic significance. However, common salt, magnesium and bromine are targely derived from ‘ocean waters, The ocean beds, too, are rich in,manganesemnodules, Rat-Hole Mining. Do you know that most of the possible only after obtaining due permission north-east India, minerals are ow of coal, iron ore, limestone and member in the form of a long ra ost of the tribal areas of the ataya, there are large deposits and:Cherapunjee is done by family Rael” mining, pea ine UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION OF MINERALS IN INDIA. (1) Peninsular rocks contain most of the reserve of (2) Coal (0) Metalic minerals (©) Mica (@) Non-metallic minerals 2) Sedimentary rocks of Gujarat and Asom : Most of the petroleum deposits @) Rock system of Rajasthan: Reserves of many non-ferrous minerals (4) Alluvial plains of North India : Almost devoid of economic minerals. Metallic Minerals >——_ Ferrous Minerals Non-Ferrous Minerals 8, Iron ore, 2.9. Copper, Manganese, Nickel, Lead, Tin, Cobatt Bauxite ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Rogd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-4762345652 Minerals and Energy Resources ‘Social Science (Class X) FERROUS MINERALS Ferrous minerals: Metallic minerals which contain iron. a) @) @ @) a) 2) i) @ 6) Account three-fourth of metallic minerals production value. Provide strong base for development of metallurgical industries Form a major share of exports, Example : Iron, Manganese, Nickel, Cobalt, Pyrite, Tungsten, Chromi Ores : Magnatite and Hematite Magnetite is the finest iron ore with a very high content of iron up to 70% Hematite is the most important industrial iron ore in term of the quantity used slightly lower iron content then magnetite (50-60%). Backbone of industrial development. India has abundant reserves of good quali More. The major iron ore belts in India are: * Odisha-Jharkhand belt: In Odisha high grad@lhiématite ore is found, in Baampahar mines in the ‘Mayurbhanj and Kendujhar districts. In\the adjoining Singbhum disiet 6| Jherkharid hemati iron ore is mined in Goa and Noamundi Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur belt lies in Chhattisgarh and Maniareshtra Very high grade Wiematites are found in the famous Bailadila range of hills in the Bastar district of Chhattisgarh. The range of hills comprise of 14 deposits of super high grade hematite iron orehit has the best physical properties needed for steel! ‘making, Iron ore from these mines is exported)to. Japan and South Korea via Vishakhapatnam port. Bellari-Chitradurga-Chikkamagaluru- Tumakuru belt in Karnataka tas large reserves of iron ore. The Kudremukh mines located in the Westar Ghats of Karnataka ard 2 100 per cent export unit. Kudremiukh deposits are known to be one of the latgestiin the world. The bre is transported as slury through a pipeline to a port near Mangaluru Maharashtra-Goa belt includes the state of Goa’ and Ratnagiri district of Maharashira, Though, the ores are not of very high quality, yet they are efficiently expioitéd. Iron ore is exported through Marmagao port. Production of iron ore showing statewise share in per cent, 2009-10 ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Oice : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456Social Science (Class X) Minerals and Energy Resources 53 aY2aq¢_—_ HH, Kudre in Kannada means horse. The highest peak in the western ghats of Kamataka resembles the face ‘of a horse. The Bailadila hills look lke the hump of an ox, and hence its name. Manganese (1) Used in manufacturing of: (@) Steel and ferrous-Manganese alloy (0) Bleaching powder (0) Insecticides: (@) Paints 2) Largest Producer : Odisha accounted one-third of the country’s total production in 2000-2001, ‘Madhya Pradesh 24% Production of Manganese showing statewise share\in percent, 2009-10 NON-FERROUS MINERALS Metallic minerals which do not contain iroh. Example : Copper, Bauxite, Lead, Zinc, Gold, Silver. Copper (1) Deficient Reserves 2) Properties (@) Malleable (0) Ductile (©) Good conductor @) Uses: (@) Electric cables (0) Electronics (©) Chemical industries ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-4762345654 Minerals and Energy Resources ‘Social Science (Class X) ) Distribution: (a) Balaghat mines in Madhya Pradesh. (b) Khetri mines in Rajasthan (©) Singbhum district of Jharkhand. Rajasthan 48% Production of Coppershowing: statewise share in'pericant, 2009-10 jauxite (1) Formed by decomposition of aside Variety of rocks ric in aluminium silicates, (2) Aluminium obtained from bauxite ore. Aluminium (1) Most abundant metal element in Earth's crust 2) Properties {a) Silver-white metal (©) Very strong (©) Ductile (8) Extreme light (@) Good conductivity () Great malleabiity @) Distribution (a) Amarkantak Plateau, Maikal hills and Plateau region of Bilaspur-Katni. (b) Largest bauxite producing state : Odisha (Panchpatmali of Koraput district) ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Oice : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456Social Science (Class X) Minerals and Energy Resources 55 w se EF few = 36N te INDIA ~ IMPORTANT MINERALS. Paxistan. Skt 78 16° [wee se ry ore iL 4 r ni India: Distribution of Iron Ore, Manganese, Bauxite and Mica After the discovery of aluminium Emperor Napoleon tI! wore buttons and hooks on his clothes made of ‘aluminium and served food to his more illustrious guests in aluminium utensils and the less honourable ones ‘were served in gold and silver utensils. Thirty years after this incident aluminium bowls were most common with the beggars in Paris. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-4762345656 Minerals and Energy Resources Social Science (Class X) NON-METALLIC MINERALS Mica (1) Characteristics: (9) Appears clear, black, green, red, yellow or brown. (0) Excellent dielectric strength (0) Low power loss factor (@) Resistance to high voltage. (2) Used in: (@) Electric Industries (0) Electronic industries @) Distribution: (a) Northem edge of Chotanagpur Plateau, (b) Koderma-Gaya-Hazaribagh belt of Jharkhand. (©) Aimer in Rajasthan (@) Nellore in Andhra Pradesh Rock Minerals : Limestone (1) Found in sedimentary rocks. (2) Used in: (2) Cement industry : A basic raw mater! (©) Smetting of iron ore in blast furnace: Andhra Pradesh Others nis 50%, Kamataka 30% Production of Limestone showing statewise share in per cent, 2009-10 ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Oice : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456Social Science (Class X) Minerals and Energy Resources 87 CONSERVATION OF MINERALS Minerals can be conserved by- (1) Modern Techniques @) Recycling Metals @) Using Scrap Metals (@) Introducing Substitutes ENERGY RESOURCES Energy Resources | Conventional sources Non-Conventional of Energy sources of Energy Conventional Sources of Energy Includes: Firewood, Cattle dung cake, coal, petroleum, natural gas, electricity Coal (1) Most important fossil fuel @) Formed due to: (@) Compression of plant material over millions of years. (©) Subjection of constant heat and pressure @) Used in: (a) Domestic Purposes (0) Industrial Purposes (©) Agricultural Purposes (8) Commercial Purposes Classification of Coal (1) Peat : has a low carbon and high moisture contents and low heating capacity. @) ignite: itis a low grade brown coal, which is soft with high moisture contents. The principal lignite reserves are in Neyveli in Tamil Nadu and are used for generation of electricity @) Bituminous : Coal that has been buried deep and subjected to increased temperatures is bituminous coal, Metallurgical coal is high grade bituminous coal which as a special value for smelting iron in blast furnaces. (4) Anthracite : It is the highest quality hard coal Distribution of coal in Rock series of two main geological ages: (1) Gondwana : 4 litle over 200 million years in age, Located in Damodar valley (West Bengal ~ Jharkhand). sharia, Renigani, Bokaro are important coaifields. The Godavari, Mahanadi, Son and Wardha Valleys also contain coal deposits, ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-476234565B Minerals and Energy Resources ‘Social Science (Class X) @) Tertiary Deposits : Which are only about 5 million years old. It occurs in the north easter states of Meghalaya, Asom, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland. India : Distribution of Coal, Oil and Natural Gas Petroleum (1) Also known as crude oil or mineral cil Q) Uses: (2) Fuel for heat and lighting. (®) Lubricants for machinery (c) Raw material for manufacturing industry. (@) For vehicles @) Petroleum refineries act as “nodal industry.” For synthetic textile, fertilizers and numerous chemical industries. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Oice : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456Social Science (Class X) Minerals and Energy Resources | 59) Petroleum Occurrences: (1) Associated with anticlines and fault traps. (2) Formed in tertiary age @) Occur where oil is trapped in crest of the upfold. (4) Flows through porous limestone or sandstone layer. (©) Prevented from rising or sinking by intervening non-porous layers. (6) Gas occurs above the oil Distribution of Petroleum: (1) About 63% of India’s petroleum production is from Mumbai high. Q) 18% from Gujarat. @) 16% from Asom. @) Ankeleshwar is the most important field of Gujarat (6) Asom is the oldest oll producing state of India (©) Digboi, Naharkatia and Moran-Hugrijan are:the important oil fields in Asom. Natural Ga: (1) Itis an important clean energy resource formnethin,assaciation with or without petrolelm. 2) It is used as raw material in Petro-chemical industry. (3) Reserves or Distribution. (@) Krishna-Godavan basin (b) Mumbai High and Guif of Cambay. (©) Andaman and Nicobar Istands. Electricity: (1) Per capita consumption of electricity considered as an index of davéiopment: @) Different forms: (@) Hydroelectricity : is generated by fast flowing water which is a renewable resource. India has umber of multi-purpose projegts Which are producing hydroelectric power. (0) Thermal Electricity : is generating)by using coal, petroleum and natural gas. The thermal power stations use non-renewable fossil fuels for genérating electricity. There are over 310 thermal power plants in India Non-Conventional Resources or Sources of Energy (1) Exposed to use from modern technological advancements. (@) Advantages over conventional resources of energy. Includes (9) Renewable (0) Non-polting {6) Free of cost (@) Minimum cost of harnessing @) Examples: (a) Solar Energy (®) Wind Energy (©) Biogas (@) Tidal Energy (@) Geothermal Energy (Nuclear or Atomic Energy ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-4762345660. Minerals and Energy Resources Social Science (Class X) Solar Energy: (1) Photovoltaic technology converts sunlight directly into electricity. (2) Largest solar plant in Madhopur near Bhuj, @) India has an advantage because of its location. @) Its fast becoming popular in rural and remote areas. Wind Energy: (1) India is one of the wind superpower in the word. (2) Largest wind cluster ; Nagarcoil to Madurai. (3) Other projects are in (a) Andhra Pradesh (b) Kamataka (e) Gujarat (4) Nagarcoll and Jaisalmer are well known for effective use of wind energy in the country. Biogas: (1) Production source: Shrubs, farm waste, animal and Hyman waste @) Process : Obtained by decomposition of organic Matter yields gases @) Set up levels: (2) Municipal level (0) Cooperative level (©) Individual level (4) Advantages : (a) Higher thermal efficiency as compare tolker®sene, dung cake od charcoal (b) Prevents loss of trees and maflures due to buming of fuel Wadd and cow dung cakes. Tidal Energy: (1) Electricity generation by the oceanié tides, @) Kinetic energy of tidal waves converted/into élecirical energy by turbines of flood gate dams. @) In India ideal conditions for utilizing tidal energy re: (@) Gul of Khambhat (©) Gulf of Kutch (©) Gangetic delta in Sunderban regions Geo Thermal Energy: (1) Heat and electricity produced by using heat from interior of earth. 2) Example: (2) One project in Parvati Valley near Manikarn in Himachal Pradesh. (b) Other is located in the Puga Valley, Ladakh. Nuclear or Atomic Energy: (1) It is obtained by altering the structure of atoms. When such an alteration is made, much energy is released in the form of heat (2) This is used to generate electric power. @) Uranium and Thorium which are available in Jharkhand and Aravalli ranges of Rajasthan are used. (4) The Monazite sands of Kerala is also rich in Thorium. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Oice : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456Social Science (Ciass x) Minerals and Energy Resources | 64 we nt Ey - wn st ov ww poen eo. sex yy ™ INDIA ¢ POWER PLANTS. ? a 4 : An CHina Mey (Tamer) é Mvkxvene ‘ a fo fen Sm = w Lana w se ore India: Distribution of Nuclear and Thermal Power Plants CONSERVATION OF ENERGY RESOURCES (1) Developing a sustainable path of energy @) Promoting energy conservation @) Increasing use of renewable energy resources (4) Making judicious use of limited energy resources. gaa ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456SECTION-A Objective Type Questions : 1. Which one of the following minerals is used nthe making of toothpaste? (1) Platinum 2) Limestone (3) Sulphur @) Tn Which one of the following minerals occurs 3 residual mass of weathered materials? (1) Copper 2) Mica @) Gypsum (@) Bauxite Which one of the following minerals.is largely derived from acean water? (1) Bromine 2) Siver @) Platinum (4) Bauxite The larger occurrences of minerals is igneous arid metamorphic rocks are called (1) Veins (2) Lodes @) Beds (4) Layers Which of the following sedimentary minerals is formed as a result of evaporation? (1) Coal (2) Sulphur @) Iron ore (4) Potash salt 6. Which one of the following minerals is contained in the Monazite sand? (1) Thorium (2) Magnesium @) Graphite (4) Gold Which one of the following is the richest mineral belts of india? (1) Himalayas @) Northem Plains (2) Peninsular Plateau (4) Coastal Plains 8 SSIOMMEIY Which one of the following state is the leading producer of iron ore in India? (1), Chinattisgarh (2) Jnarknand (3) Kamataka 1), Gujarat ‘The best quality of ron ore is @) Siderte 2) Hematte @) Pyrite (4) Magoeiite The lafgest maganese producifig state of India is (1), Odisha (@)>Machya Pradesh (3), Rajsthan (4) Gujarat Kudremmubtr is an Important iron ore mine of (1) erate (@) Kamataka (3) Andhire'Pradesh (4) Tamil Nadu Which.one of the following mineral belongs to the category of ferrous minerals? (1) Mica (2) Copper (9) Bauxite (4) Manganese Which one of the following metals is obtained from bauxite ore? (1) Aluminium (2) Steet (3) Copper (4) Lead ‘Which state is the largest producer of bauxite? (1) Jharkhand (2) Chhattisgarh (8) Odisha (4) Binar Which is the most abundantly available fossil fuel in India? (1) Petroleum (2) Coat (3) Natural Gas (4) Kerosene Oil Which one of the following is the oldest oil producing state of India? (1) Madhya Pradesh (2) Rajasthan @) Gujarat (4) Asom ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Oice : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456Social Science (Class X) Minerals and Energy Resources (63) Matrix Match Type Questions : 1. Match the following columns Column Column- Coal () Ferrous mineral b. Solar Energy (i) Non-Ferrous mineral ‘c, Manganese (ii) Conventional source of energy 4. Copper (wv) Non-Conventional source of energy (1) ai), b¢iv), efi), ai) (2) afi), div), ofl), dil) @) ali), BG), efi, div) (4) adil), Biv), of), a) 2. Match the following columns Column Column: a. Khetr () Madhya Pradesh b. Balaghat (i) Rajsthan &. Digboi (i) Andhra Pradesh Nellore (w) Asom QD, efiv), dCi) . biiv), ef), dil) @) ali, B(H), efi, dv) (4) adil), Biv), efi), i) SECTION-C Very Short Answer Type Questions = 1. The ideal conditions for tidal energy are found in ‘which part of india? 2. In which group of places the geothermal energy stations have been established in India? 3. In which state the largest wind farm cluster is located? 4, Write any two advantages of non-conventional source of energy. 5. For what we use Uranium and Thorium? Which nuclear power plant is located in Tamil Nadu? 7. Name the oil field located in Gujarat. 10. 1 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, Name the oil fields in Asom. In conventional sources of energy which one is generates large amount of eco-friendly energy? What is the special value of metallurgical coal? Which state of India is the largest producer of Copper? Koderma in Jharkhand is the leading producer of which mineral? Write the most important use of Mica, Kudremukh iron or mine is situated in which state? Which one of the iron ore deposits is known to be the largest in the word? Write the factors on which mining is depend? \Which mineral is formed as alresult of compression Of plant material over milion of years? Which mines|in Kamatakalis a 100% export unit ‘of iron ore?’ Short Answer Type Questions = a 2 ‘ own ae m 1 2 8 14. Define! minerals and wile its characteristics? White|&-short noie‘orr“Ore': *Mineralctesources\in India are unequally distribteds/ Support the statement by giving Syitable' example Write a short note about Ferrous mineral Write the uses of Manganese. Where is limestone found? Write its two uses. How can we conserve mineral resources? Write the uses of Petroleum. Describe the distribution of coal in Rock series of ‘main geological ages. Wie the diferent terms of electricity generation by ‘conventional sources of energy. Write the advantages of non-conventional sources of energy, Write the importance of solar energy. Write the importance of wind energy with its clusters. What is tidal energy? Which method is used to generate electricity using tidal energy? Which ‘areas provide ideal conditions for generating tidal ‘energy in India? ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-4762345664 15, 16. 7. 18 Minerals and Energy Resources How Geo-Thermal Energy is generated? Write any two areas of it How can we conserve energy resources? Differentiate between Ferrous and Non-Ferrous minerals, Differentiate between Hydroelectricity and Thermal electricity Long Answer Type Questions : Describe the type of rocks. Describe the major iron-belts in India? Describe the properties and distribution of copper in India Describe the propertis ‘Aluminium in India. Describe the characteristics, uses and distribution, of Mica in India. Describe the formation of coal and its uses, nd distribution of Qa a 10. 1 12, 23. 14 8 16, a Social Science (Class X) Describe the types of coal according to carbon content. Desoribe the occurrence of petroleum. Desoribe the distribution of Petroleum in India. Describe the importance of Natural gas and its distribution. Describe the importance, process, set up levels and advantages of Biogas. Describe the Nuclear or Atomic energy Differentiate between Conventional and Non- ‘Conventional sources of energy. Differentiate between Metallic minerals and Non- ‘metalic mineral. Differentiate betwen Biogas and Natural gas. Explain why the use of non-Conventional sources of energy 's bedoming necessary in ouf country? Explain reasons. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Oice : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456CHAPTER Manufacturing Industries woropucrion Chapter Contents (1) tis the use of machines, tools and labour fo Make things of g lity oF sale. (2) The term refers to a range of human activities involving handicrafts to high technology. @) tis applied to industrial production in which raw materials are) transformed into finished goods in a large scale. MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES: MEANING - (1) Manufacturing industries are machine-based and, power-driven. <* production units : 2) Here, processing of raw materials takes piace for converting, . these into a valuable commodity oF good. IMPORTANCE OF MANUFACTURING . (1) Helps in economic growth (2) Facilitates eradication of poverty and unemployment. . @) Brings down regional disparity. . (4) Helps in modernising agriculture. . (6) Aids in bringing foreign revenue or exchange etc. . INDUSTRIAL LOCATION: LOCATION OF AN INDUSTRY DEPEND UPON (1) Raw Material 2) Capital Investment @) Labour Force (4) Power Supply (8) Transport and Communication (©) Market ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Rogd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, Introduetion Manufactixing Industries: ‘Meaning Importance of Mainifact TielustriaDLabalion: Location ofan Iudyistry Depend Upon ring Classification of Industries Textile fndustry Sugar Industry Mineral Based Industry Iron and Steel Industry Aluminium Industry Chemical Industry Fertilizer Industry Cement Industry Automobile Industry Information Technology and Electronic Industry Problems of Industries: Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation Solution or Control of Environmental Degradation Assignment ‘Now Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47823456(66 Manufacturing Industries Social Science (Class X) Industry ~ Market Linkage Ideal Location of Industry Cost of obtaining raw materials Transport aise Cost of T Cost of Factory production > distribution at site t of production Decision to Jocate factory ‘Transport Money. at site Nae }———! CLASSIFICATION OF INDUSTRIES Classification of industries ! T T T ay @ a @ ‘On the basis of ‘On the b tha Basis of (On the basis of source of raw their mal z material role Ohne ‘ownership + (i) Agrorbased + () Basic, + (i) Small scale + () Public Sector Industries Industies Industries | mipinaia i) Mineral-based + (i) Consunter + (i) Medium scale ‘pausties ‘duties pauses [ily Joint Sector +» (di) Large scale -+ (iv) Cooperative Industries Sector -—— (5) ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Oice : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456Social Science (Class X) Manutacturing Industies | 67 List the various manufactured products you use in your daily fe such as — transistors, electric bulbs, vegetable cil, coment, glassware, petrol, matches, scooters, automobiles, medicines and so on. if we classify the various industries based on a particular criterion then we would be able to understand their manufacturing better. Industries may be classified as follows: On the basis of source of raw materials used: 4 Agro-based: cotton, woollen, jute, silk textile, rubber and. sugar, tea, coffee, edible oil. + Mineral based: iron and steel, cement, aluminium, machine tools, petrochemicals. According to their main role: % Basic or key industries which supply their products or raw materials to manufacture other goods €.9. ion and steel and copper smeiting, aluminum smetting 4 Consumer industries that produce goods for direct use by consumers ~ sugar, toothpaste, paper, sewing machines, fans etc (On the basis of capital investment: % A.small scale industry is defined with referance to the maximum investment allowed on the a8sets of @ unit. This limit has changed over a périod Of time. At present the maximum investment allowed is rupees one crore On the basis of ownership: Public sector, owned and operated by government agendies— BHEL, Salt-etc. 4 Private sector industries owned and operated by individiais ora group of individuals -TISCO, Bajaj Auto Lid, Dabur Industries, 4 Joint sector industries which are jointly fun by the stale and individuals or @ group of individuals. Oil India Ltd. (IL) is jointly owned by publi¢ and private séetor. ‘ Cooperative sector industries are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both. They pool in the resources and share the profits or losses proportionately such as the sugar industry in Maharashtra, the cole industry in Kerala, Based on the bulk and weight of raw material and finished goods: 4 Heavy industries such as iron and steel Light industries that use light raw materials and produce light goods such as electrical industries. ‘Agro-based Industries: ‘These are industries which get their raw materials from agricultural sector such as: (1) Cotton industry @) Sugar industry @) Oil Industry (4) Jute Industry ©) Silk Industry ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Rogd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456(68 Manufacturing Industries TEXTILE INDUSTRY Types: (1) Cotton Textile (2) Jute Textile Contribution in: (1) Industrial Production : 14% (2) Employment generation : 35 million persons, @) GOP : 4% (4) Foreign exchange eaming : 24.6% Social Science (Class X) (eee ie ees ee lem Leh eran Valudigddition in the textile industry) Cotton Textile (1) One of the oldest agro-based industry across world, (2) First developed in Great Britain. @) Labour intensive. Cotton Textile in India “ @ ® @ © First modern textile mill in india: Mumbai ~ 1854> India, China, Japan, USA. British gave @ boost to the industry ip india during the world wars to meet the demand for cloth in UK. Hand operating machines were replaced by power driven machines. ‘Currently there are 1600 mills in india. India: Production of Fabrics in india Leading producers : Sector 2009-10 | provisional) Mit Sector 33 35 Powerlooms (inHosiery) [_ 641 oat Handiooms 113 a4 Others 13 13 Total 100% | 100% ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Oice : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456Social Science (Class X) Manutacturing Industies | 69) Lines of Activities in Cotton Textile (1) Fibre production 2) Spinning weaving/Knitting (3) Dyeing and finishing (4) Manufacturing garments Problems faced by the Industry (1) Erratic power supply (2) Obsolete machinery-needs to be upgraded. (3) Low output of labour (4) ‘Suit competition with the synthetic fibre industry Jute Textile in india (1) The first jute mill was setup near Kolkata in/1859 at Rishra, Q) After pattition in 1947, the jute mills remainad in India but three-fotirth Of the jute producing area went to Bangladesh. @) India stands second in the production of raw JUté into jute goods. (4) Jute textiles are localised in East India-West Bengal, Bihar, Odisha, (©) These are located mainly along the banks of the Hugll River, in a riarrow belt (98 km long and 3 km wide) (©) There are 80 Jute mills in India in'2010-11, Factors Responsible for their location in Hugli Basin are (1) Proximity of the jute producing areas. @) Inexpensive water transport. (8) Supported by a good network of railways} Foadways and waterways to facilitate movement of raw materials to mills (4) Abundant water for processing raw jute (5) Cheap labour from West Bengal and adjoining states of Bihar, Odisha, Uttar Pradesh. (6) Kolkata is a large urban centre provides banking, insurance and port facilities for export of jute goods. ‘Advantages of Jute Industry and Jute Products (1) Environment Friendly (2) Biodegradable Problem faced by the Jute Industry (1) Low quality products. (2) Low productivity per hectare. (3) Stiff competition in the international market from synthetic substitutes and from other competitors. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-4762345670 Manufacturing industries Social Science (Class X) Curwa (Tiser) me ARP om India: Distributio®6t cotton, Woollen and silk industries SUGAR INDUSTRY (1) India stands first in producing Gur and Khandsari, @) Stands second in producing sugar. (8) 662 sugar mills in 2010-11, (4) Seasonal in nature (6) Spread over Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Kamataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat along with Punjab Haryana and Madhya Pradesh. (©) Now sugar mills are shifting in the Southern and Western states especially in Maharashtra. () Factors for shifting to Souther states. (a) Higher sucrose (sugarcane) content. (0) The cooler climate aiso ensures a longer crushing season. (c) Moist climate (@) Role of cooperatives. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Oice : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456‘Social Science (Class X) Manufacturing Industries 71 Problem faced by the Sugar Industry (1) Seasonal nature (2) Old and inefficient nature of production (3) Transport delay in reaching cane to factories (4) Maximise the use of baggase MINERAL BASED INDUSTRIES These are industries which require metals and minerals as their raw materials. IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY (1) Basic industry for heavy, medium and lightindusties, @) Stee! is required for: {@) Engineering goods (b) Construction materials (©) Defence (@) Medical equipments {@) Telephonic equipments ) Scientific equipments @) Requirements of the industry (2) Iron ore (0) Coal (e) Lime (@) Manganese required to harden steel (@) Iron ore, coking coal and limestone até required in the ratio of approximately 4 : Process of Manufacturing of Stee! Blast Furnace Pig tron Iron ore is melted. |. Molten materials poured Lime stone is fluxing into moulds called pigs ‘material which is ‘added. Siag is removed. Coke is bumt to ‘heat the ore, ‘Shaping Metal Stee! Making Rolling, pressing, casting | Pig iron is further purified by and forging melting and oxidising the |*——— nickel, chromium are added ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-4762345672 Manufacturing industries ‘Social Science (Class X) India: iron and Steel Piants ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Ofice : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Deli-110005, Pr.011-47623456Social Science (Class X) Manufacturing Industries 73 Problem faced by the Iron and Steel Industry (1) High cost of coking coal 2) Limited availability of coking coal. @) Lower productivity of labour. 4) Irregular supply of energy. (9) Poor infrastructure. ALUMINIUM INDUSTRY (1) Characteristics of Aluminium (a) Light (0) Resistant to corrosion (©) Good conductor of heat and electriity’ (@) Malleable (e) Become strong when mixed with other metals ©) Us 2) Uses of Aluminium as a substitute of steel, copper, ZiRCaNd lead (@) Manufacturing of aircraft (b) Utensils (©) Wires (@) Surgical instruments @) 4 to 6 tonnes of bauxite —> 2 tonnesiof alumina ~)1 tonne of aluminium (4) Aluminium smelting plants in the country are"Ioeated in Odisha, West Bengal, Kerala, Uttar-Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadi: (6) In 2008-09 india produced over 15.29 lakh million tonnes of aluminium, Process of Manufacturing in Aluminium Industry Cryolite Amolten metal acts as an electrolyte Bauxite crushed Bulk ore shipped and alumina to site of smelter dissolved out 2. Calcinated petroleu ‘coke from a refinery ‘Aluminium Refinery 3. Pitch from a colliery Electricity 1 (18,600 Kh per tonne of oe) ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-4762345674 Manufacturing Industries Social Science (Class X) CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES (1) Combination of organic and inorganic substances @) Contributes 3% of GDP @) Third largest in Asia (4) Twelfth place in World (©) Inorganic chemicals include: (a) Sulphuric Acid (0) Alkalies (©) Soda Ash and Caustic soda (@) Nitric Aci (©) Organic-chemical include : Petrochemical FERTILIZER INDUSTRY (1) The industry is centered around the préduction of nitrogenous fertiizers, phOsphatié fertilizers and ‘ammonium phosphate, (2) India is the third largest producer of nitrogenous fertilizers. @) It operates through 10 public sectors unideriaking and 1 in tné!leooperative sector. (4) Half of the fertilizer production is contributed by Gujarat, Tamil NadupUttar-Pradesh, Punjab and Kerala, CEMENT INDUSTRY (1) The first cement plant was set up in Chenmal in.1904, (2) There are 128 large piants and:332’mini cement plants in indie @) It requit (a) Heavy and bulky raw material like limestone, silca, aluming and gypsum. (0) Coal, electric power and rail transport. AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY (1) The industry provides vehicles for quick transport of goods, services and passengers. @) There are 15 manufacturers of passenger cars and mult-utilty vehicles. 3) 9 of commercial vehicles. (@) 14 of two and three-wheelers (6) The industry is located around Delhi, Gurgaon, Mumbai, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow, Indore, Hyderabad, Jamshedpur and Bengaluru. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND ELECTRONIC INDUSTRY (1) Production : Transistor sets to television, telephone, cellular telecom, pagers, telephone exchange, radars, computers and many other equipments required by the telecommunication industry. (2) Major IT Centres: (@) India : Silicon Plateau (&) USA: Silicon Valley ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456Social Science (Class X) Manufacturing Industries 75 @) Important features: (@) Bengaluru - Electronic capital of India (b) Other important centres ~ Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Lucknow and, Coimbatore. (c) High employment generation (@) More women employed {@) Major foreign exchange eamer from BPO (Business Process Outsourcing) ore ” ey oe we 36 308 INDIA SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGY PARKS. PAKISTAN T Myanman bie 4 lina wf onan a nccen sos ‘oon L ow —_ Su 7 we Lana a ca =e India: Some Software Technology Parks ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-4762345676 Manufacturing Industries Social Science (Class X) PROBLEMS OF INDUSTRIES: INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION Air Pollution wor ots = RRERAPOREENT + ras Thermal Pollution (1) Air Pollution : Smoke and smell of the chemicals released by the industries Is the main cause of air pollution. (2) Water Pollution : It is due to organic and inorganic wastes and affluents released into water bodies. @) Thermal Pollution : It occurs when hot water from the factories and thermal plants is drained into rivers and ponds before cooling (4) Noise Pollution : It causes because of (@) Industrial Construction Activites (0) Machineries (©) Factory Equipments (@) Generator SOLUTION OR CONTROL OF ENVIRONMENT DEGRADATION (1) Water resource can be regulated by low useléfinew technology, 2) Minimising use of water for processing by reusing and recycling iin two or more successive stages. (8) Air pollution can be reduced by fitting smoke stacks and Using oil of gas instead of coal (4) Noise pollution can be reduced by fitting machinenes and equipments with silencers. (5) Energy efficiency can be increased by redesigning the machinery. Ww Qa ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456Rec ny . Objective Type Questions : 1. Which one of the following industries expandedto several parts of the country after tha green) revolution? (1) Cement industry 2) Fertilizer industry @) Sugar industry @) Electronic industry 2. Where does Fertilizers Corporation ofiindia has. fertlizer industry? (1) Jaipur in Rejasthan (2) Bhopal in M.P. (@) Patna in Binar (@) Hazira in Gujarat 3. When was the first cement plant was set up? (1) 1904 (2) 1905 @) 1906 4) 1901 4. At which place the first coment plant was set up? (1), Mumbai 2) Chennai @) Kolkata (4) Dethi ASSIUMIMENU Which one of the following industries uses limestone as a raw material? (1) Aluminium industry, (@) Cement industry @) Chemicallindusiry (4) Fertiizes industry Which fone of the steéhpfant.is located in Chhattisgarty? () Bokare (2) Outage @ Rourkela (4) Bhi Which rank does India hold in terms of crude stee! production in the world? (1) First (2) Second () Fifth (4) Ninth Which of the following is not a basic input for Iron. ‘and steal industry? (1) tron ore (2) Coal 3) Limestone (4) Mica ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Rogd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-476234567B Manufacturing industries Social Science (Class X) 9. In what ratio are iron ore, coking coal and 14. Where was the first jute mill of India set up? limestone required to make stee!? 1) Rishra @)4:1:2 @) Patna @)4:2:3 (4) Bhatinda 4) 4:3:2 15. Which one of the following industry is the largest 10. What is the per capita consumption of steel per (cA A GIDE in Nr ‘annum in india? fn noe (1) 28 kg (2) Sugar 2) 30 kg (3) Jute @) 32kg %@) Textile (4) 34kg 16. Qil india Limied isa 11. Which one of the following industries, due to, its: (1) Publie.sector industry. ‘seasonal nature is ideally suited to the cooperative 2) ‘Joint sector, industry (@) Cooperative sector Industry (4)> Private Sector industry sector? (1) Cotton textile 2) ute textile maine (4) Sugar Matrix Match Type Questions : 12. Most of the sugar industries are ideally suited to 4. Match the following columns (1) Cooperative sector Column Column-t (2) Private sector a. Sugar industry () Mineral-based @) doint sector \ndustry Patil secdor b. Cement industry (i) Agro-based industry 13. What is the position of India in world in terms of meneees Go) Eontiery ‘sugar production? d. Electrical industry (iv) Consumer industry (1) First (1) tiv), Dai), i), i) (2) Second 2) afi), BG), ef), i) ©) Fith (3) tiv), BOD, ei, i) (4) Fourth 4) ati, BG, ef), iy ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456Social Science (Class X) 2 Match the following columns : Column Column-It a. BHEL {Joint sector b. TIScO (i) Cooperative sector ¢. Oil India Lid. (ii) Public sector G6. Sugar industry ——_(w) Private sector (1) ail), Bfiv), ef), ail) Q) afiv), b¢), efi), di) @) afi, bfiv), efi), di) 4) afi), bt, efi, div) SECTION-C Very Short Answer Type Questions : 1 12 13, The economic strength of a country is measured by which developments? ‘Which factor is considered as the most prominent in industrial location in a region? Which term is used for the industries that came: together to make use of the advantages offered. by the urban centres? Write the examples of agro-based industries ‘Write the examples of mineral-based industies, Write the examples of basic or key industries. ‘Write the example of consumer industries. Write the example of public sector industries. ‘Write the examples of private sector industries, Write the examples of joint sector industries. Write the examples of cooperative sector industries. ‘Write an example of heavy industries. ‘Which industry provide single window service and high data communication facilities to software experts? 14 15, Manufacturing Industies | 79) Which city has emerged as the electronic capital of India? Which industry expanded to several parts of the ‘country after the green revolution. Short Answer Type Questions : 1 2 10, 4%, 12 Write the meaning of manufacturing, What do you understand by manufacturing industries? Write the importance of manufacturing. Write the types of textile industry with its contribution. Write the lines of activities including in textile, What problems are faced By. textile industry in Inia? Write the advantages of jutéprdducts and problems faced byithis industry: Wri tne probléms facad\by the sugar industry in India, Write the. pioblems faced by iron and steel industry Wort. characteristics or qualities of aluminium. Wile @ short note about cement industry in India “Agriculture and industry are not exclusive to each bother.” Justify the statement. Long Answer Type Questions = e 6. Explain about the cotton textile in India. Explain the features of jute textile in India. What are the factors responsible for the location Of jute industry mainly in Hugli Basin? Explain, Explain the status of sugar industry in India. Also write the factors responsible for the shifting of this, industry in southern states mainly in Maharashtra. Explain the importance, uses and requirements of iron and steel industry in India. Explain the uses, manufacturing process, distribution and status of aluminium in India ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-4762345680 Manufacturing industries Social Science (Class X) 7. Explain the status of the chemical industry in 11, Explain the problems faced by industries or India ‘environmental degradation. 8 Explain the position and distribution of fertilizer 42 How can we solve the problems of environmental industry in India pollution or degradation? 9. Describe about the different types of automobile industries with ts postion and distribution in india, 1% Explain all types of industries on different basis with examples. 10. Explain the important features, centres, products ‘and distribution of Information Technology and 14. Explain all the factors that influence the location Electronic Industry. of an industry. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456CHAPTER Lifelines of National Economy Chapter Contents © Drangpostation Dense and efficient network of transport and communication are et ‘tanee of tne pretest of tade toy a 4 Pace of development of a country depends upen transportation. | goRaaeways ‘TRANSPORTATION % Itincreases the area of influence of trade. «Advantagesof Railways 4 Resources need to be moved from origin to destination. o Pipeibes +, Waterways IMPORTANCE OF TRANSPORTATION + Ardays It contributes to a country’s development +) Communication Increases area of influence of trade, « International ‘Trade * Tourism as a Trade * Assignment + Links a country with rest of the world 4 Brings trade from local level to international trade. % Enriches our life. 4 Adds to amenities for comfort of life ‘Means of Transport Raatwaye ]( Rainaye )( Ppeines ) (—vaara (overseas) | Eoeata "| (Remesoral Airways _) | Airways. Asian ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456{82 Lifelines of National Economy Social Science (Class X) ROADWAYS: ‘A thread that binds the nation together. Roadways in India: a) Itis one of the longest road network in world. @) It aggregates about 2.3 milion km at present. @) Roadways carry about 61% of freight and 85% of passengers. ) It consists of (a) Express Ways (0) National Highways (6) State Highways (8) Major district roads (©) Other district and village roads (Border roads Importance of Roadways (1) Construction costs of roads is much lower than the railways lines (2) Roads can traverse mountains, dissected and undulating topography comparatively @) Roads can negotiate higher gradients of sidpes.and’s such en traverse mountains sich as Himalayas. ) Its economical in transportation of few persons and.selatively smaller amount of goods over short distances. (6) It also provides door-to-door service, thus the cost of leading and uiloatding is much lower. (©) Road transport is also used as a feeder to other Modes Of transport such as they provide a link between railway stations, air anc sea ports, Classification of Roads On the basis of capacity. (i) 6 Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways: The, government has launched a major road development project linking Delhi-Kolkata-Chennai-Mumbai and Delt) By six-lane Super Highways. The North-South corridors linking Srinagar (Jammu & Kashmir) and, KanYakumari (Tamil Nadu), and East-West Corridor connecting Silchar (Assam) and Porbander (Gujrat) are part of this project. The major objective of these Super Highways is to reduce the time and distance between the mega cities of India. These highway projects are being implemented by the National Highway Authority of India (NHAl). National Highways: National Highways link extreme parts of the country. These are the primary road systems and are laid and maintained by the Central Public Works Department (CPWD). A number of ‘major National Highways run in North-South and East-West directions. The historical Sher-Shah Suri Marg is called National Highway No.1, between Delhi and Amritsar. State Highways: Roads linking a state capital with different district headquarters are known as State Highways, These roads are constructed and maintained by the State Public Works Department (PWD) in State and Union Territories, District Roads: These roads connect the district headquarters with other places of the district. These roads are maintained by the Zila Parishad. Other Roads: Rural roads, which link rural areas and villages with towns, are classified under this category. These roads received special impetus under the Pradhan Mantri Grameen Sadak Yojana. Under this scheme special provisions are made so that every village in the country is linked to a major town in the country by an all season motorable road. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456Social Science (Class X) Lifelines of National Economy | 83. (© Border Roads: Apart from these, Border Roads Organisation a Goverment of India undertaking constructs {and maintains roads in the bordering areas of the country. This organisation was established in 1960 for the development of the roads of strategic importance in the northern and northeastem border areas. These roads have improved accessibilty in areas of difficult terrain and have helped in the economic development of these area. Important National Highways North Zone West Zone NH/1- Delhidalandhar-AmitsarWagah Border NH4- Thane-Pune-Bangalore-Chennal NH 2 Delhi-Agra-Allahabad-Kolkata INH 5 - Jharpokharia-Baleshwar-Cuttack- NH 3- Agra-Indore-Dhule-Mumbai arenes Cheer NH 7- Veranasi‘Negpur-Bengaluru-Kannyakumafien © Ohule-NegpurKotkata NH 8 - DelhiJaipur-Ahmedabad- Mumbai NH 10 - Pacca-Chist-Fazitka-Abohar-De NH 11 -Agra-Jaipur-Bikaner ‘South Zone NH 19- Solapur-Baijapur-Chitradurga NH 19 Ghazipur-Rudrapur-Sonpur NH 34 - Kolkata-Rajinagar Durgapur-D On the basis of construction: (1) Metalied roads (a) May be made of cement concrete or even bitumen of coal. (0) These are all weather roads (2) Unmetalied roads (a) Has no surface covering over base, grass roads. (0) Go out of use in rainy season. Road Density (1) Road density : Length of road per 100 sq. km of area, (2) Distribution of roads not uniform in India, @) Density of all roads varies according to 2007-08: (@) 10.4 km in Jammu & Kashmir (b) 532.27 km in Uttar Pradesh (4) The national average of 125.02 km (2007-08) ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456‘84 Lifelines of National Economy ‘Social Science (Class X) Problems of Road Transportation (1) Road network is inadequate, (@) Haif of the roads are unmetalled in India. @) Limited usage during rainy season. (4) Highly congested in cities, (6) Most of the bridges and culverts are old and narrow. eo Legon © [oden Quscnttorst 3 é x a A A Nag" ER India: Nationat Highways ‘ADVANTAGES OF RAILWAYS: (1) Best and Comfortable for long distance travel, (2) Principal mode of transport for freight and passengers. @) Accelerates the development of industry and agriculture. (4) It binds economic life. (6) Ears revenue. ©) tis an integrating force. @) According to 2011. (2) Indian railway have a network of 7,133 stations, (b) Spread over a route length of 64,460 km. (c) Fleet of 9,213 locomotives. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456Social Science (Class X) Lifelines of National Economy | 85. (@) 83,220 passenger sorvice vehicles (e) 6,493 other coach vehicles. () 229,381 wagons. India: Railway Track ‘Gauge in metres Route (Km) | Running Track (Km) | Total Track (Km.) ‘Broad Gauge (1.676) 55,188 77347 102,680 Metre Gauge (1.000) 6,809 7219 8561 Narrow Gauge (0.762 and 0.610) 2,463 2474 2783 Total 64460 e700 | 113994 (1) The Indian Railways is the largest public king in the coun (2) The first train steamed off from Mur sThane in'4853, covering a ken —a + eT 2 Mvawaaa, India: Railways ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-4762345686 Lifelines of National Economy ‘Social Science (Class X) Factors Affecting Railway Network (1) Administrative factors (2) Economic factors (8) Physiographic factors Problems faced by Railways (1) Many passenger travel without ticket (2) Thefts and damage of railway property (3) Unnecessary pulling of chain. (4) Cleanliness of trains and stations. PIPELINES: Useful in Transportation of (1) Petroleum and petroleum products (2) Natural gas (3) Solids in slurry form (4) Water: Important Pipeline Networks ‘There are three important networks of pipeline transportation. in the country. + From oil field in upper Assam to Kanput (Uttar Pradesh), via Guwahati, Barauni and Allahabad. It has branches from Barauni to Haldia, via Rajbandh, Rajbandh to Maurigram and Guwahati to Siliguri. + From Salaya in Gujarat to Jalandhar-inPunjab, via Viramgam, Mathura, Delhi and Sonepat. It has branches to connect Koyali (near Vadodara, Gujarat) Chakshu and other places. + Gas pipeline from Hazira in Gujarat connects Jagdishpur in Uttar Pradesh, via Vijaipur in Madhya Pradesh. It has branches to Kota in Rajasthan, Shahajahanpur, Babrala and other places in Uttar Pradesh. WATERWAYS Advantage of Waterways (4) It is the cheapest means of transport. (2) Most suitable for carying heavy and bulky goods. @) Itis a fuel efficient mode of transport. (4) Itis environment friendly also. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456Social Science (Class X) Lifelines of National Economy 87 Classification of Waterways (1) Inland: (a) Rivers (0) Lakes (2) Sea Route (a) Coastal (b) Deep sea National Waterways % The Ganga rver between Allahabad and Haldia (1620 km) ~ N.W. No.1 The Brahmaputra river between Sadiya and Dhubri (891 km) — N.W. No.2 4 The West-Coast Canal in Kerala (Kottapurma-Kollam, Udyogamandal and Champakkara canals-205 km) = NW. No.3 % Specified stretches of Godavari and Krishna rivers. along with Kakinada Puducherry stretch of canals (1078 km) ~ N.W. No.4 Specified stretches of river Brahmani along With Malai fiver, delta channels of Mahaitadi arid Brahmani rivers and East Coast Canal (588 km)— N.W, No.5 AIRWAYS Classification of Airways Aways J National Ineeational Public Sector Private Sector Air India Foreign Services ‘Advantages of Airways (1) Fastest mode of transport (2) Comfortable mode of transport @) Prestigious mode of transport (4) Save time for long distances (6) Can cover very difficult terrain Air Services (1) Indian Airlines : Domestic services 2) Air India : International services @) Helicopter services, Pawanhans Helicopter Lid ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-476234568B Lifelines of National Economy ‘Social Science (Class X) a 2 we wen} INDIA Re. PAKISTAN SONAL AIRPORTS Piel 4 India: Major Ports and International Airports COMMUNICATION Means of Communication (1) Electronic Media (Radio (i) Television (ii) Telephone (w) Fax (W) Intemet ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Debhi-110005, Ph.0t1-47623456Social Science (Class X) Lifelines of National Economy | 89 @) Print Media (Postal services (i) Newspaper (il) Books (wv) Magazines ) Periodicals. ‘Advantages of Communication (1) Massages, texts, books and parcles transported (2) Mass communication provide entertainment @) Bring national-international awareness. Personal Communication (1) Indian Postal Network (2) Indian Telecom Network. Mass Communication (1) All India Radio (Akashwani) (2) Doordarshan (@) Newspapers and periodicals (4) Feature fiims (6) Books and Magazines o£ ——<__________ Till March 2010, 548.32 million mobile corinactiOnSwere.in india. Make a comparison with any other country of your choice. . INTERNATIONAL TRADE (1) Exchange of goods between two countries. (Through sea, air and land routes) (2) Advancement of international trade, an index of economic prosperity. (3) Acts as economic barometer for a country. Export and Import (Two Components of Trade) (1) Balance of trade : Difference between the two components of trade (export and import) (2) Balance of trade : (a) Favourable Trade : When export values exceeds import values. (b) Unfavourable Trade : When import values exceeds export values. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-4762345690 Lifelines of National Economy Social Science (Class X) Commodities of Export from India (1) Agriculture and allied products (2) Ores and minerals (3) Gems and jewellary (4) Chemicals and allied products (6) Engineering goods (6) Petroleum products Commodities of Import to India (1) Petroleum and petroleum product (2) Pearls and precious stones 8) Inorganic chemicals (4) Coal, coke and briquettes (6) Machinery (6) Fertilizers @) Coreais 8) Edible oils (9) Newsprint Trade and Information Technology (1) Exchange of information and technology gained momentiin in tist’S years: @) India emerged as a software glant athe intemational evel. @) The country is earning large foreign exchange through experts. TOURISM AS A TRADE (1) Increase in percentage of foreign tourist @irivals. 2) 15 million people directly engaged in tourism industry, (3) Earning crores of foreign exchange. (4) Promotes, national integration local handicrafts and cultural pursuits, (6) Facilitate understanding of our culture and heritage. (©) Medical and busines Tourist Destination (1) Goa, Rajsthan, Jammu & Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Temple towns of South India 2) Tourism in North-East and interior-parts of Himalayas is not promoted enough. tourism also improving, gaa ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456SECTION-A Objective Type Questions : 1. National Highway No. 7 is (1) Dethi-Amritsar (2) Varanasi-Kanyakumari @) Delhi-Mumbsi 4) Dethi-Kotkata 2. National Highway No, 1 is (1) Dethi-Mumbai (2) Dethi-Kolkata @) Dethi-Varanasi ——_(4)_Delhi-Amaitsar 3. Which National Highway is the longast in Inia? (1) NHT @) NHB @) NHI (4) NH2 4. Which state has the lowest density of roads? (1) Assam (2) Jammu & Kastmie @) Goa (4) Haryana 5. Which modes of transport is the most suitable for carrying heavy and bulky goods? (1) Airways (2) Roadways @) Pipeline (4) Railway 6. Which port is the biggest with a spacious natural and well sheltered harbour? (1), Mumbai (2) Chennai @) Visakhapatnam (4) Kolkata 7. Which is the deepest and land-locked port? (1) Kolkata (2) Visakhapatnam (@) Mumbai (4) Haldia 8 10. un. 2 3, 14 15, 16. LSSTU LILLE Which one of the following port is an inland riverine port? (1) Tuticorin (2) Mumbai (3) Kandta @), Kolkata J which year was the air transport nationalised in India? fh) 1951 (2) 1952 (3) 1953) 4) 1954, \Whieh one of tne following port is located in Tamit Nadu? (1) luticorin, (2)Paradip @), Kochchi (4) Kandla ‘Tho norhety terminal station of the North-South omidovis! G)\Janmu. (2) Srinagar () Saramutiah (4) Len Border Roads Organisation was established in (1) 1965, (2 1972 @) 1970 (4) 1960 Which one of the following is the terminal of East- West corridor? (1) Silchar (2) Guwahas (3) Imphal (4) Kohima District roads are maintained by (1) PWD (2) Zia Parishad 3) CPWO (4) BRO NH-2 is known for (1) Delhi-Mumbai (2). Delhi-Varanasi @) Dethi-Amrtsar (4) Dethi-Kolkata NHB is known for (1) DetheMumbai (2) Dethi-Amritsar (3) Dei Kolkata (4) Dethi-Varanasi ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Rogd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-4762345692 Lifelines of National Economy SECTION-B Matrix Match Type Question: 1 Match the following columns Column Column-tt a NY () Varanasi- Kanyakumari b. NH ()_ Delhi Mumbi NWT (ii) Dethi-Amritsar NHS (W) Dett-Kolkata (1) afi), Biv), ef), Ai) (2) ali), Bl). et. i) 2) av), DA), oF), dK) (4) afd, DA), oH, div) Match the following columns Columnt Column-lt 8. Tuticorin () Gujarat b. Kandla (i) Tamil Nadu ©. Haldia (ill) Andhra Pradesh 4. Visakhapatnam (v) West Bengal (1) afi), DG, eh), dA). (2) ali), BAH), ef), Ail) @) atv), iii, ei), AC) (4) ati), BG), efi, div) SECTION-C Very Short Answer Type Qui 1 2 ior Name the subsidiary port of Mumbai Which types of roads received special impetus. tunder the Pradhan Mantri Sadak Yoana? North-South corridor is connected betweenwhich cities? East-West corridor is connected betwoon which, cities? ‘Write the full form of NHAL ‘What is CPW? ‘Write the full form of CPWD. STO stands for what? ‘Which types of roads are being constructed and maintained by NHAI? ‘What are district roads? ‘What are other roads? ‘Which is the most important mode of transport in India? ‘Which state has the highest density of roads? Write the name of any two mode of mass communication? gaa 15, 16. 7 18, ‘Social Science (Class X) Write any two examples of print media. Which is the largest pipeline network in our ‘country? National waterway No.-1 is navigable between which places? The HVJ natural gas pipeline connected to which places? Short Answer Type Questions : 1 2 on ae on 10 1 42 13. 4 18: 16. Write a short note on “transport” Write the importance of transportation for the development of a nation. Write the status of roadways in India. Describe the types of roads on the basis of construction Describe the road density in India. Write the problems faced By\road transportation in India. What are the f@lor whicheffect raiway network? Mirite the problems fated by raihiveys)in India. ‘Writeithe use of pipelines for. transportation. rp cert Posies hatwrks In ‘Wella ine advantdges f wateiways. Whi the ‘advaniages of airways. ‘Write the adyahtages of communication. Write the name of commodities which are ‘exporting from india. Write the name of commodities which are importing to India. Write the importance of “Trade and Information ‘Technology’. Long Answer Type Questions : 1 2 3. Explain the importance of roadways in India Explain the roads on the basis of capacity Explain the advantages and status of railways in India. Explain the waterways network in india. or Describe about the five National Waterways in India. Describe the importance of international trade with balance of trade. Explain the tourism as a trade and also write about the tourist destination in India. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456HistoryCHAPTER The Making of a Global World ‘THE PRE-MODERN WORLD Globalisation : It is an economic system that emergéth since last 50 years. But we have evidences from history/that Globalisation prevailed since ancient times, ©.g., (i) An active coastal trade linked the Indus Valley civilisations with present day west Asia in around 3900 BCE (i) Cowries were used as the form of cufFeney: (ii) Travellers, traders, priests and pilgrims travelled sinc® ancient times. Silk Routes Link the World This route connected by land and the sea, knitting together vast regions of Asia, Asia-Europe and North Africaand existed before Christian era Food Travels : Spaghetti and Potato % Traders and Travellers introduced mew ¢rons to-the ands they travelled. Like noodles was carried to west from China to Become spaghetti or Arabs travellers carried pasta to Sicily % Ireland's poorest peasants became so dependent on potatoes that when disease destroyed the potato crop in mid 1840s, hundreds of thousands ied due to starvation Conquest, Disease and Trade (Inthe 16” century after European sailors found a sea route to Asia they discovered America (i) The Indian subcontinent had been known for bustling trade with goods, people, custom and knowledge. it was a crucial point in their trade network (li) After discovery, America's vast land and crops and minerals began to transform trade and lives everywhere. () The Portuguese and Spanish conquest and colonization of America was underway. The most powerful weapon was germs of small pox and America's original inhabitants had no immunity against such type of disease. Chapter Contents The Pre-modern World ‘The! Nineteenth Century (815 — 1914) ‘The inter War.Economy Rebuilding «World Economy: The PostWar Ei Assightient: ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-4762345694 The Making of a Global World Social Science (Class X) YOu ‘Biologicat’ warfare? John Winthorp, the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay colony in New England, wrote in May 1634 that smallpox signalled God's blessing for the colonists: '... the natives ... were neere (near) all dead of ‘small Poxe (90x), 50 as the Lord hathe (had) cleared our tile to what we possess’. ‘fred Crosby, Ecological Imperialism. #_Dissenter ~ One who refuses to accept established beliefs and practices THE NINETEENTH CENTURY (1815 — 1914) Economists identity 3 types of movement within intemational Economic exchange: 1. Flow of Trade 2. Flow of Labour 3. Movement of Capital for short term to long term investment These three movements are interconnected and fflects peoples’ lives, World Economy Takes Shape (1) Countries were self sufficient in food but thé'demané increas dU to population rise! 2) Due to industrialisation, urban centre expanded and agrguiture products price rosa @) Com laws which was imposed by government backed by landed class was Scrapped: (4) People became jobless and as the price fallOntsumption, rose in Britain (6) Again food production started. (©) Lands were cleared for agriculture, railways and ports to feciitate trade (7) Flow of capital, technology took place. @ In.west Punjab, Brtish Government bulla network oP irigation canals to transform semi desert into fertile lands to grow wheat and cotton. Canal Colonies - the areas irrigated:by eW canals, which were settled by peasants from other parts of Punjab. Role of Technologies % Technological advances were often the results of political, social and economic factors. % Also colonisation stimulated new investments and improvements. e.g., India % Trade in meat is a good example of connected Trade. Late 19" - Century Colonialism % Expansion of trade meant loss of freedom and livelihoods in many parts of the world. % 1885, big European Powers met in Bertin to complete carving of Africa. % Belgium and Germany became new colonial power. ‘US also became colonial power in late 1890s by taking some colonies of Spain. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456Social Science (Class X) ‘The Making of a Global Word | 95 Rinderpest, or the Cattle Plague 1880 ° ° * In 1890 in Africa, a fast spreading cattle plague impacted people's lives and economy and unshaped the lives and fortunes of many people. Rinderpest was carried by infected cattle imported from British Asia to feed. Italian soldiers invading Eritrea in East Africa and moved west ‘ike forest fire’ and reached Cape of Good Hope. Killed 90% of cattle, in order to control this situation. British conquered and subdue Africa. Indentured Labour Migration from India * ° Indentured Labourers (bounded contractual labour) in India were hired under contracts which promised retum travel to India after they had worked five years on their employer's plantation. ‘Most of them come from present day regions of UP, Bihar and central India and dry districts of Tamil Nadu. Following factors provoked workers to become labourers ~ through agent. + Cottage industry dectined Land rents rose. ‘+ Lands were cleared for mines and plantations. ‘© Due to which they were unable to pay rafts and become deeply indebted and were foroed to migrate in search of work, Destinations of indian indentured migrants * Caribbean islands (mainly Trinidad, Guyaner@d Surinam) + Mauritius * Fil © Ceylon + Malaya ‘Also for tea plantations in Asom 19 century ‘new system of slavery’ was dasribed to the indenture. Few workers escaped in following ways: ‘+ Many escaped into the wild ‘+ Blended different cultural forms ‘¢ _ Intrinidad annual Moharam procé8sion was transformed into riotous camival called ‘Hosay’ (for imam Hussain) ‘+ Rastafarianism (infamous by Jamaican reggae) ‘+ Chutney music in Trinidad and Guyana. Indian Entrepreneurs Abroad * These people lke Shrofts and Chettiars financed export agricuiture with their own funds. Indian Trade, Colonialism and the Global System * eee With Industrialisation British Cotton expanded and price of Indian cotton dectined Britain exported opium to china from india and with money eamed financed other imports. Britain had a ‘trade surplus’ from India and used this money to overcome deficits with other countries. This is what called as ‘multilateral settiement system: Britains’ trade surplus in India also helped pay the so-called “home charges’ which included private remittances. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-4762345696 The Making of a Global World Social Science (Class X) THE INTER-WAR ECONOMY ‘World War was mainly fought in Europe but its impacts was felt around the world and took 3 decades to overcome. Wartime Transformations % This war was first modem industrial war since it hamessed the vast powers of modem industry. Use of machine guns, tanks, aircrafts, chemical weapons etc. was on massive scale. Millions of soldiers had to be recruited from around the world Death and destruction scale was unthinkable, Household income deciined after war. ‘Men went to battle and women stepped in to undertake jobs. US from being international debtor to an international creditor ee oes ° Post-war Recovery 4 The war led to an economic boom (large increase in demand, production and employment. This led to agricultural crisis. % Britain was burdened with debts from US. Demand for wheat shifted from Britain to Canada, America and Australia, Rural incomes declined and farmers fellinto debt. Rise of Mass Production and Consumption 4 US recovered very fast after war and some of it featufes were: (1) Mass production eg. car manufacturer Henry Ford by ‘assembly line! method. (2) Banned trade unions (3) System of ‘hire purchase’ Fe,, on Gfedit tepaid in weekly Gr monthly instalment. (4) Boom in house construction and hame Gwnership. The Great Depression (1929 - 1930) % Agricultural regions and communities were worst'aflectéd by Great Depression. Causes of Depression : (1) Agricultural overproduction - led to fall in prices and expanded. (2) Overseas loans : In mid 1920s many countries financed their investments through loans from US but in 1928 overseas loans quashed and US withdrew from giving loans (3) Hike in US import Duty : US attempt to protect its economy in depression by doubling import duties gave another severe blow to world trade. (4) Also US banks slashed domesting lendings and called back loans and banking system collapsed. India and the Great Depression Effects on India : (1) Imports became haf. (2) Peasants and farmers suffered more and colonial government refused to reduce revenue demands. (3) In Bengal Jute export collapsed and prices declined below 60%. (4) India became an exporter of precious metals, notably gold. (©) Industrial investment also grew as government extended tariff protection. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456Social Science (Class X) ‘The Making of a Global Word | 97 REBUILDING A WORLD ECONOMY : THE POST-WAR ERA Both war World War-! and World War-ll caused an immense amount of economic devastation and social disruption. ‘Two events that shaped post-war reconstruction were (1) US emergence as the dominant economic, political and military power in western world. (2) Dominance of Soviet Union. Post War Settlement and the Bretton Woods Institutions ‘Two lessons were drawn by Economists Industrial society based on mass This is related to a country’s economic links to production be sustained without outside world means, control of government ‘mass production ‘on goods, capital and labour. u United Nations Monetary and Finangil Conference, 1944 ‘at Bretton Woods conference in USA. u Established International Monetary Fund Intemational Bank for (IMF) Reconstruction and Development + To deal with extemal surpluses + To finance post wac reconstruction) and deficits ofits member nations Bretton WoodseTwins “4847 Decision making in these institations is Controlled by the Weslern Industrial Powers. US has an effective right of veto over IMF and \WB decisions. ‘This system (IMF) links national currencies and monetary system. This system was based on fixed exchange rates: ee eo ‘The Early Post-war Years % The Bretton Woods system led to the growth of world trade by 8% and incomes by 5%. 4 Stable growth, unemployment decreased. % Worldwide spread of technology and enterprise. Decolonisation and Independence After World War-ll, large parts of world specially Asia and Africa were under European colonial Rule, ‘emerged as independent nations, ‘IMF and World Bank by 1950s shifted their focus towards developing countries as they were in the shackles of poverty and unemployment. % Group of 77 : Many developing countries which did not benefit from the fast growth in 1950s and 1960 organised themselves as a group to demand New Intemational Economic Order (NIEO) 4 NIEO system will give real power over natural resources and better access for their manufactured goods, ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-4762345698 The Making of a Global World Social Science (Class X) End of Bretton Woods and the Beginning of Globalisation % From 1960s the rising costs of overseas involvements weakened the US's finances and competitive strength. US dollar was no longer commanded confidence as world's principal currency. Collapse to system of fixed exchange rates 4 Introduction of a system of floating exchange rates % Developing countries shifted from international institutions to west commercial banks for loans. This created periodic debt crises in developing world. % In 1970s MNCs also began to shift production to low wage Asian countries. 4 China had been cut off from post-war world economy since its revolution in 1949. 4 But with new economic policies in China and collapse of Soviet Union, many countries were back into the fold of world economy, ‘They became attractive destinations for investment by foreign MNCs. In the last two decades the world's economic geography has been transfofted @\countries such as India, China and Brazil have undergone rapid economic transformation ZO eS ‘Multinational corporations (MNCs) are large companies that the same time. the 1 ind: 1960s as US to,become powerful 1950s and 1960s. This forced MNCs to locate their businesses expanded worldwide and Western industrial economies. The worldwide spread of was parlly because high import tarts i ‘manufacturing operations and b coutiies as possible. Tariff — Tax imposed on a cou f oh orig. Taniffs are levied at the point of enity, ie, at the border or the air \ 4 Exchange rates - They link natior t ; kinds of exchange rates: fixed ex: ing exchange rate, Fixed exchange rates — when ‘exchange rates are fixed and governments intervene to prevent movements in them. Flexible or floating ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456: Objective Type Questions 1 Cowries, used as a form of currency is contmahiy known as (1) Sea shell ) Sik @) Stone shell (4) Pebbles The evidence of trade link we got from which part of ancient history? (1) Indus Valley Civilisation (2) Stone age (8) Vedic age (4) Mauryan age Who discovered vast continent of Amarica? (1) Galileo (2) Christopher Columbus @) Kepler (4) Newton Which disease is signalled as God's blessings for colonists? (1) Measies (2) Small pox @) Chicken pox (4) Polio The famous Potato famine occurred in which country in 1840's? (1) South Africa 2) Eritrea @) Somalia (4) reland The carving of Africa by big powers was done in which city? (1) Brussels @) Mali (2) Somalia (4) Bertin " 12 LSSTU LILLE "New York Herald’ is the newspaper of (1) India (2) USA (@) Canada (4) Europe Wp Trinidad the annual Muhatram procession was ttanstormed into, ritousicamival called A) Magsay (2) mamsy (3) Hosay (4) Oatbeu ‘Rastafartanism’ 6 eSséciated with which country? (1), Carisbean- (2) Guyana, (ay Tenia, @)"Tobaga’ The system of indentured labour migration was abolished in (1) 1921 (2) 1922 @) 1920 (4) 1925 Who were the Allies during World War i? (1) Britain, France, Russia (2) Germany, France, Hungary @) Germany, France, Britain (4) Turkey, France, Russia The pioneer of mass production of car was? (1) GD. Ford (2) Henry Ford @) Puroshottam Das (4) GD. Birla ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Rogd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456100 The Making of a Global World Race) * 4 Matrix Match Type Question 1. Match the following columns Social Science (Class X) What was the issue related with cattle plague (Rinderpest)? What were the factors of post-war recovery? What steps US followed to recover fast after war? What were the effects of Great Depression in India? What do you understand by G-77? What do you understand by Bretton Woods Twins? Long Answer Type Questions : Column Column-t (Planet) (Satellite) a. Detroit () Yeady' food stuff 1 b. Pound sterling (i) USA. &. Spaghetti (i) Currency of Britain d. Canal Colonies (WV) 1st mass producer car e, T-Model Ford () Punjab (1) afi, bai, efi), dv), ev) 2) afi, i), efi, av), eC) 2) aKi, B(), cf), i, ef) (4) afi), BOW), cfiv), div), efi) 1 Es SECTION-C Short Answer Type Questions 1. What is Globalisation? 2. What were the three types of movements within’ 4 International Economic Exchange in 19! century? a7 2 What were the factors involved for ending of the Bretton Woods Twins? o ‘What were the factors responsible for beginning of the Globalisation?” ‘What were the causes responsible for Great Depression (1929-1930)? ‘What were the changes took place in the world ‘economy in 19" .century? Explain thé condition of indentured Labour ‘Migration trom'India. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456CHAPTER The Age of Industrialisation Chapter Contents INTRODUCTION ‘This chapter is about industralsation with reference to-modern world which is associated with rapid technological changes and,#fnovations, ‘machines and factories, ralways and steamship. Hence history of industiaisation thus becomes simply a story"6f/évalopment. BEFORE THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 4 The period of industrialzation before the first factories came up in Europe is called proto-industialization % In 17 and 18 century merchants from towns beganito move countryside, supplying money to peasants andarisans, persuading, them to produce for an international markets % Within tis system a close relationship developed between the towrr and the countryside. + The proto-industrial system was @ part of network of ogmmercial exchange. Merchants were based in towns but work was dane In countryside, ‘The Coming up of the Factory + The earliest factory in England came up by 17308. & The first symbol of new era was cotton Cotton mill was created by Richard Arkwright. New mills and new technology was imposed, The Pace of Industrial Change % Upto 1840's cotton was the leading sector in 1st phase of industriaisation, then iron and stee! led the way and with expansion of railways, value of cotton doubled. 4 New industries could not easily displace traditional industries. Textile was a dynamic sector, but production was confined within domestic units. The pace of change in the ‘traditional’ industries was not set by steam-powered cotton or metal industries, but they did not remain entirely stagnant either, Introduction Before \rhe Industrial Revolution Hand Labotr ahdSteam Power Industridhsation in The Colonies, Fatidries Come Up “The Peculiarities of Industrial Growih Market for Goods Assignment ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456