| [(1=y9) to (1-¥) & (1-V" ip are all ~ 1.0. Simplified Approach — 1: Recall Eq. 13: y, & y2 are very small so that (1-y,), (1-y,), the rati shy trvel. | dv — day 2 \t-v) Jiv-v) 2 Noe may be determined graphically as discussed earlier Otherwise, a simplified procedure may be adopted assuming straight equilibrium and operating lines, for dilute mixture, for the integration. It is of interest because of the similarity with the simplified heat transfer design equation using log mean driving forces, The assumption made here is analogous to the assumption of constant c, in heat exchanger design which yielded a linear T-vs- q curve An nie17x, +63 ¥, = TK, = tc i= ‘slope of the equilibrium fie, m = = = |_| |slope of the operating line : mt %—%., MG yi - Yon . Sy l¥~¥ =y—mx-c=y—m eet) © Equotion of operating line: Click to add notes between twoterminalpoints of the golumnis assumed linear (fora Curved equiliarium line) with an The portion ofthe equilibrium line | Intercept. a1, (2 (mG) jy, —[mx, + (mG, —c] [1 (mGayy, [emery y (1-1 ie mx, mi +(mGA Dv, ~€] lUpon substituting, m, © S ‘ohiowed by simplification of the above equation we get Orv) ( — = inf ay, [a Wlin-vA=v)) n/AY) hen 0.52 ( Ay, /Ay,)S20 oe larithmatic mean is used instead of LMCD |Log Mean Concentration Driving Force [= L0g Mean Concentration Di rence (LMCD)‘Simple graphical procedure to evaluate {| | nrUneeded to accomplish e certain change proposed by Baker I Basis: arithmetic average of the driving forces | | Assumptio: both operating line &aquilbrium eurve are estentially linear over ame Noe Equation: [Nice = (v2-va)/ly~¥ Noa! no of overall gas transfer unit vertically half the op line & the eqm eur | SortngatF {exit gas con}, draw 3 horizontal line to the halfway of AB at G, Extend it to H such that FG = GH. Then draw a vertical line from H to the op line at M | FMH represents one Noo, since it gives a change In gas-phase composition of (¥iy— Vol. which is equal to the average driving force KP (yx ~ ys). | Additional transfer units are stepped off (MN = NO etc.) til the inlet gas.con is | achievedto yield Mos, required. For Nyoy draw line AB horizontally halfway between the op line & the eqm curve, and the steps would be constructed such that their vertical lines ted by line AB.Mass balance equation over a differential height of the bed: ~G,0Y = Ny.a.dh = kal - ¥,)dh = Ka(Y— ¥*)dh Height of packing considering G, (solute free gas flow rate) & MTCs constant can be calculated from the following expression: Pe a v-¥) Gta “i J yi Expressions for liquid side MTCs can be developed similarly: pax hate f kad, — x) t 4x = : (22 ala =e The method of calculating the integral * graphical/numerical) for estimating the packing height is similar to those discussed earlier. *% lick to add notescz) ice) = =). =|. Number of trays are determined in tr: and operating lines asin earlier cases. Faeranenemtonss ites sign problem G - eal den erin bd flow rate) 1.2t0 2 times bain. Locate x,.:in the plot and draw the operating line. ‘Stepping off method on the graph between two terrnioal points are performed to calculate the total no. of theoretical (or ideal or equilibrium) trays (or platesor tz00). Alternatively, the no. of trays can be calculated algebraically using Kremser equation (discussed later) Similar method can be used for stripping also. ‘The stepping off methods are discussed next. Click to add notes 4‘et Design Arimationt ‘SlideShow Review View Act-ins POF Suite ° ome [i a le xa wits iB OP Biv 4 a ty zi 2 = tele | te | ak Mie Shar fa] (ae (A) ge. || Sper tree Quik Eoing N= = no of theoretical trays ‘Operating tinePacked columns are continuous, differential contacting devices. stages as in trayed They don’t have physically disti tower. Thus packed columns are best described by mass transfer consideration rather tan equilibrium stage concept. Packed column performance however, can often be analyzed on the basis of equivalent equilibrium stages using a packed height equivalent to a theoretical (equilibrium) plate or stage, called the HETP or HETS. Based on these considerations expression for HETP or HETS is | being developed. | 6 Click to add notes= height of packing Plate Tower ef Nr= No. of ideal stage Rate of mais transfer for (n+1)th tray Rate of mass transfer over ahelght ““h” of 2 packed section may be ven as follows: BAY e2 ~ Yori) = UX yes = Xa see the illustration schematically given below [Rate of mass transfer / a «oldate of mass transfer over a packed height of "h” in @ packed column Then h = HETP (since, Nr=1) ts ai aduming(y -y"), aslog mean value= slope of the egm line stops ofthe aperatingiine |_ (Vout—¥s) der this condition, aPA(y=¥'), =G(Vax You) (22) | jupon sinptication with the insertions | (v-¥'), ~(5-1) teats) Yost) 4 nh AView Addins PDF Suite ° snapes teranae Quit Eating 2 a Sees ~ = ‘Therefore, from Eq. (22) upon substitution of (y — ), from Eq.(23) G(Voua ~Yous ) Inft/a] _G__Wn[¥/a] KeaP (Youn Yow: U[1/A]—1) KP ([1/A]-1) : ina] _4, Aina =H AI aH a= Meat) Validity of Bas. (28) E123) B Nog = 25 oe (25) equilibrium & 0} Q-1) N= No of al h= (24) wear [but nat parallel) ing Wings: A 2 rium stages HETP Is often used to characterize the performance of a packing ‘Agood packing has a small HETP HETP Is ranging between 1’ and 3° | HETP = f (type & size of packing, Q,. Q,, physico-chemical : Properties of phases, uniformity of liquid & gas distribution) ry Click to add notes 1Al heed arrange Quick Drawing Wretgreen era a | CD i baa Led Pers teest eee aie) Therefore, from Eq. (22) upon substitution of (v -y ) from Eq.(23) (Yong —Voes ) Infa/a_ GS _Infy/a] PKS va MIVA) 2° (VAI 1) _ Alna “Hee (aa) { Valleity of as (24) & (23): Unear (Sutnot parallel) | equilibrium & operating lines; A #2 N.= No. of equilibrium stages * HETP is often used to characterize the performance of a packing ‘+ Agood packing has @ small HETP * HETP Is ranging between 1’ and 3° HETP =f (type & size of packing, Q, Q,, physico-chemical Properties of phases, uniformity of liquid & gas distribution) (24) (25)* nie The NTU (Nyoo) and HTU (Hyo<) should not be confused with the no. of theoretical equilibrium plates (N,) and HETP respectively. Their relationships are described below. When the operating & equilibrium lines are straight & parallel: HETP = Higg & Neos = Ne | eel |) Clidcto add notesView Addins POF Suite e is 2 28 330s DP 2 lw 2 oe Oe ee ik ) Steere oN ‘ “ rose + Paragraph __ bwng s ~—s aes | Tray Efficiency ‘© AStage must bring two phases together in intimate contact & then separate them «More thorough contact & larger contact time give a closer approach to equilibrium in the exit streams I | Performance of an actual stage Is different from an equilibrium stage * Performance of actual stage depends on many physical variables: (m?/m?), Rate (kmol/s) & contact time * These variables are influenced by construction characteristics of | thestages, physical properties & flow rates of the phases * Resulting no, of equilibrium stages must be related to required no. of actual stages before constructing multistage equipment + The relationship Is expressed as a STAGE EFFICIENCY |* Various efficiencies are defined to express to failure to reach the equilibrium in an actual stagese con it ined with ‘Tray efficiency depends on rete of Inter-phass mess transfer, Hrate of mass transfers very high, tray efficiency tends to 100%, At this high rate, driving force is small & high MTC as wall as large “a” are required. Differential maze balance ean be performed to develop relationship for ‘estimating the tray efficiency Click to add notes,Gazes leaving the dispersion at different locations of a tray get mixed up before entering the upper tray. a Concentration id changes asit x2 cone. of liquid leaving ath tray & isin eqm with y°, In gas phase. On there basis, Murphree defined tray efficiency as Egg. For column with small (Case | Ifliquid is well mixed (x, remains constant), Ey = diameter this is possible due to shorter distance the liquid flows in 2 tray ensures almost complete mixing of gas due to bubbling. This is however, not possible In @ column with larger diameter where liquid lows e longer distence. | | Case W, Other limiting case: Liquid isin plug flow with no axial mixing at ell. Under J | this conditions following relationship holds ("Lewis Case 1") ry Slaw Cone molar iquid flow rate, mol/area.time Click to add notesGases leaving the dispersion at different locations of a tray gat mixed up before aantering the upper tray. Concentration of liquid chang lows over a tray :reone: of quid leaving meray Bt anen withy*, On these basis, Murphree defined tray efficiency [Case |. if liquid is well mixed (x, remains constant), Eyg = Ege. For column with small diameter this is possible due to shorter distance the liquid flows in a tray ensures almost complete mixing of gas due to bubbling. This is however, not possible in a [column with larger dlameter where liquid flows a longer distance |Case I, Other limiting case: Liquid isin plug flow with no axial mixing at all. Under this conditions following relationship holds ["Lewis Case 2”) o2 |~1| ~(80)|] fs mblor squid flow rate, moVares.timelick to add notes‘+ From Murphree efficiency pseudo-equilibrium line is drawn for calculating no. of actual trays graphically Take any vertical distance DE between OA (Eqm curve) & BC{Op line) The pseudo-equilibrium point on DE will be at F such that EF = xDE [x = % tray efficiency) it The procedure is repeated for several points between two extreme points of the column to draw the pseudo- equilibrium line EEE | Click to add notesGeneral proc 3] Mass transfer and fluid | Equipment criteria ; criteria dynamics criteria Gaseous specier; Interfacial area generated, | Size of absorber, Concentrations, Renewal of interface, Rationality of dasign, Gasfiow rate, Mass transfer coefficient, | Construction materials, > || Absorbent, Concentration difference | Investment costs, Physical or chemical between gasand liquid, | Maintenance costs, abrorption, Minimumiquid flowrate, | Emission proof design. Corcurrant or counter. | pressure drop or en ie fowofgasand — | required for absorption : process, Adaptability to alterations ingasflow rate & ee concentration, Capability of dust removal, Danger of fouling and plugsing, j| Danger of foaming, Danger of corrosion. anit| Absorbent Capacity, Selectivity | Low Vapor Pressure jubility | Ease of regeneration or disposal Low cost Inflammability (low to minimum) Jon toxic Corrosiveneds (minimum) Thermal stability (maximum) Low viscosity at absorption temperature| Organic acids, HS, NO, = a 3) 2 Gaseous components | Liquid absorbents HF, HCL HBr Water / Alkall (like NaOH/Na,CO,) =i |s0; NaOH /Na,S0,/Na,CO,) Ca(OH), / Caco, | slurry/Mg(OH);/Amines co, NaOH, Na,COs, K2COs, Amin: NaOH Chilled NH, Phenols ee [Phosgene NaOH / Water ch, NaOH / Na,SO; / Na,S,0, Mercaptans Naocl 4! NHs H,$0,/ HNO, Amines H,SO, NH,~H,0 ”Qi. What do you mean by the HETP? Prove that: { where the notations bear usual meaning. How do you calculate the no. of theoretical or ideal or equilibrium stages or trays or plates using McCabe Thiele method for a tray or plate absorption column? ) Under what conditions Nyc = Ne, Noe Ny and Niog > Ni? Discuss the physical significances of “One Nic or NTUgg” and “One Equilibrium Stage”. What is Point Efficiency, Murphree Efficiency and Overall Efficiency for a tray column? ‘=, Click to add notesVertical, cylindrical pressure vessel One or more section of packing Liquid flows over packing surface by Bravity as a fitm or droplets Vapor flows up through wet packing contacting the liquid Packing ls contained between a lower gas-injection support plate which holds the packing and an upper grid or mesh hold-down plate which Prevents movement of packing materials Liquid Distributor: placed above the hold-down plate ensures uniform liquid distribution over entire Packing cross-section Gas Distributor: placed at the bottom and below the Support plate for uniform gas distribution Hauld Redistributors: if the depth of packing is more than 20’ liquid channeling may occur, causing the liquid to flow down the column mainly ‘near the wall and gas to flow mainly up the centre of the column thus Breatly reducing the extent of gas-liquid contact. To avoid this problem liquid redistribution is required to be installed.| = “~— Packed Bed Absorber Use & Operation | > Packed columns are used conventionally toobtain low or low liquid hold up (€,) Teer is practically no heat to remove or supply of when the gas or | liquid is corrosive ||> Not used when solids are present in the me feed or are formed as the reaction products. ‘When irreversible chemical reaction occurs between dissolved gases and the Genin absorbent, the mean driving forces the same for both modes of operation. In this case, co-current columns are nt limited | by flooding and for any /G ratio is less | than counter-currentoperation.e Wetions Sie Show Remew ew = Adg:Ims POF Sute sign Animations Sh > Counter-current operation (liq flows from top & gas from bottom). > Pressure at top must be less than at bottom to maintain the upward gas flow, resulting into pressure drop (AP) which is vital for design. | > Because liquid down flow occupies same channels as gas up flow, AP isa function of both flows (Fig shown next slide). > Gas flow through the bed is turbulent, consequently the slope of the curve Cis ~ 2.0 [dry packing, L = 0; APG? ] > Constant gas velocity: AP increases with L since AP= L [see line G]. > Packing material has fixed voidage and thus with increased L, area for gas flow becomes shorter, making velocity and AP increased. > Nature of Random Packing is such that expansion /contraction losses and considerable turbulence are created by the flow of the two fluids around the individual solid Packing elements. AP arises from the combination of “skin friction” and “form drag” with “form drag” predominant at the higher velocities.4 sice= cippie t | ane Line A in Fig. 1: Viewing through the transparent wall of the column, Up to Point # 1: + AP characteristic is similar to Line C *® Slope is same as in Line C but AP is greater 4? is greater due to part of the voids filled by the liquid & roughness of surfaces by waves Visual observation would indicate trickling down of liquid with no liquid hold up rene i09 ig. 2. ect of gas velocity on pressure drop of packed bed to study loading and floodingUCaP nome | wuet Devon Arwmations size snow Review View Adind | POFSuMe a one | tet Devon Anmations —StaeSnow Review View dant FOF Sue ee (a 2/5) eS ew ie (cp 2, ve ont env sec Fig. 2, Effect of gas velocity on pressure drop of packed bed to study loading and | a to add notes 3 proce ee ala | eS SSE] Point #1 to # 2 (Loading region): © As Point # 1 is passed, visual observation shows greater amount of liquid hold up. Observation will show a liquid layer at the top of the packing and a gradual filing of the packing voids with liquid. Liquid now has filled a large portion of the packing and the gas must bubble through it. This condition sometimes called visual “Flooding”. POINT# 2: Incipient Flooding‘Design Arwmations SlideShow —-Rewew View Addins POF Suite wail) Bs pmeet ala] EES jee | ep Oy = Stapes Amoge > Loading or Flooding condition: Liquid continuous phase (under flooding condition phase inversion occurs). > Definition of Flooding: It is a region of rapidly increasing AP with simultaneous loss of mass transfer efficiency. I > Visual Symptoms of Flooding: ¥ Accumulation of a layer of liquid at the top of the bed. Asharp rise in AP. ¥ Asharp rise in liquid hold up. Y Asharp fall in mass transfer efficiency. > Operation of packed Towers: ¥ Not practical above loading point. ¥ Colburn evaluated methods for optimum gas velocity. ¥ For Safety & Simplicity reason — towers are designed using 50 to 75% of gas velocity at flooding condition (often called the flooding velocity) at the expected liquid rate somewhere below Loading Point and should Provide for thorough wetting of packing surface." Lins ‘Suite. ue ene | mie Design, Animations sideshow Ree View Addins POF 2 aa Aes eee sine DP ye al ie shapes mage Suck “eating wg te 9 meee Historical Development > Proposed are charts, correlations & theoretical models. > Sherwood et al.'(1938) initially attempted to correlate flooding data. > Every packing has its own geometrical and surface characteristics. > AP/Hp-q& flooding characteristics are different for different packings even ifother parameters including ‘nominal packing size’ are same. > To avoid working with separate correlations for 4P (& mass transfer) for different packings & sizes a ‘Generalized Pressure Drop Correlation’ (GPDC) was developed applicable to all kinds of random packings. > Leva(1954)—first introduced the idea of a GPDC. » Major variables/params determining AP& flooding characteristics are: * Fluid Properties (density, viscosity and surface tension) * Packing type & its features (size, voidage, surface area and surface properties) % US School proposed many charts & correlations during last 50 yrs German School proposed 2 2" group of charts & correlations Piche et al. (2001) reviewed all important correlations for flooding point. lic = ————— Click to add notes — Ne aaa eeie o Home inset Oesign —Anmations ‘Side Shaw — Review View Addins POF Suite 4 ge eK rae (poy ya a oo? shieee alk een] seme os ang base i ai conte Prediction of Flooding & Pressure Drop Historical Development > Proposed are charts, correlations & theoretical models. > Sherwood et al. (1938) initially attempted to correlate flooding data. > Every packing has its own geometrical and surface characteristics. > AP/Heeg & flooding characteristics are different for different packings even if other parameters including ‘nominal packing size’ are same. > To avoid working with separate correlations for P(& mass transfer) for different packings & sizes a ‘Generalized Pressure Drop Correlation’ (GPDC) was developed applicable to all kinds of random packings. > Leva (1954) - first introduced the idea of a GPDC. > Major variables/params determining AP & flooding characteristics are: ® Fluid Properties (density, viscosity and surface tension) ™ Packing type & its features (size, voidage, surface area and surface properties) > USSchool proposed many charts & correlations during last 50 yrs > German School proposed a 2™ group of charts & correlations Fiche et al. (2001) reviewed all important correlations for flooding point. rary i = — lick to add notes ae _ - i‘Design Anmatione = SMueShow Review View © Ag@Iny POF Sue 2 | Sey it | = shapes Arana 90 eaun GPDCs proposed by Eckert (1975 & before) of erstwhile Norton Company > Widely used for packed tower design > 1970-version (Fig. 3) gives a number of constant pressure drop curves anda flooding curve > Suitable for 1% generation packings (not for 2° generation & smaller modern packings) ‘O01 Om osaHIT 03 Gao Ve wiceaceit® Fig. 3. Generalized pressure drop correlation of Eckert (1970) Bo abou Wo G! = Gasmess flux, lb/ft.he; = Liquid mass flux, lb/ft F, =Packing factor fr; hh, =Ulquid viseosity, &. 73247 Ftlb/slb,; , =Water density. Ib/it® B,_=Liquid density, yf; 2, _=Gas density, b/ft! es Click to add notesMitetserae aiden Cligk to add notes Design Animations Fig. 4. Strigle’s GPDC (Strigle, 1994) Strigle’s GPDC > Strigle (1994) refined Eckert’s chart (Fig. 4.) ® Used 4500 AP measurements ‘on beds having various packing tyhes/sizes & liquids & gases > Ordinate: Linear scale more convenient to use than other version having log scale > Most popular for design > Error in predicting AP: +11% for normal ranges of operation Abscissa = Flow Parameter= F, \trepresents the square root of the ratio of liquid & vapour kinetic energies. — = £\ be | EN py‘arimations SideShow Rewtew Na & ses Uae aN A a Fig. 4. Strigle’s GPOC (Strigle, 1994) Addins POF Suite =i ypa = 48 s% ypay y3 sia seep nema Se ae Drawing Strigle’s GPDC (contd.) ‘Ordinate = Capacity Paramater = CAFE Meesithe = lntaal sin ft's Itdescribes a balance between forces due to vapor flow (acts to entrain swarmsof liquid droplets) & gravity force resisting entrainment. ‘Packing Factor’ (F,)is a characteristic parameter of packing (detailed later); Pressuredrop at flooding is excluded in Strigle’s chart. However, ‘incipient flooding’ condition is represented by the curve at AP/L =1.5" we/ft. dry bed. ‘> Kister & Gill proposed correlation for AP/L at flooding. > Robbin suggested correlation for AP/L at nearly atmospheric pressure for Click to add notesAdd-ins PDF Suite , 4 wa gp dy ‘Shapes Arrange RE Drawing > The parameter F, in Eckert’s chart (& similar others) characterizes packing & is called ‘Packing Factor’ foternatvenptation: G) > Originally introduced by Lobo in 1945: a= packing surface area/unit volume, not specific interfacial area |_|) ofcontact between gas & liquid; € = void fraction of packed bed > Pressure drop & flooding data could be better correlated if Fy was ||) takenas an empirical quantity > F,values for different packingsare supplied by the manufacturers. = | | > £,8 few other characteristics of several random packings are available > Fyinversely indicates the capacity of a packing; the specific surface area indicates its mass transfer efficiency » That values of F, of same packing obtained from different sources may varyis intriguing |. || Packing Factor | —— ~ ——— : de tarad hotaHome | net Design Animations Side Show Review View Aan POF Suite J rad jem Cp Say es sie ala) Se eee) Sele gee late rent rwagaon visane . ee : er ret Prediction of Flooding & Pressure Drop: Pele tacts ca bie Clr) Name Size, | Bed | Area, | % | Packingfactor, m™ | Vendor mmm,or | density, | m?/m? | voids | Normal, F, | Ory. Fpa no. _| kg/m? Pall rings 16 si0_| 360 | 92 256 262 | Various (alsoFlextrings,|_25 | 325 | 205 | 94 | 183 174 Ballastrings,P- | 38 | 208 | 130 | 95 | 131 91 rings) ‘Metal intalox 25 | 224 | 207 | 97 | 130 141 |Koch- MTP) [also 40 1s3_| 151 | 97 79 85 |Glitsch rings, AHPP, so | 166 | 98 | 98 59 56 RSMR, MSR] Nutter rings o7 | 17 | 226 | 38 = 128 |Suler 1 179 | 168 | 98 38 89 is | ii | 124 | 98 79 66 Raschig Super | 0.5 | 275 | 250 | 98 = = ring 07 | 185 | 175 | 98 = =ni Site Shaw Review Determination of the Diameter of a Packed Tower Approach# 1 Basis: Determination of flooding velocity using Eckert’s GPDC Plot Flooding limits the liquid & vapour flow capacity of a column Step # 1: Evaluating the flow parameter (F,,) from the total liquid & gas flow rates (either specified or calculated by material balance) from the abscissa (i.e., F,) ‘Step # 2: Mass flow rate of the gas at flooding is calculated from the value of the ordinate obtained by knowing the abscissa Step # 3: Operating gas flow rate is normally taken as 70 to 80% of the flooding velocity to guard against inherent errors in the flooding curve andto keep some flexibility in the design to take care of any sudden surge in the gas flow rate. Step 4: Once the design gas flow rate is fixed, tower diameter and pressure drop across the bed are estimated. Pressure drop is obtained from same Eckert’s GPDC plot"Fig. 5. Technique of determining ORD under “Flooding” for determining the diameter of packed tower ‘Approach# 1: Calculation Simplified 1, Calculate the abscissa (ABS) 2. Flooding line is used to read the ordinate (ORD) at determined ABS (Fig.3/5) 3. Solve ORD term for G’ at flooging 4. Calculate column X-sectional area Aor fraction f of flooding velocity chosen for operation by the equation (G = Gas Mass Rate) GS ae 5. Diameter of packed column (tower), Dc, may now be determined | lick to add notes aeoy ‘Design Anmations Side Show Review View Ade ing POF Suite e — : oe v2 4 vie? eset (GS 4 see stoee A pi mee Approach #2 It does not use the flooding curve because of its limited accuracy and applicability Basis: Allowable pressure drop in the bed > Direct use of Strigle’s GPDC chart. > Value of flow parameter is calculated and the capacity parameter corresponding to the allowable pressure drop is obtained from the plot. > Column diameter is now easy to determine. 0 | Ciktoatmtes ‘Sh6e19 1 “Default Oesign DSPractical values of allowable pressure drop, 4/2 {inch water)/(ft packing)]: Low to medium pressure column operation: 0.4-0,6 Absorption or similar systems: 0.25-0.4 (non-foaming) 0.1-0,25 (foaming) (use of anti-foaming agents to suppress foaming in absorption column) Atmospheric pressure distillation: 05-10 Vacuum distillation: 0.1-0.2 The recommended sizes of packing for different column diameters are: D,< 1 ft, dy<1 inch = 1-3 ft, d, = 1-1 inehes |d./D, range: 1/20 to 1/10 O,> 3 ft, d, = 2-3 inches = Fo} bed with structured packings limited data & information on pressure drop are available; Range/values of AP/L ((inch water)/(Ft packing)| at the flooding point are : 1 generation random packings: 2-25 Paulrings: LS Most modern packings: 05-15Agg-ins POF Suite » ane | ter Oetign Animations Sie Show 1s pe ‘gia dk ae 2 y fe S » 4 = editing vase hee Be ake OM A , sue ent Parsgrapn > Flooding point or pres: ip is determined by available in the catalogue are sufficient > To maintain proper vapour distribution through the bed: operating AP/L > 0.1 inch water/ft, > Column operating near atmospheric pressure: superficial gas velocity normally < 1 m/s; liquid velocity remains around 1 cm/s. > Common ranges of values of the more important packed-bed parameters are given in the Table below. Random packing nominal size [D,J20 to D./10, D, = column diameter Bed voidage 70t0 90% (more for structured packings) | (Open area of packing support |70 to 85% or more (for gas/tiquid flow) Re-distribution of liquid ‘After 3 to 10 tower diameter (10to 20ft) Gas pressure drop Less than 0.5 inch water per foot bed depth Operating velocity 70 to 80% of flooding velocity ‘Minimum wetting rate [0.5 to 2 gom/ft? for random packings; 0.1 to 0.2 gom/ft? for structured packings‘anuapons she Show Rewew = View Aaglns PF Suse . a a A 6 all>) SoS ea cp ty arrange = eauing gee he in | Shapes Amange + Amery Vee pees eee graphical method ii orate igi Se ee Eee Applications of the Graphical Method: Multistage complex problem can be readily followed & understood. Gaining visual insight into the problem quickly. ‘The graphical method for determining the number of equilibrium stages {N,) Isconvenient and easy to follow. Limitations of the Graphical Method: When N, becomes large. Ny is specified rather than the desired purity. More than one solute is being absorbed. Operating conditions are being optimized. Concentrations are very high or low forcing graphical construction to the corners of the diagram so that multiple diagrams of various sizes are needed. Inthese cases the algebraic method becomes useful and the well known Kresmer Method developed for cascades was proposed.en Detign animators: She Show Rewew view Magni POT Sue salle = ema yp Ay a Ge OT mee 22228 | by a aang Ay Multistage complex problem can be readily followed & understood, Gaining visual insight into the problem suet. ‘The graphical method for determining the ir of equilibrium stages (N,) Is convenient and easy to follow. Fone exngranhe Greany PVT eee Led method plications of the Graphical Method: Limitations of the Graphical Method: When N, becomes large. N, is specified rather than the desired purity. More than one solute is being absorbed. Operating conditions are being optimized. Concentrations are very high or low forcing graphical construction to the corners of the diagram so that multiple diagrams of various sizes are needed. In these cases the algebraic method becomes useful and the well known Kresmer Method developed for cascades was proposed. i —<_Home | avert Deign Animations Sikie Show, Renew ‘ > 2 jmees | eines wd | SESS arngroae L=liquid (~ QJ flow rate, mol/hr G = gas (~Q,) flow rate, mol/hr x= mol fraction of a component in liquid Equilibrium Plate is defined as ond from which as rising is in equilibrium with the liquid ‘overflowing to the plate below. Then for any equilibrium plate 1. g-labsorption with hypothetical n™ stage [Material component balance for any component Lx, ~x,-1)= GV; Yn) Hitcoa we Has Substituting [x Yoo AV A+1 & upon rearrangement (1) [where, A = Absorption Factor][a wile) Brum ek ela Font AST En ee Toe | Absorption Factor, A, is the ratio of the slope of the operating line and the equilibrium line. “A” has considerable economic significance gas-liquid absorption, 5 eg., (i) If“A"<1, the operating and equilibrium lines tend to converge near the bottom of the absorber which limits absorption, (Ii) 1f“a">2, any extent of absorption is possible if sufficient number of stages are available. There is a value of “A” for which absorption is most economical. For rough estimates, the most economical value of “A” may be assumed to lie within the range of 1.25 to 2.)).‘Home | incet Design Arvmatioms SideShow Review me ia 2 2048 HB, 23 a a0 Paste New romeet ala) ez ~— é\aao |e ee s copven. 2 Shaws Font —__soagapn i where, y, = mol fr.of component in gas leaving top plate Yo= mol fr. of component in vapor in eqm. with the = |entering liquid (overflowing from a hypothetical plate above top plate i.e., plate # 0) [see Fig 2) Absorber containing “Two Plate” (when, n= 2), Eq. (1) becomes | Substituting y, from Eq.(2) and on simplificationae Home | insert Design Animations Shide Show Review View = Add-ins, «POF Sutte R* eu = erie =a ee ere ee © ie Parsgraon [Material component balance for any component 0%, Ka) = Ona Vd Yo a m6 = You m substituting x, = |& upon rearrangement = Vou =VitAVe og Ve rs (7) (At -1)+A°(A=Dy,, Comparing Ea. (5) & Eq. (7) General KREMSER equation — re Click to add notes A™ 1 nS A Fig 3, Overall Balance x, vim. lean/rich gas/solventfvimatins SideShow. Rave . ! ) Oe ae s =e REY oe ay a Shapes Arange uct eating = raven Material component balance for any component [LOK Xa) = Gnas = Yo) Substituting x, le F1 — |@upon rearrangement ~y, +A y= tte Ave ye A A*-1)+A°A-Dyo — S At=1 = \ 2 Comparing Eq. (5) & €. (7) ‘{ nthstage x, ye m.f. lean/rich 3 gas/solvent a General KREMSER equation 5 z Click to add notes - ~ | {Fig 3. Overall Balance |‘animations side Show AX «| oe ON A | Term # 1: defines the limit to which the composition of any component in the gas could be reduced, if the solvent entering the absorber contained none of this component, i.e,, perfectly stripped off so that yo= ‘0 (while recycling the solvent after passing through a stripper). Sum: sum of these two terms represents the ‘composition of the gas leaving the absorber. Term # 2: determines the effect of the composition of the Jean solvent onthe absorption of any component.cee ome | vet Cesgn Animations Std Sow Review View Aaéint PORSue Nome | inset Ocsign Animations Sideshow Revew Addins POF Sul | a In a Be t< ow qy 2 Dy a = Srapes Arg pate 2 Hen 7D ON bel 7 a mm gg | ae ga |e esas : ‘des ao Term #t 1: defines the limit to which the camposition of any component in the gas could be reduced, if the solvent entering the absorber contained none of this component, i.e., perfectly stripped off so that y Sum: sum of these two terms represents the composition of the gasleaving the absorber. Term# 2: determines the effect of the composition of the lean solvent onthe absorption of any component. O {while recycling the solvent after passing through a stripper)aca me ee old) ee DetionArmanons — StueShowe Renew lew Maths oor « eis Mh I de, n =3\5 Sraoes Arange 9) tang Bogan roy ‘Term 1: defines the limit to which the composition of any component in the gas could be reduced, if the solvent entering the absorber contained none of this component, ie., perfectly stripped off so that ¥ O (while recycling the solvent after passing through a stripper). ‘Sum: sum of these two terms represents the composition of the gas leaving the absorber. Term #@ 2: determines the effect of the composition of the Jean solvent on the absorption of any component,(b) Maximum possible transfer at infinite plate when the gas leaving the absorberis in eam. with that in entering liquid (lean solvent) [Yo | (a) Actual transfer of gas | Fig & Overall Balance Click to add notes:or ae P22 % ruse New F shce- 2 capooa.. 7 __Suaes Design Anmations SlideShow Review View Addins POF Sute = fractional absorption 1A fora component & no. of plates are known, the compasition of the off-gas from the absorber and consequently the amount of material absorbed into the lean solvent may be readily calculated. Nrcanalsobe || Figs determined with known Yn Yee Yam AX on Yen e Ha | ap Bey a a8 decom Us recovery streams entering the absorber. One popular method in defining “A” isin terms of “lean solvent” and”Final forms are shown from analogy Cr“A” STRIPPING & ‘ABSORPTION ime 7 7S 2 s stopping actor | - 4, absoprrion Factor Ime x_(S-1) +S(S* DR ¥es(AP —1)+AA—Dy,‘Design Anmations SlideShow Review View © Adding PDF Suite ‘~ ca) (= = eee Cp Qa, 2 =a Shapes arrange Bf we 8M ADA ParagraehEEE EEE eee Expression can be developed from Souders-Brpwn Equation for calculating number of theoretical stages for a given change in composition of the gas phase in absorption. It can also be written in terms of mol ratio provided that the operating & equilibrium lines are straight in terms of mol ratio co: ordinates, This demands a dilute solute gas case. ‘Souders-Brown Equation No. of theoretical stage: Equation (10) was suggested by Colburn, permits direct estimation of N, from (i) known terminal concentrations of liquid and gas phases, (ii) gasfliquid flows and (iii)the relationship between equilibrium and operating lines."1 ror “ Design Animations Staeshow Review, View Adan PDF Sue eee pW ys 4 cp rées bia) wees) Spon Se) £q (10) can also be derived from the operating line equation using “difference equation” technique. Recall Fig. 4, the equation for the operating line is L(x, Xp) = GlY,,.: ~ ¥i)s [A=UmG; y, =mx,] OF, Vas “Vs = (L/G)(%, — Xo) Or, Vans Ys = AY, ~AMM% (2) Eq (11) isa first-order non-homogeicous linear difference equation that can be solved using standard technique to get Eq. (10). By algebraic manipulation of the Souders-Brown equation, the number of stages for A= 1, can be given by the following expressions © Click to add notesroy « rose | inet Deikh —Anmations — Shde Show i a 8 ap ae Boos : oe ne 2 ew oe es mls . Bg dats od ie Eq (10) can also be derived from the operating line equation using “difference equation” technique. Recall Fig. 4, the equation for the operating line is Lx, =X) = GlYnes ~ Yad {A=L/mG; y, =mx,] L/G)(x, — Xo); Eq (11) is a first-order nan-homogeneous linear difference equation that can be solved using standard technijue to get Eq. (10). = Souders-BrownEquaton| Yei—¥i _{ AT -A) (o Yea—Yo AM 1 By algebraic manipulation of the Souders-Brown equation, the number of stages for A = 1, can be given by the following expressions Yet 12); and 2 _Yei=¥_ (43) Yi-Yo n+l y..—Ypshapes arange ouici Eaung Equilibrium relations may be based on mole fraction (dilute). ‘The procedures for multi-component absorption are identical for binary mixtures. Here equilibrium curve & operating line are needed for each component of the gas. L&G are approximately constant through the column. 7 Basis of choosing L/G ratio: Selection of the “Key Component” Key Component: least soluble in the feed gas & almost completely soluble in solvent Heavierthan Key Component equilibrate at the bottom while, lighter than Key component will equilibrate at the top, ‘The operating line is located with the point (x»Yas) and the slope (L/G) forthe key component, and because the feed composition is known the terminal point of the > | operating line (xas Yu) can be located. Other operating lines must have the same slope (1/G) of the Key Component. Number of stages required for specified recovery can be determined by stepping off stages from the other end, Exactly the same number of stages or less stages than the Key component are needed for other components. Thus we can calculate the recovery for each entering component. | Clideto add notes a STIRete View AdGns POF SU , eae |p Way 2 shapes Arange Quit“ coung _~_ [Equilibrium relations may be based on mole fraction (dilute). ‘The procedures for multi-component absorption are identical forbinary mixtures. Hore equilibrium curve & operating line are needed for each component of the gas. L &G are approximately constant through the column. Tj Basis of choosing L/G ratlo: Selection of the "Key Component” Key Component: least soluble in the feed gas & almost completely soluble in solvent Heavier than Key Component equilibrate at the bottom while, lighter than Key component will equilibrate at the top. ‘The operating line is located with the point (x»¥aa) and the slope (L/G) for the key component, and because the feed composition is | the terminal point of the ‘operating line (x,..Yjn) can be located. Other operating lines must have the same slope (1/G) of the Key Component. Number of stages required for specified recovery can be determined by stepping- off stages from the other end. Exactly the same number of stages or less stages than the Key component are needed for other components. ‘Thus we can calculate the recovery for each entering component. Click to add notes oo‘Animstions SlideShow Review View Aduins FOF Suite 24 cpa ya 8 Shapes Arrange 22: Eaiting [a «ll pe eS ad Paragraphs Click to add notes to add |datocer AaBb¢{awseca|. 44%) Touran Meaznot | tomar |— Change Eating wer ‘syle x |) s =a c,(Sa- eeiiall Farngnps ‘Study Questions: Module IL- Gas-Liquid Absorption Q1. How doyou draw theequilitriam and operating lines? Q2. Whatdo you mean by limiting liquid flow rate of gat liquid sbtorption? Q3. What is the sationale of designing gas-liquid absorber on the bases of limiting (miniznum) liquid flow rae? ‘Why is it necessary to operate the absorption ealunn under an optimem QuQ, ratio? ‘When do you recommend use of co-current gas-iquid absorption? How do you determine the minimum liquid flowrate for co-curent g2siquid absomption? Briefly discuss G-L stripping. Discuss the limiting liquid fw rate in scipping. Compare absorption and stripping schematically. How do vou detente the packing height bared on individual Mas: Transfer Coefficient (MIC) fora packed absorption column? White expressions forpackiag height ‘hin terms of K,a. Joa. Kya. ka. Kia. bea. Kea ket Describe themethod of stepwise graphical integration ofthe following expressions dy dy “| a 2 Hts mr 2, Disass how is NTU caleaate taking into consideration of diffusion of 4 through non diffusing B ‘pressions for packing height bared on EMCD & DANB. aor te2 WoW TBS SOT some | ive Papetayout_—Releencs—Matoge apa ae Te Ea Cais hai esaey I Q1, Howdoyou draw the equilibrium and operating lines? | Wharde you mean by limiting liquid flow rate of gasliquid absorption? = _ O13, What is the rationale of designing gas-liquid absorber on the bases of limiting (minimum) liquid flowrate? Q4, Why is it necessary to operate the absorption column finder an optimum Qr/Qeratio? 5, When doyou recommend use of co-current gas-liquid absorption? _ Q6 How doyou determine the minimum liquid flow rate for co-current gas-liquid absorption’ Q7, Briefly discuss G-L stripping. Discuss the limiting liquid flow rate in sipping '$ Compare absorption and stripping schematically. How do you determine the packing height based on individual Mays Transfer Coefficient (MTC) fora packed absorption column? ‘Waite expressions forpacking height ‘h’ in terms of Kea, ka. Kaa, koa, Kia a, Kt bot. Describe the method of stepwise graphical integration of the following expressions: fag ef ® ins at aoe) Discuss how is NTU calculated taking into consideration of diffusion of A through nen diffusing B. ‘Write expressions for packing height based on EMCD & DANB. ‘What is the physical significance of HTU? ‘What is the physical significance of NTU? Why is the“number” word used in NTU? How do you calculate the packing height based on overall MTC using simplified approach for G) LMTD method for dilute gas, and for Gi) concentrated gas. How do you calculate the packing height based on overall MTC using simplified approach forh TmesNewRoman TL ie opal a 2 ce aac) | mig) | AADC MBC ace ie (2 meg Ae laew) — |- B-lieh 8) ee = syterr al Ft Fracagiaph f sites ‘What is the rationale of designing gas-liquid absorber on the bases of limiting (minimum) liquid flow rate? ‘Why is it necessary to operate the absorption column under an optimum Qu/Q, ratio? ‘When do you recommend use of co-current gas-liquid absorption? ‘How do you determine the minimum liquid flow rate for co-current gas-liquid absorption? Briefly discuss G-L stripping. Discuss the limiting liquid flow rate in stripping. ‘Compare absorption and stripping schematically | L. How do you determine the packing height based on Individual Mass Transfer Coefficient (MIC) fora packed absorption column? Write expressions forpacking height ’h’ in tems of Kya, ket. Kea hats Kia hua, Ket. et. ‘Deseribe the method of stepwise graphical imtegration of the following cxpressions: ew, 4 Fl —_—— E|] —— Ji YX yi fe fa yXl-y*) i Discuss how is NTU calculated taking into consideration of diffusion of A through non diffusing B. ‘Waite expressions for packing height based on EMCD & DANB. ‘What is the physical significance of HTU? ‘What is the physical significance of NTU? Why is the “number” word used in NTU? How do you calculate the packing height based on overall MTC using simplified approach for G) LMID method for dilute gas, and for (i) concentrated gas. How do you calculate the packing height based on overall MTC using simplified approach for dilute gas obeying Henry's Law? How do you detemmine Nooo & Ny using Baker's Plot? Develop expression for determining packing height using mole ratio.Emphasis Heading | ‘What is the rationale of designing gas-liquid absorber on the bases of limiting (minimum) liquid flowrate? Why init necessary to operate the absorption column under an optimum Qu/Qs ratio? ‘When do you recommend use of co-current gas-liquid absorption? How do you determine the minimum liquid flow rate for co-current gas-liquid absorption? Briefly discuss G-L stripping. Discuss the limiting liquid flow rate in stripping ‘Compare absorption and stripping schematically. How do you determine the packing height based on individual Mass Transfer Coefficient (MTC) fora packed absorption column’ ‘Write expressions forpacking height ‘h’ in tems of K,2. ka, Kea. koa, Kia. ba. Kua. bet Describe the method of sjepwise graphical imtegration of the following expressions. -f na e {| —% f; ee late Discuss how is NTU calculated taking into consideration of diffusion of A through non diffusing B. ‘Waite expressions for packing height based on EMCD & DANB. ‘What is the physical significance of HTU? ‘What is the physical significance of NTU? Why is the “number” word used in NTU? How do you calculate the packing height based on overall MTC using simplified approach for Gj) LMTD method for dilute gas, and for Gi) concentrated gas, How do you calculate the packing height based on overall MTC using simplified approach for dilute gas obeying Henry's Law? How do you determine Niog & Nu, using Baker's Plot? Develop expression for determining packing height using mole ratio.A le PE sca AaBbt a a Home | Tost Payetayout —eteences, —Malings is Heading | Toma |, Change tating Expdasls Heading | THe Sn Compare absorption and stripping schematically. How do you determine the packing height based on individual Mass Transfer Coefficient (MTC) fora packed absorption column” Wiite expressions forpacking height ‘b’ in tems of Ky ts Bet Kea, Bua. huts Bats het Describe the method of stepwise graphical imtegration of the following expressions: Discuss how is NTU calculated taking into consideration of diffusion of A through non diffusing B Q1}, Write expressions for packing height based on EMCD & DANB. Whats the physical significance of HTU? ‘Whats the physica! significance of NTU? Why is the”number” word used in NTU? 16. How do you caleulate the packing height based on overall MTC using simplified approach for G) LMTD method for dilute gas, and for Gi) concentrated gas, }17, How do you calculate the packing height based on overall MTC using simplified approach for dlitute gas obeying Henry's Law? How do you determine Nooo & Noo using Baker's Plot? Develop expression for determining packing height using mole ratio. Prove that B No= | =e G-Y) O-¥mdaBbCel AaBbC | AsBt Emphsels Headvig yes (Dee) ‘Show that for the dilute gas absorption in 2 liquid in a packed bed tower, the following relationship holds between transfer units (where the notations bear usual meaning) mG no “Ho + Hel nd Ha, ‘What do you mean by the HETP? AlnA i in Prove that: HETP = Hq | "> fwhere the notations bear usual meaning How do you calculate the no. of theoretical or ideal or equilibrium stages or trays or plates using McCabe Thiele method for a tray or plate absorption column? Under what conditions Niog = Nu Ngo < Ni and Noo > N,? ‘7, Discuss the physical significances of “One Nion or NTUco” and “One Equilibrium Stage”.Q28. Explain briefly the construction of pseude-equilibrium line for determining actual ways graphically having x%¢ of tray efficiency in a tray absorption columa, 9.29, Waatare the desirable absorbent properties? 30. Whatis applicability and advantages of Kremser algebraic method over the conventional graphical ‘method of designing absorption column? Q31, Whatis the physical significance of the Kremser Equation as given below —_ { A-l fo i N= Yer| ger [| ART where. y:=mole fraction of component in gas leaving the top plate, ¥,., "mele fraction of component in gas rising from hypothetical plate below plate n, J = mole fraction of component in gas in equilibrium with entering liquid, A= Absorption Factor Q32, Detive the Souders-Brown Equation from the Kremser Equation where the notations bear usual meaning, Q33, From the Souders-Brown Equation derive an expression for determining the number of stages as% asicet AaBbC(aaseca|. A tons weadog! | tvomal | ares tng 6) M-Ye [Yei-¥e Q35, Whar will be the slope of the operating lines of the different components of & multi-component absorption (dilute solute)” 236, How de you gapicallycoustuct the equilibria curves and operating ines for mui-somponen absorption’