Bookshelf NBK7256

Karen Patrias • Dan Wendling
Citing Medicine
The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers
2nd edition
Last Updated: August 5, 2020
National Library of Medicine (US)

Bethesda (MD)
National Library of Medicine (US), Bethesda (MD)
Suggested citation: Patrias K. Citing medicine: the NLM style guide for authors, editors, and publishers [Internet]. 2nd ed. Wendling
DL, technical editor. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2007 - [updated 2015 Oct 2; cited Year Month Day].
Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/citingmedicine
NLM Citation: Patrias K, author; Wendling D, editor. Citing Medicine: The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers
[Internet]. 2nd edition. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2007-.
iii
Citing Medicine provides assistance to authors in compiling lists of references for their
publications, to editors in revising such lists, to publishers in setting reference standards for
their authors and editors, and to librarians and others in formatting bibliographic citations.
iv Citing Medicine
Contributors
Author
Karen Patrias
National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health
Editor
Dan Wendling, Technical Editor
National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health
v
Table of Contents
About this Book........................................................................................................................................................................................................ vii
Introduction............................................................................................................................................................................................................... ix
2015 Foreword ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... xiii
Foreword................................................................................................................................................................................................................... xv
Citing Published Print Documents .......................................................................................................................................... 1
Chapter 1 Journals .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
Chapter 2 Books...............................................................................................................................................................................................103
Chapter 3 Conference Publications .............................................................................................................................................................239
Chapter 4 Scientific and Technical Reports................................................................................................................................................319
Chapter 5 Dissertations and Theses.............................................................................................................................................................375
Chapter 6 Bibliographies ...............................................................................................................................................................................407
Chapter 7 Patents.............................................................................................................................................................................................459
Chapter 8 Newspaper Articles .....................................................................................................................................................................493
Chapter 9 Maps ...............................................................................................................................................................................................517
Chapter 10 Legal Documents...........................................................................................................................................................................557
Citing Unpublished Material ........................................................................................................................................................ 559

Chapter 11 Forthcoming ("in press").............................................................................................................................................................561
Chapter 12 Papers and Poster Sessions Presented at Meetings ..............................................................................................................625
Chapter 13 Letters and Other Personal Communication...........................................................................................................................643
Chapter 14 Manuscripts and Preprints..........................................................................................................................................................673
Citing Audio and Visual Media (audiocassettes, videocassettes, slides,

photographs, etc.) .................................................................................................................................................................................. 737
Chapter 15 Books and Other Individual Titles in Audiovisual Formats .................................................................................................739
Chapter 16 Journals in Audiovisual Formats...............................................................................................................................................789
Chapter 17 Prints and Photographs...............................................................................................................................................................855
Citing Material on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk .................................................................................................................... 909

Chapter 18 Books and Other Individual Titles on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk ..........................................................................................911
Chapter 19 Journals on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk .......................................................................................................................................961
Chapter 20 Databases on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk ...................................................................................................................................1025
Chapter 21 Computer Programs on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk..................................................................................................................1077
Citing Material on the Internet (Online) ..........................................................................................................................1125

vi Citing Medicine
Chapter 22 Books and Other Individual Titles on the Internet .................................................................................................................1127
Chapter 23 Journals on the Internet...............................................................................................................................................................1235
Chapter 24 Databases/Retrieval Systems/Datasets on the Internet .......................................................................................................1333
Chapter 25 Web Sites .......................................................................................................................................................................................1441
Chapter 26 Electronic Mail and Discussion Forums ...................................................................................................................................1515
Appendixes ....................................................................................................................................................................................................1645
Appendix A Abbreviations for Commonly Used English Words in Journal Titles ................................................................................1647
Appendix B Additional Sources for Journal Title Abbreviations ..............................................................................................................1649
Appendix C Abbreviations for Commonly Used English Words in Bibliographic Description..........................................................1651
Appendix D ISO Country Codes for Selected Countries ............................................................................................................................1653
Appendix E Two-Letter Abbreviations for Canadian Provinces and Territories and U.S. States and Territories ...........................1657
Appendix F Notes for Citing MEDLINE® /PubMed®................................................................................................................................1661
Appendix Content Updates ...........................................................................................................................................................................1665

vii
About this Book

How to cite this publication:
Patrias K. Citing medicine: the NLM style guide for authors, editors, and publishers [Internet]. 2nd ed.
Wendling DL, technical editor. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2007 - [updated 2015
Oct 2; cited Year Month Day]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/citingmedicine
How to use this publication
Citing Medicine gives information on constructing citations at three levels:
1. Diagrammed Citation - Many people need to format a non-complex citation and want to know how to
format a citation, without learning why it should be structured that way. The picture of the sample
citation and the broad guidelines (what we're calling the Introduction) will be enough for many people in
this group.
2. General Rules and Examples - A smaller number of people will need to view the General Rules and
Examples sections to get more information. They either will have a specific problem to solve or their work
requires them to build a general knowledge of citation that they can later apply to specific cases. For this
group we lay out why citations are structured the way they are and show them what types of citations
exist (Examples) and what special, difficult cases they may encounter (Specific Rules).
3. Specific Rules - A yet smaller number of people will need to enter the Specific Rules section to solve a
specific problem, such as handling non-English citations.
The Library intends Citing Medicine to be an evolving publication. Join the CITINGMED LISTSERV at http://
list.nih.gov/archives/citingmed.html to learn of additions and changes. Your comments and suggestions are
welcome. Please submit them to us via the National Library of Medicine's Contact Form.
History
This publication updates and supersedes two existing publications:
National Library of Medicine Recommended Formats for Bibliographic Citation (1991).
National Library of Medicine Recommended Formats for Bibliographic Citation.Internet Supplement
(2001).
Why a new edition?
1. NLM changed some of the rules for citations in MEDLINE/PubMed. For example, we changed the
number of authors taken to all and added a period at the end of the journal title abbreviation.
2. The National Information Standards Organization issued a new standard for Bibliographic References in
2005 (ANSI/NISO Z39.29).
3. The volume and types of publications on the Internet have vastly increased. For example, instructions on
citing wikis and blogs are now included.
4. We wished to incorporate the feedback received from users over the years. Users wanted:
⚬ More information about each type of publication, e.g., on the various possible titles for conferences
⚬ More information on each part of a citation, e.g., author surnames followed by III or Jr
⚬ More examples
⚬ HTML format
Terms and Conditions
Citing Medicine is published by the U.S. government and not subject to copyright protection. You may use the
material in this publication without permission. We ask that you acknowledge this source in any published
viii Citing Medicine
writing. We also recommend that you link to the top level of Citing Medicine at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/
citingmedicine whenever possible because this address will continue to be valid over time. More specific links to
other pages in the publication may change.
ix
Introduction
Citing Medicine provides assistance to authors in compiling lists of references for their publications, to editors in
revising such lists, to publishers in setting reference standards for their authors and editors, and to librarians and
others in formatting bibliographic citations.
If you wish to cite this publication, please use the following format:
Patrias K. Citing medicine: the NLM style guide for authors, editors, and publishers [Internet]. 2nd ed.
Wendling DL, technical editor. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2007 - [updated 2015
Oct 2; cited Year Month Day]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/citingmedicine
Background
Citing Medicine updates and supersedes two previous National Library of Medicine publications:
Patrias K. National Library of Medicine recommended formats for bibliographic citation [Internet].
Bethesda (MD): The Library; 1991. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/formats/
recommendedformats.pdf
Patrias K. National Library of Medicine recommended formats for bibliographic citation. Supplement:
Internet formats [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): The Library; 2001 Jul. Available from: http://
www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/formats/internet.pdf
As in the previous edition, it is not the purpose of the National Library of Medicine to create a new bibliographic
standard with this publication, but rather to apply existing standards to complex biomedical material. NLM is an
active member of the National Information Standards Organization (NISO) and its various published standards
have been adopted for the Library's MEDLINE/PubMed database. This publication thus also serves to document
the Library's rules for the structure of journal citations.
Instructions for citing a variety of print publications, audiovisual material such as videocassettes, CD-ROMs and
DVDs, items found on the Internet, and unpublished material such as papers presented at meetings are found in
Citing Medicine. Be aware, however, that individual publishers may not accept references to all the types of items
presented here. Papers that have been accepted for publication but not yet published, papers or abstracts of
papers that were never published, and written personal communication such as letters or e-mails in particular
may not be approved. Consult the instructions to authors for the particular publisher.
Source Material
Three major sources are utilized in compiling Citing Medicine: the MEDLARS Indexing Manual of the National
Library of Medicine (NLM); pertinent NISO standards, primarily ANSI/NISO Z39.29-2005 Bibliographic
References (http://www.niso.org/); and relevant standards from the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO), primarily ISO 690 Documentation - Bibliographic References (http://www.iso.org/).
In applying the rules presented by these three sources, the MEDLARS Indexing Manual is given preference. The
NLM format as shown in this publication follows NISO in principle, but certain deviations are made, primarily
in the interest of saving labor in producing MEDLINE/PubMed. Those familiar with the Manual are aware that
its scope is limited to journal articles. However, if a precedent was established by the Manual, as for example
with pagination and dates, this precedent is carried over into other types of bibliographic material. If no NLM
precedent is available, then the NISO and ISO standards are followed.
Users should note that bibliography is not the same as cataloging. The references found in this publication will
therefore not agree with the records found in the Library's LocatorPlus and NLM Catalog databases.
Structure
x Citing Medicine
Citing Medicine is divided into 26 chapters, each one representing a separate bibliographic format. Formats range
from print publications such as books and journals to blogs and wikis on the Internet. Both published and
unpublished material is included. Two new chapters have been added since the previous edition: Manuscripts
(Chapter 14) and Prints and Photographs (Chapter 17).
Each chapter has three distinct sections: Sample Citation and Introduction, Citation Rules, and Examples of
Citations. The sample citation is a diagram with labels for all of the parts of a citation and includes punctuation;
the introduction provides information on the primary factors in citing the particular format. We believe that this
section will satisfy the needs of many users who need only cursory information.
Section two, Citation Rules, gives step-by-step instructions for constructing a citation. Each part of a citation is
presented in the order in which it would appear in a reference. For each part, General Rules provide basic
information (for example, authors should be listed surname first) and Specific Rules cover special situations,
such as handling organizations as author. Each part is also labeled either a required or optional component of a
reference. Required parts are those necessary to uniquely identify an item; optional parts provide additional
information to assist in locating an item and/or deciding if it is worthwhile to obtain an item. For example,
pagination is optional for books, but the length of a book usually can provide an indication of the coverage of the
subject.
Finally, the third section, Examples of Citations, includes sample citations that illustrate the rules given in
section two. These examples are obtained primarily from the NLM collection and a variety of online databases.
Because of the large volume of references needed, it is not possible to verify all information with the original, as
an author would for a list of references. All the URLs (Uniform Resource Locators) used for Internet references
were valid at the date of citation shown, but their current validity cannot be assured.
All the references in the Examples section represent actual publications. However, some license is taken in the
examples for the Specific Rules. In an effort to illustrate unusual situations that might occur for which no actual
examples can be found, citation fragments are created.
Citing Medicine also contains six appendixes. Appendixes A through D consist of summary information from
relevant ISO and other standards to assist the user. Appendix E contains official US and Canadian abbreviations
for the names of states, provinces, and territories. Links from the Specific Rules to these appendixes are made
throughout the publication. Appendix F contains exceptions to NISO standards and Citing Medicine for nine
citation elements found in Chapter 1A Journal Articles and Chapter 23A Journal Articles on the Internet
Application
Although this publication permits a number of variations in format, the user should be consistent in applying
them throughout a reference list. For example, if the full journal title is used instead of the title abbreviation in
one reference, it should be used in all journal article references.
The user may also wish to consider the purpose for which the references are being created. For example, Citing
Medicine permits the publisher name to be given in an abbreviated format if the author and publisher are the
same. Thus if the University of Virginia is the author, it may be abbreviated to "The University" as publisher.
However, if the references will be used in a database in which the publisher name is searchable, the name should
be given in full in both places.
When citing any type of format, one rule is primary: an author should never place in a reference list a document
that he or she has not seen. The medical literature is full of references that have been cited from other references,
serving only to perpetuate erroneous information. If a document is important enough to be cited in a reference
list, it is equally important to examine the original for citation information.
Introduction xi
Internet publication has created the new complication of citing the version seen. Many publishers are producing
documents such as books and journals in multiple versions - in print, CD-ROM or DVD, and the Internet. These
versions may appear identical in content, but because errors or other changes may have been introduced in the
conversion from one format to another, they may in fact differ in significant ways. Also, once a document is in
electronic format, changes and additions can easily be made that further distance the content from the more
fixed print version. Always cite the specific version seen. In particular, do not cite a document as if it were a print
one when the electronic version was used.
Reference Lists Versus In-Text References
References are presented in two ways in medical publications. At the end of a journal article, book, or book
chapter, all of the references that contributed to the work are presented in a list called references, end references,
literature cited, or bibliography. Within the text of a publication, individual references are presented in an
abbreviated format that refers back to the list. These abbreviated references within the text are called "in-text
references."
Three major systems of in-text references are used by medical publishers: citation-sequence, citation-name, and
name-year. See Scientific Style and Format (7th ed. Reston (VA): Council of Science Editors; 2006) for a detailed
discussion of all three systems.
In the citation-sequence system, numbers are used to refer to the reference list. References are numbered in the
list in the order they first appear in the text. For example, if a reference by Zelinski is the first one referred to in
the text, then the Zelinski reference is number one in the list.
In the citation-name system, numbers are also used in the text to refer to the reference list. However, the
references in the list are numbered in alphabetical order by author. Thus a reference authored by Adam would be
number 1, by Baker number 2, etc. These numbers are used in the text regardless of the order in which they
appear.
Finally, in the name-year system, in-text references consist of the surname of the author and the year of
publication, usually enclosed in parentheses, such as (Smith 2006). The list of references is ordered first by
author, then by year.
Both the citation-sequence and citation-name systems format parts of references in the same order that they are
found in Citing Medicine. In the name-year system the date of publication is taken out of order and placed after
the author or after the title if there is no author. To accommodate those users who prefer using the name-year
system, instructions are provided in each chapter in the Special Rules under "Options for date of publication."
The Library intends Citing Medicine to be an evolving publication. Join the publication’s e-mail list at http://
list.nih.gov/archives/citingmed.html to learn of additions and changes. Your comments and suggestions are
welcome. Please submit them to us via the National Library of Medicine's Contact Form.
Acknowledgments
The author wishes to acknowledge the many individuals who worked so tirelessly to bring this entire huge
publication project to fruition:
Dan Wendling - for his electronic publishing expertise.
Lori Klein - for leading the editorial review process.
Marcia Zorn - for her review and suggestions for chapter readability.
Terry Ahmed, Mary Conway, Lori Klein, Carolyn Willard, and Marcia Zorn - for their line-by-line proofread of
the chapters.
xii Citing Medicine
Terry Ahmed, Cynthia Burke, Mary Conway, Bill Feidt (National Agricultural Library (retired)), Ron Gordner,
Jenny Heiland, Lori Klein, Andrew Plumer, Barbara Slavinski (NLM Guest Researcher), Carolyn Willard, and
Marcia Zorn - for their resourcefulness in locating many of the examples provided.
Brooke Dine and Simon Vann - for their HTML/XML expertise.
Peggy Morrison (Hendrix College, Conway, Arkansas) - for consultation with citation problems.
Joyce Backus - for oversight of the project.
xiii
2015 Foreword
NLM conceived this 2nd edition after the 2005 revision of ANSI/NISO Z39.29 Bibliographic References
published by the National Information Standards Organization. Some of the changes in that revision addressed
the then new and evolving content appearing on the Internet. Since that time, there have been numerous
changes in publishing. Researchers often use electronic rather than print materials thanks to ready access, and
determining the type of Web resource one is referencing has become difficult as differences between Web sites,
online books, online databases, etc. are disappearing and all are searchable.
As we are making changes and adding more examples to Citing Medicine, we are also waiting to see if there will
be changes in ANSI/NISO Z39.29. In 2010 the ANSI/NISO standard was renewed, as revisions to a sister
international standard (ISO/FDIS 690 Information and documentation – Guidelines for bibliographic references
and citations to information resources) was being voted on. Now ANSI/NISO Z39.29 is again due for review. The
standard is in need of updating, and perhaps simplification. Some examples:
For materials on the Internet the medium designator [Internet] is required following the title, and the URL
is required. In 2015, almost everyone recognizes a string starting with http: or https: or doi: as a URL or
address for something on the Internet. Do we still need to require Internet in brackets as a medium
designator?
Citations are slightly different between books on the Internet, databases on the Internet, and Web sites, and
different in print and electronically depending on if a smaller section is a contribution to or just a part of
the whole. As the Internet evolves, a lot of content today is created directly for the Internet, not reformatted
from print materials. Materials that started out as books on the Internet have sometimes become more
database-like than book-like, searched to find the relevant information rather than read as whole books or
chapters. Does it still make sense to follow publisher information for a Web site or book or single database
on the Internet with a semicolon, but to end the publisher information for serial databases and retrieval
systems with a period?
Today Internet resources may not readily provide information on who is responsible for the content, and
where that person or organization may be. For example, a site may provide an organization name, but have
no indication of where that organization is geographically. Authors can spend hours searching for this
information to include it in brackets, or choose the allowable [publisher unknown], [place unknown], etc.
However, is it helpful to indicate the information not known?
Perhaps it is time to rethink the necessary information to identify a cited work today, and to better standardize
citations across different media and publication types. Authorship, titles, and dates (content created or
published, revised, and cited if on the Internet) are still crucial – but what else is essential? In addition, is it
possible to apply the same order and punctuation to all references? Print materials are still used and need
consideration; however, electronic resources prevail and citing these materials needs to be simplified.
NLM hopes for a future simplification of the national standard for bibliographic references.
/Joyce E.B. Backus /
Joyce Backus
Associate Director for Library Operations
National Library of Medicine
xiv Citing Medicine
xv
Foreword
The Internet has fundamentally changed the publishing model that authors, editors and publishers have followed
for centuries. Information that took months or years to publish, edit and distribute in print is now produced and
available to the public worldwide on an accelerated schedule. Despite changes brought by technology, the need
to accurately cite the source of information for scholarly publication remains. And, while the need to cite
remains, the challenges of collecting and reporting accurate, lasting citation information have increased
tremendously. Electronic publishing creates new issues of impermanence that paper did not present.
With this publication, Citing Medicine, the National Library of Medicine strives to provide those charged with
capturing an accurate scholarly citation with a guide to do so in this new era of electronic information, both
permanent and ephemeral. We hope you find it useful in your pursuit of scholarship and the published word. We
welcome your suggestions for improving Citing Medicine in the future.
/Sheldon Kotzin/
Sheldon Kotzin
Associate Director for Library Operations
National Library of Medicine
xvi Citing Medicine
1
Citing Published Print

Documents
2 Citing Medicine
3
Chapter 1. Journals
Created: October 10, 2007; Updated: May 18, 2018.
Journals are a particular type of periodical. These same rules and examples can be used for magazines and other
types of periodicals.
A. Journal Articles
• Sample Citation and Introduction
• Citation Rules with Examples
• Examples
B. Parts of Journal Articles
• Examples
C. Entire Journal Titles
• Examples
See also:
Chapter 11A Forthcoming ("in press") Journal Articles
Chapter 16 Journals in Audiovisual Formats
Chapter 19 Journals on CD-ROM, DVD, Disk
Chapter 23 Journals on the Internet
A. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Journal Articles

The general format for a reference to a journal article, including punctuation:
Examples of Citations to Journal Articles

By tradition, the rules for formatting references to journal articles permit greater abbreviation compared to
books:
• Journal references omit information on place of publication and publisher, whereas book references carry
these details.
4 Citing Medicine
• The words "volume" and "number" (or their abbreviations) are usually omitted when citing journal
articles, but are included when citing books.
• Journal titles are abbreviated; book titles are not.
This brevity in citing journal articles stems from the need to conserve space in printed bibliographies and the
early databases.
Following are some important points concerning citing journal articles:
• Cite the journal name that was used at the time of publication. For example, the British Medical Journal
officially changed title to BMJ in 1988. Cite articles from 1987 and earlier as Br Med J, not BMJ.
• Cite the version you saw. For example, do not cite the print version if you have used the Internet one.
• Do not include a header, such as "news", "case report", or "clinical study", as part of the article title, unless
the table of contents for the journal issue indicates that it is.
• Use caution when employing typography, such as bold type and italics, to indicate parts of a journal article
citation. Too many variations in type styles may actually make the reference harder to read.
The source for journal title, volume, issue, and date information is, in order of preference: (1) the title page of the
issue, (2) the issue cover, and (3) the masthead. Running headers or footers may not carry the official title of a
journal and date and issue information may be missing from these locations.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Journal Articles.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Journal Articles.
Citation Rules with Examples for Journal Articles

Components/elements are listed in the order they should appear in a reference. An R after the component name
means that it is required in the citation; an O after the name means it is optional.
Author (R) | Author Affiliation (O) | Article Title (R) | Article Type (O) | Journal Title (R) | Edition (R) | Type of
Medium (R) | Date of Publication (R) | Supplement/Part/Special Number to a Date (R) | Volume Number (R) |
Supplement/Part/Special Number to a Volume (R) | Issue Number (R) | Supplement/Part/Special Number to an
Issue (R) | Location (Pagination) (R) | Physical Description (O) | Language (R) | Notes (O)
Author for Journal Articles (required)

General Rules for Author
• List names in the order they appear in the text
• Enter surname (family or last name) first for each author
• Capitalize surnames and enter spaces within surnames as they appear in the document cited on the
assumption that the author approved the form used. For example: Van Der Horn or van der Horn; De
Wolf or de Wolf or DeWolf.
• Convert given (first) names and middle names to initials, for a maximum of two initials following each
surname
• Give all authors, regardless of the number
• Separate author names from each other by a comma and a space
• End author information with a period
See exceptions for Author in Appendix F: Notes for Citing MEDLINE® /PubMed®.
Journals 5
Specific Rules for Author

• Surnames with hyphens and other punctuation in them
• Other surname rules
• Given names containing punctuation, a prefix, a preposition, or particle
• Degrees, titles, and honors before or after a personal name
• Designations of rank within a family, such as Jr and III
• Names appearing in non-roman alphabets (Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean) or character-based
languages (Chinese, Japanese)
• Organizations as author
• No author can be found
• Options for author names
Box 1. Surnames with hyphens and other punctuation in them.

• Keep hyphens within surnames
Estelle Palmer-Canton becomes Palmer-Canton E
Ahmed El-Assmy becomes El-Assmy A
• Keep particles, such as O', D', and L'
Alan D. O'Brien becomes O'Brien AD
Jacques O. L'Esperance becomes L'Esperance JO
U. S'adeh becomes S'adeh U
• Omit all other punctuation in surnames
Charles A. St. James becomes St James CA
Box 2. Other surname rules.

• Keep prefixes in surnames
Lama Al Bassit becomes Al Bassit L
Jiddeke M. van de Kamp becomes van de Kamp JM
Gerard de Pouvourville becomes de Pouvourville G
• Keep compound surnames even if no hyphen appears
Sergio Lopez Moreno becomes Lopez Moreno S
Jaime Mier y Teran becomes Mier y Teran J
Virginie Halley des Fontaines becomes Halley des Fontaines V
[If you cannot determine from the article whether a surname is a compound one or a combination of
a middle name and a surname, look to the table of contents of the issue or an annual or other index
for clarification. For example, Elizabeth Scott Parker may be interpreted to be Parker ES or Scott
Parker E.]
Box 2 continues on next page...
6 Citing Medicine
Box 2 continued from previous page.
• Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in names. This rule ignores some conventions used in
non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.
⚬ Treat letters marked with a diacritic or accent as if they are not marked
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
⚬ Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they are two letters
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
Box 3. Given names containing punctuation, a prefix, a preposition, or particle.

• Disregard hyphens joining given (first or middle) names
Jean-Louis Lagrot becomes Lagrot JL
• Use only the first letter of given names and middle names when they contain a prefix, a preposition, or
other particle
D'Arcy Hart becomes Hart D
W. St. John Patterson becomes Patterson WS
De la Broquerie Fortier becomes Fortier D
Craig McC. Brooks becomes Brooks CM
• Disregard traditional abbreviations of given names. Some non-US publications use abbreviations of
conventional given names rather than single initials, such as St. for Stefan. Use only the first letter of the
abbreviation.
Ch. Wunderly becomes Wunderly C
C. Fr. Erdman becomes Erdman CF
• For non-English names that have been romanized (written in the roman alphabet), capitalize only the first
letter when the original initial is represented by more than one letter
Journals 7
Iu. A. Iakontov becomes Iakontov IuA

G. Th. Tsakalos becomes Tsakalos GTh
Box 4. Degrees, titles, and honors before or after a personal name.

• Omit degrees, titles, and honors that follow a personal name, such as M.D.
James A. Reed, M.D., F.R.C.S. becomes Reed JA
Katherine Schmidt, Ph.D. becomes Schmidt K
Robert V. Lang, Major, US Army becomes Lang RV
• Omit rank and honors that precede a name, such as Colonel or Sir
Sir Frances Hildebrand becomes Hildebrand F
Dr. Kristine Eberhard becomes Eberhard K
Captain R. C. Williams becomes Williams RC
Box 5. Designations of rank in a family, such as Jr and III.

• Place family designations of rank after the initials, without punctuation
• Convert roman numerals to arabic ordinals
Examples:
Vincent T. DeVita, Jr. becomes DeVita VT Jr
James G. Jones II becomes Jones JG 2nd
John A. Adams III becomes Adams JA 3rd
Henry B. Cooper IV becomes Cooper HB 4th
Box 6. Names in non-roman alphabets (Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean) or character-based
languages (Chinese, Japanese).
Romanization, a form of transliteration, means using the roman (Latin) alphabet to represent the letters or
characters of another alphabet. A good authority for romanization is the ALA-LC Romanization Tables.
• Romanize names in Cyrillic (Russian, Bulgarian, etc.), Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean, or character-based
languages, such as Chinese and Japanese
• Capitalize only the first letter of romanized names when the original initial is represented by more than
one letter
8 Citing Medicine
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
Box 7. Organizations as author.

An organization such as a university, society, association, corporation, or governmental body may be an author.
• Omit "The" preceding an organizational name
The American Cancer Society becomes American Cancer Society
• If a division or other part of an organization is included in the publication, give the parts of the name in
descending hierarchical order, separated by commas
American Medical Association, Committee on Ethics.
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry Division.
American College of Surgeons, Committee on Trauma, Ad Hoc Subcommittee on Outcomes,
Working Group.
• When citing organizations that are national bodies such as government agencies, if a nationality is not
part of the name, place the country in parentheses after the name, using the two-letter ISO country code
(see Appendix D)
National Academy of Sciences (US).
Royal Marsden Hospital Bone-Marrow Transplantation Team (GB).
• Separate two or more different organizations by a semicolon
Journals 9
Canadian Association of Orthodontists; Canadian Dental Association.

American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Pediatric Emergency Medicine; American College
of Emergency Physicians, Pediatric Committee.
• If both individuals and an organization(s) appear on the title page of an article as authors, give both, in the
order they appear in the article, and separate them by a semicolon
Sugarman J, Getz K, Speckman JL, Byrne MM, Gerson J, Emanuel EJ; Consortium to Evaluate
Clinical Research Ethics.
Pinol V, Castells A, Andreu M, Castellvi-Bel S, Alenda C, Llor X, Xicola RM, Rodriguez-Moranta F,
Paya A, Jover R, Bessa X; Spanish Gastroenterological Association, Gastrointestinal Oncology Group.
Margulies EH; NISC Comparative Sequencing Program; Maduro VV, Thomas PJ, Tomkins JP,
Amemiya CT, Luo M, Green ED.
• For names of organizations in languages other than English:
⚬ Give names in languages using the roman alphabet (primarily European languages, such as French,
Italian, Spanish, German, Swedish, etc.) as they appear in the publication. When possible follow a
non-English name with a translation, placed in square brackets.
Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica del CNR.
Universitatsmedizin Berlin.
Nordisk Anaestesiologisk Forening [Scandinavian Society of Anaesthesiologists].
⚬ Romanize (write in the roman alphabet) or translate names of organizations in Cyrillic, Greek,
Arabic, Hebrew, or Korean. A good authority for romanization is the ALA-LC Romanization Tables.
When possible follow a non-English name with a translation. Place all translations in square
brackets.
Rossiiskoe Respiratornoe Obshchestvo [Russian Respiratory Society].
or
[Russian Respiratory Society].
⚬ Translate names of organizations in character-based languages such as Chinese and Japanese. Place
all translations in square brackets.
[Chinese Medical Society].
⚬ Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in names. This rule ignores some conventions used
in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.
▪ Treat letters marked with a diacritic or accent as if they are not marked
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
10 Citing Medicine
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
▪ Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they are two letters
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
Box 8. No author can be found.

• If no person or organization can be found as the author but editors or translators are present, begin the
reference with the names of the editors or translators. Follow the same rules used for author names, but
end the list of names with a comma and the specific role, that is, editor or translator.
Morrison CP, Court FG, editors.
Walser E, translator.
• If no person or organization can be identified as the author and no editors or translators are given, begin
the reference with the title of the article. Do not use anonymous.
New accreditation product approved for systems under the ambulatory and home care programs. Jt
Comm Perspect. 2005 May;25(5):8.
Box 9. Options for author names.

The following formats are not NLM practice for citing authors, but are acceptable options:
• Full first names of authors may be given. Separate the surname from the given name or initials by a
comma; follow initials with a period; separate successive names by a semicolon.
Takagi, Yasushi; Harada, Jun; Chiarugi, Alberto M.; Moskowitz, Michael A. Mann, Frederick D.;
Swartz, Mary N.; Little, R.T.
• If space is a consideration, the number of authors may be limited to a specific number, such as the first
three authors or first six authors. Follow the last named author by a comma and "et al." or "and others."
Rastan S, Hough T, Kierman A, et al.
Adler DG, Baron TH, Davila RE, Egan J, Hirota WK, Leighton JA, and others.
• If both individuals and an organization or organizations appear on the title page of an article as authors,
the individuals may be given as the author and the organization listed at the end of the reference as a note
Journals 11
Cox JL, Ramer SA, Lee DS, Humphries K, Pilote L, Svenson L, Tu JV. Pharmacological treatment of
congestive heart failure in Canada: a description of care in five provinces. Can J Cardiol. 2005 Mar
15;21(4):337-43. Authors are investigators of the Canadian Cardiovascular Outcomes Research
Team.
Examples for Author

1. Standard journal article
2. Journal article with many authors
3. Journal article with optional limit to the number of authors
4. Journal article with organization as author
5. Journal article with organization as author, with subsidiary part of the organization included
6. Journal article with multiple organizations as author
7. Journal article with multiple organizations as author, with subsidiary part of the organization included
8. Journal article with governmental body as author
9. Journal article with both a personal author and an organization as author
10. Journal article with a personal author and more than one organization as author
11. Journal article with a personal author and note on the organization, as recommended by NISO
12. Journal article authors with designations of rank within a family
13. Journal article authors with compound last names (give as found in the article)
14. Journal article author names with particles, prepostitions, prefixes (give as found in the article)
15. Journal article authors with romanized names
16. Journal article with no author provided
Author Affiliation for Journal Articles (optional)

General Rules for Author Affiliation
• Enter the affiliation of all authors or only the first author
• Begin with the department and name of the institution, followed by city and state/Canadian province/
country
• Use commas to separate parts of the affiliation
• Place the affiliation in parentheses, such as (Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh,
Pittsburgh, PA)
• Separate the affiliation from its author by a space
• Follow the affiliation with a comma placed outside the closing parenthesis, unless it is the affiliation of the
last author, then use a period
See exceptions for Author Affiliation in Appendix F: Notes for Citing MEDLINE® /PubMed®
12 Citing Medicine
Specific Rules for Author Affiliation

• Abbreviations in affiliations
• E-mail address included
• Organizational names not in English
• Names for cities and countries not in English
Box 10. Abbreviations in affiliations.

• Abbreviate commonly used words in affiliations, if desired. Follow all abbreviated words with a period.
Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Assoc. for Association
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Corp. for Corporation
Dept. for Department
Div. for Division
Inst. for Institute or Institution
Soc. for Society
Univ. for University
See Appendix C for more abbreviations of commonly used English words.
• Abbreviate names of US states and Canadian provinces using their official two-letter abbreviations. See
Appendix E for a list of these.
• Abbreviate names of countries outside of the US and Canada using the two-letter ISO country code, if
desired. See Appendix D for codes of selected countries.
• Be consistent. If you abbreviate a word in one reference, abbreviate the same word in all references.
Box 11. E-mail address included.

• Follow the US state, Canadian province, or country of the author with a period and a space
• Insert the e-mail address as it appears in the publication
• Do not end an e-mail address with a period
• Place the e-mail address within the closing parenthesis for the author affiliation
Example:
Journals 13
Patrias K (Reference Section, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda MD. patrias@nlm.nih.gov), de

la Cruz FF (Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Branch, National Institute of Child
Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD. delacruz@nichd.nih.gov).
Box 12. Organizational names not in English.

• Give the affiliation of all authors or only the first author
• Begin with the department and name of the organization, followed by the city, the two-letter abbreviation
for the US state or Canadian province (see Appendix E), and the country name or two-letter ISO country
code (see Appendix D) if non-US
• For non-English organizational names in the roman alphabet (primarily European languages, such as
French, German, Spanish, Italian, Swedish, etc.), provide the name in the original language
Carpentier AF (Service de Neurologie, Hopital de la Salpetriere, Paris, France), Moreno Perez D
(Unidad de Infectologia e Inmunodeficiencias, Departamento de Pediatria, Hospital Materno-
Infantil Carlos Haya, Malaga, Spain).
Pinet LM (Departamento de Servicios de Salud de Emergencia, Escuela de Posgrado, Universidad de
Maryland, Condado de Baltimore, USA. lpinetl@umbc.edu).
• Romanize (write in the roman alphabet) or translate organizational names in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic,
Hebrew, or Korean. A good authority for romanization is the ALA-LC Romanization Tables.
Barbulescu M (Clinica Chirurgicala, Spitalul Clinic Coltea, Bucuresti), Burcos T, Ungureanu CD,
Zodieru-Popa I.
Grudinina NA (Institute of Experimental Medicine, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, St.
Petersburg, Russia), Golubkov VI, Tikhomirova OS, Brezhneva TV, Hanson KP, Vasilyev VB,
Mandelshtam MY.
• Translate organizational names in character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese)
Susaki K (First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University,
Takamatsu, Japan), Bandoh S, Fujita J, Kanaji N, Ishii T, Kubo A, Ishida T.
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
14 Citing Medicine
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
• Use the English form of names for cities and countries when possible. For example, Vienna for Wien and
Spain for Espana. However, the name found on the publication may always be used.
• Place the affiliation in parentheses
Box 13. Names for cities and countries not in English.

• Use the English form for names of cities and countries when possible. However, the name as found on the
publication may always be used.
Moskva becomes Moscow
Wien becomes Vienna
Italia becomes Italy
Espana becomes Spain
Examples for Author Affiliation

17. Journal article with author affiliation included (give the affiliation of only the first author or all authors)
Article Title for Journal Articles (required)

General Rules for Article Title
• Enter the title of an article as it appears in the publication
• Capitalize only the first word of a title, proper nouns, proper adjectives, acronyms, and initialisms
• Use a colon followed by a space to separate a title from a subtitle, unless some other form of punctuation
(such as a question mark, period, or an exclamation point) is already present
• Translate non-English titles into English; place the translation in square brackets
• End a title with a period unless a question mark or exclamation point already ends it or an Article Type
follows it
See exceptions for Article Title in Appendix F: Notes for Citing MEDLINE® /PubMed®
Specific Rules for Article Title

• Article titles not in English
• Article titles in more than one language
• Translated article titles ending in punctuation other than a period
• Article titles containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or other special character
Journals 15
• Article titles with headers

• No article title can be found
Box 14. Article titles not in English.

• Translate article titles not in English
• Place all translated titles in square brackets
• Indicate the language after the location (pagination), followed by a period
Examples:
Wilkniss SM, Hunter RH, Silverstein SM. [Multimodal treatment of aggression and violence in
individuals with psychosis]. Sante Ment Que. 2004 Autumn;29(2):143-74. French.
Batysheva TT, Kostenko EV, Ryl'skii AV, Boiko AN. [Movalis in treatment of painful shoulder
syndrome in poststroke patients]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova. 2004;104(12):60-1. Russian.
Itabashi M, Yoshida K, Kameoka S. [Sentinel node navigation surgery for colorectal cancer]. Gan To
Kagaku Ryoho. 2005 Apr;32(4):557-60. Japanese.
• When possible, place the original language title or romanized title before the translation
⚬ Capitalize only the first word of the title, proper nouns, proper adjectives, acronyms, and initialisms
unless the conventions of a particular language require other capitalization
Neue Nifedipin-Zubeitung ermoglicht tagliche Einmalgabe [New nifedipine preparation
makes single daily dose possible]. Fortschr Med. 1997 Nov 30;115(33):[following p. 54].
German.
⚬ Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in titles. This rule ignores some conventions used in
▪ Treat letters marked with diacritics or accents as if they are not marked
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
16 Citing Medicine
œ treated as oe
⚬ In PubMed, use the TT field in the MEDLINE display to locate the original language or romanized
title for most article titles except those in character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese)
Example:
Wilkniss SM, Hunter RH, Silverstein SM. Traitement multimodal de l'agressivite et de la
violence chez des personnes souffrant de psychose [Multimodal treatment of aggression and
violence in individuals with psychosis]. Sante Ment Que. 2004 Autumn;29(2):143-74. French.
Box 15. Article titles in more than one language.

• If an article is written in English and another language(s):
⚬ Give the English language version of the article title
⚬ List all languages of publication, separated by commas, after the location (pagination)
⚬ Capitalize the language names
⚬ End the list of languages with a period
Example:
Palmese S, Pezza M, De Robertis E. Hypophosphatemia and metabolic acidosis. Minerva
Anestesiol. 2005 May;71(5):237-42. English, Italian.
• If an article is written in more than one language and none of them is English:
⚬ Translate into English the version of the title that appears first
⚬ Place the translation in square brackets
Example:
Shaha M, Rabenschlag F, Holzer R. [Lowering stress levels in the workplace]. Krankenpfl Soins
Infirm. 2005;98(4):10-3, 40-3, 62-5. French, German, Italian.
• As an option, when an article title is presented in two or more equal languages, as often occurs in
Canadian publications:
⚬ Give all titles in the order in which they are presented in the text
⚬ Separate them with an equals sign
Journals 17

Example:
Aouizerate P, Guizard M. Prise en charge des thrombocytopenies induites par l'heparine =
Management of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Therapie. 2002;57(6):577-88. French,
English.
Box 16. Translated article titles ending in punctuation other than a period.
• Most article titles end in a period. When a translation of an article title is provided, place it in square
brackets, with a closing period outside the right bracket.
Vazquez de la Iglesia F, Fernandez Gonzalez S. [Method for the study of pulmonary function in
laryngectomized patients]. Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp. 2006 Jun-Jul;57(6):275-8. Spanish.
or
Vazquez de la Iglesia F, Fernandez Gonzalez S. Metodo para el estudio de la funcion pulmonar en los
laringectomizados [Method for the study of pulmonary function in laryngectomized patients]. Acta
Otorrinolaringol Esp. 2006 Jun-Jul;57(6):275-8. Spanish.
• If a translated article title ends in another form of punctuation, keep that punctuation. Place the title in
square brackets, with a closing period outside the right bracket.
Minvielle E. [Quality criteria in medicine: which limits?]. Ann Urol (Paris). 2006 Jun;40(3):184-91.
French.
or
Minvielle E. Les criteres de qualite en medecine: jusqu' ou aller? [Quality criteria in medicine: which
limits?]. Ann Urol (Paris). 2006 Jun;40(3):184-91. French.
Box 17. Article titles containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special character.
• Capitalize the first word of an article title unless the title begins with a Greek letter, chemical formula, or
another special character that might lose its meaning if capitalized
Hubbard AR. von Willebrand factor standards for plasma and concentrate testing. Semin Thromb
Hemost. 2006 Jul;32(5):522-8.
Sun Y. p53 and its downstream proteins as molecular targets of cancer. Mol Carcinog. 2006
Jun;45(6):409-15.
Panthong K, Garson MJ, Bernhardt PV. 1,3-dimethylisoguanine. Acta Crystallogr C. 2006 Apr;62(Pt
4):o193-5.
• If a title contains a Greek letter or some other symbol that cannot be reproduced with the type fonts
available, substitute the name for the symbol. For example, Ω becomes omega.
18 Citing Medicine
Jagetia GC, Baliga MS, Venkatesh P. Influence of seed extract of Syzygium Cumini (Jamun) on mice
exposed to different doses of γ-radiation. J Radiat Res (Tokyo). 2005 Mar;46(1):59-65.
may become
Jagetia GC, Baliga MS, Venkatesh P. Influence of seed extract of Syzygium Cumini (Jamun) on mice
exposed to different doses of gamma-radiation. JRadiat Res (Tokyo). 2005 Mar;46(1):59-65.
• If a title contains superscripts or subscripts than cannot be reproduced with the type fonts available, place
the superscript or subscript in parentheses
Ripoche P, Bertrand O, Gane P, Birkenmeier C, Colin Y, Cartron JP. Human Rhesus-associated
glycoprotein mediates facilitated transport of NH3 into red blood cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.
2004 Dec 7;101(49):17222-7.
may become
Ripoche P, Bertrand O, Gane P, Birkenmeier C, Colin Y, Cartron JP. Human Rhesus-associated
glycoprotein mediates facilitated transport of NH(3) into red blood cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.
2004 Dec 7;101(49):17222-7.
Box 18. Article titles with headers.

• Journal articles sometimes contain a header (such as news, case report, or clinical study) at the top of the
page to indicate a section of the issue. Do not include a header as part of the article title unless the table of
contents for the journal issue indicates that it is.
Box 19. No article title can be found.

• Occasionally an article does not appear to have any title; the article simply begins with the text. In this
circumstance, create a title from the first few words of the text and place it in square brackets. Use enough
words to make the constructed title meaningful.
Examples for Article Title

18. Journal article in a language other than English
19. Journal article in a language other than English with optional original language title included
20. Journal article published in two equal languages
21. Journal article published in multiple languages
22. Journal article title beginning with a lower case letter
23. Journal article title with special characters
Journals 19
Article Type for Journal Articles (optional)

General Rules for Article Type
• An article type alerts the user that the reference is to an abstract of an article or a letter to the editor, not a
full article. Content designator is another phrase for this.
• Place [abstract] or [letter] after the article title
• Other article types are also available though used less often, such as book review, editorial, or interview
• Follow the bracketed article type with a period placed outside the closing bracket
See exceptions for Article Type in Appendix F: Notes for Citing MEDLINE® /PubMed®
Specific Rules for Article Type

• Article titles ending in punctuation other than a period
Box 20. Articles titles ending in punctuation other than a period.

• Most journal article titles end in a period. Place [letter] or [abstract] inside the period.
Sundset R, Green KG, Kanter EM, Yamada KA. Increased cardiac Connexin45 results in uncoupling
and spontaneous ventricular arrhythmias in mice [abstract]. Circulation. 2004 Oct 26;110(17
Suppl):III192.
Inoue K, Takano H, Yanagisawa R, Yoshikawa T. Eosinophilic pneumonia and arthritis [letter].
Chest. 2005 Jun;127(6):2294-5.
• If an article title ends in another form of punctuation, keep that punctuation and follow [letter] or
[abstract] with a period
Bhat YM, McGrath KM, Bielefeldt K. Bravo pH monitoring: should we exclude the first 6 hours?
[abstract]. Gastroenterology. 2002 Apr;128(4 Suppl 2):A392.
Challoner A. Horizon: Does the MMR jab cause autism? Has the fat lady sung then? [letter]. BMJ.
2005 Jul 9;331(7508):111.
McLeod GA, Columb MO. Moles, weights and potencies: freedom of expression! [letter]. Br J
Anaesth. 2005 Jul;95(1):110-1.

• Most journal article titles end in a period. When a translation of a journal article title is used as the title,
place it in square brackets. Place (letter) or (abstract) within the square brackets.
Rivera M, Lizarraga JP, Pantoja F, Pantoja R. [Study of nasal permeability in patients with operated
unilateral clefts (letter)]. Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofac. 2005 Jun;106(3):192-4. French.
• If a translated article title ends in another form of punctuation, keep that punctuation. Place (letter) or
(abstract) within the square brackets and end title information with a period.
Rotenberg DK. [Eat less, exercise more! (letter)]. Ugeskr Laeger. 2005 Jun 20;167(25-31):2797.
Danish.
20 Citing Medicine
Reimer M. [Peripheral facial paralysis? Exclude borreliosis, perform LP! (letter)]. Lakartidningen.
2005 Apr 25-May 1;102(17):1358. Swedish.
• When the original language or romanized title and a translation are provided, place [letter] or [abstract]
after the translation. End title information with a period placed outside the closing bracket.
Rivera M, Lizarraga JP, Pantoja F, Pantoja R. Etude de la permeabilite nasale dans les fentes
unilaterales operees [Study of nasal permeability in patients with operated unilateral clefts] [letter].
Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofac. 2005 Jun;106(3):192-4. French.
Rotenberg DK. Aed mindre, motioner mere! [Eat less, exercise more!] [letter]. Ugeskr Laeger. 2005
Jun 20;167(25-31):2797. Danish.
Examples for Article Type

24. Journal article with type of article indicated
Journal Title for Journal Articles (required)

General Rules for Journal Title
• Enter a journal title in the original language
• Cite the journal name that was used at the time of publication. For example, the British Medical Journal
officially changed title to BMJ in 1988. Cite articles from 1987 and earlier as Br Med J, not BMJ.
• Abbreviate significant words in a journal title (see Abbreviation rules for journal titles) and omit other
words, such as articles, conjunctions, and prepositions
• Capitalize all remaining title words, including abbreviations
• End the journal title with a period unless an Edition or a Type of Medium is included, then use a space
See exceptions for Journal Title (Journal Title Abbreviation) in Appendix F: Notes for Citing MEDLINE® /
PubMed®
Box 22. Abbreviation rules for journal titles.

• Abbreviate and capitalize significant words in a journal title and omit other words, such as articles,
conjunctions, and prepositions. For example: of, the, at, in, and, L'.
The Journal of Biocommunication becomes J Biocommun.
La Pediatria Medica e Chirurgica becomes Pediatr Med Chir.
L'Orthodontie Francaise becomes Orthod Fr.
A list of the abbreviations for common English words used in journal titles is in Appendix A. Other
sources for title-word abbreviations are:
⚬ The NLM Catalog, which includes an interface to search by journal title, and the complete active
PubMed title list.
⚬ Appendix B for non-NLM sources
Journals 21
• Do not abbreviate journal titles that consist of a single word or titles written in a character-based language
such as Chinese or Japanese
Virology. remains Virology.
Kansenshogaku Zasshi. remains Kansenshogaku Zasshi.
• Do not include journal subtitles as part of the abbreviated title
JAMA: the Journal of the American Medical Association becomes JAMA.
Injury Prevention: Journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury
Prevention becomes Inj Prev.
• Omit any punctuation in a title
Journal of Neuro-Oncology becomes J Neurooncol.
Drug-Nutrient Interactions becomes Drug Nutr Interact.
Women's Health becomes Womens Health.
Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics becomes Oral Surg
Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod.
• Some bibliographies and online databases show a place of publication after a journal title, such as Clin
Toxicol (Phila). This practice is used to show that two or more journal titles with the same name reside in
a library collection or database; the name of the city where the journal is published distinguishes the titles.
The city is usually shown in abbreviated format following the same rules used for words in journal titles, as
Phila for Philadelphia in the example above. If you use a bibliography or database such as PubMed to
verify your reference and a place name is included, you may keep it if you wish.
• See also Construction of National Library of Medicine Title Abbreviations
Specific Rules for Journal Title

• Abbreviation rules for journal titles
• Single word journal titles
• Non-English journal titles
• Journal titles appearing in more than one language
• Journals appearing in different editions
• Options for journal titles
Box 23. Single word journal titles.

• Do not abbreviate journal titles consisting of a single word, regardless of language.
Urology. remains Urology.
Harefuah. remains Harefuah.
22 Citing Medicine
Box 24. Non-English journal titles.

• For non-English journal titles written in the roman alphabet (French, German, Spanish, Italian, etc.):
⚬ Provide the title in the original language
⚬ Abbreviate it according to the Abbreviation rules for journal titles
⚬ Capitalize all remaining words, including abbreviations
⚬ Indicate the language of the article after the location (pagination)
Example:
Wilkniss SM, Hunter RH, Silverstein SM. [Multimodal treatment of aggression and violence in
individuals with psychosis]. Sante Ment Que. 2004 Autumn;29(2):143-74. French.
• For a journal title in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, or Korean:
⚬ Romanize (write in the roman alphabet) the title. A good authority for romanization is the ALA-LC
Romanization Tables.
⚬ Capitalize all remaining title words, including abbreviations
Examples:
Neurenberger E, Bishai WR, Groose JH. [Latent tuberculosis infection]. Probl Tuberk Bolezn
Legk. 2005;(2):45-51. Russian.
Natapov L, Zusman SP. [Specifying a field of practice in dentistry when lacking specialty].
Refuat Hapeh Vehashinayim. 2005 Jan;22(1):74-5. Hebrew.
• For a journal title in a character-based language (Chinese, Japanese):
⚬ Do not abbreviate any of the words or omit any words
⚬ Use the capitalization system of the particular language
Example:
It is not NLM practice, but you may translate journal titles in character-based languages. If you
do, abbreviate the title according to the Abbreviation rules for journal titles and indicate the
language of the article after the location (pagination).
Journals 23
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
Box 25. Journal titles appearing in more than one language.

• Use the title in the first language found, in order of preference: on the title page of the issue, on the issue
cover, on the masthead
Box 26. Journals appearing in different editions.

• If a journal is published in more than one edition, include the edition information after the title
• Abbreviate and capitalize all significant words in the edition information and omit the other words, such
as articles, conjunctions, and prepositions. For example: of, the, at, in, and L'.
• Use the same rules for abbreviating the words in an edition statement as for the words in journal titles (see
Abbreviation rules for journal titles)
• Do not follow abbreviated words with a period
• Omit any punctuation found
• Separate the edition from the title itself by a space and place it in parentheses
• End edition information with a period placed outside the closing parenthesis
American Homeopathy. Consumer Edition. becomes Am Homeopath (Consum Ed).
American Homeopathy. Professional Edition. becomes Am Homeopath (Prof Ed).
Hospital Practice. Office Edition. becomes Hosp Pract (Off Ed).
Hospital Practice. Hospital Editon. becomes Hosp Pract (Hosp Ed).
• See the Abbreviation rules for editions for more information
24 Citing Medicine
Box 27. Options for journal titles.

The following forms are not NLM practice for citing journal titles, but are acceptable options:
• Periods may be placed after each abbreviated word in the title
J Contin Educ Nurs. may become J. Contin. Educ. Nurs.
• The title may be written out in full
Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing.
Box 28. Abbreviation rules for editions.

An edition is considered a part of the title in journals.
• Use the same rules for abbreviating the words in an edition statement as for the words in journal titles
• Abbreviate and capitalize all significant words and omit the other words, such as articles, conjunctions,
and prepositions. For example: of, the, at, in, and L'. See Appendix A for a list of commonly abbreviated
English words in journal titles. Other sources for title word abbreviations are:
⚬ List of Journals Indexed for MEDLINE
⚬ PubMed Journals database
• Do not follow abbreviated words with a period, but end all the title information with a period placed
outside the closing parenthesis
Examples:
Hospital Practice. Hospital Edition. becomes Hosp Pract (Hosp Ed).
Examples for Journal Title

25. Journal title consisting of a single word
26. Journal title in a character-based language
27. Journal title with an edition
28. Journal title with city of publication added after the title for clarification
Journals 25
Edition for Journal Articles (required)

General Rules for Edition
• Indicate the edition/version being cited after the title if a journal is published in more than one edition or
version
• Abbreviate each significant word (see Abbreviation rules for editions below) and omit other words, such as
articles, conjunctions, and prepositions
• Capitalize all words
• Place the edition statement in parentheses, such as (Br Ed)
• End the edition statement with a period unless the Type of Medium is included
See exceptions for Edition in Appendix F: Notes for Citing MEDLINE® /PubMed®
Specific Rules for Edition

• Abbreviation rules for editions
• Non-English words for editions
Box 29. Non-English words for editions.

• For non-English edition statements written in the roman alphabet (French, German, Spanish, Italian, etc.):
⚬ Give edition information in the original language
⚬ Abbreviate and capitalize all significant words and omit the other words, such as articles,
conjunctions, and prepositions. For example: de, der, y, les, and L'.
▪ Sources for word abbreviations are:
▪ List of Journals Indexed for MEDLINE
▪ PubMed Journals database
▪ Appendix B for non-NLM sources
⚬ Do not follow abbreviated words with a period
⚬ Omit any punctuation found
⚬ Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in words. This rule ignores some conventions used
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
26 Citing Medicine
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
⚬ Separate the edition from the title by a space and place it in parentheses
⚬ Do not follow abbreviated words with a period, but end all the journal title information with a
period placed outside the closing parenthesis
Examples:
Tierärztliche Praxis. Ausgabe Klientiere Heimtiere becomes Tierarztl Prax (Ausg Klient
Heimtiere).
Angiology. Edicion Espanola. becomes Angiology (Ed Esp).
Farmaco. Edizione Pratica. becomes Farmaco (Ed Prat).
• For an edition statement in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, or Korean:
⚬ Romanize (write in the roman alphabet) the words for edition. A good authority for romanization is
the ALA-LC Romanization Tables.
conjunctions, and prepositions. For example: de, la, por, der, and L'.
⚬ Sources for word abbreviations are:
⚬ Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in words. Treat letters marked with a diacritic or
accent as if they are not marked. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages
to simplify rules for English-language publications.
Example: ĉ or ç becomes c
⚬ Separate the edition from the title proper by a space and place it in parentheses
⚬ End all journal title information with a period placed outside the closing parenthesis
Example:
Pharmakeutikon Deltion. Epistemonike Ekdosis. becomes Pharm Delt (Epistem Ekd).
• For an edition statement written in a character-based language such as Chinese or Japanese:
Journals 27
Examples:
ǒ becomes o
ū becomes u
⚬ End all the title information with a period placed outside the closing parenthesis
Example:
Fang She Hsueh Shi Jian. Zhong Wen Ban. becomes Fang She Hsueh Shi Jian (Zhong Wen
Ban).
It is not NLM practice, but you may translate character-based journal titles and their editions.
If you do, abbreviate them according to the Abbreviation rules for journal titles.
J Jinan Univ (Nat Sci Med Ed).
• Below is a brief list of Non-English words for editions with their abbreviations, if any. (n.a. = not
abbreviated):
Language Word for Edition Abbreviation
Danish oplag n.a.
udgave
Dutch uitgave uitg.
editie ed.
Finnish julkaisu julk.
French edition ed.
German Ausgabe Ausg.
Auflage Aufl.
Greek ekdosis ekd.
Italian edizione ed.
Norwegian publikasjon publ.
utgave utg.
Portuguese edicao ed.

28 Citing Medicine

Russian izdanie izd.
publikacija publ.
Spanish edicion ed.
publicacion publ.
Swedish upplaga n.a.
Examples for Edition

Type of Medium for Journal Articles (required)

General Rules for Type of Medium
• Indicate the type of medium (microfiche, ultrafiche, microfilm, microcard, etc.) following the journal title
(and edition, if present) when a journal is published in a microform
• Place the name of the medium in square brackets and end with a period placed outside the closing
bracket, such as [microfiche].
• Add information about the medium according to the instructions under Physical Description
• See Chapter 16A for journal articles in audiovisual formats, Chapter 19A for articles on CD-ROM, DVD,
or disk, and Chapter 23A for articles on the Internet
See exceptions for Type of Medium in Appendix F: Notes for Citing MEDLINE® /PubMed®
Specific Rules for Type of Medium

• Both an edition and a type of medium
Box 30. Both an edition and a type of medium.

• If a journal has both an edition and a type of medium, follow the title with the edition, then the type of
medium
• Place a period outside the closing bracket for the medium
Example:
Hosp Pract (Off Ed) [microfilm].
Examples for Type of Medium

72. Journal article in a microform
Date of Publication for Journal Articles (required)

General Rules for Date of Publication
• Include the year, month, and day of publication in that order. For example: 2004 May 5
• Convert roman numerals to arabic numbers, such as MM to 2000
• Use English names for months and abbreviate them using the first three letters, such as Jan
Journals 29
• End date information with a semicolon unless there is no volume or issue (see No volume or issue follows
the date below), then end with a colon
Box 34. No volume or issue follows the date.

• If no volume or issue can be found in a journal, follow the year (and month or season if present) with a
colon and the location (pagination).
2000:146-9.
2004 Jan:377-82.
2005 Winter:17-22.
Specific Rules for Date of Publication

• Multiple years, months, or days of publication
• Non-English names for months
• Seasons instead of months
• No volume or issue follows the date
• Options for dates
Box 31. Multiple years, months, or days of publication.

• For multiple years of publication, separate the first and last year of publication by a hyphen. Do not
shorten the second of the two years to the last two digits.
2002-2003
1997-1998
1999-2000
• If months and days of the month are given, place them after the year. Use English names for months and
abbreviate them using the first three letters.
1999 Oct-2000 Mar
2002 Dec 7-2003 Jan 9
• Separate multiple months of publication and multiple days of the month by a hyphen
2005 Jan-Feb
1999 Dec-2000 Jan
2005 Feb 1-7
2004 Jan 25-31
• Separate multiple seasons by a hyphen, as Fall-Winter. Do not abbreviate names of seasons.
Box 32. Non-English names for months.

• Translate names of months into English
30 Citing Medicine
• Abbreviate them to the first three letters

• Capitalize them
For example:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar
Box 33. Seasons instead of months.

• Translate names of seasons into English
• Capitalize them
• Do not abbreviate them
For example:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring
• Separate multiple seasons by a hyphen, such as Fall-Winter
Box 35. Options for dates.

It is not NLM practice, but the following are acceptable options:
• The month and day of the month or the season may be omitted if the journal is continuously paginated
throughout the volume. However, the month and day of the month or the season must be included when
citing a journal that has no volume or issue number.
Klose RJ, Kallin EM, Zhang Y. JmjC-domain-containing proteins and histone demethylation. Nat
Rev Genet. 2006;7(9):715-27.
if also omitting the issue:
Rev Genet. 2006;7:715-27.
• The date of publication may follow the author names (or article title if there is no author) in the list of
references when the name-year system of in-text references is used
⚬ Use the year of publication only
⚬ Enter the year after the last named author (or article title if there is no author)
Journals 31
⚬ Follow the year with a period

⚬ Place the volume number immediately following the journal title
NLM citation:
Klose RJ, Kallin EM, Zhang Y. JmjC-domain-containing proteins and histone demethylation.
Nat Rev Genet. 2006 Sep;7(9):715-27.
Pelvic floor exercise can reduce stress incontinence. Health News. 2005 Apr;11(4):11.
Name-year system of citation:
Klose RJ, Kallin EM, Zhang Y. 2006. JmjC-domain-containing proteins and histone
demethylation. Nat Rev Genet. 7(9):715-27.
Pelvic floor exercise can reduce stress incontinence. 2005. Health News. 11(4):11.
Examples for Date of Publication

29. Journal article with year having a special number
30. Journal article with year having a supplement
31. Journal article with year with supplement having a further division
32. Journal article with year having a named supplement
33. Journal article with year having a part
34. Journal article with season included in date
35. Journal article with multiple years of publication
36. Journal article with multiple months of publication
37. Journal article with multiple days of publication
Supplement/Part/Special Number to a Date for Journal Articles

(required)
General Rules for Supplement/Part/Special Number to a Date
• Place a supplement, part, special number, or other division to a year after the date
• Abbreviate these: Suppl, Pt, Spec No
• Include numbers and letters accompanying them. For example: Pt 1 or Suppl A.
• Use arabic numbers only. For example: convert Suppl II to Suppl 2.
• End the supplement, part, special number with a colon unless further divisions exist (see Further divisions
to supplements, parts, etc. below)
Box 38. Further divisions to supplements, parts, etc.

A supplement, part, or special number to a date will occasionally have another subdivision.
32 Citing Medicine
• Abbreviate the names for such subdivisions:

Supplement = Suppl
Part = Pt
Special Number = Spec No
• Place them after the initial supplement, part, or special number. For example:
- date with supplement - with a part
2005;Suppl: 2005;Suppl Pt 1:
2005;Suppl 2: 2005;Suppl 2 Pt A:
2005 Jan;Suppl: 2005 Jan;Suppl Pt 2:
- date with part - with a supplement
2004;(Pt 2): 2004;(Pt 2 Suppl):
- date with special number - with a part
2003;Spec No: 2003;Spec No Pt 2:
Specific Rules for Supplement/Part/Special Number to a Date

• Non-English names for supplements, parts, etc., to a date
• Named supplements
• Further divisions to supplements, parts, etc.
Box 36. Non-English names for supplements, parts, etc., to a date.

• Translate names for supplements, parts, and special numbers into English. To help identify these, see the
following examples:
Language Suppl Spec No Pt
French supplement nombre speciale partie
annexe part
German Beiblatt spezielle Zahl Teil
Beilage
Erganzung
Zusatz
Italian supplemento numero speciale parte
Russian prilozenie specialnaja cast'
dopolnenie
Spanish adjunto numero especial parte
suplemento

Journals 33

anejo
• Capitalize and abbreviate them, but do not end the abbreviated words with a period
Supplement = Suppl
Part = Pt
Box 37. Named supplements.

Infrequently, supplements are given a name rather than the usual letter or number.
• Abbreviate significant words and omit other words such as articles, conjunctions, and prepositions
Abstract Supplement becomes Abstr Suppl
Supplement: Dementia becomes Suppl Dementia
Supplement: AIDS in Children becomes Suppl AIDS Child
• Use the word abbreviations lists found in Appendix A and Appendix B
Examples for Supplement/Part/Special Number to a Date

Volume Number for Journal Articles (required)

General Rules for Volume Number
• Omit "volume", "vol.", and similar wording preceding the number
• Use arabic numbers onlyconvert LX or Sixtieth to 60.
• Separate multiple volumes by a hyphen, such as 5-6 or 42-43
• Do not follow volume number(s) with any punctuation unless there is no issue number or other
subdivision to the volume, then follow with a colon
Specific Rules for Volume Number

• No volume number present
• Non-English names for volume
34 Citing Medicine
Box 39. No volume number present.

A volume number usually follows the date of publication. Occasionally a journal is published in a series of issues
without volumes or is published with a supplement, part, or special number to a date of publication rather than
to a volume or issue.
• If there are issues only, no volume numbers, follow the date of publication with a semicolon and the issue
number, placed in parentheses
Sabatier R. Reorienting health and social services. AIDS STD Health Promot Exch. 1995;(4):1-3.
Abidov AM, Saiitkulov AM. [Treatment of disorders in interferon status of patients with urogenital
chlamydial infection]. Lik Sprava. 2003 Apr-Jun;(3-4):81-4. Russian.
• If a journal publishes a supplement, part, or special number to a date of publication rather than to a
volume or issue, follow the date of publication with a semicolon, the abbreviation for supplement, part, or
special number, and any accompanying letter or number found. End supplement, part, or special number
information with a colon.
- date with a supplement
2004;Suppl:
2004;Suppl 2:
2004;Suppl A:
2004 Winter;Suppl:
- date with a part
2005;(Pt 3):
2005 Sep;(Pt 2):
- date with a special number
2003;Spec No:
2003;Spec No 2:
2003 Jun;Spec No:
• If there are no volume numbers, issue numbers, supplements, parts, or special numbers, follow the date
information with a colon and the page numbers of the article
2004:34-7.
2005 Jun:256-9.
2001 Summer:15-21.
Journals 35
Box 40. Non-English names for volume.

• To help locate volumes, see the following list for the words and abbreviations used for volume in a variety
of languages:
aarg. aargang année anno año årg. årgang band bd. bind
évf. évfolyam g. god god. godina godišté jaarg. jaargang
jahrg. jahrgang köt. kötet r. ročník rocznik rok sv. svazek
svezak t. tom tom. tome tomo tomus vol. volumen zv. zväzok zvezek
• Omit these names when creating a citation; use the number only
Examples for Volume Number

38. Journal article volume with supplement
39. Journal article volume with supplement with further division
40. Journal article volume with supplement with part
41. Journal article volume with named supplement
42. Journal article volume with part
43. Journal article volume with part with supplement
44. Journal article volume with special number
45. Journal article with multiple volume numbers
46. Journal article with volume without issue
47. Journal article with volume in a new series
57. Journal article with an issue without a volume
58. Journal article with no volume or issue
Supplement/Part/Special Number to a Volume for Journal Articles

(required)
General Rules for Supplement/Part/Special Number to a Volume
• Place a supplement, part, special number, or other division to a volume after the volume number
• Place parts in parentheses, such as 34(Pt 1); other divisions have no punctuation around them, such as 34
Suppl
• End the supplement, part, special number with a colon unless further divisions exist (see Further
subdivisions to supplements, parts, etc., to a volume below) or an issue number is present
36 Citing Medicine
Box 42. Further subdivisions to supplements, parts, etc., to a volume.

A supplement, part, or special number to a volume will occasionally have another subdivision.
Supplement = Suppl
Part = Pt
- volume with supplement - with a part
2005;15 Suppl 1: 2005;15 Suppl 1 Pt A:
2005;45 Suppl A: 2005;45 Suppl A Pt 2:
2005 Mar;87 Suppl 1: 2005 Mar;87 Suppl 1 Pt 1:
- volume with part - with a supplement
2004;66(Pt 2): 2004;66(Pt 2 Suppl):
2004 Dec;124(Pt A): 2004 Dec;124(Pt A Suppl)
- volume with special number - with a part
2003;6 Spec No: 2003;6 Spec No Pt 2:
Specific Rules for Supplement/Part/Special Number to a Volume

• Further subdivisions to supplements, parts, etc., to a volume
• Non-English names for supplement, part, etc.
Box 43. Non-English names for supplement, part, etc.

following examples:
annexe part
Beilage
Erganzung
Zusatz
dopolnenie

Journals 37

suplemento
anejo
• Capitalize and abbreviate them:

Supplement = Suppl
Part = Pt

Examples for Supplement/Part/Special Number to a Volume

Issue Number for Journal Articles (required)

General Rules for Issue Number
• Omit "number", "no.", and other wording preceding the number
• Use arabic numbers only. For example: convert IV or Fourth to 4
• Separate multiple issues by a hyphen, such 2-3
• Place issue information in parentheses
• End issue information with a colon unless further divisions, such as a supplement or part, exist (see
Further subdivisions to supplements, parts, etc., to an issue below)
38 Citing Medicine
Box 49. Further subdivisions to supplements, parts, etc., to an issue.

A supplement, part, or special number to an issue will occasionally have a further subdivision.
• Abbreviate the names for subdivisions:
Supplement = Suppl
Part = Pt
- issue with supplement with a part
2005;15(1 Suppl): 2005;15(1 Suppl Pt A):
2005;(12 Suppl A): 2005;(12 Suppl A Pt 2):
2005 Mar;87(3 Suppl): 2005 Mar;87(3 Suppl Pt B):
- issue with part with a supplement
2004;66(1 Pt 2): 2004;66(Pt 2 Suppl):
2004 Dec;124(Pt A): 2004 Dec;124(Pt A Suppl)
- issue with special number with a part
2003;6(2 Spec No): 2003;6(2 Spec No Pt 2):
Specific Rules for Issue Number

• Non-English names for issue
• No issue number present
• Options for issues
Box 45. Non-English names for issue.

• To help locate issues in languages other than English, see the following list of words and abbreviations
used for issue (usually variations on the word number) in a variety of languages:
čís. číslo fasc. fascicle fascicule fasciculus heft knižka
no. nommernr. numer número nummer sveska sz. szám
vypusk zesz. zeszyt zošit

number, placed in parentheses
Sabatier R. Reorienting health and social services. AIDS STD Health Promot Exch. 1995;(4):1-3.
Journals 39
Box 47. No issue number present.

• If no issue number is found, follow the volume number with a colon and the location (pagination)
Prokai-Tatrai K, Prokai L. Modifying peptide properties by prodrug design for enhanced transport
into the CNS. Prog Drug Res. 2003;61:155-88.
• If no issue or volume is found, follow date information with a colon and the location (pagination)
Schwartz-Cassell T. Feeding assistants: based on logic or way off base? Contemp Longterm Care.
2005 Jan:26-8.
Box 48. Options for issues.

It is not NLM practice, but an issue number may be omitted if the journal is continuously paginated throughout
the volume. However, note that many libraries such as the NLM require issue numbers for retrieval from their
collections and for interlibrary loan.
Nallamothu BK, Bradley EH, Krumholz HM. Time to treatment in primary percutaneous coronary
intervention. N Engl J Med. 2007 Oct 18;357:1631-8.
Examples for Issue Number

48. Journal article issue with name instead of number
49. Journal article issue with supplement
50. Journal article issue with supplement with further division
51. Journal article issue with supplement with part
52. Journal article issue with named supplement
53. Journal article issue with part
54. Journal article issue with part with supplement
55. Journal article issue with special number
56. Journal article with multiple issue numbers
Supplement/Part/Special Number to an Issue for Journal Articles

(required)
General Rules for Supplement/Part/Special Number to an Issue
• Place a supplement, part, special number, or other division to an issue after the issue number and inside
the parentheses
40 Citing Medicine

• End issue information with a colon unless further divisions exist (see Further subdivisions to supplements,
parts, etc., to an issue below)
Specific Rules for Supplement/Part/Special Number to an Issue

• Further subdivisions to supplements, parts, etc., to an issue
• Non-English names for supplements, parts, etc.
Box 50. Non-English names for supplements, parts, etc.

following examples:
annexe part
Beilage
Erganzung
Zusatz
dopolnenie
suplemento
anejo

Supplement = Suppl
Part = Pt

Journals 41

Example:
Leifer BP. Early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: clinical and economic benefits. J Am Geriatr Soc.
2003 May;51(5 Suppl Dementia):S281-8.
Examples for Supplement/Part/Special Number to an Issue

Location (Pagination) for Journal Articles (required)

General Rules for Location (Pagination)
• Give the inclusive page numbers on which the article appears
• Do not repeat page numbers unless they are followed by a letter. For example: 123-125 becomes 123-5, but
124A-126A is correct.
• Include a letter (often S for Supplement or A for Appendix) when it precedes the page number. For
example: S10-8.
• End pagination information with a period
Specific Rules for Location (Pagination)

• Roman numerals used as page numbers
• Discontinuous page numbers
• Text such as a discussion, quiz, or author reply to a letter follows the article
• No numbers appear on the pages of the article
Box 52. Roman numerals used as page numbers.

• Unlike the practice with volume and issue numbers, keep roman numerals expressing location
(pagination)
• Use upper or lower case, whichever appears in the publication
Examples:
Nagpal S. An orphan meets family members in skin. J Invest Dermatol. 2003;120(2):viii-x.
Gothefors L. [Current aspects in vaccination program for children]. Vardfacket. 1991;15(16):X-XI.
Swedish.
42 Citing Medicine
Box 53. Discontinuous page numbers.

• If the pagination is discontinuous, as often occurs when an article is interrupted by advertisements,
separate the groupings of page numbers by a comma and a space
:345-6, 348-9, 352.
:15, 17, 19-21.
• Give up to three groupings of page numbers and use "passim" in place of the fourth and later occurrences
:345-346, 348-349, 352, 355-357, 360, 362. becomes :345-6, 348-9, 352 passim.
Box 54. Text such as a discussion, quiz, or author reply to a letter follows the article.
• Begin with the location (pagination) of the article
• Follow it by a semicolon and a space
• Add the name of the additional material and its location (pagination)
• End with a period
:145-54; discussion 155-6.
:23-35; quiz 36-42.
:458-9; author reply 460.
Box 55. No numbers appear on the pages of the article.

Occasionally, a journal article will have no page numbers.
• If only the particular item to be cited has no page numbers, identify the location in relation to numbered
pages. For example: preceding p. 1 or following p. 503. Place such phrases in square brackets.
Kolloch RE. [In practice nothing has changed in the indication for therapeutic use of calcium
antagonists]. Fortschr Med. 1997;115(33):[preceding p. 55]. German.
[New nifedipine preparation makes single daily dose possible]. Fortschr Med. 1997;115(33):
[following p. 54]. German.
• If the entire publication has no page numbers, give the total number of pages of the item you wish to cite,
placed in square brackets, such as [5 p.].
Glenwright HD, Martin MV. Infection control in dentistry. A practitioner's guide. Br Dent J.
1993;175(1 Suppl):[8 p.].
Examples for Location (Pagination)

59. Journal article with page numbers including a letter
60. Journal article with roman numerals for page numbers (upper or lower case as found)
61. Journal article with discontinuous pagination
Journals 43
62. Article on an insert, pages tipped in the issue

63. Journal article with indication that additional text follows it
64. Journal article with no page number provided
Physical Description for Journal Articles (optional)

General Rules for Physical Description
• Give information on the location of an article and its physical characteristics when the journal appears in
a microform (microfilm, microfiche, etc.). For example: microfiche 2 of 3 microfiche: color, 2 x 4 in.
See exceptions for Physical Description in Appendix F: Notes for Citing MEDLINE® /PubMed®
Specific Rules for Physical Description

• Language for describing physical characteristics
Box 56. Language for describing physical characteristics.

• If a journal volume or issue is published on microfiche or microcards, follow the pagination with
information on the location of the article within the fiche or cards. For example, if the volume or issue
consists of 5 microfiche and the particular article being cited is on the third fiche, cite it as "microfiche 3 of
5 microfiche." Enter a colon and a space, then enter information on the physical characteristics, such as
color and size. Separate types of information by commas.
Typical words used include:
color
black & white
positive
negative
4 x 6 in. (standard microfiche size)
3 x 5 in. (standard microcard size)
Examples of complete physical description statements:
microfiche 1 of 3 microfiche: color, positive, 4 x 6 in.
microcard 4 of 5 microcards: black & white, 3 x 5 in.
• If a journal volume or issue is published on microfilm, follow the pagination with information on the film
and its physical characteristics, such as color and size. Because microfilm reels carry a large amount of
text, a volume is usually contained within one reel.
color
black & white
44 Citing Medicine
positive
negative
35 mm.
16 mm.
1 reel: color, positive, 35 mm.
2 reels: black & white, negative, 16 mm.
Examples for Physical Description

Language for Journal Articles (required)

General Rules for Language
• Give the language of publication if other than English
• Capitalize the language name
• Follow the language name with a period
See exceptions for Language in Appendix F: Notes for Citing MEDLINE® /PubMed®
Specific Rules for Language

• Articles appearing in more than one language
Box 57. Articles appearing in more than one language.

• If an article is written in English and another language(s):
Example:
Palmese S, Pezza M, De Robertis E. Hypophosphatemia and metabolic acidosis. Minerva
Anestesiol. 2005 May;71(5):237-42. English, Italian.
Journals 45
⚬ Indicate all languages of publication, separated by commas, after the location (pagination)
Example:
Shaha M, Rabenschlag F, Holzer R. [Lowering stress levels in the workplace]. Krankenpfl Soins
Infirm. 2005;98(4):10-3, 40-3, 62-5. French, German, Italian.
⚬ Precede the translation with the first original language or romanized title when possible
Colombo C. Damit die "Spanische Grippe" nicht zuruckkehrt [How "Spanish flu" is not
recognized]. Krankenpfl Soins Infirm. 2006;99(6):10-4, 40-3, 62-4. German, French, Italian.
• As an option, when an article title is written in two or more equal languages as often occurs in Canadian
publications:
⚬ Separate them with an equals sign surrounded by a space
⚬ List all the languages, separated by commas, after the location (pagination)
Example:
Aouizerate P, Guizard M. Prise en charge des thrombocytopenies induites par l'heparine =
Management of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Therapie. 2002;57(6):577-88. French,
English.
Examples for Language

19. Journal article in a language other than English with optional original language title included
Notes for Journal Articles (optional)

General Rules for Notes
• Notes is a collective term for further information given after the citation itself
• Complete sentences are not required
• Be brief
Specific Rules for Notes

• Errata
• Retractions
46 Citing Medicine
• Electronic publication before print

• Article accompanied by a videocassette, CD-ROM, DVD, etc.
• Other types of material to include in notes
Box 58. Errata.

Errata (error notices) range from simple indications of a misspelling to serious errors in drug dosages or
mathematical calculations. NLM uses two ways to show errata in a citation:
1. a note indicating that the article being cited had a subsequent erratum notice published
2. a note indicating that the article being cited contains an erratum notice
NLM policy is that errata are acknowledged only if they are printed in a citable form; that is, an erratum notice
must appear on a numbered page in the journal that originally published the article. Error notices that are
inserted unbound into a journal issue or tipped in are not considered part of the permanent bibliographic
record.
• To indicate that an article being cited had a subsequent erratum notice published, begin by citing the
article. Enter the phrase "Erratum in: " followed by the journal title abbreviation, date of publication,
volume, issue, and location (pagination). Use the same punctuation and format as you would for the
article itself.
Blake DA, Proctor M, Johnson NP. The merits of blastocyst versus cleavage stage embryo transfer: a
Cochrane review. Hum Reprod. 2004 Apr;19(4):795-807. Erratum in: Hum Reprod. 2004
Sep;19(9):2174.
Separate multiple notice statements with a semicolon and a space:
Mokdad AH, Marks JS, Stroup DF, Gerberding JL. Actual causes of death in the United States, 2000.
JAMA. 2004 Mar 10;291(10):1238-45. Erratum in: JAMA. 2005 Jan 19;293(3):293-4.; JAMA. 2005 Jan
19;293(3):298.
• To indicate that the article being cited contains an erratum notice, begin by citing the article. Enter the
phrase "Erratum for: " followed by the journal title abbreviation, date of publication, volume, issue, and
location (pagination). Use the same punctuation and format as you would for the article itself.
Blake DA, Proctor M, Johnson NP. The merits of blastocyst versus cleavage stage embryo transfer: a
Cochrane review. Hum Reprod. 2004 Sep;19(9):2174. Erratum for: Hum Reprod. 2004
Apr;19(4):795-807.
Mokdad AH, Marks JS, Stroup DF, Gerberding JL. Correction: actual causes of death in the United
States, 2000. JAMA. 2005 Jan 19;293(3):293-4. Erratum for: JAMA. 2004 Mar 10;291(10):1238-45.
• See also the NLM Fact Sheet on Errata, Retraction, Duplicate Publication, Comment, Update and Patient
Summary Policy for MEDLINE®
Box 59. Retractions.

NLM uses two ways to show retractions in a citation:
1. a note that the article being cited has been retracted by the author(s) or publisher
2. a note that the article being cited contains a notice of retraction by the author(s) or publisher
Journals 47
• To indicate that an article had a subsequent retraction notice published, begin by citing the article. Enter
the phrase "Retraction in: " followed by the names of the authors, the journal title abbreviation, date of
publication, volume, issue, and location (pagination). Use the same punctuation and format as you would
for the article itself.
Schulz JB, Falkenburger BH. Neuronal pathology in Parkinson's disease. Cell Tissue Res. 2004
Oct;318(1):135-47. Retraction in: Schulz JB. Cell Tissue Res. 2005 Apr;320(1):211.
• To indicate that an article contains a notice of retraction, begin by citing the article. Enter the phrase
"Retraction of: " followed by the names of the authors, the journal title abbreviation, date of publication,
volume, issue, and location (pagination). Use the same punctuation and format as you would for the
article itself.
Schulz JB. Neuronal pathology in Parkinson's disease. Cell Tissue Res. 2005 Apr;320(1):211.
Retraction of: Schulz JB, Falkenburger BH. Cell Tissue Res. 2004 Oct;318(1):135-47.
• See also the NLM Fact Sheet on Errata, Retraction, Duplicate Publication, Comment, Update and Patient
Summary Policy for MEDLINE®
Box 60. Electronic publication before print.

• To indicate that a journal article was available over the Internet before it was available in print, follow the
location (pagination) for the article with the word "Epub" and the date of Internet publication in the
format year month day. Provide months in English and abbreviate them to the first three letters, such as
Jan for January.
Nieboer P, de Vries EG, Mulder NH, van der Graaf WT. Relevance of high-dose chemotherapy in
solid tumours. Cancer Treat Rev. 2005 May;31(3):210-25. Epub 2005 Mar 19.
Box 61. Article accompanied by a videocassette, CD-ROM, DVD, etc.

If a journal article has supplemental material accompanying it in the form of a videocassette, CD-ROM, DVD, or
other medium, begin by citing the article. Add the phrase "Accompanied by: " followed by a description of the
medium.
Sathananthan AH, Tarin JJ, Gianaroli L, Ng SC, Dharmawardena V, Magli MC, Fernando R, Trounson AO.
Development of the human dispermic embryo. Hum Reprod Update. 1999 Sep-Oct;5(5):553-60.
Accompanied by: Video on CD-ROM.
Orchard JW, Alcott E, James T, Farhart P, Portus M, Waugh SR. Exact moment of a gastrocnemius muscle
strain captured on video. Br J Sports Med. 2002 Jun;36(3):222-3. Accompanied by: Video available at http://
www.bjsportmed.com
Dale RC, Church AJ, Surtees RA, Thompson EJ, Giovannoni G, Neville BG. Post-streptococcal
autoimmune neuropsychiatric disease presenting as paroxysmal dystonic choreoathetosis. Mov Disord.
2002 Jul;17(4):817-20. Accompanied by: Videocassette available as vol. 17 videotape supplement 2.
48 Citing Medicine
Box 62. Other types of material to include in notes.

The notes element may be used to provide any further information. For example:
• If a reference to the article may be found in PubMed
Ryan MA, Shevade AV, Zhou H, Homer ML. Polymer-carbon black composite sensors in an
electronic nose for air-quality monitoring. MRS Bull. 2004 Oct;29(10):714-9. Cited in: PubMed;
PMID 15991400.
• If the article contains a review of the literature and this is not indicated in the title
Davies J, Alton E, Griesenbach U. Cystic fibrosis modifier genes. J R Soc Med. 2005;98 Suppl
45:47-54. Review.
• If article is a book review or interview, or has other content for which additional information is helpful
Flegel K. Biographies of healers [book review]. CMAJ. 2007 Jul 3;177(1):70. Review of: Bynum WF,
Bynum H, editors. Dictionary of Medical Biography. Westport (CT): Greenwood Press; c2007.
Packman Z, Steen P. The nurses who simplified discharge planning [interview]. Nurs Times. 2007
Oct 16-22;103(42):20-1. Interview by Victoria Hoban.
• When citing an abstract, the number of the abstract
[abstract]. Gastroenterology. 2002 Apr;128(4 Suppl 2):A392. Abstract no. M1786.
• If the journal being cited is not a common one, the name of a library or other archive where it may be
found, including any finding number
Wen LY, Cai L, Zhang RL, Zhou XN. [Schistosomiasis transmission in urban area]. Zhonghua Liu
Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi. 2004 Jul;25(7):577-9. Chinese. Located at: National Library of Medicine,
Bethesda, MD; W1 CH982KJ.
• If the journal article contains a handout or informative material used to explain a procedure or a condition
or the contents of a specific article are written in non-technical language for the patient or consumer,
indicate this
American Academy of Family Physicians. Information from your family doctor. What you should
know about worrying too much. Am Fam Physician. 2006 Mar 15;73(6):1057-8. Includes patient
education handout.
Examples for Notes

65. Journal article that is a retraction notice
66. Journal article retracted
67. Journal article that is an erratum notice
68. Journal article having an erratum
69. Journal article with indication article published electronically before print
70. Journal article with an indication it may be found in PubMed
Journals 49
71. Journal article with DOI provided

73. Journal article accompanied by a videocassette, CD-ROM, or other visual medium
74. CD-ROM published as a supplement to an issue of a journal
75. Other types of notes for journal articles
Examples of Citations to Journal Articles

1. Standard journal article
Petitti DB, Crooks VC, Buckwalter JG, Chiu V. Blood pressure levels before dementia. Arch Neurol. 2005
Jan;62(1):112-6.
Jun BC, Song SW, Park CS, Lee DH, Cho KJ, Cho JH. The analysis of maxillary sinus aeration according to aging
process: volume assessment by 3-dimensional reconstruction by high-resolutional CT scanning. Otolaryngol
Head Neck Surg. 2005 Mar;132(3):429-34.
Meneton P, Jeunemaitre X, de Wardener HE, MacGregor GA. Links between dietary salt intake, renal salt
handling, blood pressure, and cardiovascular diseases. Physiol Rev. 2005 Apr;85(2):679-715.
2. Journal article with many authors

Rastan S, Hough T, Kierman A, Hardisty R, Erven A, Gray IC, Voeling S, Isaacs A, Tsai H, Strivens M,
Washbourne R, Thornton C, Greenaway S, Hewitt M, McCormick S, Selley R, Wells C, Tymowska-Lalanne Z,
Roby P, Mburu P, Rogers D, Hagan J, Reavill C, Davies K, Glenister P, Fisher EM, Martin J, Vizor L, Bouzyk M,
Kelsell D, Guenet JL, Steel KP, Sheardown S, Spurr N, Gray I, Peters J, Nolan PM, Hunter AJ, Brown SD. Towards
a mutant map of the mouse--new models of neurological, behavioural, deafness, bone, renal and blood
disorders. Genetica. 2004 Sep;122(1):47-9.
3. Journal article with optional limit to the number of authors

to 3 authors
Rastan S, Hough T, Kierman A, et al. Towards a mutant map of the mouse--new models of neurological,
behavioural, deafness, bone, renal and blood disorders. Genetica. 2004 Sep;122(1):47-9.
or
Rastan S, Hough T, Kierman A, and others. Towards a mutant map of the mouse--new models of neurological,
behavioural, deafness, bone, renal and blood disorders. Genetica. 2004 Sep;122(1):47-9.
to 6 authors
Hallal AH, Amortegui JD, Jeroukhimov IM, Casillas J, Schulman CI, Manning RJ, et al. Magnetic resonance
cholangiopancreatography accurately detects common bile duct stones in resolving gallstone pancreatitis. J Am
Coll Surg. 2005 Jun;200(6):869-75.
or
Hallal AH, Amortegui JD, Jeroukhimov IM, Casillas J, Schulman CI, Manning RJ, and others. Magnetic
resonance cholangiopancreatography accurately detects common bile duct stones in resolving gallstone
pancreatitis. J Am Coll Surg. 2005 Jun;200(6):869-75.
50 Citing Medicine
4. Journal article with organization as author

American Diabetes Association. Diabetes update. Nursing. 2003 Nov;Suppl:19-20, 24.
Parkinson Study Group. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of rasagiline in levodopa-treated patients with
Parkinson disease and motor fluctuations: the PRESTO study. Arch Neurol. 2005 Feb;62(2):241-8.
Merritt, Hawkins & Associates. 2004 survey of physicians 50 to 65 years old. J Med Assoc Ga. 2004;93(3):21-6.
Institute of Medical Illustrators. Photography of cleft audit patients. J Audiov Media Med. 2004 Dec;27(4):170-4.
Sugarterapias es Onkologiai Szakmai Kollegium. [Methodologic recommendations of the Oncology and
Radiotherapy College. Protocol for oncology care. Diagnostic algorithms in the course of patient follow-up].
Magy Onkol. 2004;48(4):339-47. Hungarian.
5. Journal article with organization as author, with subsidiary part of the

organization included
American College of Dentists, Board of Regents. The ethics of quackery and fraud in dentistry: a position paper.
J Am Coll Dent. 2003;70(3):6-8.
Council of Europe, Steering Committee on Bioethics. Draft additional protocol to the Convention on Human
Rights and Biomedicine, on biomedical research. J Int Bioethique. 2004 Mar;15(1):107-22.
6. Journal article with multiple organizations as author

American Dietetic Association; Dietitians of Canada. Position of the American Dietetic Association and
Dietitians of Canada: nutrition and women's health. J Am Diet Assoc. 2004 Jun;104(6):984-1001.
Sociedade Portuguesa de Pneumologia; Comissao de Infecciologia Respiratoria. [Portuguese Respiratory Society
guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in immunocompetent adults]. Rev Port
Pneumol. 2003 Sep-Oct;9(5):435-61. Portuguese.
Polish Neurologic Society; Polish Neurosurgical Society. [Recommendation of the Polish Neurologic Society and
the Polish Neurosurgical Society regarding stroke prevention and therapy]. Neurol Neurochir Pol. 2003;37 Suppl
6:3-41. Polish.
7. Journal article with multiple organizations as author, with subsidiary

part of the organization included
American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Pediatric Emergency Medicine; American College of
Emergency Physicians, Pediatric Committee. Care of children in the emergency department: guidelines for
preparedness. Pediatrics. 2001 Apr;107(4):777-81.
8. Journal article with governmental body as author

National Institutes of Health (US). End-of-life care. National Institutes of Health statement on the state of the
science. AWHONN Lifelines. 2005 Feb-Mar;9(1):15-22.
United States District Court, S.D. Florida, Miami Division. Greenberg v. Miami Children's Hospital Research
Institute. Wests Fed Suppl. 2003;264:1064-78.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US); Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (US). Policy
on the inclusion of women and racial and ethnic minorities in externally awarded research; notice. Fed Regist.
1995 Sep 15;60(179):47947-51.
Journals 51
National Institute on Drug Abuse (US); Caribbean Epidemiology Centre; Pan American Health Organization;
World Health Organization. Building a collaborative research agenda: drug abuse and HIV/AIDS in the
Caribbean 2002-2004. West Indian Med J. 2004 Nov;53 Suppl 4:1-78.
9. Journal article with both a personal author and an organization as

author
Orchard TJ, Temprosa M, Goldberg R, Haffner S, Ratner R, Marcovina S, Fowler S; Diabetes Prevention
Program Research Group. The effect of metformin and intensive lifestyle intervention on the metabolic
syndrome: the Diabetes Prevention Program randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2005 Apr 19;142(8):611-9.
Faustini A, Giorgi Rossi P, Perucci CA; Gruppo Regionale Sorveglianza Tossinfezioni. [Impact of guidelines in
investigating foodborne disease outbreaks services in Lazio region, Italy]. Epidemiol Prev. 2003 Nov-
Dec;27(6):333-9. Italian.
Margulies EH; NISC Comparative Sequencing Program; Maduro VV, Thomas PJ, Tomkins JP, Amemiya CT, Luo
M, Green ED. Comparative sequencing provides insights about the structure and conservation of marsupial and
monotreme genomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Mar 1;102(9):3354-9.
10. Journal article with a personal author and more than one
organization as author
Mulligan K, Zackin R, Clark RA, Alston-Smith B, Liu T, Sattler FR, Delvers TB, Currier JS; AIDS Clinical Trials
Group 329 Study Team; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Adult AIDS Clinical Trials Group
(US). Effect of nandrolone decanoate therapy on weight and lean body mass in HIV-infected women with
weight loss: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. Arch Intern Med. 2005 Mar
14;165(5):578-85.
11. Journal article with a personal author and note on the organization,
as recommended by NISO
Orchard TJ, Temprosa M, Goldberg R, Haffner S, Ratner R, Marcovina S, Fowler S. The effect of metformin and
intensive lifestyle intervention on the metabolic syndrome: the Diabetes Prevention Program randomized trial.
Ann Intern Med. 2005 Apr 19;142(8):611-9. Authors are members of the Diabetes Prevention Program Research
Group.
12. Journal article authors with designations of rank within a family

King JT Jr, Horowitz MB, Kassam AB, Yonas H, Roberts MS. The short form-12 and the measurement of health
status in patients with cerebral aneurysms: performance, validity, and reliability. J Neurosurg. 2005
Mar;102(3):489-94.
Coats DK, Stager DR Sr, Beauchamp GR, Stager DR Jr, Mazow ML, Paysse EA, Felius J. Reasons for delay of
surgical intervention in adult strabismus. Arch Ophthalmol. 2005 Apr;123(4):497-9.
Pendergast D, Mollendorf J, Zamparo P, Termin A 2nd, Bushnell D, Paschke D. The influence of drag on human
locomotion in water. Undersea Hyperb Med. 2005 Jan-Feb;32(1):45-57.
Infram JJ 3rd. Speaking of good health. Tenn Med. 2005 Feb;98(2):53.
Bennett KE, Beaty BJ, Black WC 4th. Selection of D2S3, an Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) strain with high
oral susceptibility to Dengue 2 virus and D2MEB, a strain with a midgut barrier to Dengue 2 escape. J Med
Entomol. 2005 Mar;42(2):110-9.
52 Citing Medicine
13. Journal article authors with compound last names (give as found in
the article)
Bruno-Ambrosius K, Yucel-Lindberg T, Twetman S. Salivary buffer capacity in relation to menarche and
progesterone levels in saliva from adolescent girls: a longitudinal study. Acta Odontol Scand. 2004
Oct;62(5):269-72.
Fuentes Ramirez M, Lopez Moreno S. [Social health research: recent communications in Salud Publica de
Mexico]. Salud Publica Mex. 2005 Jan-Feb;47(1):5-7. Spanish.
Mier y Teran J. [An interview of Salud Publica de Mexico with Dr. Jaime Mier y Teran, Ministry of Health of
Tabasco]. Salud Publica Mex. 2005 Jan-Feb;47(1):78-82. Spanish.
Halley des Fontaines V. [The public health law of August 2004 between public responsibility and private
collaboration]. Sante Publique. 2004 Dec;16(4):613-5. French.
14. Journal article author names with particles, prepostitions, prefixes

(give as found in the article)
O'Neill GM, Catchpoole DR, Golemis EA. From correlation to causality: microarrays, cancer, and cancer
treatment. Biotechniques. 2003 Mar;Suppl:64-71.
MacGregor RJ. A functional view of consciousness and its relations in brain. J Integr Neurosci. 2004
Sep;3(3):253-66.
Lee CH, Macgregor PF. Using microarrays to predict resistance to chemotherapy in cancer patients.
Pharmacogenomics. 2004 Sep;5(6):611-25.
DeWolf WC, Gaston SM. The cell cycle and its relevance to the urologist. J Urol. 2004 Apr;171(4):1674-81.
De Wolf H, Blust R, Backeljau T. The use of RAPD in ecotoxicology. Mutat Res. 2004 May;566(3):249-62.
de Pouvourville G, Ulmann P, Nixon J, Boulenger S, Glanville J, Drummond M. The diffusion of health
economics knowledge in Europe: The EURONHEED (European Network of Health Economics Evaluation
Database) project. Pharmacoeconomics. 2005;23(2):113-20.
Hashim DS, Al Kubaisy W, Al Dulayme A. Knowledge, attitudes and practices survey among health care workers
and tuberculosis patients in Iraq. East Mediterr Health J. 2003 Jul;9(4):718-31.
Abou Shabana K, el-Shiek M, el-Nazer M, Samir N. Women's perceptions and practices regarding their rights to
reproductive health. East Mediterr Health J. 2003 May;9(3):296-308.
Cowper SE, Bucala R, LeBoit PE. Case 35-2004: nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy. N Engl J Med. 2005 Apr
21;352(16):1723-4; author reply 1723-4.
van Wamel A, Bouakaz A, Bernard B, ten Cate F, de Jong N. Controlled drug delivery with ultrasound and gas
microbubbles. J Control Release. 2005 Jan 3;101(1-3):389-91.
Versantvoort CH, Oomen AG, Van de Kamp E, Rompelberg CJ, Sips AJ. Applicability of an in vitro digestion
model in assessing the bioaccessibility of mycotoxins from food. Food Chem Toxicol. 2005 Jan;43(1):31-40.
15. Journal article authors with romanized names

Nyporko AIu, Demchuk ON, Blium IaB. [Analysis of structural characteristics of alpha-tubulins in plants with
enhanced cold tolerance]. Tsitol Genet. 2003 Nov-Dec;37(6):3-11. Russian.
Journals 53
Ni H, Qing D, Kaisa S, Lu J. [The study on the effect of LBP on cleaning hydroxygen free radical by EPR
technique]. Zhong Yao Cai. 2004 Aug;27(8):599-600. Chinese.
16. Journal article with no author provided

Pelvic floor exercise can reduce stress incontinence. Health News. 2005 Apr;11(4):11.
Drug-resistance tuberculosis among the foreign-born in Canada. Can Commun Dis Rep. 2005 Feb
15;31(4):46-52. English, French.
17. Journal article with author affiliation included (give the affiliation of
only the first author or all authors)
Patterson F (Department of Psychology, City University, London EC1V 0HB. f.patterson@city.ac.uk), Ferguson
E, Norfolk T, Lane P. A new selection system to recruit general practice registrars: preliminary findings from a
validation study. BMJ. 2005 Mar 26;330(7493):711-4.
Mahmutyazicioglu K (Department of Radiology, Zonguldak Karaelmas University School of Medicine, Kozlu
Zonguldak, Turkey), Ogawa T (Department of Radiology, Tottori University School of Medicine,Yonago, Japan).
Remote effect of optic tract trauma in the occipital lobe (case report). Diagn Interv Radiol. 2005
Mar;11(1):19-22.
Pinet LM (Departamento de Servicios de Salud de Emergencia, Escuela de Posgrado, Universidad de Maryland,
Condado de Baltimore, USA. lpinetl@umbc.edu). [Prehospital emergency care in Mexico City: the opportunities
of the healthcare system]. Salud Publica Mex. 2005 Jan-Feb;47(1):64-71. Spanish.
Benyahia B (Federation de Neurologie Mazarin, Hopital de la Salpetriere, Paris, France), Carpentier AF, Delattre
JY. [Antineuron antibodies and paraneoplastic neurological syndromes]. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2003
Apr;159(4):463-5. French.

in a roman alphabet
Berrino F, Gatta G, Crosignani P. [Case-control evaluation of screening efficacy]. Epidemiol Prev. 2004 Nov-
Dec;28(6):354-9. Italian.
Bechade D, Desrame J, Raynaud JJ, Algayres JP. [Oesophageal ulcer associated with the use of bacampicillin].
Presse Med. 2005 Feb 26;34(4):299-300. French.
in a non-roman alphabet
Zhao L, Li H, Han D. [Effects of intestinal endotoxemia on the development of cirrhosis in rats]. Zhonghua Gan
Zang Bing Za Zhi. 2001 Jul;9 Suppl:21-3. Chinese.
Paroussis D, Papaoutsopoulou C. [Porcelain laminate veneers (HI-ERAM)]. Odontostomatol Proodos. 1990
Dec;44(6):423-6. Greek.
19. Journal article in a language other than English with optional

original language title included
Calera Rubio AA, Roel Valdes JM, Casal Lareo A, Gadea Merino R, Rodrigo Cencillo F. Riesgo quimico laboral:
elementos para un diagnostico en Espana [Occupational chemical risk: elements for a diagnostic in Spain]. Rev
Esp Salud Publica. 2005 Mar-Apr;79(2):283-95. Spanish.
54 Citing Medicine

Warnock GL. Quality care is job one = Les soins de qualite font du chemin. Can J Surg. 2005 Feb;48(1):6-8.
English, French.
Picozzi G, Paci E, Lopez Pegna A, Bartolucci M, Roselli G, De Francisci A, Gabrielli S, Masi A, Villari N,
Mascalchi M. Screening della neoplasia polmonare con TC spirale a bassa dose. Risultati di uno studio pilota
triennale e disegno dello studio clinico randomizzato ''Italung-CT'' = Screening of lung cancer with low dose
spiral CT: results of a three year pilot study and design of the randomised controlled trial ''Italung-CT''. Radiol
Med (Torino). 2005 Jan-Feb;109(1-2):17-26. Italian, English.

Mittelmark MB, Lamarre MC. The IUHPE's response to the Tsunami disaster. Promot Educ. 2004;11(4):203,
222, 237. English, French, Spanish.
Colombo C. [How "Spanish flu" is not recognized]. Krankenpfl Soins Infirm. 2006;99(6):10-4, 40-3, 62-4.
German, French, Italian.
22. Journal article title beginning with a lower case letter

Yao S, Zhang Y, Li J. c-jun/AP-1 activation does not affect the antiproliferative activity of phenethyl
isothiocyanate, a cruciferous vegetable-derived cancer chemopreventive agent. Mol Carcinog. 2006
Aug;45(8):605-12.
Sun Y. p53 and its downstream proteins as molecular targets of cancer. Mol Carcinog. 2006 Jun;45(6):409-15.
23. Journal article title with special characters

Greek letters may be written out if special fonts are not available
Guan M, Chen Y. Aberrant expression of ΔNp73 in benign and malignant tumours of the prostate: correlation
with Gleason score. J Clin Pathol. 2005 Nov;58(11):1175-9.
may become
Guan M, Chen Y. Aberrant expression of DeltaNp73 in benign and malignant tumours of the prostate:
correlation with Gleason score. J Clin Pathol. 2005 Nov;58(11):1175-9.
Bell RP, Verdijk D, Relou M, Smith D, Regeling H, Ebbers EJ, Leemhuis FM, Oniciu DC, Cramer CT, Goetz B,
Pape ME, Krause BR, Dasseux JL. α-cycloalkyl-substituted ω-keto-dicarboxylic acids as lipid regulating agents.
Bioorg Med Chem. 2005 Jan 3;13(1):223-36.
may become
Bell RP, Verdijk D, Relou M, Smith D, Regeling H, Ebbers EJ, Leemhuis FM, Oniciu DC, Cramer CT, Goetz B,
Pape ME, Krause BR, Dasseux JL. alpha-cycloalkyl-substituted omega-keto-dicarboxylic acids as lipid regulating
agents. Bioorg Med Chem. 2005 Jan 3;13(1):223-36.
Superscripts/subscripts may be enclosed in parentheses as regular type if special fonts are not available
Paluchowska MH, Charakchieva-Minol S, Tatarczynska E, Klodzinska A, Stachowicz K, Chojnacka-Wojcik E.
New 4-[ω-(diarylmethylamino)alkyl]- and 4-[ω-(diarylmethoxy)alkyl]-1-arylpiperazines as selective 5-HT1A/5-
HT2A receptor ligands with differentiated in vivo activity. Pol J Pharmacol. 2004 Nov-Dec;56(6):743-54.
may become
Journals 55
Paluchowska MH, Charakchieva-Minol S, Tatarczynska E, Klodzinska A, Stachowicz K, Chojnacka-Wojcik E.

New 4-[omega-(diarylmethylamino)alkyl]- and 4-[omega-(diarylmethoxy)alkyl]-1-arylpiperazines as selective
5-HT(1A)/5-HT(2A) receptor ligands with differentiated in vivo activity. Pol J Pharmacol. 2004 Nov-
Dec;56(6):743-54.
24. Journal article with type of article indicated

Zhang Y, Griendling KK, Taylor WR. A critical role for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in neointima formation
induced by carotid ligation [abstract]. Circulation. 2004 Oct 26;110(17 Suppl):III-259. Abstract no. 1238.
Jackson B, Fleming T. A drug is effective if better than a harmless control [letter]. Nature. 2005 Apr
28;434(7037):1067.
Gayer T, Hahn RW. Regulating mercury: what's at stake? [letter]. Science. 2005 Jul 8;309(5732):244-5.
Kardel T. [Can a physician pay too many visits? (letter)]. Ugeskr Laeger. 2005 Jun 13;167(24):2666. Danish.
Flegel K. Biographies of healers [book review]. CMAJ. 2007 Jul 3;177(1):70.
25. Journal title consisting of a single word

Bryant BJ, Alperin JB, Indrikovs AJ. Blood bank on-call physician's experiences at a large university medical
center. Transfusion. 2005 Jan;45(1):35-40.
26. Journal title in a character-based language

Itabashi M, Yoshida K, Kameoka S. [Sentinel node navigation surgery for colorectal cancer]. Gan To Kagaku
Ryoho. 2005 Apr;32(4):557-60. Japanese.
Li YJ, He X, Liu LN, Lan YY, Wang AM, Wang YL. [Studies on chemical constituents in herb of Polygonum
orientale]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2005 Mar;30(6):444-6. Chinese.

Fisher ML, Balke CW, Freudenberger R. Therapeutic options in advanced heart failure. Hosp Pract (Off Ed).
1997 Dec 15;32(12):97-106.
Pekcan O, Kara S. Cation effect on thermal transition of iota-carrageenan: a photon transmission study. J
Biomater Sci (Polym Ed). 2005;16(3):317-33.
28. Journal title with city of publication added after the title for
clarification
Lillehei KO, Simon J, Gaspar L, Damek DM. Non-small-cell lung cancer with brain metastasis. Oncology
(Williston Park). 2004 Dec;18(14):1725-8.

Scott JD. The protease inhibitor drugs. Posit Aware. 2005 Winter;Spec No:16-9.
Mar Molinero F, Ramos Amador JT, Sanchez Diaz JI. Terapeutica antimicrobiana en las infecciones respiratorias
de vias bajas [Antibacterial therapy in lower respiratory tract infections]. An Esp Pediatr. 1997 Jun;Spec No
2:207-8. Spanish.
56 Citing Medicine

Beyond menopause. Life after estrogen. Mayo Clin Health Lett. 2005 Feb;Suppl:1-8.
Draghici S, Khatri P, Shah A, Tainsky MA. Assessing the functional bias of commercial microarrays using the
onto-compare database. Biotechniques. 2003 Mar;Suppl:55-61.
Kenney JT Jr. The pharmacy director's view of the implications of dose escalation. Manag Care Interface.
2004;Suppl A:9-10.
Doherty DE, Briggs DD Jr. Long-term nonpharmacologic management of patients with chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease. Clin Cornerstone. 2004;Suppl 2:S29-34.

New measurement methods require reassessment of WHO criteria. Diagn Imaging (San Franc). 1998 Nov;Suppl
Bone Mass:7.

Ophthalmology sourcebook & reference guide 1990. Ophthalmology. 1990 Sep;(Pt 2):1-145.
Sanders G, Hesse A, Leusmann DB. Experimental investigation of the genesis of struvite stones in cats. Scan
Electron Microsc. 1986;(Pt 4):1713-20.
34. Journal article with season included in date

Swan T. Current challenges in hepatitis C. Res Initiat Treat Action. 2004 Fall;10(2):17-20.
Hilgers K, Ramer P. Forced medication of defendants to achieve trial competency: an update on the law after
Sell. Georget J Leg Ethics. 2004 Summer;17(4):813-26.
Hesperian Foundation; Program for Appropriate Technology in Health PATH. Cancer of the cervix: a training
guide to promote awareness. Hesperian Found News. 1997 Spring-Summer;Suppl:1-4.
35. Journal article with multiple years of publication

Legge A. Children in need. Nurs Times. 2002 Dec 17-2003 Jan 6;98(51):40-1.
Spencer P, Zakaib G, Winter E. The risks of reuse: legal implications for hospitals of reusing single-use medical
devices. Hosp Q. 2001-2002 Winter;5(2):68-70.
Vagg L, Taylor O, Riley M, Palma S, Halliday J. Validation of the Victorian Perinatal Morbidity Statistics form:
new items, pre-coded text and free text. Health Inf Manag. 1999-2000;29(3):118-22.
Martin H, Rushforth P. The big bang approach to health reform: an update from the Calgary Regional Health
Authority. Hosp Q. 1998-1999 Winter;2(2):43-50.
36. Journal article with multiple months of publication

Clark P, Lavielle P, Duarte C. Patient ratings of care at a rheumatology out-patient unit. Arch Med Res. 2004 Jan-
Feb;35(1):82-6.
Journals 57
Fleming J, Chetty M. Psychotropic drug interactions with valproate. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2005 Mar-
Apr;28(2):96-101.
Flanagan M. One nurse's story. Prairie Rose. 2005 Feb-Apr;74(1):8.
Lacasse Y, Beaudoin L, Rousseau L, Maltais F. Randomized trial of paroxetine in end-stage COPD. Monaldi Arch
Chest Dis. 2004 Jul-Sep;61(3):140-7.
Morris D, Turnbull P. Dyslexia. Br J Nurs. 2005 Jan 27-Feb 9;14(2):63.
37. Journal article with multiple days of publication

Townsend E, Griffiths G, Rocker M, Winter R, Lewis M. Setting up a screening service for abdominal aortic
aneurysm. Nurs Times. 2005 Feb 1-7;101(5):36-8.
Jootun D, MacInnes A. Examining how well students use correct handling procedures. Nurs Times. 2005 Jan
25-31;101(4):38-40.

El Shehaby A, Ganz JC, Reda WA, Hafez A. Temporary symptomatic swelling of meningiomas following gamma
knife surgery. Report of two cases. J Neurosurg. 2005 Jan;102 Suppl:293-6.
Lee A, Chan EC, Ho M, Wong WS, Ng PP. The importance of needs assessment in planning health promoting
schools initiatives: comparison of youth risk behaviours of two districts in Hong Kong. Asia Pac J Public Health.
2004;16 Suppl:S7-11.

Tolosa E, Valldeoriola F. Mid-stage parkinsonism with mild motor fluctuations. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1994;17
Suppl 2:S19-31.
Shortliffe LM, McCue JD. Urinary tract infection at the age extremes: pediatrics and geriatrics. Am J Med. 2002
Jul 8;113 Suppl 1A:55S-66S.
Black HR. Evaluation of the elderly hypertensive. Geriatrics. 1989 Oct;44 Suppl B:15-9.

Veselko M, Kastelec M. Inferior patellar pole avulsion fractures: osteosynthesis compared with pole resection.
Surgical technique. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005 Mar;87 Suppl 1 Pt 1:113-21.
Brosen K, Gram LF, Sindrup S, Skjelbo E, Nielsen KK. Pharmacogenetics of tricyclic and novel antidepressants:
recent developments. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1992;15 Suppl 1 Pt A:80A-81A.

4th Congress of the European Haematology Association. Barcelona, Spain, June 9-12, 1999. Abstracts.
Haematologica. 1999 Jun;84 Abstr Suppl:1-285.
Cattaneo M, Mannucci PM. Current status of non-transfusional haemostatic agents. Haematologica. 1999 Jun;84
Suppl EHA-4:120-3.
58 Citing Medicine

Neulander E, Rivera I, Wajsman Z. The role of the simple cystectomy in urologic surgery. Adv Exp Med Biol.
2003;539(Pt A):535-47.
Garcia R, Yuqiu J, Schabtach E, Bustamante C. Deposition and imaging of metal-coated biomolecules with the
STM. Ultramicroscopy. 1992 Jul;42-44(Pt B):1250-4.
Hoffer A, Youngren VR. Is free association still at the core of psychoanalysis? Int J Psychoanal. 2004 Dec;85(Pt
6):1489-92.
Erickson D, Fujimura O, Pardo B. Articulatory correlates of prosodic control: emotion and emphasis. Lang
Speech. 1998 Jul-Dec;41(Pt 3-4):399-417.
Afsar AJ, Patel S, Woods RL, Wykes W. A comparison of visual performance between a rigid PMMA and a
foldable acrylic intraocular lens. Eye. 1999 Jun;13(Pt 3a):329-35.

Claridge KG, Francis PJ, Bates AK. Should second eye cataract surgery be rationed? Eye. 1995;9(Pt 6 Suppl):47-9.
15th International Cancer Congress. Hamburg, August 16-22, 1990. Part II: Lecture abstracts. J Cancer Res Clin
Oncol. 1990;116(Pt 2 Suppl):773-1252.

Rico G, Kretschmer RR. The monocyte locomotion inhibitory factor (MLIF) produced by axenically grown
Entamoeba histolytica fails to affect the locomotion and the respiratory burst of human eosinophils in vitro.
Arch Med Res. 1997;28 Spec No:233-4.
Auriacombe L, Pedroni E, Kachaner J, Mandel C, Sidi D. [Aptitude for sports in children operated on for aortic
coarctation. Contribution of the exercise test]. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss. 1989 Aug;82 Spec No 2:13-6. French.
45. Journal article with multiple volume numbers

Bakonyi G, Nagy P, Kadar I. Long-term effects of heavy metals and microelements on nematode assemblage.
Toxicol Lett. 2003 Apr 11;140-141:391-401.

Prokai-Tatrai K, Prokai L. Modifying peptide properties by prodrug design for enhanced transport into the CNS.
Prog Drug Res. 2003;61:155-88.
47. Journal article with volume in a new series

Hughes JA, Brazeau GA. Genetically engineered vaccines. Am Pharm. 1995 Dec;NS35(12):9-10.
48. Journal article issue with name instead of number

Picardi E, Regina TM, Brennicke A, Quagliariello C. REDIdb: the RNA editing database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2007
Jan;35(Database issue):D173-7.

Crawford M, Mullan J, Vanderveen T. Technology and safe medication administration. J Infus Nurs. 2005 Mar-
Apr;28(2 Suppl):37-41.
Journals 59
Fabregas B. [Ethics and gerontology. The dialyzed elderly patient: until when? For what terminal goals?]. Soins.
2003 Oct;(679 Suppl):18. French.

Montserrat E. Rituximab in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Semin Oncol. 2003 Feb;30(1 Suppl 2):34-9.
Ng AK, Hickey G, Li S, Neuberg D, Mauch PM. A randomized phase II trial of amifostine for head and neck
irradiation in lymphoma. Semin Oncol. 2004 Dec;31(6 Suppl 18):20-4.
Ferguson JJ, Douglas JS, Holmes DR, Roubin GS, Smith KM. Angiography and interventional cardiology. J Am
Coll Cardiol. 2004 Jul 21;44(2 Suppl A):13A-15A.

Abstracts of the 41st Annual Meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO). May 13-17, 2005.
Orlando, Florida, USA. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Jun 1;23(16 Suppl Pt 1):1s-1087s.

Leifer BP. Early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: clinical and economic benefits. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003
May;51(5 Suppl Dementia):S281-8.

Menter A. Pharmacokinetics and safety of tazarotene. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000 Aug;43(2 Pt 3):S31-5.
Fukuzawa M, Oguchi S, Saida T. Kaposi's varicelliform eruption of an elderly patient with multiple myeloma. J
Am Acad Dermatol. 2000 May;42(5 Pt 2):921-2.
Arouh S, Levine H. Nutrient chemotaxis suppression of a diffusive instability in bacterial colony dynamics. Phys
Rev E Stat Phys Plasmas Fluids Relat Interdiscip Topics. 2000 Jul;62(1 Pt B):1444-7.
Gosse P, Jullien V, Jarnier P, Lemetayer P, Clementy J. Reduction in arterial distensibility in hypertensive patients
as evaluated by ambulatory measurement of the QKD interval is correlated with concentric remodeling of the
left ventricle. Am J Hypertens. 1999 Dec;12(12 Pt 1-2):1252-5.

Baxter CR. Foreword: comments on critical pathways. J Burn Care Rehabil. 1995;16(2 Pt 2 Suppl):189.
Wiatrak BJ, Wiatrak DW, Broker TR, Lewis L. Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis: a longitudinal study
comparing severity associated with human papilloma viral types 6 and 11 and other risk factors in a large
pediatric population. Laryngoscope. 2004 Nov;114(11 Pt 2 Suppl 104):1-23.

Muller H, Scott R, Weber W, Meier R. Colorectal cancer: lessons for genetic counselling and care for families.
Clin Genet. 1994 Jul;46(1 Spec No):106-14.
Brander VA, Hinderer SR, Alpiner N, Oh TH. Rehabilitation in joint and connective tissue diseases. 3. Limb
disorders. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1995 May;76(5 Spec No):S47-56.
60 Citing Medicine
56. Journal article with multiple issue numbers

Miller NB, Smerglia VL, Bouchet N. Women's adjustment to widowhood: does social support matter? J Women
Aging. 2004;16(3-4):149-67.
Adams TB, Smith RL. Issues and challenges in the safety evaluation of food flavors. Toxicol Lett. 2004 Apr
1;149(1-3):209-13.
Rattan KN, Budhiraja S, Pandit SK, Solanki RS, Sen R, Sen J. Caudal duplication--a case report. Pediatr Surg Int.
2000;16(5-6):445-6.
Kongbangkerd A, Kopf A, Allacher P, Wawrosch C, Kopp B. Micropropagation of squill (Charybdis numidica)
through nodule culture. Plant Cell Rep. 2005 Mar;23(10-11):673-7.

Shul'gina GI, Ziablitseva EA. [Effect of the GABA derivative phenibut on learning]. Vestn Ross Akad Med Nauk.
2005;(2):35-40. Russian.
Abidov AM, Saiitkulov AM. [Treatment of disorders in interferon status of patients with urogenital chlamydial
infection]. Lik Sprava. 2003 Apr-Jun;(3-4):81-4. Russian.

AACN national study reports important critical pathways findings. AACN News. 1995 Jul:5.
Schwartz-Cassell T. Feeding assistants: based on logic or way off base? Contemp Longterm Care. 2005 Jan:26-8.
59. Journal article with page numbers including a letter

letter preceding the page numbers
Siedenburg J, Perry I, Stuben U. Tropical medicine and travel medicine: medical advice for aviation medical
examiners concerning flight operations in tropical areas. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2005 Mar;76(3 Suppl):A1-30.
Barrett CJ, Malpas SC. Problems, possibilities, and pitfalls in studying the arterial baroreflexes' influence over
long-term control of blood pressure. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2005 Apr;288(4):R837-45.
Guo X, Lu X, Kassab GS. Transmural strain distribution in the blood vessel wall. Am J Physiol Heart Circ
Physiol. 2005 Feb;288(2):H881-6.
Staiano S. Trial--unknown accused--defense warranty. Forensic Sci Int. 2004 Dec 2;146 Suppl:S221-2.
Hafeez A, Mehmood G, Mazhar F. Oral zinc supplementation in pregnant women and its effect on birth weight:
a randomised controlled trial. Arch Dis Child (Fetal Neonatal Ed). 2005 Mar;90(2):F170-1.
letter following the page numbers
Hop LT, Berger J. Multiple micronutrient supplementation improves anemia, micronutrient nutrient status, and
growth of Vietnamese infants: double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Nutr. 2005
Mar;135(3):660S-665S.
Coltorti M. [The pharmacological therapy of intrahepatic cholestasis]. Ann Ital Med Int. 1993 Oct;8
Suppl:41S-47S. Italian.
Stern RA, Nevels CT, Shelhorse ME, Prohaska ML, Mason GA, Prange AJ Jr. The use of T3 to enhance the effects
of ECT. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1992;15 Suppl 1 Pt A:387A-388A.
Journals 61
60. Journal article with roman numerals for page numbers (upper or
lower case as found)
Weinstock MA. Public health messages regarding skin cancer. J Invest Dermatol. 2004 Dec;123(6):xvii-xix.
Giger JN. Human genetics: can we really eliminate health disparities. J Natl Black Nurses Assoc. 2003
Jun;14(1):vii-viii.
Shaldon S. Hemodialysis vascular access and peritoneal dialysis access. Preface. Contrib Nephrol. 2004;142:X-
XII.
Klyszejko-Stefanowicz L, Gniazdowski M. The birth of biochemistry in Lodz. Acta Biochim Pol. 2003;50(2):V-
VIII.
61. Journal article with discontinuous pagination

Fitzgerald-Bocarsly P. Natural interferon-alpha producing cells: the plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Biotechniques.
2002 Oct;Suppl:16-20, 22, 24-9.
Ferguson-Noyes N. Bipolar disorder in children: diagnostic and treatment issues. Adv Nurse Pract. 2005
Mar;13(3):35-6, 38-40, 42.
Assael LA. Should dentists become 'oral physicians'? No, dentistry must remain dentistry. J Am Dent Assoc.
2004 Apr;135(4):439, 441, 443 passim.
Pelletier KR, Astin JA. Integration and reimbursement of complementary and alternative medicine by managed
care and insurance providers: 2000 update and cohort analysis. Altern Ther Health Med. 2002 Jan-Feb;8(1):38-9,
42, 44 passim.
Vowden K. Complex wound or complex patient? Strategies for treatment. Br J Community Nurs. 2005
Jun;Suppl:S6, S8, S10 passim.
62. Article on an insert, pages tipped in the issue

Loprinzi C. Follow-up care after breast cancer treatment. Mayo Clin Womens Healthsource. 2004 Sep;8(9):suppl
1-2.
Moore W. Screening. More harm than good? Health Serv J. 2000 Apr 27;110(5702):suppl 3.
63. Journal article with indication that additional text follows it

discussion
Hoffmann J, Lenhard A. Psychology has to deal with efferences too. J Mot Behav. 2004 Dec;36(4):384-5, 402-7;
discussion 408-17.
quiz
Preston BL, Warren RC, Wooten SM, Gragg RD 3rd, Walker B. Environmental health and antisocial behavior:
implications for public policy. J Environ Health. 2001 May;63(9):9-19; quiz 33-4.
letter with reply by author
Graham DY, Chan FK. Endoscopic ulcers with low-dose aspirin and reality testing. Gastroenterology. 2005
Mar;128(3):807; author reply 807-8.
62 Citing Medicine
64. Journal article with no page number provided

Jerger J. Broadening our horizons. J Am Acad Audiol. 1998 Feb;9(1):[preceding p. 1].
[New nifedipine preparation makes single daily dose possible]. Fortschr Med. 1997 Nov 30;115(33):[following p.
54]. German.
Gearry RB, Cook HB, Burt MJ. Time for gastroscopy. N Z Med J. 2003 Jan 24;116(1168):[1 p.].
65. Journal article that is a retraction notice

Chen C, Li Q. A strict solution for the optimal superimposition of protein structures. Retraction. Acta
Crystallogr A. 2004 Nov;60(Pt 6):640. Retraction of: Chen C, Li Q. Acta Crystallogr A. 2004 May;60(Pt 3):201-3.
Bassett D, Morrell JC, Gatto GJ Jr, Bai J, Geisbrecht BV, Hieter P, Gould SJ. Detecting patterns of protein
distribution and gene expression in silico. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Jan 11;102(2):516. Retraction of:
Geraghty MT, Bassett D, Morrell JC, Gatto GJ Jr, Bai J, Geisbrecht BV, Hieter P, Gould SJ. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S
A. 1999 Mar 16;96(6):2937-42.
66. Journal article retracted

Chen C, Li Q. A strict solution for the optimal superimposition of protein structures. Acta Crystallogr A. 2004
May;60(Pt 3):201-3. Retraction in: Chen C, Li Q. Acta Crystallogr A. 2004 Nov;60(Pt 6):640.
Geraghty MT, Bassett D, Morrell JC, Gatto GJ Jr, Bai J, Geisbrecht BV, Hieter P, Gould SJ. Detecting patterns of
protein distribution and gene expression in silico. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Mar 16;96(6):2937-42.
Retraction in: Bassett D, Morrell JC, Gatto GJ Jr, Bai J, Geisbrecht BV, Hieter P, Gould SJ. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S
A. 2005 Jan 11;102(2):516.
67. Journal article that is an erratum notice

Scuderi A, Letsou A. Amnioserosa is required for dorsal closure in Drosophila. Dev Dyn. 2005 May;233(1):249.
Erratum for: Dev Dyn. 2005 Mar;232(3):791-800.
Colau JC. [Contrary medical references in Gynecology-Obstetrics]. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris).
1997;26(6):650-1. French. Erratum for: J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris). 1997;26(2):124-30.
68. Journal article having an erratum

Scuderi A, Letsou A. Amnioserosa is required for dorsal closure in Drosophila. Dev Dyn. 2005
Mar;232(3):791-800. Erratum in: Dev Dyn. 2005 May;233(1):249.
Lansac J. [Medical consensus practice guidelines in gynecology-obstetrics]. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod
(Paris). 1997;26(2):124-30. French. Erratum in: J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris). 1997;26(6):650-1.
69. Journal article with indication article published electronically before

print
Walsh B, Steiner A, Pickering RM, Ward-Basu J. Economic evaluation of nurse led intermediate care versus
standard care for post-acute medical patients: cost minimisation analysis of data from a randomised controlled
trial. BMJ. 2005 Mar 26;330(7493):699. Epub 2005 Mar 9.
Journals 63
70. Journal article with an indication it may be found in PubMed

Amalberti R, Auroy Y, Berwick D, Barach P. Five system barriers to achieving ultrasafe health care. Ann Intern
Med. 2005 May 3;142(9):756-64. Cited in: PubMed; PMID 15867408.
71. Journal article with DOI provided

Bhutta ZA, Darmstadt GL, Hasan BS, Haws RA. Community-based interventions for improving perinatal and
neonatal health outcomes in developing countries: a review of the evidence. Pediatrics. 2005 Feb;115(2
Suppl):519-617. doi:10.1542/peds.2004-1441.

Moore W Jr, Lambert PD. The chromosomes of the Beagle dog. J Hered [microfilm]. 1963 Nov-Dec;54(6):273-6.
1 reel: black & white, negative, 35 mm.
Habibullah CM, Mujahid Ali M, Ishaq M. Dermatoglyphic profiles in duodenal ulcer: further evidence for
association. IRCS Med Sci [microfiche]. 1986 Dec;14(2):1227-8. 2 of 2 microfiche: black & white, 4 x 6 in.
73. Journal article accompanied by a videocassette, CD-ROM, or other

visual medium
Sathananthan AH, Tarin JJ, Gianaroli L, Ng SC, Dharmawardena V, Magli MC, Fernando R, Trounson AO.
Development of the human dispermic embryo. Hum Reprod Update. 1999 Sep-Oct;5(5):553-60. Accompanied
by: Video on CD-ROM.
Orchard JW, Alcott E, James T, Farhart P, Portus M, Waugh SR. Exact moment of a gastrocnemius muscle strain
captured on video. Br J Sports Med. 2002 Jun;36(3):222-3. Accompanied by: Video available at http://
www.bjsportmed.com
Crompton DE, Chinnery PF, Bates D, Walls TJ, Jackson MJ, Curtis AJ, Burn J. Spectrum of movement disorders
in neuroferritinopathy. Mov Disord. 2005 Jan;20(1):95-9. Accompanied by: Video available at http://
www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/0885-3185/suppmat as an mpg file.
Dale RC, Church AJ, Surtees RA, Thompson EJ, Giovannoni G, Neville BG. Post-streptococcal autoimmune
neuropsychiatric disease presenting as paroxysmal dystonic choreoathetosis. Mov Disord. 2002 Jul;17(4):817-20.
Accompanied by: Videocassette available as vol. 17 videotape supplement 2; 51:03 min.
Van Voorhis BJ. In vitro fertilization. N Engl J Med. 2007 Jan 25;356(4):379-86. Accompanied by: Video clip
showing ultrasound-guided oocyte retrieval available from http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/
full/356/4/379/DC1
74. CD-ROM published as a supplement to an issue of a journal

9th United European Gastroenterology Week. Amsterdam 2001. Abstracts of presentations [CD-ROM]. Gut.
2001 Nov;49(5 Suppl 3):[1 CD-ROM].
75. Other types of notes for journal articles

Harlow BL, Barbieri RL. Influence of education on risk of hysterectomy before age 45 years. Am J Epidemiol.
1999 Oct 15;150(8):843-7. Supported by a Public Health Service grant from the National Institute of Mental
Health.
64 Citing Medicine
Schrag D, Chung KY, Flombaum C, Saltz L. Cetuximab therapy and symptomatic hypomagnesemia. J Natl
Cancer Inst. 2005 Aug 17;97(16):1221-4. Paper originally presented at the Gastrointestinal Oncology Meeting of
the American Society of Clinical Oncology, Hollywood, FL, January 29, 2005.
American Academy of Family Physicians. Information from your family doctor. What you should know about
worrying too much. Am Fam Physician. 2006 Mar 15;73(6):1057-8. Patient education handout.
Flegel K. Biographies of healers [book review]. CMAJ. 2007 Jul 3;177(1):70. Review of: Bynum WF, Bynum H,
editors. Dictionary of Medical Biography. Westport (CT): Greenwood Press; c2007.
Packman Z, Steen P. The nurses who simplified discharge planning [interview]. Nurs Times. 2007 Oct
16-22;103(42):20-1. Interview by Victoria Hoban.
Heppner HJ, Bauer JM, Sieber CC, Bertsch T. Laboratory aspects relating to the detection and prevention of
frailty. Int J Prev Med. 2010 Summer;1(3):149-57. PubMed PMID: 21566784. Authorship note: Heppner HJ and
Bauer JM contributed equally.
B. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Parts of Journal

Articles
The general format for a reference to a part of a journal article, including punctuation:
Examples of Citations to Parts of Journal Articles

Rather than citing an entire journal article, a part of an article such as a table may be cited. In general, most
modern articles have standardized to three types of parts: figures, tables, and appendixes. However, other names
may be found for parts, including section, chart, graph, box, and photograph. Use the name provided in the
article.
Because a reference should start with the individual or organization responsible for the journal article start with
the article information, then follow it with the information about the part.
Journal articles frequently contain charts, figures, and other illustrative material that has been reproduced with
permission from other sources. Do not cite these as parts using the instructions presented here. Consult the
original publication and cite the particular item from there.
Note that PubMed cites only entire articles; you will not see a citation to a part in MEDLINE/PubMed.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Parts of Journal Articles
Continue to Examples of Citations to Parts of Journal Articles
Journals 65
Citation Rules with Examples for Parts of Journal Articles

Journal Article (R) | Name and Number/Letter (R) | Title (R) | Location (Pagination) (R)
Journal Article (required)

General Rules for Journal Article
• Cite the article according to Chapter 1A Journal Articles
Name and Number/Letter of Part for Parts of Journal Articles (required)

General Rules for Name and Number/Letter of Part
• Enter the name of the part, such as Table, Figure, or Appendix, as it appears in the article
• Translate non-English names into English
• Do not abbreviate names. For example, convert Fig. to Figure.
• Follow the name with any accompanying number or letter, such as Table 2, Figure 3.1, or Appendix A
• Use arabic numbers only. For example: convert VI or Six to 6.
• End name and number/letter information with a comma and a space
Specific Rules for Name and Number/Letter of Part

• Non-English names for parts
• No letter or number follows the name
• No name appears
Box 63. Non-English names for parts.

• Translate into English names for parts, such as a table, figure, graph, or appendix
• Follow the name of the part with any accompanying letter or number
• Follow the name and number or letter with a comma and the translated title of the part
• Place all part information in square brackets
• End with a semicolon and the location (pagination)
Examples:
Hof H. [Candida, aspergillus and company. Pathogenic fungi]. Pharm Unserer Zeit.
2003;32(2):96-103. [Figure 2, Effect of AFL-B1]; p. 97. German.
Balogou AA, Grunitzky EK, Kpade C, Belo M. [Non-traumatic paraplegia at the campus teaching
hospital of Lome. Report of 243 cases]. Tunis Med. 2002 Jan;80(1):33-6. [Table 2, Etiology]; p. 35.
French.
• Whenever possible, place the name in the original language or a romanized form before the translation
66 Citing Medicine
Hof H. Candida, Aspergillus und Co., Pathogene Pilze [Candida, aspergillus and company.
Pathogenic fungi]. Pharm Unserer Zeit. 2003;32(2):96-103. Abb.2, Wirkung von AFL-B1 [Figure 2,
Effect of AFL-B1]; p. 97. German.
Balogou AA, Grunitzky EK, Kpade C, Belo M. Les paraplegies non traumatiques au CHU Campus
de Lome a propos de 243 cas [Non-traumatic paraplegia at the campus teaching hospital of Lome.
Report of 243 cases]. Tunis Med. 2002 Jan;80(1):33-6. Tableau 2, Les etiologies [Table 2, Etiology]; p.
35. French.
• To help identify parts in other languages, see the following examples:
Language Table Figure Appendix Section
French Tableau Figure Appendice Section
German Tabelle Abbildung Anhang Sektion
Figur Appendix Abteilung
Zusatz
Italian Tabella Figura Appendice Parte
Sezione
Russian Tablitsa Risunok Prilozenie Sekcija
Otdel
Otdelenie
Spanish Tabla Figura Apendice Seccion
Parte
Box 64. No letter or number follows the name.

• Occasionally, an author will label an illustration as simply "Table", "Figure", "Appendix", or other name
without following the name with any letter or number. In this case, give whatever name has been used for
the illustration and follow it with a comma and the title.
Mackey KM, Sparling JW. Experiences of older women with cancer receiving hospice care:
significance for physical therapy. Phys Ther. 2000 May;80(5):459-68. Table, Informant demographics
and characteristics; p. 461.
Box 65. No name appears.

• If the part being cited is clearly a table, figure, or appendix but it is not labeled as such, place the name in
square brackets
[Figure], Protein binding and drug disposition; p. 212.
[Table], Radiographic and functional outcome of ESWL related perirenal hematomas; p. 1674.
• If the part being cited is not a table, figure, or appendix and has no other identifying name such as
"section", begin with the title of the part
Journals 67
Martin F, Linden T, Katschinski DM, Oehme F, Flamme I, Mukhopadhyay CK, Eckhardt K, Troger J,
Barth S, Camenisch G, Wenger RH. Copper-dependent activation of hypoxia-inducible factor
(HIF)-1: implications for ceruloplasmin regulation. Blood. 2005 Jun 15;105(12):4613-9. Induction of
ceruloplasm mRNA by hypoxoa and CU2+; p. 4616-7.
Examples for Name and Number/Letter of Part

1. Standard numbered/lettered table in a journal article
2. Unnumbered/unlettered table in a journal article
3. Unnamed table in a journal article
4. Unnumbered/unlettered and untitled table in a journal article
5. Standard numbered/lettered figure in a journal article
6. Unnumbered/unlettered figure in a journal article
7. Unnamed figure in a journal article
8. Unnumbered/unlettered and untitled figure in a journal article
9. Standard numbered/lettered appendix in a journal article
10. Unnumbered/unlettered appendix in a journal article
11. Unnumbered/unlettered and untitled appendix in a journal article
12. Numbered section in a journal article
13. Unnumbered/unlettered section in a journal article
14. Miscellaneous numbered parts in journal articles
15. Parts of journal articles not in English
16. Parts of journal articles not in English with original or romanized language included
17. Parts of journals in two equal languages
Title of Part for Parts of Journal Articles (required)

General Rules for Title of Part
• Enter the title of the part as it appears in the article
• Translate non-English titles into English and place the translation in square brackets
• End title information with a semicolon and a space
Specific Rules for Title of Part

• Titles of parts not in English
• Titles containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or other special character
• No title appears
68 Citing Medicine
Box 66. Titles of parts not in English.

• Translate titles of parts not in English
⚬ Give the title after the name for the part (table, figure, etc.) and any accompanying letter or number
⚬ Place name and title information in square brackets
⚬ Follow the closing bracket with a semicolon
Example:
Llanos De La Torre Quiralte M, Garijo Ayestaran M, Poch Olive ML. [Evolution of the infant
mortality rate in la Rioja in Spain (1980-1998)]. An Esp Pediatr. 2001 Nov;55(5):413-20.
[Figure 3, Trends in infant mortality]; p.418. Spanish.
• When possible, place the name and title in the original language or in a romanized form before the
translation
Llanos De La Torre Quiralte M, Garijo Ayestaran M, Poch Olive ML. Evolucion de la mortalidad
infantil de La Rioja (1980-1998) [Evolution of the infant mortality rate in la Rioja in Spain
(1980-1998)]. An Esp Pediatr. 2001 Nov;55(5):413-20. Figura 3, Tendencia de mortalidad infantil
[Figure 3, Trends in infant mortality]; p. 418. Spanish.
Box 67. Titles containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or other special character.
• Capitalize the first word of the title of a part unless the title begins with a Greek letter, chemical formula,
or another special character that might lose its meaning if capitalized
Figure 10, n-alkenes on capillary columns with stationary phases of C87 hydrocarbon; p. 374.
Figure 3, Influence of seed extract of Syzygium Cumini (Jamun) on mice exposed to different doses of
γ-radiation; p. 566.
may become
gamma-radiation; p. 566.
Table 4, Glycoprotein mediated transport of NH3 into red blood cells; p. 149.
may become
Table 4, Glycoprotein mediated transport of NH(3) into red blood cells; p. 149.
Journals 69
Box 68. No title appears.

Occasionally a part does not have a formal title, only a legend (explanatory text) for the table, figure, appendix,
or other part. When this occurs:
• Create a title from the first few words of the text. Use enough words to make the constructed title
meaningful.
• Place the created title in square brackets
Examples:
Hartz AJ, Rupley DC, Rimm AA. The association of girth measurements with disease in 32,856
women. Am J Epidemiol. 1984 Jan;119(1):71-80. Table, [Waist-hip ratio ranges and the sample sizes
for women aged 40 to 59]; p. 72.
Lee KF. Palliative care: good legal defense. Surg Clin North Am. 2005 Apr;85(2):287-302, vii.
Appendix, [Excerpts from "Prescription Pain Medications: Frequently Asked Questions and Answers
for Health Care Professionals"]; p. 296-301.
Examples for Title of Part

Location (Pagination) of Part for Parts of Journal Articles (required)

• Begin location with "p." followed by a space
• Enter the page number or numbers for the part, such as p. 438 and p. 663-4
• Do not repeat page numbers unless they are followed by a letter. For example: 126-127 becomes p. 126-7,
but p. 126A-127A is correct.
• Include a letter (often S for Supplement or A for Appendix) when it precedes the page number, such as p.
S10-8
• End page information with a period
70 Citing Medicine

• No page numbers appear on the pages of the part

• Unlike the practice with volume and issue numbers, keep roman numerals when they are used as page
numbers
• Give them in upper or lower case, whichever appears in the publication
Appendix 2, Common aquatic invertebrates; p. XXI-XXII.
Table 8, Classification of lung adenocarcinoma; p. xv.
Box 70. No page numbers appear on the pages of the part.

Occasionally, a table, figure, appendix, or other part will appear on a page that is not numbered.
• If only the particular part to be cited has no page numbers, identify the location in relation to numbered
pages. For example: preceding p. 17 or following p. 503. Surround such phrases with square brackets.
Figure 5, Modelling the risk of in-hospital death following lung resection; [preceding p. 55].
Appendix, Patient questionnaire;[following p. 17].
• If the entire article has no page numbers or the part cannot be easily located in relation to numbered
pages, give the total number of pages of the part you wish to cite, placed in square brackets, such as [5 p.].
Table, Checklist of symptoms; [1 p.].

Journals 71
Examples of Citations to Parts of Journal Articles

Diaz-Cruz ES, Shapiro CL, Brueggemeier RW. Cyclooxygenase inhibitors suppress aromatase expression and
activity in breast cancer cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 May;90(5):2563-70. Table 2, Aromatase activity and
expression in cell lines; p. 2565.
2. Unnumbered/unlettered table in a journal article

Mackey KM, Sparling JW. Experiences of older women with cancer receiving hospice care: significance for
physical therapy. Phys Ther. 2000 May;80(5):459-68. Table, Informant demographics and characteristics; p. 461.
3. Unnamed table in a journal article

Krishnamurthi V, Streem SB. Long-term radiographic and functional outcome of extracorporeal shock wave
lithotripsy induced perirenal hematomas. J Urol. 1995 Nov;154(5):1673-5. [Table], Radiographic and functional
outcome of ESWL related perirenal hematomas; p. 1674.

Hartz AJ, Rupley DC, Rimm AA. The association of girth measurements with disease in 32,856 women. Am J
Epidemiol. 1984 Jan;119(1):71-80. Table, [Waist-hip ratio ranges and the sample sizes for women aged 40 to 59];
p. 72.

Mitchell GF, Pfeffer MA. Evaluation and management of patients with uncontrolled systolic hypertension: is
another new paradigm really needed? Am Heart J. 2005 May;149(5):776-84. Figure 3, Regional pressure wave
forms in the normal arterial system; p. 780.
Wood RH, Gardner RE, Ferachi KA, King C, Ermolao A, Cherry KE, Cress ME,Jazwinski SM. Physical function
and quality of life in older adults: sex differences. South Med J. 2005 May;98(5):504-12. Figure 2a, Physical
function vs. SF-36 PCS in women; p. 510.
Picardi E, Regina TM, Brennicke A, Quagliariello C. REDIdb: the RNA editing database. Nucleic Acids Res. 2007
Jan;35(Database issue):D173-7. Figure 1A, Flow diagram of the various steps used during database construction;
p. D175.
6. Unnumbered/unlettered figure in a journal article

Glascoe FP, Martin ED, Humphrey S. A comparative review of developmental screening tests. Pediatrics. 1990
Oct;86(4):547-54. Figure, Developmental screening tests; p. 549.
7. Unnamed figure in a journal article

Lindup WE, Orme MC. Clinical pharmacology: plasma protein binding of drugs. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1981
Jan 17;282(6259):212-4. [Figure], Protein binding and drug disposition; p. 212.

Roth S, Semjonow A, Waldner M, Hertle L. Risk of bowel dysfunction with diarrhea after continent urinary
diversion with ileal and ileocecal segments. J Urol. 1995 Nov;154(5):1696-9. [Figure, Resection of long ileal or
ileocecal segments disturbs enterohepatic bile acid circulation]; p. 1697.
72 Citing Medicine

House MG, Choti MA. Palliative therapy for pancreatic/biliary cancer. Surg Clin N Am. 2005 Apr;85(2):359-71.
Appendix 1, Principles guiding care at the end of life; p. 389-90.
Galant SP, Crawford LJ, Morphew T, Jones CA, Bassin S. Predictive value of a cross-cultural asthma case-
detection tool in an elementary school population. Pediatrics. 2004 Sep;114(3):e307-16. Appendix A,
International study of asthma and allergy in childhood questionnaire; p. e315.
10. Unnumbered/unlettered appendix in a journal article

Sorkin JD, Muller DC, Andres R. Longitudinal change in height of men and women: implications for
interpretation of the body mass index: the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Am J Epidemiol. 1999 Nov
1;150(9):969-77. Appendix, Equations, obtained from cross-sectional analysis, relating height to age; p. 976-7.

Lee KF. Palliative care: good legal defense. Surg Clin North Am. 2005 Apr;85(2):287-302, vii. Appendix,
[Excerpts from "Prescription Pain Medications: Frequently Asked Questions and Answers for Health Care
Professionals"]; p. 296-301.
Saada M, Le Chenadec J, Berrebi A, Bongain A, Delfraissy JF, Mayaux MJ, Meyer L. Pregnancy and progression
to AIDS: results of the French prospective cohorts. AIDS. 2000 Oct 20;14(15):2355-60. Appendix, [Members of
the SEROGEST and SEROCO Study groups]; p. 2360.

Wakita A, Nitta M, Mitomo Y, Takahashi M, Tanaka M, Kaneda T. Cell proliferation detected by DNA
polymerase alpha in acute leukemias. Cancer Detect Prev. 1997;21(1):55-61. Section 2A, Cell preparation; p.
55-6.

Martin F, Linden T, Katschinski DM, Oehme F, Flamme I, Mukhopadhyay CK, Eckhardt K, Troger J, Barth S,
Camenisch G, Wenger RH. Copper-dependent activation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1: implications for
ceruloplasmin regulation. Blood. 2005 Jun 15;105(12):4613-9. Induction of ceruloplasm mRNA by hypoxoa and
CU2+; p. 4616-7.

Pratt HD, Patel DR, Greydanus DE. Behavioral aspects of children's sports. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2003
Aug;50(4):879-99, ix. Box 7, Indicators of potential problems an athlete may experience; p. 892-3.
Morales CA, Layton ME, Shair MD. Synthesis of (-)-longithorone A: using organic synthesis to probe a proposed
biosynthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Aug 17;101(33):12036-41. Scheme 7, Unsuccessful model
intermolecular Diels-Alder reaction of 4 with 47; p. 12039.
Fong A, Garcia E, Gwynn L, Lisanti MP, Fazzari MJ, Li M. Expression of caveolin-1 and caveolin-2 in urothelial
carcinoma of the urinary bladder correlates with tumor grade and squamous differentiation. Am J Clin Pathol.
2003 Jul;120(1):93-100. Image 4, Immunohistochemical staining of a urothelial carcinoma with squamous
differentiation with anti-caveolin-1; p. 98.
Journals 73

Balogou AA, Grunitzky EK, Kpade C, Belo M. [Non-traumatic paraplegia at the campus teaching hospital of
Lome. Report of 243 cases]. Tunis Med. 2002 Jan;80(1):33-6. [Table 2, Etiology]; p. 35. French.
Solignac M. [COART France 2003 report on new socioeconomic data on osteoarthritis in France]. Presse Med.
2004 May 22;33(9 Pt 2):S4-6. [Figure, Distribution of consultations for osteoarthritis in France in 2002]; p. S5.
French.
Llanos De La Torre Quiralte M, Garijo Ayestaran M, Poch Olive ML. [Evolution of the infant mortality rate in la
Rioja in Spain (1980-1998)]. An Esp Pediatr. 2001 Nov;55(5):413-20. [Figure 3, Trends in infant mortality];
p.418. Spanish.
Hof H. [Candida, aspergillus and company. Pathogenic fungi]. Pharm Unserer Zeit. 2003;32(2):96-103. [Figure
2, Effect of AFL-B1]; p. 97. German.
16. Parts of journal articles not in English with original or romanized

language included
Balogou AA, Grunitzky EK, Kpade C, Belo M. Les paraplegies non traumatiques au CHU Campus de Lome a
propos de 243 cas [Non-traumatic paraplegia at the campus teaching hospital of Lome. Report of 243 cases].
Tunis Med. 2002 Jan;80(1):33-6. Tableau 2, Les etiologies [Table 2, Etiology]; p. 35. French.
Solignac M. COART France rapport 2003 sur les nouvelles donnees socio-economiques de l'arthrose en France
[COART France 2003 report on new socioeconomic data on osteoarthritis in France]. Presse Med. 2004 May
22;33(9 Pt 2):S4-6. Figure, Repartition des consultations pour arthrose en France en 2002 [Figure, Distribution
of consultations for osteoarthritis in France in 2002]; p. S5. French.
Llanos De La Torre Quiralte M, Garijo Ayestaran M, Poch Olive ML. Evolucion de la mortalidad infantil de La
Rioja (1980-1998) [Evolution of the infant mortality rate in la Rioja in Spain (1980-1998)]. An Esp Pediatr. 2001
Nov;55(5):413-20. Figura 3, Tendencia de mortalidad infantil [Figure 3, Trends in infant mortality]; p. 418.
Spanish.
Hof H. Candida, Aspergillus und Co., Pathogene Pilze [Candida, aspergillus and company. Pathogenic fungi].
Pharm Unserer Zeit. 2003;32(2):96-103. Abb. 2, Wirkung von AFL-B1 [Figure 2, Effect of AFL-B1]; p. 97.
German.

Gruppo di Studio SIAARTI Sicurezza in Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva [SIAARTI Study Group for Safety in
Anesthesia and Intensive Care]. Raccomandazioni per il trasporto inter ed intra ospedaliero del paziente critico
= Recommendations on the transport of critically ill patients. Minerva Anestesiol. 2006 Oct;72(10):XXXVII-
LVII. Tabella 3, Scheda di trasporto; p. XLIV-XLV = Table 3, Record of transport; p. LVI-LVII. Italian, English.
C. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Entire Journal Titles

The general format for a reference to an entire journal title, including punctuation:
- for a title continuing to be published:
74 Citing Medicine
- for a title that ceased publication:
Examples of Citations to Entire Journal Titles

If a journal is still being published, as shown in the first example, follow volume and date information with a
hyphen and three spaces. If a journal has ceased publication, as in example two, separate beginning and ending
volume and date information with a hyphen surrounded by a space.
Journals frequently change titles and publishers over time. When citing a journal, always provide information on
the latest title and publisher unless you are citing an earlier version. If you wish to cite all volumes for a journal
that has changed title, provide a separate citation for each title. For example:
JAMA: the journal of the American Medical Association. Chicago: American Medical Association. Vol.
173, No. 9, 1960 - . Continues: Journal of the American Medical Association.
Journal of the American Medical Association. Chicago: American Medical Association. Vol. 1, No. 8, 1883
- Vol. 173, No. 8, 1960. Continued by: JAMA.
It is not correct to cite it as:
JAMA: the journal of the American Medical Association. Chicago: American Medical Association. Vol. 1,
1883 - .
It is also important to cite the version you saw. Many journal titles with both print and Internet versions do not
carry the same exact content. If you viewed a journal title on the Internet, do not cite it as if it were a print one.
See Chapter 23B for citing Internet journal titles.
Authoritative information on a journal, in order of preference, may be found on: (1) the title page, (2) cover, and
(3) the masthead of journal issues. Running headers or footers may not carry the official title of a journal.
Journals 75
Note that the rules for creating references to journal titles are not the same as the rules for cataloging them.
Therefore records found in the NLM LocatorPlus and the NLM Catalog databases will not always agree with the
instructions presented here.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Entire Journal Titles
Continue to Examples of Citations to Entire Journal Titles
Citation Rules with Examples for Entire Journal Titles

Title (R) | Edition (R) | Type of Medium (R) | Editor (O) | Place of Publication (R) | Publisher (R) | Volume
Number (R) | Issue Number (R) | Date of Publication (R) | Physical Description (O) | Language (R) | Notes (O)
Title for Entire Journal Titles (required)

General Rules for Title
• Do not abbreviate any words or omit any words
• Use whatever capitalization and punctuation are found within the title
• Follow the title with a colon and any subtitle that appears
• Follow a non-English title with a translation when possible; place the translation in square brackets
• End the journal title with a period unless an Edition statement or a Type of Medium is included, then use
a space
Specific Rules for Title

• Journal titles not in English
• Journals appearing in more than one language
Box 71. Journal titles not in English.

• For non-English journal titles in the roman alphabet (French, German, Spanish, Italian, etc.), provide the
name in the original language
Sante Mentale au Quebec. Montreal (QC): Communaute et Sante Mentale. Vol. 1, 1976 - . French.
• For a journal title in a non-roman alphabet:
⚬ Romanize (write in the roman alphabet) titles in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, or Korean or in a
character-based language (Chinese, Japanese). A good authority for romanization is the ALA-LC
Problemy Tuberkuleza i Boleznei Legkikh. Moscow: Meditsina. No. 1, 2003 - . Russian.
Refu'at ha-Peh veha-Shinayim: it'on ha-Histadrut li-Refu'at Shinayim be-Yi′sra'el. Jerusalem:
ha-Histadrut. Vol. 13, 1996 - . Hebrew.
76 Citing Medicine
Taehan Kan Hakhoe Chi. Seoul (Korea): Taehan Kan Hakhoe. Vol. 1, 1995 - Vol. 9, No. 4, Dec
2003. Korean.
⚬ It is not NLM practice, but you may translate journal titles in character-based languages
Korean Journal of Hepatology. Seoul (Korea): Taehan Kan Hakhoe. Vol. 1, 1995 - Vol. 9, No. 4,
Dec 2003. Korean.
• Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in titles. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-
English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.
⚬ Treat letters marked with diacritics or accents as if they are not marked
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
• Provide an English translation after the original language or romanized title when possible; place
translations in square brackets
Archives des Maladies du Coeur et des Vaisseaux [Archives of Diseases of the Heart and Vessels].
Paris: Bailliere. Vol. 30, No. 4, Apr 1937 - . French.
Box 72. Journals appearing in more than one language.

• For a journal appearing in two or more equal languages, as often occurs with Canadian journals:
⚬ Begin with the title in the first language found, in order of preference: on the title page of the issue,
on the issue cover, or on the masthead
⚬ Give all titles in the order they are provided in the text
⚬ Place an equals sign with a space before and after between each title
⚬ List all the languages, separated by commas, after the date of publication (and Physical Description,
if provided)
Journals 77

Example:
Canadian Family Physician = Medecin de Famille Canadien. Mississauga (ON): College of
Family Physicians of Canada. Vol. 13, No. 7, Jul 1967 - . English, French.
• For a journal title appearing in multiple languages:
⚬ Give the title in the first language found, in order of preference: on the title page of the issue, on the
issue cover, or on the masthead
⚬ List all languages of publication, separated by commas, after the date of publication (and Physical
Description, if provided)
Examples:
Acta Dermato-Venereologica. Oslo (Norway): Scandinavian University Press. Vol. 1, 1920 - .
English, French, German.
Medicina Interna: Revista da Sociedade Portuguesa de Medicina Interna. Lisbon: Imprensa
Medica. Vol. 1, No. 1, Apr-Jun 1994 - . Portuguese, English, French, Spanish.

If a journal is published in more than one edition:
• Capitalize all significant words in edition information
• End all title information with a period
Examples:
American Homeopathy (Consumer Edition).
American Homeopathy (Professional Edition).
Examples for Title

1. Standard journal title that is still being published
2. Standard journal title that has ceased publication
3. Journal title with subtitle
4. Journal title with edition
5. Journal title published in parts
6. Journal title not in English
7. Journal title not in English, with optional translation
78 Citing Medicine
8. Journal title published in two equal languages

9. Journal title published in multiple languages
Edition for Entire Journal Titles (required)

version
• Do not abbreviate or omit any words
• Use whatever capitalization and punctuation are found in the edition statement
• Place the edition statement in parentheses, such as (British Edition)
• End the edition statement with a period placed outside the closing parenthesis unless the Type of Medium
is included, then use a space

• Non-English words for edition
Box 74. Non-English words for edition.

• For non-English edition statements in the roman alphabet (French, German, Spanish, Italian, etc.):
⚬ Give the name in the original language
⚬ Separate the edition from the title itself by a space and place it in parentheses
⚬ End title and edition information with a period
Examples:
Tierarztliche Praxis. Ausgabe Klientiere Heimtiere becomes Tierarztliche Praxis (Ausgabe
Klientiere Heimtiere).
Angiology. Edicion Espanola. becomes Angiology (Edicion Espanola).
Farmaco. Edizione Pratica. becomes Farmaco (Edizione Pratica).
• For an edition statement in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, or Korean, or in a character-based language
such as Chinese and Japanese:
⚬ End the title and edition information with a period
Examples:
Pharmakeutikon Deltion. Epistemonike Ekdosis. becomes Pharmakeutikon Deltion
(Epistemonike Ekdosis).
Ban).
Journals 79
⚬ It is not NLM practice, but you may translate journal titles and their editions in a character-based
language
Journal of Jinan University (Natural Science and Medicine Edition).
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
• To help identify editions in other languages, below is a brief list of Non-English words for editions with
their abbreviations, if any (n.a. = not abbreviated):
Danish oplag n.a.
udgave
Dutch uitgave uitg.
editie ed.
French edition ed.
Auflage Aufl.
Greek ekdosis ekd.
utgave utg.

80 Citing Medicine

publikacija publ.
Spanish edicion ed.
publicacion publ.

Type of Medium for Entire Journal Titles (required)

• Indicate the specific type of medium (microfiche, ultrafiche, microfilm, microcard, etc.) following the title
(and Edition, if present) if a journal is published in a microform
• Place the name of the medium in square brackets and end with a period placed outside the closing
bracket, such as [microfiche].
• See Chapter 16B for journal titles in audiovisual formats, Chapter 19B for titles on CD-ROM, DVD, or
disk, and Chapter 23B for titles on the Internet

39. Journal title in a microform
Editor for Entire Journal Titles (optional)

General Rules for Editor
• Give the name of the current (or last) editor
• Enter the editor's name in natural order, such as John A. Jones
• Follow the name with a comma and the word "editor"
• End editor information with a period
Specific Rules for Editor

• Editor names not in English
Box 75. Editor Names not in English.

• Give names in languages using the roman alphabet (primarily European languages, such as French, Italian,
Spanish, German, Swedish, etc.) as they appear in the publication
languages, such as Chinese and Japanese. Romanization, a form of transliteration, means using the roman
Journals 81
(Latin) alphabet to represent the letters or characters of another alphabet. A good authority for
romanization is the ALA-LC Romanization Tables.
one letter
Iu. A. Iakontov
G. Th. Tsakalos
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
• To assist in identifying editors, below is a brief list of non-English words for editor:
Language Word for Editor
French redacteur
editeur
German redakteur
herausgeber
Italian redattore
curatore
editore
Russian redaktor
izdatel
Spanish redactor

82 Citing Medicine

editor
Examples for Editor

10. Journal title with editor included
Place of Publication for Entire Journal Titles (required)

General Rules for Place of Publication
• Place is defined as the city where the journal was published
• Follow US and Canadian cities with the two-letter abbreviation for the state or province (see Appendix E)
to avoid confusion when citing lesser known cities or when cities in different locations have same name,
such as Palm Springs (CA) and Palm Springs (FL)
• Follow cities in other countries with the name of the country, either written out or as the two-letter ISO
country code (see Appendix D), when citing lesser known cities or when cities in different locations have
the same name, such as Cambridge (MA) and Cambridge (England)
• End place information with a colon
Specific Rules for Place of Publication

• Non-US cities
• Multiple places of publication
• No place of publication can be found
Box 76. Non-US cities.

• Use the anglicized form for the name of a city, such as Rome for Roma and Moscow for Moskva, when
possible
• Follow Canadian cities with the two-letter abbreviation for the name of the province (see Appendix E)
Montreal (QC):
Ottawa (ON):
• If the city is not well known or could be confused with another city of the same name, follow the city with
the name of the country, either written out or as the two-letter ISO country code (see Appendix D). Use
the anglicized form of the name, such as Spain for Espana. Place the country name or code in parentheses.
London:
Rome:
Paris:
Madrid:
but
Journals 83
Malaga (Spain): or Malaga (ES):

Basel (Switzerland): or Basel (CH):
Oxford (England): or Oxford (GB):
• As an option, use the country name after all cities not in the US or Canada
Box 77. Multiple places of publication.

• If a journal changed publishers over the years or if the publisher changed its location, give the place of
publication of the current (or last) publisher
• If more than one place of publication is found for the publisher, use the first one or the one set in the
largest type or in bold type. Do not give multiple places of publication.
• An alternative is to use the place of publication and publisher likely to be most familiar to the audience of
the reference list. For example, use the place of an American publisher for a US audience and a London
publisher for a British one.
Box 78. No place of publication can be found.

• If no place can be found but one can be reasonably inferred, such as Chicago as the place of publication for
a journal of the American Medical Association, put the place name in square brackets
ACOG Technology Assessment in Obstetrics and Gynecology. [Washington]: American College of
Obstetricians and Gynecologists. No. 1, 2002 - .
• If no place of publication can be found or inferred, use [place unknown]
Acta Radiologica: Therapy, Physics, Biology. [place unknown]: Societies of Medical Radiology in
Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden. Vol. 1, 1963 - Vol. 16, 1977.
Examples for Place of Publication

11. Journal title with well-known place of publication
12. Journal title with lesser-known place of publication
13. Journal title with place of publication inferred
14. Journal title with unknown place of publication
19. Journal title with unknown place of publication and publisher
Publisher for Entire Journal Titles (required)

General Rules for Publisher
• Record the name of the publisher as it appears in the journal, using whatever capitalization and
punctuation are found there
• Abbreviate well-known publisher names if desired but with caution to avoid confusion. For example,
"John Wiley & Sons, Ltd." may become simply "Wiley".
84 Citing Medicine
• When a division or other subsidiary part of a publisher is given, enter the publisher name first. For
example: McGraw-Hill, Health Professions Division.
• End publisher information with a period
Specific Rules for Publisher

• Abbreviated words in publisher names
• Non-English publishers
• Government agencies and other national and international bodies as publisher
• Multiple publishers
• Joint publication
• No publisher can be found
Box 79. Abbreviated words in publisher names.

• Abbreviate commonly used words in publisher names, if desired
Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Ltd. for Limited
Soc. for Society
• Be consistent. If you abbreviate a word in one reference in a list of references, abbreviate the same word in
all references.
• Follow all abbreviated words with a period
Box 80. Non-English publishers.

• Give publisher names in the roman alphabet (French, Spanish, Italian, etc.) in their original language
Rome: Societa Editrice Universo.
Lisbon: Imprensa Medica.
Journals 85
• Romanize names in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean, and character-based languages (Chinese,
Japanese)
Sofia (Bulgaria): Sofia Medizina i Fizkultura.
• If the name of a division or other part of an organization is included in the publisher information, give the
names in hierarchical order from highest to lowest
Valencia (Spain): Universidade de Valencia, Instituto de Historia de la Ciencia y Documentacion
Lopez Pinero.
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
• Follow a non-English name with a translation, if desired. Place all translated publisher names in square
brackets.
Aarhus (Denmark): Aarhus-Universitetsforlag [Aarhus University Press].
• As an option, you may translate all publisher names not appearing in English. Place all translated names in
square brackets unless the translation is given in the publication.
Aarhus (Denmark): [Aarhus University Press].
Box 81. Government agencies and other national and international bodies as publisher.
• When citing publishers that are national bodies such as government agencies, if a nationality is not part of
the name, place the country in parentheses after the name, using the two-letter ISO country code (see
Appendix D)
86 Citing Medicine
National Cancer Institute (US).

National Society on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence (NZ).
Royal Society of Medicine Press Ltd. (GB).
Royal College of Physicians (AU), Paediatrics & Child Health Division.
• Do not confuse the publisher with the distributor of documents for the publisher. The most common
distributors of US government publications are the US Government Printing Office (GPO) and the
National Technical Information Service (NTIS). Designate the agency making the publication available as
the publisher and include distributor information as a note. Begin with the phrase "Available from"
followed by a colon and a space. Add the name of the distributor, the city and state, and the accession or
order number.
FDA Consumer. Rockville (MD): Food and Drug Administration (US). Vol. 6, No. 6, Jul-Aug 1972 -
. Available from: US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC; HE 20.4010. Continues: FDA
Papers.
Box 82. Multiple publishers.

• If a journal changed publishers over the years, give the name of the current (or last) publisher
• If more than one publisher is found in a journal, use the first one given or the one set in the largest type or
set in bold
• An alternative is to use the publisher likely to be most familiar to the audience of the reference list, such as
an American publisher for a US audience and a London publisher for a British one
• Do not list multiple publishers. For journals with joint or co-publishers, use the name provided first as the
publisher. Include the name of the other publisher(s) as a note, if desired.
Example:
Journal of Natural Products. Cincinnati (OH): American Society of Pharmacognosy. Vol. 42, Jan-Feb
1979 - . Continues: Lloydia. Jointly published by the Lloyd Library and Museum.
Box 83. Joint publication.

• For those journals with joint or co-publishers, use the name provided first as publisher, in order of
precedence: on the title page of the issue, on the issue cover, and on the masthead
• Include the name of the other publisher(s) as a note, if desired
Journal of Natural Products. Cincinnati (OH): American Society of Pharmacognosy. Vol. 42, Jan-Feb
1979 - . Continues: Lloydia. Jointly published by the Lloyd Library and Museum.
• Do not list multiple publishers
Journals 87
Box 84. No publisher can be found.

• If no publisher can be determined, use [publisher unknown]
Acta Therapeutica. Brussels: [publisher unknown]. Vol. 1, No. 1, 1975 - Vol. 23, No. 1-2, 1997.
Examples for Publisher

15. Journal title with well-known publisher
16. Journal title with government agency or national or international organization as publisher
17. Journal title publisher with subsidiary part
18. Journal title with unknown publisher
Volume Number for Entire Journal Titles (required)

• Precede the number with "Vol.", regardless of the particular word for volume used by the journal
• Use arabic numbers only. For example: convert LX or Sixtieth to 60.
• Separate multiple volumes by a hyphen. For example: 5-6 or 42-43.
• Follow volume number(s) with a comma

• No volume number can be found

• Use only the English word for volume and abbreviate it to "Vol."
of languages:
Box 86. No volume number can be found.

• If no volume number can be found, follow the publisher with the issue number
Sexual Health Exchange. Amsterdam (Netherlands): Royal Tropical Institute. No. 1, 1998 - .
88 Citing Medicine
• If no volume number or issue number is found, follow the publisher with the beginning year of
publication. Precede the year with the name and day of the month or season, if provided.
Clinical Transplants. Los Angeles: UCLA Tissue Typing Laboratory. 1986 - .
Harvard AIDS Review. Cambridge (MA): Harvard AIDS Institute. Fall 1995 - Winter 2001.

20. Journal title with volume and issue number
21. Journal title with volume, but no issue number
22. Journal title with issue number, but no volume
23. Journal title without volume or issue number
24. Journal title published in more than one series
Issue Number for Entire Journal Titles (required)

• Precede the issue number with "No.", regardless of the particular word for issue used by the journal
• Use arabic numbers only. For example: convert IV or Fourth to 4.
• Separate multiple issues by a hyphen, such as 2-3
• Follow issue information with a comma

• No volume number can be found
• No issue number can be found

• Use only "number", the English word for issue, and abbreviate it to "No."
Box 88. No volume number can be found.

• If no volume number is present, follow the publisher with the issue number
Journals 89
• If no volume number or issue number is present, follow the publisher with the beginning year of
Box 89. No issue number can be found.

• If no issue number is present but a volume number can be found, follow the publisher with the volume
number and beginning date
Annual Review of Nursing Research. New York: Springer. Vol. 1, 1983 - .

It is not NLM policy, but the following is an acceptable option:
• If a journal began publishing with volume one, number one, you may omit the issue number
Cancer Molecular Biology: CMB. Cairo: Ain Shams Faculty of Medicine, Oncology Diagnostic Unit.
Vol. 1, No. 1, Jan-Feb 1994 - .
or
Vol. 1, Jan-Feb 1994 - .

Date of Publication for Entire Journal Titles (required)

• Include the month and year the journal began to be published, in that order, such as May 2004
• Convert roman numerals to arabic numbers. For example: MM to 2000.
• Use English names for months and abbreviate them to the first three letters, such as Jan
90 Citing Medicine
• End beginning date information with a hyphen, three spaces, and a period if the journal is still being
published
• End beginning date information with a space, a hyphen and a space if the journal ceased publication.
Enter closing volume and issue information followed by a comma (see above) and the closing date. End
closing date information with a period.


2002-2003
1997-1998
1999-2000
Example:
Nursing Forum. Philadelphia: Nursecom Inc. Vol. 1, Winter 1961-1962 - .
• If months and days of the month are given, place them before the year. Use English names for months and
Oct 1999
Mar 1, 2002
Jan 1, 2005-Feb 31, 2005
Example:
Hospital Practice (Office Edition). New York: McGraw-Hill. Vol. 16, No. 1, Jan 1981 - Vol. 36, No. 9,
Sep 15, 2001.
Mar-Apr 2005
Dec 1999-Jan 2000
Feb 1-7, 2005
Jan 25-31, 2001
Examples:
Vol. 1, No. 1, Jan-Feb 1994 - .
Journals 91
The American Journal of Anesthesiology. Chatham (NJ): Quadrant Healthcom. Vol. 22, No. 1, Jan-
Feb 1995 - Vol. 28, No. 9, Nov-Dec 2001.
• Separate multiple seasons by a hyphen, as Spring-Summer. Capitalize names of seasons; do not abbreviate
them.
Examples:
Advanced Practice Nurse: APN. Encino (CA): Petersons/Cog Publishing Group. Spring-Summer
1994 - Fall-Winter 1995.
The ACA Journal. Towson (MD): American Council on Alcoholism. Vol. 1, No. 1, Spring 1987 - Fall-
Winter 1990.

• Abbreviate them using the first three letters
• Capitalize them
Examples:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

• Capitalize them
Examples:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring
Advanced Practice Nurse: APN. Encino (CA): Petersons/Cog Publishing Group. Spring-Summer
1994 - Fall-Winter 1995.
92 Citing Medicine

It is not NLM policy, but the following are acceptable options:
• If both volume and issue numbers are present, you may omit the name of the months or seasons.
American Journal of Physiology. Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology. Bethesda (MD): American
Physiological Society. Vol. 1, No. 1, Aug 1989 - .
or
Physiological Society. Vol. 1, No. 1, 1989 - .
Clinics in Communication Disorders. Woburn (MA): Butterworth-Heinemann. Vol. 1, No. 1, Spring
1991 - Vol. 4, No. 4, Fall 1994.
or
Clinics in Communication Disorders. Woburn (MA): Butterworth-Heinemann. Vol. 1, No. 1, 1991 -
Vol. 4, No. 4, 1994.

25. Journal title with multiple month(s) in date
26. Journal title with days of the month included in date
27. Journal title with season in date
28. Journal title with multiple seasons in date
29. Journal title with multiple years in beginning or ending dates of publication
Physical Description for Entire Journal Titles (optional)

• Enter the medium on which the journal title is issued, in plural form, if a journal is published in a
microform
• Follow the medium by a colon and a space, such as Microfiche:
• Give information on the physical characteristics of the medium, such as color and size


If a journal is published on microfiche, microfilm, or microcards:
• Begin with the name of the type of microform, in plural form, followed by a colon and a space
Microfiche:
Journals 93
Microfilm:
Microcards:
• Enter information on the physical characteristics, such as color and size. Abbreviate common words for
measurement, such as in. for inches and mm. for millimeters. Separate types of information by commas.
color
black & white
positive
negative
35 mm. (a standard microfilm size)
Microfiche: color, positive, 4 x 6 in.
Microcards: black & white, 3 x 5 in.
Microfilm: black & white, negative, 35 mm.

Language for Entire Journal Titles (required)

• Give the language of publication if not English


• If a journal is published in multiple languages:
⚬ Give the title in the first language found, in order of precedence: on the title page of the issue, on the
issue cover, or on the masthead
94 Citing Medicine
⚬ List all languages of publication after the date(s) of publication (and Physical Description if
provided)
⚬ Separate the languages by commas
Example:
Acta Dermato-Venereologica. Oslo (Norway): Scandinavian University Press. Vol. 1, 1920 - .
English, French, German.
• If a journal is published in two or more equal languages, as often occurs with Canadian journals:
⚬ Begin with the title in the language appearing first, in order of precedence: on the title page of the
issue, on the issue cover, or on the masthead
⚬ Place an equals sign with a space on either side between each title
⚬ List all languages of publication after the date(s) of publication (and Physical Description if
provided)
⚬ Separated the languages by commas
Example:
Canadian Family Physician = Medecin de Famille Canadien. Mississauga (ON): College of
Family Physicians of Canada. Vol. 13, No. 7, Jul 1967 - . English, French.

Notes for Entire Journal Titles (optional)

• Notes is a collective term for further useful information about the journal
• If the journal was previously published under another title, provide the name preceded by "Continues: ",
such as Continues: Immunochemistry.
• If the journal continues to be published under another title, provide the name preceded by "Continued by:
", such as Continued by: Molecular Immunology.

Journals 95

• The name under which a journal was previously published. Begin with Continues:
Molecular Immunology. Oxford (UK): Pergamon Press. Vol. 16, 1979 - . Continues:
Immunochemistry.
• The name under which a journal continues to be published. Begin with Continued by:
Immunochemistry. Oxford (UK): Pergamon Press. Vol. 1, 1964 - Vol. 15, 1978. Continued by:
Molecular Immunology.
• If a print journal is also available as an Internet version, the address where it may be found
Physiological Society. Vol. 1, No. 1, Aug 1989 - . Also available on the Internet: http://
ajplung.physiology.org/.
• The sponsorship of the journal if the sponsor is not also the publisher
The Journal of Infection. Kent (UK): W.B. Saunders. Vol. 1, Mar 1979 - . Sponsored by the British
Society for the Study of Infection.
• Frequency of publication of the journal
Immunology. Oxford (England): Blackwell Scientific Publications. Vol. 1, Jan 1958 - . Monthly.
• The International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) of the journal
Applied Physics Letters. College Park (MD): American Institute of Physics. Vol. 1, Sep 1962 - . ISSN:
0003-6951.
• If the journal is an unusual one, the name of a library or other archive where it may be found. Begin with
the phrase "Located at" followed by a colon and a space
Abhandlungen zur Geschichte der Medizin und der Naturwissenschaften. Husum (Germany):
Matthieson Verlag. Vol. 1, 1934 - . German. Located at: National Library of Medicine, Bethesda,
MD; W1 AB797.
• If the journal is usually accompanied by a CD-ROM, videocassette, or other additional medium, provide
this information preceded by the words "Accompanied by: "
Alzheimers Disease. London: Current Drugs. Vol. 1, No. 1, 1996 - . Accompanied by: CD-ROMs.
Movement Disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. New York: Wiley-Liss. Vol.
1, No. 1, 1986 - . Accompanied by: Videocassette supplements.
• Any other information that would be useful
Acta Medica Nagasakiensia. Nagasaki (Japan): Nagasami Daigaku Igakubu. Vol. 1, 1939 - .
Publication suspended 1944-59.
Doklady Biological Sciences: Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Biological
Sciences Sections. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. Vol. 154, No.1-6, Jan-Feb 1964 -
. English translation from the Russian of articles on biology from Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR
and Doklady Akademii Nauk.
96 Citing Medicine
Examples for Notes

30. Journal title previously published under another name
31. Journal title continuing to be published under another name
32. Journal title both previously published and continuing to be published under another name
33. Journal title with note on Internet availability
34. Journal title with sponsorship note
35. Journal title with frequency of publication note
36. Journal title with ISSN note
37. Journal title with note on a library where it may be located
38. Journal title with distributor note
40. Journal title accompanied by a CD-ROM, videocassette, etc.
41. Journal title with examples of other notes
Examples of Citations to Entire Journal Titles

1. Standard journal title that is still being published
Advances in Applied Microbiology. San Diego: Academic Press. Vol. 1, 1959 - .
Nature. Basingstoke (UK): Nature Publishing Group. Vol. 1, 1869 - .
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. Amsterdam (Netherlands): Elsevier. Vol. 1, 1947 - .
2. Standard journal title that has ceased publication

Clinics in Endocrinology and Metabolism. London: W.B. Saunders. Vol. 1, Mar 1972 - Vol. 15, No. 4, Nov 1986.
The American Journal of Anesthesiology. Chatham (NJ): Quadrant Healthcom. Vol. 22, No. 1, Jan-Feb 1995 -
Vol. 28, No. 9, Nov-Dec 2001.
Jahrbuch fur Geschichte von Staat, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft Lateinamerikas. Cologne (Germany): Bohlau.
Vol. 1, 1964 - Vol. 34, 1997. German.
3. Journal title with subtitle

Blood Purification: Official Journal of the International Society of Blood Purification (ISBP), Vascular Access
Society (VAS), Japanese Society of Hemodiafiltration (JS-HDF). Basel (Switzerland): S. Karger AG. Vol. 1, 1983 -
.
Heart & Lung: the Journal of Critical Care. St. Louis (MO): Mosby. Vol. 1, Jan-Feb 1972 - .
Nitric Oxide: Biology and Chemistry. Official Journal of the Nitric Oxide Society. Orlando (FL): Academic Press.
Vol. 1, No. 1, Feb 1997 - .
Journals 97

BMJ (Clinical Research Edition). London: British Medical Association. Vol. 297, No. 6640, Jul 2, 1988 - .
Hospital Practice (Office Edition). New York: McGraw-Hill. Vol. 16, No. 1, Jan 1981 - Vol. 36, No. 9, Sep 15,
2001.
Indice de Especialidades Farmaceuticas Intercon (Edicion para Farmacias). Madrid: Noticias Medicas. Vol. 12,
Jan-Feb 1970 - . Spanish.
5. Journal title published in parts

American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part C, Seminars in Medical Genetics. Hoboken (NJ): Wiley-Liss. Vol.
117C, No. 1, Feb 15, 2003 - .
The Anatomical Record. Part A, Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology. Hoboken (NJ):
Wiley-Liss. Vol. 270A, No. 1, Jan 2003 - .
Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance. Washington: American Psychological
Association. Vol. 1, Feb 1975 - .
Journal of Laparoendoscopic & Advanced Surgical Techniques. Part A. Larchmont (NY): Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.
Vol. 7, No. 1, Feb 1997 - .
Acta Crystallographica. Section A, Foundations of Crystallography. Copenhagen: Munksgaard. Vol. A39, Pt. 1,
Jan 1, 1983 - .

Tidsskrift for Den norske laegeforening. Oslo (Norway): Norske Laegeforening. Vol. 10, Jan 1980 - . Norwegian.
Orvosi Hetilap. Budapest (Hungary): Ifjusagi Lapkiado Vallalat. Vol. 1, 1857 - . Hungarian.
Annali di Igiene: Medicina Preventiva e di Comunita. Rome: Societa Editrice Universo. Vol. 1, No. 1-2, Jan-Apr
1989 - . Italian.
Hinyokika Kiyo. Kyoto (Japan): Editorial Board of Acta Urologica Japonica. Vol. 1, 1955 - . Japanese.

Archives des Maladies du Coeur et des Vaisseaux [Archives of Diseases of the Heart and Vessels]. Paris: Bailliere.
Vol. 30, No. 4, Apr 1937 - . French.

Canadian Family Physician = Medecin de Famille Canadien. Mississauga (ON): College of Family Physicians of
Canada. Vol. 13, No. 7, Jul 1967 - . English, French.

Acta Dermato-Venereologica. Oslo (Norway): Scandinavian University Press. Vol. 1, 1920 - . English, French,
German.
Medicina Interna: Revista da Sociedade Portuguesa de Medicina Interna. Lisbon: Imprensa Medica. Vol. 1, No. 1,
Apr-Jun 1994 - . Portuguese, English, French, Spanish.
98 Citing Medicine
10. Journal title with editor included

Folia Primatologica: International Journal of Primatology. R.H. Crompton, editor. Basel (Switzerland): S. Karger
AG. Vol. 1, 1963 - .
11. Journal title with well-known place of publication

Advances in Health Sciences Education: Theory and Practice. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Vol. 1, No.
1, 1996 - .
Research in Veterinary Science. London: British Veterinary Association. Vol. 1, Jan 1960 - .
12. Journal title with lesser-known place of publication

Biological Research for Nursing. Thousand Oaks (CA): Sage Publications, Inc. Vol. 1, No. 1, Jul 1999 - .
13. Journal title with place of publication inferred

ACOG Technology Assessment in Obstetrics and Gynecology. [Washington]: American College of Obstetricians
and Gynecologists. No. 1, 2002 - .
14. Journal title with unknown place of publication

Acta Radiologica: Therapy, Physics, Biology. [place unknown]: Societies of Medical Radiology in Denmark,
Finland, Norway, and Sweden. Vol. 1, 1963 - Vol. 16, 1977.
15. Journal title with well-known publisher

The Quarterly Review of Biology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Vol. 1, Jan 1926 - .
Head & Neck. New York: Wiley. Vol. 11, No. 1, Jan-Feb 1989 - .
16. Journal title with government agency or national or international

organization as publisher
MMWR. CDC Surveillance Summaries. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US). Vol. 32, No.
3SS, Aug 1983 - Vol. 50, No. SS-5, Dec 7, 2001.
Addictions Newsletter. Wellington (New Zealand): National Society on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence (NZ).
Vol. 1, No. 1, 1984 - .
17. Journal title publisher with subsidiary part

Cancer Molecular Biology: CMB. Cairo: Ain Shams Faculty of Medicine, Oncology Diagnostic Unit. Vol. 1, No.
1, Jan-Feb 1994 - .
MMWR. Surveillance Summaries. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US), Epidemiology
Program Office. Vol. 51, No. SS-1, Mar 29, 2002 - .
18. Journal title with unknown publisher

Acta Therapeutica. Brussels: [publisher unknown]. Vol. 1, No. 1, 1975 - Vol. 23, No. 1-2, 1997.

Al-Azhar Medical Journal. [place unknown: publisher unknown]. Vol. 1, 1972 - Vol. 31, 2002.
Journals 99

Clinical Lymphoma. Dallas (TX): Cancer Information Group. Vol. 1, No. 1, Jun 2000 - .

Annual Review of Nursing Research. New York: Springer. Vol. 1, 1983 - .

Latin American Population History Bulletin. Minneapolis (MN): University of Minnesota, Department of
History. No. 16, Fall 1989 - .

Nordisk Medicinhistorisk Arsbok. Stockholm (Sweden): Museum of Medical History, Stockholm. 1968 - 1996.
24. Journal title published in more than one series

The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. Hagerstown (MD): Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Vol. 1, Nov
1827 - Vol. 26, Aug 1840; NS Vol. 1, Jan 1841 - .
Medicina nei Secoli. Rome: University of Rome, Institute for the History of Medicine. Vol. 1, 1964 - Vol. 21,
1984; NS Vol. 1, 1989 - . English, French, German, Italian, Spanish.
25. Journal title with multiple month(s) in date

Clinical Nephrology. Munich (Germany): Dustri-Verlag Dr Karl Feistle. Vol. 1, Jan-Feb 1973 - .
Advances in Anatomic Pathology. Hagerstown (MD): Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Vol. 1, Jul-Aug 1994 - .
26. Journal title with days of the month included in date

British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Edition). London: British Medical Association. Vol. 282, No. 6257, Jan
3, 1981 - Vol. 296, No. 6639, Jun 25, 1988.
27. Journal title with season in date

Journal of Gerontological Social Work. Binghamton (NY): Haworth Press. Vol. 1, Fall 1978 - .
Clinics in Communication Disorders. Woburn (MA): Butterworth-Heinemann. Vol. 1, No. 1, Spring 1991 - Vol.
4, No. 4, Fall 1994.
28. Journal title with multiple seasons in date

The ACA Journal. Towson (MD): American Council on Alcoholism. Vol. 1, No. 1, Spring 1987 - Fall-Winter
1990.
Advanced Practice Nurse: APN. Encino (CA): Petersons/Cog Publishing Group. Spring-Summer 1994 - Fall-
Winter 1995.
100 Citing Medicine
29. Journal title with multiple years in beginning or ending dates of

publication
Nursing Forum. Philadelphia: Nursecom Inc. Vol. 1, Winter 1961-1962 - .
The Journal of the Australasian College of Nutritional and Environmental Medicine. Beaumaris (Australia):
ACNEM. Vol. 15, No. 2, Dec 1996-May 1997 - Vol. 16, No. 1, Dec 1997. Continues: Journal of the Australian
College of Nutritional and Environmental Medicine. Continued by: ACNEM Journal.
30. Journal title previously published under another name

Molecular Immunology. Oxford (UK): Pergamon Press. Vol. 16, 1979 - . Continues: Immunochemistry.
The Journal of Immunology: Official Journal of the American Association of Immunologists. Baltimore (MD):
American Association of Immunologists. Vol. 64, No. 1, Jan 1950 - . Continues: Journal of Immunology, Virus
Research and Experimental Chemotherapy.
Revue de Tuberculose et de Pneumologie. Paris: Masson. Vol. 23, Jan 1959 - Vol. 36, Dec 1972. French.
Continues: Revue de la Tuberculose.
Advances in Anatomy, Embryology, and Cell Biology. Berlin: Springer Verlag. Vol. 47, 1973 - . Continues:
Ergebnisse der Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte.
31. Journal title continuing to be published under another name

Immunochemistry. Oxford (UK): Pergamon Press. Vol. 1, Apr 1964 - Vol. 15, Dec 1978. Continued by:
Molecular Immunology.
Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, and Oral Pathology. St. Louis (MO): Mosby-Year Book. Vol. 1, No. 1, Jan 1948 -
Vol. 78, No. 6, Dec 1994. Continued by: Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology and
Endodontology.
32. Journal title both previously published and continuing to be

published under another name
Nursing & Health Care: Official Publication of the National League for Nursing. New York: National League for
Nursing. Vol. 1, No. 1, Jul-Aug 1980 - Vol. 15, No. 10, Dec 1994. Continues: NLN News. Continued by: N & HC
Perspectives on Community.
Revista de Sanidad e Higiene Publica. Madrid: Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo. Vol. 7, Jan 1932 - Vol. 69, No.
1, Jan-Feb 1995. Spanish, English. Continues: Boletin Tecnico. Continued by: Revista Espanola de Salud Publica.
33. Journal title with note on Internet availability

Physiological Society. Vol. 1, No. 1, Aug 1989 - . Also available on the Internet: http://ajplung.physiology.org/.
34. Journal title with sponsorship note

The Journal of Infection. Kent (UK): W.B. Saunders. Vol. 1, Mar 1979 - . Sponsored by the British Society for
the Study of Infection.
Revue des Maladies Respiratoires. Paris: Masson. Vol. 1, 1984 - . French. Continues: Revue Francaise des
Maladies Respiratoires. Sponsored by the Societe de Pneumologie de Langue Francaise.
Journals 101
35. Journal title with frequency of publication note

Nursing History Review: Official Journal of the American Association for the History of Nursing. New York:
Springer Publishing. Vol. 1, 1993 - . Annual.
Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co. Vol. 1, No. 1, Jul
1992 - . Quarterly.
36. Journal title with ISSN note

Chronic Respiratory Disease. London: Hodder Arnold Journals. Vol. 1, 2004 - . ISSN: 1479-9723.
37. Journal title with note on a library where it may be located

European Journal of Cardio-thoracic Surgery: Official Journal of the European Association for Cardio-thoracic
Surgery. Oxford (UK): Elsevier Science. Vol. 1, No. 1, Jul 1987 - . Located at: National Library of Medicine,
Bethesda, MD; W1 EU72BF.
38. Journal title with distributor note

FDA Consumer. Rockville (MD): Food and Drug Administration (US). Vol. 6, No. 6, Jul-Aug 1972 - . Available
from: US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC; HE 20.4010. Continues: FDA Papers.

Bioimaging [microfiche]. Bristol (UK): Institute of Physics Publishing. Vol. 1, No. 1, Mar 1993 - Vol. 6, No. 4,
Dec 1998. Microfiche: negative, 4 x 6 in.
Journal of Chemical Research [microfiche]. St Albans (UK): Science Reviews Ltd. Vol. 2000, No. 1, Jan 1, 2000 -
.
40. Journal title accompanied by a CD-ROM, videocassette, etc

Alzheimers Disease. London: Current Drugs. Vol. 1, No. 1, 1996 - . Accompanied by: CD-ROMs.
Movement Disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. New York: Wiley-Liss. Vol. 1, No. 1,
1986 - . Accompanied by: Videocassette supplements.
British Journal of Sports Medicine. London: BMJ Publishing Group. Vol. 4, 1969 - . Recent articles
accompanied by videos available on the Internet via http://bjsm.bmjjournals.com/.
41. Journal title with examples of other notes

Journal of Morphology. New York: Wiley-Liss. Vol. 1, Jun 1887 - Vol. 38, Jun 1924; Vol. 52, No. 2, 1931 - . Issued
Sep 1924 - Sep 1931 with title: Journal of Morphology and Physiology.
Doklady Biological Sciences: Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Biological Sciences Sections.
New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. Vol. 154, No.1-6, Jan-Feb 1964 - . English translation from the
Russian of articles on biology from Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR and Doklady Akademii Nauk.
Acta Psychologica. Amsterdam (Netherlands): North Holland Publishing. Vol. 1, 1935 - . Publication
suspended 1942-48.
102 Citing Medicine
103
Chapter 2. Books
Created: October 10, 2007; Updated: August 11, 2015.
A. Entire Books
• Examples
B. Individual Volumes of Books
(1) Individual Volumes With a Separate Title but Without Separate Authors/Editors
• Examples
(2) Individual Volumes With a Separate Title and Separate Authors/Editors
• Examples
C. Parts of Books
• Examples
D. Contributions to Books
• Examples
See also:
Chapter 11B Forthcoming Books
Chapter 15 Books and Other Individual Titles in Audiovisual Formats
Chapter 18 Books and Other Individual Titles on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk
Chapter 22 Books and Other Individual Titles on the Internet
A. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Entire Books

The general format for a reference to a book, including punctuation:
104 Citing Medicine
Examples of Citations to Entire Books

A book is a publication that is complete in one volume or a limited number of volumes; books are therefore often
called monographs. Textbooks, technical reports, conference proceedings, master's theses and dissertations,
bibliographies, and patents are all examples of monographs. This chapter focuses on the standard book and
textbook. Because technical reports and other specific types of monographs have additional special features, they
are treated in their own chapters.
References to books in print or in microform (microfilm, microfiche) are included in this chapter. For references
to books in audiovisual format, see Chapter 15; in electronic form, see Chapter 18 and Chapter 22.
The chief source for information about a book is its title page. The back of the title page, called the verso or
copyright page, and the cover of the book are additional sources of authoritative information not found on the
title page.
Note that the rules for creating references to books are not the same as the rules for cataloging books. Therefore
records found in the NLM LocatorPlus and the NLM Catalog databases will not always agree with the
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Entire Books.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Entire Books.
Citation Rules with Examples for Entire Books

Author/Editor (R) | Author Affiliation (O) | Title (R) | Content Type (O) | Type of Medium (R) | Edition (R) |
Editor and other Secondary Authors (O) | Place of Publication (R) | Publisher (R) | Date of Publication (R) |
Pagination (O) | Physical Description (O) | Series (O) | Language (R) | Notes (O)
Author/Editor for Entire Books (required)

General Rules for Author/Editor
• Enter surname (family or last name) first for each author/editor
• Convert given (first) names and middle names to initials for a maximum of two initials following each
surname
Books 105
• Give all authors/editors, regardless of the number

• Separate author/editor names from each other by a comma and a space
• If there are no authors, only editors, follow the last named editor with a comma and the word editor or
editors; see Editor and Other Secondary Authors below if there are authors and editors
• End author/editor information with a period
Specific Rules for Author/Editor

• Designations of rank in a family, such as Jr and III
• Names in non-roman alphabets (Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean) or character-based languages
(Chinese, Japanese)
• Non-English words for editor
• Organizations as author/editor

• Keep hyphens in surnames
James O. L'Esperance becomes L'Esperance JO

106 Citing Medicine

[If you cannot determine from the title page whether a surname is compound or a combination of a
middle name and a surname, look at the back of the title page (the copyright page) or elsewhere in
the text for clarification. For example, Elizabeth Scott Parker may be interpreted to be Parker ES or
Scott Parker E.]
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

• Use only the first letter of given names and middle names if they contain a prefix, a preposition, or another
particle
Books 107
abbreviation.
letter if the original initial is represented by more than one letter

• Omit degrees, titles, and honors such as M.D. following a personal name
Kristine Schmidt, Ph.D. becomes Schmidt K
• Omit rank and honors such as Colonel or Sir that precede a name
Dr. Jane Eberhard becomes Eberhard J
Captain R.C. Williams becomes Williams RC

Examples:
108 Citing Medicine
• Capitalize only the first letter of romanized names if the original initial is represented by more than one
letter
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
Box 7. Non-English words for editor.

• Translate the word found for editor into English. However, the wording found on the publication may
always be used.
French redacteur
editeur
German redakteur

Books 109

herausgeber
Italian redattore
curatore
editore
Russian redaktor
izdatel
Spanish redactor
editor
Box 8. Organizations as author/editor.

An organization such as a university, society, association, corporation, or government body may serve as an
author or editor.
• If a division or another part of an organization is included in the publication, give the parts of the name in
Working Group.
(see Appendix D)
• If both individuals and an organization or organizations appear on the title page of a book as authors, use
the names of the individuals as the author. Give the organization at the end of the reference as a note, if
desired.
110 Citing Medicine
Stahl PH, Wermuth CG, editors. Handbook of pharmaceutical salts: properties, selection, and use.
New York: Wiley-VCH; c2002. 374 p. Prepared for the International Union of Pure and Applied
Chemistry.
• For names of organizations not in English:
Italian, Spanish, German, Swedish, etc.) as they appear in the publication. Follow a non-English
name with a translation when possible. Place all translations in square brackets.
Follow a non-English name with a translation when possible. Place all translations in square
brackets.
or
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
Books 111
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

reference with the names of the editors or translators. Follow the same rules as used for author names, but
the reference with the title of the book. Do not use anonymous.
Handbook of geriatric drug therapy. Springhouse (PA): Springhouse; c2000. 1000 p.

The following formats are not NLM practice for citing authors, but are acceptable options.
comma; follow initials with a period; separate successive names by a semicolon and a space.
Takagi, Yasushi; Harada, Jun; Chiarugi, Alberto M.; Moskowitz, Michael A.
Mann, Frederick D.; Swartz, Mary N.; Little, R.T.
three authors. Follow the last named author by a comma and "et al." or "and others."
Adler DG, Baron TH, Davila RE, and others.
Examples for Author/Editor

1. Standard book with initials for authors
2. Book authors with optional full first names given
3. Book with many authors (list all)
4. Book with optional limit to the first three authors
5. Book with author/editor name having designations of rank in a family
6. Book authors/editors with particles, prefixes, or prepositions in their names
7. Book authors/editors with compound last names having a hyphen
8. Book authors/editors with compound last names without a hyphen
112 Citing Medicine
9. Book with editors or translators when there is no author

10. Book with author(s) and editor(s)/translator(s)/illustrator(s)
11. Book with organization as author/editor
12. Book with organization as author and subsidiary department/division named
13. Book with organization as author which is also the publisher
14. Book with organization as author and an editor(s)
15. Book with organization as author/editor including a translation
16. Book with multiple organizations as authors
17. Book with no authors or editors
Author Affiliation for Entire Books (optional)

country
• Use commas to separate parts of the address
• Place the address in parentheses, such as (Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh,
PA)
• Follow the affiliation with a comma placed outside the closing parenthesis, unless the affiliation is for the

• Organizational names for affiliations not in English

Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Books 113

Div. for Division
Soc. for Society
all references.

Example:
Box 13. Organizational names for affiliations not in English.

for the US state or Canadian province (see Appendix E), and the country name or ISO country code (see
Appendix D) if non-US. Place the affiliation in parentheses.
• Provide the name in the original language for non-English organization names found in the roman
alphabet (primarily European languages, such as French, German, Spanish, Italian, Swedish, etc.)
114 Citing Medicine
Marubini E (Istituto di Statistica Medica e Biometria, Universita degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy),
Rebora P, Reina G.
Barbulescu M (Clinica Chirurgicala, Spitalul Clinic Coltea, Bucarest, Romania), Burcos T,
Ungureanu CD, Zodieru-Popa I.
Mandelshtam MY.
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

• Use the English form for names of cities and countries if possible. However, the name as found on the
Books 115
Wien becomes Vienna


18. Book with author affiliation included
Title for Entire Books (required)

• Enter the title of a book as it appears in the original document, in the original language
• Use a colon followed by a space to separate a title from a subtitle, unless another form of punctuation
• Follow non-English titles with a translation whenever possible; place the translation in square brackets
• End a title with a period unless a question mark or exclamation point already ends it or a Content Type or
Type of Medium follows it (see below), then end with a space

• Titles containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special character
• Titles not in English
• Titles in more than one language
• Titles ending in punctuation other than a period
• No title can be found
Box 15. Titles containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special character.
• Capitalize the first word of a book title unless the title begins with a Greek letter, chemical formula, or
1,3-dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin: health-based reassessment of administrative occupational
exposure limits. The Hague: Health Council of the Netherlands; 2002.
Ruggeri ZM, editor. von Willebrand factor and the mechanisms of platelet function. New York:
Springer; c1998. 257 p.
Huang YS, Ziboh VA, editors. γ-linolenic acid: recent advances in biotechnology and clinical
applications. Champaign (IL): AOCS Press; 2001. 259 p.
may become
Huang YS, Ziboh VA, editors. Gamma-linolenic acid: recent advances in biotechnology and clinical
applications. Champaign (IL): AOCS Press; 2001. 259 p.
116 Citing Medicine
Juaristi E, Soloshonok VA. Enantioselective synthesis of β-amino acids. 2nd ed. Hoboken (NJ):
Wiley; c2005. 634 p.
may become
Juaristi E, Soloshonok VA. Enantioselective synthesis of beta-amino acids. 2nd ed. Hoboken (NJ):
Wiley; c2005. 634 p.
• If a title contains superscripts or subscripts that cannot be reproduced with the type fonts available, place
Schmidt KH, Manheim J. TiO2 nanoparticles. Weinheim (Germany): VCH Verlag GmbH & Co.;
2005. 278 p.
may become
Schmidt KH, Manheim J. TiO(2) nanoparticles. Weinheim (Germany): VCH Verlag GmbH & Co.;
2005. 278 p.
Box 16. Titles not in English.

• Provide the title in the original language for non-English titles in the roman alphabet (primarily European
languages, such as French, German, Spanish, Italian, Swedish, etc.)
Ochoa S. Base molecular de la expresion del mensaje genetico. Madrid: Consejo Superior de
Investigaciones Cientificas; 2000. 219 p. Spanish.
• Romanize (write in the roman alphabet) titles in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, or Korean. A good
authority for romanization is the ALA-LC Romanization Tables.
Tsimmerman IaS. Diagnostika i kompleksnoe lechenie osnovnykh gastroenterologicheskikh
zabolevanii: klinicheskie ocherki. Perm (Russia): Permskaia Gosudarstvenennaia Meditsinskaia
Akademiia; 2003. 286 p. Russian.
• Romanize or translate titles in character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese). Place translated titles in
square brackets.
Katsunori K. Anrakushi to keiho. Tokyo: Seibundo; 2003. 198 p. Japanese.
or
Katsunori K. [Euthanasia and criminal law]. Tokyo: Seibundo; 2003. 198 p. Japanese.
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Books 117
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
• Capitalize only the first word of the title, proper nouns, proper adjectives, acronyms, and initialisms unless
the conventions of a particular language require other capitalization
Philbert-Hasucha S. Pflegekompendium: Wirkstoffe, Materialien, Techniken. Heidelberg: Springer
Medizin; c2006. 402 p. German.
Ochoa S. Base molecular de la expresion del mensaje genetico [Molecular basis of gene expression].
Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas; 2000. 219 p. Spanish.
Philbert-Hasucha S. Pflegekompendium: Wirkstoffe, Materialien, Techniken [Care compendium:
principles, materials, techniques]. Heidelberg: Springer Medizin; c2006. 402 p. German.
zabolevanii: klinicheskie ocherki [Diagnosis and complex treatment of basic gastrointestinal
diseases: clinical studies]. Perm (Russia): Permskaia Gosudarstvenennaia Meditsinskaia Akademiia;
2003. 286 p. Russian.
Katsunori K. Anrakushi to keiho [Euthanasia and criminal law]. Tokyo: Seibundo; 2003. 198 p.
Japanese.
Box 17. Titles in more than one language.

• If a book title is written in several languages:
⚬ Give the title in the first language found on the title page
⚬ List all languages of publication after the pagination (or Physical Description, if provided)
118 Citing Medicine
Example:
Puig-Samper MA, Ruiz R, Galera Andres, editors. Evolucionismo y cultura: darwinismo en
Europa e Iberoamerica. Aranjuez (Spain): Ediciones Doce Calles; 2002. 407 p. Spanish,
English, French, Portuguese.
• If a book is published with equal text in two or more languages, as often occurs in Canadian publications:
⚬ Give all titles in the order they are given on the title page
⚬ List all languages, separated by commas, after the pagination (or Physical Description, if provided)
Example:
Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier. Le genome: avancees scientifiques et
therapeutiques et consequences sociales = The genome: scientific and therapeutic
developments and social consequences. Paris: Elsevier; c2002. 271 p. French, English.
Box 18. Titles ending in punctuation other than a period.

• Most titles end in a period. When a translation of a book title is provided, place it in square brackets after
the original language or romanized title. End with the period outside the closing bracket.
• If a translated title ends in another form of punctuation, keep that punctuation. Place it in the square
brackets and end title information with a period.
Lasanta PJ. La eutanasia: es buena muerte? [Euthanasia: is it a good death?]. Logrono (Spain):
Editorial Horizonte; 2006. 208 p. Spanish.
Box 19. No title can be found.

Occasionally a publication does not appear to have any title; the book or other short document simply begins
with the text. In this circumstance:
• Construct a title from the first few words of the text
• Use enough words to make the constructed title meaningful
• Place the constructed title in square brackets
Examples for Title

19. Book title in a language other than English
20. Book published with equal text in two languages
21. Book with text in multiple languages
Books 119
22. Book title with special characters
Content Type for Entire Books (optional)

General Rules for Content Type
• A content type alerts the user that the reference is not to a standard book but to a dissertation, master's
thesis, or bibliography
• Place [dissertation], [master's thesis], or [bibliography] after the book title
• Follow the bracketed content type with a period unless the book is in a non-print medium (see Type of
Medium below)
• See Chapter 5 Dissertations and Theses and Chapter 6 Bibliographies for more detail
Specific Rules for Content Type


• Most book titles end in a period. Place [dissertation], [master's thesis], or [bibliography] inside the period.
Kennaway JG. Musical pathology in the nineteenth century: Richard Wagner and degeneration
[dissertation]. Los Angeles: University of California, Los Angeles; 2004. 317 p.
• If a title ends in another form of punctuation, keep that punctuation and follow [dissertation], [master's
thesis], or [bibliography] with a period
Stewart EP. Who shall decide when doctors disagree? [dissertation]. [Washington]: American
University; 2003. 368 p.

• If a translation of a title is provided, place it in square brackets following the original language or
romanized title
• If a book is a dissertation, master's thesis, or bibliography, place [dissertation], [master's thesis], or
[bibliography] after the square brackets for the translation
Cisse A. Connaissances et comportements sexuels des jeunes de 15-29 ans sur les M.T.S. et le SIDA a
Bamako [Sexual knowledge and behavior of young people 15-29 years of age concerning sexually
transmitted diseases (STDs) and AIDS in Bamako] [master's thesis]. [Quebec (QC)]: Laval
University; 1993. 69 p. French.
Examples for Content Type

23. Book with content type added
120 Citing Medicine
Type of Medium for Entire Books (required)

• Indicate the type of medium (microfiche, ultrafiche, microfilm, microcard, etc.) following the title (and
Content Type, if present) when a book is published in a microform
• Place the name of the medium in square brackets and end with a period outside the closing bracket, such
as [microfiche].
• Add information about the medium according to the instructions under Physical Description below
• See Chapter 15 for books in audiovisual formats, Chapter 18 for books on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk, and
Chapter 22 for Internet books

• Both a content type and a type of medium
Box 22. Both a content type and a type of medium.

• If a dissertation, master's thesis, or bibliography is in a microform, give the specific type of microform
after the content type preceded by "on".
Brill S. Hygieia: health and medicine in Plato's Republic [dissertation on microfilm]. [College Park
(PA)]: The Pennsylvania State University; 2004. 311 p.
Johnston PG. A survey of nursing school libraries in the city of Philadelphia [master's thesis on
microcard]. Philadelphia: Drexel Institute of Technology; 1955. 55 p.

• Most titles of books end in a period. Place [microfiche], [microfilm], or [microcard] inside the period.
Pennell S, editor. Women and medicine: remedy books, 1533-1865, from the Wellcome Library for
the History and Understanding of Medicine, London [microfilm]. London: Wellcome Library for the
History and Understanding of Medicine; c2004. 35 reels: black & white, negative, 35 mm.
• If a title ends in another form of punctuation, keep that punctuation and follow [microfiche], [microfilm],
or [microcard] with a period
Barber RM. What shall I eat? [microfilm]. Hokinson HE, illustrator. New York: Macmillan Co.; 1933.

• If a translation of a title is provided, place the translation in square brackets after the original language or
romanized title
Books 121
• If a book title is in a microform (microfiche, microfile, microcard, etc.), place the specific name of the
microform in square brackets following the translation
Jousset TA. Etude et traitment de la meningite tuberculeuse [Study and treatment of meningeal
tuberculosis] [microfilm]. Paris: Masson; 1933. 152 p. 1 reel: black & white, negative, 35 mm.

24. Book in a microform with type of medium given
Edition for Entire Books (required)

• Indicate the edition/version being cited after the title (and Content Type or Type of Medium if present)
when a book is published in more than one edition or version
• Abbreviate common words (see Abbreviation rules for editions below)
• Capitalize only the first word of the edition statement, proper nouns, and proper adjectives
• Express numbers representing editions in arabic ordinals. For example: second becomes 2nd and III
becomes 3rd.
• End the edition statement with a period

• Abbreviate common words found in edition statements, if desired:
Word Abbreviation
edition ed.
abbreviated abbr.
abridged abr.
American Am.
augmented augm.
authorized authoriz.
English Engl.
enlarged enl.
expanded expand.
illustrated ill.
modified mod.
original orig.
reprint(ed) repr.
revised rev.
special spec.
translation transl.

122 Citing Medicine
Word Abbreviation
translated
For additional abbreviations, see ISO 832:1994 - Rules for the abbreviation of bibliographic terms.
• Follow abbreviated words with a period and end all edition information with a period
3rd rev. ed.
1st Engl. ed.

• First editions

⚬ Provide the name in the original language
⚬ Abbreviate common words used in edition statements if the language is a familiar one
⚬ Capitalize only the first word and proper nouns unless the particular language requires
capitalization of other words
Deutsch E, Lippert HD, editors. Kommentar zum Arzneimittelgesetz (AMG). 2, Aufl. Berlin:
Springer; 2007. 885 p. German.
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
Books 123
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
⚬ Do not convert numbers or words for numbers to arabic ordinals as is the practice for English
language publications. This assists those unfamiliar with a language and avoids awkward
constructions.
⚬ Separate the edition from the title proper by a space
⚬ Retain the punctuation used in the edition statement
⚬ Follow abbreviated words by a period and end edition information with a period
Examples:
Ed. 1a.
5. ed. interamente riv. e aggiornata.
2. ed. veneta.
Nuova ed.
Seconda ed.
4a ed. rev. e ampliada.
2° ed. ampliada y actualizada.
2., Aufl.
⚬ Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in words. Treat letters marked with diacritics or
accents as if they are not marked. This rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages
Examples: ĉ or ç becomes c
constructions.
124 Citing Medicine

⚬ Follow abbreviated words by a period and end all edition information with a period
Examples:
Izd. 3., perer. i dop.
2. dopunjeno izd.
2. ekd. epeux.
3. ekd.
• For an edition statement written in a character-based language such as Chinese and Japanese:
⚬ Transliterate or translate the words for edition
Examples:
ŏ becomes o
ū becomes u
constructions.
⚬ Separate the edition from the title by a space
⚬ End all edition information with a period
Examples:
Shohan.
Dai 1-han.
Dai 3-pan.
Di 3 ban.
Cai se ban, Xianggang di 1 ban.
Che 6-pàn.
Books 125
Danish oplag n.a.
udgave
Dutch uitgave uitg.
editie ed.
French edition ed.
Auflage Aufl.
Greek ekdosis ekd.
utgave utg.
publikacija publ.
Spanish edicion ed.
publicacion publ.
Box 27. First editions.

• If a book does not carry any statement of edition, assume it is the first or only edition
• Use 1st ed. only when you know that subsequent editions have been published and you are citing the
earlier one

25. Book with an edition
26. Book with an edition in a language other than English
Editor and other Secondary Authors for Entire Books (optional)

General Rules for Editor and other Secondary Authors
• A secondary author modifies the work of the author. Examples include editors, translators, and
illustrators.
• Place the names of secondary authors after the title, following any Content Type, Type of Medium, or
Edition statement
• Use the same rules for the format of names presented in Author/Editor above
126 Citing Medicine
• Follow the last named editor with a comma and the word editor or editors; the last named illustrator with
a comma and the word illustrator or illustrators, etc.
• End secondary author information with a period
• If there is no author, move secondary authors such as editors and translators to the author position in the
reference
Specific Rules for Editor and other Secondary Authors

• More than one type of secondary author
• Secondary author performing more than one role
• Non-English names for secondary authors
• Organization as editor
Box 28. More than one type of secondary author.

A book may have several types of secondary author.
• List all of them in the order they are given in the publication
• Separate each type of secondary author with the accompanying role by a semicolon
Examples:
Smith BC, editor; Carson HT, illustrator.
Graber AF, Longstreet RG, translators; Johnson CT, Marks C, Huston MA, illustrators.
Box 29. Secondary author performing more than one role.

If the same secondary author performs more than one role:
• List all the roles in the order they are given in the publication
• Separate the roles by "and"
Example:
Jones AB, editor and translator.
Box 30. Non-English names for secondary authors.

• Translate the word found for editor, translator, illustrator, or other secondary author into English if
possible. However, the wording found on the publication may always be used.
• If not translated, ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in words. This rule ignores some
conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.
Å treated as A
Books 127
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
• To assist in identifying secondary authors, below is a brief list of non-English words for them:
Language Word for Editor Word for Translator Word for Illustrator
French redacteur traducteur illustrateur
editeur
German redakteur ubersetzer illustrator
herausgeber dolmetscher
Italian redattore traduttore disegnatore
curatore
editore
Russian redaktor perevodchik konstruktor
izdatel
Spanish redactor traductor ilustrador
editor
Box 31. Organization as editor.

On rare occasions an organization will be listed as the editor.
• Follow the instructions for entering Organizations as author/editor
• Place a comma, space, and the word editor after the organization name
Example:
Swiss Pharmaceutical Society, editor. Index nominum: international drug directory. 18th ed.
Stuttgart (Germany): Medpharm Scientific Publications; 2004. 1823 p.
128 Citing Medicine
Examples for Editor and other Secondary Authors

Place of Publication for Entire Books (required)

• Place is defined as the city where the book was published
to avoid confusion when citing lesser known cities or when cities in different locations have the same
name, such as Palm Springs (CA) and Palm Springs (FL)
• Use the anglicized form for a non-US city, such as Vienna for Wien

• Non-US cities

• Use the anglicized form of a city name, such as Rome for Roma and Moscow for Moskva, when possible.
However, the name as found on the publication may always be used.
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
Books 129
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
• Follow Canadian cities with the two-letter abbreviation for the name of the province (see Appendix E),
placed in parentheses:
Montreal (QC):
Ottawa (ON):
Vancouver (BC):
• For cities in other countries, if the city is not well known or could be confused with another city of the
same name, follow the city with the country name, either written in full or as the two-letter ISO country
code (see Appendix D). Place the country name or code in parentheses.
London:
Rome:
Paris:
Madrid:
but
• As an option, use the country name or country code after all cities not in the US or Canada

Two or more organizations may co-publish a book.
• Use the city of the first organization found on the title page (or on the back of the title page if no place
information appears on the title page), as the place of publication
• Place the name of the other organization(s) as a note at the end of the citation, if desired
Chandler F, editor. Herbs: everyday reference for health professionals. Ottawa: Canadian Pharmacists
Association; c2000. 240 p. Co-published by the Canadian Medical Association.
• Do not give multiple places as place of publication or include multiple publishers
130 Citing Medicine

• If more than one place of publication is found, use the first one or the one set in the largest type or in bold
type. Do not give multiple places.

• If no place of publication can be found on the title page or its verso (back), but one can be found elsewhere
in the publication or can be reasonably inferred (e.g., Chicago as the place for a publication of the
American Medical Association), place the city in square brackets, such as "[Chicago]".
Marquis DK. Advance care planning: a practical guide for physicians. [Chicago]: AMA Press; c2001.
105 p.
Kuttner L. A child in pain: how to help, what to do. [place unknown]: Hartley & Marks; 1996. 271 p.

27. Book with well-known place of publication
28. Book place of publication with geographic qualifier added for clarity
29. Book with place of publication inferred
30. Book with unknown place of publication
36. Book with unknown place of publication and publisher
42. Book with unknown place, publisher, and date of publication
Publisher for Entire Books (required)

• A publisher is defined as the individual or organization issuing the book
• Record the name of the publisher as it appears in the publication, using whatever capitalization and
punctuation is found there
• End publisher information with a semicolon

• Non-English names for publishers
Books 131

Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Ltd. for Limited
Soc. for Society
all references.
Box 37. Non-English names for publishers.

Rome: Societa Editrice Universo;
Lisbon: Imprensa Medica;
• Romanize names in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean
Sofia (Bulgaria): Sofia Medizina i Fizkultura;
• Romanize names or translate names in character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese). Place all translated
publisher names in square brackets unless the translation is given in the publication.
Tokyo: Medikaru Rebyusha;
Beijing (China): [Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Population Research Institute];
132 Citing Medicine
Taiyuan (China): Shanxi ke xue ji she chu ban she;

[Note that the concept of capitalization does not exist in Chinese. Therefore in transliterating
Chinese publisher names only the first word and proper nouns are capitalized]
• If the name of a division or another part of an organization is included in the publisher information, give
the names in hierarchical order from highest to lowest
Lopez Pinero;
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
• If desired, follow a non-English name with a translation. Place all translated publisher names in square
brackets.
Aarhus (Denmark): Aarhus-Universitetsforlag [Aarhus University Press];
• As an option, you may translate all publisher names not in English. Place all translated publisher names in
Aarhus (Denmark): [Aarhus University Press];
Appendix D)
Books 133
National Cancer Institute (US)

National Society on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence (NZ)
Royal Society of Medicine Press Ltd. (GB)
Royal College of Physicians (AU), Paediatrics & Child Health Division
• Do not confuse the publisher with the distributor of documents for the publisher. For example, the most
common distributors of US government agency publications are the US Government Printing Office
(GPO) and the National Technical Information Service (NTIS). Designate the agency that issued the
publication as the publisher and include distributor information as a note. Begin with the phrase
"Available from" followed by a colon and a space. Add the name of the distributor, the city and state, and
the accession or order number.
What kind of birth control is best for you? Rockville (MD): Food and Drug Administration (US);
2000. 12 p. Available from: US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC; HE 20.4050:B 53/2000.

• Use the first organization appearing as publisher on the title page or the verso (back) of the title page
Example:
• Do not give more than one name as publisher

• If more than one publisher is found in a document, use the first one given or the one set in the largest type
or bold type
• An alternative is to use the publisher likely to be most familiar to the audience of the reference list. For
example, use an American publisher for a US audience and a London publisher for a British one.
• Do not list multiple publishers. For those publications with joint or co-publishers, use the name given first
as the publisher and include the name of the other(s) as a note if desired. For example, use "Jointly
published by the Canadian Pharmacists Association".
Example:
134 Citing Medicine

• If no publisher can be determined, use the words "publisher unknown" placed in square brackets
Sciarra C. Harvey Cushing fondatore della neurochirurgia. Rome: [publisher unknown]; [1971?].
Italian.

31. Book publisher with subsidiary department/division named
32. Book with government agency as publisher
33. Book with joint publishers
34. Book with non-English publisher name including translation
35. Book with unknown publisher
Date of Publication for Entire Books (required)

• Always give the year of publication
• Include the month of publication, if desired, after the year, such as 2004 May
• End date information with a period

• Multiple years of publication
• Date of publication and date of copyright
• No date of publication, but a date of copyright
• No date of publication or copyright can be found
• Options for date of publication
Box 42. Multiple years of publication.

2002-2003
1997-1998
1999-2000
Books 135
• If months are given, place them after the year. Use English names for months and abbreviate them using
the first three letters.
1999 Oct-2000 Mar
2002 Dec-2003 Jan
• Separate multiple months of publication by a hyphen
2005 Jan-Feb
1999 Dec-2000 Jan
• Separate multiple seasons by a hyphen; for example, Fall-Winter. Do not abbreviate names of seasons.

• Capitalize them
Examples:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

• Capitalize them
For example:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring
Box 45. Date of publication and date of copyright.

Some publications have both a date of publication and a date of copyright. A copyright date is identified by the
symbol ©, the letter "c", or the word copyright preceding the date.
• Use only the date of publication unless three or more years separate the two dates
136 Citing Medicine
• In this situation, use both dates, beginning with the year of publication
• Precede the date of copyright by the letter "c"
• Separate the dates by a comma and a space. For example, "2002, c1997".
This convention alerts a user that the information in the publication is older than the date of publication implies.
Example:
Research Task Force on Risk-Based Inservice Testing Guidelines. Risk-based testing: development of
guidelines. New York: American Society of Mechanical Engineers; 2000, c1996.
Box 46. No date of publication, but a date of copyright.

• A copyright date is identified by the symbol ©, the letter "c", or the word copyright preceding the date. If
no date of publication can be found, but the publication contains a date of copyright, use the date of
copyright preceded by the letter "c"; for example c2005.
Examples:
Kruger L, editor. Pain and touch. San Diego (CA): Academic Press; c1996. 394 p.
Mark BS, Incorvaia J, editors. The handbook of infant, child, and adolescent psychotherapy.
Northvale (NJ): Jason Aronson Inc.; c1995-1997. 2 vol.
Box 47. No date of publication or copyright can be found.

• If neither a date of publication nor a date of copyright can be found, but a date can be estimated because of
material in the book itself or on accompanying material, insert a question mark after the estimated date
and place date information in square brackets
Pathak L, editor. Echocardiography non invasive diagnosis. Bombay: Cardiological Society of India;
[1980?].
• If neither a date of publication nor a date of copyright can be found nor can the date be estimated, use
[date unknown]
Marcuzzi A. Alimentazione: risorse e possibilita. Bologna (Italy): Malipiero S.p.A. Editore; [date
unknown]. 72 p. Italian.
Box 48. Options for date of publication.

The date of publication may follow the author names (or title if there are no authors) in the list of references
when the name-year system of in-text references is used.
• Use only the year of publication
• If there is no year of publication, use the year of copyright
Books 137
• Place the year after the last named author (or after the title if there is no author), followed by a period
NLM citation:
Barnett T, Whiteside A. AIDS in the twenty-first century: disease and globalization. 2nd ed. New York:
Palgrave Macmillan; 2006. 449 p.
HIV/AIDs resources: a nationwide directory. 10th ed. Longmont (CO): Guides for Living; c2004. 792 p.
Barnett T, Whiteside A. 2006. AIDS in the twenty-first century: disease and globalization. 2nd ed. New
York: Palgrave Macmillan. 449 p.
HIV/AIDs resources: a nationwide directory. c2004. 10th ed. Longmont (CO): Guides for Living. 792 p.

37. Book with multiple dates of publication
38. Book with date of copyright instead of date of publication
39. Book with date of publication and date of copyright
40. Book with estimated date of publication
41. Book with unknown date of publication
Pagination for Entire Books (optional)

General Rules for Pagination
• Provide the total number of pages on which the text of the book appears
• Do not count pages for such items as introductory material, appendixes, and indexes unless they are
included in the pagination of the text
• Follow the page total with a space and the letter p
• For books published in more than one physical volume, cite the total number of volumes instead of the
number of pages, such as 4 vol.
Specific Rules for Pagination

• No numbers appear on the pages of the book

If all of the pages (not just the introductory pages) of a book have roman numerals instead of the usual arabic
numbers:
• Convert the roman numeral on the last page of the text to an arabic number
138 Citing Medicine
• Follow the number by "p."

• Place the number and "p." in square brackets, such as [12 p.]
Example: [20 p.].
Box 50. No numbers appear on the pages of the book.

Occasionally, a book will have no numbers on its pages. If the entire publication has no page numbers:
• Count the total number of pages of the text
• Express the total as leaves, not pages
Examples:
Howell E. Access to children's mental health services under Medicaid and SCHIP. Washington:
Urban Institute; c2004. 7 leaves.
Zaadstra BM, Staats PG, Davidse W. Aard en omvang van cannabis gebruik bij mensen met MS.
Leiden (Netherlands): TNO Preventie en Gezondheid; 1998. 37 leaves. Dutch.
Examples for Pagination

43. Book with standard pagination
44. Book published in more than one volume
45. Book with no numbers on the pages
Physical Description for Entire Books (optional)

• Give information on the physical characteristics if a book is published in a microform (microfilm,
microfiche, etc.), such as 3 microfiche: black & white, 2 x 4 in. Such information helps the reader select the
appropriate equipment with which to view the microform.


If a book is published on microfiche, microfilm, or microcards:
• Begin with information on the number and type of physical pieces, followed by a colon and a space
5 microfiche:
Books 139
3 reels: [of microfilm]

2 microcards:
color
black & white
positive
negative
3 microfiche: color, positive, 4 x 6 in.
5 microcards: black & white, 3 x 5 in.

Series for Entire Books (optional)

General Rules for Series
• Begin with the name of the series
• Capitalize only the first word and proper nouns
• Follow the name with any numbers provided. For example, vol. 3 for a volume or no. 12 for an issue
number.
• Separate the title and the number by a semicolon and a space
• Place series information in parentheses
• End series information with a period placed outside the closing parenthesis
Specific Rules for Series

• Series editor's name provided
• Multiple series
Box 52. Series editor's name provided.

As an option, the name of the overall series editor may be included with the series information.
140 Citing Medicine
• Begin with the name of the series editor or editors:

⚬ Give surname first
⚬ Convert given (first) names and middle names to initials, for a maximum of two initials following
each surname
⚬ Separate multiple names with a comma
⚬ End name information with a comma
⚬ See the information under Author/Editor for further name rules
• Place the word editor or editors after the name information, followed by a period
• Enter the name of the series, capitalizing only the first word and proper nouns
• Follow the name with any numbers given, such as a volume or number. For example, vol. 3 for a volume or
no. 12 for an issue number.
• Separate the name and the numbers by a semicolon and a space
• End series information with a period, placed outside the closing parenthesis
Example:
Forsman RB, editor. Administration and management in health sciences libraries. Lanham (MD):
Medical Library Association; c2000. (Bunting A, editor. Current practice in health sciences
librarianship; vol. 8).
Box 53. Multiple series.

If a book is a part of more than one series, include information on all series if desired.
• Place each series in parentheses
• Separate the series by a semicolon and a space
• End series information with a period, placed outside the closing parenthesis of the last series
Example:
Rugg DL, Peersman G, Carael M, editors. Global advances in HIV/AIDS monitoring and evaluation.
San Francisco: Jossey-Bass; c2004. 180 p. (New directions for evaluation; no. 103); (Jossey-Bass
education series).
Box 54. Non-English names for volumes.

• Use the word for volume of the particular language. Give the abbreviated form if known, followed by a
period.
t. 5
bd. 3
Books 141
• Convert words and roman numerals used for volume numbers into arabic numbers, so that the word for
two or II becomes 2
• See the following list of words and their abbreviations, if any, used for volume in a variety of languages:
Language Word for Volume Abbreviation
French volume vol.
tome t.
annee
German Band bd.
Jahrgang jahrg.
Italian volume vol.
tomo t.
annata
Russian tom
godovoj komplert god.
Spanish volumen vol.
tomo t.
ano
Examples for Series

46. Book in a series with a number given
47. Book in a series without a number
48. Book in a series with editor(s)
49. Book in multiple series
50. Book published also as a journal issue
Language for Entire Books (required)


• Books appearing in more than one language
142 Citing Medicine
Box 55. Books appearing in more than one language.

• If a book is written in several languages:
⚬ List all languages after the pagination, or physical description if present
⚬ Separate the language names by commas
Example:
Puig-Samper MA, Ruiz R, Galera Andres A, editors. Evolucionismo y cultura: darwinismo en
Europa e Iberoamerica. Aranjuez (Spain): Ediciones Doce Calles; 2002. 407 p. Spanish,
English, French, Portuguese.
• If a book is written with equal text in two or more languages, as often occurs in Canadian publications:
⚬ Give all titles in the order in which they are presented on the title page
⚬ Separate them with an equals sign with a space on either side
⚬ List the languages after the pagination
Example:
Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier. Le genome: avancees scientifiques et
therapeutiques et consequences sociales = The genome: scientific and therapeutic
developments and social consequences. Paris: Elsevier; c2002. 271 p. French, English.
• If none of the titles is English, follow with a translation when possible. Place the translation in square
brackets.
Example:
Lopez Ferez JA, editor. La lengua cientifica griega: origenes, desarrollo e influencia en las lenguas
modernas europeas [The Greek scientific language: origins, development and influence on modern
European languages]. Madrid: Ediciones Clasicas; 2000. 2 vol. Spanish, French, German, Greek,
Italian.

Books 143
Notes for Entire Books (optional)

• Be brief

• Book accompanied by a videocassette, CD-ROM, DVD, etc.
• Book with an ISBN
Box 56. Book accompanied by a videocassette, CD-ROM, DVD, etc.

• If a book has supplemental material accompanying it in the form of a videocassette, CD-ROM, DVD, or
another medium, begin by citing the book. Add the phrase "Accompanied by: " followed by the number
and type of the medium.
Di Lauro A, Brandon E. The MIBIS manual: preparing records in microcomputer-based
bibliographic information systems. 2nd ed. Ottawa (ON): International Development Research
Centre; 1995. Accompanied by: 1 CD-ROM.
Box 57. Book with an ISBN.

• If the book has been assigned an International Standard Book Number, provide the number if desired.
Begin with "ISBN: ".
Stern SD, Cifu AS, Altkorn D. Symptom to diagnosis: an evidence-based guide. New York: Lange
Medical Books; c2006. 434 p. ISBN: 9780071463898.

The notes element may be used to provide any further information. Begin by citing the book, then add the note.
Some examples of notes are:
• If the book is available from a distributor rather than the publisher, give the name of the distributor, its
location, and any accession or finding number. Begin with the phrase "Available from" followed by a colon
and a space.
What kind of birth control is best for you? Rockville (MD): Food and Drug Administration (US);
2000. 12 p. Available from: US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC; HE 20.4050:B 53/2000.
• If the book is translated or otherwise adapted from another book, give the name of the original
Holz FG. Age-related macular degeneration. 2nd ed. New York: Springer; c2004. 234 p. Translated
from the German title Altersabhangige Makuladegeneration.
• If the book was sponsored by or prepared for a particular organization, give the name
144 Citing Medicine
Chemistry.
• If the book is not a common one, give the name of a library or other archive where it may be found. Begin
with the phrase "Located at" followed by a colon and a space.
Tereshchenko NM. Biologicheski aktivnye veshchestva i ikh surrogaty. Cherkasy (Ukraine):
Vidlunnia-Plius; 2003. 103 p. Russian. Located at: National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; 2004
H-230.
• If the book contains material of particular interest to the audience that may not be apparent from the title,
describe it
Palazzo RE, Davis TN, editors. Centrosomes and spindle pole bodies. San Diego: Academic Press;
c2001. 375 p. 16 pages of plates, some color.
• If the author’s manuscript is available electronically
Hao Zheng, Ng F, Yixiao Liu, Hardin PE. Spatial and circadian regulation of cry in Drosophila. J Biol
Rhythms. Forthcoming. [cited 2008 Aug 11]:[18 p.]. Author’s manuscript available at http://www.pub
medcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=18663236 PubMed Central;
PMCID: PMC2504742.
Examples for Notes

51. Book accompanied by a CD-ROM or other medium
52. Book assigned an International Standard Book Number (ISBN)
53. Book available from a distributor
54. Book with information on a library where it may be found
55. Book with other note included
Examples of Citations to Entire Books

1. Standard book with initials for authors
Jenkins PF. Making sense of the chest x-ray: a hands-on guide. New York: Oxford University Press; 2005. 194 p.
Eyre HJ, Lange DP, Morris LB. Informed decisions: the complete book of cancer diagnosis, treatment, and
recovery. 2nd ed. Atlanta: American Cancer Society; c2002. 768 p.
2. Book authors with optional full first names given

Hamric, Ann B.; Spross, Judith A.; Hanson, Charlene M. Advanced practice nursing: an integrative approach.
3rd ed. St. Louis (MO): Elsevier Saunders; c2005. 979 p.
Books 145
3. Book with many authors (list all)

Iverson C, Flanagin A, Fontanarosa PB, Glass RM, Glitman P, Lantz JC, Meyer HS, Smith JM, Winker MA,
Young RK. American Medical Association manual of style. 9th ed. Baltimore (MD): Williams & Wilkins; c1998.
660 p.
Wenger NK, Sivarajan Froelicher E, Smith LK, Ades PA, Berra K, Blumenthal JA, Certo CME, Dattilo AM, Davis
D, DeBusk RF, Drozda JP Jr, Fletcher BJ, Franklin BA, Gaston H, Greenland P, McBride PE, McGregor CGA,
Oldridge NB, Piscatella JC, Rogers FJ. Cardiac rehabilitation. Rockville (MD): Agency for Health Care Policy
and Research (US); 1995. 202 p.
4. Book with optional limit to the first three authors

Iverson C, Flanagin A, Fontanarosa PB, et al. American Medical Association manual of style. 9th ed. Baltimore
(MD): Williams & Wilkins; c1998. 660 p.
Wenger NK, Sivarajan Froelicher E, Smith LK, and others. Cardiac rehabilitation. Rockville (MD): Agency for
Health Care Policy and Research (US); 1995. 202 p.
5. Book with author/editor name having designations of rank in a

family
Bodenheimer HC Jr, Chapman R. Q&A color review of hepatobiliary medicine. New York: Thieme; 2003. 192 p.
Lewis RJ Sr. Hazardous chemicals desk reference. 5th ed. New York: Wiley-Interscience; c2002. 1695 p.
Langabeer JR 2nd, Napiewocki J. Competitive business strategy for teaching hospitals. Westport (CT): Quorum
Books; 2000. 296 p.
Panjabi MM, White AA 3rd. Biomechanics in the musculoskeletal system. New York: Churchill Livingstone;
c2001. 196 p.
Weise WJ 4th. Baby catcher: true stories from the life of an obstetrician. Enumclaw (WA): Pleasant Word; c2003.
105 p.
6. Book authors/editors with particles, prefixes, or prepositions in their

names
O'Brien JA. Common problems in clinical laboratory management. New York: McGraw-Hill, Health Professions
Division; c2000. 557 p.
O'Connor KP. Cognitive-behavioral management of tic disorders. Hoboken (NJ): John Wiley & Sons; c2005. 308
p.
Friedman EA, L'Esperance FA Jr, editors. Diabetic renal-retinal syndrome: pathogenesis and management
update 2002. Boston: Kluwer Academic; c2002. 246 p.
MacDonald DD, Ben-Gashir MA, Robson AM. Dermatopathology. Malden (MA): Blackwell Publishing; 2005.
Van de Velde R, Degoulet P. Clinical information systems: a component-based approach. New York: Springer;
c2003. 294 p.
de Groot WP, translator and editor. A colour atlas of venous disease. Engl. ed. London: Manson; c2003. 112 p.
146 Citing Medicine
7. Book authors/editors with compound last names having a hyphen

Lopez-Goni I, Moriyon I, editors. Brucella: molecular and cellular biology. Wymondham (England): Horizon
Bioscience; c2004. 432 p.
Puig-Samper MA, Ruiz R, Galera Andres A, editors. Evolucionismo y cultura: darwinismo en Europa e
Iberoamerica. Aranjuez (Spain): Ediciones Doce Calles; 2002. 407 p. Spanish, English, French, Portuguese.
8. Book authors/editors with compound last names without a hyphen

Garcia y Griego M, Verea Campos M. Mexico y Estados Unidos frente a la migracion de indocumentados.
Mexico City: Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Coordinacion de Humanidades; 1988. 175 p. Spanish.
Lopez Castellano B, Nieto-Sampedro M, editors. Glial cell function. New York: Elsevier; 2001. 757 p.

Izzo JL Jr, Black HR, editors. Hypertension primer: the essentials of high blood pressure. 3rd ed. Philadelphia:
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; c2003. 532 p.
Celli L, editor. The elbow: traumatic lesions. Warr A, translator. Vienna (Austria): Springer-Verlag; c1991. 203 p.
Flaws B, translator. The classic of difficulties: a translation of the Nan Jing. 3rd ed. Boulder (CO): Blue Poppy
Press; 2004. 140 p.
Krachmer JH, Mannis MJ, Holland EJ, editors. Cornea. Finch M, illustrator. St. Louis (MO): Mosby; c1997. 3 vol.

Martin EW. Hazards of medication. 2nd ed. Ruskin A, Napke E, Alexander S, Kelsey FO, Farage DJ, Mills DH,
Elkas RW, editors. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 1978. 686 p.
Stein E. Anorectal and colon diseases: textbook and color atlas of proctology. 1st Engl. ed. Burgdorf WH,
translator. Berlin: Springer; c2003. 522 p.
Richer PM. Artistic anatomy. Hale RB, translator and editor. New York: Watson-Guptill; 1971. 255 p.
Luzikov VN. Mitochondrial biogenesis and breakdown. Galkin AV, translator; Roodyn DB, editor. New York:
Consultants Bureau; 1985. 362 p.
Bosch F, Klomp R. Running: biomechanics and exercise physiology applied in practice. Bosch F, illustrator;
Boer-Stallman DW, translator. Edinburgh (Scotland): Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; c2005. 413 p.

Advanced Life Support Group. Acute medical emergencies: the practical approach. London: BMJ Books; 2001.
454 p.
Swiss Pharmaceutical Society, editor. Index nominum: international drug directory. 18th ed. Stuttgart
(Germany): Medpharm Scientific Publications; 2004. 1823 p.
Advisory Committee on Existing Chemicals of Environmental Relevance, editor. Naphthalin. Hicks R, translator.
Weinheim (Germany): VCH; c1992. 155 p.
with place added for clarity
Beth Israel Hospital (Boston). Obstetrical decision making. Philadelphia: B.C. Decker; 1987. 320 p.
Books 147
National Safety Council (US). AED, automated external defibrillation. Sudbury (MA): Jones and Bartlett; c1998.
54 p.
12. Book with organization as author and subsidiary department/

division named
American Occupational Therapy Association, Ad Hoc Committee on Occupational Therapy Manpower.
Occupational therapy manpower: a plan for progress. Rockville (MD): The Association; 1985 Apr. 84 p.
13. Book with organization as author which is also the publisher

Virginia Law Foundation, Committee on Continuing Legal Education. The medical and legal implications of
AIDS. Charlottesville (VA): The Foundation; 1987. 148 p.
as an option, the full publisher name may be given
Virginia Law Foundation, Committee on Continuing Legal Education. The medical and legal implications of
AIDS. Charlottesville (VA): Virginia Law Foundation; 1987. 148 p.
14. Book with organization as author and an editor(s)

American Association of Neuroscience Nursing. AANN core curriculum for neuroscience nursing. Bader MK,
Littlejohns LR, editors. 4th ed. St. Louis (MO): Saunders; c2004. 1038 p.

Medicinska Forskningsradet [Medical Research Council] (SE). MFR och forskning om AIDS och HIV: oversyn
och rekommendationer av medicinska forskingsradets AIDS-grupp [MFR and research on AIDS and HIV:
overview and recommendations of the Medical Research Council's AIDS group]. Stockholm: The Council; 1988.
46 p. Swedish.
Rinsho Shokaki Naika Henshu Iinkai [Clinical Gastroenterology Editorial Committee] (JP), editor. Daicho
naishikyo sonyu shugi no kihon [Basic technical procedure of colonoscopy]. Dai 1-pan. Tokyo: Nihon Medikara
Senta; 2003. 135 p. Japanese.
16. Book with multiple organizations as authors

National Lawyer's Guild AIDs Network (US); National Gay Rights Advocates (US). AIDS practice manual: a
legal and educational guide. 2nd ed. San Francisco: The Network; 1988.
17. Book with no authors or editors

HIV/AIDs resources: a nationwide directory. 10th ed. Longmont (CO): Guides for Living; c2004. 792 p.
18. Book with author affiliation included

Fleisher GR (Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA), Ludwig S, Baskin MN, editors.
Atlas of pediatric emergency medicine. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; c2004. 478 p.
Oermann MH (College of Nursing, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI), Gaberson KB (Department of Nursing
Education, Shepherd University, Shepherdstown, WV). Evaluation and testing in nursing education. 2nd ed.
New York: Springer; c2006. 403 p.
148 Citing Medicine

Katsunori K. [Euthanasia and criminal law]. Shohan. Tokyo: Seibundo; 2003. 198 p. Japanese.
Han'guk yagop 100-yon. Seoul (Korea): Yakop Sinmun; 2004. 2 vol. Korean.
Ochoa S. Base molecular de la expresion del mensaje genetico. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones
Cientificas; 2000. 219 p. Spanish.
Tsimmerman IaS. Diagnostika i kompleksnoe lechenie osnovnykh gastroenterologicheskikh zabolevanii:
klinicheskie ocherki. Perm (Russia): Permskaia Gosudarstvenennaia Meditsinskaia Akademiia; 2003. 286 p.
Russian.
Hartmeier W. Immobilisierte Biokatalysstoren. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1988. 212 p. German.
with translation
Katsunori K. [Euthanasia and criminal law]. Shohan. Tokyo: Seibundo; 2003. 198 p. Japanese.
Han'guk yagop 100-yon [100-year pharmaceutical industry history]. Seoul (Korea): Yakop Sinmun; 2004. 2 vol.
Korean.
Ochoa S. Base molecular de la expresion del mensaje genetico [Molecular basis of gene expression]. Madrid:
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas; 2000. 219 p. Spanish.
Tsimmerman IaS. Diagnostika i kompleksnoe lechenie osnovnykh gastroenterologicheskikh zabolevanii:
klinicheskie ocherki [Diagnosis and complex treatment of basic gastrointestinal diseases: clinical studies]. Perm
(Russia): Permskaia Gosudarstvenennaia Meditsinskaia Akademiia; 2003. 286 p. Russian.
Hartmeier W. Immobilisierte Biokatalysstoren [Immobilized biocatalysts]. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1988. 212 p.
German.

Chemically-defined flavouring substances = Substances aromatisantes chimiquement definies. 4th ed.
Strasbourg (France): Council of Europe; c2000. 616 p. English, French.
Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier. Le genome: avancees scientifiques et therapeutiques et
consequences sociales = The genome: scientific and therapeutic developments and social consequences. Paris:
Elsevier; c2002. 271 p. French, English.

Iberoamerica. Aranjuez (Spain): Ediciones Doce Calles; 2002. 407 p. Spanish, English, French, Portuguese.
Lopez Ferez JA, editor. La lengua cientifica griega: origenes, desarrollo e influencia en las lenguas modernas
europeas. Madrid: Ediciones Clasicas; 2000. 2 vol. Spanish, French, German, Greek, Italian.
with translation included
Iberoamerica [Evolution and culture: Darwinism in Europe and Latin America]. Aranjuez (Spain): Ediciones
Doce Calles; 2002. 407 p. Spanish, English, French, Portuguese.
Books 149
Lopez Ferez JA, editor. La lengua cientifica griega: origenes, desarrollo e influencia en las lenguas modernas
europeas [The Greek scientific language: origins, development and influence on modern European languages].
Madrid: Ediciones Clasicas; 2000. 2 vol. Spanish, French, German, Greek, Italian.
22. Book title with special characters

Huang YS, Ziboh VA, editors. γ-linolenic acid: recent advances in biotechnology and clinical applications.
Champaign (IL): AOCS Press; 2001. 259 p.
or
Huang YS, Ziboh VA, editors. Gamma-linolenic acid: recent advances in biotechnology and clinical applications.
Champaign (IL): AOCS Press; 2001. 259 p.
Juaristi E, Soloshonok VA. Enantioselective synthesis of β-amino acids. 2nd ed. Hoboken (NJ): Wiley; c2005. 634
p.
or
Juaristi E, Soloshonok VA. Enantioselective synthesis of beta-amino acids. 2nd ed. Hoboken (NJ): Wiley; c2005.
634 p.
Superscripts/subscripts may be enclosed within parentheses if fonts are not available
Schmidt KH, Manheim J. TiO2 nanoparticles. Weinheim (Germany): VCH Verlag GmbH & Co.; 2005. 278 p.
or
Schmidt KH, Manheim J. TiO(2) nanoparticles. Weinheim (Germany): VCH Verlag GmbH & Co.; 2005. 278 p.
23. Book with content type added

Liu-Ambrose TY. Studies of fall risk and bone morphology in older women with low bone mass [dissertation].
[Vancouver (BC)]: University of British Columbia; 2004. 290 p.
Grayson L, compiler. Animals in research: for and against [bibliography]. London: British Library; c2000. 320 p.

Pennell S, editor. Women and medicine: remedy books, 1533-1865, from the Wellcome Library for the History
and Understanding of Medicine, London [microfilm]. London: Wellcome Library for the History and
Understanding of Medicine; c2004. 35 reels: black & white, negative, 35 mm.
Lombardo NE, Ooi WL, Gornstein ES. Dance/movement therapy with frail older adults: a controlled experiment
to demonstrate effect on mood, social interaction, and physical functioning of nursing home residents and adult
day health clients [microfiche]. Boston: Hebrew Rehabilitation Center for Aged, Research and Training Institute;
1996. 2 microfiche: blue & white, negative, 4 x 6 in.
Monnier H. Etude medicale de quelques guerisons survenues a Lourdes [microfilm]. Paris: Frison-Roche; c1997.
1 reel: black & white, negative, 35 mm. French.
25. Book with an edition

Modlin IM, Sachs G. Acid related diseases: biology and treatment. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins; c2004. 522 p.
150 Citing Medicine
Brown AF. Accident and emergency: diagnosis and management. 4th ed. New York: Arnold; 2002. 442 p.
Belitz HD, Grosch W, Schieberle P. Food chemistry. 3rd rev. ed. Burghagen MM, translator. Berlin: Springer;
2004. 1070 p.
Schulz V, Hansel R, Tyler VE. Rational phytotherapy: a physician's guide to herbal medicine. 3rd ed., fully rev.
and expand. Berlin: Springer; c1998. 306 p.
American Medical Association, Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs. Code of medical ethics: current opinions
with annotations. 2004-2005 ed. Chicago: AMA Press; c2004. 377 p.
Ness BD, editor. Encyclopedia of genetics. Rev. ed. Pasadena (CA): Salem Press; c2004. 2 vol.
Stein E. Anorectal and colon diseases: textbook and color atlas of proctology. 1st Engl. ed. Burgdorf WH,
translator. Berlin: Springer; c2003. 522 p.
26. Book with an edition in a language other than English

Arrighi AA. Biologia del envejecimiento en la mujer. 2° ed. ampliada y actualizada. Buenos Aires: Editorial
Ascune; 2004. 142 p. Spanish.
Maldonado Ballon R. Sexualidad y reproduccion humana: vision medica; enciclopedia. 5a ed. La Paz (Bolivia):
[publisher unknown]; 1988. 4 vol. Spanish.
Deutsch E, Lippert HD, editors. Kommentar zum Arzneimittelgesetz (AMG). 2., Aufl. Berlin: Springer; 2007.
885 p. German.
Giberti F. Manuale di psichiatria: per studenti, medici, assistenti sociali, operatori psichiatrici. 5 ed. interamente
rielaborata. Padova (Italy): Piccin; c2005. 599 p. Italian.
Radzinskii VE. Biokhimiia platsentarnoi nedostatochnosti: monografiia. Izd. 3-e, rasshirennoe i dop. Moscow:
Izd-vo Rossiiskogo Universiteta Druzhby Narodov; 2001. 275 p. Russian.
Katsunori K. Anrakushi to keihoi. Shohan. Tokyo: Seibundo; 2003. 198 p. Japanese.
Li S. Binhu mai xue bai hua jie. Di 3 ban. Beijing (China): Ren min wei sheng chu ban she; 2001. 117 p. Chinese.
27. Book with well-known place of publication

Kunzel W. Breech delivery. Paris: Elsevier; c2002. 274 p.
Stocksley M. Abdominal ultrasound. San Francisco: Greenwich Medical Media; 2001. 286 p.
28. Book place of publication with geographic qualifier added for clarity
Minkler M. Community organizing and community building for health. 2nd ed. New Brunswick (NJ): Rutgers
University Press; c2005. 489 p.
Hall N. The role of the social welfare sector in Africa: strengthening the capacities of vulnerable children and
families in the context of HIV/AIDS. Berne (Switzerland): International Federation of Social Workers; 2000. 10
p.
29. Book with place of publication inferred

Marquis DK. Advance care planning: a practical guide for physicians. [Chicago]: AMA Press; c2001. 105 p.
Books 151
30. Book with unknown place of publication

Kuttner L. A child in pain: how to help, what to do. [place unknown]: Hartley & Marks; 1996. 271 p.
Hoobler S. Adventures in medicine: one doctor's life amid the great discoveries of 1940-1990. [place unknown]:
S.W. Hoobler; 1991. 109 p.
31. Book publisher with subsidiary department/division named

Kinzbrunner BM, Weinreb NJ, Policzer JS, editors. 20 common problems in end-of-life care. New York:
McGraw-Hill, Medical Publishing Division; c2002. 446 p.
Grannerg A, Armelius K, Armelius BA. Self-image pattern and treatment outcome in severely disturbed
psychiatric patients. Umea (Sweden): Umea University, Department of Psychology; 2001. 13 p.
32. Book with government agency as publisher

Allison M, Hubbard RL, Rachal JV. Treatment process in methadone, residential, and outpatient drug free
programs. Rockville (MD): National Institute on Drug Abuse (US), Division of Clinical Research; 1985. 89 p.
33. Book with joint publishers

34. Book with non-English publisher name including translation

Lindholm LH, Agenas I, Beerman B, Berglund G, Dahlgren H, Elmfeldt D, de Faire U, Jern S, Hjemdahl P,
Johannesson M, Jonsson E, Jonsson B, Kahan T, Lundvall O, Samuelsson O, Svardsudd K, Waaler HT, Werko L,
Aberg H. Mattligt forhojt blodtryck [Moderately elevated blood pressure]. Stockholm: Statens Beredning for
Utvardering av Medicinsk Metodik [Swedish Council on Technology Assessment in Health Care]; 1994. 340 p.
Swedish.
35. Book with unknown publisher

Maldonado Ballon R. Sexualidad y reproduccion humana: vision medica; enciclopedia. 5a ed. La Paz (Bolivia):
[publisher unknown]; 1988. 4 vol. Spanish.
Sciarra C. Harvey Cushing fondatore della neurochirurgia. Rome: [publisher unknown]; [1971?]. Italian.

Amjad H, translator. On the joints, arthritic pain: an early 13th century treatise on arthritis. [place unknown:
publisher unknown]; 1996. 13 p.
Wilson JD. Steroid 5 alpha-reductase 2 deficiency. [place unknown: publisher unknown]; 1992. 36 p.
de Tartas P. Oeuvres de Ambrose Pare de La Val au Maine. Herni H, illustrator. [place unknown: publisher
unknown; 1977?]. 3 vol. French, Latin.
152 Citing Medicine
37. Book with multiple dates of publication

Chang TM. Blood substitutes: principles, methods, products, and clinical trials. New York: Karger Landes
Systems; 1997-1998. 2 vol.
Appenzeller O, editor. The autonomic nervous system. Amsterdam (Netherlands): Elsevier; 1999-2000. 2 vol.
Chevalier JM. The 3-D mind. Montreal (QC): McGill-Queen's University Press; 2002-2003. 3 vol.
38. Book with date of copyright instead of date of publication

Modlin IM, Sachs G. Acid related diseases: biology and treatment. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins; c2004. 522 p.
Kruger L, editor. Pain and touch. San Diego (CA): Academic Press; c1996. 394 p.
Mark BS, Incorvaia J, editors. The handbook of infant, child, and adolescent psychotherapy. Northvale (NJ):
Jason Aronson Inc.; c1995-1997. 2 vol.
de Varennes F, editor. Asia-Pacific human rights documents and resources. Boston: M. Nijhoff Publishers;
c1998-2000. 2 vol.
39. Book with date of publication and date of copyright

Herrick CJ. The thinking machine. 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1960, c1932. 372 p. (Chicago
reprint series).
Research Task Force on Risk-Based Inservice Testing Guidelines. Risk-based testing: development of guidelines.
New York: American Society of Mechanical Engineers; 2000, c1996.
40. Book with estimated date of publication

Pathak L, editor. Echocardiography non invasive diagnosis. Bombay: Cardiological Society of India; [1980?].
Lederer J. Alimentation et cancer. 3e ed. Brussels: Nauwelaerts; [1986?]. 315 p. French.
de Tartas P. Oeuvres de Ambrose Pare de La Val au Maine. Herni H, illustrator. [place unknown: publisher
unknown; 1977?]. 3 vol. French, Latin.
41. Book with unknown date of publication

Marcuzzi A. Alimentazione: risorse e possibilita. Bologna (Italy): Malipiero S.p.A. Editore; [date unknown]. 72 p.
Italian.

Steriu D, Stefanoiu V. Terapia si combaterea zoonozelor parazitare. [place, publisher, date unknown]. 205 p.
Romanian.
43. Book with standard pagination

Annas GJ. American bioethics: crossing human rights and health law boundaries. New York: Oxford University
Press; 2005. 244 p.
Blanc B, Siproudhis L. Pelvi-perineologie. Paris: Springer; 2005. 619 p. French.
Books 153
44. Book published in more than one volume

Hamilton S, editor. Animal welfare & antivivisection 1870-1910: nineteenth century women's mission. London:
Routledge; 2004. 3 vol.
45. Book with no numbers on the pages

Howell E. Access to children's mental health services under Medicaid and SCHIP. Washington: Urban Institute;
c2004. 7 leaves.
Zaadstra BM, Staats PG, Davidse W. Aard en omvang van cannabis gebruik bij mensen met MS. Leiden
(Netherlands): TNO Preventie en Gezondheid; 1998. 37 leaves. Dutch.
46. Book in a series with a number given

Indryan A, Sarmukaddam SB. Medical biostatistics. New York: Marcel Dekker; c2001. 645 p. (Biostatistics; 7).
Best SJ, Krueger BS. Internet data collection. Thousand Oaks (CA): Sage Publications; 2004. 91 p. (Quantitative
applications in the social sciences; no. 07/041).
Bergstresser PR, Takashima A, editors. Gamma-delta T cells. New York: Karger; 2001. 142 p. (Chemical
immunology; vol. 79).
47. Book in a series without a number

Evans LK, Lang NM, editors. Academic nursing practice. New York: Springer; c2004. 278 p. (Springer series on
the teaching of nursing).
48. Book in a series with editor(s)

Forsman RB, editor. Administration and management in health sciences libraries. Lanham (MD): Medical
Library Association; c2000. 222 p. (Bunting A, editor. Current practice in health sciences librarianship; vol. 8).
Redmond CK, Colton T, editors. Biostatistics in clinical trials. Chichester (England): John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.;
c2001. 501 p. (Armitage P, Colton T, editors. Wiley reference series in biostatistics).
Ollendick T, editor. Children & adolescents: clinical formulation and treatment. Amsterdam (Netherlands):
Elsevier Science; 1998. 754 p. (Bellack AS, Hersen M, editors. Comprehensive clinical psychology; vol. 5).
49. Book in multiple series

Rugg DL, Peersman G, Carael M, editors. Global advances in HIV/AIDS monitoring and evaluation. San
Francisco: Jossey-Bass; c2004. 180 p. (New directions for evaluation; no. 103); (Jossey-Bass education series).
50. Book published also as a journal issue

Cardena E, Croyle K, editors. Acute reactions to trauma and psychotherapy: a multidisciplinary and
international perspective. Binghamton (NY): Haworth Medical Press; 2005. 130 p. (Journal of trauma &
dissociation; vol. 6, no. 2).
51. Book accompanied by a CD-ROM or other medium

Franco KL, Verrier ED, editors. Advanced therapy in cardiac surgery. 2nd ed. Hamilton (ON): B.C. Decker;
2003. 642 p. Accompanied by: 1 CD-ROM.
154 Citing Medicine
52. Book assigned an International Standard Book Number (ISBN)

Stern SD, Cifu AS, Altkorn D. Symptom to diagnosis: an evidence-based guide. New York: Lange Medical Books;
c2006. 434 p. ISBN: 9780071463898.
53. Book available from a distributor

What kind of birth control is best for you? Rockville (MD): Food and Drug Administration (US); 2000. 12 p.
Available from: US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC; HE 20.4050:B 53/2000.
54. Book with information on a library where it may be found

Lederer J. Alimentation et cancer. 3e ed. Brussels: Nauwelaerts; [1986?]. 315 p. French. Located at: National
Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; FF9414.
55. Book with other note included

McRae J. AIDS, agencies and drug abuse: the Edinburgh experience. Norwich (England): Social Work
Monographs; 1989. 40 p. Revised version of a dissertation originally submitted as part of an MSc. in applied
social studies at Oxford University.
Stahl PH, Wermuth CG, editors. Handbook of pharmaceutical salts: properties, selection, and use. New York:
Wiley-VCH; c2002. 374 p. Prepared for the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
Amjad H, translator. On the joints, arthritic pain: an early 13th century treatise on arthritis. [place unknown:
publisher unknown]; 1996. 13 p. Translation from the Arabic of the work by Al-Sammarqandi.
Palazzo RE, Davis TN, editors. Centrosomes and spindle pole bodies. San Diego: Academic Press; c2001. 375 p.
16 pages of plates, some color.
Duac topical gel. Coral Gables (FL): Stiefel Laboratories, Inc.; 2008 Jan. Package insert. NDC 0145-2371-05.
Nasarel (flunisolide) nasal spray, 29 mcg. Mississauga (ON): Pantheon, Inc.; 2006 Sep. Package insert.
Distributed by TEVA Specialty Pharmaceuticals.
B(1). Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Individual

Volumes With a Separate Title but Without Separate Authors/
Editors
The general format for a reference to a volume of a book with a separate title but without separate authors/
editors, including pagination:
Books 155
Examples of Citations to Individual Volumes With a Separate Title but Without Separate Authors/Editors
Many medical texts are published in more than one volume because the number of pages is too large to be
contained in one physical volume. If a book is published in multiple volumes, and if each volume has a separate
title, the volumes may be cited individually:
• Use the title page and the verso (back) of the title page of the individual volume as the source for
authoritative information.
• Place volume information immediately following the overall title for the book and any edition information
or secondary author.
• Give the pagination for the individual volume following the date of publication.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Individual Volumes With a Separate Title but Without Separate
Authors/Editors.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Individual Volumes With a Separate Title but Without Separate Authors/
Editors.
Citation Rules with Examples for One Volume of a Book Without

Separate Authors/Editors
Book (R) | Volume and Number (R) | Title (R) | Location (Pagination) (O)
Book (required)
General Rules for Book
• Cite the overall book according to Chapter 2A Entire Books, but omit the Pagination
Volume and Number of Volume (required)

General Rules for Volume and Number of Volume
• Place volume and number information after the title of the book and any Content Type, Type of Medium,
Edition statement, or Secondary Author
• Enter "Vol." and a space
• Follow the abbreviation for volume with the number of the volume
• End volume information with a comma and a space
Specific Rules for Volume and Number of Volume

• Non-English names for volumes
• Numbers labeled other than volume
Box 59. Non-English names for volumes.

period.
156 Citing Medicine
T. 5
Bd. 3
two or II becomes 2
French Volume Vol.
Tome T.
Annee
German Band Bd.
Jahrgang Jahrg.
Italian Volume Vol.
Tomo T.
Annata
Russian Tom
Godovoj komplert God.
Spanish Volumen Vol.
Tomo T.
Ano
Box 60. Numbers labeled other than volume.

Most books in multivolume sets are identified by volume numbers, such as vol. 4. Occasionally, however, other
names are used, such as section, part, and number. When other names are used:
• Abbreviate them and end the abbreviated words with a period
Section = Sect.
Part = Pt.
Number = No.
• For languages other than English, use the word provided by the particular language. Give the abbreviated
form if known, followed by a period.
• See the following list of words used for section, part, and number in a variety of languages:
Language Section Part Number
French Section Partie Cahier

Books 157

Part Numero
German Sektion Teil Heft
Abteilung Nummer
Lieferung
Italian Sezione Parte Numero
Parte Fascicolo
Russian Sekcija Cast' Nomer
Otdel
Otdelenie
Spanish Seccion Parte Numero
Parte Fasciculo
• Convert words used for numbers and roman numerals into arabic numbers, such that the word for two or
II becomes 2
Example:
Merbach W, Muller-Uri C. Lead in the environment [bibliography]. Pt. 3, Distribution of the
environmental lead. Halle (Germany): Universitats- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt; 1993.
211 p. English, German, French, Spanish, Polish, Italian.
Examples for Volume and Number of Volume

1. Standard volume of a book without separate authors/editors
2. Volumes of books without separate authors/editors following an edition statement
3. Volumes of books without separate authors/editors following an edition statement and secondary
authors
4. Volumes of books without separate authors/editors following a content type
5. Volumes of books without separate authors/editors with numbers labeled other than volume
6. Volumes of non-English books without separate authors/editors
Title of Volume (required)

General Rules for Title of Volume
• Enter the title of the volume as it appears in the book
• End title information with a period
Specific Rules for Title of Volume

• Non-English titles for volumes
158 Citing Medicine
Box 61. Non-English titles for volumes.

• Provide the name in the original language for non-English titles in the roman alphabet (primarily
European languages, such as French, German, Spanish, Italian, Swedish, etc.)
T. 10, Splenomegalie.
Bd. 3, Massenmigration in Europa.
Tom 5, Demograficheskie vzaimosvyazi obrazovaniya.
square brackets.
2-kwon, 21-segi yakop ui chwapyo wa pijon.
or
[Vol. 2, Pharmaceutical perspective and vision in the 21st century].
Bd. 3, Diagnostik hormonell aktiver Nebennierenraumforderungen.
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
• Provide an English translation placed in square brackets after the original language or romanized title,
when possible.
Vol. 1, Principios de anatomia osea y dental [Vol. 1, Principles of bone and dental anatomy].
Books 159
• Capitalize the first word of the title of a volume unless the title begins with a Greek letter, chemical
formula, or another special character that might lose its meaning if capitalized
Vol. 10, n-alkenes.
Vol. 3, de Crecchio syndrome.
Vol. 3, Seeds and γ-radiation.
may become
Vol. 3, Seeds and gamma-radiation.
the superscript or subscript in parentheses.
Vol. 4, Transport of NH3.
may become
Vol. 4, Transport of NH(3).
Examples for Title of Volume

2. Volumes of books without separate authors/editors following an edition statement
3. Volumes of books without separate authors/editors following an edition statement and secondary
authors
4. Volumes of books without separate authors/editors following a content type
5. Volumes of books without separate authors/editors with numbers labeled other than volume
Location (Pagination) of Volume (optional)

General Rules for Pagination of Volume
• Place pagination after the date of publication
• Provide the total number of pages on which the text of the volume appears
• Follow the number by a space and "p." Examples: 438 p. and 1025 p.
Specific Rules for Pagination of Volume

• Roman numerals for page numbers
• Volumes continuously paginated
160 Citing Medicine
Box 63. Roman numerals for page numbers.

• If all of the pages (not just the introductory pages) of a volume have roman numerals instead of the usual
arabic numbers:
⚬ Convert the roman numeral on the last page of the text to an arabic number
⚬ Follow the number by "p."
⚬ Place the number and "p." in square brackets, such as [52 p.]
⚬ End page information with a period
Example: [75 p.].
• If the volumes of a book are continuously paginated, e.g., the pagination is continued from one volume to
another:
⚬ Provide the beginning and ending pages of the volume
⚬ Give numbers in upper or lower case, whichever appears in the volume
⚬ Precede the page numbers with "p." and separate them by a hyphen
Examples:
p. CCV-CCCXXIII.
p. ccv-cccxxvii
Box 64. Volumes continuously paginated.

Many books published in multiple volumes with separate titles are paginated anew with each volume. Some
books, however, continue the pagination from one volume to another.
• When citing a volume in a book with pagination continued from one volume to another, give the
beginning and ending pages of the volume
• Precede the page numbers with "p." and separate them by a hyphen
• Do not repeat page numbers. For example: p. 1018-1904 becomes p. 1018-904.
Example:
Goldstein RE, Haywood VA, editors. Esthetics in dentistry. 2nd ed. Vol. 2, Esthetic problems of
individual teeth, missing teeth, malocclusion, special populations. Hamilton (ON): BC Decker Inc;
2002. p. 471-884.
Examples for Pagination of Volume

7. Volumes of books without separate authors/editors continuously paginated
Books 161
Examples of Citations to Volumes of Books with a Separate Title

for the Volume but Without Separate Authors/Editors
Tos M. Manual of middle ear surgery. Vol. 3, Surgery of the external auditory canal. Stuttgart (Germany): Georg
Thieme Verlag; 1997. 305 p.
Cicchetti D, Cohen DJ, editors. Developmental psychopathology. Vol. 1, Theory and methods. New York: John
Wiley & Sons, Inc.; c1995. 787 p.
2. Volumes of books without separate authors/editors following an

edition statement
Krachmer JH, Mannis MJ, Holland DJ. Cornea. 2nd ed. Vol. 1, Fundamentals, diagnosis and management.
Philadelphia: Elsevier Mosby; 2005. 1409 p.
Voet D, Voet JG. Biochemistry. 3rd ed. Vol. 2, The expression and transmission of genetic information. New
York: J. Wiley & Sons; c2004. p. 1107-560.
3. Volumes of books without separate authors/editors following an

edition statement and secondary authors
Moller TB, Reif E. Pocket atlas of sectional anatomy: computer tomography and magnetic resonance imaging.
2nd ed., rev. and enl. Telger T, translator. Vol. 2, Thorax, abdomen, and pelvis. Stuttgart (Germany): Thieme;
2001. 226 p.
4. Volumes of books without separate authors/editors following a

content type
Merbach W, Muller-Uri C. Lead in the environment [bibliography]. Pt. 3, Distribution of the environmental lead.
Halle (Germany): Universitats- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt; 1993. 211 p. English, German, French,
Spanish, Polish, Italian.
5. Volumes of books without separate authors/editors with numbers

labeled other than volume
Merbach W, Muller-Uri C. Lead in the environment [bibliography]. Pt. 3, Distribution of the environmental lead.
Halle (Germany): Universitats- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt; 1993. 211 p. English, German, French,
Spanish, Polish, Italian.

Lagunas Rodriguez Z. Manual de osteologia antropologica. 1. ed. Vol. 1, Principios de anatomia osea y dental.
Mexico City: Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia; 2000. 216 p. Spanish.
Han'guk yagop 100-yon. 2-kwon, 21-segi yakop ui chwapyo wa pijon. Seoul (Korea): Yakop Sinmun; 2004.
Korean.
with translation
162 Citing Medicine
Lagunas Rodriguez Z. Manual de osteologia antropologica [Manual of anthropologic osteology]. 1. ed. Vol. 1,
Principios de anatomia osea y dental [Vol. 1, Principles of bone and dental anatomy]. Mexico City: Instituto
Nacional de Antropología e Historia; 2000. 216 p. Spanish.
Han'guk yagop 100-yon [100-year pharmaceutical industry history]. 2-kwon, 21-segi yakop ui chwapyo wa pijon
[Vol. 2, Pharmaceutical perspective and vision in the 21st century]. Seoul (Korea): Yakop Sinmun; 2004. Korean.
7. Volumes of books without separate authors/editors continuously

paginated
Oppenheim JJ, Feldmann M, Durum SK, Hirano T, Vilcek J, Nicola NA, editors. Cytokine reference: a
compendium of cytokines and other mediators of host defense. Vol. 2, Receptors. London: Academic Press;
c2001. p. 1437-2260.
Goldstein RE, Haywood VA, editors. Esthetics in dentistry. 2nd ed. Vol. 2, Esthetic problems of individual teeth,
missing teeth, malocclusion, special populations. Hamilton (ON): BC Decker Inc; 2002. p. 471-884.
B(2). Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Individual

Volumes With a Separate Title and Separate Authors/Editors
The general format for a reference to a volume with a separate title and separate authors/editors:
Examples of Citations to Individual Volumes With a Separate Title and Separate Authors/Editors
If each volume of a book in a multivolume set has its own author(s) or its own editor(s) distinct from the
authors/editors of the set of volumes, the individual volume may be cited. Begin the reference with the authors
or editors and title of the individual volume; cite the overall set of volumes as a series.
For example, each volume in the following publication has its own editors, who are not the editors of the
publication as a whole:
Bellack AS, Hersen M, editors. Comprehensive clinical psychology. Amsterdam (Netherlands): Elsevier
Science; 1998. 11 vols.
To cite one volume only of this multivolume set:
Ollendick T, editor. Children & adolescents: clinical formulation and treatment. Amsterdam (Netherlands):
Elsevier Science; 1998. 723 p. (Bellack AS, Hersen M, editors. Comprehensive clinical psychology; vol. 5).
Multivolume sets are bound alike with an essentially identical appearance and have one publisher. The volumes
in them are considered primarily as a part of the set and often, but not always, have the same date of publication
Books 163
or are published over a short span of years. This is in contrast to large open series such as Methods in Enzymology
and Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences which have published hundreds of volumes over decades. Such
large series may be cited as journals (see Chapter 1), as NLM does in PubMed, but individual volumes may also
be cited as part of the series.
Each volume in a multivolume set may have two title pages, one for the set and one for the individual volume.
Use these title pages or their verso (back) for authoritative information to use in a citation. See also Chapter 2A
for further details on the components of books.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Individual Volumes With a Separate Title and Separate Authors/
Editors.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Individual Volumes With a Separate Title and Separate Authors/Editors.
Citation Rules with Examples for Individual Volumes With a

Separate Title and Separate Authors/Editors
Author/Editor (R) | Author Affiliation (O) | Title (R) | Type of Medium (R) | Edition (R) | Editor and other
Secondary Authors (O) | Place of Publication (R) | Publisher (R) | Date of Publication (R) | Pagination (O) |
Physical Description (O) | Series (O) | Language (R) | Notes (O)
Author/Editor for the Volume (required)

surname

(Chinese, Japanese)
• Organizations as author/editor
164 Citing Medicine



Scott Parker E.]
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Books 165
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

particle
abbreviation.
166 Citing Medicine


Examples:
letter
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Books 167
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

always be used.
French redacteur
editeur
German redakteur
herausgeber
Italian redattore
curatore
editore
Russian redaktor
izdatel
Spanish redactor
editor
Box 72. Organizations as author/editor.

An organization such as a university, society, association, corporation, or governmental body may serve as an
author or editor.
168 Citing Medicine
Working Group.
(see Appendix D)
desired.
Prepared for the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
Italian, Spanish, German, Swedish, etc.) as they appear in the publication. Whenever possible follow
a non-English name with a translation. Place all translations in square brackets.
Whenever possible follow a non-English name with a translation. Place all translations in square
brackets.
or
Books 169
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe


170 Citing Medicine


1. Standard volume with a separate title and separate authors/editors for each volume
2. Volume with optional full first names for editors
3. Volume editor/series editor with designation of family rank
4. Volume with author(s), not editor(s)
Author Affiliation for the Volume (optional)

country
PA)


Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Books 171
Coll. for College

Div. for Division
Soc. for Society
all references.

Example:

172 Citing Medicine

Rebora P, Reina G.
Mandelshtam MY.
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
• Use the English form of names for cities and countries whenever possible. For example, Vienna for Wien
and Spain for Espana. However, the name found on the publication may always be used.
Books 173

Wien becomes Vienna

5. Volume with author/editor affiliation
Title for the Volume (required)

• Enter the title of a volume as it appears in the original document, in the original language
• End a title with a period unless a question mark or exclamation point already ends it

exposure limits.
von Willebrand factor and the mechanisms of platelet function.
γ-linolenic acid: recent advances in biotechnology and clinical applications.
may become
Gamma-linolenic acid: recent advances in biotechnology and clinical applications.
174 Citing Medicine
Enantioselective synthesis of β-amino acids.

may become
Enantioselective synthesis of beta-amino acids.
TiO2 nanoparticles.
may become
TiO(2) nanoparticles.

Base molecular de la expresion del mensaje genetico.
Diagnostika i kompleksnoe lechenie osnovnykh gastroenterologicheskikh zabolevanii: klinicheskie
ocherki.
square brackets.
Anrakushi to keiho.
or
[Euthanasia and criminal law].
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
Books 175
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
Pflegekompendium: Wirkstoffe, Materialien, Techniken.
• Provide an English translation after the original language title when possible; place translations in square
brackets
Base molecular de la expresion del mensaje genetico [Molecular basis of gene expression].
Pflegekompendium: Wirkstoffe, Materialien, Techniken [Care compendium: principles, materials,
techniques].
ocherki [Diagnosis and complex treatment of basic gastrointestinal diseases: clinical studies].
Anrakushi to keiho [Euthanasia and criminal law].

⚬ List all languages of publication after the pagination (or Physical Description, if provided)
• If a book is published with equal text in two or more languages, as often occurs in Canadian publications:
⚬ Give all titles in the order they are given in the text
⚬ List all languages, separated by commas, after the pagination (or Physical Description, if provided)

• Most titles end in a period. When a translation of a book title is provided, place it in square brackets after
the original language or romanized title. End with the period outside the closing bracket.
• If a translated title ends in another form of punctuation, keep that punctuation. Place it in the square
La eutanasia: es buena muerte? [Euthanasia: is it a good death?].
176 Citing Medicine

with the text. In this circumstance:
Example:
Alizai S, Zia A. [Chanesar Goth and Landhi]. Islamabad (Pakistan): [publisher unknown]; [1993?].
53 p. (Gender differentials in access to health care for Pakistani children; vol. 3).
Examples for Title

6. Volume title with special characters
7. Volume not in English
8. Volume published in multiple languages
9. Volume published with equal text in two or more languages
Type of Medium for the Volume (required)

Content Type, if present) when a book is published in a microform
• Place the name of the medium in square brackets and end with a period outside the closing bracket, such
as [microfiche].
• See Chapter 15 for books in audiovisual formats, Chapter 18 for books on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk, and
Chapter 22 for Internet books


• Most titles of volumes end in a period. Place [microfiche], [microfilm], or [microcard] inside the period.
Oral pathology [microfiche].
What shall I eat? [microfilm].
Books 177

• If a translation of a title is provided, place the translation in square brackets after the original language or
romanized title
Abdomen: higado, bazo, vias biliares, pancreas y peritoneo [Abdomen: liver, spleen, bile ducts,
pancreas and peritoneum].
• If a book title is in a microform (microfiche, microfile, microcard, etc.), place the specific name of the
Etude et traitment de la meningite tuberculeuse [Study and treatment of meningeal tuberculosis]
[microfilm].
Edition for the Volume (required)

• Indicate the edition/version being cited after the title when a volume is published in more than one edition
or version
becomes 3rd.

Word Abbreviation
edition ed.
abbreviated abbr.
abridged abr.
American Am.
augmented augm.
English Engl.
enlarged enl.
expanded expand.
illustrated ill.
modified mod.
original orig.
reprint(ed) repr.
revised rev.

178 Citing Medicine
Word Abbreviation
special spec.
translation transl.
translated
3rd rev. ed.
1st Engl. ed.

• First editions

Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
Books 179
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
constructions.
Examples:
Ed. 1a.
2. ed. veneta.
Nuova ed.
Seconda ed.
2., Aufl.
• For an edition statement in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean:
constructions.
180 Citing Medicine

Examples:
2. dopunjeno izd.
2. ekd. epeux.
3. ekd.
Examples:
ŏ becomes o
ū becomes u
constructions.
Examples:
Shohan.
Dai 1-han.
Dai 3-pan.
Di 3 ban.
Che 6-pàn.
Books 181
Danish oplag n.a.
udgave
Dutch uitgave uitg.
editie ed.
French edition ed.
Auflage Aufl.
Greek ekdosis ekd.
utgave utg.
publikacija publ.
Spanish edicion ed.
publicacion publ.

earlier one

10. Volume with edition
Editor and other Secondary Authors for the Volume (optional)

illustrators.
• Place the names of secondary authors after the title, following any Type of Medium or Edition statement
182 Citing Medicine

reference


Examples:

• List all the roles in the order they are given in the publication
Example:

Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Books 183
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
editeur
curatore
editore
izdatel
editor

• Follow the instructions for entering Organizations as author/editor
Example:
Swiss Pharmaceutical Society, editor.

11. Volume with secondary author(s)
184 Citing Medicine
Place of Publication for the Volume (required)

• Place is defined as the city where the volume was published

• Non-US cities

Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
Books 185
Montreal (QC):
Ottawa (ON):
Vancouver (BC):
London:
Rome:
Paris:
Madrid:
but

• Use the city of the first organization found on the title page (or on the back of the title page if no place
information appears on the title page), as the place of publication
Co-published by the Canadian Medical Association.

186 Citing Medicine

American Medical Association), place the city in square brackets, such as "[Chicago]".
[place unknown]: Hoobler; 1991.

12. Volume with well-known place of publication
13. Volume with geographic qualifier added to place of publication for clarity
Publisher for the Volume (required)

• A publisher is defined as the individual or organization issuing the volume


Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Books 187

Div. for Division
Ltd. for Limited
Soc. for Society
all references.

Lopez Pinero;
188 Citing Medicine
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
brackets.
Appendix D)
Books 189
Jones FD, Sparacino LR, Wilcox VL, Rothberg JM, Stokes JW, editors. War psychiatry. Falls Church
(VA): Department of the Army (US), Office of the Surgeon General; 1995. 508 p. (Lounsbury DE,
editor. Textbooks of military medicine). Available from: US Government Printing Office,
Washington, DC; D 104.35:PT.1/V.4.

• Use the first organization appearing as publisher on the title page or the verso (back) of the title page.

or bold type
as the publisher and include the name of the other(s) as a note if desired. For example, use "Jointly

• If no publisher can be determined, use the words "publisher unknown" placed in square brackets.
Alizai S, Zia A. [Chanesar Goth and Landhi]. Islamabad (Pakistan): [publisher unknown]; [1993?].
53 p. (Gender differentials in access to health care for Pakistani children; vol. 3).

14. Volume with government agency as publisher
15. Volume with unknown publisher
Date of Publication for the Volume (required)

190 Citing Medicine


2002-2003
1997-1998
1999-2000
1999 Oct-2000 Mar
2002 Dec-2003 Jan
2005 Jan-Feb
1999 Dec-2000 Jan

• Capitalize them
Examples:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

Books 191
• Capitalize them
For example:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring


Examples:
Renninger KA, Sigel IE, editors. Child psychology in practice. 6th ed. Hoboken (NJ): John Wiley &
Sons, Inc.; c2006. 1073 p. (Damon W, Lerner RM, editors. Handbook of child psychology; vol. 4).
Wilcox CS, editor. Hypertension and the kidney. Philadelphia: Current Medicine, Inc.; c1999.
(Schrier RW, editor. Atlas of diseases of the kidney; vol. 3).

material in the volume itself or on accompanying material, insert a question mark after the estimated date
and place date information in square brackets
Bombay: Cardiological Society of India; [1980?].
[date unknown]
Bologna (Italy): Malipiero S.p.A. Editore; [date unknown].
192 Citing Medicine

The date of publication may follow the author names (or editor if there are no authors) in the list of references
• If there is no year of publication, use the year of copyright
• Place the year after the last named author (or after the editor if there is no author), followed by a period
NLM citation:
Belar CD, editor. Sociocultural and individual differences. New York: Pergamon; 1998. 384 p. (Bellack AS,
Hersen M, editors. Comprehensive clinical psychology; vol. 10).
Frank RG, Baum A, Wallander JL, editors. Models and perspectives in health psychology. Washington:
American Psychological Association; c2004. 641 p. (Boll TJ, editor. Handbook of clinical health
psychology; vol. 3).
Belar CD, editor. 1998. Sociocultural and individual differences. New York: Pergamon. 384 p. (Bellack AS,
Frank RG, Baum A, Wallander JL, editors. c2004. Models and perspectives in health psychology.
Washington: American Psychological Association. 641 p. (Boll TJ, editor. Handbook of clinical health
psychology; vol. 3).

16. Volume with date of publication
17. Volume with date of copyright instead of date of publication
18. Volume with estimated date of publication
Pagination for the Volume (optional)

• Provide the total number of pages on which the text of the volume appears
• For volumes published in more than one physical book, cite the total number of volumes instead of the

• Volume in a set continuously paginated
• No numbers appear on the pages of the volume
Books 193
Box 110. Volume in a set continuously paginated.

Many books published in multiple volumes with separate authors/editors and titles are paginated anew with
each volume. Some books, however, continue the pagination from one volume to another.
• When citing a volume in a multivolume set with pagination continued from one volume to another, give
the beginning and ending pages of the volume
• Precede the page numbers with "p." and separate them by a hyphen
• Do not repeat page numbers. For example: p. 1018-1904 becomes p. 1018-904.
Examples:
Gross AM, Drabman RS, editors. Child clinical applications. Thousand Oaks (CA): Sage
Publications; c2005. p. 653-1118. (Hersen M, editor. Encyclopedia of behavior modification and
cognitive behavior therapy; vol. 2).
Guyuron B, editor. Aesthetic surgery. Kanasz J, illustrator. St. Louis (MO): Mosby; c2000. p.
2427-887. (Achauer BM, Eriksson E, Guyuron B, Coleman JJ 3rd, Russell RC, Vander Kolk CA,
editors. Plastic surgery: indications, operations, and outcomes; vol. 5).

• If all of the pages (not just the introductory pages) of a volume have roman numerals instead of the usual
arabic numbers:
⚬ Convert the roman numeral on the last page of the text to an arabic number
⚬ Follow the number by "p."
Example: [75 p.].
• If the volumes of a book are continuously paginated, e.g., the pagination is continued from one volume to
another:
⚬ Provide the beginning and ending pages of the volume
⚬ Give numbers in upper or lower case, whichever appears in the volume
⚬ Precede the page numbers with "p." and separate them by a hyphen
Examples:
p. CCV-CCCXXIII.
p. ccv-cccxxvii
194 Citing Medicine
Box 112. No numbers appear on the pages of the volume.

Occasionally, a volume will have no numbers on its pages. If the entire publication has no page numbers:
Example: 37 leaves.

19. Volume in more than one physical volume
20. Volume with standard pagination
21. Volume in a set continuously paginated
Physical Description for the Volume (optional)

• Give information on the physical characteristics if a volume is published in a microform (microfilm,
microfiche, etc.), such as 3 microfiche: black & white, 2 x 4 in. Such information helps the reader select the
appropriate equipment with which to view the microform.


If a volume is published on microfiche, microfilm, or microcards:
5 microfiche:
2 microcards:
color
black & white
positive
Books 195
negative
Series for the Volume (optional)

number.

• Numbers labeled other than volume

each surname
196 Citing Medicine
• Follow the name with any numbers given, such as a volume or issue number; for example, vol. 3 and no.
12. Convert words and roman numerals used for volume numbers into arabic numbers, so that the word
for two or II becomes 2.
Example:
Frank RG, Baum A, Wallander JL, editors. Models and perspectives in health psychology.
Washington: American Psychological Association; c2004. 641 p. (Boll TJ, editor. Handbook of
clinical health psychology; vol. 3).

period.
t. 5
bd. 3
French volume vol.
tome t.
annee
German Band bd.
Jahrgang jahrg.
Italian volume vol.
tomo t.
annata
Russian tom t.
godovoj komplert god.
Spanish volumen vol.
tomo t.
ano
two or II becomes 2
Examples:
Books 197
Stoopen ME, Kimura K, Ros PR, editors. Abdomen: higado, bazo, vias biliares, pancreas y peritoneo.
Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1998. 415 p. (Taveras JM, Cardoso JM, editors.
Radiologia e imagen diagnostica y terapeutica; t. 2). Spanish.
Kastenbauer E, editor. Nase, Nasennebenhohlen, Gesicht, Mundhohle und Pharynx,
Kopfspeicheldrusen. Stuttgart (Germany): George Thieme Verlag; 1992. 823 p. (Naumann HH,
Helms J, Herberhold C, Kastenbauer, editors. Oto-Rhino-Laryngologie in Klinik und Praxis; bd. 2).
German.
Box 116. Numbers labeled other than volume.

Most books in multivolume sets are identified by volume numbers, such as vol. 4. Occasionally, however, other
names are used, such as section, part, and number. When other names are used:
• Abbreviate them and end the abbreviated words with a period
Section = sect.
Part = pt.
Number = no.
• For languages other than English, use the word provided by the particular language. Give the abbreviated
form if known, followed by a period.
• See the following list of words used for section, part, and number in a variety of languages:
French section partie cahier
part numero
German Sektion Teil Heft
Abteilung Nummer
Lieferung
Italian sezione parte numero
parte fascicolo
Russian sekcija cast' nomer
otdel
otdelenie
Spanish seccion parte numero
parte fasciculo
• Convert words used for numbers and roman numerals into arabic numbers, such that the word for two or
II becomes 2
Examples:
198 Citing Medicine
Hoffman JH, Jamieson JD, editors. Cell physiology. New York: Oxford; 1997. 960 p. (Handbook of
physiology; Sect. 14).
Brenner DJ, Krieg NR, Staley JT, editors. The proteobacteria. Part C, The alpha-, beta-, delta-, and
epsilonproteobacteria. 2nd ed. New York: Springer; c2005. 1388 p. (Garrity GM, editor. Bergey's
manual of systematic bacteriology; vol. 2, pt. C).
Examples for Series

22. Volume in a series with multiple editors
23. Volume with optional full names for series editors
24. Volume without an editor for the series
25. Volume with series title having a subtitle
26. Volume with series title published with equal text in two or more languages
27. Volume with other name for series number than volume
28. Volume without a series number
Language for the Volume (required)


• Volumes appearing in more than one language
Box 117. Volumes appearing in more than one language.

• If a volume is written with equal text in two or more languages, as often occurs in Canadian publications:
⚬ Give all titles in the order in which they are presented on the title page
⚬ List the languages after the pagination
Books 199
Example:
Klunker W. Sleep, dreams, sexuality = Sommeil, reves, sexualite = Schlaf, Traume, Sexualitit.
3rd improved ed. Schmidt P, Baur J, translators. Heidelberg (Germany): Karl F. Haug Verlag;
1987. 611 p. (Barthel H, editor. Synthetic repertory: psychic and general symptoms of the
homeopathic materia medica = Repertoire synthetique: symptomes psychiques et generaux de
la matiere medicale homeopathique = Synthetisches Reportorium: Gemuts- und
Allgemeinsymptome der homoopathischen Materia medica; vol. 3). English, French, German.
• If a volume is written in several languages:
⚬ List all languages after the pagination
Toomingas A, Pettersen RB, Lindstrom K, Bach E, editors. Yttre arbetsmiljofaktorer som
halsorisker bland halso- och sjukvardspersonal. Copenhagen: Nordisk Ministerrad; 1994. 195
p. (Halsovardens arbetsmiljo i Norden; d. 2). Swedish, Norwegian, Danish.
• If none of the titles is English, follow with a translation whenever possible. Place the translation in square
brackets.
Toomingas A, Pettersen RB, Lindstrom K, Bach E, editors. Yttre arbetsmiljofaktorer som halsorisker
bland halso- och sjukvardspersonal [Health risks in the work environment of health care
personnel].Copenhagen: Nordisk Ministerrad; 1994. 195 p. (Halsovardens arbetsmiljo i Norden [The
work and health of health care personnel in the Nordic countries]; d. 2). Swedish, Norwegian,
Danish.

26. Volume with series title published with equal text in two or more languages
Notes for the Volume (optional)

• Be brief
200 Citing Medicine

• Volume accompanied by a videocassette, CD-ROM, DVD, etc.
• Volume with an ISBN
Box 118. Volume accompanied by a videocassette, CD-ROM, DVD, etc.

• If the volume has supplemental material accompanying it in the form of a videocassette, CD-ROM, DVD,
or another medium, describe it. Begin with the phrase "Accompanied by" followed by a colon and a space.
Add the the number and type of medium.
Goldstein RE, Haywood VB, editors. Esthetic problems of individual teeth, missing teeth,
malocclusion, special populations. 2nd ed. London: BC Dekker, Inc.; 2002. p. 473-884. (Goldstein
RE, editor. Esthetics in dentistry; vol. 2). Accompanied by: 1 CD-ROM.
Box 119. Volume with an ISBN.

• If the volume has been assigned an International Standard Book Number, provide the number if desired.
Begin with "ISBN:".
Bays RA, Quinn PD, editors. Temporomandibular disorders. Winn WM, illustrator. Philadelphia:
W.B. Saunders Company; c2000. 426 p. (Fonseca RJ, editor. Oral and maxillofacial surgery; vol. 4).
ISBN: 9780721696355.

The notes element may be used to provide any further information. Begin by citing the volume, then add the
note. Some examples of notes are:
• If the volume is available from a distributor rather than the publisher, give the name of the distributor, its
location, and any accession or finding number. Begin with the phrase "Available from" followed by a colon
and a space.
Jones FD, Sparacino LR, Wilcox VL, Rothberg JM, Stokes JW, editors. War psychiatry. Falls Church
(VA): Department of the Army (US), Office of the Surgeon General; 1995. 508 p. (Lounsbury DE,
editor. Textbooks of military medicine). Available from: US Government Printing Office,
Washington, DC; D 104.35:PT.1/V.4.
• If the volume is not a common one, give the name of a library or other archive where it may be found,
including the location and any finding number. Begin with the phrase "Located at" followed by a colon
and a space.
Sudarshan SR, editor. Diseases and their causes. Taredo (India): Popular Prakashan; 2005. 319 p.
(Encyclopaedia of Indian medicine; vol. 6). Located at: National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD;
WZ 13 E56 1985.
Examples for Notes

29. Volume with accompaniment
30. Volume with an ISBN
Books 201
31. Other types of notes
Examples of Citations to Volumes With a Separate Title and

Separate Author/Editors
1. Standard volume with a separate title and separate authors/editors
for each volume
Bays RA, Quinn PD, editors. Temporomandibular disorders. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; c2000. 426
p. (Fonseca RJ, editor. Oral and maxillofacial surgery; vol. 4).
Frank RG, Baum A, Wallander JL, editors. Models and perspectives in health psychology. Washington: American
Psychological Association; c2004. 641 p. (Boll TJ, editor. Handbook of clinical health psychology; vol. 3).
Stephens D, editor. Adult audiology. Oxford (UK): Butterworth-Heinemann; c1997. 657 p. (Kerr AG, editor.
Scott-Brown's otolaryngology; vol. 2).
2. Volume with optional full first names for editors

Gottsch, John D.; Stark, Walter J.; Goldberg, Morton F., editors. Ophthalmic surgery. 5th ed. London: Arnold;
c1999. 506 p. (Carter, David C.; Russell, R.C.; Pitt, Henry A., editors. Operative surgery; vol. 6).
3. Volume editor/series editor with designation of family rank

Mishell DR Jr, editor. Reproductive endocrinology. Philadelphia: Appleton & Lange; c1999. (Stenshever MA,
editor. Atlas of clinical gynecology; vol. 3).
Guyuron B, editor. Aesthetic surgery. Kanasz J, illustrator. St. Louis (MO): Mosby; c2000. p. 2427-887. (Achauer
BM, Eriksson E, Guyuron B, Coleman JJ 3rd, Russell RC, Vander Kolk CA, editors. Plastic surgery: indications,
operations, and outcomes; vol. 5).
4. Volume with author(s), not editor(s)

Reichart PA, Philipson HP. Oral pathology. Hassel T, translator; Hormann J, illustrator. Stuttgart (Germany):
Thieme; 2000. 285 p. (Rateitschak KH, Wolf HF, editors. Color atlas of dental medicine).
Pott S. Medizin, Medizinethik und schone Literatur. Berlin: Walter De Gruyter; 2002. 284 p. (Sakularisierung in
den Wissenschaften seit der Fruhen Neuzeit; bd. 3). German.
5. Volume with author/editor affiliation

Schachat AP (Johns Hopkins University and Hospital, Baltimore, MD), editor. Medical retina. 4th ed.
Philadelphia: Elsevier Mosby; c2006. p. 873-1889. (Ryan SJ, editor. Retina; vol. 2).
Poppas D (New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY), Retik AB, editors. Pediatric urology.
Philadelphia: Current Medicine, Inc.; c2003. 182 p. (Vaughan ED Jr, Perlmutter AP, editors. Atlas of clinical
urology; vol. 4).
Reichart PA (Zentrum fur Zahnmedizin Charite, Berlin, Germany), Philipson HP (San Pedro de Alcantara,
Spain). Oral pathology. Hassel T, translator; Hormann J, illustrator. Stuttgart (Germany): Thieme; 2000. 285 p.
(Rateitschak KH, Wolf HF, editors. Color atlas of dental medicine).
202 Citing Medicine
6. Volume title with special characters

epsilonproteobacteria. 2nd ed. New York: Springer; c2005. 1388 p. (Garrity GM, editor. Bergey's manual of
systematic bacteriology; vol. 2, pt. C).

Stoopen ME, Kimura K, Ros PR, editors. Abdomen: higado, bazo, vias biliares, pancreas y peritoneo.
Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1998. 415 p. (Taveras JM, Cardoso JM, editors. Radiologia e
imagen diagnostica y terapeutica; t. 2). Spanish.
Kastenbauer E, editor. Nase, Nasennebenhohlen, Gesicht, Mundhohle und Pharynx, Kopfspeicheldrusen.
Stuttgart (Germany): George Thieme Verlag; 1992. 823 p. (Naumann HH, Helms J, Herberhold C, Kastenbauer,
editors. Oto-Rhino-Laryngologie in Klinik und Praxis; bd. 2). German.
with translation
Stoopen ME, Kimura K, Ros PR, editors. Abdomen: higado, bazo, vias biliares, pancreas y peritoneo [Abdomen:
liver, spleen, bile ducts, pancreas and peritoneum]. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1998. 415 p.
(Taveras JM, Cardoso JM, editors. Radiologia e imagen diagnostica y terapeutica; t. 2 [Radiology and diagnostic
and therapeutic imaging; vol. 2]). Spanish.

Toomingas A, editor. Yttre arbetsmiljofaktorer som halsorisker bland halso- och sjukvardspersonal.
Copenhagen: Nordisk Ministerrad; 1994. 195 p. (Halsovardens arbetsmiljo i Norden; d. 2). Swedish, Norwegian,
Danish.
with translation
Toomingas A, Pettersen RB, Lindstrom K, Bach E, editors. Yttre arbetsmiljofaktorer som halsorisker bland halso-
och sjukvardspersonal [Health risks in the work environment of health care personnel].Copenhagen: Nordisk
Ministerrad; 1994. 195 p. (Halsovardens arbetsmiljo i Norden [The work and health of health care personnel in
the Nordic countries]; d. 2). Swedish, Norwegian, Danish.

Klunker W. Sleep, dreams, sexuality = Sommeil, reves, sexualite = Schlaf, Traume, Sexualitit. 3rd improved ed.
Schmidt P, Baur J, translators. Heidelberg (Germany): Karl F. Haug Verlag; 1987. 611 p. (Barthel H, editor.
Synthetic repertory: psychic and general symptoms of the homeopathic materia medica = Repertoire
synthetique: symptomes psychiques et generaux de la matiere medicale homeopathique = Synthetisches
Reportorium: Gemuts- und Allgemeinsymptome der homoopathischen Materia hedica; vol. 3). English. French,
German.
10. Volume with edition

Kaufmann SH, Steward MW, editors. Immunology. 10th ed. London: Hodder Arnold; c2005. 1033 p. (Topley
and Wilson's microbiology & microbial infections; vol. 7).
Freedman DX, Dyrud JE, editors. Treatment. 2nd ed. New York: Basic Books; c1975. 1009 p. (Arieti S, editor.
American handbook of psychiatry; vol. 5).
Books 203
Reportorium: Gemuts- und Allgemeinsymptome der homoopathischen Materia medica; vol. 3). English. French,
German.
11. Volume with secondary author(s)

Reportorium: Gemuts- und Allgemeinsymptome der homoopathischen Materia medica; vol. 3). English. French,
German.
12. Volume with well-known place of publication

Reves JG, editor. Cardiothoracic anesthesia. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone; c1999. (Miller RD, editor. Atlas
of anesthesia; vol.8).
Moss J, Iglewski B, Vaughan M, Tu AT, editors. Bacterial toxins and virulence factors in disease. New York:
Marcel Dekker, Inc.; c1995. 627 p. (Tu AT, editor. Handbook of natural toxins; vol. 8).
Goldstein RE, Haywood VB, editors. Esthetic problems of individual teeth, missing teeth, malocclusion, special
populations. 2nd ed. London: BC Dekker, Inc.; 2002. p. 473-884. (Goldstein RE, editor. Esthetics in dentistry;
vol. 2).
13. Volume with geographic qualifier added to place of publication for

clarity
Borman WC, Ilgen DR, Klimoski RJ, editors. Industrial and organizational psychology. Hoboken (NJ): John
Wiley & Sons, Inc.; c2003. 649 p. (Weiner IB, editor. Handbook of psychology; vol. 12).
Gross AM, Drabman RS, editors. Child clinical applications. Thousand Oaks (CA): Sage Publications; c2005. p.
653-1118. (Hersen M, editor. Encyclopedia of behavior modification and cognitive behavior therapy; vol. 2).
Sudarshan SR, editor. Diseases and their causes. Taredo (India): Popular Prakashan; 2005. 319 p. (Encyclopaedia
of Indian medicine; vol. 6).
Adams DA, Cinnamond MJ, editors. Paediatric otolaryngology. Oxford (UK): Butterworth Heinemann; c1997.
(Kerr AG, editor. Scott-Brown's otolaryngology; vol. 6).
204 Citing Medicine
14. Volume with government agency as publisher

Jones FD, Sparacino LR, Wilcox VL, Rothberg JM, Stokes JW, editors. War psychiatry. Falls Church (VA):
Department of the Army (US), Office of the Surgeon General; 1995. 508 p. (Lounsbury DE, editor. Textbooks of
military medicine).
15. Volume with unknown publisher

Alizai S, Zia A. [Chanesar Goth and Landhi]. Islamabad (Pakistan): [publisher unknown]; [1993?]. 53 p.
(Gender differentials in access to health care for Pakistani children; vol. 3). Study conducted for Unicef in
November 1990.
16. Volume with date of publication

of Indian medicine; vol. 6).
Belar CD, editor. Sociocultural and individual differences. New York: Pergamon; 1998. 384 p. (Bellack AS,
17. Volume with date of copyright instead of date of publication

Renninger KA, Sigel IE, editors. Child psychology in practice. 6th ed. Hoboken (NJ): John Wiley & Sons, Inc.;
c2006. 1073 p. (Damon W, Lerner RM, editors. Handbook of child psychology; vol. 4).
Wilcox CS, editor. Hypertension and the kidney. Philadelphia: Current Medicine, Inc.; c1999. (Schrier RW,
editor. Atlas of diseases of the kidney; vol. 3).
18. Volume with estimated date of publication

(Gender differentials in access to health care for Pakistani children; vol. 3).
19. Volume in more than one physical volume

Page E, Fozzard HA, Solaro RJ, editors. The cardiovascular system. Vol. 1, The heart. Oxford (UK): Oxford
University Press; 2002. 822 p. (Handbook of physiology; Sect. 2).
20. Volume with standard pagination

Harrison SI, Eth S, editors. Clinical assessment and intervention planning. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.;
c1998. 832 p. (Noshpitz JD, editor. Handbook of child and adolescent psychiatry; vol. 5).
21. Volume in a set continuously paginated

Gross AM, Drabman RS, editors. Child clinical applications. Thousand Oaks (CA): Sage Publications; c2005. p.
653-1118. (Hersen M, editor. Encyclopedia of behavior modification and cognitive behavior therapy; vol. 2).
Books 205
22. Volume in a series with multiple editors

Porter TM, Ross D, editors. The modern social sciences. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press; c2003.
762 p. (Lindberg DC, Numbers RL, editors. Cambridge history of science; vol. 7).
Ammerman RT, editor. Child psychopathology. Hoboken (NJ): John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; c2006. 493 p. (Hersen
M, Thomas JC, editors. Comprehensive handbook of personality and psychopathology; vol. 3).
23. Volume with optional full names for series editors

Gottsch, John D.; Stark, Walter J.; Goldberg, Morton F., editors. Ophthalmic surgery. 5th ed. London: Arnold;
c1999. 506 p. (Carter, David C.; Russell, R.C.; Pitt, Henry A., editors. Operative surgery; vol. 6).
24. Volume without an editor for the series

Kaufmann SH, Steward MW, editors. Immunology. 10th ed. London: Hodder Arnold; c2005. 1033 p. (Topley
and Wilson's microbiology & microbial infections; vol. 7).
Pott S. Medizin, Medizinethik und schone Literatur. Berlin: Walter De Gruyter; 2002. 284 p. (Sakularisierung in
den Wissenschaften seit der Fruhen Neuzeit; bd. 3). German.
25. Volume with series title having a subtitle

26. Volume with series title published with equal text in two or more
languages
Reportorium: Gemuts- und Allgemeinsymptome der Homoopathischen Materia Medica; vol. 3). English.
French, German.
27. Volume with other name for series number than volume
Hoffman JH, Jamieson JD, editors. Cell physiology. New York: Oxford; 1997. 960 p. (Handbook of physiology;
Sect. 14).
epsilonproteobacteria. 2nd ed. New York: Springer; c2005. 1388 p. (Garrity GM, editor. Bergey's manual of
systematic bacteriology; vol. 2, pt. C).
206 Citing Medicine
28. Volume without a series number

military medicine).
29. Volume with accompaniment

Goldstein RE, Haywood VB, editors. Esthetic problems of individual teeth, missing teeth, malocclusion, special
populations. 2nd ed. London: BC Dekker, Inc.; 2002. p. 473-884. (Goldstein RE, editor. Esthetics in dentistry;
vol. 2). Accompanied by: 1 CD-ROM.
30. Volume with an ISBN

Bays RA, Quinn PD, editors. Temporomandibular disorders. Winn WM, illustrator. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders
Company; c2000. 426 p. (Fonseca RJ, editor. Oral and maxillofacial surgery; vol. 4). ISBN: 9780721696355.
31. Other types of notes

military medicine). Available from: US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC; D 104.35:PT.1/V.4.
of Indian medicine; vol. 6). Located at: National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; WZ 13 E56 1985.
(Gender differentials in access to health care for Pakistani children; vol. 3). Study conducted for UNICEF in
November 1990.
C. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Parts of Books

The general format for a reference to a part of a book, including pagination:
Examples of Citations to Parts of Books

Rather than citing a book as a whole, separately identified portions of a book may be cited. Chapters, sections,
tables, charts, graphs, photographs, appendixes, and the like are considered parts of books when they are written
Books 207
or compiled by the authors of the book. They are contributions when the book has an overall editor or editors
and the individual chapters or other components in the book are written by various authors, usually called
contributors.
In general, most modern texts have standardized to three types of parts: figures, tables, and appendixes.
However, other names may be found for parts, including section, chart, graph, box, and photograph.
Because a reference should start with the individual or organization with responsibility for the intellectual
content of the publication:
• Begin a reference to a part of a book with the book itself, then follow it with information about the part.
• Begin a reference to a contribution with information about the contribution, followed by the word "In:"
and information about the book itself. See Chapter 2D Contributions to Books for details.
• For instructions on citing one volume of a book published in multiple volumes, see Chapter 2B Individual
Volumes of Books (Chapter 2B(1) Individual Volumes With a Separate Title but Without Separate
Authors/Editors or Chapter 2B(2) Individual Volumes With a Separate Title and Separate Authors/
Editors).
Medical texts frequently contain charts, figures, and other illustrative material that have been reproduced with
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Parts of Books.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Parts of Books.
Citation Rules with Examples for Parts of Books

Book (R) | Name and Number/Letter (R) | Title (R) | Location (Pagination) (R) | Language (R)
Book (required)
• Cite the book according to Chapter 2A Entire Books but omit the Pagination
Name and Number/Letter of the Part of a Book (required)

General Rules for Name and Number/Letter
• Enter the name of the part as it appears in the book
• Capitalize the name, such as Chapter, Table, Figure, or Appendix
• Follow the name with any accompanying number or letter, such as Chapter 12, Table 2, Figure 3.1, or
Appendix A
Specific Rules for Name and Number/Letter

• No name appears
208 Citing Medicine

• Provide the name in the original language for non-English names in the roman alphabet (primarily
Tabelle 5.3,
Figura 10a,
Risunok 6,
Parartema 4,
square brackets.
Ichiran-hiyo 3, or [Table 3, ]
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
• Convert words and roman numerals used for part numbers into arabic numbers, so that the word for two
or II becomes 2
• Provide an English translation in square brackets after the original language or romanized title when
possible
Anexo, Creacion de las especialidades medicas [Appendix, Beginnings of medical specialties]; p.
275-81. Spanish.
Books 209
Language Chapter Table Figure Chart Appendix Section

French Chapitre Tableau Figure Graphique Appendice Section
Schema
German Kapitel Tabelle Abbildung Schaubild Anhang Sektion
Figur Diagramm Appendix Abteilung
Zusatz
Italian Capitolo Tabella Figura Diagramma Appendice Parte
Grafico Sezione
Russian Glava Tablitsa Risunok Grafik Prilozenie Sekcija
Skhema Otdel
Otdelenie
Spanish Capitulo Tabla Figura Grafico Apendice Seccion
Cuadro Parte

• Occasionally, an author will label a part as simply "Table", "Figure", "Appendix", or another name without
following the name with any letter or number. In this case, give whatever name is used for the part and
follow it with a comma and the title.
Appendix, Timetable of human prenatal development 1 to 6 weeks; p. 516-7.

• If the part being cited is clearly a table, figure, or appendix or similar part but it is not labeled as such,
place the name in square brackets and follow it with any identifying number or letter
[Photograph] 8, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Professor of Anatomy and Physiology from 1838 to 1841; p.
31.
Data and calculations required for a life table; p. 146.
Sialography; p. 1029-30.
Examples for Name and Number/Letter

1. Standard chapter in a book
2. Chapter in a book with optional full first names of authors
3. Standard figure in a book with number
210 Citing Medicine
4. Figure in a book with a letter

5. Figure in a book without a number or letter
6. Figure in a book without a number with name implied
8. Standard table in a book with a number
9. Table in a book with a letter
10. Table in a book without a number or letter
11. Table in a book without a number or letter with name implied
12. Standard appendix in a book with a number
13. Appendix in a book with a letter
14. Appendix in a book without a number or letter
15. Appendix in a book with name implied
17. Other named parts in a book with numbers
18. Other named parts in a book with letters
19. Other parts in a book with numbers with name implied
20. Other parts in a book without numbers or letters with name implied
21.
22. Dictionary entry, unsigned
23. Encyclopedia article, unsigned
27. Parts of non-English books
Title of the Part of a Book (required)

• Enter the title of the part as it appears in the book
• Use a colon followed by a space to separate a title from a subtitle unless some other form of punctuation
• Follow non-English titles with a translation when possible; place the translation in square brackets

• Titles for parts not in English
• Titles for parts in more than one language
• Titles for parts containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special character
Books 211
Box 124. Titles for parts not in English.

Tabla 10, Etiologia de la esplenomegalia secundaria a procesos infecciosos; p. 109. Spanish.
Chapitre 4, Le virage de la jouissance; p. 91-102. French.
Risunok 2, Tendentsii smertnosti i prodolzhitel'nosti zhizni naseleniya Ukrainy v poslevoennyi
period; p. 53. Russian.
• Romanize or translate titles in character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese). Place the translation in
square brackets.
10 Shoyo, Anchi eijingu igaku; p. 23-45. Japanese.
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
possible
Tableau 5, Principaux marqueurs biologiques de l'etat nutritionnel [Table 5, Principal biological
markers of nutritional state]; p. 33. French.
10 Shoyo, Anchi eijingu igaku [Chapter 10, Anti-aging medicine]; p. 23-45. Japanese.
212 Citing Medicine
Box 125. Titles for parts in more than one language.

If a chapter, figure, or another part is presented with equal text in two or more languages, as often occurs in
• Give all titles in the order in which they are found in the text
• Place an equals sign with a space on either side between the titles
• List all languages, separated by commas, after the location (pagination)
• End the list with a period
Example:
Lines R. Action on HIV/AIDS in prisons: too little, too late; a report card = La lutte au VIH/sida
dans nos prisons: trop peu, trop tard; unrapportd' etape. [Montreal (QC)]: Canadian HIV/AIDS
Legal Network; c2002. [Table], Percentage of prisoners known to be HIV-positive in women's
institutions = Proportion de detenues connues comme seropositives au VIH dans des etablissements
federaux pour femmes; p. 4. English, French.
Box 126. Titles for parts containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special character.
Figure 10, n-alkenes on capillary columns with stationary phases of C87 hydrocarbon, Apiezonl L,
CW-20M; p. 374.
may become
may become

Books 213
meaningful.
Table, [Waist-hip ratio ranges and the sample sizes for women aged 40 to 59]; p. 72.
Examples for Title

7. Figure in a book with a constructed title
16. Appendix in a book with a constructed title
21.
24. Part in a book with Greek letters or other special symbols in the title
25. Part in a book with superscripts or subscripts in the title
Location (Pagination) of the Part of a Book (required)

• Enter the page number or numbers on which the part appears. Examples: p. 438 and p. 663-4
example: p. S10-8.
• End location information with a period

• Part paginated separately
• No page numbers appear on the part
214 Citing Medicine

• Keep roman numerals when they are used as page numbers for parts
• Give roman numerals in upper or lower case, whichever appears in the publication
• If the pagination for a part begins anew with page I or i, give the total number of pages of the part in
square brackets
Appendix, Questionnaire; [5 p.].
Box 129. Part paginated separately.

• A part such as an appendix or a group of tables may be given its own pagination and begin anew with
page one. When this occurs, give the total number of pages of the part you wish to cite, placed in square
brackets, such as [5 p.].
Appendix 3C, Description of model output tables and graphs; [7 p.].
Box 130. No page numbers appear on the part.

Occasionally, a table, figure, appendix, or another part will appear on a page that is not numbered.
• If only the part to be cited has no page numbers, identify the location in relation to numbered pages. For
example: preceding p. 17 or following p. 503. Place such phrases in square brackets.
Figure 5, Modeling the risk of in-hospital death following lung resection; [preceding p. 55].
Appendix, Patient questionnaire; [following p. 174].
• If the entire book has no page numbers or the part cannot be easily located in relation to numbered pages,
give the total number of pages of the part you wish to cite, placed in square brackets, such as [5 p.].

26. Part in a book with unusual pagination or no pagination
Language of the Part of a Book (required)

Books 215



Examples of Citations to Parts of Books

Riffenburgh RH. Statistics in medicine. 2nd ed. Amsterdam (Netherlands): Elsevier Academic Press; c2006.
Chapter 24, Regression and correlation methods; p. 447-86.
Reed JG, Baxter PM. Library use: handbook for psychology. 3rd ed. Washington: American Psychological
Association; c2003. Chapter 2, Selecting and defining the topic; p. 11-25.
Goldstein RE. Esthetics in dentistry. 2nd ed. Vol. 1, Principles, communications, treatment methods. Hamilton
(ON): B.C. Decker; c1998. Chapter 13, Composite resin bonding; p. 277-338.
2. Chapter in a book with optional full first names of authors

Speroff, Leon; Fritz, Marc A. Clinical gynecologic endocrinology and infertility. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins; c2005. Chapter 29, Endometriosis; p. 1103-33.

Lashley FR. Clinical genetics in nursing practice. 3rd ed. New York: Springer Publishing Company; c2005. Figure
2.5, Meiosis with two autosomal chromosome pairs; p. 27-8.
Thibodeau GA, Patton KT. Anatomy & physiology. 5th ed. St. Louis (MO): Mosby; c2003. Figure 6-13,
Onycholysis; p. 179.
Munro BH. Statistical methods for health care research. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins;
c2005. Exercise figure 14-1, Factor analysis of IPA items; p. 347.
Lancaster FW, Joncich MJ. The measure and evaluation of library services. Washington: Information Resources
Press; c1977. Figure 9, Questionnaire used in U.K. catalog use study; p. 47-50.
4. Figure in a book with a letter

Nielsen-Bohlman L, Panzer AM, Kindig DA, editors. Health literacy: a prescription to end confusion.
Washington: National Academies Press; c2004. Figure B-2, Improving chronic disease care: a framework based
on health literacy and related research; p. 271.
Wood AF, Smith MJ. Online communication: linking technology, identity, and culture. Mahwah (NJ): Lawrence
Erlbaum Associates; c2001. Figure A.1, Linear versus hypertext; p. 204.
216 Citing Medicine
5. Figure in a book without a number or letter

Eroschenko VP. Di Fiore's atlas of histology with functional correlations. 10th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins; c2005. Overview figure, Comparison (transverse sections) of a muscular artery, large vein,
and the three types of capillaries; p. 152.
6. Figure in a book without a number with name implied

American health: demographics and spending of health care consumers. Ithaca (NY): New Strategist
Publications, Inc.; c2005. [Figure], Percent distribution of visits to emergency rooms by urgency of problem,
2002; p. 383.
7. Figure in a book with a constructed title

Grundy F, Grundy PF. Community health and social services: an introduction for medical undergraduates,
health visitors, social workers and midwives. London: H.K. Lewis & Co. Ltd.; 1974. Figure 4, [Map of County
Councils and District Councils in Wales]; p. 24.

Larone DH. Medically important fungi: a guide to identification. 4th ed. Washington: ASM Press; c2002. Table
15, Characteristics of some of the "black yeasts"; p. 200.
American health: demographics and spending of health care consumers. Ithaca (NY): New Strategist
Publications, Inc.; c2005. Table 11.19, Percent distribution of hospital discharges by diagnosis and age, 2002; p.
395-6.
Burant CF. Medical management of type 2 diabetes. 5th ed. Alexandria (VA): American Diabetes Association;
c2004. Table 3.12, Sample regimens for achieving glycemic control; p. 68.
Moore KL, Persaud TV. The developing human: clinically oriented embryology. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders;
c2003. Table 6-1, Criteria for estimating fertilization age during the fetal period; p.103.
9. Table in a book with a letter

Nielsen-Bohlman L, Panzer AM, Kindig DA, editors. Health literacy: a prescription to end confusion.
Washington: National Academies Press; c2004. Table B-7, Percentage of adult population groups with literacy
skills at NALS levels 1 or 2; p. 294.
10. Table in a book without a number or letter

Pennington JA, Douglas JS. Bowes & Church's food values of portions commonly used. 18th ed. Baltimore
(MD): Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; c2005. Supplementary tables: Fatty acids; p. 331-7.
11. Table in a book without a number or letter with name implied

Lide DR, editor. CRC handbook of chemistry and physics: a ready-reference book of chemical and physical data.
86th ed. Boca Raton (FL): Taylor & Francis; 2005. [Table], Vapor pressure of fluids at temperatures below 300 K;
p. 6–84-6–91.
Mosley AD, Romaine DS. The encyclopedia of Parkinson's disease. New York: Facts on File; c2004. [Table],
Hoehn and Yahr stage scale for Parkinson's disease; p. 158.
Books 217

Finberg L, Kravath RE, Hellerstein S, Saenger P. Water and electrolytes in pediatrics: physiology, pathology, and
treatment. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; c1993. Appendix 2, Time line; p. 267-70.
13. Appendix in a book with a letter

Zuber TJ, Mayeaux EJ. Atlas of primary care procedures. Jackelow WB, Gast P, Duprey LP, illustrators.
Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; c2004. Appendix H, Skin preparation recommendations; p. 596.
14. Appendix in a book without a number or letter

Moore KL, Persaud TV. The developing human: clinically oriented embryology. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders;
c2003. Appendix, Timetable of human prenatal development 1 to 6 weeks; p. 516-7.
Reed JG, Baxter PM. Library use: handbook for psychology. 3rd ed. Washington: American Psychological
Association; c2003. Appendix, Brief guide to literature searching; p. 145-7.
15. Appendix in a book with name implied

University of Cape Town, Medical School, Department of Pharmacology. South African medicines formulary.
4th ed. Pinelands (South Africa): Medical Association of South Africa; c1997. [Appendix], Adverse drug event
and product quality problem report form; [following p. 510.].
Blumenthal M, Hall T, Goldberg A, Kunz T, Dinda D, editors. The ABC clinical guide to herbs. Austin (TX):
American Botanical Council; 2003. [Appendix], Post test; p. 425-30.
16. Appendix in a book with a constructed title

Woelfel JB, Scheid RC. Dental anatomy: its relevance to dentistry. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins; c2002. Appendix, [Drawings of permanent and primary teeth which are labeled (with letters) to
highlight features of each tooth]; Appendix page 1-10.
17. Other named parts in a book with numbers

Ettinger SJ, Feldman EC. Textbook of veterinary medicine: diseases of the dog and cat. 6th ed. St. Louis (MO):
Elsevier Saunders; c2005. Section 7, Dietary considerations of systemic problems; p. 553-98.
Berman A, Snyder S, Kozier B, Erb G. Kozier and Erb's techniques in clinical nursing. 5th ed. Upper Saddle
River (NJ): Prentice Hall; c2002. Unit 3, Mobility and safety; p. 173-257.
Thibodeau GA, Patton KT. Anatomy & physiology. 5th ed. St. Louis (MO): Mosby; c2003. Box 10-1, Sports and
fitness: assessing muscle strength; p. 283.
Timby BK. Fundamental skills and concepts in patient care. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins;
c2005. Skill 16-4, Giving oral care to unconscious patients; p. 332-4.
18. Other named parts in a book with letters

Katz DL. Nutrition in clinical practice: a comprehensive, evidence-based manual for the practitioner.
Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; c2001. Part B, Dietary management in clinical practice: diet and
exercise; p. 35-194.
218 Citing Medicine
19. Other parts in a book with numbers with name implied

Chapman CB. Dartmouth medical school: the first 100 years. Hanover (NH): University Press of New England;
1973. [Photograph] 8, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Professor of Anatomy and Physiology from 1838 to 1841; p. 31.
Gillmer M, Gordon D, Sever P, Steer P. 100 cases for students of medicine: medicine, surgery, obstetrics and
gynaecology. Edinburgh (Scotland): Churchill Livingstone; 1979. [Case] 26, [Two patients were admitted
complaining of difficulty in swallowing]; p. 71-2.
20. Other parts in a book without numbers or letters with name implied
American Medical Association. American Medical Association family medical guide. 4th ed., completely rev.
and updated. Hoboken (NJ): John Wiley & Sons; c2004. [Chart], Impaired memory: difficulty remembering
specific facts, events, or periods of time; p. 236.
21. Unnamed parts in a book without numbers or letters

Riffenburgh RH. Statistics in medicine. 2nd ed. Amsterdam (Netherlands): Elsevier Academic Press; c2006. Data
and calculations required for a life table; p. 146.
Larone DH. Medically important fungi: a guide to identification. 4th ed. Washington: ASM Press; c2002.
Malassezia furfur; p. 136.
Pagana KD, Pagana TJ. Mosby's manual of diagnostic and laboratory tests. 2nd ed. St. Louis (MO): Mosby;
c2002. Sialography; p. 1029-30.
United States Pharmacopeial Convention. The United States pharmacopeia. The national formulary. USP 32nd
rev., NF 27th ed. Vol 2. Rockville (MD): The Convention; 2009. Doxycycline capsules; p. 2211-2.
Physicians' desk reference: PDR. 63rd ed. Montvale (NJ): Thomson Reuters; c2008. Wellbutrin XL; p. 1659-66.

Dorland's illustrated medical dictionary. 30th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; c2003. Encephalomalacia; p. 609.

Turkington C, Tzeel A. The encyclopedia of children's health and wellness. New York: Facts on File, Inc.; c2004.
Papilloma virus, human (HPV); p. 381-3.
24. Part in a book with Greek letters or other special symbols in the title
The Merck index: an encyclopedia of chemicals, drugs, and biologicals. 13th ed. Whitehouse Station (NJ): Merck
& Co., Inc.; 2001. α-Bisabolol; p. 212.
or
The Merck index: an encyclopedia of chemicals, drugs, and biologicals. 13th ed. Whitehouse Station (NJ): Merck
& Co., Inc.; 2001. alpha-Bisabolol; p. 212.
25. Part in a book with superscripts or subscripts in the title

Kahl G. The dictionary of gene technology: genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics. 3rd ed. Weinheim
(Germany): Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA; c2004. Melting temperature (Tm, tm, t1/2m; melting point);
p. 639-40.
Books 219
or
Kahl G. The dictionary of gene technology: genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics. 3rd ed. Weinheim
(Germany): Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA; c2004. Melting temperature (T(m), t(m), t(1/2m); melting
point); p. 639.
26. Part in a book with unusual pagination or no pagination

Owens RE. Language disorders: a functional approach to assessment and intervention. 4th ed. Boston: Pearson;
c2004. Appendix D, Language tests for children with LEP and different dialects; p. A15-25.
Shingleton HM, Orr JW Jr. Cancer of the cervix. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company; c1995. Color figure 7-7,
Excised uterus with wide vaginal cuff and parauterine tissues; [preceding p. 1].
University of Cape Town, Medical School, Department of Pharmacology. South African medicines formulary.
4th ed. Pinelands (South Africa): Medical Association of South Africa; c1997. [Appendix], Adverse drug event
and product quality problem report form; [following p. 510].
Tappan FM, Benjamin PJ. Tappan's handbook of healing massage techniques: classic, holistic, and emerging
methods. 4th ed. Upper Saddle River (NJ): Pearson/Prentice Hall; c2005. [Figure], Energy channels of traditional
Asian medicine; [inside back cover and facing page].
Woelfel JB, Scheid RC. Dental anatomy: its relevance to dentistry. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins; c2002. Appendix, [Drawings of permanent and primary teeth which are labeled (with letters) to
highlight features of each tooth]; Appendix page 1-10.

Tischendorf FW. Blickdiagnostik: Compactatlas der klinischen Inspektion und Differenzialdiagnostik. 3.,
vollstandig uberarbeitete und erweiterte Auflage. Stuttgart (Germany): Schattauer; c2005. Abbildung 15, β-
Thalassaemia minor; p. 9. German.
Fleta Zaragozano J. Enfremedades importadas en pediatria. Zaragoza (Spain): Prensas Universitarias de
Zaragoza; 2001. Tabla 10, Etiologia de la esplenomegalia secundaria a procesos infecciosos; p. 109. Spanish.
Bercherie P. Lacan. Paris: L'Harmattan; 2004. Chapitre 4, Le virage de la jouissance; p. 91-102. French.
Corea Fonseca E. Historia de la medicina en Nicaragua. Managua (Nicaragua): [publisher unknown]; 2000 Dec.
Anexo, Creacion de las especialidades medicas; p. 275-81. Spanish.
Basdekis JC. L'alimentation des personnes agees: et la prevention de la denutrition. Paris: ESTEM; c2004.
Tableau 5, Principaux marqueurs biologiques de l'etat nutritionnel; p. 33. French.
with translation
Basdekis JC. L'alimentation des personnes agees: et la prevention de la denutrition [Nutrition in older people:
and the prevention of malnutrition]. Paris: ESTEM; c2004. Tableau 5, Principaux marqueurs biologiques de l'etat
nutritionnel [Table 5, Principal biological markers of nutritional state]; p. 33. French.
D. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Contributions to

Books
The general format for a reference to a contribution to a book, including punctuation:
220 Citing Medicine
Examples of Citations to Contributions to Books

Contributions are found when a book has an overall editor or editors and the individual chapters or other
components of the book are written by various authors, usually called contributors. One or all of the editors may
also be contributing authors. Because a reference should start with the individual or organization responsible for
the intellectual content of the publication, begin a reference to a contribution with the author and title of the
contribution, followed by the word "In:" and information about the entire book.
Medical texts frequently contain charts, figures, and other illustrative material that have been reproduced with
permission from other sources. Do not cite these as contributions using the instructions presented here. Consult
the original publication and cite the chart or other item from there.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Contributions to Books.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Contributions to Books.
Citation Rules with Examples for Contributions to Books

Author/Editor (R) | Author Affiliation (O) | Title (R) | Connective Phrase (R) | Book Information (R) | Location
(Pagination) (R) | Part (R)
Author/Editor of a Contribution to a Book (required)

• Capitalize names and enter spaces within surnames as they appear in the document cited on the
surname
editors
Books 221

(Chinese, Japanese)


[If you cannot determine from the title page whether a surname is compound or is a combination of
a middle name and a surname, look at the table of contents, the back of the title page (the copyright
page), or elsewhere in the text for clarification. For example, Elizabeth Scott Parker may be
interpreted to be Parker ES or Scott Parker E.]
222 Citing Medicine
• Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in names. To simplify rules for English-language
publications, this rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

particle
abbreviation.
• For non-English names that are romanized (written in the roman alphabet), capitalize only the first letter
if the original initial is represented by more than one letter
Books 223


Examples:
letter
224 Citing Medicine
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

always be used.
French redacteur
editeur
German redakteur
herausgeber
Italian redattore
curatore
editore
Russian redaktor
izdatel
Spanish redactor
editor
Books 225

An organization such as a university, society, association, corporation, or government body may be an author.
Working Group.
part of the name, place the two-letter ISO country code (see Appendix D) in parentheses after the name
• If both individuals and an organization or organizations appear on the title page of a contribution as
authors, use the names of the individuals as the author. Give the organization at the end of the reference as
a note, if desired.
brackets.
226 Citing Medicine
or
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe


1. Standard reference to a contributed chapter
Books 227
2. Contributed chapter with optional full first names for authors and editors
3. Contributed chapter authors with a family designation following their names
4. Contributed chapter author names with a particle, prefix, or preposition
5. Contributed chapter authors with compound last names
6. Contributed section with editor(s)
7. Signed encyclopedia article
Author Affiliation for a Contribution to a Book (optional)

country
Pittsburgh, PA)


Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
228 Citing Medicine
Soc. for Society

all references.

Example:

• Give the affiliations of all authors or only the first author
Rebora P, Reina G.
• Romanize (write in the roman alphabet) or translate organizational names if they are in Cyrillic, Greek,
Books 229

Ungureanu CD, Zodieru-Popa I. Grudinina NA (Institute of Experimental Medicine, Russian
Academy of Medical Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia), Golubkov VI, Tikhomirova OS, Brezhneva TV,
Hanson KP, Vasilyev VB, Mandelshtam MY.
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
• Use the English form of names for cities and countries whenever possible. For example, use Vienna for
Wien and use Spain for Espana. However, the name as found on the publication is always correct.

Wien becomes Vienna
230 Citing Medicine

8. Contributed chapter with author address included
Title of a Contribution to a Book (required)

• Enter the title of the chapter or other contribution as it appears in the original document, in the original
language


Base molecular de la expresion del mensaje genetico.
zabolevanii: klinicheskie ocherki.
square brackets.
Katsunori K. Anrakushi to keiho.
or
Katsunori K. [Euthanasia and criminal law].
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Books 231
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
ocherki [Diagnosis and complex treatment of basic gastrointestinal diseases: clinical studies].
Anrakushi to keiho [Euthanasia and criminal law].

If a chapter or other contribution is presented with equal text in two or more languages, as often occurs in
• Give all titles in the order in which they are found on the title page
• List all the languages, separated by commas, after the pagination
Example:
Le genome: avancees scientifiques et therapeutiques et consequences sociales = The genome:
scientific and therapeutic developments and social consequences.
• Capitalize first word of the title of a chapter or other contribution unless the title begins with a Greek
letter, chemical formula, or another special character that might lose its meaning if capitalized
232 Citing Medicine

exposure limits.
von Willebrand disease.
• If a title contains a Greek letter or some other symbol that cannot be reproduced with the available type
fonts, substitute the name for the symbol. For example, Ω becomes omega.
γ-linolenic acid and its clinical applications.
may become
Gamma-linolenic acid and its clinical applications.
may become
TiO2 nanoparticles.
may become
Examples for Title

9. Contributed chapter with a title beginning with a lower-case letter or containing a special symbol or
character
10. Contributed chapter with a non-English title
Connective Phrase for a Contribution to a Book (required)

General Rules for Connective Phrase
• Place a space and the word "In" after the title of the contribution
• Follow "In" with a colon and a space
Examples for Connective Phrase

Book Information (required)

General Rules for Book Information
• Cite the book in which the contribution appears according to Chapter 2A Entire Books but omit the
Pagination
Books 233
Examples for Book Information

12. Contributed chapter in a book with translators or illustrators
13. Contributed chapter in a book with an edition statement
14. Contributed chapter in a book with subordinate division to the publisher
15. Contributed chapter in a book that is part of a series
16. Contributed chapter in one volume of a multivolume book
Location (Pagination) for a Contribution to a Book (required)

• Enter the page number or numbers on which the contribution appears. Examples: p. 438 and p. 663-4
example: p. S10-8.

• No page numbers appear on the pages of the contribution
• Optional chapter number

• Keep roman numerals when they are used as page numbers
Examples:
p. ix-xxi.
p. XIV-XVIII.
Box 148. No page numbers appear on the pages of the contribution.

Occasionally, a chapter or other contribution will appear on a page that is not numbered.
• If only the particular contribution to be cited has no page numbers, identify the location in relation to
numbered pages. For example: preceding p. 17 or following p. 503. Place such phrases in square brackets.
[preceding p. 55].
[following p. 84].
• If the entire book has no page numbers, give the total number of pages of the contribution, placed in
square brackets, such as [5 p.].
234 Citing Medicine
Box 149. Optional chapter number.

• As an option, give the chapter number in place of the usual page numbers used for location.
Whiteside TL, Heberman RB. Effectors of immunity and rationale for immunotherapy. In: Kufe DW,
Pollock RE, Weichselbaum RR, Bast RC Jr, Gansler TS, Holland JF, Frei E 3rd, editors. Cancer
medicine 6. 6th ed. Hamilton (ON): BC Decker Inc; 2003. Chapter 14.

11. Contributed chapter with an optional chapter number instead of pagination
Part of a Contribution to a Book (required)

General Rules for a Part of a Contribution
• Cite a part of a contribution, such as a table or figure, according to Chapter 2A Entire Books
Examples for a Part of a Contribution

17. Part of a contributed chapter
18. Part of a contributed chapter in one volume of a multivolume book
Examples of Citations to Contributions to Books

Whiteside TL, Heberman RB. Effectors of immunity and rationale for immunotherapy. In: Kufe DW, Pollock RE,
Weichselbaum RR, Bast RC Jr, Gansler TS, Holland JF, Frei E 3rd, editors. Cancer medicine 6. Hamilton (ON):
BC Decker Inc; 2003. p. 221-8.
Rojko JL, Hardy WD Jr. Feline leukemia virus and other retroviruses. In: Sherding RG, editor. The cat: diseases
and clinical management. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1989. p. 229-332.
Kone BC. Metabolic basis of solute transport. In: Brenner BM, Rector FC, editors. Brenner and Rector’s the
kidney. 8th ed. Vol. 1. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier; c2008. p. 130-55.
2. Contributed chapter with optional full first names for authors and
editors
Erin, Jane N.; Fazzi, Diane L.; Gordon, Robert L.; Isenberg, Sherwin J.; Paysse, Evelyn A. Vision focus:
understanding the medical and functional implications of vision loss. In: Pogrund, Rona L.; Fazzi, Diane L.,
editors. Early focus: working with young children who are blind or visually impaired and their families. 2nd ed.
New York: AFB Press; c2002. p. 52-106.
3. Contributed chapter authors with a family designation following their

names
Buckenmaier CC 3rd. Austere environment anesthesia. In: Steele SM, Nielsen KC, Klein SM, editors.
Ambulatory anesthesia and perioperative analgesia. New York: McGraw-Hill, Medical Publications Division;
c2005. p. 357-70.
Books 235
Otado JA, Akukwe C, Collins JW Jr. Disparate African American and white infant mortality rates in the United
States. In: Livingston IL, editor. Praeger handbook of Black American health: policies and issues behind
disparities in health. 2nd ed. Westport (CT): Praeger; 2004. p. 355-68.
4. Contributed chapter author names with a particle, prefix, or

preposition
de Mattiello ML, Maneiro M, Buglione S. Sensitivity to movement of configurations of achromatic and
chromatic points in amblyopic patients. In: Mellon JD, Pokorny J, Knoblauch K, editors. Normal and defective
colour vision. New York: Oxford University Press; 2003. p. 154-9.
O'Connell MA, Jewell DM. Human resources management in group practice. In: Wolper LF, editor. Physician
practice management: essential operational and financial knowledge. Sudbury (MA): Jones Bartlett Publishers;
c2005. p. 139-70.
von Campenhausen C, Schramme J. Some properties of the physiological colour system. In: Mellon JD, Pokorny
J, Knoblauch K, editors. Normal and defective colour vision. New York: Oxford University Press; 2003. p. 288-98.
Von Hoff DD, Hanauske AR. Preclinical and early clinical development of new anticancer agents. In: Kufe DW,
Bast RC Jr, Hait WN, Hong WK, Pollock RE, Weichselbaum RR, Holland JF, Frei E 3rd, editors. Holland-Frei
cancer medicine 7. 7th ed. Hamilton (ON): BC Decker Inc; 2006. p. 600-16.
Al-Ibrahim MS, Gross JY. Tobacco use. In: Walker HK, Hall WD, Hurst JW, editors. Clinical methods: the
history, physical, and laboratory examinations. Stoneham (MA): Butterworth Publishers; c1990. p. 214-6.
Le Rohellec J, Brettel H, Vienot F. Contribution of achromatic and chromatic contrast signals to Fechner-
Benham subjective colours. In: Mellon JD, Pokorny J, Knoblauch K, editors. Normal and defective colour vision.
New York: Oxford University Press; 2003. p. 145-53.
5. Contributed chapter authors with compound last names

Hill-Tout J. Four nations delivering a National Health Service. In: Rawlins M, Littlejohns P, editors. Delivering
quality in the NHS, 2004. Oxford (United Kingdom): Radcliffe Medical Press; c2004. p. 58-60.
Caldas de Castro M, Yamagata Y, Mtasiwa D, Tanner M, Utzinger J, Keiser J, Singer BH. Integrated urban
malaria control: a case study in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania. In: Breman JG, Alilio MS, Mills A, editors. The
intolerable burden of malaria: II. What's new, what's needed. Cleveland (OH): The American Society of Tropical
Medicine and Hygiene; c2004. p. 103-17.
6. Contributed section with editor(s)

Johnson D, Ellis H, Collins P, editors. Pectoral girdle and upper limb. In: Standring S, editor. Gray's anatomy: the
anatomical basis of clinical practice. 29th ed. Edinburgh (Scotland): Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; 2005. p.
799-942.
7. Signed encyclopedia article

Robinson A, Fridovich-Keil JL, Fridovich I. The principles of genetics and heredity. In: The new encyclopaedia
Brittanica. 15th ed. Vol. 19. Chicago: Encyclopaedia Brittanica, Inc.; c2002. p. 699-740.
Hazeltine WA. AIDS. In: The encyclopedia Americana. International ed. Vol. 1. Danbury (CT): Grolier
Incorporated; 1990. p. 365-6.
236 Citing Medicine
8. Contributed chapter with author address included

for all authors
Maisto SA (Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY), McKay JR (University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA),
Tiffany ST (Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN). Diagnosis. In: Allen JP, Wilson VB, editors. Assessing alcohol
problems: a guide for clinicians and researchers. 2nd ed. Bethesda (MD): National Institute on Alcohol Abuse
and Alcoholism (US); 2003. p. 55-73.
for only the first author
Cohen AH (Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA), Nast CC. Renal injury
caused by human immunodeficiency virus infection. In: Jennette JC, Olson JL, Schwartz MM, Silva FG, editors.
Hepinstall's pathology of the kidney. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; c1998. p. 785-810.
9. Contributed chapter with a title beginning with a lower-case letter or

containing a special symbol or character
Brooks M. von Willebrand disease. In: Feldman BF, Zinkl JG, Jain NC, editors. Schalm's veterinary hematology.
5th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; c2000. p. 509-15.
Bush K. Other β-lactam antibiotics. In: Finch RG, Greenwood D, Norrby SR, Whitley RJ, editors. Antibiotic and
chemotherapy: anti-infective agents and their use in therapy. 8th ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 2003. p.
259-78.
or
Bush K. Other beta-lactam antibiotics. In: Finch RG, Greenwood D, Norrby SR, Whitley RJ, editors. Antibiotic
and chemotherapy: anti-infective agents and their use in therapy. 8th ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 2003.
p. 259-78.
10. Contributed chapter with a non-English title

Menu Y. Imagerie des cancers du pancreas exocrine. In: Lledo G, editor. Le cancer du pancreas exocrine.
Montrouge (France): Editions John Libbey Eurotext; c2004. p. 27-44. French.
Luis DA, Izaola O. Modificacion de la dieta durante las diferentes etapas de la vida. In: Aller de la Fuente R,
Izaola Jauregui O, Gonzalez Martin J, de Luis Roman DA, de Luis Roman J, editors. Dietetica aplicada a la
practica clinica. Valladolid (Spain): Universidad de Valladolid, Secretariado de Publicaciones e Intercambio
Editorial; c2002. p. 35-51. Spanish.
with translation
Menu Y. Imagerie des cancers du pancreas exocrine [Images of cancer of the exocrine pancreas]. In: Lledo G,
editor. Le cancer du pancreas exocrine [Cancer of the exocrine pancreas]. Montrouge (France): Editions John
Libbey Eurotext; c2004. p. 27-44. French.
11. Contributed chapter with an optional chapter number instead of

pagination
Simon D, Boring JR 3rd. Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value. In: Walker HK, Hall WD, Hurst JW, editors.
Clinical methods: the history, physical, and laboratory examinations. Stoneham (MA): Butterworth Publishers;
c1990. Chapter 6.
Books 237
Weichselbaum RR, Bast RC Jr, Gansler TS, Holland JF, Frei E 3rd, editors. Cancer medicine 6. 6th ed. Hamilton
(ON): BC Decker Inc; 2003. Chapter 14.
12. Contributed chapter in a book with translators or illustrators

Jackman DS, Willoughby JH. Odontogenic infections: anatomy and surgical management. In: Dym H, Ogle OE,
editors. Atlas of minor oral surgery. Wettan HL, illustrator. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; c2001. p.
137-49.
Newton CW, Brown CE Jr. Geriatric endodontics. In: Cohen S, Burns RC, editors. Pathways of the pulp. 7th ed.
Burns RC, illustrator. St. Louis: Mosby; 1998. p. 759-90.
Kiesewetter H, Jung F. Rheological therapy in peripheral arterial occlusion. In: Lawin P, Zander J, Weidler B,
editors. Hydroxyethyl starch: a current overview. Ladak A, translator. Stuttgart (Germany): Georg Thieme
Verlag; 1992. p. 121-8. Translation of: Hydroxyethylstarke: eine aktuelle Ubersicht.
13. Contributed chapter in a book with an edition statement

Pier GB, Ramphal R. Pseudomas aeruginosa. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, editors. Mandell, Douglas,
and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone;
c2005. p. 2587-615.
Sobell LC, Sobell MB. Alcohol consumption measures. In: Allen JP, Wilson VB, editors. Assessing alcohol
and Alcoholism (US); 2003. p. 75-99.
Rogers ZR, Aquino VM, Buchanan GR. Hematologic supportive care and hematopoietic cytokines. In: Pizzo PA,
Poplack DG, editors. Principles and practice of pediatric oncology. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins; 2002. p. 1205-38.
14. Contributed chapter in a book with subordinate division to the

publisher
Scott DL. Ambulatory anesthesia for cosmetic surgery. In: Steele SM, Nielsen KC, Klein SM, editors. Ambulatory
anesthesia and perioperative analgesia. New York: McGraw-Hill, Medical Publications Division; c2005. p.
311-20.
15. Contributed chapter in a book that is part of a series

Sobell LC, Sobell MB. Alcohol consumption measures. In: Allen JP, Wilson VB, editors. Assessing alcohol
and Alcoholism (US); 2003. p. 75-99. (NIH publication; no. 03-3745).

Murphy PM. Chemokine receptors: overview. In: Oppenheim JJ, Feldmann M, Durum SK, Hirano T, Vilcek J,
Nicola NA, editors. Cytokine reference: a compendium of cytokines and other mediators of host defense. Vol. 2,
Receptors. London: Academic Press; c2001. p. 1971-80.
Robinson A, Fridovich-Keil JL, Fridovich I. The principles of genetics and heredity. In: The new encyclopaedia
Brittanica. 15th ed. Vol. 19. Chicago: Encyclopaedia Brittanica, Inc.; c2002. p. 699-740.
238 Citing Medicine
Rygaard J, Povlsen CO. Athymic (nude) mice. In: Foster HL, Small JD, Fox JG, editors. The mouse in biomedical
research. Vol. 4, Experimental biology and oncology. New York: Academic Press; 1982. p. 51-67.
17. Part of a contributed chapter

Weichselbaum RR, Bast RC Jr, Gansler TS, Holland JF, Frei E 3rd, editors. Cancer medicine 6. Hamilton (ON):
BC Decker Inc; 2003. Figure 14-4, Accumulation of Vβ 23-restricted CD3+ T lymphocytes in tumor-infiltrating
lymphocytes (TIL) and autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) in a patient with head and neck cancer;
p. 223.
18. Part of a contributed chapter in one volume of a multivolume book

Misulis KE. Hemiplegia and monoplegia. In: Bradley WG, Daroff RB, Fenichel GM, Jankovic J, editors.
Neurology in clinical practice. 4th ed. Vol. 1, Principles of diagnosis and management. Philadelphia:
Butterworth-Heinemann; c2004. Table 26.2, Brainstem lesions; p. 341.
239
Chapter 3. Conference Publications

A. Conference Proceedings
• Examples
B. Conference Papers
• Examples
C. Parts of Conference Papers
• Examples
See also:
Chapter 12 Papers and Poster Sessions Presented at Meetings
A. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Conference

Proceedings
The general format for a reference to a conference proceedings, including punctuation:
- with a title for the book of proceedings as well as a conference title:
- with only a conference title:

240 Citing Medicine
Examples of Citations to Conference Proceedings

Conference proceedings are a collection of the papers presented at a conference, symposium, congress, or other
meeting. They share many characteristics with books; the major difference in citing them lies in their titles and
in the provision of information about the dates and places of the conferences.
Conference proceedings always have a conference title. They often have two titles: the title of the book of
proceedings (often the name of the specific conference) and the title of the conference. Many organizations hold
annual numbered meetings, each of which has a specific topic or theme. For example, "Addressing patient needs:
access, parity and humane care." is the name (book title) of the160th Annual Meeting of the American
Psychiatric Association (conference title). When both titles are present, give the book title first.
Confusion arises if people preparing references to conference proceedings believe that the date and location of
the conference take the place of the date and place of publication. Proceedings are frequently published a year or
more after the conference was held, and there is often no correlation between the location of the publisher and
the location of the conference. Sponsors of the conference are also often not the publisher.
Citations to conference proceedings involve placing information about the conference in a prescribed format
and order, with prescribed punctuation, regardless of the order and punctuation given in the text. For example, if
the title page reads:
Society for Laboratory Animal Welfare
Forty-third Annual Meeting
San Francisco
June 3-5, 2005
The format and order for the citation should be:
43rd Annual Meeting of the Society for Laboratory Animal Welfare; 2005 Jun 3-5; San Francisco.
In addition, because conference proceedings are a collection of papers, they have editors, not authors. Editors are
usually considered secondary authors and placed after the title, but since no authors are present in proceedings,
place their editors in the author position at the beginning of the reference.
The chief source for information about a proceedings is its title page. The back of the title page, called the verso
or copyright page, and the cover of the book of proceedings are additional sources of authoritative information
not found on the title page.
Conference papers are cited in the same way as contributions to books. See Chapter 3B Conference Papers for
details. For information on citing papers presented at conferences but never published, see Chapter 12 Papers
and Poster Sessions Presented at Meetings. For a proceedings appearing on the Internet, see Chapter 18 Books
Conference Publications 241
and Other Individual Titles on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk and Chapter 22 Books and Other Individual Titles on
the Internet.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Conference Proceedings.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Conference Proceedings.
Citation Rules with Examples for Conference Proceedings

Editor (R) | Editor Affiliation (O) | Book Title (R) | Type of Medium (R) | Conference Number (R) | Conference
Title (R) | Date of Conference (O) | Place of Conference (O) | Type of Medium (if no title) (R) | Edition (R) |
Other Secondary Authors (O) | Place of Publication (R) | Publisher (R) | Date of Publication (R) | Pagination (O)
| Physical Description (O) | Series (O) | Language (R) | Notes (O)
Editor for Conference Proceedings (required)

• Enter surname (family or last name) first for each editor
assumption that the editor approved the form used. For example: Van Der Horn or van der Horn; De Wolf
or de Wolf or DeWolf.
surname
• Give all editors, regardless of the number
• Separate editor names from each other by a comma and a space
• Follow the last named editor with a comma and the word editor or editors

(Chinese, Japanese)
• Non-English words for editors
• No editor can be found
• Options for editor names

242 Citing Medicine


Scott Parker E.]
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

particle
abbreviation.

244 Citing Medicine


• Romanize names if they are in Cyrillic (Russian, Bulgarian, etc.), Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean, or
character-based languages, such as Chinese and Japanese
letter
▪ Å treated as A
▪ Ø treated as O
▪ Ç treated as C
▪ Ł treated as L
▪ à treated as a
▪ ĝ treated as g
▪ ñ treated as n
▪ ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

always be used.
• To assist in identifying editors, below is a brief list of non-English words for editor
French redacteur
editeur
German redakteur
herausgeber
Italian redattore
curatore
editore
Russian redaktor
izdatel
Spanish redactor
editor
Box 8. No editor can be found.

• If no person or organization can be identified as the editor but translators are present, begin the reference
with the names of the translators. Follow the same rules as used for editor names, but end the list of names
with a comma and the word translator or translators.
Alvarez H, Tello E, translators.
• If no person or organization can be identified as the editor and there are no translators, begin the
reference with the title of the book or title of the conference if there is no separate book title. Do not use
anonymous.
Practical points in dentistry: the alternatives. International Dental Congress of the Mekong River
Region; 2004 Jun 7-10; Century Park Hotel, Bangkok, Thailand. Bangkok: Mahidol University,
Faculty of Dentistry; [2004]. 82 p.
10th International Psoriasis Symposium; 2004 Jun 10-13; Toronto, ON. Chicago: Skin Disease
Education Foundation; 2004. 160 p.
246 Citing Medicine
Box 9. Options for editor names.

The following formats are not NLM practice for citing editors, but are acceptable options.
• Full first names of editors may be given. Separate the surname from the given name or initials by a
Takagi, Yasushi; Harada, Jun; Chiarugi, Alberto M.; Moskowitz, Michael A., editors.
Mann, Frederick D.; Swartz, Mary N.; Little, R.T., editors.
• If space is a consideration, the number of editors may be limited to a specific number, such as the first
three editors. Follow the last named editor by a comma and "et al." or "and others."
Rastan S, Hough T, Kierman A, et al., editors.
Adler DG, Baron TH, Davila RE, and others, editors.
Example Entries for Editor

1. Standard proceedings with a book title in addition to the conference title
2. Standard proceedings without a book title in addition to the conference title
3. Proceedings with all editors names given
4. Proceedings with editors limited to the optional first three
5. Proceedings with optional full first names for editors
6. Proceedings with address added for editors
7. Proceedings with no editor named
Editor Affiliation for Conference Proceedings (optional)

General Rules for Editor Affiliation
• Enter the affiliation of all editors or only the first editor
country
Pittsburgh, PA)
• Separate the affiliation from its editor by a space
• Follow the affiliation with a comma which falls outside the closing parenthesis
Specific Rules for Editor Affiliation


Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Soc. for Society
all references.

Example:
Patrias K (Reference Section, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda MD. patrias@nlm.nih.gov),
editor.

• Give the affiliation of all editors or only the first editor
248 Citing Medicine
Appendix D) if non-US. Place the address in parentheses.
Dittmar A (Microcapteurs et Microsystemes Biomedicaux, Lyon, France), Beebe D, editors. 1st
Annual International IEEE-EMBS Special Topic Conference on Microtechnologies in Medicine &
Biology; 2000 Oct 12-14; Palais des Congrès, Lyon, France. Piscataway (NJ): IEEE; c2000. 643 p.
Infantil Carlos Haya, Malaga, Spain), editors.
Rebora P, Reina G, editors.
Ungureanu CD, editors.
Petersburg, Russia), Golubkov VI, editors.
Takamatsu, Japan), Bandoh S, Fujita J, Kanaji N, editors.
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

• Use the English form for names of cities and countries whenever possible. However, the name as found on
the publication may always be used.
Wien becomes Vienna
Example Entries for Editor Affiliation

Book Title for Conference Proceedings (required)

General Rules for Book Title
• Enter the title of a book as it appears in the original document, in the original language
• End a title with a period unless a question mark or exclamation point already ends it or a Type of Medium
follows it (see below)
Specific Rules for Book Title

• Book titles not in English
• Book titles in more than one language
• Book titles containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special character
• No book title can be found
Box 14. Book titles not in English.

• Provide the name in the original language for non-English titles found in the roman alphabet (primarily
250 Citing Medicine
Boker W, Brenner HD, editors. Integrative therapie der schizophrenie. 4th Internationale
Schizophrenie-Symposium;1993 Sep 16-18; Bern. Bern (Switzerland): Huber; 1996. 426 p. German.
• Romanize (write in the roman alphabet) titles if they are in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, or Korean. A
good authority for romanization is the ALA-LC Romanization Tables.
Braudo EE, editor. 1st Mezhdunarodnyi Kongress Biotekhnologiia: Sostoianie i Perspektivy Razvitiia;
2002 Oct 14-18; Moscow. Moscow: Maxima; 2002. Russian.
square brackets.
Mitsuoka T, editor. 21-seiki chonai furora kenkyu no atarashii doko. Chonai Furora Shinpojumu. Dai
10-kai; 2001; Tokyo. Tokyo: Gakkai Shuppan Senta; 2002. 141 p. Japanese.
or
Mitsuoka T, editor. [New trends in intestinal flora research for the 21st century. Proceedings of the
10th Symposium on Intestinal Flora]; 2001; Tokyo. Tokyo: Gakkai Shuppan Senta; 2002. 141 p.
Japanese.
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
• Capitalize only the first word of the title, proper nouns, proper adjectives, acronyms, and initialisms,
unless the convention of a particular language requires other capitalization
Boker W, Brenner HD, editors. Integrative Therapie der Schizophrenie. 4th Internationale
• Provide an English translation after the original language one if possible; place translations in square
brackets
Braudo EE, editor. 1st Mezhdunarodnyi Kongress Biotekhnologiia: Sostoianie i Perspektivy Razvitiia
[1st International Congress of Biotechnology: State of the Art & Prospects of Development]; 2002
Oct 14-18; Moscow. Moscow: Maxima; 2002. Russian.
Mitsuoka T, editor. 21-seiki chonai furora kenkyu no atarashii doko [New trends in intestinal flora
research for the 21st century]. Chonai Furora Shinpojumu. Dai 10-kai [Proceedings of the 10th
Symposium on Intestinal Flora]; 2001; Tokyo. Tokyo: Gakkai Shuppan Senta; 2002. 141 p.
Box 15. Book titles in more than one language.

• If a title is written in several languages, give the title in the first language found on the title page and
indicate all languages of publication after the pagination. Separate the languages by commas. End the list
with a period.
Oud N, editor. ACENDIO 2003: Making nursing visible. 4th European Conference of ACENDIO;
2003; Paris. Bern (Switzerland): Huber; 2003. 347 p. English, French, German.
34th Congressus Internationalis Historiae Pharmaciae; 1999 Oct 20-23; Florence, Italy. Piacenza
(Italy): Accademia Italiana di Storia della Farmacia; 2001. 351 p. Italian, English, French, German,
Spanish; summaries in English and French.
• If a title is presented in two or more equal languages, as often occurs in Canadian publications, give all
titles in the order in which they are given in the text, with an equals sign between them. Indicate the
particular languages, separated by commas, after the pagination. End the list with a period.
Bidart A, editor. 4th Congres International de Pneumologie Pediatrique: Livre des Communications
= 4th International Congress on Pediatric Pulmonology: Poceedings; 2000 Feb 21-24; Nice, France.
Paris: EDK; c2000. 271 p. French, English.
Box 16. Book titles containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special character.
2,2-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane.
von Willebrand disease and genetic testing.
γ-linolenic acid: recent advances in biotechnology and clinical applications.
or
Gamma-linolenic acid: recent advances in biotechnology and clinical applications.
252 Citing Medicine
Synthesis of β-amino acids.

or
Synthesis of beta-amino acids
TiO2 nanoparticles.
or
Box 17. No book title can be found.

• If a conference proceedings has no title for the book, follow the editor(s) with the number and title of the
conference
Dittmar A, Beebe D, editors. 1st Annual International IEEE-EMBS Special Topic Conference on
Microtechnologies in Medicine & Biology; 2000 Oct 12-14; Palais des Congres, Lyon, France.
Piscataway (NJ): IEEE; c2000. 643 p.
Example Entries for Book Title

8. Titles containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special character
9. Proceedings in a language other than English
10. Proceedings in two or more equal languages
11. Proceedings in multiple languages
Type of Medium for Conference Proceedings (required)

when a proceedings is published in a microform
• Place the name of the medium in square brackets and end with a period, such as [microfiche].
• See Chapter 15 for proceedings in audiovisual formats and Chapter 18 and Chapter 22 for proceedings in
electronic formats

• Book titles ending in punctuation other than a period
Box 18. Book titles ending in punctuation other than a period.

• Most titles of proceedings end in a period. Place [microfiche], [microfilm], or [microcard] inside the
period.
Sheppard NF, Eden M, Kantor G, editors. Engineering advances: new opportunities for biomedical
engineers [microfiche]. Proceedings of the 16th Annual International Conference of the IEEE
Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society; 1994 Nov 3-6; Baltimore, MD. Piscataway (NJ): IEEE;
1994. 2 vol. 6 microfiche: black & white, negative, 4 x 6 in.
Johnstone K, Bachowski R, editors. Victorian women's health program--what is it? [microfiche].
Proceedings of Women's Health Victoria's Forum; 2000 Nov 16; Melbourne, Australia. Melbourne:
Women's Health Victoria; 2001. 37 p. 1 microfiche: black & white, negative, 4 x 6 in.

• If a translation of a title is provided, place it in square brackets
Boker W, Brenner HD, editors. Integrative therapie der schizophrenie [Integrative therapy for
schizophrenia]. 4th Internationale Schizophrenie-Symposium [4th International Schizophrenia
Symposium]; 1993 Sep 16-18; Bern. Bern (Switzerland): Huber; 1996. 426 p. German.
• If a proceedings is in a microform (microfiche, microfile, microcard, etc.), place the specific name of the
Hematologie, hemotherapie, reanimation [Hematology, blood therapy, resuscitation] [microfilm].
5th Congress International de Transfusion Sanguine [5th International Congress on Blood
Transfusion]; 1954; Paris, France. Paris: [publisher unknown]; 1954. 29 p. French. 1 reel: negative, 35
mm.
Example Entries for Type of Medium

13. Proceedings in a microform
Conference Number for Conference Proceedings (required)

General Rules for Conference Number
• Express conference numbers in arabic ordinals. For example: Second becomes 2nd and III becomes 3rd.
• Enter a space following the number
Specific Rules for Conference Number

• Numbers not in English
Box 20. Numbers not in English.

• Translate all meeting numbers used into arabic ordinals
Examples:
254 Citing Medicine
4e becomes 4th
2° becomes 2nd
3. becomes 3rd
Example Entries for Conference Number

Conference Title for Conference Proceedings (required)

General Rules for Conference Title
• Enter the title of the conference as it appears in the original document, in the original language
• Capitalize all significant words in the title (i.e., do not capitalize of, the, and, etc.)
• End the conference title with a semicolon unless no Date and Place of the Conference (see below) are
provided, then end with a period
Specific Rules for Conference Title

• Conference titles not in English
• Conference titles in more than one language
• Conference titles containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special character
Box 21. Conference titles not in English.

• Provide the title in the original language for non-English titles found in the roman alphabet (primarily
Boker W, Brenner HD, editors. Integrative therapie der schizophrenie. 4th Internationale
Braudo EE, editor. 1st Mezhdunarodnyi Kongress Biotekhnologiia: Sostoianie i Perspektivy Razvitiia;
2002 Oct 14-18; Moscow. Moscow: Maxima; 2002. Russian.
square brackets.
Mitsuoka T, editor. 21-seiki chonai furora kenkyu no atarashii doko. Chonai Furora Shinpojumu. Dai
10-kai; 2001; Tokyo. Tokyo: Gakkai Shuppan Senta; 2002. 141 p. Japanese.
or
Mitsuoka T, editor. [New trends in intestinal flora research for the 21st century. Proceedings of the
10th Symposium on Intestinal Flora]; 2001; Tokyo. Tokyo: Gakkai Shuppan Senta; 2002. 141 p.
Japanese.
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
• Provide an English translation after the original language title if possible; place translations in square
brackets
Braudo EE, editor. 1st Mezhdunarodnyi Kongress Biotekhnologiia: Sostoianie i Perspektivy Razvitiia
[1st International Congress of Biotechnology: State of the Art & Prospects of Development]; 2002
Oct 14-18; Moscow. Moscow: Maxima; 2002. Russian.
Mitsuoka T, editor. 21-seiki chonai furora kenkyu no atarashii doko [New trends in intestinal flora
research for the 21st century]. Chonai Furora Shinpojumu. Dai 10-kai [Proceedings of the 10th
Symposium on Intestinal Flora]; 2001; Tokyo. Tokyo: Gakkai Shuppan Senta; 2002. 141 p.
Box 22. Conference titles in more than one language.

• If a conference publication is written in several languages, give the title in the first language found on the
title page and indicate all languages of publication after the pagination. Separate the languages by commas
and end the list with a period.
Oud N, editor. ACENDIO 2003: Making nursing visible. 4th European Conference of ACENDIO;
2003; Paris. Bern (Switzerland): Huber; 2003. 347 p. English, French, German.
256 Citing Medicine
34th Congressus Internationalis Historiae Pharmaciae; 1999 Oct 20-23; Florence, Italy. Piacenza
(Italy): Accademia Italiana di Storia della Farmacia; 2001. 351 p. Italian, English, French, German,
Spanish.
• If a conference title is presented in two or more equal languages, as often occurs in Canadian publications,
give all titles in the order in which they are given in the text, with an equals sign between them. Indicate
the particular languages, separated by commas, after the pagination. End the list with a period.
Bidart A, editor. 4e Congres International de Pneumologie Pediatrique: livre des communications =
4th International Congress on Pediatric Pulmonology: proceedings; 2000 Feb 21-24; Nice, France.
Box 23. Conference titles containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special character.
• Capitalize the first word of a title unless the title begins with a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another
special character that might lose its meaning if capitalized
2,2-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane.
von Willebrand disease and genetic testing.
Synthesis of β-amino acids.
or
TiO2 nanoparticles.
or
Example Entries for Conference Title

1. Standard proceedings with a book title in addition to the conference title
2. Standard proceedings without a book title in addition to the conference title
Date of Conference for Conference Proceedings (optional)

General Rules for Date of Conference
• Use inclusive dates on which the conference was held
• The format for conference date information is year, month, beginning day, hyphen, ending day. For
example: 2005 Mar 20-24.
• End date information with a semicolon unless no Place of the Conference (see below) is provided, then
end with a period
Specific Rules for Date of Conference

• Dates cross months
• Dates cross years
• No date for the conference can be found
Box 24. Dates cross months.

• Standard format for conference date information is year, month, beginning day, hyphen, ending day
2005 Jan 12-14
2004 Feb 8-11
• When a conference crosses months, use the hyphen to separate the first day from the closing month
2003 Apr 30-May 2
2006 Jan 31-Feb 3
Box 25. Dates cross years.

• Standard format for conference date information is year, month, beginning day, hyphen, ending day
2005 Jan 12-14
2004 Feb 8-11
• When a conference crosses years, enter the year, month, and day of the beginning date, a hyphen, then the
year, month, and day of the ending date
2004 Dec 30-2005 Jan 2
• If no months are included with the years, separate the two years by a hyphen. Do not shorten the second
of the two years to the last two digits.
2005-2006
1999-2000
258 Citing Medicine

• Capitalize them
For example:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

• Capitalize them
For example:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring
Box 28. No date for the conference can be found.

• If no date can be found on which the conference was held, but a location for the conference is given, omit
date information and follow the conference title with a semicolon and the place of the conference
• If neither a date nor a location can be found for the conference, end the conference title with a period
Forestieri P, Mazzeo F, Varoux G, editors. Il carcinoma gastrico. SICO 1st Consensus Conference.
Naples (Italy): Giuseppe de Nicola Editore; 2000. 190 p. Italian.
Example Entries for Date of Conference

14. Proceedings with a conference date crossing months or years
15. Proceedings with an unknown conference date and location
Place of Conference for Conference Proceedings (optional)

General Rules for Place of Conference
• Include the city in which the conference was held
name, such as Palm Springs, CA and Palm Springs, FL
the same name, such as London, ON and London, England
• Use the anglicized form for a non-US city, such as Munich for Munchen
• End place information with a period
Specific Rules for Place of Conference

• Optional inclusion of institution where conference was held
• Non-US cities
• No place for the conference can be found
Box 29. Optional inclusion of institution where conference was held.

• If useful to the reader, the name of the institution or other location where the conference was held may be
included before the city
M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD

• Use the anglicized form of a city name, such as Rome for Roma and Moscow for Moskva. However, the
name as found on the publication may always be used.
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
260 Citing Medicine
œ treated as oe
• Follow Canadian cities with a comma and the two-letter abbreviation for the name of the province (see
Appendix E)
Montreal, QC
Ottawa, ON
Vancouver, BC
the country name, either written in full or as the two-letter ISO country code (see Appendix D). Separate
the country name or code from the city by a comma.
London
Rome
Paris
Madrid
but
Malaga, Spain or Malaga, ES
Basel, Switzerland or Basel, CH
Oxford, England or Oxford, GB
Box 31. No place for the conference can be found.

• If no place where the conference was held can be found, end the date information with a period instead of
a semicolon
Fitzpatrick DP, Carr AJ, editors. Bioengineering - in Ireland. Proceedings of the 7th Annual
Conference of the Section of Bioengineering of the Royal Academy of Medicine in Ireland; 2001 Jan
27-28. Dublin: University College Dublin, Department of Mechanical Engineering; c2001. 43 p.
• If neither the place where the conference was held nor a date for the conference can be found, end the
conference title with a period
Naples (Italy): Giuseppe de Nicola Editore; 2000. 190 p. Italian.
Example Entries for Place of Conference

12. Name of institution where conference held included
16. Proceedings with an unknown conference location
Type of Medium (if no title) for Conference Proceedings (required)

General Rules for Type of Medium (if no title)
• If the proceedings has no book title, place the type of medium (microfiche, ultrafiche, microfilm,
microcard, etc.) following the place of the conference when a proceedings is published in a microform
• Place the name of the medium in square brackets and end it with a period, such as [microfiche]
• See Chapter 15 for proceedings in audiovisual formats and Chapter 18 and Chapter 22 for proceedings in
electronic formats
Example Entries for Type of Medium (if no title)

Edition for Conference Proceedings (required)

• Indicate the edition/version being cited when a proceedings is published in more than one edition or
version
becomes 3rd.

Word Abbreviation
edition ed.
abbreviated abbr.
abridged abr.
American Am.
augmented augm.
English Engl.
enlarged enl.
expanded expand.
illustrated ill.
modified mod.
original orig.
reprint(ed) repr.

262 Citing Medicine
Word Abbreviation
revised rev.
special spec.
translation transl.
translated
3rd rev. ed.
1st Engl. ed.

• First editions

▪ Treat letters marked with a diacritic or accent as if they are not marked:
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
▪ Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they are two letters:
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
constructions.
Examples:
Ed. 1a.
2. ed. veneta.
Nuova ed.
Seconda ed.
• For an edition statement written in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, or Korean:
constructions.
264 Citing Medicine
Examples:
2. dopunjeno izd.
2. ekd. epeux.
3. ekd.
Examples:
ŏ becomes o
ū becomes u
constructions.
⚬ Retain the punctuation used in the edition statement.
Examples:
Shohan.
Dai 1-han.
Dai 3-pan.
Di 3 ban.
Che 6-pàn.

Danish oplag n.a.
udgave
Dutch uitgave uitg.
editie ed.
French edition ed.
Auflage Aufl.
Greek ekdosis ekd.
utgave utg.
publikacija publ.
Spanish edicion ed.
publicacion publ.

• If a proceedings does not carry any statement of edition, assume it is the first or only edition
• Use 1st ed. only when you know that subsequent editions have been published and you wish to cite the
earlier one
Example Entries for Edition

17. Proceedings with an edition
Other Secondary Authors for Conference Proceedings (optional)

General Rules for Other Secondary Authors
• A secondary author for a proceedings modifies the work of the editor. Examples include translators and
illustrators.
• Use the same rules for the format of names presented in Editor above
• Follow the last named secondary author with a comma and the role played. For example: the word
illustrator or illustrators, translator or translators.
• If there is no editor, move any translators to the editor position in the reference
266 Citing Medicine
Specific Rules for Other Secondary Authors


A conference proceedings may have several types of secondary authors.
Examples:
Smith BC, translator; Carson HT, illustrator.
• Place secondary author information following the place of the conference
Doring R, editor. The German health reporting system and current approaches in Europe: a
comparative view on differences, parallels, and trends. Proceedings of the International Conference;
2001 Nov; Berlin. Carney A, Frank M, translators. Berlin: Robert Koch-Institut; 2002. 150 p.

A secondary author may perform more than one role.
• List all of the roles in the order they are given in the publication
Example:
Jones AB, translator and illustrator.

• Translate the word for translator, illustrator, or other secondary author into English if possible. However,
the wording found on the publication may always be used.
• Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in words. This rule ignores some conventions used in
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
• To assist in identifying secondary author roles, below is a brief list of non-English words for them
Language Word for Translator Word for Illustrator
French traducteur illustrateur
German ubersetzer erlauterer
dolmetscher
Italian traduttore disegnatore
Russian perevodchik konstruktor
Spanish traductor ilustrador
Example Entries for Other Secondary Authors

18. Proceedings with translators
Place of Publication for Conference Proceedings (required)

• Place is defined as the city where the book of proceedings was published
the same name, such as London (ON) and London (England)
• Use the anglicized form for a non-US city, such as Vienna for Wein

• Non-US cities
268 Citing Medicine

Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
placed in parentheses
Montreal (QC):
Ottawa (ON):
Vancouver (BC):
the country name, either written in full or as the two-letter ISO country code (see Appendix D). Place the
country name or code in parentheses.
London:
Rome:
Paris:
Madrid:
but
Basel (Switzerland): or Basel (CH)


• Two organizations may co-publish a book of proceedings. Use the city of the first organization found on
the title page (or on the back of the title page if no publisher information appears on the title page), as the
place of publication.
• Place the name of the second organization as a note at the end of the citation
Accelerating quality improvement in health care: strategies to speed the diffusion of evidence-based
innovations: proceedings from a conference; 2003 Jan 27-28; Washington, DC. Washington: NIHCM
Foundation; c2003. 27 p. Jointly published by the National Committee for Quality Health Care.
• Do not give multiple places as the place of publication or include multiple publishers

• As an option, if one place is a US city and the other(s) are not, use the US city

• If no place of publication can be found on the title page or the verso (back) of the title page, but one can be
found elsewhere in the publication or can be reasonably inferred (e.g., Chicago as the place for a
publication of the American Medical Association), place the city in square brackets, such as "[Chicago]"
Palulonis RM, editor. 19th Conference on the Medical Aspects of Sports; 1977; San Francisco, CA.
[Chicago]: American Medical Association; c1978. 75 p.
• If no place of publication can be found, use [place unknown]
2nd Annual Meeting of the Indian Leptospirosis Society (ILS); 2001 May 12-13; Cochin, India. [place
unknown]: Indian Leptospirosis Society; 2001. 70 p.
Example Entries for Place of Publication

19. Proceedings with well-known place of publication
20. Proceedings with qualifier added to place
21. Proceedings with place of publication inferred
22. Proceedings with unknown place of publication
27. Proceedings with unknown place of publication and publisher
270 Citing Medicine
31. Proceedings with place, publisher, and date unknown
Publisher for Conference Proceedings (required)

• Abbreviate well-known publisher names with caution to avoid confusion. For example, "John Wiley &
Sons, Ltd." may become simply "Wiley".
• When a division or other subsidiary part of a publisher appears in the publication, enter the publisher
name first. For example: McGraw-Hill, Health Professions Division.


Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Ltd. for Limited
Soc. for Society
all references.

• Give publisher names appearing in the roman alphabet (French, Spanish, Italian, etc.) in their original
language
• Romanize names given in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean
• Romanize names or translate names presented in character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese). Place all
translated publisher names in square brackets unless the translation is given in the publication.
Chinese publisher names only the first word and proper nouns are capitalized.].
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
brackets.
272 Citing Medicine
• If the name of a division of other part of an organization is included in the publisher information, give the
Lopez Pinero;
square brackets unless the translation has been given in the publication.
Appendix D)
• Do not confuse the publisher with the distributor, which disseminates documents for the publisher. For
example, the most common distributors of US government agency publications are the US Government
Printing Office (GPO) and the National Technical Information Service (NTIS). Designate the agency that
issued the publication as the publisher and include distributor information as a note.
Acevedo SE, DeVincenzi DL, Chang S, editors. 6th Symposium on Chemical Evolution and the
Origin and Evolution of Life; 1997 Nov 17-20; NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA.
Moffett Field (CA): National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US), Ames Research Center;
[1998]. 105 p. (NASA conference publication; 10156). Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA;
N19980236014.

• Two organizations may co-publish a proceedings. Use the first organization appearing on the title page or
the verso (back) of the title page as the publisher.
• Place the name of the second organization as a note at the end of the citation, if desired

or bold type
as the publisher and include the name of the second as a note if desired. For example, use "Jointly

• If no publisher can be found, use [publisher unknown]
28th Annual Lorne Conference on Protein Structure & Function; 2003 Feb 9-13; Lorne, Victoria,
Australia. Lorne (Australia): [publisher unknown]; 2003.
Example Entries for Publisher

23. Publisher with subordinate division included
24. Governmental or national agency as publisher
25. Joint publication
26. Proceedings with unknown publisher
Date of Publication for Conference Proceedings (required)


274 Citing Medicine


2002-2003
1997-1998
1999-2000
1999 Oct-2000 Mar
2002 Dec-2003 Jan
2005 Jan-Feb
1999 Dec-2000 Jan

• Capitalize them
For example:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

• Capitalize them
For example:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring

• Use only the date of publication unless three or more years separates the two dates

Peek WJ, Lankhorst GJ, editors. 1st World Congress of the International Society of Physical and
Rehabilitation Medicine (ISPRM I); 2001 Jul 7-13; Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Bologna (Italy):
Monduzzi Editore, International Proceedings Division; c2001. 875 p.

material contained in the book itself or on accompanying material, place a question mark after the
estimated date and place date information in square brackets
6th Congress on Equine Medicine and Surgery; 1999 Dec 12-14; Geneva, Switzerland. Chene-Bourg
(Switzerland): Editions Medecine et Hygiene; [1999?]. 181 p. English, French, German.
[date unknown]
Proceedings of the 1993 Medical Defense Bioscience Review; 1993 May 10-13; Baltimore, MD.
Frederick (MD): US Army Medical Research and Development Command; [date unknown]. 3 vols.
Box 53a. Options for date of publication.

Box 53a continues on next page...
276 Citing Medicine
Box 53a continued from previous page.
The date of publication may follow the editor names (or title if there is no editor) in the list of references when
the name-year system of in-text references is used.
• Use the year of publication only
• Place the year after the last named editor (or after the title if there is no editor), followed by a period
NLM citation:
Furton EJ, Dort V, editors. Addiction and compulsive behaviors. Proceedings of the 17th Workshop
for Bishops; 1999; Dallas, TX. Boston: National Catholic Bioethics Center (US); 2000. 258 p.
IRBs and new approaches: assessing, evaluating, discarding, and moving forward. 2001 Annual IRB
Conference; 2001 Dec 3-4; Boston. Boston: Public Responsibility in Medicine and Research; c2003.
201 p.
Furton EJ, Dort V, editors. 2000. Addiction and compulsive behaviors. Proceedings of the 17th
Workshop for Bishops; 1999; Dallas, TX. Boston: National Catholic Bioethics Center (US). 258 p.
IRBs and new approaches: assessing, evaluating, discarding, and moving forward. c2003. 2001
Annual IRB Conference; 2001 Dec 3-4; Boston. Boston: Public Responsibility in Medicine and
Research. 201 p.
Example Entries for Date of Publication

28. Proceedings with no date of publication but a date of copyright
29. Proceedings with date of publication estimated
30. Proceedings with date of publication unknown
Pagination for Conference Proceedings (optional)

• Give the total number of pages on which the text of the book appears
• Do not count pages for items such as introductory material, appendixes, and indexes unless they are
• For books published in more than one physical volume, cite the total number of volumes instead of the

• No numbers appear on the pages of the proceedings

If all of the pages (not just the introductory pages) of a proceedings have roman numerals instead of the usual
arabic numbers:
Example: [20 p.].
Box 55. No numbers appear on the pages of the proceedings.

Occasionally, a book will have no numbers on its pages. If the entire publication has no page numbers:
Example:
Massberg W, Reinhars G, editors. 1st Symposium, Neue Technologien fur die Medizin: Forschung,
Praxis, Innovation; 1999; Munich. Munich: Herbert Utz Verlag; 1999. 160 leaves. German.
Example Entries for Pagination

32. Proceedings published in multiple volumes
33. Proceedings with no printed page numbers
Physical Description for Conference Proceedings (optional)

• Give information on the physical characteristics if a book of proceedings is published in a microform
(microfilm, microfiche, etc.), such as 3 microfiche: black & white, 2 x 4 in.


If a proceedings is published on microfiche, microfilm, or microcards:
5 microfiche:
278 Citing Medicine

2 microcards:
measurement, such as in. for inches. Separate types of information by commas.
color
black & white
positive
negative
1 reel: black& white, negative, 35 mm.
Example Entries for Physical Description

Series for Conference Proceedings (optional)

number.

• Proceedings published as part of more than one series

⚬ Convert given (first) names and middle names to initials, for a maximum of two initials after each
surname
⚬ See the information under Editor for more name rules
• Follow the name with any numbers given, such as vol. 3 for a volume or no. 12 for an issue number
• Separate the name and the numeration by a semicolon and a space
Example:
(Shaner JC, editor. Medicinal plant symposium series; no. 315).
Box 58. Proceedings published as part of more than one series.

If a proceedings is a part of more than one series, include information on all series if desired.
• End series information with a period, which falls outside the closing parenthesis of the last series
Example:
Zhu J, editor. 2004 Shanghai International Conference on Laser Medicine and Surgery; 2004 Nov 5-7;
Shanghai, China. Bellingham (WA): SPIE; c2005. (Progress in biomedical optics and imaging; vol. 6,
no. 35); (Proceedings of SPIE; vol. 5967).
Example Entries for Series

34. Proceedings also published as part of a journal
35. Proceedings published as part of a series
36. Proceedings published as part of more than one series
Language for Conference Proceedings (required)

280 Citing Medicine


• Proceedings appearing in more than one language
Box 59. Proceedings appearing in more than one language.

• If a proceedings is written in several languages, give the title in the first language found on the title page
and indicate all languages of publication after the pagination. Separate the languages by commas.
Fast Food und Gesundheit. Vortrage und Zusammenfassungen der nationalen Fachtagung der SGE;
2004 Jun 18; Bern, Switzerland. Bern (Switzerland): SGE/SSN; 2005. 153 p. German, French, Italian.
• If a proceedings is in two or more equal languages, as often occurs in Canadian publications, give all titles
in the order in which they are presented in the text, with an equals sign between them. Indicate the
particular languages, separated by a comma, after the pagination.
Bidart A, editor. 4e Congres International de Pneumologie Pediatrique: livre des communications =
4th International Congress on Pediatric Pulmonology: proceedings; 2000 Feb 21-24; Nice, France.
• If none of the languages is English, follow the titles with a translation whenever possible. Place the
translation in square brackets.
Fast Food und Gesundheit [Fast food and health]. Vortrage und Zusammenfassungen der nationalen
Fachtagung der SGE [Lectures and summaries of the national congress of the SSN]; 2004 Jun 18;
Bern, Switzerland. Bern (Switzerland): SGE/SSN; 2005. 153 p. German, French, Italian.
Example Entries for Language

Notes for Conference Proceedings (optional)

• Notes is a collective term for any type of useful information given after the citation itself
• Be brief

• Proceedings accompanied by a videocassette, CD-ROM, DVD, etc.
Box 60. Proceedings accompanied by a videocassette, CD-ROM, DVD, etc.

• If a proceedings has supplemental material accompanying it in the form of a videocassette, CD-ROM,
DVD, or another medium, begin by citing the proceedings. Add the phrase "Accompanied by: " followed
by the number and type of the medium.
Salyer KE. Craniofacial surgery. Proceedings of the 10th International Congress of the International
Society of Craniofacial Surgery; 2003; Monterey, California. Bologna (Italy): Medimond
International Proceedings; c2003. 506 p. Accompanied by: 1 CD-ROM.
Box 60a. Other types of material to include in notes.

The notes element may be used to provide any information that the compiler of the reference feels is useful to
the reader. Begin by citing the proceedings, then add the note. Some examples of notes are:
• If the proceedings was sponsored by a particular organization, give the name
Vyas GN, Williams AE, editors. Advances in transfusion safety. Proceedings of the Advances in
Transfusion Safety Symposium; 2003 Jun 4-6; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD. Basel
(Switzerland): Karger; 2005. 224 p. (Developments in biologicals; vol. 120). Symposium co-
sponsored by US Food and Drug Administration, American Association of Blood Banks, National
Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, US Department of Defense, and the International Association of
Biologicals.
• If the proceedings is a government publication available from an archive such as NTIS or GPO, give
information about the archive, including publication or accession numbers. Begin with the phrase
"Available from" followed by a colon and a space
Acevedo SE, DeVincenzi DL, Chang S, editors. 6th Symposium on Chemical Evolution and the
Origin and Evolution of Life; 1997 Nov 17-20; NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA.
Moffett Field (CA): National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US), Ames Research Center;
[1998]. 105 p. (NASA conference publication; 10156). Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA;
N19980236014.
• If the proceedings is an unusual one, give the name of a library or other archive where it may be found
along with an accession or call number. Begin with the phrase "Located at" followed by a colon and a space
Takeuchi M, Lagakos SW, editors. Simultaneous, worldwide development strategies: implementation
of global clinical trials and introduction of new sciences and technologies. The 3rd Kitasato
University-Harvard School of Public Health Symposium; 2002 Oct 2-3; Tokyo, Japan. Tokyo:
Dejitarupuresu; c2003. 308 p. English, Japanese. Located at: National Library of Medicine, Bethesda,
MD; 2003 N-441.
• If the proceedings is translated, give information about the original
Bayes de Luna A, Cosin J, editors. Diagnosis and treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. Proceedings of an
International Symposium on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiac Arrhythmias; 1977 Oct 5-8;
Barcelona, Spain. New York: Pergamon Press; 1980. 1003 p. Translation of: Diagnostico y
Tratamiento de las Arritmias Cardiacas.
• If any acronyms or initialisms appear in the proceedings, explain them
282 Citing Medicine
Naples (Italy): Giuseppe de Nicola Editore; 2000. 190 p. Italian. SICO stands for Societa Italiana di
Chirurgia Oncologica.
Example Entries for Notes

37. Proceedings with availability or location statement
38. Proceedings accompanied by a CD-ROM
39. Proceedings with supplementary notes
Examples of Citations to Conference Proceedings

1. Standard proceedings with a book title in addition to the conference
title
van Pelt J, Kamermans M, Levelt CN, van Ooyen A, Ramakers GJA, Roelfsema PR, editors. Development,
dynamics, and pathology of neuronal networks: from molecules to functional circuits. Proceedings of the 23rd
International Summer School of Brain Research; 2003 Aug 25-29; Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and
Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2005. 385 p. (Progress in brain research; vol. 147).
Ferreira de Oliveira MJ, editor. Accessibility and quality of health services. Proceedings of the 28th Meeting of
the European Working Group on Operational Research Applied to Health Services (ORAHS); 2002 Jul 28-Aug 2;
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Frankfurt (Germany): Peter Lang; c2004. 287 p.
Furton EJ, Dort V, editors. Addiction and compulsive behaviors. Proceedings of the 17th Workshop for Bishops;
1999; Dallas, TX. Boston: National Catholic Bioethics Center (US); 2000. 258 p.
2. Standard proceedings without a book title in addition to the

conference title
Microtechnologies in Medicine & Biology; 2000 Oct 12-14; Palais des Congres, Lyon, France. Piscataway (NJ):
IEEE; c2000. 643 p.
Rammstedt B, Riemann R, editors. 11th European Conference on Personality; 2002 Jul 21-27; Friedrich-Schiller-
Universitat Jena, Jena, Germany. Lengerich (Germany): Pabst Science Publishers; c2002. 259 p.
3. Proceedings with all editors names given

Bruhat M, Silva Carvalho JL, Campo R, Fradique A, Dequesne J, Setubal A, editors. Proceedings of the 10th
Congress of the European Society for Gynaecological Endoscopy; 2001 Nov 22-24; Lisbon, Portugal. Bologna
(Italy): Monduzzi Editore, International Proceedings Division; c2001. 474 p.
4. Proceedings with editors limited to the optional first three

Bruhat M, Silva Carvalho JL, Campo R, et al., editors. Proceedings of the 10th Congress of the European Society
for Gynaecological Endoscopy; 2001 Nov 22-24; Lisbon, Portugal. Bologna (Italy): Monduzzi Editore,
International Proceedings Division; c2001. 474 p.
or
Bruhat M, Silva Carvalho JL, Campo R, and others, editors. Proceedings of the 10th Congress of the European
Society for Gynaecological Endoscopy; 2001 Nov 22-24; Lisbon, Portugal. Bologna (Italy): Monduzzi Editore,
5. Proceedings with optional full first names for editors

Pacak, Karel; Aguilera, Greti; Sabban, Esther; Kvetnansky, Richard, editors. Stress: current neuroendocrine and
genetic approaches. 8th Symposium on Catecholamines and Other Neurotransmitters in Stress; 2003 Jun 28-Jul
3; Smolenice Castle, Slovakia. New York: New York Academy of Sciences; 2004 Jun. 590 p. (Annals of the New
York Academy of Sciences, vol. 1018).
Dostrovsky, Jonathan O.; Carr, Daniel B.; Koltzenburg, Martin, editors. Proceedings of the 10th World Congress
on Pain; 2002 Aug 17-22; San Diego, CA. Seattle: IASP Press; c2003. 937 p. (Progress in pain research and
management; vol. 24).

Kimchi A, editor (School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA). Advances in heart failure.
Proceedings of the 8th World Congress on Heart Failure: Mechanisms and Management; 2002 Jul 13-16;
Washington, DC. Bologna (Italy): MEDIMOND Medical Publications; c2002. 540 p.
Dittmar A (Microcapteurs et Microsystemes Biomedicaux, Lyon, France), Beebe D (Department of Biomedical
Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI ), editors. 1st Annual International IEEE-EMBS
Special Topic Conference on Microtechnologies in Medicine & Biology; 2000 Oct 12-14; Palais des Congres,
Lyon, France. Piscataway (NJ): IEEE; c2000. 643 p.
7. Proceedings with no editor named

Practical points in dentistry: the alternatives. International Dental Congress of the Mekong River Region; 2004
Jun 7-10; Century Park Hotel, Bangkok, Thailand. Bangkok: Mahidol University, Faculty of Dentistry; [2004].
10th International Psoriasis Symposium; 2004 Jun 10-13; Toronto, ON. Chicago: Skin Disease Education
Foundation; 2004. 160 p.
8. Titles containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special

character
Huang YS, Ziboh VA, editors. γ-linolenic acid: recent advances in biotechnology and clinical applications. 2nd
International Symposium on GLA; 2000 Apr; San Diego, CA. Champaign (IL): AOCS Press; 2001. 259 p.
if font not available
Huang YS, Ziboh VA, editors. Gamma-linolenic acid: recent advances in biotechnology and clinical applications.
2nd International Symposium on GLA; 2000 Apr; San Diego, CA. Champaign (IL): AOCS Press; 2001. 259 p.

Boker W, Brenner HD, editors. Integrative Therapie der Schizophrenie. 4th Internationale Schizophrenie-
Symposium; 1993 Sep 16-18; Bern. Bern (Switzerland): Huber; 1996. 426 p. German.
with translation
284 Citing Medicine
Boker W, Brenner HD, editors. Integrative Therapie der Schizophrenie [Integrative therapy for schizophrenia].
4th Internationale Schizophrenie-Symposium [4th International Schizophrenia Symposium]; 1993 Sep 16-18;
Bern. Bern (Switzerland): Huber; 1996. 426 p. German.

Bidart A, editor. 4th Congres International de Pneumologie Pediatrique: Livre des Communications = 4th
International Congress on Pediatric Pulmonology: Proceedings; 2000 Feb 21-24; Nice, France. Paris: EDK;
c2000. 271 p. French, English.
Sherman M, Bain V, Villeneuve JP, Myers RP, Cooper C, Martin S, Lowe C, editors. Management of Viral
Hepatitis: a Canadian Consensus Conference = Prise en Charge des Hepatites Virales: Conference Canadienne
de Consensus; 2003-2004. Toronto (ON): Morris Sherman; 2004. 70 p. English, French.

Oud N, editor. ACENDIO 2003: making nursing visible. 4th European Conference of ACENDIO; 2003; Paris.
Bern (Switzerland): Huber; 2003. 347 p. English, French, German.
Acta. 34th Congressus Internationalis Historiae Pharmaciae; 1999 Oct 20-23; Florence, Italy. Piacenza (Italy):
Accademia Italiana di Storia della Farmacia; 2001. 351 p. Italian, English, French, German, Spanish.
Fast Food und Gesundheit. Vortrage und Zusammenfassungen der nationalen Fachtagung der SGE; 2004 Jun 18;
Bern. Bern (Switzerland): SGE/SSN; 2005. 153 p. German, French, Italian.

Bushy A, editor. Community voices calling us to action. 5th Annual Rural Minority Health Conference
Proceedings; 1999 Dec 9-11; Hyatt Regency Tech Center, Denver, CO. Kansas City (MO): National Rural Health
Association; c2000. 167 p.
Microtechnologies in Medicine & Biology; 2000 Oct 12-14; Palais des Congres, Lyon, France. Piscataway (NJ):
IEEE; c2000. 643 p.
Rammstedt B, Riemann R, editors. Conference program and abstracts. 11th European Conference on
Personality; 2002 Jul 21-27; Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat, Jena, Germany. Lengerich (Germany): Pabst Science
Publishers; c2002. 259 p.

when a book title is present
Sheppard NF, Eden M, Kantor G, editors. Engineering advances: new opportunities for biomedical engineers
[microfiche]. Proceedings of the 16th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine
and Biology Society; 1994 Nov 3-6; Baltimore, MD. Piscataway (NJ): IEEE; 1994. 4 microfiche: black & white,
negative, 4 x 6 in.
Chase TN, editor. Mortality among Negroes in cities [microfilm]. Proceedings of the Conference for
Investigations of City Problems; 1896 May 26-27; Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA. 2nd ed. abridged. Atlanta:
Atlanta University Press; 1903. 1 reel: negative, 35 mm.
Hematologie, hemotherapie, reanimation [Hematology, blood therapy, resuscitation] [microfilm]. 5th Congress
International de Transfusion Sanguine [5th International Congress on Blood Transfusion]; 1954; Paris. Paris:
[publisher unknown]; 1954. 29 p. French. 1 reel: negative, 35 mm.
when there is no book title

1993 Radiation Protection Workshop proceedings; 1993 Apr 13-15; Las Vegas, NV [microfiche]. Washington:
Department of Energy (US); 1993. 5 microfiche: black & white, negative, 4 x 6 in.
National Conference on Drug Abuse Prevention Research; 1996 Sep 19-20; Washington, DC [microfiche].
Rockville (MD): National Institute on Drug Abuse (US); 1998. 182 p. 2 microfiche: black & white, negative, 4 x 6
in. (NIH publication; no. 98-4293).
14. Proceedings with a conference date crossing months or years

Ferreira de Oliveira MJ, editor. Accessibility and quality of health services. Proceedings of the 28th Meeting of
the European Working Group on Operational Research Applied to Health Services (ORAHS); 2002 Jul 28-Aug 2;
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Frankfurt (Germany): Peter Lang; c2004. 287 p.

Forestieri P, Mazzeo F, Varoux G, editors. Il carcinoma gastrico. SICO 1st Consensus Conference. Naples (Italy):
Giuseppe de Nicola Editore; 2000. 190 p. Italian. SICO stands for Societa Italiana di Chirurgia Oncologica.
16. Proceedings with an unknown conference location

Fitzpatrick DP, Carr AJ, editors. Bioengineering - in Ireland. Proceedings of the 7th Annual Conference of the
Section of Bioengineering of the Royal Academy of Medicine in Ireland; 2001 Jan 27-28. Dublin: University
College Dublin, Department of Mechanical Engineering; c2001. 43 p.
17. Proceedings with an edition

Chase TN, editor. Mortality among Negroes in cities [microfilm]. Proceedings of the Conference for
Investigations of City Problems; 1896 May 26-27; Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA. 2nd ed. abridged. Atlanta:
Atlanta University Press; 1903. 1 reel: negative, 35 mm.
Development of international collaboration in infectious disease research. International Conference; 2004 Sep
8-10; Sosnovka, Russia. Sci. ed. Novosibirsk (Russia): CERIS; 2004. 346 p.
18. Proceedings with translators

Doring R, editor. The German health reporting system and current approaches in Europe: a comparative view on
differences, parallels, and trends. Proceedings of the International Conference; 2001 Nov; Berlin. Carney A,
Frank M, translators. Berlin: Robert Koch-Institut; 2002. 150 p. Translated from the German.
19. Proceedings with well-known place of publication

10th International Psoriasis Symposium; 2004 Jun 10-13; Toronto, ON. Chicago: Skin Disease Education
Foundation; 2004. 160 p.
286 Citing Medicine
IRBs and new approaches: assessing, evaluating, discarding, and moving forward. 2001 Annual IRB Conference;
2001 Dec 3-4; Boston. Boston: Public Responsibility in Medicine and Research; c2003. 201 p.
20. Proceedings with qualifier added to place

Milburn P, Wilson B, Yanai T, editors. The human body in motion: congress handbook and book of abstracts.
19th Congress of the International Society of Biomechanics; 2003 Jul 6-11; Dunedin, New Zealand. Dunedin
(New Zealand): University of Otago; 2003. 442 p.
Peek WJ, Lankhorst GJ, editors. 1st World Congress of the International Society of Physical and Rehabilitation
Medicine (ISPRM I); 2001 Jul 7-13; Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Bologna (Italy): Monduzzi Editore,
21. Proceedings with place of publication inferred

Palulonis RM, editor. 19th Conference on the Medical Aspects of Sports; 1977; San Francisco, CA. [Chicago]:
American Medical Association; c1978. 75 p.
22. Proceedings with unknown place of publication

2nd Annual Meeting of the Indian Leptospirosis Society (ILS); 2001 May 12-13; Cochin, India. [place unknown]:
Indian Leptospirosis Society; 2001. 70 p.
23. Publisher with subordinate division included

Andrew MA, Crum LA, Vaezy S, editors. 2nd International Symposium on Therapeutic Ultrasound; 2002 Jul 29-
Aug 1; Seattle, WA. Seattle: University of Washington, Applied Physics Laboratory, Center for Industrial &
Medical Ultrasound; c2003. 564 p.
24. Governmental or national agency as publisher

Macdonald KB, Weinmann F, editors. Wetland and riparian restoration: taking a broader view; contributed
papers and selected abstracts. Society for Ecological Restoration International Conference; 1995 Sep 14-16;
Seattle, WA. Seattle: Environmental Protection Agency (US), Region 10; 1997. 284 p. (EPA publication; 910-
R-97-007).
McGorry PD, Nordentoft M, Simonsen E, editors. Early psychosis: a bridge to the future. 3rd International
Conference on Early Psychosis; 2002 Sep; Copenhagen, Denmark. London: Royal College of Psychiatrists (GB);
c2005. 124 p.
25. Joint publication

Accelerating quality improvement in health care: strategies to speed the diffusion of evidence-based innovations:
proceedings from a conference; 2003 Jan 27-28; Washington, DC. Washington: NIHCM Foundation; c2003. 27
p. Jointly published by the National Committee for Quality Health Care.
26. Proceedings with unknown publisher

Final program and abstracts. 25th Annual International Gravitational Physiology Meeting; 2004 Jun 6-11;
Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia. [Moscow]: [publisher unknown]; 2004. 233 p. International
Society for Gravitational Physiology, sponsor.
28th Annual Lorne Conference on Protein Structure & Function; 2003 Feb 9-13; Lorne, Victoria, Australia.
Lorne (Australia): [publisher unknown]; 2003.

2001 National HIV Prevention Conference; 2001 Aug 12-15; Atlanta, GA. [place unknown: publisher unknown];
2001.
28. Proceedings with no date of publication but a date of copyright

2005 2nd International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering; 2005 Mar 16-19; Arlington, VA.
Piscataway (NJ): IEEE; c2005. 693 p.
Progress in AIDS research in the Federal Republic of Germany. Proceedings of the 2nd Statusseminar of the
BMFT Research Program on AIDS; 1989 Oct 12-14; Bonn, Germany. Munich (Germany): MMV Medizin
Verlag; c1990. 399 p.
29. Proceedings with date of publication estimated

6th Congress on Equine Medicine and Surgery; 1999 Dec 12-14; Geneva, Switzerland. Chene-Bourg
(Switzerland): Editions Medecine et Hygiene; [1999?]. 181 p. English, French, German.
Proceedings of the Symposium on Perspectives in Epilepsy; 1990. New Delhi: G.B. Pant Hospital, Department of
Neurology; [1990?]. 124 p.
30. Proceedings with date of publication unknown

Proceedings of the 1993 Medical Defense Bioscience Review; 1993 May 10-13; Baltimore, MD. Frederick (MD):
US Army Medical Research and Development Command; [date unknown]. 3 vols.

Australian Society for the Advancement of Anaesthesia and Sedation in Dentistry. Seminar on Pain Control;
1973 Jul 12-13; University of New South Wales, Australia. [place, publisher, date unknown]. 78 p.
32. Proceedings published in multiple volumes

Mayhew DR, Dussault C, editors. Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs, and
Traffic Safety; 2002 Aug 4-9; Monteal, QC. Quebec (QC): Societe de l'Assurance Automobile du Quebec; [2002].
3 vols.
Blanchard SM, Eckstein EC, Fouke JM, Nerem RM, Yoganathan AP, editors. Serving humanity, advancing
technology. Proceedings of the 1st Joint BMES/EMBS Conference; 1999 Oct 13-16; Atlanta, GA. Piscataway
(NJ): IEEE; 1999. 2 vols.
33. Proceedings with no printed page numbers

Massberg W, Reinhars G, editors. 1st Symposium, Neue Technologien fur die Medizin: Forschung, Praxis,
Innovation; 1999; Munich, Germany. Munich (Germany): Herbert Utz Verlag; 1999. 160 leaves. German.
34. Proceedings also published as part of a journal

Dostrovsky JO, Carr DB, Koltzenburg M, editors. Proceedings of the 10th World Congress on Pain; 2002 Aug
17-22; San Diego, CA. Seattle: IASP Press; c2003. 937 p. (Progress in pain research and management; vol. 24).
288 Citing Medicine
35. Proceedings published as part of a series

Satoh K, Suzuki S, Matsunaga M, editors. Advances in brain research: cerebrovascular disorders and
neurodegeneration. Proceedings of the 6th Hirosaki International Forum of Medical Science; 2002 Oct 15-16;
Hirosaki, Japan. Amsterdam (Netherlands): Elsevier; 2003. 234 p. (Excerpta Medica international congress
series; no. 1251).
36. Proceedings published as part of more than one series

Zhu J, editor. 2004 Shanghai International Conference on Laser Medicine and Surgery; 2004 Nov 5-7; Shanghai,
China. Bellingham (WA): SPIE; c2005. (Progress in biomedical optics and imaging; vol. 6, no. 35); (Proceedings
of SPIE; vol. 5967).
37. Proceedings with availability or location statement

Acevedo SE, DeVincenzi DL, Chang S, editors. 6th Symposium on Chemical Evolution and the Origin and
Evolution of Life; 1997 Nov 17-20; NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA. Moffett Field (CA): National
Aeronautics and Space Administration (US), Ames Research Center; [1998]. 105 p. (NASA conference
publication; 10156). Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; N19980236014.
Takeuchi M, Lagakos SW, editors. Simultaneous, worldwide development strategies: implementation of global
clinical trials and introduction of new sciences and technologies. The 3rd Kitasato University-Harvard School of
Public Health Symposium; 2002 Oct 2-3; Tokyo, Japan. Tokyo: Dejitarupuresu; c2003. 308 p. English, Japanese.
Located at: National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; 2003 N-441.
38. Proceedings accompanied by a CD-ROM

Laurell H, Schlyter F, editors. Alcohol, drugs and traffic safety: T 2000. Proceedings of the 15th International
Conference on Alcohol, Drugs, and Traffic Safety; 2000 May 22-26; Stockholm, Sweden. Stockholm: ICADTS;
[2000]. 4 vols. Accompanied by: 1 CD-ROM.
Salyer KE, editor. Craniofacial surgery. Proceedings of the 10th International Congress of the International
Society of Craniofacial Surgery; 2003; Monterey, CA. Bologna (Italy): Medimond International Proceedings;
c2003. 506 p. Accompanied by: 1 CD-ROM.
39. Proceedings with supplementary notes

Marcus S, editor. Neuroethics: mapping the field. Conference Proceedings; 2002 May 13-14; San Francisco, CA.
New York: Dana Press; c2002. 367 p. Sponsored by the Dana Foundation. Hosted by Stanford University and
University of California, San Francisco. Introduced by William Safire.
Vyas GN, Williams AE, editors. Advances in transfusion safety. Proceedings of the Advances in Transfusion
Safety Symposium; 2003 Jun 4-6; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD. Basel (Switzerland): Karger; 2005.
224 p. (Developments in biologicals; vol. 120). Symposium co-sponsored by US Food and Drug Administration,
AABB, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, US Department of Defense, and the International Association
of Biologicals.
Building new bridges at the frontiers of engineering and medicine. 23rd Annual International Conference of the
IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society; 2001 Oct 25-28; Istanbul, Turkey. Piscataway (NJ): IEEE
Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society; c2001. 4 vols. Yorgo Istefanopulos, conference chair.
Bayes de Luna A, Cosin J, editors. Diagnosis and treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. Proceedings of an
International Symposium on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiac Arrhythmias; 1977 Oct 5-8; Barcelona, Spain.
New York: Pergamon Press; 1980. 1003 p. Translation of: Diagnostico y Tratamiento de las Arritmias Cardiacas.
Fichtel C, Hunter S, Sreekumar P, Stecker F, editors. The Energetic Gamma-Ray Experiment Telescope (EGRET)
Science Symposium; 1989 Nov 15-16; NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD. Washington: NASA
Headquarters; 1990. 344 p. (NASA conference publication; 3071). Report No.: NASA 00023865.
Forestieri P, Mazzeo F, Varoux G, edigttors. Il carcinoma gastrico. SICO 1st Consensus Conference. Naples
(Italy): Giuseppe de Nicola Editore; 2000. 190 p. Italian. SICO stands for Societa Italiana di Chirurgia
Oncologica.
B. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Conference Papers

The general format for a reference to a conference paper, including punctuation:
Examples of Citations to Conference Papers

Conference papers appear in the proceedings of a conference, congress, symposium, or other meeting. See
Chapter 3A for information on citing proceedings. In medicine and science, papers are usually presented to
report the results of research or other studies or to review the work on a particular subject or in a particular field.
In the published proceedings, a paper may be given in its entirety or as an abstract or summary of what was
presented.
290 Citing Medicine
Cite conference papers the same way as contributions to books. The authors and title of the paper begin a
reference, followed by the connecting phrase "In:" and information about the conference. For information on
citing papers:
• Presented at conferences but never published, see Chapter 12 Papers and Poster Sessions Presented at
Meetings.
• Found on the Internet, see Chapter 22 Books and Other Individual Titles on the Internet.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Conference Papers.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Conference Papers.
Citation Rules with Examples for Conference Papers

Author (R) | Author Affiliation (O) | Title (R) | Article Type (O) | Connective Phrase (R) | Conference
Proceedings (R) | Location (Pagination) (R) | Language (R) | Notes (O)
Author for Conference Papers (required)

assumption that the author approved the form used. For example: Van Der Horn KH or van der Horn KH;
De Wolf F or de Wolf F or DeWolf F.
surname

• Names in non-roman alphabets (Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, and Hebrew, Korean) or character-based
languages (Chinese, Japanese)



Scott Parker E.]
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
292 Citing Medicine
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

particle
abbreviation.


Examples:
letter
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
294 Citing Medicine
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

Example Entries for Author

1. Paper from a proceedings with a book title
2. Paper from a proceedings without a book title
3. Paper with optional full first names of authors and editors
4. Paper with surnames containing a prefix or particle
5. Paper with compound surnames for authors
6. Paper with organization included as an author
Author Affiliation for Conference Papers (optional)

country
Pittsburgh, PA)


Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Soc. for Society
all references.

296 Citing Medicine
Example:

Appendix D) if non-US. Place the address in parentheses.
Schraft RD (Produktionstechnik und Automatisierung, Fraunhofer-Institut, Stuttgart, Germany.
rds@ipa.fhg.de), Hiller A. Entwicklung eines manipulatorgestutzten Operationssystems fur die
Neurochirurgie. In: Massberg W, Reinhart G, editors. 1st Symposium: Neue Technologien fur die
Medizin; 1999 Mar 5-6; Garching, Germany. Munich (Germany): Herbert Utz Verlag; 1999. p. 48-54.
German.
Infantil Carlos Haya, Malaga, Spain), editors.
Rebora P, Reina G, editors.
Ungureanu CD, editors.
Petersburg, Russia), Golubkov VI, editors.
Takamatsu, Japan), Bandoh S, Fujita J, Kanaji N, editors.
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

Wien becomes Vienna
Example Entries for Author Affiliation

7. Paper with author affiliation given
Title for Conference Papers (required)

• Enter the title of a paper as it appears in the original document

• Titles of papers not in English
298 Citing Medicine
• Titles of papers in more than one language

• Titles of papers containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or other special character
• Titles with headers
Box 72. Titles of papers not in English.

Boetsch G. Le temps du malheur: les representations artistiques de l'epidemie. In: Guerci A, editor.
La cura delle malattie: itinerari storici. 3rd Colloquio Europeo di Etnofarmacologia; 1st Conferenza
Internazionale di Antropologia e Storia della Salute e delle Malattie; 1996 May 29-Jun 2; Genoa, Italy.
Genoa (Italy): Erga Edizione; 1998. p. 22-32. French.
good authority for romanization is the ALA-LC Romanization Tables,
Pavsic-Trskan B. Razvoj strokovnega jezika in dileme danasnjega dne [Developing professional
language and current dilemmas]. In: Oud N, Sermeus W, Ehnfors M, editors. ACENDIO 2005:
Documenting nursing care. 5th European Conference of ACENDIO; 2005 Apr; Bled, Slovenia. Bern
(Switzerland): Hans Huber; 2005. p. 19-23. Czech.
square brackets.
Azuma J. [Genetics as a means of understanding intrinsic ethnic differences: genetic variation on
metabolism/transporter/receptor]. In: Takeuchi M, Lagakos SW, editors. Simultaneous, worldwide
development strategies: implementation of global clinical trials and introduction of new sciences and
technologies. The 3rd Kitasato University-Harvard School of Public Health Symposium; 2002 Oct
2-3; Tokyo, Japan. Tokyo: Dejitarupuresu; c2003. p. 165-82. Japanese.
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
• Give an English translation after the original language title if possible; place translations in square brackets
Boetsch G. Le temps du malheur: les representations artistiques de l'epidemie [Tragic times: artistic
representations of the epidemic]. In: Guerci A, editor. La cura delle malattie: itinerari storici
[Treating illnesses: historical routes]. 3rd Colloquio Europeo di Etnofarmacologia; 1st Conferenza
Internazionale di Antropologia e Storia della Salute e delle Malattie [3rd European Colloquium on
Ethnopharmacology; 1st International Conference on Anthropology and History of Health and
Disease]; 1996 May 29-Jun 2; Genoa, Italy. Genoa (Italy): Erga Edizione; 1998. p. 22-32. French.
Pavsic-Trskan B. Razvoj strokovnega jezika in dileme danasnjega dne [Developing professional
language and current dilemmas]. In: Oud N, Sermeus W, Ehnfors M, editors. ACENDIO 2005:
Documenting nursing care. 5th European Conference of ACENDIO; 2005 Apr; Bled, Slovenia. Bern
(Switzerland): Hans Huber; 2005. p. 19-23. Czech.
Box 73. Titles of papers in more than one language.

• If a paper is presented in two or more equal languages, as often occurs in Canadian publications, give all
titles in the order in which they are given in the text, with an equals sign between them. Indicate the
particular languages, separated by commas, after the pagination.
Tannock GW. Probiotique et prebiotique: lecons de la fin du XXe siecle = Probiotics and prebiotics:
lessons from the late 20th century. In: Roy D, editor. La sante par les probiotiques: perspectives
biofonctionnelles = Probiotics and health: biofunctional perspectives. Actes du Symposium
International de Montreal = Proceedings of the Montreal International Symposium; 2002 Oct 24-25;
Montreal, QC. Saint-Hyacinthe (QC): Fondation des Gouverneurs; 2003. p. 1-5, 75-90. French,
English.
Box 74. Titles of papers containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special character.
• Capitalize the first word of the title of a paper unless the title begins with a Greek letter, chemical formula,
Sheldon RS. β-blockers for prevention of vasovagal syncope: who benefits from treatment? In:
Raviele A, editor. Cardiac arrhythmias 2005. Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on
Cardiac Arrhythmias; 2005 Oct 2-5; Venice. Milan (Italy): Springer; c2006. Patient selection for β-
blocker therapy; p. 692.
Tanguay JF. Coronary artery endothelial protection after local delivery of 17β-estradiol. In: Kimchi
A, editor. Advances in heart failure. Proceedings of the 8th World Congress on Heart Failure:
Mechanisms and Management; 2002 Jul 13-16; Washington, DC. Bologna (Italy): MEDIMOND
Medical Publications; c2002. p. 87-9.
300 Citing Medicine
or
Tanguay JF. Coronary artery endothelial protection after local delivery of 17beta-estradiol. In:
Kimchi A, editor. Advances in heart failure. Proceedings of the 8th World Congress on Heart Failure:
Mechanisms and Management; 2002 Jul 13-16; Washington, DC. Bologna (Italy): MEDIMOND
Medical Publications; c2002. p. 87-9.
Mikkelsen JD, Hay-Schmidt A, Kiss A. Serotonergic stimulation of the rat hypothalamo-pituitary-
adrenal axis: interaction between 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors. In: Pacak K, Aguilera G, Sabban E,
Kvetnansky R, editors. Stress: current neuroendocrine and genetic approaches. 8th Symposium on
Catecholamines and Other Neurotransmitters in Stress; 2003 Jun 28-Jul 3; Smolenice Castle,
Slovakia. New York: New York Academy of Sciences; 2004. p. 65-70.
or
Mikkelsen JD, Hay-Schmidt A, Kiss A. Serotonergic stimulation of the rat hypothalamo-pituitary-
adrenal axis: interaction between 5-HT(1A) and 5-HT(2A) receptors. In: Pacak K, Aguilera G,
Sabban E, Kvetnansky R, editors. Stress: current neuroendocrine and genetic approaches. 8th
Symposium on Catecholamines and Other Neurotransmitters in Stress; 2003 Jun 28-Jul 3; Smolenice
Castle, Slovakia. New York: New York Academy of Sciences; 2004. p. 65-70.
Box 75. Titles with headers.

• Conference papers sometimes contain a header at the top of the page that indicates the section name,
subject division, or other portion of the conference under which the paper was presented. Do not include
a header as part of the title of the paper.
Example Entries for Title

8. Paper with title containing a chemical formula or special character
9. Paper from a proceedings in a language other than English
10. Paper from a proceedings in a language other than English, with translation
11. Paper from a proceedings in two equal languages
Article Type for Conference Papers (optional)

• An article type alerts the user that the reference is to an abstract of a paper, not to the full paper
• Place [abstract] after the title of the paper
• Follow the bracketed article type with a period

• Titles of papers ending in punctuation other than a period
• Titles of papers not in English
Box 76. Titles of papers ending in punctuation other than a period.

• Most titles of papers end in a period. Place [abstract] inside the period.
Berger H, Klemm M. Clinical signs of gastric ulcers and its relation to incidence [abstract]. In:
• If a title ends in another form of punctuation, such as a question mark or an exclamation point, keep that
punctuation and follow [abstract] with a period
[abstract]. In:
Box 77. Titles of papers not in English.

• Most titles end in a period. When a translation of a title is used, place the translation in square brackets.
Place (abstract) within the square brackets.
Rivera M, Lizarraga JP, Pantoja F, Pantoja R. [Study of nasal permeability in patients with operated
unilateral clefts (abstract)]. In:
• If a translated title ends in another form of punctuation, such as a question mark or an exclamation point,
keep that punctuation. Place (abstract) within the square brackets and end title information with a period.
Rotenberg DK. [Eat less, exercise more! (abstract)]. In:
Reimer M. [LP for peripheral facial paralysis? (abstract)]. In:
• When the original language and a translation are provided, place [abstract] after the translation and end
title information with a period
Rivera M, Lizarraga JP, Pantoja F, Pantoja R. Etude de la permeabilite nasale dans les fentes
unilaterales operees [Study of nasal permeability in patients with operated unilateral clefts]
[abstract]. In:
Example Entries for Article Type

12. Abstract of a paper
Connective Phrase for Conference Papers (required)

General Rule for Connective Phrase
• Use the word "In" followed by a colon and a space to connect information about the paper with
information on the conference proceedings
Conference Proceedings for Conference Papers (required)

• Follow the instructions in Chapter 3A to enter proceedings citation information
302 Citing Medicine
Location (Pagination) for Conference Papers (required)

• Give the inclusive page numbers on which the paper appears
example: S10-8.

• Text, such as a discussion, follows the paper
• No numbers appear on the pages of the paper

• Contrary to the practice with volume and issue numbers, keep roman numerals when they are used as
page numbers
p. XXI-XXII.
p. ix-xv.

• If the pagination is discontinuous, as occurs when a paper is interrupted by advertisements or other
conference material, separate the groupings of page numbers by a comma and a space
p. 345-6, 348-9.
p. 15, 17, 19-21.
p. 345-346, 348-349, 352, 355-357, 360. becomes p. 345-6, 348-9, 352 passim.
Box 80. Text, such as a discussion, follows the paper.

• Begin with the pagination of the paper. Follow it by a semicolon and a space, then the name of the
additional material and its pagination.
p. 145-54; discussion p. 155-6.
Box 81. No numbers appear on the pages of the paper.

• If a paper has no page numbers, give the total number of pages of the paper, placed in square brackets,
such as [5 p.]
Example Entries for Location (Pagination)

13. Paper with letters included in page numbers
Language for Conference Papers (required)

• Give the language of publication of the paper if not English
Example Entries for Language

10. Paper from a proceedings in a language other than English, with translation
Notes for Conference Papers (optional)

• Notes is a collective term for any useful information given after the citation itself
• Be brief

• Paper accompanied by a videocassette, CD-ROM, DVD, etc.
Box 82. Paper accompanied by a videocassette, CD-ROM, DVD, etc.

• A videocassette, CD-ROM, DVD, or other medium may be published with a paper to display the visual
material that accompanied the presentation. If a paper has such supplemental material accompanying it,
begin by citing the paper and the proceedings in which it is found. Add the phrase "Accompanied by: "
followed by the number and type of medium.
Carter MA, Alcott BA. Suture techniques for jejunojejunal anastomosis. In: Libovitz CC, editor.
Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Gastroenterology Surgery; 2004 May 3-5; Bonn,
Germany. Berlin: Wiener Verlag; 2005. p. 245-8. Accompanied by: 1 CD-ROM.
304 Citing Medicine

• When citing an abstract of a paper, give the number of the abstract if available at the end of the citation
Okmoto T, Atsumi T, Shimizu C, Yoshioka N, Koike T. The potential role of macrophage migration
inhibitory factor in migration of vascular smooth muscle cells [abstract]. In: Abstract book.
American Diabetes Association's 65th Scientific Sessions; 2005 Jun 10-14; San Diego, CA. Alexandria
(VA): American Diabetes Association; 2005. p. A161. Abstract no. 653-P.
• When citing a paper that was also printed as a part of a journal, treat the journal information as a series
Keen CL, Holt RR, Oteiza PI, Fraga CG, Schmitz HH. Cocoa antioxidants and cardiovascular health.
In: Scalbert A, Johnson I, Saltmarsh M, editors. Dietary polyphenols and health. Proceedings of the
1st International Conference on Polyphenols and Health; 2004 Nov 18-21; Vichy, France. Bethesda
(MD): American Society for Clinical Nutrition; 2005. p. 298s-303s. (American journal of clinical
nutrition; vol. 81, no.1, suppl.).
Example Entries for Notes

14. Paper accompanied by a CD-ROM, DVD, videocassette, or other medium
15. Paper also printed as a part of a journal
Examples of Citations to Conference Papers

Arendt, T. Alzheimer's disease as a disorder of dynamic brain self-organization. In: van Pelt J, Kamermans M,
Levelt CN, van Ooyen A, Ramakers GJ, Roelfsema PR, editors. Development, dynamics, and pathology of
neuronal networks: from molecules to functional circuits. Proceedings of the 23rd International Summer School
of Brain Research; 2003 Aug 25-29; Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, the
Netherlands. Amsterdam (Netherlands): Elsevier; 2005. p.355-78.
Leonard KJ, Winkelman W. Developing electronic patient records: employing interactive methods to ensure
patient involvement. In: Ferreira de Oliveira MJ, editor. Accessibility and quality of health services. Proceedings
of the 28th Meeting of the European Working Group on Operational Research Applied to Health Services
(ORAHS); 2002 Jul 28-Aug 2; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Frankfurt (Germany): Peter Lang; c2004. p. 241-55.
Horrobin DF, Lampinskas P. The commercial development of food plants used as medicines. In: Prendergast HD,
Etkin NL, Harris DR, Houghton PJ, editors. Plants for food and medicine. Proceedings of the Joint Conference of
the Society for Economic Botany and the International Society for Ethnopharmacology; 1996 Jul 1-6; London.
Kew (UK): Royal Botanic Gardens; 1998. p. 75-81.

Rice AS, Farquhar-Smith WP, Bridges D, Brooks JW. Canabinoids and pain. In: Dostorovsky JO, Carr DB,
Koltzenburg M, editors. Proceedings of the 10th World Congress on Pain; 2002 Aug 17-22; San Diego, CA.
Seattle (WA): IASP Press; c2003. p. 437-68.
Kim H, Wechsler B. Amantadine for arousal in pediatric TBI. In: Peek WJ, Lankhorst GJ, editors. 1st World
Congress of the International Society of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine (ISPRM I); 2001 Jul 7-13;
Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Bologna (Italy): Monduzzi Editore, International Proceedings Division; c2001. p.
629-34.
3. Paper with optional full first names of authors and editors

Rice, Andrew S.; Farquhar-Smith, W. Paul; Bridges, Daniel; Brooks, Jason W. Canabinoids and pain. In:
Dostorovsky, Jonathan O.; Carr, Daniel B.; Koltzenburg, Martin, editors. Proceedings of the 10th World
Congress on Pain; 2002 Aug 17-22; San Diego, CA. Seattle (WA): IASP Press; c2003. p. 437-68.
4. Paper with surnames containing a prefix or particle

McNeely JA. Biological and cultural diversity: the double helix of sustainable development. In: Arnason JT,
Catling PM, Small E, Dang PT, Lambert JD, editors. Biodiversity & health: focusing research to policy =
Biodiversite & sante: de la recherche aux politiques. Proceedings of the International Symposium = Actes du
Symposium International; 2003 Oct 25-28; Ottawa, ON. Ottawa (ON): NRC-CNRC; 2005. p. 3-9.
de The G. Les priorites de sante dans les pays en development. In: Colloque Energie Solaire et Sante dans les Pays
en Developpement = Conference on Solar Energy and Health Care in Developing Countries; 1991 Nov 4-7;
Paris. London: Tec & Doc; c1998. p. 19-29. French.
Wieling W, van Dijk N, Ganzeboom KS, Saul JP. Syncope in children and adolescents: what are the peculiar
features? In: Raviele A, editor. Cardiac arrhythmias 2005. Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on
Cardiac Arrhythmias; 2005 Oct 2-5; Venice. Milan: Springer; c2006. p. 633-41.
El-Maarri O, Singer H, Brackmann HH, Schroder J, Graw J, Muller CR, Schramm W, Schwabb R, Hanfland P,
Oldenburg J. Lack of factor VIII expression represents a novel mechanism leading to hemophilia A. In: Zhang D,
Jain AK, editors. Advances in biometrics. Proceedings of the ICB 2006 International Conference; 2006 Jan 5-7;
Hong Kong. Berlin: Springer; 2006. p. 81-4.
LeMaire DM. Spirituality. In: Hunter MM, editor. Enriching the circle of care. Report of the 1st National
Pediatric Hospice Conference; 1985 May 9-11; Washington, DC. Alexandria (VA): Children's Hospice
International; c1985. p. 39-46.
5. Paper with compound surnames for authors

Da Silva Freitas R, Contin Mansur AE, Alonso N, Busato L, Azor de Oliveira e Cruz G. Hemifacial microssomia:
105 cases in 7 years. In: Salyer KE, editor. Craniofacial surgery. Proceedings of the 10th International Congress of
the International Society of Craniofacial Surgery; 2003; Monterey, CA. Bologna (Italy): Medimond International
Proceedings; c2003. p. 327-9.
Lagos-Witte S. Conservation of medicinal plants in Central America and the Caribbean. In: Arnason JT, Catling
PM, Small E, Dang PT, Lambert JD, editors. Biodiversity & health: focusing research to policy = Biodiversite &
sante: de la recherche aux politiques. Proceedings of the International Symposium = Actes du Symposium
International; 2003 Oct 25-28; Ottawa, ON. Ottawa (ON): NRC-CNRC; 2005. p. 3-9.
6. Paper with organization included as an author

von Auer C, Oldenburg J, Krause M, Miesbach W, Scharrer I; PTP-Study Group. In: Scharrer I, Schramm W,
editors. 35th Hemophilia Symposium; 2004; Hamburg, Germany. Berlin: Springer; 2006. p. 201-4.
7. Paper with author affiliation given

SaraivaV (Foot-and-Mouth Disease Centre, PAHO/WHO, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). Foot-and-mouth disease in
the Americas: epidemiology and ecologic changes affecting distribution. In: Bokma BH, Blouin EF, Bechara GH,
editors. Impact of ecological changes on tropical animal health and disease control. 7th Biennial Conference of
306 Citing Medicine
the Society for Tropical Veterinary Medicine; 2003 Jun 22-27; Iguacu Falls, Brazil. New York: New York Academy
of Sciences; 2004. p.73-8.
Dijkhuizen PA (Amsterdam Molecular Therapeutics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands), Ghosh A (Division of
Biology, University of California San Diego, LaJolla, CA). Regulation of dendritic growth by calcium and
neurotrophin signaling. In: van Pelt J, Kamermans M, Levelt CN, van Ooyen A, Ramakers GJ, Roelfsema PR,
editors. Development, dynamics, and pathology of neuronal networks: from molecules to functional circuits.
Proceedings of the 23rd International Summer School of Brain Research; 2003 Aug 25-29; Royal Netherlands
Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Amsterdam (Netherlands): Elsevier; 2005. p.17-27.
Schraft RD (Produktionstechnik und Automatisierung, Fraunhofer-Institut, Stuttgart, Germany. rds@ipa.fhg.de),
Hiller A. Entwicklung eines manipulatorgestutzten Operationssystems fur die Neurochirurgie. In: Massberg W,
Reinhart G, editors. 1st Symposium: Neue Technologien fur die Medizin; 1999 Mar 5-6; Garching, Germany.
Munich (Germany): Herbert Utz Verlag; 1999. p. 48-54. German.
8. Paper with title containing a chemical formula or special character

Sperling P, Lee M, Girke T, Zahringer U, Stymne S, Heinz E. A bifunctional Δ6-acetylenase/desaturase from the
moss Ceratodon purpureus. In: Huang YS, Ziboh VA, editors. γ-linolenic acid: recent advances in biotechnology
and clinical applications. 2nd International Symposium on GLA; 2000 Apr; San Diego, CA. Champaign (IL):
AOCS Press; 2001. p. 29-31.
or
Sperling P, Lee M, Girke T, Zahringer U, Stymne S, Heinz E. A bifunctional Delta(6)-acetylenase/desaturase
from the moss Ceratodon purpureus. In: Huang YS, Ziboh VA, editors. Gamma-linolenic acid: recent advances in
biotechnology and clinical applications. 2nd International Symposium on GLA; 2000 Apr; San Diego, CA.
Champaign (IL): AOCS Press; 2001. p. 29-31.
Mikkelsen JD, Hay-Schmidt A, Kiss A. Serotonergic stimulation of the rat hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis:
interaction between 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors. In: Pacak K, Aguilera G, Sabban E, Kvetnansky R, editors.
Stress: current neuroendocrine and genetic approaches. 8th Symposium on Catecholamines and Other
Neurotransmitters in Stress; 2003 Jun 28 - Jul 3; Smolenice Castle, Slovakia. New York: New York Academy of
Sciences; 2004. p. 65-70.
or
Mikkelsen JD, Hay-Schmidt A, Kiss A. Serotonergic stimulation of the rat hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis:
interaction between 5-HT(1A) and 5-HT(2A) receptors. In: Pacak K, Aguilera G, Sabban E, Kvetnansky R,
editors. Stress: current neuroendocrine and genetic approaches. 8th Symposium on Catecholamines and Other
Neurotransmitters in Stress; 2003 Jun 28 - Jul 3; Smolenice Castle, Slovakia. New York: New York Academy of
Sciences; 2004. p. 65-70.
Tanguay JF. Coronary artery endothelial protection after local delivery of 17β-estradiol. In: Kimchi A, editor.
Advances in heart failure. Proceedings of the 8th World Congress on Heart Failure: Mechanisms and
Management; 2002 Jul 13-16; Washington, DC. Bologna (Italy): MEDIMOND Medical Publications; c2002. p.
87-9.
or
Tanguay JF. Coronary artery endothelial protection after local delivery of 17beta-estradiol. In: Kimchi A, editor.
Advances in heart failure. Proceedings of the 8th World Congress on Heart Failure: Mechanisms and
Management; 2002 Jul 13-16; Washington, DC. Bologna (Italy): MEDIMOND Medical Publications; c2002. p.
87-9.

Boetsch G. Le temps du malheur: les representations artistiques de l'epidemie. In: Guerci A, editor. La cura delle
malattie: itinerari storici. 3rd Colloquio Europeo di Etnofarmacologia; 1st Conferenza Internazionale di
Antropologia e Storia della Salute e delle Malattie; 1996 May 29-Jun 2; Genoa, Italy. Genoa (Italy): Erga Edizione;
1998. p. 22-32. French.
Azuma J. [Genetics as a means of understanding intrinsic ethnic differences: genetic variation on metabolism/
transporter/receptor]. In: Takeuchi M, Lagakos SW, editors. Simultaneous, worldwide development strategies:
implementation of global clinical trials and introduction of new sciences and technologies. The 3rd Kitasato
University-Harvard School of Public Health Symposium; 2002 Oct 2-3; Tokyo, Japan. Tokyo: Dejitarupuresu;
c2003. p. 165-82. Japanese.
Pavsic-Trskan B. Razvoj strokovnega jezika in dileme danasnjega dne. In: Oud N, Sermeus W, Ehnfors M,
editors. ACENDIO 2005: documenting nursing care. 5th European Conference of ACENDIO; 2005 Apr; Bled,
Slovenia. Bern (Switzerland): Hans Huber; 2005. p. 19-23. Czech.
Zeller H. Les lecons de l'epidemie a virus Marburg a Durba, Republique Democratique du Congo (1998-2000).
In: Les fievres hemorragiques virales. 7th Actualites du Pharo; 2000 Sep 8-9; Marseilles, France. Marseilles
(France): Institut de Medecine Tropicale; 2000. p. 23-6. French.
10. Paper from a proceedings in a language other than English, with

translation
Boetsch G. Le temps du malheur: les representations artistiques de l'epidemie. [Tragic times: artistic
representations of the epidemic]. In: Guerci A, editor. La cura delle malattie: itinerari storici [Treating illnesses:
historical routes]. 3rd Colloquio Europeo di Etnofarmacologia; 1st Conferenza Internazionale di Antropologia e
Storia della Salute e delle Malattie [3rd European Colloquium on Ethnopharmacology; 1st International
Conference on Anthropology and History of Health and Disease]; 1996 May 29-Jun 2; Genoa, Italy. Genoa
(Italy): Erga Edizione; 1998. p. 22-32. French.
Azuma J. [Genetics as a means of understanding intrinsic ethnic differences: genetic variation on metabolism/
transporter/receptor]. In: Takeuchi M, Lagakos SW, editors. Simultaneous, worldwide development strategies:
implementation of global clinical trials and introduction of new sciences and technologies. The 3rd Kitasato
University-Harvard School of Public Health Symposium; 2002 Oct 2-3; Tokyo, Japan. Tokyo: Dejitarupuresu;
c2003. p. 165-82. Japanese.
Pavsic-Trskan B. Razvoj strokovnega jezika in dileme danasnjega dne [Developing professional language and
current dilemmas]. In: Oud N, Sermeus W, Ehnfors M, editors. ACENDIO 2005: documenting nursing care. 5th
European Conference of ACENDIO; 2005 Apr; Bled, Slovenia. Bern (Switzerland): Hans Huber; 2005. p. 19-23.
Czech.
Zeller H. Les lecons de l'epidemie a virus Marburg a Durba, Republique Democratique du Congo (1998-2000)
[Lessons from the Marburg virus epidemic in Durba, Democratic Republic of the Congo (1998-2000)]. In: Les
fievres hemorragiques virales [Viral hemorrhagic fevers]. 7th Actualites du Pharo [7th Pharo Conference]; 2000
Sep 8-9; Marseilles, France. Marseilles (France): Institut de Medecine Tropicale; 2000. p. 23-6. French.

Tannock GW. Probiotique et prebiotique: lecons de la fin du XXe siecle = Probiotics and prebiotics: lessons from
the late 20th century. In: Roy D, editor. La sante par les probiotiques: perspectives biofonctionnelles = Probiotics
and health: biofunctional perspectives. Actes du Symposium International de Montreal = Proceedings of the
308 Citing Medicine
Montreal International Symposium; 2002 Oct 24-25; Montreal, QC. Saint-Hyacinthe (QC): Fondation des
Gouverneurs; 2003. p. 1-5, 75-90. French, English.
12. Abstract of a paper

Chiarenza GA, De Marchi I, Colombo L, Olgiati P, Trevisan C, Casarotto S. Neuropsychophysiological profile of
children with developmental dyslexia [abstract]. In: Beuzeron-Mangina JH, Fotiou F, editors. The olympics of the
brain. Abstracts of the 12th World Congress of Psychophysiology; 2004 Sep 18-23; Thessaloniki, Greece.
Amsterdam (Netherlands): Elsevier; 2004. p. 16.
Berger H, Klemm M. Clinical signs of gastric ulcers and its relation to incidence [abstract]. In: Chuit P, Kuffer A,
Montavon S, editors. 8th Congress on Equine Medicine and Surgery; 2003 Dec 16-18; Geneva, Switzerland.
Ithaca (NY): International Veterinary Information Service (IVIS); 2003. p. 45.
Sigurdsson A. Current guidelines and management of dental trauma [abstract]. In: Practical points in dentistry:
the alternatives. International Dental Congress of the Mekong River Region; 2004 Jun 7-10; Century Park Hotel,
Bangkok, Thailand. Bangkok: Mahidol University, Faculty of Dentistry; [2004]. p. 29-30.
13. Paper with letters included in page numbers

Danzi GB, Mauri L, Sozzi F. Percutaneous coronary intervention and beyond for ST-elevation acute myocardial
infarction. In: Bolognese L, Ferrari R, editors. Acute coronary syndromes management: proceedings; 2005 Apr;
Cortona, Italy. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press; 2005. p. K26-30.
Osman L, Silverman M. Measuring quality of life for young children with asthma and their families. In:
Silverman M, Pedersen S, editors. Proceedings of a Workshop on Outcome Measures in Early Childhood
Asthma and Other Wheezing Disorders; 1995 Sep 21-23; Gerona, Spain. Copenhagen (Denmark): Munksgaard;
1996. p. 35s-41s.
Gronefeld G, Hohnloser SH. Quality of life in atrial fibrillation: an increasingly important issue. In: Capucci A,
editor. Proceedings of the European Atrial Fibrillation Consensus Conference; 2001 Sep 16; Bologna, Italy.
Amsterdam (Netherlands): Elsevier Science Ltd.; 2003. p. H25-33.
14. Paper accompanied by a CD-ROM, DVD, videocassette, or other

medium
Carter MA, Alcott BA. Suture techniques for jejunojejunal anastomosis. In: Libovitz CC, editor. Proceedings of
the 3rd International Conference on Gastroenterology Surgery; 2004 May 3-5; Bonn, Germany. Geneva
(Switzerland): Wiener Verlag; 2005. p. 245-8. Accompanied by: 1 CD-ROM.
15. Paper also printed as a part of a journal

Keen CL, Holt RR, Oteiza PI, Fraga CG, Schmitz HH. Cocoa antioxidants and cardiovascular health. In: Scalbert
A, Johnson I, Saltmarsh M, editors. Dietary polyphenols and health. Proceedings of the 1st International
Conference on Polyphenols and Health; 2004 Nov 18-21; Vichy, France. Bethesda (MD): American Society for
Clinical Nutrition; 2005. p. 298s-303s. (American journal of clinical nutrition; vol. 81, no.1, suppl.).
Dayhoff JE, DeLeo JM. Artificial neural networks: opening the black box. In: Conference on Prognostic Factors
and Staging in Cancer Management: Contributions of Artificial Neural Networks and Other Statistical Methods;
1999 Sep 27-28; Arlington, VA. Atlanta (GA): American Cancer Society; 2001. p.1615-35. (Cancer; vol. 91, no.8,
suppl.).
16. Paper for a Cancelled Conference

Joubert, D. J. (2020, May 10–15). Best Practices for Dealing with Biomedical Data [Conference session canceled].
12th Annual Congress of Data Scientist, Paris, France.
C. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Parts of

Conference Papers
The general format for a reference to a part of a conference paper, including punctuation:
Examples of Citations to Parts of Conference Papers

Rather than citing a conference paper as a whole, separately identified portions of a paper may be cited. Tables,
figures, charts, graphs, photographs, appendixes, and the like are considered parts of a paper when they are
written or compiled by the authors of the paper.
content of the publication, begin a reference to a part of a paper with the paper itself, then follow it with the
information about the part. See Chapter 2C Parts of Books for further details.
Medical texts frequently contain charts, figures, and other illustrative material that has been reproduced with
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Parts of Conference Papers.
310 Citing Medicine
Continue to Examples of Citations to Parts of Conference Papers.
Citation Rules with Examples for Parts of Conference Papers

Conference Paper (R) | Name and Number/Letter (R) | Title (R) | Location (Pagination) (R)
Conference Paper (required)

• Cite the conference paper according to Chapter 3B
Name and Number/Letter of the Part of the Conference Paper (required)

General Rules for Name and Number/Letter of the Part
• Enter the name of the part, such as Table, Figure, or Appendix
• Follow the name with any accompanying number or letter, such as Table 2, Figure 3.1, or Appendix A
Specific Rules for Name and Number/Letter of the Part

• No name appears

Tabelle 5.3
Figura 10a
Risunok 6
Parartema 4
square brackets.
Ichiran-hiyo 3 or [Table 3, ]
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
• Provide an English translation, if possible, after the original language title, placed in square brackets
275-81. Spanish.
Language Table Figure Appendix Section
French Tableau Figure Appendice Section
German Tabelle Abbildung Anhang Sektion
Zusatz
Italian Tabella Figura Appendice Parte
Sezione
Russian Tablitsa Risunok Prilozenie Sekcija
Otdel
Otdelenie
Spanish Tabla Figura Apendice Seccion
Parte

312 Citing Medicine

• If the part being cited is clearly a table, figure, appendix or similar part but it is not labeled as such, place
the name within square brackets and follow it with any identifying number or letter
31.
Example Entries for Name and Number/Letter of the Part

1. A table as part of a paper
2. A figure as part of a paper
3. An appendix as part of a paper
4. Other parts of a paper
5. Part of a paper in a language other than English
Title of the Part of the Conference Paper (required)

General Rules for Title of the Part
Specific Rules for Title of the Part

• Titles of parts containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or other special character


square brackets.
[Figure 9, Annual progression of swine influenza in Seoul]; p. 44. Korean.
⚬ Treat a letter marked with diacritics or accents as if it were not marked
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
• Provide an English translation, if possible, after the original language title. Place the translation in square
brackets.
Box 88. Titles of parts containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or other special character.
CW-20M; p. 374.
314 Citing Medicine
may become
may become

meaningful.
• Place the created title within square brackets
Example Entries for Title of the Part

6. Part of a paper with title containing a Greek letter or other special character
7. Part of a paper with a constructed title
Location (Pagination) of the Part of the Conference Paper (required)

• Enter the page number or numbers on which the part appears. Examples: p. 438 and p. 663-4.
example: p. S10-8.


page numbers


give the total number of pages of the part you wish to cite, placed in square brackets, such as [5 p.]
Example Entries for Location (Pagination)

8. Part of a paper with a letter included in the location (pagination)
9. Part of a paper with no page number provided
316 Citing Medicine
Examples of Citations to Parts of Conference Papers

1. A table as part of a paper
Mueller K, Boye-Beaman J, Blankenau J. Assessing health needs of minorities in rural meat-processing
communities. In: Bushy A, editor. Community voices calling us to action. 5th Annual Rural Minority Health
Conference Proceedings; 1999 Dec 9-11; Denver, CO. Kansas City (MO): National Rural Health Association;
c2000. Table 11, Chi square tests of pap smear by selected independent variables; p. 72.
Otto SR, Ebinger K, Staller SJ. Clinical trials with the auditory brain stem implant. In: Waltzman SB, Cohen NL,
editors. Cochlear implants. 5th International Cochlear Implant Conference; 1997 May 1-3; New York. New York:
Thieme; 2000. Table 17-2, Electrical stimulation results for an ABI patient with multiple nonauditory sensations;
p. 362.
Krebs H, Schneider MM, Schramm W. HCV-infection in HIV-infected and non-infected people with
hemophilia – a retrospective study: medical aspects. In: Scharrer I, Schramm W, editors. 35th Hemophilia
Symposium; 2004; Hamburg, Germany. Berlin: Springer; 2006. Table 1, Distribution of causes of death; p. 169.
2. A figure as part of a paper

Spigulis J, Erts R, Ozols M. Optical multi-channel monitoring of skin blood pulsations for cardiovascular
assessment. In: Cohn GE, Grundfest WS, Benaron DA, Vo-Dinh T, editors. Advanced Biomedical and Clinical
Diagnostic Systems 2; 2004 Jan 25-26; San Jose, CA. Bellingham (WA): SPIE; 2004. Figure 6, The four-channel
PPG monitoring scheme; p. 137.
Foley RA. The emergence of culture in the context of hominin evolutionary patterns. In: Levinson SC, Jaisson P,
editors. Evolution and culture: a Fyssen Foundation Symposium; 1999 Nov 12-16; St. Germain en Laye, France.
Cambridge (MA): MIT Press; c2006. Figure 3.9, A model of cultural revolution; p. 72.
Pollitt CC. Equine laminitis: a revised pathophysiology. In: 6th Congress on Equine Medicine and Surgery; 1999
Dec 12-14; Geneva, Switzerland. Chene-Bourg (Switzerland): Medecine et Hygiene; [1999]. Figure 1, Sagital
section of a horse's foot with severe chronic laminitis; p. 156-7.
3. An appendix as part of a paper

Acar J, Rostel B. Antimicrobial resistance: an overview. In: OIE international standards on antimicrobial
resistance, 2003. 2nd International Conference on Antimicrobial Resistance; 2001 Oct 2-4; Paris. Paris: OIC;
c2003. Appendix B, World Organisation for Animal Health Guidelines on antimicrobial resistance; p. 67.
Gelepithis PA. Knowledge, truth, time, and topological spaces. In: 12th International Congress on Cybernetics;
1989 Aug 21-29; Namur, Belgium. Namur (Belgium): Association Internationale de Cybernetique; 1989.
Appendix, [The basis on which to define a topology on B*]; p. 254.
Fuerxer J, Fuerxer P. Les fluctuations cycliques fondamentales des economies capitalists - le model ω
[Fundamental cyclic fluctuations of capitalist economies - the ω model]. In: 12th International Congress on
Cybernetics; 1989 Aug 21-29; Namur, Belgium. Namur (Belgium): Association Internationale de Cybernetique;
1989. Annexe, Definition de la transformation de Laplace (1749-1827) [Appendix, Definition of Laplace
transformation (1749-1827)]; p. 312-3. French.
4. Other parts of a paper

Clary J. [Formaldehyde] exposure. In: 1986 European Meeting of the Toxicology Forum; 1986 Sep 22-26;
Geneva, Switzerland. Washington: Toxicology Forum, Inc.; c1986. Slide 14, Quantities of some aldehydes in
cigarette smoke; [preceding p. 114].
Lina PH, Hutson AM. Bat rabies in Europe: a review. In: Dodet B, Schudel A, Pastoret PP, Lombard M, editors.
1st International Conference on Rabies in Europe; 2005 Jun 15-18; Kiev, Ukraine. Basel (Switzerland): Karger;
c2006. Bat colonies and rabies; p. 248.
Irie S, Shogenji R, Ogura Y, Tanida J. Photonic information techniques based on compound-eye imaging. In:
Ijspeert AJ, Masuzawa T, Kusumoto S, editors. Biologically inspired approaches to advanced information
technology. BioADIT 2006. Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop; 2006 Jan 26-27; Osaka, Japan.
Berlin: Springer; c2006. [Section] 4.2, Fingerspring capturing; p. 258-9.

Morel E, Vialle R, Rillardon L, Guigui. Analyse de l'equilibre sagittal du rachis dans les spondylolisthesis
degeneratifs. In: Deburge A, Saillant G, Benoist M, Guigui P, Laville C, Lazennec JY, Morvan G, editors. 2emes
Journees du Rachis de Paris = 2nd Spine Meeting of Paris; 2003; Paris. Montpellier (France): Sauramps Medical;
c2004. Tableau 4, Comparison du groupe spondylolisthesis (n=53) au group temoin (n=300); p. 112. French.
with translation
Morel E, Vialle R, Rillardon L, Guigui. Analyse de l'equilibre sagittal du rachis dans les spondylolisthesis
degeneratifs [Analysis of the sagittal equilibrium of the spine in degenerative spondylolisthesis]. In: Deburge A,
Saillant G, Benoist M, Guigui P, Laville C, Lazennec JY, Morvan G, editors. 2emes Journees du Rachis de Paris =
2nd Spine Meeting of Paris; 2003; Paris. Montpellier (France): Sauramps Medical; c2004. Tableau 4, Comparison
du groupe spondylolisthesis (n=53) au group temoin (n=300) [Table 4, Comparison of the spondylolisthesis
group (n=53) with the control group (n=300)]; p. 112. French.
6. Part of a paper with title containing a Greek letter or other special

character
Sheldon RS. β-blockers for prevention of vasovagal syncope: who benefits from treatment? In: Raviele A, editor.
Cardiac arrhythmias 2005. Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Cardiac Arrhythmias; 2005 Oct
2-5; Venice. Milan (Italy): Springer; c2006. Patient selection for β-blocker therapy; p. 692.
or
Sheldon RS. Beta-blockers for prevention of vasovagal syncope: who benefits from treatment? In: Raviele A,
editor. Cardiac arrhythmias 2005. Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Cardiac Arrhythmias; 2005
Oct 2-5; Venice. Milan (Italy): Springer; c2006. Patient selection for beta-blocker therapy; p. 692.
Tassinari CA, Ambrosetto G, Peraita-Adrado MR, Gastaut H. The neuropsychiatric syndrome of Δ9-
tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabis intoxication in naive subjects. In: Nahas GG, Sutin KM, Harvey D, Agurell
S, Pace N, Cancro R, editors. Conference on Marihuana and Medicine; 1998 Mar 20-21; New York University
School of Medicine, New York. Totowa (NJ): Humana Press; c1999. Figure 2, Drawing of a man: before, during,
and after Δ9-THC intoxication; p. 654.
or
Tassinari CA, Ambrosetto G, Peraita-Adrado MR, Gastaut H. The neuropsychiatric syndrome of Delta(9)-
tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabis intoxication in naive subjects. In: Nahas GG, Sutin KM, Harvey D, Agurell
318 Citing Medicine
S, Pace N, Cancro R, editors. Conference on Marihuana and Medicine; 1998 Mar 20-21; New York University
School of Medicine, New York. Totowa (NJ): Humana Press; c1999. Figure 2, Drawing of a man: before, during,
and after Delta(9)-THC intoxication; p. 654.
7. Part of a paper with a constructed title

Gelepithis PA. Knowledge, truth, time, and topological spaces. In: 12th International Congress on Cybernetics;
1989 Aug 21-29; Namur, Belgium. Namur (Belgium): Association Internationale de Cybernetique; 1989.
Appendix, [The basis on which to define a topology on B*]; p. 254.
Carter R. Planning for the practical aspects of implementation. In: Pharming the genome: implications of
pharmacogenomics for human health and public policy [Internet]. Conference Report; 2004 Nov 4; National
Arts Centre, Ottawa, ON. Ottawa (ON): Government of Canada; 2005. [Table, Infrastructure requirements for
three types of applications of pharmacogenomics]; p. 20-22. Available from: http://www.biostrategy.gc.ca/
CMFiles/50139_Summary_report_e_final49PKA-412005-6986.pdf
LeMaire DM. Spirituality. In: Hunter MM, editor. Enriching the circle of care. Report of the 1st National
Pediatric Hospice Conference; 1985 May 9-11; Washington, DC. Alexandria (VA): Children's Hospice
International; c1985. [Figure, Scheme to describe the spiritual and religious aspects of the human person]; p. 41.
8. Part of a paper with a letter included in the location (pagination)

Wolpert C, Haase KK, Suselbeck T, Borggrefe M. Hybrid therapy for atrial fibrillation. In: Capucci A, editor.
Proceedings of the European Atrial Fibrillation Consensus Conference; 2001 Sep 16; Bologna, Italy. Amsterdam
(Netherlands): Elsevier Science Ltd.; 2003. Figure 1, Concept of hybrid therapy for atrial fibrillation; p. H52.
9. Part of a paper with no page number provided

Clary J. [Formaldehyde] exposure. In: 1986 European Meeting of the Toxicology Forum; 1986 Sep 22-26;
Geneva, Switzerland. Washington: Toxicology Forum, Inc.; c1986. Slide 14, Quantities of some aldehydes in
cigarette smoke; [preceding p. 114].
Ross K. The Oregon experience with managed care. In: Groome D, editor. Meeting the challenge of change.
Proceedings of the 10th Annual Conference of the National Association of Surveillance and Utilization Review
Officials; 1994 Jun 19-22; SeaTac, WA. Olympia (Washington): The Association; 1994. Satisfaction questionnaire;
[8 p.].
319
Chapter 4. Scientific and Technical Reports

A. Entire Reports
• Examples
B. Parts of Reports
• Examples
A. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Entire Reports

The general format for a reference to a report, including punctuation:
- written and published by the sponsoring organization:
- written by the performing organization and published by the sponsoring organization:
- written and published by the performing organization:

320 Citing Medicine
Examples of Citations to Entire Reports

A technical report, also called a scientific report, is defined by NISO Z39.29 as "A separately issued record of
research results, research in progress, or other technical studies". Governmental agencies, usually at the federal
or state level, issue most technical reports, but reports also originate from universities and other types of
research institutions. Technical reports share many characteristics with the books described in Chapter 2 and its
subsections. The major differences in citing them are in their authorship, the provision of sponsorship
information, and the inclusion of any report, contract, and grant numbers.
In citing a technical report, it is important to identify both the sponsoring organization (i.e., the organization
that funded the research), and the performing organization (i.e., the organization that conducted the research),
and to determine which of them actually published the report. In some cases, the same organization both
sponsors and performs the research. For example, the National Cancer Institute has intramural scientists and
may publish their work in report format. Often, however, the sponsoring organization provides funds to another
organization that actually performs the research. These funds are disbursed through grants and contracts. When
this occurs, either the sponsoring organization or the performing organization may publish the report. Thus,
there are three possible scenarios for publication of a technical report. It may be:
• Written and published by the sponsoring organization.
• Written by the performing organization and published by the sponsoring organization.
• Written and published by the performing organization.
Some technical reports will have the same type of edition statement found in books, such as "2nd ed." However,
most technical reports use such wording as "Annual Report," "Final Report" and "Interim Report" to express
edition. The time period covered by the report is also often included in the edition statement. For example, Final
report 15 Mar 2004-31 Jan 2005.
A citation to a technical report must always include any report numbers provided in the publication, and
contract and grant numbers should also be included. Begin with the report number, if present, then follow with
any contract or grant number. Precede all of these numbers with the appropriate phrase identifying them, such
as "Report No.: ".
US government technical reports are usually distributed by the National Technical Information Service (NTIS)
or the US Government Printing Office (GPO) rather than the agency issuing the report. Adding distributor
information to a citation, including any accession number provided, can aid the user in obtaining a copy of the
report. Note that NTIS and GPO are distributors, not publishers. See the information under Notes below for
further information on including distributor information.
The chief source for information about a report is its title page. The back of the title page, called the verso or
copyright page, and the cover of the report are additional sources of authoritative information not found on the
title page. Many reports also carry a "Report Documentation Page" (Standard Form 298), inserted either after the
Scientific and Technical Reports 321
verso or at the back of the document. See NISO Z39.18 Scientific and Technical Reports and NISO Z39.23
Standard Technical Report Number Format and Creation for further details (both available from NISO).
See also Chapter 18 and Chapter 22 for information on citing technical reports published in CD-ROM or on the
Internet.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Entire Reports.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Entire Reports.
Citation Rules with Examples for Entire Reports

Author/Editor (R) | Author Affiliation (O) | Title (R) | Type of Medium (R) | Edition (R) | Editor and Other
Secondary Authors (O) | Place of Publication (R) | Publisher (R) | Date of Publication (R) | Pagination (O) |
Physical Description (O) | Series (O) | Report Number (R) | Contract Number or Grant Number (O) | Language
(R) | Notes (O)
Author/Editor for Reports (required)

assumption that the author approved the form used. For example: Van Der Horn KH or van der Horn KH;
De Wolf F or de Wolf F or DeWolf F.
surname

(Chinese, Japanese)
322 Citing Medicine


Scott Parker E.]
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

particle
abbreviation.

324 Citing Medicine


Examples:
letter
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

always be used.
French redacteur
editeur
German redakteur
herausgeber
Italian redattore
curatore
editore
Russian redaktor
izdatel
Spanish redactor
editor

author.
• Omit "The" preceding an organization name
326 Citing Medicine

Working Group.
(see Appendix D)
• If both individuals and an organization or organizations appear on the title page of a report as authors, use
the names of the individuals as the author. Give the organization name as a note, if desired.
brackets.
or
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

the reference with the title of the report. Do not use anonymous.
2004 national healthcare disparities report. Rockville (MD): Department of Health and Human
Services (US), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2004 Dec. 227 p. (AHRQ publication;
no. 05-0014).

• Full first names of authors may be used. Separate the surname from the given name or initials by a
328 Citing Medicine


1. Standard report written and published by the sponsoring organization
2. Standard report written by the performing organization and published by the sponsoring organization
3. Standard report written and published by the performing organization
4. Report with optional full given names
5. Report with optional limit to the first three authors (use "et al" or "and others")
6. Report with a designation of family rank in the author name
7. Report with author and translator
8. Report with authors and an editor
9. Report with editors instead of authors
10. Report with editors and translators
11. Report with an organization as the author or editor
12. Report with government agency as the author
13. Report with authors from both the performing and sponsoring organizations
14. Report with no author provided
Author Affiliation for Reports (optional)

• Provide the affiliation for reports authored by the performing organization unless the performing
organization is also the publisher
country
PA)
• Enter address information after the last named author unless authors represent more than one
organization; see Authors from more than one organization below
Box 15. Authors from more than one organization.

Reports may be collaborative efforts among more than one organization.
• Use a semicolon followed by a space to separate groups of authors from different organizations
• Include the address of each author or group of authors
Example:
Thompson LA, Chhikara RS (School of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Houston, Clear
Lake, TX); Conklin J (Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX).

• E-mail address given
• Authors from more than one organization
Box 11. E-mail address given.

Example:
de la Cruz FF (Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Branch, National Institute of
Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD. delacruz@nichd.nih.gov).

Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
330 Citing Medicine

Soc. for Society
all references.

• Provide the affiliation for reports authored by the performing organization unless the performing
organization is also the publisher
• Place the affiliation after the last author unless the authors represent more than one organization (see
Authors from more than one organization below)
Appendix D) if non-US. Use commas to separate the parts of the address. Place the address in parentheses.
Carpentier AF (Service de Neurologie, Hopital de la Salpetriere, Paris, France).
Marubini E, Rebora P, Reina G (Istituto di Statistica Medica e Biometria, Universita degli Studi di
Milano, Milan, Italy).
Barbulescu M, Burcos T, Ungureanu CD, Zodieru-Popa I (Clinica Chirurgicala, Spitalul Clinic
Coltea, Bucarest, Romania).
Grudinina NA, Golubkov VI, Tikhomirova OS, Brezhneva TV, Hanson KP, Vasilyev VB,
Mandelshtam MY (Institute of Experimental Medicine, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, St.
Petersburg, Russia).
Susaki K, Bandoh S (First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University,
Takamatsu, Japan).
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

• Use the English form for names of cities and countries whenever possible. However, the name found on
Wien becomes Vienna

2. Standard report written by the performing organization and published by the sponsoring organization
13. Report with authors from both the performing and sponsoring organizations
Title for Reports (required)

General Rules for Report Title
• Enter the title of a report as it appears in the original document, in the original language
332 Citing Medicine
such as a question mark, period, or an exclamation point is already present
• Translate titles not in English into English, whenever possible; place the translation in square brackets
follows it
Specific Rules for Report Title


Contreras A, Drabo Y, Shimp L, de Quinteros P, Linares MA. L'operationnalisation a l'echelle des
pratiques familiales cles en matiere de sante et de nutrition de l'enfant: le role du changement des
comportements. Washington: Agency for International Development (US); 2004 Apr. 40 p. Report
No.: PB2005-104459. French.
Rimashevskaya NM, Markov VI. Rossiya--1994. Sotsial'no-demograficheskaya situatsiya.
Analiticheskii doklad. Moskow: Rossiiskaya Akademiya Nauk, Institut Sotsial'no-ekonomicheskikh
Problem Narodonaseleniya; 1995. 207 p. Russian.
square brackets.
Xianggang chuan ran bing tong ji shu zi 1946-2001. Hong Kong: People's Republic of China, Disease
Prevention and Control Division, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region,
Department of Health; 2002. 83 p. Chinese.
or
[Statistics on infectious diseases in Hong Kong, 1946-2001]. Hong Kong: People's Republic of China,
Disease Prevention and Control Division, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative
Region, Department of Health; 2002. 83 p. Chinese.
• Provide an English translation after the original language one whenever possible; place translations in
square brackets
Contreras A, Drabo Y, Shimp L, de Quinteros P, Linares MA. L'operationnalisation a l'echelle des
pratiques familiales cles en matiere de sante et de nutrition de l'enfant: le role du changement des
comportements [Operationalizing key family practices for child health and nutrition at scale: the role
of behavior change]. Washington: Agency for International Development (US); 2004 Apr. 40 p.
Report No.: PB2005-104459. French.
Rimashevskaya NM, Markov VI. Rossiya--1994. Sotsial'no-demograficheskaya situatsiya.

Analiticheskii doklad [Russia--1994. The socio-demographic situation. An analytical report].
Moskow: Rossiiskaya Akademiya Nauk, Institut Sotsial'no-ekonomicheskikh Problem
Narodonaseleniya; 1995. 207 p. Russian.
Xianggang chuan ran bing tong ji shu zi 1946-2001 [Statistics on infectious diseases in Hong Kong,
1946-2001]. Hong Kong: People's Republic of China, Disease Prevention and Control Division,
Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Department of Health; 2002. 83 p.
Chinese.
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

• If a report is written in several languages:
⚬ List all languages of publication after the pagination and any report, contract, or grant numbers
⚬ Separate the languages by a comma and a space
Example:
Eidgenossische Volkszahlung 1990: die Wohnbevolkerung der Gemeinden. Bern
(Switzerland): Bundesamt fur Statistik; 1993. 154 p. German, French, Italian.
334 Citing Medicine
• If a report is presented in two or more equal languages, as often occurs in Canadian publications:
⚬ Give all titles in the order they are given in the text, with an equals sign between them
⚬ List all languages after the pagination and any report, contract, or grant numbers
Examples:
Biotechnology and the health of Canadians: a report from the Canadian Biotechnology
Advisory Committee on biotechnology and health innovations; opportunities, challenges, and
public policy = Biotechnologie et la sante des Canadiens: rapport du Comite consultatif
canadien de la biotechnologie sur la biotechnologie et l'innovation dans le domaine de la sante;
aspects prometteurs, de′fis et politique publique. Ottawa (ON): Canadian Biotechnology
Advisory Committee; 2004 Dec. 181 p. English, French.
Euler M. Genitale Verstummelung von Madchen und Frauen: Situationsbericht aus dem
Sudan = Female genital mutilation: a report on the present situation in Sudan = Mutilations
sexuelles chez les fillettes et les femmes: rapport sur l'etat de la situation au Soudan. Aachen
(Germany): Missio Aachen; 2002. 60 p. German, English, French.
Eidgenossische Volkszahlung 1990: die Wohnbevolkerung der Gemeinden [Federal population
census 1990: the population of communities]. Bern (Switzerland): Bundesamt fur Statistik; 1993. 154
p. German, French, Italian.
Mesle F, Shkol'nikov V, Hertrich V, Vallin J. Tendances recentes de la mortalite par cause en Russie
1965-1994 = Sovremennye tendentsii smertnosti po prichinam smerti v Rossii 1965-1994 [Recent
trends in mortality by cause in Russia, 1965-1994]. Paris: Institut National d'Etudes
Demographiques; 1996. 140 p. French, Russian.
• Capitalize the first word of a report title unless the title begins with a Greek letter, chemical formula, or
alpha-Methyldopa sesquihydrate (feed studies).
exposure limits.
• If a report title contains a Greek letter or some other symbol that cannot be reproduced with the type fonts
Lindane (γ-hexachlorocyclohexane): health-based recommended occupational exposure limit.
or
Lindane (gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane): health-based recommended occupational exposure limit.

• If a report title contains superscripts or subscripts that cannot be reproduced with the type fonts available,
place the superscript or subscript in parentheses
Autoradiographic localization of [125 I]-ricin in lungs and trachea of mice following an aerosol
inhalation exposure.
or
Autoradiographic localization of [(125)I]-ricin in lungs and trachea of mice following an aerosol
inhalation exposure.
Examples for Report Title

15. Report in a language other than English
16. Report in two or more equal languages
17. Report with a title containing a chemical formula, Greek letter, or other special character
18. Report in a microform
Type of Medium for Reports (required)

when a report is published in a microform
• See Chapter 15 for reports in audiovisual formats and Chapter 18 and Chapter 22 for reports in electronic
formats

• Report titles ending in punctuation other than a period
• Report titles not in English

• Most report titles end in a period. Place [microfiche], [microfilm], or [microcard] inside the period.
Blood carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide concentration in the fatalities of fire and non-fire
associated civil aviation accidents, 1991-1998 [microfiche].
Is peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) gene expression involved in breast cancer suppression
by dietary soybean protein? [microfiche].
336 Citing Medicine

• If a translation of a title is provided, give the translation after the original title and place it in square
brackets
Travaux scientifiques des chercheurs du service de sante des armees [Scientific works of research
workers of the army health service].
• If a report is in a microform (microfiche, microfile, microcard, etc.), place the specific name of the
microform after the square brackets for the translation
Untersuchungen zur Abtrennung von Schwermetallen aus Grubenwaessern mittels
Mikroorganismen [Investigation of separation of heavy metals from mine water by microbes]
[microfiche].

Edition for Reports (required)

• Indicate the edition/version being cited after the title (and type of medium if present) when a report is
published in more than one edition or version
becomes 3rd.

• Abbreviate common words found in edition statements:
Word Abbreviation
edition ed.
abbreviated abbr.
abridged abr.
American Am.
augmented augm.
English Engl.
enlarged enl.
expanded expand.
illustrated ill.

Word Abbreviation
modified mod.
original orig.
reprint(ed) repr.
revised rev.
special spec.
translation transl.
translated transl.
3rd rev. ed.
1st Engl. ed.

• Editions with dates
Box 22. Editions with dates.

Report titles are frequently followed by phrases such as "Annual report", "Interim report", and "Final report".
These are considered editions.
• If such phrases are followed by a date or date range, include these dates as part of the edition statement
• Enter the dates in whatever format is found
• Place a period at the end of date information
Examples:
Final report for July 21, 1989 - June 21, 1990.
Final report. Jan-Nov 1999.
Annual summary 1 Jul 2000-31 Dec 2004.
Final report. May 2002-Mar 2005.
Report for 8 Jan 03-30 Mar 03.

338 Citing Medicine

constructions.
⚬ End the edition information with a period
Examples:
Edicion 1a.
2. ed. veneta.
Nuova ed.
Seconda ed.
constructions.
⚬ Follow abbreviated words with a period and end all edition information with a period
Examples:

2. dopunjeno izd.
2. ekd. epeux.
3. ekd.
constructions.
Examples:
Shohan.
Dai 1-han.
Dai 3-pan.
Di 3 ban.
Che 6-pàn.
Danish oplag n.a.
udgave
Dutch uitgave uitg.
editie ed.
French edition ed.

340 Citing Medicine

Auflage Aufl.
Greek ekdosis ekd.
utgave utg.
publikacija publ.
Spanish edicion ed.
publicacion publ.

19. Report with an edition
Editor and other Secondary Authors for Reports (optional)

illustrators.
• Place the names of secondary authors after the title, following any Type of Medium and Edition statement
• Use the same rules for the format of names presented in Author above
reference


A report may have several types of secondary author.
• Separate each type of author and the accompanying role by a semicolon

Examples:

A secondary author may perform more than one role.
Example:

On rare occasions an organization is listed as the editor.
• Follow the instructions for entering the organization name found under Organizations as author
Advisory Committee on Existing Chemicals of Environmental Relevance, editor. Naphthalin. Hicks
R, translator. Weinheim (Germany): VCH; c1992. 155 p.

possible to assist the reader. However, the wording found on the publication may always be used.
editeur
German redakteur ubersetzer erlauterer
curatore
editore

342 Citing Medicine
izdatel
editor

Place of Publication for Reports (required)

• Place is defined as the city where the report was published

• Non-US cities

• Follow Canadian cities with the two-letter abbreviation for the name of the province, placed in
parentheses:
Montreal (QC):
Ottawa (ON):
Vancouver (BC):
London:
Rome:
Paris:
Madrid:
but

• Two organizations may co-publish a report.
• Use the city of the first organization found in the publisher position on the title page (or on the back of the
title page if no publisher information appears on the title page) as the place of publication
Example:
Monahan C, Szpur MV, Evans M, Craik D, Kubale MG, Maloney MM. Focus on Children
community planning manual: needs assessment and health planning for children, including children
with special health care needs. Rev. ed. Chicago: University of Illinois at Chicago, Division of
Specialized Care for Children; 1996 Oct. 136 p. Grant No.: DHHS/PHS/HRSA MCJ-175005. Joint
publication of the Division of Family Health, Illinois Department of Public Health, Springfield.

344 Citing Medicine

in the publication or can be reasonably inferred (e.g., Washington as the place for a publication of the
Department of Health and Human Services), place the city in square brackets, such as "[Washington]"
[Deakin West (Australia)]: National Rural Health Alliance (AU); 1998 Feb. 74 p.
[place unknown]: Western Health Foundation; 1985.

20. Report place of publication with geographic qualifier added for clarity
21. Report with place of publication inferred
Publisher for Reports (required)

name first. For example: Harvard Medical School, Department of Genetics.


• Commonly used words in names may be abbreviated, if desired
Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division

Ltd. for Limited
Soc. for Society
all references.

language
Montreal (QC): Agence d'Evaluation des Technologies et des Modes d'Intervention en Sante;
Rome: Istituto Superiore de Sanita;
Moscow: Rossiiskaya Akademiya Nauk, Institut Sotsial'no-ekonomicheskikh Problem
Narodonaseleniya;
Tokyo: Tokyo-to Kenko Anzen Kenkyu Senta;
Peking (China): Mei tan gong ye bu zhi ye yi xue yan jiu suo;
brackets.
Tokyo: Tokyo-to Kenko Anzen Kenkyu Senta [Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health];
Lopez Pinero;
346 Citing Medicine
Tokyo: [Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health];
Appendix D)
Royal Society of Medicine (GB)
but
St. John's (NL): Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, Department of Health & Community
Services; 2002.
• Do not confuse the publisher with the distributor, who disseminates documents for the publisher. For
issued the publication as the publisher and include distributor information as a note, preceded by the
phrase "Available from: ".
Ewing RE, Flournoy L, Wall J, Wild J, Crooks R (Texas Engineering Experiment Station, College
Station, TX). Disaster Relief and Emergency Medical Services (DREAMS): Texas A&M digital EMS
and the detection and remediation of chemical threat agents. Annual report 1 Oct 2003-30 Sep 2004.
Washington: Department of the Army (US), Medical Division; 2004 Oct. 36 p. Contract No.:
DAMD170020010. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; ADA435629.

Two organizations may co-publish a report.
• Use the first organization appearing in the publisher position on the title page or the verso (back) of the
title page as the publisher

• If more than one publisher is found in a report, use the first one given or the one set in the largest type or
bold type
published by …" or "Joint publication of …".

Rome: [publisher unknown]; 1971.

22. Report with publisher with subsidiary division
23. Report with governmental or national agency as publisher
24. Report with joint publication
Date of Publication for Reports (required)


• No date of publication can be found
348 Citing Medicine

2002-2003
1997-1998
1999-2000
1999 Oct-2000 Mar
2002 Dec-2003 Jan
2005 Jan-Feb
1999 Dec-2000 Jan

• Capitalize them
For example:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

• Capitalize them
For example:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring

Reports by US government agencies are not copyrighted, but reports issued by the agencies of other countries
and those published by performing organizations may be copyrighted. A copyright date is identified by the
• If no date of publication can be found, but the publication contains a date of copyright, use the date of
copyright preceded by the letter "c"; for example c2005
Examples:
Framarin A. First-trimester prenatal screening for Down syndrome and other aneuploidies. Wickens
M, translator. Montreal (QC): Agence d'Evaluation des Technologies et des Modes d'Intervention en
Sante (CA); c2003. 81 p. Report No.: AETMIS 03-01.
Rosenbaum, S, Smith BM, Shin P, Zakheim MH, Shaw K, Sonosky CA, Repasch L. Negotiating the
new health system: a nationwide study of Medicaid managed care contracts. 2nd ed. Johnson K,
editor. Washington: George Washington University Medical Center, Center for Health Policy
Research; c1998. 2 vols.
Box 42. No date of publication can be found.

• Reports by US government agencies are not copyrighted, but reports issued by the agencies of other
countries and those published by performing organizations may be copyrighted.
• If no date of publication can be found, but the publication contains a date of copyright, use the date of
Plymouth Meeting (PA): ECRI; c2005.
Washington: Urban Institute; c2004.
material contained in the report or in accompanying material, insert a question mark after the estimated
date and place date information in square brackets
Los Angeles (CA): California Student Health Project; [1967?].

The date of publication may follow the author names in the list of references when the name-year system of in-
text references is used.
• Place the year after the last named author, followed by a period
350 Citing Medicine

NLM citation:
Barker B, Degenhardt L. Accidental drug-induced deaths in Australia 1997-2001. Sydney (Australia):
University of New South Wales, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre; 2003. 46 p.
Barker B, Degenhardt L. 2003. Accidental drug-induced deaths in Australia 1997-2001. Sydney
(Australia): University of New South Wales, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre. 46 p.

25. Report with year and month of publication
26. Report with no date of publication, but a date of copyright
Pagination for Reports (optional)

• Provide the total number of pages on which the text of the report appears
• For reports published in more than one physical volume, cite the total number of volumes instead of the

• Roman numerals for pages
• No numbers appear on the pages of the report
Box 44. Roman numerals for pages.

If all of the pages (not just the introductory pages) of a report have roman numerals instead of the usual arabic
numbers:
Example: [20 p.].
Box 45. No numbers appear on the pages of the report.

Occasionally, a report will have no numbers on its pages. If the entire publication has no page numbers:
Example: 37 leaves.

27. Report with volumes instead of page numbers
28. No page numbers appear on the report
Physical Description for Reports (optional)

• Give information on the physical characteristics if a report is published in a microform (microfilm,
microfiche, etc.), such as 3 microfiche: black & white, 2 x 4 in. Such information will help the reader select
the appropriate equipment with which to view the microform.


If a report is published on microfiche, microfilm, or microcards:
5 microfiche:
1 microcard:
color
black & white
positive
negative
352 Citing Medicine


Series for Reports (optional)

number.

• Multiple series

• If a report has more than one series, list them in the order found on the report
• Separate the two series statements with a semicolon and a space
Example:
Burt CW, Arispe IE. Characteristics of emergency departments serving high volumes of safety-net
patients: United States, 2000. Hyattsville (MD): National Center for Health Statistics; 2004. 16 p.
(DHHS publication; no. (PHS) 2004-1726); (Vital and health statistics. Series 13, Data from the
National Health Care Survey; no. 155).
Examples for Series

29. Report in a series
31. Report and other numbers and a series
Report Number for Reports (required)

General Rules for Report Number
• Give the report number as it appears on the publication, using whatever capitalization and punctuation
are found there
• Precede the number with the wording Report No.: and a space
• End the number with a period
Specific Rules for Report Number

• Grant or contract number as well as report number
Box 48. Grant or contract number as well as report number.

• If both a report number and a grant or contract number are found, give the report number first
Report No.: TR-203-AHRQ. Contract No.: 290-02-0010.
Report No.: NASA/TP-2003-210791. Grant No.: NASA 9-1083.
• If both a contract number and a grant number are provided, give them in the order found on the report
Report No: PIP-026054. Contract No.: AID/dpe-C-1028. Grant No.: AID/pha-G-1198.
Report No.: CPFH 13515cr982. Grant No.: OTR-G-1702. Contract No.: DPE-0632 00-1029-00.
Examples for Report Number

30. Report with report, contract, and grant numbers
31. Report with numbers and a series
Contract Number or Grant Number for Reports (optional)

General Rules for Contract Number or Grant Number
• Give the contract or grant number as it appears on the publication, using whatever capitalization and
• Precede the number with the wording Contract No.: or Grant No.: and a space
• End the number with a period
Specific Rules for Contract Number or Grant Number

• Report number as well as grant or contract number
• Both a contract number and a grant number
• Multiple contract or grant numbers
Box 49. Report number as well as grant or contract number.

• If both a report number and a grant or contract number are found, give the report number first
Report No.: TR-203-AHRQ. Contract No.: 290-02-0010.
Report No.: NASA/TP-2003-210791. Grant No.: NASA 9-1083.
354 Citing Medicine
Box 50. Both a contract number and a grant number.

• If both a contract and a grant number are provided, give them in the order found on the report
Grant No.: 044640. Contract No.: N01-oD-42139.
Contract No.: AID/dpe-C-1028. Grant No.: AID/pha-G-1198.
Box 51. Multiple contract or grant numbers.

• If more than one contract or grant number are found, give them both in the order they appear in the
report, separated by a semicolon
Grant No.: NASA NCC10-52; Grant No: NASA NAG10-291.
Contract No.: DPE-3004-00-A-2018-00; Contract No.: DPE-3004-00-A-6057-00.
Examples for Contract Number or Grant Number

Language for Reports (required)


• Reports appearing in more than one language
Box 52. Reports appearing in more than one language.

• If a report is written in several languages:
⚬ List all languages of publication after the pagination and any report, contract, or grant numbers
Example:
Eidgenossische Volkszahlung 1990: die Wohnbevolkerung der Gemeinden. Bern
(Switzerland): Bundesamt fur Statistik; 1993. 154 p. German, French, Italian.
• If a report is presented in two or more equal languages, as often occurs in Canadian publications:
⚬ Give all titles in the order they are given in the text, with an equals sign between them
⚬ List all languages after the pagination and any report, contract, or grant numbers
Examples:
Biotechnology and the health of Canadians: a report from the Canadian Biotechnology
Advisory Committee on biotechnology and health innovations; opportunities, challenges, and
public policy = Biotechnologie et la sante des Canadiens: rapport du Comite consultatif
canadien de la biotechnologie sur la biotechnologie et l'innovation dans le domaine de la sante;
aspects prometteurs, de′fis et politique publique. Ottawa (ON): Canadian Biotechnology
Advisory Committee; 2004 Dec. 181 p. English, French.
Euler M. Genitale Verstummelung von Madchen und Frauen: Situationsbericht aus dem
Sudan = Female genital mutilation: a report on the present situation in Sudan = Mutilations
sexuelles chez les fillettes et les femmes: rapport sur l'etat de la situation au Soudan. Aachen
(Germany): Missio Aachen; 2002. 60 p. German, English, French.
Eidgenossische Volkszahlung 1990: die Wohnbevolkerung der Gemeinden [Federal population
census 1990: the population of communities]. Bern (Switzerland): Bundesamt fur Statistik; 1993. 154
p. German, French, Italian.
Demographiques; 1996. 140 p. French, Russian.

Notes for Reports (optional)

• Be brief

• Reports available from NTIS or GPO
• Reports accompanied by a videocassette, CD-ROM, DVD, etc.
356 Citing Medicine
Box 53. Reports available from NTIS or GPO.

Most US government agency publications are distributed not by the agency but by either the US Government
Printing Office (GPO) or the National Technical Information Service (NTIS).
• Begin by citing the report, including any report, contract, or grant numbers
• Enter the phrase "Available from:" and follow it with a space
• Give the name of the distributor, followed by the city and state, then a semicolon and a space
• Add the accession number of the report
Examples:
Ewing RE, Flournoy L, Wall J, Wild J, Crooks R (Texas Engineering Experiment Station, College
Station, TX). Disaster Relief and Emergency Medical Services (DREAMS): Texas A&M digital EMS
and the detection and remediation of chemical threat agents. Annual report 1 Oct 2003-30 Sep 2004.
Washington: Department of the Army (US), Medical Division; 2004 Oct. 36 p. Contract No.:
DAMD170020010. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; ADA435629.
Boren JJ, Onken LS, Carroll KM, editors. Approaches to drug abuse counseling. Bethesda (MD):
National Institute on Drug Abuse (US), Behavioral Treatment Development Branch; 2000 Jul. 129 p.
(NIH publication; no. 00-4151). Available from: US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC;
HE 20.3952:D 84/5.
Box 54. Reports accompanied by a videocassette, CD-ROM, DVD, etc.

• If a report has supplemental material accompanying it in the form of a videocassette, CD-ROM, DVD, or
another medium, begin by citing the report. Add the phrase "Accompanied by:" followed by a space and
the number and type of the medium.
Human energy requirements: report of a Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation on Human
Energy Requirements. Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations; 2004. 96 p.
(FAO food and nutrition series; 18133932). Accompanied by: 1 CD-ROM.
Demographiques; 1996. 140 p. French, Russian. Accompanied by: 2 floppy disks.

the reader. Begin by citing the report, then add the note. Some examples of notes are:
• If the report was sponsored by or prepared for an organization or organizations other than the publisher,
give the name(s)
Gostin LO, Hodge JG Jr (Georgetown University Law Center, Center for Law and the Public's Health,
Washington, DC). State public health law assessment report. [Seattle (WA)]: Washington University,
Turning Point National Program Office; 2002 Apr. 51 p. Sponsored by the Turning Point Public
Health Statute Modernization National Excellence Collaborative; publication supported by a grant
from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.
• If the report is translated or otherwise adapted from another publication, give the name of the original
Framarin A. First-trimester prenatal screening for Down syndrome and other aneuploidies. Wickens
M, translator. Montreal (QC): Agence d'Evaluation des Technologies et des Modes d'Intervention en
Sante (CA); c2003. 81 p. Report No.: AETMIS 03-01. Translation of "Le Depistage Prenatal du
Syndrome de Down et d'Autres Aneuploidies au Premier Trimestre de la Grossesse."
• If the report is not a common one, give the name of a library or other archive where it may be found.
Begin with the phrase "Located at" followed by a colon and a space.
Pinkau K, Ronn O, editors. Environmental standards: scientific foundations and rational procedures
of regulation with emphasis on radiological risk management. Jager G, Kais-Heinrich S, translators.
Berlin (Germany): Berlin Academy of Sciences and Technology; 1998. 393 p. Located at: National
Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; 1998 G-004.
• If the report contains material of particular interest to the audience that may not be apparent from the
title, describe it
Rosenbaum S, Kamoie B, Collins C, Zuvekas A. Analysis of CareFirst's performance as a charitable
not-for-profit health insurance company in the National Capital Area: report to the DC Appleseed
Center for Law and Justice. Washington: George Washington University Medical Center, School of
Public Health and Health Services, Center for Health Services and Policy; 2003 Oct. 62 p. This
analysis focuses particularly on the District of Columbia and Northern Virginia.
Examples for Notes

32. Reports available from NTIS or GPO
33. Report with sponsorship note
34. Report accompanied by another medium
35. Report with other types of notes
Examples of Citations to Entire Reports

1. Standard report written and published by the sponsoring organization
Page E, Harney JM. Health hazard evaluation report. Cincinnati (OH): National Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health (US); 2001 Feb. 24 p. Report No.: HETA2000-0139-2824.
Barker B, Degenhardt L. Accidental drug-induced deaths in Australia 1997-2001. Sydney (Australia): University
of New South Wales, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre; 2003. 46 p.
358 Citing Medicine
2. Standard report written by the performing organization and

published by the sponsoring organization
Sontag ED (Department of Mathematics, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ). Control of nonlinear systems.
Final report 15 Mar 2004-31 Jan 2005. Washington: Army Medical Department (US): 2004. 5 p. Report No.:
AFRLSRARTR050271. Contract No.: FA95500410172.
Newberry SJ, editor (Southern California/RAND Evidence-based Practice Center, Los Angeles, CA). Effects of
omega-3 fatty acids on lipids and glycemic control in type II diabetes and the metabolic syndrome and on
inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, renal disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, and
osteoporosis. Rockville (MD): Department of Health and Human Services (US), Agency for Healthcare Research
and Quality; 2004 Mar. 145 p. Contract No.: 290-02-0003.
3. Standard report written and published by the performing

organization
Popper SW, Wagner CS, Larson EV. New forces at work: industry views critical technologies. Santa Monica (CA):
Rand; 1998. 155 p. Report No.: MR-1008-OSTP. Contract No.: OPA-9215205. Supported by the Office of Science
and Technology Policy.
Moscovice IS. Rural health networks: evolving organizational forms & functions. Minneapolis (MN): University
of Minnesota, School of Public Health, Rural Health Research Center; 2003. 47 p. Grant No.: 032659. Supported
by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.
4. Report with optional full given names

Persing, David H. Biomarker development for TLR4 agonists. Annual report. Seattle (WA): CORIXA
Corporation; 2004 Oct. 76 p. Contract No.: DAMD17-03-C-0089. Funded by the US Army Medical Research
and Materiel Command, Ft. Detrick, MD.
Price, Kay; Brown, Lyn Hepburn; Reddin, Edith. Agency nurses and careworkers putting quality use of
medicines into action: Quality Use of Medicines Evaluation Program. Final report. Adelaide (Australia):
University of South Australia, Centre for Research into Nursing and Health Care; 2002. 275 p.
5. Report with optional limit to the first three authors (use "et al" or "and
others")
Cohen JT, Duggar K, Gray GM, et al. Evaluation of the potential for bovine spongiform encephalopathy in the
United States. Boston: Harvard School of Public Health, Center for Risk Analysis; 2001 Nov. 116 p. Report No.:
PB2002-108684. Supported by the US Department of Agriculture.
6. Report with a designation of family rank in the author name

Washington, DC). State public health law assessment report. Seattle (WA): Washington University, Turning
Point National Program Office; 2002 Apr. 51 p. Sponsored by the Turning Point Public Health Statute
Modernization National Excellence Collaborative; publication supported by a grant from the Robert Wood
Johnson Foundation.
Donohue JJ 3rd, Levitt SD. Legalized abortion and crime. Stanford (CA): Stanford Law School; 1999. 57 p.
(Stanford public law and legal theory working paper; no.1).
7. Report with author and translator

Framarin A. First-trimester prenatal screening for Down syndrome and other aneuploidies. Wickens M,
translator. Montreal (QC): Agence d'Evaluation des Technologies et des Modes d'Intervention en Sante (CA);
c2003. 81 p. Report No.: AETMIS 03-01.

Rosenbaum, S, Smith BM, Shin P, Zakheim MH, Shaw K, Sonosky CA, Repasch L. Negotiating the new health
system: a nationwide study of Medicaid managed care contracts. 2nd ed. Johnson K, editor. Washington: George
Washington University Medical Center, Center for Health Policy Research; c1998. 2 vols.

Reid PP, Compton WD, Grossman JH, Fanjiang G, editors. Building a better delivery system: a new engineering/
health care partnership. Washington: National Academies Press; 2005. 262 p. Grant No.: 044640. Contract No.:
N01-OD-42139. Supported by the National Science Foundation, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, and the
National Institutes of Health.
Newberry SJ, editor (Southern California/RAND Evidence-based Practice Center, Los Angeles, CA). Effects of
omega-3 fatty acids on lipids and glycemic control in type II diabetes and the metabolic syndrome and on
inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, renal disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, and
osteoporosis. Rockville (MD): Department of Health and Human Services (US), Agency for Healthcare Research
and Quality; 2004 Mar. 145 p. Contract No.: 290-02-0003.

Pinkau K, Ronn O, editors. Environmental standards: scientific foundations and rational procedures of
regulation with emphasis on radiological risk management. Jager G, Kais-Heinrich S, translators. Berlin
(Germany): Berlin Academy of Sciences and Technology; 1998. 393 p.
Chun MN, editor and translator. Must we wait in despair: the 1867 report of the Ahahui Laau Lapaau of
Wailuku, Maui on native Hawaiian health. Honolulu: First People's Productions; 1994. 318 p.

Task Force on Accreditation of Health Professions Education. Strategies for change and improvement: the report
of the Task Force on Accreditation of Health Professions Education. San Francisco: University of California, San
Francisco, Center for the Health Professions; 1999 Jun. 86 p.
Johns Hopkins University, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Environmental Health Tracking Project Team
(Baltimore, MD). America's environmental health gap: why the country needs a nationwide health tracking
network; technical report. Baltimore (MD): Pew Environmental Health Commission; 2000 Sep. 92 p.
Lewin Group, Inc. (Falls Church, VA). Assessment of approaches to evaluating telemedicine. Final report.
Washington: Department of Health and Human Services (US), Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and
Evaluation; 2000 Dec. 63 p. Report No.: PB2002101110. Contract No.: HHS-10-97-0012.
Advisory Committee on Existing Chemicals of Environmental Relevance, editor. Naphthalin. Hicks R, translator.
Weinheim (Germany): VCH; c1992. 155 p.
360 Citing Medicine
12. Report with government agency as the author

National High Blood Pressure Education Program (US). The fourth report on the diagnosis, evaluation, and
treatment of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Rev. ed. Bethesda (MD): National Heart, Lung,
and Blood Institute (US); 2005. 48 p. (NIH publication; no. 05-5267).
13. Report with authors from both the performing and sponsoring
organizations
Thompson LA, Chhikara RS (School of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Houston, Clear Lake, TX);
Conklin J (Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX). Cox proportional hazards models for modeling the
time to onset of decompression sickness in hypobaric environments. Houston (TX): National Aeronautics and
Space Administration (US), Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center; 2003 Mar. 39 p. Report No.: NASA/
TP-2003-210791. Grant No.: NASA 9-1083. Basic funding support provided by the Institute for Space Systems
Operations of the University of Houston.
14. Report with no author provided

2004 national healthcare disparities report. Rockville (MD): Department of Health and Human Services (US),
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2004 Dec. 227 p. (AHRQ publication; no. 05-0014).
The world health report 2003: shaping the future. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2003. 193 p.

Contreras A, Drabo Y, Shimp L, de Quinteros P, Linares MA. L'operationnalisation a l'echelle des pratiques
familiales cles en matiere de sante et de nutrition de l'enfant: le role du changement des comportements.
Washington: Agency for International Development (US); 2004 Apr. 40 p. Report No.: PB2005-104459. French.
Eidgenossische Volkszahlung 1990: die Wohnbevolkerung der Gemeinden. Bern (Switzerland): Bundesamt fur
Statistik; 1993. 154 p. German, French, Italian.
with translation
Contreras A, Drabo Y, Shimp L, de Quinteros P, Linares MA. L'operationnalisation a l'echelle des pratiques
familiales cles en matiere de sante et de nutrition de l'enfant: le role du changement des comportements
[Operationalizing key family practices for child health and nutrition at scale: the role of behavior change].
Washington: Agency for International Development (US); 2004 Apr. 40 p. Report No.: PB2005-104459. French.
Eidgenossische Volkszahlung 1990: die Wohnbevolkerung der Gemeinden [Federal population census 1990: the
population of communities]. Bern (Switzerland): Bundesamt fur Statistik; 1993. 154 p. German, French, Italian.

Biotechnology and the health of Canadians: a report from the Canadian Biotechnology Advisory Committee on
biotechnology and health innovations; opportunities, challenges, and public policy = Biotechnologie et la sante
des Canadiens: rapport du Comite Consultatif Canadien de la Biotechnologie sur la biotechnologie et
l'innovation dans le domaine de la sante; aspects prometteurs, de fis et politique publique. Ottawa (ON):
Canadian Biotechnology Advisory Committee; 2004 Dec. 181 p. English, French.
Euler M. Genitale Verstummelung von Madchen und Frauen: Situationsbericht aus dem Sudan = Female genital
mutilation: a report on the present situation in Sudan = Mutilations sexuelles chez les fillettes et les femmes:
rapport sur l'etat de la situation au Soudan. Aachen (Germany): Missio Aachen; 2002. 60 p. German, English,
French.

Mesle F, Shkol'nikov V, Hertrich V, Vallin J. Tendances recentes de la mortalite par cause en Russie 1965-1994 =
Sovremennye tendentsii smertnosti po prichinam smerti v Rossii 1965-1994 [Recent trends in mortality by cause
in Russia, 1965-1994]. Paris: Institut National d'Etudes Demographiques;1996. 140 p. French, Russian.
17. Report with a title containing a chemical formula, Greek letter, or

other special character
Dutch Expert Committee on Occupational Standards. Lindane (γ-hexachlorocyclohexane): health-based
recommended occupational exposure limit. The Hague (Netherlands): Health Council of the Netherlands; 2001
Dec 6. 124 p.
or
Dutch Expert Committee on Occupational Standards. Lindane (gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane): health-based
recommended occupational exposure limit. The Hague (Netherlands): Health Council of the Netherlands; 2001
Dec 6. 124 p.
Doebler JA. Autoradiographic localization of [125I]-ricin in lungs and trachea of mice following an aerosol
inhalation exposure. Aberdeen Proving Ground (MD): Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense
(US); 1996. 8 p. Report No.: USAMRICD-TR; 96-03.
or
Doebler JA. Autoradiographic localization of [(125)I]-ricin in lungs and trachea of mice following an aerosol
inhalation exposure. Aberdeen Proving Ground (MD): Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense
(US); 1996. 8 p. Report No.: USAMRICD-TR; 96-03.

Chaturvedi AK, Smith DR, Canfield DV. Blood carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide concentration in the
fatalities of fire and non-fire associated civil aviation accidents, 1991-1998 [microfiche]. Final report.
Washington: Federal Aviation Administration (US), Office of Aviation Medicine; 2000. 1 microfiche: black &
white, negative, 4 x 6 in.
19. Report with an edition

Persing DH. Biomarker development for TLR4 agonists. Annual report. Seattle (WA): CORIXA Corporation;
2004 Oct. 76 p. Contract No.: DAMD17-03-C-0089. Funded by the US Army Medical Research and Materiel
Command, Ft. Detrick, MD.
Thomas C, Butler J, Davies M, Johnson R, editors. State injury indicators report: 1999 data. 2nd ed. Atlanta
(GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US), National Center for Injury Prevention and Control;
2004 Feb. 108 p.
National High Blood Pressure Education Program (US). The fourth report on the diagnosis, evaluation, and
treatment of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Rev. ed. Bethesda (MD): National Heart, Lung,
and Blood Institute (US); 2005. 48 p. (NIH publication; no. 05-5267).
362 Citing Medicine
20. Report place of publication with geographic qualifier added for

clarity
Barker B, Degenhardt L. Accidental drug-induced deaths in Australia 1997-2001. Sydney (Australia): University
of New South Wales, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre; 2003. 46 p.
Grady SJ. A national survey of methyl tert-butyl ether and other volatile organic compounds in drinking-water
sources: results of the random survey. East Hartford (CT): US Geological Survey; 2003. 85 p. (Survey water-
resources investigations; no. 02-4079U).
21. Report with place of publication inferred

Griffith University, Faculty of Nursing and Health (Queensland, Australia). Advanced nursing practice for rural
and remote Australia: final report to the National Rural Health Alliance Inc. [Deakin West (Australia)]: National
Rural Health Alliance (AU); 1998 Feb. 74 p.
22. Report with publisher with subsidiary division

Wainer J. New voices in rural medical practice: analysis of qualitative data from the National Rural General
Practice Study. Traralgon (Australia): Monash University, School of Rural Health; 2002. 57 p. Grant No.: 751.
Sponsored by the General Practice Evaluation Program, Department of Health and Ageing, Australia.
23. Report with governmental or national agency as publisher

Waksberg J, Levine DB, Marker D (Westat, Inc., Rockville, MD). Assessment of major federal data sets for
analyses of Hispanic and Asian or Pacific Islander subgroups and Native Americans: extending the utility of
federal data bases. Washington: Department of Health and Human Services (US), Office of the Assistant
Secretary for Planning and Evaluation; 2002.
van deWater HP, Boshuizen HC, Perenboom RJ. Health expectancy of the Dutch population. Bilthoven
(Netherlands): National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection (NL); 1995. 21 p. Report No.:
431501009.
24. Report with joint publication

Monahan C, Szpur MV, Evans M, Craik D, Kubale MG, Maloney MM. Focus on Children community planning
manual: needs assessment and health planning for children, including children with special health care needs.
Rev. ed. Chicago: University of Illinois at Chicago, Division of Specialized Care for Children; 1996 Oct. 136 p.
Grant No.: DHHS/PHS/HRSA MCJ-175005. Joint publication of the Division of Family Health, Illinois
Department of Public Health, Springfield.
25. Report with year and month of publication

Gardner GG, Allan JH, Dempsey MF (Department of Clinical Physics, West Glasgow Hospitals, Glasgow,
Scotland). ADAC Forte with 3/8" and 5/8" crystal comparison: gamma camera performance assessment.
London: Great Britain, Medical Devices Agency; 2001 Dec. 33 p. Report No.: MDA 01150.
26. Report with no date of publication, but a date of copyright

Framarin A. First-trimester prenatal screening for Down syndrome and other aneuploidies. Wickens M,
translator. Montreal (QC): Agence d'Evaluation des Technologies et des Modes d'Intervention en Sante (CA);
c2003. 81 p. Report No.: AETMIS 03-01.
Rosenbaum S, Smith BM, Shin P, Zakheim MH, Shaw K, Sonosky CA, Repasch L. Negotiating the new health
system: a nationwide study of Medicaid managed care contracts. 2nd ed. Johnson K, editor. Washington: George
Washington University Medical Center, Center for Health Policy Research; c1998. 2 vols.
27. Report with volumes instead of page numbers

World drug report 2004. Vienna (Austria): United Nations, Office on Drugs and Crime; 2004. 2 vol.
28. No page numbers appear on the report

Keiding N, Fine JP, Carstensen L, Slama R. Accelerated failure time regression for backward recurrence times
and current durations. Copenhagen (Denmark): University of Copenhagen, Department of Biostatistics; 2005.
13 leaves. Report No.: 05/4.
29. Report in a series

Mann C, Cox L, Ross DC. Making the link: strategies for coordinating publicly funded health care coverage for
children. Isaacson SK, Rutherford M, editors. Rockville (MD): Department of Health and Human Services (US),
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, User Liaison Program; 2000. 35 p. (AHRQ publication; no.
00-0014).
Burt CW, Arispe IE. Characteristics of emergency departments serving high volumes of safety-net patients:
United States, 2000. Hyattsville (MD): National Center for Health Statistics (US); 2004. 16 p. (DHHS
publication; no. (PHS) 2004-1726); (Vital and health statistics. Series 13, Data from the National Health Care
Survey; no. 155).

Moscovice IS. Rural health networks: evolving organizational forms & functions. Minneapolis (MN): University
of Minnesota, School of Public Health, Rural Health Research Center; 2003. 47 p. Grant No.: 032659. Supported
by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.
Farley D, Morton SC, Damberg CL, Fremont A, Berry SH, Greenberg M, Sorbero M, Teleki SS, Ricci K, Pollock
N. Assessment of the national patient safety initiative: context and baseline evaluation report 1. Santa Monica
(CA): RAND Corporation; 2005. 112 p. Report No.: TR-203-AHRQ. Contract No.: 290-02-0010. Sponsored by
the US Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
Space Administration (US), Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center; 2003 Mar. 39 p. Report No.: NASA/
TP-2003-210791. Grant No.: NASA 9-1083.

MacLean CH, Issa AM, Mojica WA, Newberry SJ, Morton SC (Southern California Evidence-Based Practice
Center/RAND, Santa Monica, CA). Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on cognitive function with aging, dementia,
and neurological diseases. Rockville (MD): Department of Health and Human Services (US), Agency for
Healthcare Research and Quality; 2005 Feb. 148 p. (Evidence report/technology assessment; no. 114). Report
No.: AHRQPUB05E0112. Contract No.: DHHS290020003. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA;
PB2005104600.
364 Citing Medicine
32. Reports available from NTIS or GPO

Ewing RE, Flournoy L, Wall J, Wild J, Crooks R (Texas Engineering Experiment Station, College Station, TX).
Disaster Relief and Emergency Medical Services (DREAMS): Texas A&M digital EMS and the detection and
remediation of chemical threat agents. Annual report 1 Oct 2003-30 Sep 2004. Washington: Department of the
Army (US), Medical Division; 2004 Oct. 36 p. Contract No.: DAMD170020010. Available from: NTIS,
Springfield, VA; ADA435629.
Boren JJ, Onken LS, Carroll KM, editors. Approaches to drug abuse counseling. Bethesda (MD): National
Institute on Drug Abuse (US), Behavioral Treatment Development Branch; 2000 Jul. 129 p. (NIH publication;
no. 00-4151). Available from: US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC; HE 20.3952:D 84/5.
33. Report with sponsorship note

Washington, DC). State public health law assessment report. [Seattle (WA)]: Washington University, Turning
Point National Program Office; 2002 Apr. 51 p. Sponsored by the Turning Point Public Health Statute
Modernization National Excellence Collaborative; publication supported by a grant from the Robert Wood
Johnson Foundation.
34. Report accompanied by another medium

Human energy requirements: report of a Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation on Human Energy
Requirements. Rome (Italy): Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations; 2004. 96 p. (FAO food
and nutrition series; 18133932). Accompanied by: 1 CD-ROM.
Mesle F, Shkol'nikov V, Hertrich V, Vallin J. Tendances recentes de la mortalite par cause en Russie 1965-1994 =
Sovremennye tendentsii smertnosti po prichinam smerti v Rossii 1965-1994 [Recent trends in mortality by cause
in Russia, 1965-1994]. Paris: Institut National d'Etudes Demographiques;1996. 140 p. French, Russian.
Accompanied by: 2 floppy disks.
35. Report with other types of notes

Rosenbaum S, Kamoie B, Collins C, Zuvekas A. Analysis of CareFirst's performance as a charitable not-for-profit
health insurance company in the National Capital Area: report to the DC Appleseed Center for Law and Justice.
Washington: George Washington University Medical Center, School of Public Health and Health Services,
Center for Health Services and Policy; 2003 Oct. 62 p. This analysis focuses particularly on the District of
Columbia and Northern Virginia.
B. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Parts of Reports

The general format for a reference to a part of a report, including punctuation:
Examples of Citations to Parts of Reports

Rather than citing a report as a whole, separately identified portions of a report may be cited. Chapters, sections,
tables, charts, graphs, photographs, appendixes, and the like are considered parts of reports when they are
written or compiled by the authors of the report.
However, other names may be found for parts, including chapter, section, chart, graph, box, and photograph.
content of the publication, begin a reference to a part of a report with the report itself, then follow it with the
information about the part. See Chapter 2C Parts of Books for further details on citing parts.
For instructions on citing one volume of a report published in multiple volumes, see Chapter 2B Individual
Volumes of Books (Chapter 2B(1) Individual Volumes With a Separate Title but Without Separate Authors/
Editors or Chapter 2B(2) Individual Volumes With a Separate Title and Separate Authors/Editors) and examples
7-8 below.
Reports may contain charts, figures, and other illustrative material that have been reproduced with permission
from other sources. Do not cite these as parts using the instructions presented here. Consult the original
publication and cite the particular item from there.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Parts of Reports.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Parts of Reports.
Citation Rules with Examples for Parts of Reports

Report (R) | Name and Number/Letter (R) | Title (R) | Location (Pagination) (R)
Report (required)
• Cite the report according to Chapter 4A Entire Reports
Name and Number/Letter of the Part for a Report (required)

• Enter the name of the part, such as Chapter, Table, Figure, or Appendix
366 Citing Medicine
Appendix A
• End name and number/letter information with a comma

• No name appears

Tabelle 5.3
Figura 10a
Chapitre 2
Risunok 6
Parartema 4
square brackets.
275-81. Spanish.
⚬ Treat a letter marked with diacritics or accents as if it were not marked.
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
⚬ Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they were two letters.
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
Language Chapter Table Figure Appendix Section
French Chapitre Tableau Figure Appendice Section
German Kapitel Tabelle Abbildung Anhang Sektion
Zusatz
Italian Capitolo Tabella Figura Appendice Parte
Sezione
Russian Glava Tablitsa Risunok Prilozenie Sekcija
Otdel
Otdelenie
Spanish Capitulo Tabla Figura Apendice Seccion
Parte


• If the part being cited is clearly a table, figure, or appendix or similar part but it is not labeled as such,
place the name within square brackets and follow it with any identifying number or letter
368 Citing Medicine

1. Chapter in a report
2. Table in a report
3. Figure in a report
4. Appendix to a report
5. Other part of a report, with name and number/letter
6. Other part of a report, without name or number/letter
7. One volume of a report
8. Part of one volume of a report
9. Part of a report in language other than English
Title of the Part for a Report (required)

• Enter the title of the part as it appears in the report

• Non-English titles for parts
Box 59. Non-English titles for parts.

square brackets.
brackets.

⚬ Treat a letter marked with diacritics or accents as if it were not marked.
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
⚬ Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they were two letters.
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
CW-20M; p. 374.
Figure 3, Influence of seed extract of Syzygium Cumini (Jamun) on mice exposed to different doses
of γ-radiation; p. 566.
may become
of gamma-radiation; p. 566.
370 Citing Medicine
may become

meaningful.
Examples for Title

Location (Pagination) of the Part for a Report (required)

example: p. S10-8.


page numbers


• If the entire report has no page numbers or the part cannot be easily located in relation to numbered
pages, give the total number of pages of the part you wish to cite, placed in square brackets, such as [5 p.]

372 Citing Medicine
Examples of Citations to Parts of Reports

Reid PP, Compton WD, Grossman JH, Fanjiang G, editors. Building a better delivery system: a new engineering/
health care partnership. Washington: National Academies Press; 2005. Grant No.: 044640. Contract No.: N01-
OD-42139. Chapter 3, The tools of systems engineering; p. 27-62.
Beckles GL, Thompson-Reid PE, editors. Diabetes & women's health across the life stages: a public health
perspective. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US), National Center for Chronic
Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Diabetes Translation; 2001. Table 5-1, Prevalence (%) of
diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes among adults aged 45-64 years, by race/Hispanic origin- United States,
1986-97; p. 108.
Space Administration (US), Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center; 2003 Mar. Report No.: NASA/TP-2003-210791.
Grant No.: NASA 9-1083. Table 1b, Proportion of DCS by P2 and EXER; p. 5.
Monahan C, Szpur MV, Evans M, Craik D, Kubale MG, Maloney MM. Focus on Children community planning
manual: needs assessment and health planning for children, including children with special health care needs.
Rev. ed. Chicago: University of Illinois at Chicago, Division of Specialized Care for Children; 1996 Oct. Grant
No.: DHHS/PHS/HRSA MCJ-175005. [Table], Ensuring family involvement checklist; p. 22.
Grady SJ. A national survey of methyl tert-butyl ether and other volatile organic compounds in drinking-water
sources: results of the random survey. East Hartford (CT): Geological Survey (US); 2003. Report No.:
USGSWRI024079. Figure 5, Concentrations of naphthalene in all source-water and field quality-control samples
analyzed for the Random Survey, plotted sequentially by date and time of analysis; p. 18.
Townsend FF. The Federal response to Hurricane Katrina: lessons learned. Washington: The White House; 2006
Feb. Figure 1.2, Hurricane Katrina compared to hurricanes Ivan, Andrew, and Camille; p. 7.
Thomas C, Butler J, Davies M, Johnson R, editors. State injury indicators report: 1999 data. 2nd ed. Atlanta
(GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US), National Center for Injury Prevention and Control;
2004 Feb. Figure 9b, Homicide indicator: homicide by sex, 1999; [1 p.].
Farley DO, Harris KM, Ashwood JS, Carlton J, Dydek G. The first year of the Medicare-DoD subvention
demonstration: evaluation report for FY1999. Santa Monica (CA): RAND; 2000 Dec. Report No.: MR-1271.0-
HCFA. Appendix A, Evaluation of the DoD-Medicare subvention demonstration; [4 p.].
Cohen JT, Duggar K, Gray GM, Kreindel S. Evaluation of the potential for bovine spongiform encephalopathy in
the United States. Boston: Harvard School of Public Health, Center for Risk Analysis; 2001 Nov. Report No.:
PB2002-108684. Appendix 3C, Description of model output tables and graphs; [7 p.].

Children's environmental health: spotlight on the U.S.-Mexico border. Seventh report of the Good Neighbor
Environmental Board to the President and Congress of the United States. Washington: Good Neighbor
Environmental Board; 2004 Feb. Report No.: EPA 130-R-04-001. Part 2, Recommendations for improving
children's environmental health along the U.S.-Mexico border; p. 9-26.
Wainer J. New voices in rural medical practice: analysis of qualitative data from the National Rural General
Practice Study. Traralgon (Australia): Monash University, School of Rural Health; 2002. Grant No.: 751. Question
29, Positive changes; p. 20-30.

New Jersey 2005 hospital performance report: a report on acute care hospitals for consumers. Trenton (NJ): New
Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services; 2005. Heart attack treatment scores; p. 4-5.
National Research Council (US), Committee on National Needs for Biomedical and Behavioral Scientists.
Addressing the nation's changing needs for biomedical and behavioral scientists. Washington: National
Academy Press; c2000. Setting stipends and other compensation; p. 57-8.

Healthcare hazard control: environmental safety and security in healthcare facilities. Vol. 3, Analysis. Plymouth
Meeting (PA): ECRI; c2005.
The health care challenge: acknowledging disparity, confronting discrimination, and ensuring equality. Vol. 2,
The role of Federal civil rights enforcement efforts. Washington: United States Commission on Civil Rights; 1999
Sep.

The health care challenge: acknowledging disparity, confronting discrimination, and ensuring equality. Vol. 2,
The role of Federal civil rights enforcement efforts. Washington: United States Commission on Civil Rights; 1999
Sep. Chapter 3, Implementing civil rights provisions; p. 52-138.

Rapport annuel de gestion [Annual administrative report]. Quebec City (QC): Agence d'Evaluation des
Technologies et des Modes d'Intervention en Sante; 2003 Dec. Chapitre 2, Les activites scientifiques en
2002-2003 [Chapter 2, Scientific activities in 2002-2003]; p. 14-22. French.
374 Citing Medicine
375
Chapter 5. Dissertations and Theses

A. Entire Dissertations and Theses

• Examples
B. Parts of Dissertations and Theses
• Examples
A. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Entire Dissertations

and Theses
The general format for a reference to entire dissertation, including punctuation:
The general format for a reference to entire master's thesis, including punctuation:
Examples of Citations to Entire Dissertations and Theses

Dissertations and theses are rigorous reports of original research written in support of academic degrees above
the baccalaureate level. Although some countries use the term "thesis" to refer to material written for a doctorate,
the term in this chapter is reserved for work at the master's level, while "dissertation" is used for the doctorate.
Citations to dissertations and theses are similar to the standard book, with the following important points:
• With rare exceptions, dissertations have only one author. Most master's theses also have a single author,
but occasionally will have two.
376 Citing Medicine
• The place of publication for a thesis or dissertation is the city where the university or other institution
granting the degree is located. Many dissertations, particularly those of US universities, do not state the
place of publication. When this occurs, obtain the city name from another source and place it in square
brackets.
• The publisher is the university or other institution granting the degree.
The chief source for information about a dissertation or thesis is its title page. The back of the title page, called
the verso page, and the cover are additional sources of authoritative information not found on the title page.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Entire Dissertations and Theses.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Entire Dissertations and Theses.
Citation Rules with Examples for Entire Dissertations and Theses

Author (R) | Title (R) | Content Type (O) | Type of Medium (R) | Place of Publication (R) | Publisher (R) | Date
of Publication (R) | Pagination (O) | Physical Description (O) | Language (R) | Notes (O)
Author for a Dissertation or Thesis (required)

surname

• Degrees, titles, and honors following a personal name
(Chinese, Japanese)

Dissertations and Theses 377


Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
378 Citing Medicine

middle name and a surname, look elsewhere in the text for clarification. For example, Elizabeth Scott
Parker may be interpreted to be Parker ES or Scott Parker E.]

particle
abbreviation.
Box 4. Degrees, titles, and honors following a personal name.

Kristine Schmidt, M.S. becomes Schmidt K
Captain Rachel C. Williams becomes Williams RC

letter
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
380 Citing Medicine

Clark, John D.
Takagi, Yasushi; Harada, Jun.
Mann, Frederick D.; Swartz, Mary N.
Examples for Author

1. Standard dissertation
2. Standard master's thesis
3. Dissertation or thesis with optional full name(s) for author
4. Dissertation or thesis with more than one author (rare)
5. Dissertation or thesis with authors showing designations of rank within the family
Title for a Dissertation or Thesis (required)

• Enter the title of a dissertation or thesis as it appears in the original document and in the original language
• End a title with a period unless a question mark or exclamation point already ends it or a Content Type or
Type of Medium follows it, then end with a space


• Provide the title in the original language for non-English language titles in the roman alphabet (primarily
Bamako [master's thesis]. [Quebec (QC)]: Laval University; 1993. 69 p. French.
al-Bab HD. Hasiyat al-muthah [dissertation]. [Damascus (Syria)]: Damascus University; 1966. 35 p.
Arabic.
square brackets.
Feng J. Gong gong jian kang wei ji yu WTO zhi shi chan quan zhi du de gai ge: yi TRIPs xie yi wei
zhong xin [dissertation]. [Wuchang (China)]: Wuhan University; 2005. 251 p. Chinese.
or
Feng J. [Public health crisis and the reformation of intellectual property rights regime in the
framework of WTO: focus on TRIPs agreement] [dissertation]. [Wuchang (China)]: Wuhan
University; 2005. 251 p. Chinese.
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
brackets
Bamako [Sexual knowledge and behavior of young people 15-29 years of age concerning sexually
transmitted diseases (STDs) and AIDS in Bamako] [master's thesis]. [Quebec (QC)]: Laval
University; 1993. 69 p. French.
al-Bab HD. Hasiyat al-muthah [Prostatic calculi] [dissertation]. [Damascus (Syria)]: Damascus
University; 1966. 35 p. Arabic.
382 Citing Medicine
Martin EJ. 1,1-dichloroethylene-induced mitochondrial aberrations precede apoptotic and necrotic
cell death in murine liver and lung [dissertation]. Kingston (ON): Queen's University; 2004. 149 p.
Goel R. Characterization of α-thrombin-induced rapid phase of PI 3-kinase [dissertation]. St. Louis
(MO): Saint Louis University; 2004. 141 p.
or
Goel R. Characterization of alpha-thrombin-induced rapid phase of PI 3-kinase [dissertation]. St.
Louis (MO): Saint Louis University; 2004. 141 p.
Uddemarri S. Aging affects stretch-induced p70S6k and 4E-BP1 phosphorylation in fast- and slow-
twitch muscle [master's thesis]. [Huntington (WV)]: Marshall University; 2005. 151 p.
or
Uddemarri S. Aging affects stretch-induced p70(S6k) and 4E-BP1 phosphorylation in fast- and slow-
twitch muscle [master's thesis]. [Huntington (WV)]: Marshall University; 2005. 151 p.
Examples for Title

6. Dissertation or thesis with titles ending in punctuation other than a period
7. Dissertation or thesis with titles containing a chemical formula, Greek letter, or other special characters
8. Dissertation or thesis with non-English titles
9. Dissertation or thesis with non-English titles, with translation
Content Type for a Dissertation or Thesis (optional)

• Place [dissertation] or [master's thesis] after the title to alert the user that the reference is not to a standard
book
• Follow the bracketed type with a period unless the dissertation or thesis is in a non-print medium (see
Type of Medium below)

• Non-English titles with translation

• Most titles for dissertations and theses end in a period. Place [dissertation] or [master's thesis] inside the
period.
Kennaway JG. Musical pathology in the nineteenth century: Richard Wagner and degeneration
[dissertation]. Los Angeles: University of California, Los Angeles; 2004. 317 p.
• If a title ends in another form of punctuation, keep that punctuation and follow [dissertation] or [master's
thesis] with a period
Stewart EP. Who shall decide when doctors disagree? [dissertation]. [Washington]: American
University; 2003. 368 p.
Box 11. Non-English titles with translation.

• Place [dissertation] or [master's thesis] after the translated title
Montes Alvarez MJ. Parametros predictivos de complicaciones macroangiopaticos en la diabetes
mellitus tipo 2 que precisa insulinoterapia [Predictive parameters for macroangiopathy
complications in Type 2 diabetes which requires insulin] [dissertation]. Cadiz (Spain): Universidad
de Cadiz; 2005. 180 p. Spanish.
Im D. [A study of the Korean ginseng and oriental medical clinics: the main drugstaffs of the ginseng
extract and the effect of cancer treatment] [dissertation]. Soeul (Korea): Golden State University;
1984. 151 p. Korean.

6. Dissertation or thesis with titles ending in punctuation other than a period
10. Dissertation or thesis in a microform
Type of Medium for a Dissertation or Thesis (required)

and the content type when a dissertation or thesis is published in a microform
• Place the name of the medium inside the square brackets for the content type, preceded by the word "on".
For example: [dissertation on microfiche].
• End with a period following the closing bracket
• See Chapter 15 for dissertations or theses in audiovisual formats; Chapter18 and Chapter 22 for those in
electronic formats
384 Citing Medicine

• Non-English titles with translation

• Most titles of dissertations end in a period. Place [master's thesis on microfiche] or [dissertation on
microfilm], etc., inside the period.
Johnston PG. A survey of nursing school libraries in the city of Philadelphia [master's thesis on
microcard]. Philadelphia: Drexel Institute of Technology; 1955. 55 p. 3 microcards: 3 x 5 in.
• If a title ends in another form of punctuation, keep that punctuation and follow [master's thesis on
microfiche] or [dissertation on microfilm], etc., with a period
Boyer CL. Do rural Medicare patients have different post-acute service patterns than their non-rural
counterparts? [dissertation on microfilm]. [Cleveland (OH)]: Case Western Reserve University;
2004. 131 p. 1 reel: black & white, negative, 35 mm.
Box 13. Non-English titles with translation.

• If a translation of a title is provided, place the translation in square brackets
• Place [dissertation on microfiche], [master's thesis on microcard], and similar phrases after the translated
title
Example:
Peppas D. Der Anatom Eduard Jacobshagen (1886-1967) [The anatomist Eduard Jacobshagen
(1886-1967)] [dissertation on microfiche]. [Marburg (Germany)]: Marburg University; 2001. 133 p. 2
microfiche: negative, 4 x 6 in. German.

Place of Publication for a Dissertation or Thesis (required)

• Place is defined as the city where the university or other institution granting the degree is located

• Non-US cities

• Use the anglicized form of a city name, such as Rome for Roma and Moscow for Moskva, whenever
possible. However, the name as found on the publication may always be used.
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
• Follow Canadian cities with the two-letter abbreviation for the province, placed in parentheses
Montreal (QC):
Ottawa (ON):
Vancouver (BC):
• If the city is not well known or might be confused with another city of the same name, follow the city with
London:
Rome:
Paris:
Madrid:
but
386 Citing Medicine


• Place of publication (the city where the university or other institution granting the degree is located) is
frequently omitted from the title page of a dissertation or master's thesis
• If no place can be found on the publication, use directories of institutions of higher learning to locate one.
For example, use Yahoo's Education Directory and the World of Learning (London: Europa Publications).
Surround place names obtained from such other sources with square brackets.
[Washington]: American University;
[Marburg (Germany)]: Marburg University;

11. Dissertation or thesis with place of publication not found on title page
Publisher for a Dissertation or Thesis (required)

• The publisher is the university or other institution granting the degree
• Record the name of the institution as it appears in the publication, using whatever capitalization and
• Abbreviate well-known words in institutional names, such as Univ. for University, if desired
• When a division or other subsidiary part of an institution appears in the publication, enter the main
institutional name first. For example: University of Illinois at Chicago, Health Sciences Center.

• Abbreviations in publisher names
• Non-English names of institutions
Box 16. Abbreviations in publisher names.

• Abbreviate commonly used words in names of institutions, if desired
Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
all references.
Box 17. Non-English names of institutions.

• Give institution names appearing in the roman alphabet (French, Spanish, Italian, etc.) in their original
language
Rome: Universita La Sapienza;
Navarra (Spain): Universidad de Navarra;
Rousse (Bulgaria): Rusenski Universitet;
Akita (Japan): Akita Daigaku;
or
Akita (Japan): [Akita University];
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
388 Citing Medicine
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
brackets.
Rousse (Bulgaria): Rusenski Universitet [Rousse University];
Lopez Pinero;
Akita (Japan): [Akita University];
the name, place the country's two-letter ISO country code (see Appendix D) in parentheses after the name
Naval Postgraduate School (US)
Royal Institute of Public Health (GB)

12. Dissertation or thesis publisher with subsidiary part included
13. Dissertation or thesis issued by a governmental body
14. Dissertation or thesis issued by other than a university
Date of Publication for a Dissertation or Thesis (required)

• Always give the year of publication, i.e., the year the degree was granted


• Capitalize them
For example:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

• Capitalize them
For example:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring

text references is used
390 Citing Medicine

NLM citation:
Liu-Ambrose TY. Studies of fall risk and bone morphology in older women with low bone mass
[dissertation]. [Vancouver (BC)]: University of British Columbia; 2004. 290 p.
Liu-Ambrose TY. 2004. Studies of fall risk and bone morphology in older women with low bone
mass [dissertation]. [Vancouver (BC)]: University of British Columbia. 290 p.

15. Dissertation or thesis date with month included
16. Dissertation or thesis date with season
Pagination for a Dissertation or Thesis (optional)

• Provide the total number of pages on which the text of the dissertation or thesis appears
• For dissertations or theses published in more than one physical volume, cite the total number of volumes
instead of the number of pages, such as 2 vol

• No numbers appear on the pages
Box 21. No numbers appear on the pages.

Occasionally, a dissertation or thesis will have no numbers on its pages. If the entire publication has no page
numbers:
Example:
37 leaves.

17. Dissertation or thesis submitted in more than one volume
Physical Description for a Dissertation or Thesis (optional)

• Give information on the physical characteristics if a dissertation or thesis is published in a microform
(microfilm, microfiche, microcard, etc.), such as 3 microfiche: black & white, 2 x 4 in.


If a dissertation or thesis is published on microfiche, microfilm, or microcards:
5 microfiche:
6 microcards:
color
black & white
positive
negative

392 Citing Medicine
Language for a Dissertation or Thesis (required)


Notes for a Dissertation or Thesis (optional)

• Be brief

• Dissertations or theses accompanied by a videocassette, CD-ROM, DVD, etc.
Box 23. Dissertations or theses accompanied by a videocassette, CD-ROM, DVD, etc.

• If a dissertation or thesis has supplemental material accompanying it in the form of a videocassette, CD-
ROM, DVD, or another medium, begin by citing the dissertation or theses. Add the phrase "Accompanied
by:" followed by a space and the number and type of medium.
Lukasik-Sedmak DM. How to develop an interactive MRI brain cross-sectional anatomy CD-ROM
and Web-based educational materials to meet the needs of medical imaging specialists working in
magnetic resonance imaging [dissertation]. [Milwaukee (WI)]: Cardinal Stritch University; 2002.
113 p. Accompanied by: 1 CD-ROM.
Morgan JC. VISIO/KINESIS: a mixed media installation and performance [master's thesis].
Dominguez Hills (CA): California State University, Dominguez Hills; 2001. 47 p. Accompanied by: 1
videocassette.

The notes element may be used to provide any information the compiler of the reference feels is useful to the
reader. Begin by citing the dissertation or thesis, then add the note. Some examples of notes are:
• The specific type of degree
Ari AB. Eye injuries on the battlefields of Iraq and Afghanistan: public health implications [master's
thesis]. Anchorage (AK): University of Alaska; 2005. 48 p. Master of Public Health.
Verhovsek EL. Examining stages in curriculum change: implementation of Complementary and

Alternative Medicine (CAM) [dissertation]. [Morgantown (WV)]: West Virginia University; 2003.
197 p. Doctor of Education.
• The name of any sponsoring or funding organization
Kanika K. Labor market implications of employer provided health insurance [dissertation]. Evanston
(IL): Northwestern University; 1997. 204 p. Sponsored by the Agency for Health Care Policy and
Research.
• The name of any publicly available source for the dissertation or thesis, with any accession or other
ordering number
counterparts? [dissertation]. [Cleveland (OH)]: Case Western Reserve University; 2004. 131 p.
Available from: UMI, Ann Arbor, MI; AAT 3145345.
Overlock JA. The relationship between balance and fundamental motor skills in children five to nine
years of age [master's thesis]. [Corvallis (OR)]: Oregon State University; 2004. 111 p. Available from:
Kinesiology Publications, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR; PSY 2317.
• The location of a library or other holding institution where the dissertation/thesis may be found, with any
catalog or other accession number
Akerstrom B. Adults with autism and mental retardation: a life-span perspective [dissertation].
Uppsala (Sweden): S. Academiae Upsaliensis; 2001. 156 p. Located at: National Library of Medicine,
Bethesda, MD; W1 AC955 v.20 2001.
Examples for Notes

18. Dissertation or thesis with availability statement included
19. Dissertation or thesis with location of a library or other holding institution where the dissertation/
thesis may be found
20. Dissertation or thesis with note on specific type of degree
21. Dissertation or thesis with sponsorship or support note included
22. Dissertation or thesis accompanied by a CD-ROM, DVD, or other medium
23. Dissertation or thesis with supplemental material on the Internet
Examples of Citations to Entire Dissertations and Theses

1. Standard dissertation
Jones DL. The role of physical activity on the need for revision total knee arthroplasty in individuals with
osteoarthritis of the knee [dissertation]. [Pittsburgh (PA)]: University of Pittsburgh; 2001. 436 p.
394 Citing Medicine
Zhao C. Development of nanoelectrospray and application to protein research and drug discovery [dissertation].
Buffalo (NY): State University of New York at Buffalo; 2005. 276 p.
2. Standard master's thesis

Roguskie JM. The role of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1244 pilin glycan in virulence [master's thesis]. [Pittsburgh
(PA)]: Duquesne University; 2005. 111 p.
Weisbaum LD. Human sexuality of children and adolescents: a comprehensive training guide for social work
professionals [master's thesis]. Long Beach (CA): California State University, Long Beach; 2005. 101 p.
3. Dissertation or thesis with optional full name(s) for author

Baldwin, Karen Brandt. An exploratory method of data retrieval from the electronic medical record for the
evaluation of quality in healthcare [dissertation]. Chicago: University of Illinois at Chicago, Health Sciences
Center; 2004. 116 p.
4. Dissertation or thesis with more than one author (rare)

Kolotylo C, MacDonald JM. Exploration of the relationships among personal and illness-related factors,
migraine headache pain, the chronic pain experience, coping, depressive symptomatology, disability, and quality
of life in women with migraine headache [dissertation]. [Milwaukee (WI)]: University of Wisconsin -
Milwaukee; 1999. 295 p.
Korir J, Karr-Kidwell PJ. The relationship between self esteem and effective educational leadership: a literary
review, recommendations, and interviews [master's thesis]. [Denton (TX)]: Texas Woman's University; 2000
May. 98 p.
5. Dissertation or thesis with authors showing designations of rank

within the family
Daugherty RH 3rd. Social work education and public assistance workers in Kentucky 1936-2001 [dissertation].
Louisville (KY): University of Louisville; 2004. 203 p.
6. Dissertation or thesis with titles ending in punctuation other than a

period
counterparts? [dissertation]. [Cleveland (OH)]: Case Western Reserve University; 2004. 131 p.
7. Dissertation or thesis with titles containing a chemical formula, Greek

letter, or other special characters
Martin EJ. 1,1-dichloroethylene-induced mitochondrial aberrations precede apoptotic and necrotic cell death in
murine liver and lung [dissertation]. Kingston (ON): Queen's University; 2004. 149 p.
Goel R. Characterization of α-thrombin-induced rapid phase of PI 3-kinase [dissertation]. St. Louis (MO): Saint
Louis University; 2004. 141 p.
or
Goel R. Characterization of alpha-thrombin-induced rapid phase of PI 3-kinase [dissertation]. St. Louis (MO):
Saint Louis University; 2004. 141 p.
Uddemarri S. Aging affects stretch-induced p70S6k and 4E-BP1 phosphorylation in fast- and slow-twitch muscle
[master's thesis]. [Huntington (WV)]: Marshall University; 2005. 151 p.
or
Uddemarri S. Aging affects stretch-induced p70(S6k) and 4E-BP1 phosphorylation in fast- and slow-twitch
muscle [master's thesis]. [Huntington (WV)]: Marshall University; 2005. 151 p.

Montes Alvarez MJ. Parametros predictivos de complicaciones macroangiopaticos en la diabetes mellitus tipo 2
que precisa insulinoterapia [dissertation]. Cadiz (Spain): Universidad de Cadiz; 2005. 180 p. Spanish.
Cisse A. Connaissances et comportements sexuels des jeunes de 15-29 ans sur les M.T.S. et le SIDA a Bamako
[master's thesis]. [Quebec (QC)]: Laval University; 1993. 69 p. French.

Montes Alvarez MJ. Parametros predictivos de complicaciones macroangiopaticos en la diabetes mellitus tipo 2
que precisa insulinoterapia [Predictive parameters for macroangiopathy complications in Type 2 diabetes which
requires insulin] [dissertation]. Cadiz (Spain): Universidad de Cadiz; 2005. 180 p. Spanish.
Cisse A. Connaissances et comportements sexuels des jeunes de 15-29 ans sur les M.T.S. et le SIDA a Bamako
[Sexual knowledge and behavior of young people 15-29 years of age concerning sexually transmitted diseases
(STDs) and AIDS in Bamako] [master's thesis]. [Quebec (QC)]: Laval University; 1993. 69 p. French.

Craft LL. Exercise and clinical depression: examining psychological mechanisms [dissertation on microfiche].
[East Lansing (MI)]: Michigan State University; 2002. 116 p. 2 microfiche: black & white, negative, 4 x 6 in.
Peppas D. Der Anatom Eduard Jacobshagen (1886-1967) [The anatomist Eduard Jacobshagen (1886-1967)]
[dissertation on microfiche]. [Marburg (Germany)]: Marburg University; 2001. 133 p. 2 microfiche: black &
white, negative, 4 x 6 in. German.
Brill S. Hygieia: health and medicine in Plato's Republic [dissertation on microfilm]. [College Park (PA)]:
Pennsylvania State University; 2004. 311 p. 1 reel: black & white, negative, 35 mm.
Johnston PG. A survey of nursing school libraries in the city of Philadelphia [master's thesis on microcard].
Philadelphia: Drexel Institute of Technology; 1955. 55 p. 3 microcards: 3 x 5 in.
11. Dissertation or thesis with place of publication not found on title

page
Campbell E. Childbearing and choice: views of young Chinese professional women [dissertation]. [Claremont
(CA)]: Claremont Graduate University; 1996. 147 p.
396 Citing Medicine
12. Dissertation or thesis publisher with subsidiary part included

Metry KJ. NAT polymorphism in breast cancer risk [master's thesis]. Louisville (KY): University of Louisville,
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; 2004. 71 p.
Miller LE, Sperry BM. Central American women's experience of prenatal care [master's thesis]. [Boston (MA)]:
Massachusetts General Hospital, Institute of Health Professions; 1992. 66 p.
13. Dissertation or thesis issued by a governmental body

Schauppner CE. Some ramifications of compensation limitations in personal services contracts for direct health
care providers [master's thesis]. Monterey (CA): Naval Postgraduate School (US); 1990. 74 p.
Kazerouni NN. Family history of breast cancer as a determinant of the risk of developing endometrial and
ovarian cancers: a nationwide cohort study [dissertation]. [Bethesda (MD)]: Uniformed Services University of
the Health Sciences (US), Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics; 2002.
14. Dissertation or thesis issued by other than a university

Kan H. Does the Medicare principal inpatient diagnostic cost group model adequately adjust for selection bias?
[dissertation]. Santa Monica (CA): RAND Graduate School; 2002. 101 p.
15. Dissertation or thesis date with month included

Korir J, Karr-Kidwell PJ. The relationship between self esteem and effective educational leadership: a literary
review, recommendations, and interviews [master's thesis]. [Denton (TX)]: Texas Woman's University; 2000
May. 98 p.
16. Dissertation or thesis date with season

Lemov RM. The laboratory imagination: experiments in human and social engineering. [Berkeley (CA)]:
University of California, Berkeley; 2000 Spring. 2 vol.
17. Dissertation or thesis submitted in more than one volume

Hanson CA. Embodying erudition: English art, medicine, & antiquarianism in the age of empiricism
[dissertation]. [Chicago]: University of Chicago, Department of Art History; 2003. 2 vol.
18. Dissertation or thesis with availability statement included

counterparts? [dissertation]. [Cleveland (OH)]: Case Western Reserve University; 2004. 131 p. Available from:
UMI, Ann Arbor, MI; AAT 3145345.
Overlock JA. The relationship between balance and fundamental motor skills in children five to nine years of age
[master's thesis]. [Corvallis (OR)]: Oregon State University; 2004. 111 p. Available from: Kinesiology
Publications, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR; PSY 2317.
19. Dissertation or thesis with location of a library or other holding

institution where the dissertation/thesis may be found
Akerstrom B. Adults with autism and mental retardation: a life-span perspective [dissertation]. Uppsala
(Sweden): S. Academiae Upsaliensis; 2001. 156 p. Located at: National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; W1
AC955 v.20 2001.
20. Dissertation or thesis with note on specific type of degree

Ari AB. Eye injuries on the battlefields of Iraq and Afghanistan: public health implications [master's thesis].
Anchorage (AK): University of Alaska; 2005. 48 p. Master of Public Health.
Verhovsek EL. Examining stages in curriculum change: implementation of Complementary and Alternative
Medicine (CAM) [dissertation]. [Morgantown (WV)]: West Virginia University; 2003. 197 p. Doctor of
Education.
21. Dissertation or thesis with sponsorship or support note included

Kanika K. Labor market implications of employer provided health insurance [dissertation]. Evanston (IL):
Northwestern University; 1997. 204 p. Sponsored by the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research.
Tuitele BA. The current practices in injury prevention and safety helmet use in an Air Force medical center
[master's thesis]. [Bethesda (MD)]: Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences; 2000. 59 p. Supported
by the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Protocol No. T061AK-01.
22. Dissertation or thesis accompanied by a CD-ROM, DVD, or other

medium
Lukasik-Sedmak DM. How to develop an interactive MRI brain cross-sectional anatomy CD-ROM and Web-
based educational materials to meet the needs of medical imaging specialists working in magnetic resonance
imaging [dissertation]. [Milwaukee (WI)]: Cardinal Stritch University; 2002. 113 p. Accompanied by: 1 CD-
ROM.
Morgan JC. VISIO/KINESIS: a mixed media installation and performance [master's thesis]. Dominguez Hills
(CA): California State University, Dominguez Hills; 2001. 47 p. Accompanied by: 1 videocassette.
23. Dissertation or thesis with supplemental material on the Internet

Wyatt TH. Pilot testing Okay with Asthma(TM): a digital story for psychosocial asthma management
[dissertation]. [Charlottesville (VA)]: University of Virginia; 2003. 109 p. Web site for the program available at:
http://okay-with-asthma.org/.
B. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Parts of

Dissertations and Theses
The general format for a reference to a part of a dissertation, including punctuation:
The general format for a reference to a part of a master's thesis, including punctuation:
398 Citing Medicine
Examples of Citations to Parts of Dissertations and Theses

Rather than citing a dissertation or thesis as a whole, separately identified portions of them may be cited.
Chapters, sections, tables, charts, graphs, photographs, appendixes, and the like are considered parts of
dissertations/theses when they are written or compiled by the authors of the dissertation or thesis. In general,
most modern texts have standardized to three types of parts: figures, tables, and appendixes. However, many
other names may be found for parts.
content of the publication, begin a reference to a part of a dissertation or thesis with the citation to the
dissertation or thesis itself, then follow it with the information about the part. See Chapter 2C Parts of Books for
further details on citing parts.
Medical texts frequently contain charts, figures, and other illustrative material that has been reproduced with
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Parts of Dissertations and Theses.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Parts of Dissertations and Theses.
Citation Rules with Examples for Parts of Dissertations and

Theses
Dissertation or Thesis (R) | Name and Number/Letter (R) | Title (R) | Location (Pagination) (R)
Dissertation or Thesis (required)

• Cite the dissertation or thesis according to Chapter 5A Entire Dissertations or Theses
Name and Number/Letter of the Part for a Dissertation or Thesis

(required)
• Enter the name of the part, such as Chapter, Table, Figure, or Appendix
Appendix A


• No name appears

Tabelle 5.3
Figura 10a
Risunok 6
Parartema 4
square brackets.
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
⚬ Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they were two letters
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
400 Citing Medicine
275-81. Spanish.
Zusatz
Sezione
Otdel
Otdelenie
Parte


• If the part being cited is clearly a table, figure, appendix or similar part but it is not labeled as such, place
31.

1. Chapter in a dissertation or thesis
2. Table in a dissertation or thesis
3. Figure in a dissertation or thesis
4. Appendix in a dissertation or thesis
5. Other part of a dissertation or thesis
6. Other part of a dissertation or thesis, without name and number/letter
7. Part of a dissertation or thesis in a language other than English
Title of the Part for a Dissertation or Thesis (required)

• Enter the title of the part as it appears in the dissertation or thesis

• Non-English titles for parts
Box 28. Non-English titles for parts.

square brackets.
[Figure 9, Annual progression of swine influenza in Seoul]; p. 44. Korean.
402 Citing Medicine
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
brackets.
CW-20M; p. 374.
Table 3.1, von Willebrand's disease incidence in Europe; p. 63.
may become
of gamma-radiation; p. 566.
may become

meaningful.
Examples for Title

Location (Pagination) of the Part for a Dissertation or Thesis (required)

example: p. S10-8.

404 Citing Medicine

page numbers
Appendix 2, Common aquatic invertebrates; p. XLI-XLII.

A part such as an appendix or a group of tables may be given its own pagination and begin anew with page one.
When this occurs, give the total number of pages of the part you wish to cite, placed in square brackets, such as
[5 p.]

give the total number of pages of the part you wish to cite, placed in square brackets, such as [5 p.]

Examples of Citations to Parts of Dissertations and Theses

Lemov RM. The laboratory imagination: experiments in human and social engineering [dissertation]. [Berkeley
(CA)]: University of California, Berkeley; 2000 Spring. Chapter 2, Running the maze: animal and human
experiments; p. 67-130.
Christensen PM. Infant nutrition and child health on Tarawa, Kiribati: a nutritional anthropological approach
[master's thesis]. Sydney (Australia): University of New South Wales, Centre for South Pacific Studies; 1995.
Chapter 3.1, Breastfeeding practices on Tarawa; p. 46-53.
Hayenga ES. Dieting through the decades: a comparative study of weight reduction in America as depicted in
popular literature and books from 1940 to the late 1980's [dissertation]. [Minneapolis (MN)]: University of
Minnesota; 1988. Chapter 3C, Science and health; p. 257-70.

Cornwell D. A cost benefit of telemedicine: an assessment of aero-medical evacuation patients throughout the
Pacific Basin [master's thesis]. [Waco (TX)]: Baylor University, US Army-Baylor University Graduate Program;
1995. Table 4, Total air-evacs vs total potential telemedicine patients; p. 45.
Munoz JA. What is the quality of care in a developing country? Measuring physician practice and health
outcomes [dissertation]. Santa Monica (CA): Rand Graduate School; 2002. Table 4.8, Mean objective measures
of health for healthcare facility users; p. 4-33.

Bicks C. Lurking in the gossip's bowl: genealogy, gynecology, and the politics of midwifery in Shakespeare's
England [dissertation]. [Stanford (CA)]: Stanford University, Department of English; 1997 Jun. Figure 9, Syringe
for emergency in utero baptism; p.194.
Roberts PR. Snakes and ladders: the pursuit of a safety culture in New Zealand public hospitals [master's thesis].
[Wellington (New Zealand)]: Victoria University of Wellington, Institute of Policy Studies and Health Services
Research Centre; 2002. Figure 2.1, Schema showing relationship of paradigms to human performance and links
to and through culture; p. 13.
Deutsch B. Lifestyle and contaminants in Greenland 1994-1996: evaluation of the AMAP, Human Health
Subprogram [master's thesis]. Aarhus (Denmark): University of Aarhus; 1999. Figure 2, Histograms of birth
weight and gestational age; p. 20.

Grant MM. Under the microscope: "race," gender, and medical laboratory science in Canada [dissertation].
[Toronto (ON)]: University of Toronto, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education; 2004. Appendix, Survey on
the career patterns and professional experiences of Canadian medical laboratory technologists; p. 285-92.
Kneale C. Health claims: an exploration of the current debate in Australia [master's thesis]. Sydney (Australia):
University of Sydney, Nutrition Research Foundation; 1996 Oct. Appendix 4, Health claims questionnaire; p. 49.
Munoz JA. What is the quality of care in a developing country? Measuring physician practice and health
outcomes [dissertation]. Santa Monica (CA): Rand Graduate School; 2002. Appendix 1, Background on
problems of less developed countries; p. A1-8.
406 Citing Medicine

Powers JC. Herman Boerhaave and the pedagogical reform of eighteenth-century chemistry [dissertation].
[Bloomington (IN)]: Indiana University, Department of History and Philosophy of Science; 2001 May. Epilogue,
Boerhaave's legacy; p. 296-301.
Mackowski MP. Human factors: aerospace medicine and the origins of manned space flight in the United States
[dissertation]. [Tempe (AZ)]: Arizona State University; 2002 May. Part 2, Space medicine; p. 188-377.

Kairo JG. A review of the ecology and restoration of mangroves systems [dissertation]. Brussels (Belgium): Vrije
University; 2001. Ecology and restoration of mangrove systems in Kenya; p. 2-15.
Kneale C. Health claims: an exploration of the current debate in Australia [master's thesis]. Sydney (Australia):
University of Sydney, Nutrition Research Foundation; 1996 Oct. Summary recommendations; p. 44.
Stewart EP. Who shall decide when doctors disagree? Hoaxes and American men of science in the nineteenth
century [dissertation]. Washington: American University, Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences; 2003.
"Doctor" Dionysius Lardner; p. 132-48.
Mackowski MP. Human factors: aerospace medicine and the origins of manned space flight in the United States
[dissertation]. [Tempe (AZ)]: Arizona State University; 2002 May. [Map], Germany 1946: showing Allied zones
of occupation; p. 188.

Tamayo Lorenzo PA. Descentralizacion y financiacion de la asistencia sanitaria publica en Espana: un estudio
desde la perspectiva de la equidad [dissertation]. Madrid: Universidad Nacional de Educacion a Distancia; 1999.
Tabla 5.11, Resumen de los resultados de los estudios evaluados, en terminos de necesidad para cada comunidad
autonoma; p. 238. Spanish.
with translation
Tamayo Lorenzo PA. Descentralizacion y financiacion de la asistencia sanitaria publica en Espana: un estudio
desde la perspectiva de la equidad [Decentralization and financing of public health assistance in Spain: a study
from the perspective of equality] [dissertation]. Madrid: Universidad Nacional de Educacion a Distancia; 1999.
Tabla 5.11, Resumen de los resultados de los estudios evaluados, en terminos de necesidad para cada comunidad
autonoma [Table 5.11, Summary of the results of the evaluated studies, in terms of need for each independent
community]; p. 238. Spanish.
407
Chapter 6. Bibliographies
A. Entire Bibliographies
• Examples
B. Parts of Bibliographies
• Examples
A. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Entire

Bibliographies
The general format for a reference to an entire bibliography, including punctuation:
- with bibliography in the title:
- without bibliography in the title:
Examples of Citations to Entire Bibliographies

Bibliographies are collections of references to the literature made for a specific purpose, such as to bring together
references on a specific subject or by a particular author. Their citation format is identical to that of the standard
book (see Chapter 2 for details) with three exceptions:
• Authors are termed "compilers".
408 Citing Medicine
• The content type "[bibliography]" is added after the title if the word is not part of the title. This alerts the
user that the publication is not a standard book.
• Descriptive information, such as the number of citations included, the sources searched, and the time
period covered, may be added as notes to help the user identify the scope of the publication.
The chief source for information about a bibliography is its title page. The back of the title page, called the verso
or copyright page, and the cover of the book are also sources of authoritative information.
References to bibliographies in print or in microform (microfilm, microfiche) are included in this chapter. For
references to bibliographies in electronic form, see Chapter 18 and Chapter 22.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Entire Bibliographies.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Entire Bibliographies.
Citation Rules with Examples for Entire Bibliographies

Author/Editor (R) | Author Affiliation (O) | Title (R) | Content Type (O) | Type of Medium (R) |Edition (R) |
Author/Editor for Bibliographies (required)

• Authors of bibliographies are called compilers
surname
• Follow the last named compiler with a comma and the word compiler or compilers; see Editor and Other
Secondary Authors below if there are authors and editors
editors

(Chinese, Japanese)
Bibliographies 409
• Non-English words for compiler



Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
410 Citing Medicine
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
• [If you cannot determine from the title page whether a surname is compound or a combination of a
middle name and a surname, look elsewhere in the text for clarification. For example, Elizabeth Scott

particle
abbreviation.

Bibliographies 411


Examples:
letter
Å treated as A
412 Citing Medicine
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
Box 7. Non-English words for compiler.

• Translate the word found for compiler into English. However, the wording found on the publication may
always be used.
• To assist in identifying compilers, below is a brief list of non-English words for compiler:
Language Word for Compiler
French compilateur
German zusammensteller
Italian compilatore
Spanish compilador
Russian sostavitel

always be used.
French redacteur
editeur
German redakteur
herausgeber
Italian redattore
curatore

Bibliographies 413

editore
Spanish redactor
editor
Russian redaktor
izdatel

author.
Working Group.
(see Appendix D)
• If both individuals and an organization or organizations appear on the title page of a bibliography as
compilers, use the names of the individuals as the compilers; give the organization at the end of the
reference as a note, if desired
Kolyada L, compiler. Health systems strengthening and HIV/AIDS: annotated bibliography and
resources. Bethesda (MD): Abt Associates; 2004 Mar. 75 p. Prepared for Partners for Health
Reformplus, a project of the US Agency for International Development.
414 Citing Medicine
brackets.
or
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
Bibliographies 415

• If no person or organization can be found as the compiler but editors or translators are present, begin the
• If no person or organization can be identified as the compiler and no editors or translators are given, begin
the reference with the title of the bibliography. Do not use anonymous.
Teaching hospital costs: an annotated bibliography of the costs of medical education, patient care,
and research at teaching hospitals. Washington: Association of American Medical Colleges; 2000.
165 p.

• Full first names of compilers may be given. Separate the surname from the given name or initials by a
Takagi, Yasushi; Harada, Jun; Chiarugi, Alberto M.; Moskowitz, Michael A., compilers.
Mann, Frederick D.; Swartz, Mary N.; Little, R.T., compilers.
• If space is a consideration, the number of compilers may be limited to a specific number, such as the first
three. Follow the last named compiler by a comma and "et al." or "and others."
Rastan S, Hough T, Kierman A, et al., compilers.
Adler DG, Baron TH, Davila RE, and others, compilers.

1. Standard citation with bibliography in the title
2. Standard citation without the word bibliography in the title (content type added)
3. Bibliography with optional full first names for compilers
4. Bibliography with compilers and editors
5. Bibliography with organization as compiler
6. Bibliography with editors and other secondary authors, but no compilers
7. Bibliography with no compilers or editors
8. Bibliography with compiler affiliation(s) included
416 Citing Medicine
Author Affiliation for Bibliographies (optional)

country
Pittsburgh, PA)
• Follow the affiliation with a comma placed outside the parentheses, unless it is the affiliation of the last
author, then use a period


• Follow the US state, Canadian province, or country of the compiler with a period and a space
Example:
Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD. delacruz@nichd.nih.gov), compilers.

Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Bibliographies 417
Div. for Division

Soc. for Society
all references.

• Give the address of all compilers or only the first compiler. Begin with the department and name of the
organization, followed by the city, the two-letter abbreviation for the US state or Canadian province (see
Appendix E), and the country name or ISO country code (see Appendix D) if non-US. Place the address
in parentheses.
Infantil Carlos Haya, Malaga, Spain), compilers.
Rebora P, Reina G, compilers.
Ungureanu CD, Zodieru-Popa I, compilers.
Mandelshtam MY, compilers.
• Translate organizational names in character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese, etc.)
Takamatsu, Japan), Bandoh S, Fujita J, compilers.
418 Citing Medicine
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
Wien and Spain for Espana. However, the name found on the publication may always be used.

Wien becomes Vienna

Title for Bibliographies (required)

• Enter the title of a bibliography as it appears in the original document, in the original language
Bibliographies 419
• Follow non-English titles with a translation whenever possible; surround the translation with square
brackets
• End a title with a period unless a question mark or exclamation point already ends it or a Content Type
follows it


Poblacion y empleo en Bolivia (bibliografia anotada). La Paz (Bolivia): Consejo Nacional de
Poblacion; 1989. 414 p. Spanish.
Zubritskii AN, compiler. Tabak i tabakokurenie: osnovnoi bibliograficheskii ukazatel otechestvennoi
i zarubezhnoi literatury. Moscow: Izdatelskaia gruppa GEOTAR-Media; 2005. 335 p. Russian.
• Romanize or translate titles in character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese, etc.). Place translated titles
in square brackets.
Mori K, compiler. Chusu shinkeikei senten ijo bunkenshu: kore made no shinpo to kongo no kadai.
Tokyo: Nyuronsha; 2004. 242 p. Japanese.
or
Mori K, compiler. [Bibliographies of congenital central nervous system diseases]. Tokyo: Nyuronsha;
2004. 242 p. Japanese.
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
420 Citing Medicine
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
brackets
Poblacion y empleo en Bolivia (bibliografia anotada) [Population and employment in Bolivia (an
annotated bibliography)]. La Paz (Bolivia): Consejo Nacional de Poblacion; 1989. 414 p. Spanish.
Zubritskii AN, compiler. Tabak i tabakokurenie: osnovnoi bibliograficheskii ukazatel otechestvennoi
i zarubezhnoi literatury [Tobacco and tobacco smoking: bibliographic index of the Russian and
foreign literature]. Moscow: Izdatelskaia gruppa GEOTAR-Media; 2005. 335 p. Russian.
Mori K, compiler. Chusu shinkeikei senten ijo bunkenshu: kore made no shinpo to kongo no kadai
[Bibliographies of congenital central nervous system diseases]. Tokyo: Nyuronsha; 2004. 242 p.
Japanese.

• If a bibliography title is written in several languages, give the title in the first language found on the title
page and indicate all languages of publication after the pagination. Separate the languages by commas.
Farren M, compiler. Infant mortality and health in Latin America: an annotated bibliography of the
1979-82 literature. Ottawa (ON): International Development Research Centre; 1984. 172 p. English,
Spanish, Portuguese, French. 256 citations.
Beauge G, Bendiab A, Labib A, Longuenesse E, Roussillon A, Quiles J, Weyland P, compilers.
Migrations internationales au Moyen-Orient: 1975-1986. Bibliographie [International migrations in
the Middle East: 1975-1986. A bibliography]. Aix-en-Provence (France): Universites d'Aix-Marseille,
Institut de Recherches et d'Etudes sur le Monde Arabe et Musulman; 1987. 186 p. French, German.
• If a bibliography title is presented in two or more equal languages, as often occurs in Canadian
publications, give all titles in the order in which they appear in the text, with an equals sign between them.
Indicate the particular languages, separated by commas, after the pagination.
Lavallee C, Robinson E, editors. The health of the Eastern James Bay Cree: annotated bibliography =
La sante des Cris de l'Est de la Baie James: bibliographie annotee. Orr M, illustrator. Montreal (QC):
Montreal General Hospital, Northern Quebec Module; 1993. 71 p. English, French.
• The first word of a bibliography title is normally capitalized unless the title begins with a Greek letter,
chemical formula, or another special character that might lose its meaning if capitalized
1,3-dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin
Bibliographies 421
von Willebrand disease

γ-linolenic acid or gamma-linolenic acid
Synthesis of β-amino acids or Synthesis of beta-amino acids
TiO2 nanoparticles or TiO(2) nanoparticles

• Occasionally a publication does not appear to have any title; the bibliography simply begins with the text.
In this circumstance, create a title from the first few words of the text and place it in square brackets. Use
enough words to make the constructed title meaningful.
Examples for Title

9. Bibliography with title in a language other than English
10. Bibliography with title in multiple languages
11. Bibliography with titles with parallel text in two languages
Content Type for Bibliographies (optional)

• A content type alerts the user that the reference is not to a standard book but to a bibliography
• Place [bibliography] after the book title if the word does not appear in the title
• Follow the content type with a period unless the book is in a non-print medium (see Type of Medium
below)


• Most bibliography titles end in a period. Place [bibliography] inside the period.
Shenk D, Sokolovsky J, compilers. Cultural perspectives on aging [bibliography]. Washington:
Association for Gerontology in Higher Education; 1997. 8 p.
• If a title ends in another form of punctuation, keep that punctuation and follow [bibliography] with a
period
422 Citing Medicine
Advancing women's status: women and men together? [bibliography].

• If a translation of a title is given, place it in square brackets
[Bibliographies of congenital central nervous system diseases]. Tokyo: Nyuronsha; 2004. 242 p.
Japanese.
• When the content type [bibliography] is added after the title, place the content type after the square
brackets for the translation
Mane Garzon F, Burgues Roca S, compilers. Publicaciones medicas uruguayas de los siglos XVIII y
XIX [Uruguayan medical publications of the 18th and 19th centuries] [bibliography]. Montevideo
(Uruguay): Oficina del Libro AEM; 1996. 253 p. Spanish.

2. Standard citation without the word bibliography in the title (content type added)
Type of Medium for Bibliographies (required)

content type, if present) when a bibliography is published in a microform
• Place the name of the medium in square brackets and end with a period, such as "[microfiche]." or
"[bibliography on microfilm]."
• See Chapter 18 and Chapter 22 for bibliographies in electronic formats

• Both a content type and a medium
Box 22. Both a content type and a medium.

• If the word "bibliography" is not in the title, add the content type [bibliography] after the title
• If a bibliography is also in a microform, add the specific type of microform to the content type, preceded
by "on", such as [bibliography on microfilm]
Example:
Williams LA, compiler. Family violence and American Indians/Alaska Natives: a report to the Indian
Health Service Office of Women's Health [bibliography on microfiche]. [Bethesda (MD)]:
Department of Health and Human Services (US), Indian Health Service, Office of Women's Health;
2002 Oct. 96 p. 1 microfiche: black & white, 4 x 6 in.
Bibliographies 423

• Most titles of books end in a period. Place [microfiche], [microfilm], or [microcard] inside the period.
An overview of medical and public health literature addressing literacy issues: an annotated
bibliography [microfiche].
A bibliography on human rights in South Africa: is Apartheid gone? [microfiche].

• If a translation of a title is provided, place the translation after the original title and place it in square
brackets
Chusu shinkeikei senten ijo bunkenshu: kore made no shinpo to kongo no kadai [Bibliographies of
congenital central nervous system diseases].
• If a bibliography is in a microform (microfiche, microfile, microcard, etc.), place the specific type of
microform within square brackets following the translation
Chusu shinkeikei senten ijo bunkenshu: kore made no shinpo to kongo no kadai [Bibliographies of
congenital central nervous system diseases] [microfilm].

33. Bibliography in a microform
Edition for Bibliographies (required)

• Indicate the edition/version being cited after the title (and Content Type or Type of Medium if present)
when a bibliography is published in more than one edition or version
becomes 3rd.

Word Abbreviation
edition ed.
abbreviated abbr.

424 Citing Medicine
Word Abbreviation
abridged abr.
American Am.
augmented augm.
English Engl.
enlarged enl.
expanded expand.
illustrated ill.
modified mod.
original orig.
reprint(ed) repr.
revised rev.
special spec.
translation transl.
translated
3rd rev. ed.
1st Engl. ed.

• First editions

constructions.
Bibliographies 425

⚬ End the edition information with a period
Examples:
Ed. 1a.
2. ed. veneta.
Nuova ed.
Seconda ed.
constructions.
Examples:
2. dopunjeno izd.
2. ekd. epeux.
3. ekd.
• For an edition statement written in a character-based language such as Chinese or Japanese:
⚬ Do not abbreviate or omit any words
426 Citing Medicine

constructions.
Examples:
Shohan.
Dai 1-han.
Dai 3-pan.
Di 3 ban.
Che 6-pàn.
Danish oplag n.a.
udgave
Dutch uitgave uitg.
editie ed.
French edition ed.
Auflage Aufl.
Greek ekdosis ekd.
publikacija publ.
utgave utg.
Spanish edicion ed.

Bibliographies 427

publicacion publ.

• If a bibliography does not carry any statement of edition, assume it is the first or only edition
earlier one

12. Bibliography with edition
Editor and other Secondary Authors for Bibliographies (optional)

illustrators.
• Place the names of secondary authors after the title and any edition statement
reference


A bibliography may have several types of secondary author.
Examples:
428 Citing Medicine

If the same secondary author performs more than one role,
Example:

editeur
curatore
editore
editor
izdatel

• Follow the instructions for entering the organization name found under Organizations as author
• Place a comma, a space, and the word editor after the organization name
American Chemical Society, Committee on Chemical Safety, editor.

6. Bibliography with editors and other secondary authors, but no compilers
Bibliographies 429
Place of Publication for Bibliographies (required)

• Place is defined as the city where the bibliography was published

• Non-US cities

Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
place in parentheses
430 Citing Medicine
Montreal (QC):
Ottawa (ON):
Vancouver (BC):
London:
Rome:
Paris:
Madrid:
but

• Two organizations may co-publish a bibliography. Use the city of the first organization found on the title
page (or on the back of the title page if no publisher information appears on the title page), as the place of
publication.
Toronto (ON): Public Health Agency of Canada; c2000. 240 p. Co-published by the Canadian
Medical Association.

Bibliographies 431

American Medical Association), place the city in square brackets, such as "[Chicago]"
Shakman SH, compiler. Automed A to Z: index to the literature 1894-1982 [bibliography]. [Santa
Monica (CA)]: Institute of Science; c1994-1998. 96 leaves. Bibliography of 1690 citations on
autohemotherapy, autogenous vaccines, and the works of E.C. Rosenow.
Patterson KD, compiler. Infectious diseases in twentieth-century Africa: a bibliography of their
distribution and consequences. [place unknown]: Crossroads Press; c1979. 251 p.

13. Bibliography with well-known place of publication
14. Bibliography with geographic qualifier added to place of publication for clarity
15. Bibliography with place of publication inferred
16. Bibliography with no place of publication found
21. Bibliography with no place of publication or publisher found
Publisher for Bibliographies (required)



• Abbreviate commonly used words in names, if desired
Examples:
432 Citing Medicine
Acad. for Academy

Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Ltd. for Limited
Soc. for Society
all references.

language
Bibliographies 433
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
brackets.
Lopez Pinero;
square brackets unless the translation has been given in the publication.
Appendix D)
434 Citing Medicine

• Do not confuse the publisher with the distributor who disseminates documents for the publisher. For
issued the publication as the publisher and include distributor information as a note, preceded by the
phrase "Available from:".
Cumulative trauma disorders in the workplace: bibliography. Cincinnati (OH): National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health (US), Education and Information Division; 1995. 209 p. Available
from: US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC; HE 20.7114:T 69.

• Two organizations may co-publish a bibliography. Use the first organization appearing on the title page or
the verso (back) of the title page as the publisher.
Haynes C, compiler. Ethnic minority health: a selected, annotated bibliography. Lanham (MD):
Scarecrow Press; c1997. 503 p. A joint publication of the Medical Library Association.

or bold type

Eide M, compiler. Adult survivors of incest/childhood sexual abuse: a selected, annotated list of
books. 3rd ed. Ypsilanti (MI): [publisher unknown]; c1997. 110 p.

17. Bibliography with publisher with subsidiary department/division named
18. Bibliography with national or governmental agency as publisher, with country qualifier added
19. Bibliography with joint publication
Bibliographies 435
20. Bibliography with no publisher found

Date of Publication for Bibliographies (required)



2002-2003
1997-1998
1999-2000
1999 Oct-2000 Mar
2002 Dec-2003 Jan
2005 Jan-Feb
1999 Dec-2000 Jan

436 Citing Medicine

• Capitalize them
For example:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

• Capitalize them
For example:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring

This convention alerts a user that the information in the publication is older than the date of publication
implies.
Example:
New York: American Society of Mechanical Engineers; 2000, c1996.
Bibliographies 437

Bondi K, editor. Chronic fatigue syndrome: overview abstracts and bibliography. New York: Nova
Science Publishers; c2003. 236 p.

material contained in the bibliography itself or on accompanying material, insert a question mark after the
Patton LT, compiler. Community health centers: a working bibliography. Washington: National
Association of Community Health Centers; [1989?]. 76 p.
[date unknown]
Bustad LK, Hegreberg GA, Padgett GA, compilers. Naturally occurring animal models of human
disease: a bibliography. Washington: National Academy of Sciences (US), Institute of Laboratory
Animal Resources; [date unknown]. 99 p.

NLM citation:
Clamp CG, Gough S, Land L, compilers. Resources for nursing research: an annotated bibliography.
4th ed. London: Sage Publication, Limited; 2004. 432 p.
Clamp CG, Gough S, Land L, compilers. 2004. Resources for nursing research: an annotated
bibliography. 4th ed. London: Sage Publication, Limited. 432 p.

22. Bibliography with standard date of publication
23. Bibliography with month and year of publication
24. Bibliography with multiple years
438 Citing Medicine
25. Bibliography with date of publication estimated

26. Bibliography with no date of publication, but a date of copyright
27. Bibliography with no date of publication or copyright found
Pagination for Bibliographies (optional)

• Provide the total number of pages on which the text of the bibliography appears
• For bibliographies published in more than one physical volume, cite the total number of volumes instead
of the number of pages, such as 4 vol.

• No numbers appear on the pages of the bibliography

If all of the pages (not just the introductory pages) of a bibliography have roman numerals instead of the usual
arabic numbers:
• Surround the number and "p." by square brackets, such as [12 p.]
Example:
[20 p.].
Box 49. No numbers appear on the pages of the bibliography.

Occasionally, a bibliography will have no numbers on its pages. If the entire publication has no page numbers:
Example:
Shakman SH, compiler. Automed A to Z: index to the literature 1894-1982 [bibliography]. [Santa
Monica (CA)]: Institute of Science; c1994-1998. 96 leaves. Bibliography of 1690 citations on
autohemotherapy, autogenous vaccines, and the works of E.C. Rosenow.
Bibliographies 439

28. Bibliography with standard pagination
29. Bibliography published in more than one volume
30. No page numbers on the pages of the bibliography
Physical Description for Bibliographies (optional)

• Give information on the physical characteristics if a bibliography is published in a microform (microfilm,
microfiche, etc.), such as 3 microfiche: black & white, 2 x 4 in. This information will help the reader select


If a bibliography is published on microfiche, microfilm, or microcards:
5 microfiche:
1 microcard:
color
black & white
positive
negative
440 Citing Medicine

Series for Bibliographies (optional)

number.


each surname
12
Example:
Selden CR, Kelliher R, compilers. Distance education in public health [bibliography]. Bethesda
(MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2003 Dec. (Patrias K, editor. Current bibliographies in
medicine; no. 2003-3). 471 citations from January 1998 through October 2003.
Bibliographies 441
Examples for Series

31. Bibliography in a series
32. Bibliography in a series with series editor's name included
Language for Bibliographies (required)


• Bibliographies appearing in more than one language
Box 52. Bibliographies appearing in more than one language.

• If a bibliography is written in several languages, give the title in the first language found on the title page
and indicate all languages of publication after the pagination. Separate the languages by commas.
Migrations internationales au Moyen-Orient: 1975-1986. Bibliographie. Aix-en-Provence (France):
Universites d'Aix-Marseille, Institut de Recherches et d'Etudes sur le Monde Arabe et Musulman;
1987. 186 p. French, German.
• If a bibliography is written in two or more equal languages, as often occurs in Canadian publications, give
all titles in the order in which they are presented in the text, with an equals sign between them. Indicate
the particular languages, separated by a comma, after the pagination.
Lavallee C, Robinson E, editors. The health of the Eastern James Bay Cree: annotated bibliography =
La sante des Cris de l'Est de la Baie James: bibliographie annotee. Orr M, illustrator. Montreal (QC):
Montreal General Hospital, Northern Quebec Module; 1993. 71 p. English, French.
Migrations internationales au Moyen-Orient: 1975-1986. Bibliographie [International migrations in
the Middle East: 1975-1986. A bibliography]. Aix-en-Provence (France): Universites d'Aix-Marseille,
Institut de Recherches et d'Etudes sur le Monde Arabe et Musulman; 1987. 186 p. French, German.

442 Citing Medicine
Notes for Bibliographies (optional)

• Be brief

• Information on number of citations, time period covered, etc.
• Bibliography accompanied by a videocassette, CD-ROM, DVD, etc.
Box 53. Information on number of citations, time period covered, etc.

• If the number of citations or time period covered is not included in the title or subtitle, it is useful to the
reader to include such information in notes
Zorn MA, Allen MP, Horowitz AM, compilers. Understanding health literacy and its barriers
[bibliography]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2004. 38 p. 651 citations from
January 1998 through November 2003.
Box 54. Bibliography accompanied by a videocassette, CD-ROM, DVD, etc.

• If a bibliography has supplemental material accompanying it in the form of a videocassette, CD-ROM,
DVD, or another medium, begin by citing the book. Add the phrase "Accompanied by:" followed by a
space and the number and type of medium.
Jones R, editor. Bibliography of commonwealth apiculture. London: Commonwealth Secretariat;
2005. 348 p. Accompanied by: 1 CD-ROM.
Sacks JM, Bilaniuk MT, Gendron JM, editors. Bibliography of psychodrama: inception to date. New
York: Psychodrama Center of New York; c1995. 129 p. Accompanied by: 2 disks: 3 1/2 in. One disk is
for an IBM Personal Computer, the other is for a Macintosh.

• If the bibliography was government sponsored or funded, give the name of the sponsoring agency
Kolyada L, compiler. Health systems strengthening and HIV/AIDS: annotated bibliography and
resources. Bethesda (MD): Abt Associates; 2004 Mar. Contract No.: HRN-C-OO-95-00024. 75 p. 101
citations from 1995 to 2004. Funded by the US Agency for International Development.
• If the bibliography is available from a clearinghouse or other organization not the publisher, give the name
and any acquisition number. Begin with the phrase "Available from" followed by a colon and a space.
Guiterrez MK, compiler. Assessing children for the presence of a disability; resources you can use
[bibliography]. 2nd ed. Washington: National Information Center for Children and Youth with
Disabilities (US); 2002. 10 p. Available from: ERIC, Lanham, MD; ED473542.
Bibliographies 443
Occupational Safety and Health (US), Education and Information Division; 1995. 209 p. Available
from: US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC; HE 20.7114:T 69.
• If the bibliography has acronyms or other words that need an explanation, provide it
An album of publications of BIRPERHT [bibliography]. Dhaka (Bangladesh): BIRPERHT; 1997. 40
p. (BIRPERHT publication; no. 114). BIRPERHT stands for Bangladesh Institute of Research for
Promotion of Essential & Reproductive Health and Technologies.
• If the bibliography may be found in a library or other archive, give the name and any location number.
Begin with the phrase "Located at" followed by a colon and a space.
Beguin Stockli D, compiler. Genitale Verstummelung von Frauen: eine Bibliographie [Female genital
mutilation: a bibliography]. Bern (Switzerland): Institut fur Ethnologie der Universitat Bern; 1993. 72
p. German. Located at: National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; 1996 C-377.
Examples for Notes

34. Bibliography with note on number of citations, date range
35. Bibliography that is government sponsored
36. Bibliography with availability statement
37. Bibliography accompanied by a CD-ROM, disk, or other medium
38. Bibliography with other supplemental notes
Examples of Citations to Entire Bibliographies

1. Standard citation with bibliography in the title
Khan N, Nakajima N, Vanderburg WH, compilers. Healthy work: an annotated bibliography. Lanham (MD):
Scarecrow Press, Inc.; 2004. 376 p. 617 citations.
Morton LT, Moore RJ, compilers. A bibliography of medical and biomedical biography. 3rd ed. Burlington (VT):
Ashgate; 2005. 425 p. 3740 citations.
2. Standard citation without the word bibliography in the title (content

type added)
Grayson L, compiler. Animals in research: for and against [bibliography]. London: British Library; c2000. 320 p.
Blanchard DA, compiler. The anti-abortion movement: references and resources [bibliography]. New York:
Prentice Hall International; c1996. 378 p.
3. Bibliography with optional full first names for compilers

Khan, Namir; Nakajima, Nina; Vanderburg, Willem H., compilers. Healthy work: an annotated bibliography.
Lanham (MD): Scarecrow Press, Inc.; 2004. 376 p. 617 citations.
444 Citing Medicine

Jackson E, compiler. Safer sex guidelines bibliography: healthy sexuality and HIV; an annotated bibliography for
educators and counselors. Allen B, editor. Ottawa (ON): Canadian AIDS Society; 1995. 17 p.
Sleet DA, Hopkins K, compilers and editors. Bibliography of behavioral science research in unintentional injury
prevention. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US), National Center for Injury
Prevention and Control, Division of Unintentional Injury Prevention; 2004. 115 p. 900 citations from 1980-2003.
5. Bibliography with organization as compiler

Lewin Group, compiler. Annotated bibliography for managed behavioral health care, 1989-1999. Rockville
(MD): Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US), Center for Mental Health Services,
Office of Managed Care; 2000. 171 p. (DHHS publication; no. (SMA) 00-3424).
6. Bibliography with editors and other secondary authors, but no

compilers
Lee MC, editor. West Nile virus: overview and abstracts [bibliography]. New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc;
2003. 152 p.
Lavallee C, Robinson E, editors. The health of the Eastern James Bay Cree: annotated bibliography = La sante des
Cris de l'Est de la Baie James: bibliographie annotee. Orr M, illustrator. Montreal (QC): Montreal General
Hospital, Northern Quebec Module; 1993. 71 p. English, French.

Teaching hospital costs: an annotated bibliography of the costs of medical education, patient care, and research
at teaching hospitals. Washington: Association of American Medical Colleges; 2000. 165 p.

Zorn M (National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD), Rowland JH (National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD),
Varricchio CG (National Institute of Nursing Research, Bethesda, MD), compilers. Symptom management in
cancer: pain, depression, and fatigue [bibliography]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2002
Jul. (Current bibliographies in medicine; no. 2002-4). 1803 citations from January 1990 through June 2002, plus
selected earlier citations.

Mori K, compiler. Chusu shinkeikei senten ijo bunkenshu: kore made no shinpo to kongo no kadai. Tokyo:
Nyuronsha; 2004. 242 p. Japanese.
Poblacion y empleo en Bolivia (bibliografia anotada). La Paz (Bolivia): Consejo Nacional de Poblacion; 1989. 414
p. Spanish.
Zubritskii AN, compiler. Tabak i tabakokurenie: osnovnoi bibliograficheskii ukazatel otechestvennoi i
zarubezhnoi literatury. Moscow: Izdatelskaia gruppa GEOTAR-Media; 2005. 335 p. Russian.
Mane Garzon F, Burgues Roca S, compilers. Publicaciones medicas uruguayas de los siglos XVIII y XIX
[bibliography]. Montevideo (Uruguay): Oficina del Libro AEM; 1996. 253 p. Spanish.
with translation
Bibliographies 445
[Bibliographies of congenital central nervous system diseases]. Tokyo: Nyuronsha; 2004. 242 p. Japanese.
Poblacion y empleo en Bolivia (bibliografia anotada) [Population and employment in Bolivia (an annotated
bibliography)]. La Paz (Bolivia): Consejo Nacional de Poblacion; 1989. 414 p. Spanish.
Zubritskii AN, compiler. Tabak i tabakokurenie: osnovnoi bibliograficheskii ukazatel otechestvennoi i
zarubezhnoi literatury [Tobacco and tobacco smoking: bibliographic index of the Russian and foreign literature].
Moscow: Izdatelskaia gruppa GEOTAR-Media; 2005. 335 p. Russian.
Mane Garzon F, Burgues Roca S, compilers. Publicaciones medicas uruguayas de los siglos XVIII y XIX
[Uruguayan medical publications of the 18th and 19th centuries] [bibliography]. Montevideo (Uruguay): Oficina
del Libro AEM; 1996. 253 p. Spanish.

Farren M, compiler. Infant mortality and health in Latin America: an annotated bibliography of the 1979-82
literature. Ottawa (ON): International Development Research Centre; 1984. 172 p. English, Spanish, Portuguese,
French. 256 citations.
Beauge G, Bendiab A, Labib A, Longuenesse E, Roussillon A, Quiles J, Weyland P, compilers. Migrations
internationales au Moyen-Orient: 1975-1986. Bibliographie [International migrations in the Middle East:
1975-1986. A bibliography]. Aix-en-Provence (France): Universites d'Aix-Marseille, Institut de Recherches et
d'Etudes sur le Monde Arabe et Musulman; 1987. 186 p. French, German.

Lavallee C, Robinson E, editors. The health of the Eastern James Bay Cree: annotated bibliography = La sante des
Cris de l'Est de la Baie James: bibliographie annotee. Orr M, illustrator. Montreal (QC): Montreal General
Hospital, Northern Quebec Module; 1993. 71 p. English, French.
12. Bibliography with edition

Clamp CG, Gough S, Land L, compilers. Resources for nursing research: an annotated bibliography. 4th ed.
London: Sage Publication, Limited; 2004. 432 p. Approximately 3,000 entries.
Marlatt GE, compiler. Chemical, biological, and nuclear terrorism/warfare: a bibliography. Rev. and updated.
[Monterey (CA)]: Naval Postgraduate School (US), Dudley Knox Library; 2003 Sep. 297 p.
Prestwidge KJ, compiler. Bibliography of African Americans, Native Americans, Hispanics in engineering,
science and the health professions. 5th ed., rev. Flushing (NY): Huespin Productions; 2002 Oct. 119 p.
13. Bibliography with well-known place of publication

Bondi K, editor. Chronic fatigue syndrome: overview abstracts and bibliography. New York: Nova Science
Horowitz LM, Schreiber MD, Hare I, Walker VR, Talley AL, editors. Psychological factors in emergency medical
services for children: abstracts of the psychological, behavioral, and medical literature, 1991-1998 [bibliography].
Washington: American Psychological Association; c1999. 98 p.
446 Citing Medicine
14. Bibliography with geographic qualifier added to place of publication

for clarity
Arashvili NG, editor. Breast cancer: an annotated guide to the current literature [bibliography]. Commack (NY):
Nova Science Publishers; c1995. 127 p.
Adipositas 1988-2003 [bibliography]. Trier (Germany): Universitat Trier, Zentrum fur Psychologische
Information und Dokumentation; 2004. 177 p. German.
15. Bibliography with place of publication inferred

Shakman SH, compiler. Automed A to Z: index to the literature 1894-1982 [bibliography]. [Santa Monica (CA)]:
Institute of Science; c1994-1998. 96 leaves. Bibliography of 1690 citations on autohemotherapy, autogenous
vaccines, and the works of E.C. Rosenow.
16. Bibliography with no place of publication found

Patterson KD, compiler. Infectious diseases in twentieth-century Africa: a bibliography of their distribution and
consequences. [place unknown]: Crossroads Press; c1979. 251 p.
17. Bibliography with publisher with subsidiary department/division

named
Becker B, Wechsler L, Hoolihan C, Weimer MF, compilers. The Bernard Becker collection in ophthalmology: an
annotated catalog [bibliography]. St. Louis (MO): Washington University School of Medicine, Bernard Becker
Medical Library; c1996. 180 p.
Bador G, Thoolen H, Martin SF, Allard D, compilers. A selected bibliography on refugee health. Geneva
(Switzerland): United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Centre for Documentation on Refugees; 1991.
184 p.
18. Bibliography with national or governmental agency as publisher,

with country qualifier added
Advancing women's status: women and men together? Gender, society and development [bibliography].
Amsterdam (Netherlands): Royal Tropical Institute (NL); 1995. 200 p.
Yuan FL, compiler. A selected bibliography on urbanization in China. Washington: Bureau of the Census (US),
Center for International Research; 1991. 182 p. (CIR staff paper; no. 61).
19. Bibliography with joint publication

Haynes C, compiler. Ethnic minority health: a selected, annotated bibliography. Lanham (MD): Scarecrow Press;
c1997. 503 p. A joint publication of the Medical Library Association.
Rudd RE, Colton Tayla, Schacht R, compilers. An overview of medical and public health literature addressing
literacy issues: an annotated bibliography [microfiche]. Cambridge (MA): Harvard Graduate School of
Education; 2000. 1 microfiche: black & white, 4 x 6 in. Jointly published by the National Center for the Study of
Adult Learning and Literacy, Washington.
20. Bibliography with no publisher found

Eide M, compiler. Adult survivors of incest/childhood sexual abuse: a selected, annotated list of books
[bibliography]. 3rd ed. Ypsilanti (MI): [publisher unknown]; c1997. 110 p.
Bibliographies 447

Rykov M, Salmon D, compilers. Bibliography for music therapy in palliative care 1963-1996. [place unknown:
publisher unknown]; 1996. 15 p.
22. Bibliography with standard date of publication

Shenk D, Sokolovsky J, compilers. Cultural perspectives on aging [bibliography]. Washington: Association for
Gerontology in Higher Education; 1997. 8 p.
23. Bibliography with month and year of publication

Reinhardt V, Reinhardt A, compilers. Annotated bibliography on refinement and environmental enrichment for
primates kept in laboratories. 8th ed. Washington: Animal Welfare Institute; 2005 Jan. 89 p.
24. Bibliography with multiple years

25. Bibliography with date of publication estimated

Patton LT, compiler. Community health centers: a working bibliography. Washington: National Association of
Community Health Centers; [1989?]. 76 p.
26. Bibliography with no date of publication, but a date of copyright

Bondi K, editor. Chronic fatigue syndrome: overview abstracts and bibliography. New York: Nova Science
27. Bibliography with no date of publication or copyright found

Bustad LK, Hegreberg GA, Padgett GA, compilers. Naturally occurring animal models of human disease: a
bibliography. Washington: National Academy of Sciences (US), Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources; [date
unknown]. 99 p.
28. Bibliography with standard pagination

Brogdon J, Olsen WC, editors. The contemporary and historical literature of food science and human nutrition
[bibliography]. Ithaca (NY): Cornell University Press; c1995. 296 p.
29. Bibliography published in more than one volume

Nation EF, Roland CG, McGovern JP, compilers. An annotated checklist of Osleriana [bibliography]. Montreal
(QC): McGill University, Osler Library; 2000. 2 vol.
30. No page numbers on the pages of the bibliography

448 Citing Medicine
31. Bibliography in a series

Mullner RM, Jewell M, compilers. A bibliography of recent works on home health care. Lewiston (NY): Edwin
Mellen Press; c2000. 184 p. (Studies in health and human services; vol. 37).
Yuan FL, compiler. A selected bibliography on urbanization in China. Washington: Bureau of the Census (US),
Center for International Research; 1991. 182 p. (CIR staff paper; no. 61).
32. Bibliography in a series with series editor's name included

Selden CR, Kelliher R, compilers. Distance education in public health [bibliography]. Bethesda (MD): National
Library of Medicine (US); 2003 Dec. (Patrias K, editor. Current bibliographies in medicine; no. 2003-3). 471
citations from January 1998 through October 2003.

Rudd RE, Colton Tayla, Schacht R, compilers. An overview of medical and public health literature addressing
literacy issues: an annotated bibliography [microfiche]. Cambridge (MA): Harvard Graduate School of
Education; 2000. 1 microfiche: black & white, 4 x 6 in.
Williams LA, compiler. Family violence and American Indians/Alaska Natives: a report to the Indian Health
Service Office of Women's Health [bibliography on microfiche]. [Bethesda (MD)]: Department of Health and
Human Services (US), Indian Health Service, Office of Women's Health; 2002 Oct. 96 p. 1 microfiche: black &
white, 4 x 6 in.
34. Bibliography with note on number of citations, date range

Zorn MA, Allen MP, Horowitz AM, compilers. Understanding health literacy and its barriers [bibliography].
Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2004. 38 p. 651 citations from January 1998 through
November 2003.
35. Bibliography that is government sponsored

Kolyada L, compiler. Health systems strengthening and HIV/AIDS: annotated bibliography and resources.
Bethesda (MD): Abt Associates; 2004 Mar. 75 p. Contract No.: HRN-C-OO-95-00024. 101 citations from 1995 to
2004. Funded by the US Agency for International Development.
36. Bibliography with availability statement

Occupational Safety and Health (US), Education and Information Division; 1995. 209 p. Available from: US
Government Printing Office, Washington, DC; HE 20.7114:T 69.
Guiterrez MK, compiler. Assessing children for the presence of a disability: resources you can use [bibliography].
2nd ed. Washington: National Information Center for Children and Youth with Disabilities (US); 2002. 10 p.
Available from: ERIC, Lanham, MD; ED473542.
37. Bibliography accompanied by a CD-ROM, disk, or other medium

Jones R, editor. Bibliography of commonwealth apiculture. London: Commonwealth Secretariat; 2005. 348 p.
Accompanied by: 1 CD-ROM.
Bibliographies 449
Sacks JM, Bilaniuk MT, Gendron JM, editors. Bibliography of psychodrama: inception to date. New York:
Psychodrama Center of New York; c1995. 129 p. Accompanied by: 2 disks: 3 1/2 in. One disk is for an IBM
Personal Computer, the other is for a Macintosh.
38. Bibliography with other supplemental notes

An album of publications of BIRPERHT [bibliography]. Dhaka (Bangladesh): BIRPERHT; 1997. 40 p.
(BIRPERHT publication; no. 114). BIRPERHT stands for Bangladesh Institute of Research for Promotion of
Essential & Reproductive Health and Technologies.
Beguin Stockli D, compiler. Genitale Verstummelung von Frauen: eine Bibliographie [Female genital mutilation:
a bibliography]. Bern (Switzerland): Institut fur Ethnologie der Universitat Bern; 1993. 72 p. German. Located
at: National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; 1996 C-377.

Bibliographies
The general format for a reference to a part of a bibliography, including punctuation:
Examples of Citations to Parts of Bibliographies

Rather than citing a bibliography as a whole, separately identified portions of a bibliography may be cited.
Chapters, sections, appendixes, and the like are considered parts of bibliographies when they are written or
compiled by the authors of the bibliography.
content of the publication, begin a reference to a part of a bibliography with the bibliography itself, then follow it
with the information about the part. See Chapter 2C Parts of Books for further details on citing parts.
For instructions on citing one volume of a bibliography published in multiple volumes, see Chapter 2B
Individual Volumes of Books (Chapter 2B(1) Individual Volumes With a Separate Title but Without Separate
Authors/Editors or Chapter 2B(2) Individual Volumes With a Separate Title and Separate Authors/Editors) and
example 7 below.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Parts of Bibliographies.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Parts of Bibliographies.
Citation Rules with Examples for Parts of Bibliographies

450 Citing Medicine
Bibliography (R) | Name and Number/Letter of the Part (R) | Title of the Part (R) | Location (Pagination) of the
Part (R)
Bibliography (required)
Cite the bibliography according to Chapter 6A Entire Bibliographies
Name and Number/Letter of the Part for a Bibliography (required)

• Enter the name of the part, such as Chapter or Appendix
• Do not abbreviate names. For example, convert Chap. to Chapter.
• Follow the name with any accompanying number or letter, such as Chapter 12 or Appendix A

• No name appears

Capitulo 10
Annexe 5
Figura 10a
Risunok 6
Parartema 4
• Romanize or translate names in character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese, etc.). Surround translated
titles with square brackets.
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Bibliographies 451
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
275-81. Spanish.
Zusatz
Sezione
Otdel
Otdelenie
Parte

Appendix, Organization and program Internet resources; p. 516-7.
452 Citing Medicine

• If the part being cited is clearly a table, figure, appendix, or similar part but it is not labeled as such, place
[Appendix], Sources consulted; p. 151-3.
Fires and burns; p. 72-5.

1. A chapter of a bibliography
2. A subject section of a bibliography with number/letter
3. A subject section of a bibliography without number/letter
4. An appendix of a bibliography
5. Other parts of a bibliography
6. Part of a bibliography in a language other than English
7. One volume of a bibliography
Title of the Part for a Bibliography (required)

• Enter the title of the part as it appears in the bibliography

• Titles of parts containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or other special character

Capitulo 10, Publicaciones sobre medicina homeopatica; p. 185-8. Spanish.
Bibliographies 453

• Romanize or translate titles in character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese, etc.). Place the translation in
square brackets.
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
brackets.
Box 60. Titles of parts containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or other special character.
Part 10, n-alkenes; p. 374-90.
Chapter 3, von Willebrand factor; p. 45-51.
Section 3, Seed extract of Syzygium Cumini (Jamun) exposed to different doses of γ-radiation; p.
566-9.
454 Citing Medicine
may become
Section 3, Seed extract of Syzygium Cumini (Jamun) exposed to different doses of gamma-radiation;
p. 566.
Chapter 4, Transport of NH3 into red blood cells; p. 149-51.
may become
Chapter 4, Transport of NH(3) into red blood cells; p. 149-51.

meaningful.
Table, [Ratios of types of literature found]; p. 72.
Examples for Title

Location (Pagination) of the Part for a Bibliography (required)

Bibliographies 455
example: p. S10-8.


page numbers
Appendix 2, Directory of organizations; p. XXI-XXII.

Appendix 3C, Search strategies used; [7 p.].

Figure 5, Modeling the rise of in-hospital death; [preceding p. 55].
• If the entire bibliography has no page numbers or the part cannot be easily located in relation to
numbered pages, give the total number of pages of the part you wish to cite, placed in square brackets,
such as [5 p.]
Table, Checklist of sources; [1 p.].

456 Citing Medicine

Examples of Citations to Parts of Bibliographies

Haynes C, compiler. Ethnic minority health: a selected, annotated bibliography. Lanham (MD): Scarecrow Press;
c1997. Chapter 4, Mental health; p. 21-37.
Teaching hospital costs: an annotated bibliography of the costs of medical education, patient care, and research
at teaching hospitals. Washington: Association of American Medical Colleges; 2000. Chapter 3B, The cost of
serving low income patients and patients without adequate insurance coverage; p. 55-8.

Velasquez G, Hanvoravongchai P, Boulet P, compilers. Globalization, patents and drugs: an annotated
bibliography. 2nd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization, Essential Drugs and Medicines Policy; c2001. Section
2.6, North America; p. 48-50.
Gordner RL, Tralka TS, compilers. Management of hepatitis C [bibliography]. Bethesda (MD): National Library
of Medicine (US), Reference Section; 1997 Feb. [Section] B2, Hepatitis C genotyping; p. 9-14.

Horowitz LM, Schreiber MD, Hare I, Walker VR, Talley AL, editors. Psychological factors in emergency medical
services for children: abstracts of the psychological, behavioral, and medical literature, 1991-1998 [bibliography].
Washington: American Psychological Association; c1999. Children's reactions to disasters; p.37-46.
Sleet DA, Hopkins K, compilers and editors. Bibliography of behavioral science research in unintentional injury
prevention. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US), National Center for Injury
Prevention and Control, Division of Unintentional Injury Prevention; 2004. Fires and burns; p. 72-5.
Clamp CG, Gough S, Land L, compilers. Resources for nursing research: an annotated bibliography. 4th ed.
London: Sage Publication, Limited; 2004. Appendix A, Computer programs for design and analysis; p. 338-40.
Selden CR, Humphreys BL, Yasnoff WA, Ryan ME, compilers. Public health informatics [bibliography].
Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US), Reference section; 2001 Apr. Appendix, Organization and
program Internet resources; [1 p.].

Brogdon J, Olsen WC, editors. The contemporary and historical literature of food science and human nutrition
[bibliography]. Ithaca (NY): Cornell University Press; c1995. Table 4.6, Characteristics of core monographs; p.
140.
Occupational Safety and Health (US), Education and Information Division; 1995. Part 2, Cumulative trauma
disorders in the workplace - bibliography; p. 153-208.
Bibliographies 457

Mane Garzon F, Burgues Roca S. Publicaciones medicas uruguayas de los siglos XVIII y XIX. Montevideo
(Uruguay): Oficina del Libro AEM; 1996. Capitulo 10, Publicaciones sobre medicina homeopatica; p. 185-8.
Spanish.
40 ans de recherche en economie de la sante: bibliographie thematique illustree; retrospective des travaux du
CREDES depuis 1954. Paris: Centre de Recherche d'Etude et de Documentation en Economie de la Sante; 1994
Oct. Annexe, Le Centre de Documentation du CREDES; p. 147. French.
Guerrino AA, compiler. Bibliografia historica de la medicina argentina. Buenos Aires (Argentina): Editorial
Dunken; 2001. [Photograph], Impreso editado con motivo de la creacion de la Universidad de Buenos Aires en
1821; [preceding p. 13]. Spanish.
with translation
Mane Garzon F, Burgues Roca S. Publicaciones medicas uruguayas de los siglos XVIII y XIX [Uruguayan
medical publications of the 18th and 19th centuries]. Montevideo (Uruguay): Oficina del Libro AEM; 1996.
Capitulo 10, Publicaciones sobre medicina homeopatica [Chapter 10, Publications on homeopathic medicine];
p. 185-8. Spanish.
40 ans de recherche en economie de la sante: bibliographie thematique illustree; retrospective des travaux du
CREDES depuis 1954 [40 years of research in health economics: illustrated subject bibliography; retrospective
work of CREDES since 1954]. Paris: Centre de Recherche d'Etude et de Documentation en Economie de la
Sante; 1994 Oct. Annexe, Le Centre de Documentation du CREDES [Appendix, The Resource Center of
CREDES]; p. 147. French.
Guerrino AA, compiler. Bibliografia historica de la medicina argentina [Historical bibliography of Argentine
medicine]. Buenos Aires (Argentina): Editorial Dunken; 2001. [Photograph], Impreso editado con motivo de la
creacion de la Universidad de Buenos Aires en 1821 [Photograph], [Edict published showing the motivation for
creation of the University of Buenos Aires in 1821]; [preceding p. 13]. Spanish.

Neu J, editor. Isis cumulative bibliography, 1986-95: a bibliography of the history of science formed from the
annual Isis current bibliographies. Vol. 4, Time periods 19th and 20th centuries. Canton (MA): Science History
Publications/USA; 1997. p. 623-1362.
Medicine and health in Africa: a bibliography with critical abstracts. Vol. 3, 1987/88. London: Bureau of Hygiene
and Tropical Diseases; c1988.
Population--education--development in Africa South of the Sahara: a selective annotated bibliography. Vol. 1,
Population. Dakar (Senegal): United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization; 1978.
458 Citing Medicine
459
Chapter 7. Patents

• Examples
Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Patents

The general format for a reference to a patent, including punctuation:
Examples of Citations to Patents

A patent is "A title of legal protection of an invention, issued, upon application and subject to meeting legal
criteria, by a government office" (NISO Z39.29). Patents are a special type of legal document requiring specific
information. Thus citations to patents are very different from the standard book.
• Patents have two types of "authors", the inventor(s) of the device, process, or other entity being patented,
and the "assignee", the organization or individual(s) holding legal title to the patent. Note that assignee is
used to refer to both a single patent holder or multiple holders.
• The name of the country granting the patent and the patent number are used instead of place of
publication and publisher. Use the adjectival form of the English name for the country, e.g., "French" for
France and "German" for Germany. Note, however, that US patents use United States and UK patents
United Kingdom, not American and British.
In addition to patents being granted by individual countries, they may be issued by a regional office working for
a number of countries, such as the European Patent Office, the Eurasian Patent Organization, and the African
Regional Intellectual Property Organization. Under such regional systems, an applicant requests protection for
the invention in one or more countries, and each country decides whether to offer patent protection within its
borders. Patent numbers beginning with EP, for example, were issued by the European Patent Office. Finally,
international patents may be issued through the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). "World
patent" is used for the country, and patent numbers begin with WO.
Either a final patent or a patent application may be cited. For the latter, include the word application as part of
the patent document type. See the rules for Patent Applications below and example #26.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Patents.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Patents.
460 Citing Medicine
Citation Rules with Examples for Patents

Author (Inventor) (R) | Author (Assignee) (R) | Author Affiliation (O) | Title (R) | Type of Medium (R) | Patent
Country (R) | Patent Document Type (R) | Country Code (R) | Patent Number (R) | Date Issued (R) | Pagination
(O) | Physical Description (O) | International Classification Code (O) | Country Classification Code (O) |
Application Number and Filing Date (O) | Language (R) | Notes (O) | Patent Applications
Author (Inventor) for Patents (required)

General Rules for Author (inventor)
• Begin with names of the inventors
• Enter surname (family or last name) first for each inventor
surname
• Give all inventors, regardless of the number
• Separate inventor names from each other by a comma and a space
• Follow the last named inventor with a comma and the word inventor or inventors
• End inventor information with a semicolon and a space
Specific Rules for Author (inventor)

• Surnames provided in all capital letters
• Non-English names for inventor
(Chinese, Japanese)
• Organizations as inventor
• Options for inventor names
Box 1. Surnames provided in all capital letters.

• When the surname is provided in all capital letters, lowercase all letters except the first letter of the
surname (or surnames if a compound name) and any prefix, preposition, or particle
O'CONNER becomes O'Conner
ROBLES GARCIA becomes Robles Garcia
LE HENANFF becomes Le Henanff
Patents 461
HALLEY DES FONTAINES becomes Halley des Fontaines


Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
462 Citing Medicine
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

particle
abbreviation.

Examples:
Patents 463


• Omit rank and honors such as Dr. or Sir that precede a name
Prof. Dr. Eberhard Stennert becomes Stennert E
Box 7. Non-English names for inventor.

• Translate the word found for inventor into English. However, the wording found on the publication may
always be used.
• To assist in identifying inventors, below is a brief list of non-English words for inventor:
Language Name for Inventor
French inventeur
German Verfasser
Erfinder
Italian inventore
Russian izobretatel
Spanish inventor
• Romanization, a form of transliteration, means using the roman (Latin) alphabet to represent the letters or
letter
464 Citing Medicine

Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
Box 9. Organizations as inventor.

inventor, although this is more unusual today.
• Give the name of the organization as it appears on the title page of the patent, using whatever
abbreviations and punctuation are found
• Do not omit any words or abbreviate any words that are not already abbreviated
Examples:
Ethicon Inc
Boston Scientific Limited
Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.
The Dow Chemical Company
• Separate two or more organizations by a semicolon
Medical Design Labs, Inc.; Cardiac Pacemakers, Ltd., inventors.
Patents 465
Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica del CNR
Universitatsmedizin Berlin
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas [Spanish National Research Council]
brackets.
Tjumenskaja Gosudarstvennaja Meditsinskaja Akademija [Tyumen State Medical Academy]
or
[Tyumen State Medical Academy]
[Korean Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology]
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
466 Citing Medicine
Box 10. Options for inventor names.

The following format is not NLM practice for citing names of inventors, but is an acceptable option:
• Full first names of inventors may be given. Separate the surname from the given name or initials by a
comma and a space; follow initials with a period; separate successive names by a semicolon and a space.
Takagi, Yasushi; Harada, Jun; Chiarugi, Alberto M.; Moskowitz, Michael A., inventors;
Mann, Frederick D.; Swartz, Mary N.; Little, R.T., inventors;
Examples for Author (inventor)

1. Standard US patent
2. US patent with optional full names for inventor(s)
3. Patent in which an inventor is also an assignee
4. Patent in which an organization is the inventor
Author (Assignee) for Patents (required)

General Rules for Author (assignee)
• List names of the assignee (also called proprietors or applicants in some countries) in the order they
appear in the text
• Give the name of an organization as it appears on the title page of the patent, using whatever abbreviations
and punctuation are found
• Enter surname (family or last name) first for each person as assignee
surname
• Give all assignee, regardless of the number
• Separate assignee names from each other by a comma and a space
• Follow the last named assignee with a comma and the word assignee (assignee is used for both singular
and plural)
• End assignee information with a period
Specific Rules for Author (assignee)

• Names provided in all capital letters
• Non-English names for assignee
(Chinese, Japanese)
• Organizations as assignee
Patents 467
• Both individuals and organizations as assignee

• Options for assignee names
Box 11. Names provided in all capital letters.

• When the surname of an individual is provided in all capital letters, lowercase all letters except the first
letter of the surname (or surnames if a compound name) and any prefix, preposition, or particle
O'CONNER becomes O'Conner
ROBLES GARCIA becomes Robles Garcia
LE HENANFF becomes Le Henanff
HALLEY DES FONTAINES becomes Halley des Fontaines
• When the name of an organization is provided in all capital letters, capitalize proper nouns, proper
adjectives, acronyms, initialisms, and other significant words in an organization name and lowercase
articles, conjunctions, and prepositions, such as of, the, at, in
THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN becomes The Board of
Trustees of the University of Michigan


468 Citing Medicine

Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

particle
abbreviation.
Patents 469


Examples:
• Omit rank and honors such as Dr. or Sir that precede a name
Prof. Dr. Eberhard Stennert becomes Stennert E
Box 17. Non-English names for assignee.

• Translate the word found for assignee into English. However, the wording found on the publication may
always be used.
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
470 Citing Medicine
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
• To assist in identifying the assignee, below is a brief list of non-English words for assignee:
Language Name for Assignee
French demandeur
titulaire
German Anmelder
Italian richiedente
Russian zayavitel
Spanish solicitante
• Romanization, a form of transliteration, means using the roman (Latin) alphabet to represent the letters or
letter
Å treated as A
Patents 471
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
Box 19. Organizations as assignee.

An organization such as a university, society, association, corporation, or governmental body often serves as an
assignee.
• Give the name of the organization as it appears on the title page of the patent, using whatever
abbreviations and punctuation are found
• Do not omit any words or abbreviate any words that are not already abbreviated
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
472 Citing Medicine
œ treated as oe
Examples:
The Dow Chemical Company
Boston Scientific Limited
Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmBH & Co. KG
Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.
The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois
The United States of America as represented by the Department of Health and Human Services
Box 20. Both individuals and organizations as assignee.

• Give the names in the order in which they appear on the patent title page.
Examples:
Mazurik SM, Sokolov A, inventors; Mazurik SM, Sokolov A, Poltavsky Meditsinsky
Stomatologichesky Institut, assignee.
Nilsson H, Lange BH, Post C, Nielsen TG, inventors; Gastrotech Pharma AS, Nilsson H, Lange BH,
Post C, Nielsen TG, assignee.
Box 21. Options for assignee names.

The following format is not NLM practice for citing names of assignee, but is an acceptable option:
• Full first names of the assignee may be given. Separate the surname from the given name or initials by a
Takagi, Yasushi; Harada, Jun, assignee.
Mann, Frederick D.; Swartz, Mary N.; Little, R.T., assignee.
Examples for Author (assignee)

5. Patent with more than one assignee
6. Patent with the US government as the assignee
7. Patent with affiliation of inventor(s) and assignee included
Patents 473
Author Affiliation for Patents (optional)

• Enter the affiliation of all inventors and assignee or only the first one
• Begin with the name of the city, if given
• Follow cities in other countries with the name of the country, either as the two-letter ISO country code
(see Appendix D) or written out in full
• Place the address in parentheses, such as (Pittsburgh, PA), (Berlin, DE), and (France)
• End affiliation information with a comma placed outside the closing parenthesis


Patents are required to list the country of the inventors, usually in the form of the two-letter ISO country code
(see Appendix D). Many also include the city.
• Begin with the name of the city, if found. Use the English form for names whenever possible. However, the
Wien becomes Vienna
• Follow the city name with a comma, a space, and either the ISO country code (see Appendix D) or the
country name written out, such as Bern, CH or Bern, Switzerland
• Place the city and country names in parentheses
(Bern, CH) or (Bern, Switzerland)
Examples:
Fujieda Y (Okayama, JP), Ogushi M (Ibaraki, JP), Fukuda M (Ibaraki, JP), Zento T (Ibaraki, JP),
Wada K (Ibaraki, JP), Ichikawa T (Oita, JP), Ishida A (Oita, JP), inventors; Kuraray Co., Ltd.
(Kurashiki, JP), Kawasumi Laboratories, Inc. (Tokyo, JP), assignee.
Nilsson H (DK), Lange BH (DK), Post C (DK), Nielsen TG (DK), inventors; Gastrotech Pharma AS
(DK), Nilsson H (DK), Lange BH (DK), Post C (DK), Nielsen TG (DK), assignee.

Title for Patents (required)

• Enter the title of a patent as it appears in the original document, in the original language
474 Citing Medicine
• End a title with a period


Cameron B, Crouzet J, inventors; Rhone-Poulenc Biochemie, assignee. Cellules modifiees au niveau
du catabolisme de la betaine, preparation et utilisations, notamment pour la production de
metabolites ou d'enzymes. European patent EP 0 673 422 B1. 2006 Jan 4. French.
Bazhenov AN, Ilyushina LV, Plesovskaya IV, inventors; Bazhenov AN, Ilyushina LV, Plesovskaya IV,
assignee. Metodika lecheniia pri revmatoidnom artrite. Russian Federation patent RU 2268734. 2006
Jan 27. Russian.
square brackets
Katsuko S, Shunsuke M, Takashi U, Tetsuya T, Miki E, inventors; Advance Company Ltd, assignee.
[Carrier for living body, and cell cultivation]. Japanese patent JP 2004267562. 2004 Sep 30. Japanese.
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
Patents 475
• Provide an English translation after the original language one if possible. Place translations in square
brackets.
Cameron B, Crouzet J, inventors; Rhone-Poulenc Biochemie, assignee. Cellules modifiees au niveau
du catabolisme de la betaine, preparation et utilisations, notamment pour la production de
metabolites ou d'enzymes [Cells with altered betaine catabolism, their preparation and their use, in
particular for producing metabolites or enzymes]. European patent EP 0 673 422 B1. 2006 Jan 4.
French.
Bazhenov AN, Ilyushina LV, Plesovskaya IV, inventors; Bazhenov AN, Ilyushina LV, Plesovskaya IV,
assignee. Metodika lecheniia pri revmatoidnom artrite [Method for treating rheumatoid arthritis].
Russian Federation patent RU 2268734. 2006 Jan 27. Int. Cl. A61K-033/06. Russian.
• Capitalize the first word of a patent title unless the title begins with a Greek letter, chemical formula, or
Inoue K, Arai H, Arita M, Jishage K, Suzuki H, inventors; Inoue K, Arai H, assignee. α-tocopherol
transport protein knockout animal. United States patent US 6,982,362. 2006 Jan 3. 19 p.
Hong JH, Lee K, Choi Y, Shi J, McAfee JJ, Chu CK, Liotta DC, Schinazi RF, inventors; Emory
University, assignee. 2'-fluoronucleosides. United States patent US 6,911,424. 2005 Jun 11. 75 p.
Schwinn DA, inventor; Duke University, assignee. Use of α-1AR subtype-selective drugs in patients
with acute myocardial infarction. United States patent US 6,921,773. 2005 Jul 26. 5 p.
or
Schwinn DA, inventor; Duke University, assignee. Use of alpha-1AR subtype-selective drugs in
patients with acute myocardial infarction. United States patent US 6,921,773. 2005 Jul 26. 5 p.
Sanger GJ, Wardle KA, inventors; SmithKline Beecham Corporation, assignee. Use of 5-HT4
modulators for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of the bladder diseases. United
States patent US 6,750,195. 2004 Jun 15. 7 p.
or
Sanger GJ, Wardle KA, inventors; SmithKline Beecham Corporation, assignee. Use of 5-HT(4)
modulators for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of the bladder diseases. United
States patent US 6,750,195. 2004 Jun 15. 7 p.
Examples for Title

8. Non-US patent written in the roman alphabet
476 Citing Medicine
9. Non-US patent written in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, or Korean

10. Non-US patent written in a character-based language (Chinese, Japanese)
11. Non-US patent, with translation
12. Patent title containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special character
13. Patent title containing a superscript or subscript
14. Patent in a microform
Type of Medium for Patents (required)

• Indicate the type of medium (microfiche, ultrafiche, microfilm, microcard, etc.) following the title when a
patent is published in a microform
• Place the name of the medium in square brackets and end with a period, such as "[microfiche]."


brackets
Le Video Tearscope: une nouvelle methode d'evaluation du film lacrymal in vivo [The Video
Tearscope: a new method for evaluating lacrimal film in vivo].
• If a patent is in a microform (microfiche, microfile, microcard, etc.), place the specific name of the
microform within square brackets following the translation
Le Video Tearscope: une nouvelle methode d'evaluation du film lacrymal in vivo [The Video
Tearscope: a new method for evaluating lacrimal film in vivo] [microfiche].

Patent Country (required)

General Rules for Patent Country
• Name the country issuing the patent
• Use the adjectival form of the name, such as French and Russian, but use United States and United
Kingdom
• End place information with a space
Specific Rules for Patent Country

• Regional office rather than an individual country
Patents 477
Box 26. Regional office rather than an individual country.

Regional offices are designated by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). The chart below is
abstracted from the Handbook on Industrial Property Information and Documenation at WIPO Web site.
• Use the patent designation in the last column when citing a patent from a regional office.
Office Abbreviation Patent Designation
African Intellectual Property Organization OAPI African Intellectual Property patent
African Regional Intellectual Property Organization ARIPO African Regional Intellectual Property
patent
Benelux Designs Office BBDM Benelux patent
Eurasian Patent Organization EAPO Eurasian patent
European Patent Organisation EPO European patent
Patent Office of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States GCC Gulf Cooperation Council patent
of the Gulf
World Intellectual Property Organization WIPO World patent
Example:
Cully EH, Cutright WJ, Nordhausen CT, Vonesh MJ, Walter JT, inventors; Gore Enterprise Holdings,
Inc., assignee. Medical device amenable to fenestration. European patent EP 1 539 037 B1. 2005 Jul
12. 27 p.
Examples for Patent Country

15. Patent issued by a regional office
16. Patent issued by WIPO
Patent Document Type (required)

General Rules for Patent Document Type
• Use whatever specific document type is found on the publication
• For US patents, simply use the word patent
• End type information with a space
Specific Rules for Patent Document Type

• Document types for non-US patents
Box 27. Document types for non-US patents.

Countries other than the US often indicate a specific type of patent document. For example, in Germany the
word Offenlegungsschrift indicates a patent application, Auslegeschrift an examined patent, and Patentschrift a
final issued patent.
478 Citing Medicine
Simply the word patent may be used for a final issued patent from all countries. However, if the language is
unfamiliar or the status of the patent document is unclear, use the wording found on the document.
Examples:
Hensel W, Lehner R, Schwenk H, inventors; Siltronic AG, assignee. Nichtpolierte Halbleiterscheibe und
Verfahren zur Herstellung einer nichtpolierten Halbleiterscheibe. German Offenlegungsschrift DE 10 2005
046 726 A1. 2006 Mar 16. German.
Zinsmeyer J, Gross J, Brux B, inventors; Charite der Humboldt-Universitaet Direktorat Forschung,
assignee. Enzymimmunoassay und Testbesteck zum Nachweis humaner Neuronen-spezifischer Enolase.
German Patentschrift DD 295717 A5. 1991 Nov 7. German.
Examples for Patent Document Type

17. Non-US patent with specific type of document given
Country Code for Patents (required)

General Rules for Country Code
• Use the two-letter ISO code for the country (see Appendix D)
• Follow the code with a space
Specific Rules for Country Code

• Regional office rather than an individual country
Box 28. Regional office rather than an individual country.

Regional offices are designated by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). The chart below is
abstracted from the Handbook on Industrial Property Information and Documenation at WIPO Web site.
• Use the patent code in the last column when citing a patent from a regional office.
Office Abbreviation Patent Code
African Intellectual Property Organization OAPI OA
African Regional Intellectual Property Organization ARIPO AP
Benelux Designs/Trademark Office BBDM BX
Eurasian Patent Organization EAPO EA
European Patent Organisation EPO EP
Patent Office of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf GCC GC
World Intellectual Property Organization WIPO WO
Example:
Cully EH, Cutright WJ, Nordhausen CT, Vonesh MJ, Walter JT, inventors; Gore Enterprise Holdings,
Inc., assignee. Medical device amenable to fenestration. European patent EP 1 539 037 B1. 2005 Jul
12. 27 p.
Patents 479
Examples for Country Code

23. Regional or world patent listing countries that recognize it using ISO country codes
25. Optional brief patent citation format
Patent Number (required)

General Rules for Patent Number
• Record the patent number as it appears on the publication, using whatever spacing and punctuation are
found
• End the patent number with a period
Specific Rules for Patent Number

• Letters following patent numbers
• Optional brief patent citation format
Box 29. Letters following patent numbers.

• A letter or a letter and a number combination at the end of a patent number often indicate the kind of
patent document. For example, the letter A usually indicates a patent application. Always include any
letter accompanying a patent document number.
Examples:
DD 295717 A5
EP 0 673 422 B1
Box 30. Optional brief patent citation format.

The following format is not NLM practice for citing patents, but is an acceptable option:
• Begin with the two-letter ISO code (see Appendix D) for the country
• Follow the code with a space, the word patent, and a space
• Record the patent number as it appears on the publication, using whatever spacing and punctuation are
found
• Follow the number with a period and a space
• Enter the date of publication in the format year month day
• End the citation with a period
Examples:
480 Citing Medicine
US patent 6,857,874. 2005 Feb 7.

RU patent 2 219 546. 2003 Dec 20.
Examples for Patent Number

Date Issued for Patents (required)

General Rules for Date Issued
• Begin with the year of publication
• Follow the year with the month and day of publication, such as 2004 May 10
Specific Rules for Date Issued

• Non-US forms for dates
Box 31. Non-US forms for dates.

• Dates in US patents appear in the format month day, year. For example: August 23, 2005.
• Dates in other countries may appear in patents in a variety of formats
2004/12/02
30.07.2004
2004-10-02
14 June 2004
15/06/2005
• Enter the year first, then the month and the day, regardless of the format found
August 23, 2005 becomes 2005 Aug 23
2004/12/02 becomes 2004 Dec 2
30.07.2004 becomes 2004 Jul 30
2004-10-02 becomes 2004 Oct 2
Patents 481
14 June 2004 becomes 2004 Jun 14

15/06/2005 becomes 2005 Jun 15
• Translate names of months into English and abbreviate them using the first three letters
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar
Example:
22 Marz 2002 becomes 2002 Mar 22
Examples for Date Issued

Pagination for Patents (optional)

• Provide the total number of pages on which the text of the patent appears

• No numbers appear on the pages of the patent
Box 32. No numbers appear on the pages of the patent.

Occasionally, a patent will have no numbers on its pages.
Example:
8 leaves.

18. Patent with optional number of pages included
482 Citing Medicine
Physical Description for Patents (optional)

• Give information on the physical characteristics if a patent is published in a microform (microfilm,
microfiche, etc.), such as 3 microfiche: black & white, 2 x 4 in. Such information will help the reader select


If a patent is published on microfiche, microfilm, or microcards:
• Begin with the number and type of physical pieces, followed by a colon and a space
5 microfiche:
3 microcards:
color
black & white
positive
negative

Patents 483
International Classification Code for Patents (optional)

General Rules for International Classification Code
• Abbreviate International Classification Code to "Int. Cl." and follow it with a space
• Enter the International Classification Code number or numbers in the order found on the patent
• Separate multiple classification numbers by a semicolon and a space
Examples for International Classification Code

19. Patent with International Classification Code included
Country Classification Code for Patents (optional)

General Rules for Country Classification Code
• Begin with the two-letter ISO code (see Appendix D) for the country issuing the patent, followed by a
space
• Follow the country code with the abbreviation "Cl." and a space, such as "US Cl."
• Enter the classification number or numbers assigned to the patent by the country in the order found on
the patent
• Separate multiple classification numbers by a semicolon and a space
Examples for Country Classification Code

20. Patent with classification codes of the country granting it
Application Number and Filing Date for Published Patents (optional)

General Rules for Application Number and Filing Date
• Abbreviate application number to Appl. No. and end it with a colon and a space
• Enter the application number followed by a semicolon and a space
• Give the filing date in the format year month day, as 2006 May 3
• End the date with a period
• To cite a patent application for unpublished patents, see Patent Applications below
Examples for Application Number and Filing Date

21. Patent application number and date for published patents
Language for Patents (required)


9. Non-US patent written in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, or Korean
484 Citing Medicine
10. Non-US patent written in a character-based language (Chinese, Japanese)

Notes for Patents (optional)

• Be brief

• Related and cited patents
• Countries that recognize a regional or world patent
Box 34. Related and cited patents.

List the patent numbers included in the patent as related and/or as cited.
• For related patent numbers
⚬ Begin with the phrase "Related US patents" followed by a colon and a space, substituting the
appropriate ISO country code (see Appendix D) for non-US patents
⚬ Enter the patent numbers in the order given in the patent
⚬ Separate numbers by a semicolon and a space
⚬ End the list with a period
⚬ Repeat the steps above for the numbers of additional countries
• For cited patent numbers:
⚬ Begin with the phrase "Cited US patents" followed by a colon and a space, substituting the
appropriate ISO country code (see Appendix D) for non-US patents
⚬ Enter the patent numbers in the order given in the patent
⚬ Separate numbers by a semicolon and a space
⚬ Repeat the steps above for the numbers of additional countries
Example:
Co MS (Cupertino, CA), Scheinberg DA (New York, NY), Queen CL (Los Altos, CA), inventors;
Protein Design Labs, Inc. (Fremont, CA); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (New York, NY),
assignee. Increasing antibody affinity by altering glycosylation of immunoglobulin variable region.
United States patent US 6,933,368. 2005 Aug 23. Related US patents: 6,350,861; 5,714,350. Cited US
patents: 5,147,637; 5,714,350; 5,730,982; 5,821,337; 6,054,297; 6,218,149; 6,350,861. Cited EP patents:
0 239 400; 0 438 312. Cited WO patents: 90/07861; 92/22653; 03/016466.
Box 35. Countries that recognize a regional or world patent.

List the countries that recognize a regional or world patent.
• Begin with the phrase "Recognized by" followed by a colon and a space
Patents 485
• Use the two-letter ISO country code (see Appendix D) for each country
• Place the country codes in alphabetical order
• Separate codes by a comma and a space
Examples:
Cameron B, Crouzet J, inventors; Rhone-Poulenc Biochimie, assignee. Cellules modifiees au niveau
catabolisme de la betaine, preparation et utilisations, notamment pour la production de metabolites
ou d'enzymes [Cells with altered betaine catabolism, their preparation and their use, in particular for
producing metabolites or enzymes]. European patent EP 0 673 422 B1. 2006 Jan 4. French.
Recognized by: AT, BE, CH, DE, DK, ES, FR, GB, GR, IE, IT, LI, LU, NL, PT, SE.
Ottersbach P, Lohmer G, inventors; Creavis Gesellschaft fur Technologit und Innovation MBH,
assignee. Verfahren zur Modifizierung von Polymersubstraten durch Oberflachenfixierung
eigenschaftsbestimmender Makromolekule [Method for modifying polymer substrates by surface
fixing of functional macromolecules]. World patent WO 00/44818. 2000 Aug 3. German. Recognized
by: BR, CA, CN, IL, JP, KR, PL, RU, US.

• Give any other information that may be useful to the reader, such as any grant numbers or other
sponsorship information of the work that led to the patent.
Ohlrogge JB, Benning C, Gao H, Girke TA, White JA, inventors; Board of Trustees Operating
Michigan State University, assignee. Plant seed specific promoters. United States patent US 7,081,565.
2006 Jul 25. Partially supported by the United States National Science Foundation grant no.
DCB94-06466.
Examples for Notes

22. Patent with lists of related and/or cited patents
24. Other notes for patents
Patent Applications
General Rules for Patent Applications
• Cite the patent application using the rules above
• Insert the word application between the word patent and the country code, such as UK patent application
GB 2 146 419 A
• Be sure to include any letters that follow or precede the number
• Follow the patent application number with a period and a space
• Give the application date in the format year month day, as 2006 May 3
• End the date with a period
486 Citing Medicine
Specific Rules for Patent Applications

• Non-US names for applications
Box 37. Non-US names for applications.

Countries other than the US often use a specific type of patent document rather than the word application. For
example, in Germany the word Offenlegungsschrift indicates a patent application.
Simply the word application may be used for all countries to designate that a final patent has not been issued.
However, if the language is unfamiliar or the status of the patent document is unclear, use the wording found on
the document.
Examples:
Verfahren zur Herstellung einer nichtpolierten Halbleiterscheibe. German Offenlegungsschrift DE 10 2005
046 726 A1. 2006 Mar 16. German.

• Dates in US patents appear in the format month day, year. For example, August 23, 2005.
• Dates in other countries may appear in patents in a variety of formats
2004/12/02
30.07.2004
2004-10-02
14 June 2004
15/06/2005
2004/12/02 becomes 2004 Dec 2
30.07.2004 becomes 2004 Jul 30
2004-10-02 becomes 2004 Oct 2
15/06/2005 becomes 2005 Jun 15
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

Patents 487
Example:
Examples for Patent Applications

26. Patent applications before issuance of the patent
Examples of Citations to Patents

Cho ST, inventor; Hospira, Inc., assignee. Microneedles for minimally invasive drug delivery. United States
patent US 6,980,855. 2005 Dec 27.
Myers K, Nguyen C, inventors; 3F Therapeutics, Inc., assignee. Prosthetic heart valve. United States patent US
6,911,043. 2005 Jun 28.
2. US patent with optional full names for inventor(s)

Howlett, Charles W.; Bullis, Grant.; Bernardo, Angel, inventors; Nobel Biocare Services AG, assignee. Dental
implant delivery system. United States patent US 6,913,465. 2005 Jul 5.

Smith MK, Duggan JM, Stalzer CM, Smith SC, Mowry GJ, inventors; Smith MK, assignee. Universal flexible
arm. United States patent US 5,823,486. 1998 Oct 20.
Bilenski E, Cobb NC, inventors; Bilenski E, Cobb NC, assignee. Single use, self-contained twist resistant surgical
knife. United States patent US 6,979,340. 2005 Dec 27.
4. Patent in which an organization is the inventor

Seiko Ohkubo, inventor; Seiko Ohkubo, assignee. Acupressure appliance for medical treatment. United
Kingdom patent GB 2 350 301. 2000 Nov 29. 47 p.
The Dow Chemical Company, inventor; The Dow Chemical Company, assignee. Method of producing amines
from alcohols, aldehydes, ketones and mixtures thereof. Canadian patent CA 1126248. 1982 Jun 22.
5. Patent with more than one assignee

Co MS, Scheinberg DA, Queen CL, inventors; Protein Design Labs, Inc.; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer
Center, assignee. Increasing antibody affinity by altering glycosylation of immunoglobulin variable region.
United States patent US 6,933,368. 2005 Aug 23.
6. Patent with the US government as the assignee

Wang RF, Rosenberg S, inventors; The United States of America as represented by the Department of Health and
Human Services, assignee. Cancer peptides of NY-ESO-1/CAG-3. United States patent US 7,084,239. 2006 Aug
1.
488 Citing Medicine

Escandon MA (Lugo, Spain), Neisz JJ (Minnetonka, MN), inventors; American Medical Systems, Inc.
(Minnetonka, MN), assignee. Regimen for treating prostate tissue and surgical kit for use in the regimen. United
States patent US 7,015,253. 2006 Mar 21.
Co MS (Cupertino, CA), Scheinberg DA (New York, NY), Queen CL (Los Altos, CA), inventors; Protein Design
Labs, Inc. (Fremont, CA); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (New York, NY), assignee. Increasing
antibody affinity by altering glycosylation of immunoglobulin variable region. United States patent US 6,933,368.
2005 Aug 23.

Poole I, Bissell AJ, inventors; Voxar Limited, assignee. Classifying voxels in a medical image. United Kingdom
patent GB 2 416 944. 2006 Feb 8. 39 p.
McMullen JN, inventor; Universite de Montreal, assignee. Controlled release tablet. Canadian patent CA
1314216.1993 Mar 9.
Cameron B, Crouzet J, inventors; Rhone-Poulenc Biochemie, assignee. Cellules modifiees au niveau du
catabolisme de la betaine, preparation et utilisations, notamment pour la production de metabolites ou
d'enzymes. European patent EP 0 673 422 B1. 2006 Jan 4. 14 p. French.
Navarro GS, inventor; Educom Multiactivo S L, assignee. Terminal interactivo para el asesoramiento medico,
farmaceutico y cosmetico. Spanish patent ES 2165321. 2002 Mar 1. Spanish.
9. Non-US patent written in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, or Hebrew

Bazhenov AN, Ilyushina LV, Plesovskaya IV, inventors; Bazhenov AN, Ilyushina LV, Plesovskaya IV, assignee.
Metodika lecheniia pri revmatoidnom artrite. Russian Federation patent RU 2268734. 2006 Jan 27. Russian.
10. Non-US patent written in a character-based language (Chinese,

Japanese)
Katsuko S, Shunsuke M, Takashi U, Tetsuya T, Miki E, inventors; Advance Company Ltd, assignee. [Carrier for
living body, and cell cultivation]. Japanese patent JP 2004267562. 2004 Sep 30. Japanese.

d'enzymes [Cells with altered betaine catabolism, their preparation and their use, in particular for producing
metabolites or enzymes]. European patent EP 0 673 422 B1. 2006 Jan 4. 14 p. French.
Metodika lecheniia pri revmatoidnom artrite [Method for treating rheumatoid arthritis]. Russian Federation
patent RU 2268734. 2006 Jan 27. Russian.
12. Patent title containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another

special character
Hong JH, Lee K, Choi Y, Shi J, McAfee JJ, Chu CK, Liotta DC, Schinazi RF, inventors; Emory University,
assignee. 2'-fluoronucleosides. United States patent US 6,911,424. 2005 Jun 11. 75 p.
Patents 489
Schwinn DA, inventor; Duke University, assignee. Use of α-1AR subtype-selective drugs in patients with acute
myocardial infarction. United States patent US 6,921,773. 2005 Jul 26. 5 p.
or
Schwinn DA, inventor; Duke University, assignee. Use of alpha-1AR subtype-selective drugs in patients with
acute myocardial infarction. United States patent US 6,921,773. 2005 Jul 26. 5 p.
Inoue K, Arai H, Arita M, Jishage K, Suzuki H, inventors; Inoue K, Arai H, assignee. α-tocopherol transport
protein knockout animal. United States patent US 6,982,362. 2006 Jan 3. 19 p.
or
Inoue K, Arai H, Arita M, Jishage K, Suzuki H, inventors; Inoue K, Arai H, assignee. Alpha-tocopherol transport
protein knockout animal. United States patent US 6,982,362. 2006 Jan 3. 19 p.
13. Patent title containing a superscript or subscript

Sanger GJ, Wardle KA, inventors; SmithKline Beecham Corporation, assignee. Use of 5-HT4 modulators for the
manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of the bladder diseases. United States patent US 6,750,195. 2004
Jun 15. 7 p.
or
Sanger GJ, Wardle KA, inventors; SmithKline Beecham Corporation, assignee. Use of 5-HT(4) modulators for
the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of the bladder diseases. United States patent US 6,750,195.
2004 Jun 15. 7 p.

Stoudt TH, Nollstadt KH, inventors; Merck & Co., Inc., assignee. Oral hygiene enzymes and method for
preparation [microfiche]. United States patent US 4,335,101. 1982 Jun 15. 1 microfiche: black & white, negative,
4 x 6 in.

Cameron B, Crouzet J, inventors; Rhone-Poulenc Biochimie, assignee. Cellules modifiees au niveau catabolisme
de la betaine, preparation et utilisations, notamment pour la production de metabolites ou d'enzymes [Cells with
altered betaine catabolism, their preparation and their use, in particular for producing metabolites or enzymes].
European patent EP 0 673 422 B1. 2006 Jan 4. French.

Ottersbach P, Lohmer G, inventors; Creavis Gesellschaft fur Technologit und Innovation MBH, assignee.
Verfahren zur Modifizierung von Polymersubstraten durch Oberflachenfixierung eigenschaftsbestimmender
Makromolekule [Method for modifying polymer substrates by surface fixing of functional macromolecules].
World patent WO 00/44818. 2000 Aug 3. German.
17. Non-US patent with specific type of document given

Zinsmeyer J, Gross J, Brux B, inventors; Charite der Humboldt-Universitaet Direktorat Forschung, assignee.
Enzymimmunoassay und Testbesteck zum Nachweis humaner Neuronen-spezifischer Enolase. German
Patentschrift DD 295717 A5. 1991 Nov 7. German.
490 Citing Medicine
18. Patent with optional number of pages included

Cully EH, Cutright WJ, Nordhausen CT, Vonesh MJ, Walter JT, inventors; Gore Enterprise Holdings, Inc.,
assignee. Medical device amenable to fenestration. European patent EP 1 539 037 B1. 2005 Jul 12. 27 p.
19. Patent with International Classification Code included

Caffey JC, Moe R, Freund MA, Hutton J, inventors; Carbomedics Inc., assignee. Heart valve stent with alignment
posts. United States patent US 6,635,085. 2003 Oct 21. 10 p. Int. Cl. A61F-002/24.
d'enzymes [Cells with altered betaine catabolism, their preparation and their use, in particular for producing
metabolites or enzymes]. European patent EP 0 673 422 B1. 2006 Jan 4. 14 p. Int. Cl. C12N 15/52; C12N 15/68;
C12N 15/74; C12P 19/42; C12N 1/21. French.
Metodika lecheniia pri revmatoidnom artrite [Method for treating rheumatoid arthritis]. Russian Federation
patent RU 2268734. 2006 Jan 27. Int. Cl. A61K-033/06. Russian.
20. Patent with classification codes of the country granting it

Suh A, inventor; E-Z Baby Products LLC, assignee. Adjustable baby bottle holder. United States patent US
6,598,828. 2003 Jul 29. US Cl. 248/104; 248/102; 248/103; 248/105; 248/106; 248/107.
Wang RF (Bethesda, MD), Rosenberg S (Potomac, MD), inventors; The United States of America as represented
by the Department of Health and Human Services (Washington, DC), assignee. Cancer peptides of NY-ESO-1/
CAG-3. United States patent US 7,084,239. 2006 Aug 1. Int. Cl. A61K 38/00; C07K 7/04; C07K 7/06; C07K 7/08;
A61K 38/04; C07H 21/04; C07K 16/00; C12P 21/06. US Cl. 530/300; 424/184.1; 424/185.1; 530/326; 530/327;
530/328.
21. Patent application number and date for published patents

Bemis G, Xie X, inventors; Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, assignee. Compositions useful as inhibitors of
ERK. United States patent US 6,994,868. 2006 Feb 7. Appl. No.: 437419; 2003 May 13.
Grainger DJ (Cambridge, GB), Metcalfe JC (Cambridge, GB), Kasina S (Mercer Island, WA), inventors; NeoRx
Corporation (Seattle, WA), assignee. Compounds and therapies for the prevention of vascular and non-vascular
pathologies. United States patent US 7,084,171. 2006 Aug 1. Int. Cl. A61K 31/38; A61K 31/01; A61K 31/135. US
Cl. 514/445; 514/646; 514/762. Appl. No.: 10/827,602; 2004 Apr 19.
22. Patent with lists of related and/or cited patents

Co MS (Cupertino, CA), Scheinberg DA (New York, NY), Queen CL (Los Altos, CA), inventors; Protein Design
Labs, Inc. (Fremont, CA); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (New York, NY), assignee. Increasing
antibody affinity by altering glycosylation of immunoglobulin variable region. United States patent US 6,933,368.
2005 Aug 23. Related US patents: 6,350,861; 5,714,350. Cited US patents: 5,147,637; 5,714,350; 5,730,982;
5,821,337; 6,054,297; 6,218,149; 6,350,861. Cited EP patents: 0 239 400; 0 438 312. Cited WO patents: 90/07861;
92/22653; 03/016466.
Wang RF (Bethesda, MD), Rosenberg S (Potomac, MD), inventors; The United States of America as represented
by the Department of Health and Human Services (Washington, DC), assignee. Cancer peptides of NY-ESO-1/
CAG-3. United States patent US 7,084,239. 2006 Aug 1. Int. Cl. A61K 38/00; C07K 7/04; C07K 7/06; C07K 7/08;
Patents 491
A61K 38/04; C07H 21/04; C07K 16/00; C12P 21/06. US Cl. 530/300; 424/184.1; 424/185.1; 530/326; 530/327;
530/328. Appl. No.: 09/529,206; 1998 Sep 1. Cited US patents: 5,539,084; 5,785,973; 5,840,839. Cited WO patents:
94/03205; 97/29195; 98/14464; 98/32855.
23. Regional or world patent listing countries that recognize it using ISO
country codes
Cameron B, Crouzet J, inventors; Rhone-Poulenc Biochimie, assignee. Cellules modifiees au niveau catabolisme
de la betaine, preparation et utilisations, notamment pour la production de metabolites ou d'enzymes [Cells with
altered betaine catabolism, their preparation and their use, in particular for producing metabolites or enzymes].
European patent EP 0 673 422 B1. 2006 Jan 4. French. Recognized by: AT, BE, CH, DE, DK, ES, FR, GB, GR, IE,
IT, LI, LU, NL, PT, SE.
Ottersbach P, Lohmer G, inventors; Creavis Gesellschaft fur Technologit und Innovation MBH, assignee.
Verfahren zur Modifizierung von Polymersubstraten durch Oberflachenfixierung eigenschaftsbestimmender
Makromolekule [Method for modifying polymer substrates by surface fixing of functional macromolecules].
World patent WO 00/44818. 2000 Aug 3. German. Recognized by: BR, CA, CN, IL, JP, KR, PL, RU, US.
24. Other notes for patents

Haskell-Luevano C, inventor; University of Florida Research Foundation, Inc., assignee. Melanocortin receptor
templates, peptides, and use thereof. United States patent US 7,084,111. 2006 Aug 1. Supported by grants
DK57080 and DK64250 awarded from the National Institutes of Health.
Ohlrogge JB, Benning C, Gao H, Girke TA, White JA, inventors; Board of Trustees Operating Michigan State
University, assignee. Plant seed specific promoters. United States patent US 7,081,565. 2006 Jul 25. Partially
supported by the United States National Science Foundation grant no. DCB94-06466.

US patent 6,857,874. 2005 Feb 7.
RU patent 2 219 546. 2003 Dec 20.
26. Patent applications before issuance of the patent

Sitte E, Kleber H, inventors; C Reichart Optische Werke AG, assignee. Apparatus for cooling a biological or
medical specimen. UK patent application GB 2 146 419 A. 1984 Sep 4.
Munx D, Schimmer J, Schmidt R, inventors; Siemens Aktiengesellschaft, assignee. Verfahren zur Uberwachung
einer Datenubertragungsstrecke [Procedure for the monitoring of data rate]. European patent application EP 1
605 612 A3. 2006 Jan 11. 3 p. Int. Cl. HO4B 10/08. German.
Verfahren zur Herstellung einer nichtpolierten Halbleiterscheibe. German Offenlegungsschrift DE 10 2005 046
726 A1. 2006 Mar 16. German.
492 Citing Medicine
493
Chapter 8. Newspaper Articles


• Examples
Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Newspaper Articles

The general format for a reference to a newspaper article, including punctuation:
Examples of Citations to Newspaper Articles

References to articles in newspapers are very similar to those for journal articles (see Chapter 1A Journal
Articles). There are 5 major differences:
• Names of newspapers are never abbreviated (e.g., "The Washington Post" not "Wash Post"), although a
leading "The" may be dropped if desired.
• The location where a newspaper is published is added to the title if the newspaper title does not indicate it,
either within or after the title, as appropriate.
• Section information, if present, replaces volume and issue information.
• Only the beginning page number of an article is included.
• Column location is added.
When a newspaper article has an author or authors, it is said to be "signed." Newspaper articles may be signed
either at the beginning of the article or at its conclusion. If the article is signed, begin the reference with the
surname (family name or last name) of the author; if the article is unsigned, begin the reference with the title of
the article; the use of "anonymous" is not permitted.
The specific edition of a newspaper is a required component of a citation. The same article may or may not
appear in different editions, and the text of an article often varies among editions.
Cite an Internet newspaper article as you would a print newspaper article, but with these major exceptions:
• Use the word "Internet" in square brackets as the Type of Medium after the newspaper title
• Include any update or revision date if there is one and a date of citation in square brackets following the
date of publication
• When a location (pagination) for the article is not provided, as often occurs, calculate the length of the
article using the best means possible, e.g., in terms of print pages, screens, or paragraphs
• Provide the URL or other electronic address of the article
The source for title and other newspaper information is, in order of preference: (1) the title page or home page of
the newspaper and (2) the masthead.
494 Citing Medicine
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Newspaper Articles.

Continue to Examples of Citations to Newspaper Articles.
Citation Rules with Examples for Newspaper Articles

Author (R) | Article Title (R) | Newspaper Title (R) | Edition (R) | Type of Medium (R) | Date of Publication (R) |
Section Letter, Number, or Name (R) | Location (Pagination) (R) | Column Number (R) | Physical Description
(O) | Language (R) | Notes (O)
Author for Newspaper Articles (required)

surname

(Chinese, Japanese)
• Organization as author

Newspaper Articles 495

• Omit all other punctuation within surnames

Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
496 Citing Medicine

other particle
abbreviation.

Dr. Katherine Eberhard becomes Eberhard K

Examples:
• Romanize names when they are in Cyrillic (Russian, Bulgarian, etc.), Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean, or
character-based languages, such as Chinese and Japanese.
one letter.
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
498 Citing Medicine
Box 7. Organization as author.

• Newspapers will sometimes carry an article from another newspaper or a wire service. The text of such
articles customarily begins with the name of the source. Place a source name at the beginning of the
reference as an organizational author.
Bloomberg News. 3 drug makers gain as top sellers keep up pace. New York Times (Washington
Final). 2006 Apr 20;Sect. C:13 (col. 1).
Associated Press. Mumps outbreak spreading in Midwest. Richmond Times-Dispatch. 2006 Apr
20;Sect. A:3 (col. 1).

• If no person can be identified as the author, begin the reference with the title of the article. Do not use
anonymous.

The following format is not NLM practice for citing authors, but is an acceptable option:
• Full first names of authors may be given
• Separate the surname from the given name or initials by a comma and a space
• Follow initials with a period
• Separate successive names by a semicolon and a space
Examples:
Moore, William A.; Lambert, Paul.
Connant, A.G.
Examples for Author

1. Standard signed newspaper article
2. Standard unsigned newspaper article
3. Standard newspaper article with optional volume and issue numbers
4. Newspaper article with author surname showing designations of rank within a family
5. Newspaper article with compound author surname
6. Newspaper article with author surnames having particles or prefixes (give as found in the article)
7. Newspaper article with an organization as author
Article Title for Newspaper Articles (required)

• Enter the title of an article as it appears in the original document

Box 10. Article titles containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or other special character.
von Willebrand disease study results from Canada.
Hazards of γ-radiation may become Hazards of gamma-radiation
the superscript or subscript within parentheses
Red blood cells and NH3 may become Red blood cells and NH(3)

• Newspaper articles sometimes contain a header, such as Science News or Health Report, at the top of the
page, or at the beginning, or a group of articles to indicate a subject grouping. Do not include a header as
part of the article title.

La "gripe del pollo" vuela can las aves silvestres.
Shuḳ bịtuḥe ha-beri' ut ha-perạtiyim be-Yisrael.
500 Citing Medicine
square brackets.
21-seiki no i no enshogaku.
or
[Gastritis in the 21st century].
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as; oe
Neue Nifedipin-Zubeitung ermoglicht tagliche Einmalgabe [New nifedipine preparation makes
single daily dose possible].
• Provide an English translation after the original language title whenever possible; place translations in
square brackets
La "gripe del pollo" vuela can las aves silvestres ["Bird flu" flies with the wild birds]. El Pais (Madrid
Ed.). 2005 Jul 17:28 (col.1). Spanish.
• Most articles end in a period. When a translation of an article title is provided, place it in square brackets.
Put the closing period outside the closing brackets.
La "gripe del pollo" vuela can las aves silvestres ["Bird flu" flies with the wild birds].
• If a translated article title ends in another form of punctuation, keep that punctuation. Place it within the
square brackets and end title information with a period.
Aed mindre, motioner mere! [Eat less, exercise more!].

8. Newspaper article with subtitle
9. Newspaper article in a language other than English
10. Newspaper article in a language other than English with optional translated title
Newspaper Title (required)

General Rules for Newspaper Title
• Enter a newspaper title in the original language
• Do not omit or abbreviate any words in a newspaper title, with the exception of a leading "The" which may
be dropped if desired
• Add the location where published if it is not included in the title: Bergen County (NJ) Record and Daily
Nation (Nairobi). See Location added below.
• End the newspaper title with a period unless an Edition or a Type of Medium is included
Box 14. Location added.

• For most newspapers, the location is the city where it is published. If a newspaper title does not indicate
the location, add the location either within or after the title, as appropriate.
(Minneapolis) Star-Tribune
The (Baltimore) Sun
Daily Nation (Nairobi)
El Dia (Mexico City)
Les Echos (Paris)
• If the city or other location is not well known, follow US and Canadian cities and locations with the 2-
letter abbreviation for the state or province (see Appendix E); follow cities in other countries with the
name of the country, either written out or as the two-letter ISO country code (see Appendix D).
The Record (Stockton, CA)
Bergen County (NJ) Record
East Valley (AZ) Tribune
Le Journal du Jura (Bienne, Switzerland) or Le Journal du Jura (Bienne,CH)
• An exception to the rule regarding addition of location information occurs when the newspaper is a
national or international one without a particular geographic base, such as the Christian Science Monitor
or Le Monde
502 Citing Medicine
Specific Rules for Newspaper Title

• Location added
• Newspaper titles not in English
• Options for newspaper titles
Box 15. Newspaper titles not in English.

• Provide the name in the original language for non-English newspaper titles found in the roman alphabet
(French, German, Spanish, Italian, etc.)
Junge Welt (Berlin).
Journal de Montreal.
• For a newspaper title in a non-roman alphabet:
⚬ Romanize (write in the roman alphabet) the title if it is in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, or
Korean
Izvestiia (Moscow)
⚬ Romanize or translate a title in a character-based language (Chinese, Japanese)
Guangming Ribao (Beijing)
China Times (Taiwan)
⚬ A good authority for romanization is the ALA-LC Romanization Tables
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
Box 16. Options for newspaper titles.

• It is not NLM or NISO practice, but a newspaper title may be abbreviated using the same rules as those
employed for journal titles. See Chapter 1A for further discussion.
The Washington Post becomes Wash Post
The New York Times becomes N Y Times
• Note that the edition rules for newspapers still apply
N Y Times (Final Ed.).
Examples for Newspaper Title

11. Newspaper title with city of publication added for clarification
12. Newspaper title with an edition
13. Newspaper title with both a city added and an edition
14. National newspaper without geographic location
Edition for Newspaper Articles (required)

• Indicate the edition being cited after the title when a newspaper is published in more than one edition
• Capitalize each significant word and place other words, such as articles, conjunctions, and prepositions in
lower case
becomes 3rd.
• Abbreviate common words such as edition (see Abbreviation rules for editions)
• Place the edition statement in parentheses, such as (Final Ed.)
• End the edition statement with a period after the closing parenthesis unless the Type of Medium is
included

Editions in newspaper titles are not abbreviated the same way they are in journal titles.
• Abbreviate only the word used for edition, which may become "Ed."
• Separate the edition from the newspaper title by a space and place it in parentheses
• Follow "Ed" with a period and end all the title information with a period
Examples:
Wall Street Journal. Western Edition. becomes Wall Street Journal (Western Ed.).
Pravda. English Edition. becomes Pravda (English Ed.).
Washington Post. Final Edition. becomes Washington Post (Final Ed.).
El Pais. Edicion Europa. becomes El Pais (Madrid) (Ed. Europa).
504 Citing Medicine

• Both a location and an edition included

⚬ Abbreviate only the word for edition in the particular language and end the abbreviation with a
period. See the table below for a list of words for edition in a variety of languages and their
abbreviations.
⚬ Separate the edition from the newspaper title by a space and place it in parentheses
Example:
Behorden Spiegel (Bonn Ausg.).
⚬ Abbreviate only the word for edition in the particular language and end the abbreviation with a
period. See the table below for a list of words for edition in a variety of languages and their
abbreviations.
Example:
Komsomolskaya Pravda (Moldove Izd.).
⚬ Romanize (write in the roman alphabet) or translate the words for edition. A good authority for
Example:
Yomiuri Shimbun (Chokan). or Yomiuri Shimbun (Morning Ed.).
Language Word Abbreviation
Danish oplag n.a.
Dutch uitgave Uitg
editie Ed


Finnish julkaisu Julk
French edition Ed
German Ausgabe Ausg
Greek ekdosis Ekd
Italian edizione Ed
Norwegian publikasjon Publ
Portuguese edicao Ed
Russian izdanie Izd
Spanish edicion Ed
Box 19. Both a location and an edition included.

• Place the edition information within parentheses following the newspaper title and any indication of
location
• Use a space to separate the edition from the title and location
Examples:
The (Baltimore) Sun (Weekend Ed.).
(Minneapolis) Star-Tribune (Metro Ed.).
El Pais (Madrid) (Ed. Europa).

Type of Medium for Newspaper Articles (required)

• Indicate the specific type of medium (Internet, microfiche, ultrafiche, microfilm, microcard, etc.) following
the title (and edition, if present) when a newspaper article is read on the Internet or appears in a
microform
• Place the name of the medium in square brackets and end with a period. For example: [microfiche].
• Add information about the medium according to the instructions under Physical Description below. If the
medium is Internet, there is no physical description.

20. Newspaper article in a microform
23. Newspaper article on the Internet
506 Citing Medicine
Date of Publication for Newspaper Articles (required)

• Include the year, month, and day of publication in that order. For example: 2004 May 5.
• End date information with a semicolon unless no section letter, number, or name is found (see No section
letter, number, or name is found below). Exception is if using a volume and issue in place of a section (see
Optional volume and issue numbers used instead of section information below).
Box 21. No section letter, number, or name is found.

• End date information with a colon if no letter, number, or name for the section is found
Peres J. Second look shows value of calcium. Chicago Tribune (Final Ed.). 2006 Apr 25:1 (col. 1).
Box 24. Optional volume and issue numbers used instead of section information.
• Long tradition omits volume and issue numbers from references to newspapers. The date combined with
the section name, number, or letter substitutes for volume information.
• As an option, however, volume and issue numbers may be included the same way they are for journal
articles. See Chapter 1A for details of formats.
• Note that section letters are incorporated into the page number when volumes and issues are used. In this
case where you have volume and issue you end the date information with a semicolon rather than a colon.
Example:
Weiss R. Study shows problems in cloning people: researchers find replicating primates will be
harder than other mammals. Washington Post (Home Ed.). 2003 Apr 1;126(127):A12 (col. 1).

• No section letter, number, or name is found

• Capitalize them
Examples:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

• Use the full date of publication
• Keep other parts of the citation in their standard order
NLM citation:
Gaul G. When geography influences treatment options. Washington Post (Maryland Ed.). 2005 Jul
24;Sect. A:12 (col.1).
Gaul G. 2005 Jul 24. When geography influences treatment options. Washington Post (Maryland
Ed.). Sect. A:12 (col.1).

18. Newspaper with no section letter, number, or name
Section Letter, Number, or Name for Newspaper Articles (required)

General Rules for Section Letter, Number, or Name
• Abbreviate Section to Sect.
• Follow Sect. with the letter, number, or name of the section
• Convert roman numerals used for section numbers into arabic numerals, such that II becomes 2
• End section information with a colon
Specific Rules for Section Letter, Number, or Name

• Section with a name instead of a letter or number
• No section letter, number, or name is found
• Optional volume and issue numbers used instead of section information
Box 22. Section with a name instead of a letter or number.

• Sections may be named, as "Metro Section", "Weekend Section", or "Holiday Extra"
• Use these names in a reference only when the section lacks a number or letter
• Do not abbreviate names of sections other than the word Section to Sect. to avoid confusion
508 Citing Medicine
Examples:
Kunkle F. Grievance panel seeks reprimand for Gansler. Washington Post (Home Ed.). 2003 Jul
3;Montgomery Extra:10 (col. 1).
Graedon J, Graedon T. Amnesia and cholesterol-lowering prescription drugs. The (Baltimore) Sun
(Weekend Ed.). 2005 Jul 24;Home & Family:8N (col. 1).
Box 23. No section letter, number, or name is found.

• End date information with a colon and the location (pagination) if no letter, number, or name for the
section is found
Examples for Section Letter, Number, or Name

15. Newspaper section with letter
16. Newspaper section with number
17. Newspaper section with name
Location (Pagination) for Newspaper Articles (required)

• Pagination in a newspaper article differs from pagination in all other types of publications in that only the
first page of the article is used
• Give the beginning page number on which the article appears
• Include a letter when it precedes the page number only when using the options provided in Letters before
page numbers
• End pagination information with a space
Box 25. Letters before page numbers.

• If a newspaper section is lettered, omit the letter before the beginning page number. For example, an
article in Section C on page C13 is cited as "Sect. C:13".
Brown D. Journal questions data in Vioxx study: 3 heart attacks not mentioned. Washington Post
(District & Maryland Final). 2005 Dec 9;Sect. A:2 (col. 3).
• As an option, a section letter may be included in the page number, omitting mention of the section
(District & Maryland Final). 2005 Dec 9:A2 (col. 3).
• An exception also occurs when optional volume and issue numbers are used. When using these numbers,
include the section letter in the page number.
(District & Maryland Final). 2005 Dec 9;129(4):A2 (col. 3).

• Letters before page numbers

• Keep roman numerals expressing location (pagination). Use upper or lower case, whichever appears in the
publication.

19. Newspaper article with optional inclusion of letter with page number (omitting section)
Column Number for Newspaper Articles (required)

General Rules for Column Number
• Give the number of the column on which the article begins
• Precede the number with "col."
• Place column information in parentheses, as (col. 3)
• End column information with a period outside the closing parenthesis
Examples for Column Number

Physical Description for Newspaper Articles (optional)

• Give information on the location of an article and its physical characteristics when the newspaper appears
in a microform (microfilm, microfiche, etc.). For example: microfiche 2 of 3 microfiche: color, 2 x 4 in.

510 Citing Medicine

• If a newspaper is found on microfiche or microcards, follow the column number with information on the
location of the article within the fiche or cards. For example, if the year or issue consists of 15 microfiche
and the particular article being cited is on the third fiche, cite it as "microfiche 3 of 15 microfiche." Enter a
colon and a space, then enter information on the physical characteristics, such as color and size. Separate
types of information by commas.
color
black & white
positive
negative
microfiche 1 of 3 microfiche: color, positive, 4 x 6 in.
microcard 4 of 5 microcards: black & white, 3 x 5 in.
• If a newspaper is published on microfilm, follow the pagination with information on the film and its
physical characteristics, such as color and size. Because microfilm reels carry a large volume of text, one or
more years is usually contained within one reel.
color
black & white
positive
negative
35 mm.
16 mm.
1 reel: color, positive, 35 mm.

Language for Newspaper Articles (required)


Notes for Newspaper Articles (optional)

• Be brief

• Dateline
Box 28. Dateline.

A dateline informs the reader of the place and date where a news item was created if these differ from the date
and place of the newspaper as a whole.
• Enter the name of the city followed by a comma, a space, and the month and day
• Abbreviate months to the first 3 letters of the English name
• End the dateline with a period
Example:
Health workers win suit over smoking ban. New York Times (Final Ed.). 1990 Dec 2;Sect. 1:33 (col.
1). Washington, Dec 1.

the reader. Begin by citing the newspaper article, then add the note. Some examples of notes are:
• To indicate that an article being cited had a subsequent notice of erratum or retraction published, enter
the phrase "Erratum in:" or "Retraction in:" followed by information on the article containing the erratum
or retraction. Include the newspaper title, the date of publication, section, location (pagination), and
column number. Use the same punctuation and format as you would for the article itself.
• To indicate that the article being cited is one of a series, describe the series
512 Citing Medicine
Vedantam S. When staying cool seems better than being bad. Washington Post (Final Ed.). 2006 Aug
7;Sect. A:2 (col. 3). Part of a weekly series of stories about the sociology and psychology behind news
events.
Examples for Notes

21. Newspaper article with a dateline
22. Newspaper article with other type of note
Examples of Citations to Newspaper Articles

Gaul G. When geography influences treatment options. Washington Post (Maryland Ed.). 2005 Jul 24;Sect. A:12
(col. 1).
Harris G. FDA orders recall of intravenous pumps. New York Times (Washington Final). 2005 Jun 22;Sect. A:12
(col. 1).
Levine S. Obesity increase creating special needs. Miami Herald (Final Ed.). 2006 Jan 4;Sect. A:4 (col. 2).
Fialka JJ. How mercury rules designed for safety end up polluting. Wall Street Journal. 2006 Apr 20;Sect. A:1
(col. 1).
with optional full name
Fialka, John J. How mercury rules designed for safety end up polluting. Wall Street Journal. 2006 Apr 20;Sect.
A:1 (col. 1).

Major decline in U.S. deaths is recorded. New York Times (Washington Final). 2006 Apr 20;Sect. A:14 (col. 6).
Woman in L.A. tests positive for plague. Richmond Times-Dispatch. 2006 Apr 20;Sect. A:7 (col. 6).

Taking steps back to normal after novel rabies therapy. New York Times (National Ed.). 2005 Dec
25;155(53439):23 (col. 3).
4. Newspaper article with author surname showing designations of rank

within a family
Maugh TH 2nd. Cancer deaths decline for 1st time since 1930: the drop in U.S. is slight but marks a milestone, as
advances catch up with demographics. Los Angeles Times. 2006 Feb 9;Sect. A:6 (col. 1).
McNeil DG Jr. Dogs trained to sniff out cancer: experts skeptical of 99% accuracy claim. Chicago Tribune (Final
Ed.). 2006 Jan 17:2 (col. 3).
5. Newspaper article with compound author surname

Perez-Pena R. Chernobyl takes its toll among emigres in U.S. New York Times (Washington Final). 2006 Apr
20;Sect. A:23 (col. 1).
Edersheim Kalb P. Finding out what's in your water. Wall Street Journal. 2006 Apr 20;Sect. D:2 (col. 3).
6. Newspaper article with author surnames having particles or prefixes

(give as found in the article)
O'Brian B. For one minority, a bias that's just so not right. Washington Post (Maryland Ed.). 2006 Aug 13;Sect.
D:1 (col. 1).
McCollum DG. More abuse victims would tell doctors - if doctors would ask. (Minneapolis) Star-Tribune
(Metro Ed.). 1996 Feb 3;Sect. A:23 (col. 1).
LaFraniere S. Angola is hit by cholera outbreak. New York Times (Washington Final). 2006 Apr 20;Sect. A:6 (col.
6).
von Eberstein L. Recovery role cited at NABOR installation. (New Orleans) Times-Picayune. 2006 Jan 22:99 (col.
3).
7. Newspaper article with an organization as author

Bloomberg News. 3 drug makers gain as top sellers keep up pace. New York Times (Washington Final). 2006 Apr
20;Sect. C:13 (col. 1).
Associated Press. Mumps outbreak spreading in Midwest. Richmond Times-Dispatch. 2006 Apr 20;Sect. A:3
(col. 1).
8. Newspaper article with subtitle

Vergano D, Lefort M. Stem cell implants in apes' brains bring warning: panel issues research guidelines and cites
the `moral' dimension. USA Today. 2005 Jul 18;Sect. D:4 (col. 2).

Se retractan cientificos sudcoreanos; admiten mentiras sobre la clonacion. La Jornada (Mexico City). 2006 Jan
5;Sect. A:3 (col. 1). Spanish.
Tchernobyl, 20 ans apres: le vrai impact en France. Le Monde (France Metropolitan). 2006 Apr 25:1 (col. 5).
French.
10. Newspaper article in a language other than English with optional

translated title
Se retractan cientificos sudcoreanos; admiten mentiras sobre la clonacion [South Korean scientists retract
themselves; they admit lies on cloning]. La Jornada (Mexico City). 2006 Jan 5;Sect. A:3 (col. 1). Spanish.
Tchernobyl, 20 ans apres: le vrai impact en France [Chernobly, 20 years after: the real impact on France]. Le
Monde (France Metropolitan). 2006 Apr 25:1 (col. 5). French.
514 Citing Medicine
11. Newspaper title with city of publication added for clarification

Njera C. Warning over diabetes monitors: touch glucose meters have failed to make the grade, says US regulator.
Daily Nation (Nairobi). 2006 Jan 5;Sect. 2:23 (col. 1).
McCollum DG. More abuse victims would tell doctors - if doctors would ask. (Minneapolis) Star-Tribune
(Metro Ed.). 1996 Feb 3;Sect. A:23 (col. 1).
Tanner L. Junior's chubby cheeks are cute, but they might never go away: study says overweight toddlers likely to
keep on those pounds. The Record (Stockton, AZ). 2006 Sep 5;Sect. A:1 (col. 2).

Stein R. Nonprescription sales of cholesterol drug rejected: FDA panel says risk of side effects outweigh benefits.
Washington Post (Final Ed.). 2005 Jan 15;Sect. A:3 (col. 4).
Harris G. FDA orders recall of intravenous pumps. New York Times (Washington Final). 2005 Jun 22;Sect. A:12
(col. 1).
Web site offers checkup on media health coverage. St. Louis Post Dispatch (3rd Ed.). 2006 Apr 17;Sect. A:3 (col.
5 ).
13. Newspaper title with both a city added and an edition

UnitedHealth-PacifiCare deal hailed, deplored. The (Baltimore) Sun (Weekend Ed.). 2005 Jul 8;Sect. E:1 (col.1).
La "gripe del pollo" vuela can las aves silvestres [The "bird flu" flies with the wild birds]. El Pais (Madrid) (Ed.
Europa). 2005 Jul 17:28 (col. 1). Spanish.
14. National newspaper without geographic location

Hellmich N. Dieter says "oui!" to French diet. USA Today. 2005 Jul 18;Sect. D:4 (col.2).
15. Newspaper section with letter

Tanner L. Rare drug mix-up can paralyze or kill: cancer therapy alert issued. USA Today. 2005 Jul 18;Sect. D:7
(col. 5).
16. Newspaper section with number

Janega J. Spoonful of cold reality. Chicago Tribune (Final Ed. South-Southwest). 2006 Jan 10;Sect. 1:1 (col.1).
17. Newspaper section with name

Graedon J, Graedon T. Amnesia and cholesterol-lowering prescription drugs. The (Baltimore) Sun (Weekend
Ed.). 2005 Jul 24;Home & Family:8N (col. 1).
Kunkle F. Grievance panel seeks reprimand for Gansler. Washington Post (Home Ed.). 2003 Jul 3;Montgomery
Extra:10 (col. 1).

La "gripe del pollo" vuela can las aves silvestres [The "bird flu" flies with the wild birds]. El Pais (Madrid) (Ed.
Europa). 2005 Jul 17:28 (col. 1). Spanish.
19. Newspaper article with optional inclusion of letter with page number
(omitting section)
Krasner J. Doctors wary of BIOGEN MS drug, survey says. Boston Globe (3rd Ed.). 2006 Mar 1:C4 (col. 1).

A year later, efforts are on to avoid another botched transplant. New York Times (Late City Ed.) [microfilm].
2004 Feb 22;Sect. L:26 (col.1). 1 reel: black & white, negative, 35 mm.
21. Newspaper article with a dateline

Taking steps back to normal after novel rabies therapy. New York Times (National Ed.). 2005 Dec
25;155(53439):23 (col. 3). Milwaukee, Dec 24.
LaFraniere S. Angola is hit by cholera outbreak. New York Times (Washington Final). 2006 Apr 20;Sect. A:6 (col.
6). Johannesburg, Apr 19.
Siegal N. Mumps epidemic spreads; more vaccine promised. New York Times (Washington Final). 2006 Apr
20;Sect. A:15 (col. 5). Iowa City, Apr 19.
22. Newspaper article with other type of note

Vedantam S. When staying cool seems better than being bad. Washington Post (Final Ed.). 2006 Aug 7;Sect. A:2
(col. 3 ). Part of a weekly series of stories about the sociology and psychology behind news events.
23. Newspaper article on the Internet

Carey B. Psychiatrists revise the book of human troubles. New York Times [Internet]. 2008 Dec 17 [cited 2008
Dec 19];Health:[about 3 p.]. Available from: http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/18/health/18psych.html?
_r=1&em
Grady D. Jump in doctor visits and deaths in flu season. New York Times [Internet]. 2008 Apr 18 [cited 2008
Dec 19];Research:[about 4 screens]. Available from: http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/18/health/research/
18flu.html?scp=7&sq=flu%20season&st=cse
Lyderson K. Risk of disease rises with water temperatures. Washington Post [Internet]. 2008 Oct 20 [cited 2008
Dec 19]:A08. Available from: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/10/19/
AR2008101901533.html Article includes a correction.
516 Citing Medicine
517
Chapter 9. Maps

• Examples
Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Maps

The general format for a reference to a map, including punctuation:
Examples of Citations to Maps

References to maps are very similar to books, with five major exceptions:
• Authors of maps are termed "cartographers".
• If the area covered by the map is not included in the title, it is added after the title in square brackets.
• The word map or the specific type of map is given after the title (and area if needed) in square brackets.
• Numbers of sheets, not pages, are given.
• Description of the map is usually provided, including its scale or projection, its physical size, and whether
it is in color or black and white.
Maps in this section refer to those published as independent sheets. For citing maps appearing in books and
atlases, see Chapter 2C Parts of Books.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Maps.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Maps.
Citation Rules with Examples for Maps

Author (cartographer) (R) | Author Affiliation (O) | Title (R) | Map Type (R) | Type of Medium (R) | Edition (R)
| Editor and other Secondary Authors (O) | Place of Publication (R) | Publisher (R) | Date of Publication (R) |
Author (cartographer) for Maps (required)

518 Citing Medicine
surname. For example: Smith AB.
• See Editor and Other Secondary Authors below if there are authors and editors

(Chinese, Japanese)

Charles A. St. becomes St James CA

Jiddeke M. van de becomes van de Kamp JM
Maps 519

[If you cannot determine from the map whether a surname is compound or a combination of a
middle name and a surname, look to any booklet or other material accompanying the map for
clarification. For example, Elizabeth Scott Parker may be interpreted to be Parker ES or Scott Parker
E.]
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

other particle
520 Citing Medicine

abbreviation.


Examples:
Maps 521
one letter
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

author.
University of Zimbabwe, Department of Geography
522 Citing Medicine
United Nations, Afghanistan Information Management Service

(see Appendix D)
National Geographic Society (US)
Royal Geographical Society (GB)
Department of Agriculture (US), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Photo Mosaic Aero Service Corporation; Geological Survey (US); Atomic Energy Commission (US)
of Emergency Physicians, Pediatric Committee
• If both individuals and an organization or organizations appear on a map as cartographers, use the names
of the individuals as the author: give the organization(s) at the end of the reference as a note, if desired
Meuschke JL, Moxham RM, cartographers. Airborne radioactivity survey of the Tabernacle Buttes
area, Sublette and Fremont Counties, Wyoming [remote-sensing map]. Washington: Geological
Survey (US); 1953. 1 sheet: 1:63,360; 36 x 53 cm. Compiled by staff of the Photo Mosaic Aero Service
Corporation, the US Atomic Energy Commission, and the US Geological Survey.
Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica del CNR
Universitatsmedizin Berlin
Geografiska Sallskapet i Finland [Geographical Society of Finland]
brackets.
Rossiiskoe Respiratornoe Obshchestvo [Russian Respiratory Society]
[Japanese Society for Geographical Sciences]
Maps 523

Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

• If no person or organization can be found as the cartographer but editors or translators are present, begin
the reference with the names of the editors or translators. Follow the same rules as used for author names,
but end the list of names with a comma and the specific role, that is, editor or translator.
• If no person or organization can be identified as the cartographer and no editors or translators are given,
begin the reference with the title of the map. Do not use anonymous.
Maiden quadrangle, North Carolina, 1993 [topographic map]. Reston (VA): Geological Survey (US);
1996. 1 sheet: 1:24,000; Lambert conformal conic proj.; 68 x 56 cm.; color.

The following format is not NLM practice for citing authors, but is an acceptable option:
Meyers, Keith R.; Lee, Barry; Lee, Michael F., cartographers. Respiratory cancer death rates,
1950-1979 [Louisiana] [map]. Baton Rouge (LA): Louisiana State University, Department of
Geography and Anthropology; 1984. 2 maps on 1 sheet: 1:2,500,000; 17 x 20 cm.; black & white.
Examples for Author

1. Standard citation to a map
524 Citing Medicine
2. Map with designation of family rank for the author (cartographer)

3. Map with an organization as author (cartographer)
4. Map with no author (cartographer) provided
Author Affiliation for Maps (optional)

country
• Place the affiliation in parentheses. For example: (Department of Earth and Biological Sciences, Loma
Linda University, Loma Linda, CA).


Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Soc. for Society
Maps 525
all references.

Give the affiliation of all cartographers or only the first cartographer.
code (see Appendix D) if non-US. Place the affiliation in parentheses.
• Provide the name in the original language for non-English organizational names found in the roman
Infantil Carlos Haya, Malaga, Spain), cartographers.
Zodieru-Popa I, cartographers.
Petersburg, Russia), Golubkov VI, Tikhomirova OS, Brezhneva TV, cartographers.
Takamatsu, Japan), Bandoh S, Fujita J, cartographers.
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
526 Citing Medicine
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

Wien becomes Vienna

• Insert the e-mail address as it appears on the map
Example:
Leitner M (Department of Geography and Anthropology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge,
LA. leitner@lsu.edu), cartographer.

5. Map showing author (cartographer) affiliation
Title for Maps (required)

• Enter the title of a map as it appears in the original document, in the original language
Maps 527
• End a title with a space

• Area of map not indicated in the title
Box 14. Area of map not indicated in the title.

• If the title of the map does not tell the user the geographic area covered by the map, place the name for the
area after the title, placed in square brackets.
Examples:
Respiratory cancer death rates, 1950-1979 [Louisiana] [map].
Adolescent fertility rates, ages 15 to 19, 1994 [World] [map].
District population per health facility [Kabul] [map].
Pink bollworm quarantine [Southwestern United States] [map].

Plano de los transportes publicos del area de salud 1 sur-este de Madrid [map]. Madrid: Comunidad
de Madrid, Consejeria de Sanidad, Direccion General Planificacion Sanitaria; 2000. 2 maps on 1
sheet: 38 x 65 cm.; color. Spanish.
Vodacka mapa CSFR [map]. Prague: Kartografie Praha; 1991. 1 map on 2 sheets: 1:500,000; 79 x 157
cm.; color. Czech.
square brackets.
Beijing Shi ji ben yi liao bao xian ding dian yi liao ji gou ding dian ling shou yao dian zhi nan tu
[map]. Beijing: Zhongguo di tu chu ban she; 2003. 2 maps on 1 sheet: 52 x 76 cm. and 38 x 38 cm.;
color. Chinese.
or
[Local medical facilities and retail pharmacies in Beijing covered by basic medical insurance] [map].
Beijing: Zhongguo di tu chu ban she; 2003. 2 maps on 1 sheet: 52 x 76 cm. and 38 x 38 cm.; color.
Chinese.
528 Citing Medicine
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
square brackets
Plano de los transportes publicos del area de salud 1 sur-este de Madrid [Public transportation plan
of the first southeastern health area of Madrid] [map]. Madrid: Comunidad de Madrid, Consejeria
de Sanidad, Direccion General Planificacion Sanitaria; 2000. 2 maps on 1 sheet: 38 x 65 cm.; color.
Spanish.
Beijing Shi ji ben yi liao bao xian ding dian yi liao ji gou ding dian ling shou yao dian zhi nan tu
[Local medical facilities and retail pharmacies in Beijing covered by basic medical insurance] [map].
Beijing: [China Map Publishers]; 2003. 2 maps on 1 sheet: 52 x 76 cm. and 38 x 38 cm.; color.
Chinese.
Vodacka mapa CSFR [Map of water sites of the Czechoslovak Federal Republic] [map]. Prague:
Kartografie Praha; 1991. 1 map on 2 sheets: 1:500,000; 79 x 157 cm.; color. Czech.

• If a map title is written in several languages, give the title in the first language found on the map and
indicate all languages of publication after the pagination. Separate the languages by commas and end the
list with a period.
Brugger EM, cartographer. Asien [map]. Frankfurt (Germany): Kartographischer Verlag Reinhard
Ryborsch; 1992. 1 sheet: 1 cm. = 80 km.; 97 x 135 cm.; color. German, English, French.
Maps 529
• If a map title is presented in two or more equal languages, as often occurs in Canadian publications, give
all titles in the order in which they are given in the text, and place an equals sign between them. Indicate
the particular languages, separated by commas, after the pagination. End the list with a period.
Schwerdt Graphic Arts Ltd., cartographer. Carte de Montreal: communaute urbaine de Montreal =
Montreal city plan: urban community [map]. Whitby (ON): Peter Heiler Ltd.; 1990. 1 sheet: 1:25,000;
110 x 199 cm.; color. French, English.
• Capitalize the first word of a map title unless the title begins with a Greek letter, chemical formula, or
1,3-dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin occupational exposure levels in the Netherlands [map].
von Willebrand distribution [World] [map].
Trends in γ-linolenic acid production in the United States [map].
or
Trends in gamma-linolenic acid production in the United States [map].
TiO2 in waste water in Japan [map].
or
TiO(2) in waste water in Japan [map].

• If a map has no formal title, construct a title using the name of the area covered by the map as the title
• Place the area name in square brackets
Example:
[World] [demographic map]. Washington: Bureau of the Census (US), Center for International
Research; 1994. 8 maps on 4 sheets: 1:90,000,000; 20 x 39 cm.; color.
Examples for Title

6. Map with subtitle
7. Map with a title not in English
8. Map with a title not in English with optional translation
530 Citing Medicine
9. Map in two equal languages

10. Map in multiple languages
11. Map with location added after title
12. Map with constructed title
Map Type (required)

General Rules for Map Type
• A map type alerts the user that the reference is not to a standard book but to a map
• Place the specific type of map, such as demographic map or topographical map, after the map title, in
square brackets
• If the specific type is unknown, simply use the word map
• Follow the bracketed map type with a period unless the map is in a non-print medium (see Type of
Medium)
Specific Rules for Map Type

• Specific type of map included
Box 19. Specific type of map included.

• As an option, include the specific type of map cited, if known. Place the type in square brackets following
the title.
Examples:
Maiden quadrangle, North Carolina, 1993 [topographic map]. Reston (VA): Geological Survey (US);
1996. 1 sheet: 1:24,000; Lambert conformal conic proj.; 68 x 56 cm.; color.
Percent of population, 2000. One or more races including Asian [United States] [demographic map].
Washington: Census Bureau (US), Population Division; 2001. 1 sheet: 1:20,000,000; 14 x 24 cm.;
color.
2000 population distribution in the United States [dot distribution map]. Washington: Census
Bureau (US), Geography Division; 2001. 1 sheet: 55 x 66 cm.; black & white.
Meuschke JL, Moxham RM, cartographers. Airborne radioactivity survey of the Tabernacle Buttes
area, Sublette and Fremont Counties, Wyoming [remote-sensing map]. Washington: Geological
Survey (US); 1953. 1 sheet: 1:63,360; 36 x 53 cm.
• If the specific type is unknown, simply use the word map within the brackets
Examples for Map Type

13. Map with specific type indicated
Type of Medium for Maps (required)

• Indicate the specific type of medium (microfiche, ultrafiche, microfilm, microcard, etc.) when a map is
published in a microform
Maps 531
• Insert the name of the medium within the square brackets for the map type, preceded by the word on. For
example: [map on microfiche].
• Add information about the medium according to the instructions in Physical Description below
• See Chapter 18 and Chapter 22 for maps in electronic formats

29. Map in a microform
Edition for Maps (required)

• Indicate the edition/version being cited when a map is published in more than one edition or version
• Abbreviate common words if desired (see Abbreviation rules for editions)
becomes 3rd.

Word Abbreviation
edition ed.
abbreviated abbr.
abridged abr.
American Am.
augmented augm.
English Engl.
enlarged enl.
expanded expand.
illustrated ill.
modified mod.
original orig.
reprint(ed) repr.
revised rev.
special spec.
translation transl.
translated
532 Citing Medicine
3rd rev. ed.

1st Engl. ed.

• First editions

Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
constructions.
Maps 533

⚬ Follow abbreviated words by a period and end the edition information with a period
Examples:
Ed. 1a.
2. ed. veneta.
Nuova ed.
Seconda ed.
constructions.
Examples:
2. dopunjeno izd.
2. ekd. epeux.
3. ekd.
534 Citing Medicine

Examples:
ŏ becomes o
ū becomes u
constructions.
Examples:
Shohan.
Dai 1-han.
Dai 3-pan.
Di 3 ban.
Che 6-pàn.
Danish oplag n.a.
udgave
Dutch uitgave uitg.
editie ed.
French edition ed.

Maps 535

Auflage Aufl.
Greek ekdosis ekd.
utgave utg.
publikacija publ.
Spanish edicion ed.
publicacion publ.

• If a map does not carry any statement of edition, assume it is the first or only edition
earlier one

14. Map with an edition
Editor and other Secondary Authors for Maps (optional)

• A secondary author modifies the work of the author. Examples include editors and translators.
• Place the names of secondary authors after the map type and any edition statement
• Use the same rules for the format of names presented in Author (cartographer) above
• Follow the last named editor with a comma and the word editor or editors; the last named translator with
a comma and the word translator or translators, etc.
reference

536 Citing Medicine

A map may occasionally have several types of secondary author
Examples:
Smith BC, editor; Carson HT, translator.
Graber AF, Longstreet RG, translators; Johnson CT, editor.

Example:

• Translate the word found for editor, translator, or other secondary author into English if possible to assist
the reader. However, the wording found on the publication may always be used.
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
Maps 537
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
Language Word for Editor Word for Translator
French redacteur traducteur
editeur
German redakteur ubersetzer
Italian redattore traduttore
curatore
editore
Russian redaktor perevodchik
izdatel
Spanish redactor traductor
editor

• Follow the instructions for entering the organizational name found under Organizations as author
• Place a comma and the word editor after the organizational name
Example:
Advisory Committee on Existing Chemicals of Environmental Relevance, editor.

15. Map with editor(s)
Place of Publication for Maps (required)

• Place is defined as the city where the map was published
538 Citing Medicine
• End place information with a colon and a space

• Non-US cities

Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
Montreal (QC):
Ottawa (ON):
Vancouver (BC):
London:
Maps 539
Rome:
Paris:
Madrid:
but

• Two organizations may co-publish a map. Use the city of the first organization found on the map as the
place of publication.
1985 national shellfish register of classified estuarine waters: regional maps of shellfish growing
waters [map]. Washington: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (US); 1985. 4 sheets:
1:2,500,000; 76 x 76 cm.; color. Co-published by the US Food and Drug Administration.


• If no place of publication can be found on the map, but one can be found in a booklet or other publication
accompanying the map or can be reasonably inferred (e.g., New York as the place for a publication of the
American Geographical Society), place the city in square brackets, such as [New York]
Percentage of persons not covered by health insurance compared with the national average, by state:
1992 [United States] [map]. [Washington]: Census Bureau (US): [1993?]. 1 sheet: 22 x 28 cm.; color.
Dent BD, cartographer. Arkansas population distribution, with shaded relief features of the physical
landscape [map]. [place unknown]: B.D. Dent; c1984. 1 sheet: 1:1,000,000; 50 x 57 cm.; color.

16. Map with geographic qualifier added to place of publication
540 Citing Medicine
17. Map with place of publication inferred

18. Map with unknown place of publication
Publisher for Maps (required)

• Record the name of the publisher as it appears in the map, using whatever capitalization and punctuation
is found there
name first. For example: Louisiana State University, Department of Geography and Anthropology.
• End publisher information with a semicolon and a space


Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Ltd. for Limited
Soc. for Society
Maps 541
all references.

language
Madrid: Comunidad de Madrid, Consejeria de Sanidad, Direccion General Planificacion Sanitaria;
2000.
Prague: Kartografie Praha; 1991.
• Romanize names or translate names presented in and character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese).
Place all translated publisher names in square brackets unless the translation is given in the publication.
Beijing: Zhongguo di tu chu ban she; 2003.
or
Beijing: [China Map Publishers]; 2003.
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
542 Citing Medicine
œ treated as oe
brackets.
Valencia (Spain): Universidade de Valencia, Instituto de Ciencia y Documentacion Lopez Pinero;
• As an option, translate all publisher names not in English. Place all translated publisher names in square
brackets unless the translation has been given in the publication.
Appendix D)
Royal Geographical Society (GB)
issued the map as the publisher and include distributor information as a note, preceded by "Available
from:" .
Thorson TD, cartographer. Ecoregions of Oregon [map]. Reston (VA): Geological Survey (US),
National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Western Ecology Division; 2004. 1
sheet: 33 x 44 cm,; color. Available from: US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC; I
19.79:EC 7/OR/2004.

• Two organizations may co-publish a map. Use the first organization appearing on the map as the
publisher.
Maps 543
Example:

• If more than one publisher is found on a map, use the first one given or the one set in the largest type or
bold type
• Do not list multiple publishers. For those maps with joint or co-publishers, use the name given first as the
publisher and include the name of the second as a note if desired. For example, use "Jointly published by
the Royal Geographical Society".
Example:

• If no publisher can be found, use [publisher unknown].
Mathewson KM, cartographer. Recent unexplained mass mortality of marine fauna: a look at ocean
nuclear waste dumps as possible sources of stress [Northeast Atlantic Ocean] [map]. New York:
[publisher unknown]; 2004. 1 sheet: 117 x 105 cm.; color.

19. Map with subsidiary division of the publisher
20. Map published by governmental or other national/international organization
21. Map with joint or co-publisher
22. Map with unknown publisher
Date of Publication for Maps (required)

544 Citing Medicine


2002-2003
1997-1998
1999-2000
1999 Oct-2000 Mar
2002 Dec-2003 Jan
2005 Jan-Feb
1999 Dec-2000 Jan

• Capitalize them
Examples:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar
Maps 545

Some maps have both a date of publication and a date of copyright. A copyright date is identified by the symbol
©, the letter "c", or the word copyright preceding the date.

Cincinnati and vicinity [map]. Lake Monroe (FL): Universal Map; c2002. 1 sheet: 2 1/4 inch = 1
mile;123 x 183 cm.; color.

material contained in the map itself or on accompanying material, place a question mark after the
Percentage of persons not covered by health insurance compared with the national average, by state:
1992 [United States] [map]. [Washington]: Census Bureau (US): [1993?]. 1 sheet: 22 x 28 cm.; color.
[date unknown]
Aces Products, cartographer. Navajo Nation, U.S.A., P.H.S., Indian Health Service [map]. Window
Rock (AZ): Indian Health Service (US), Navajo Area; [date unknown]. 1 sheet: 1:1,600,000; 26 x 31
cm.; color.

The date of information may follow the author names in the list of references when the name-year system of in-
text references is used
NLM citation:
546 Citing Medicine
National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, West Ecology Division; 2004.
Thorson TD, cartographer. 2004. Ecoregions of Oregon [map]. Reston (VA): Geological Survey (US),
National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, West Ecology Division.

23. Map with month included in date of publication
24. Map with date of copyright instead of publication
25. Map with date of publication estimated
26. Map with unknown date of publication
Pagination for Maps (optional)

• Provide the total number of sheets on which the map appears
• Follow the sheet total with a space and the word sheet or sheets
• End pagination information with a colon and a space, unless no Physical Description is provided, then use
a period

• More than one map on a sheet or more than one sheet per map
Box 42. More than one map on a sheet or more than one sheet per map.
• If more than one map appears on a sheet, include this information with the pagination. Place the number
of maps before the number of sheets.
2 maps on 1 sheet: 1:2,500,000; 17 x 20 cm.; black & white.
10 maps on 1 sheet: 23 x 17 cm. and 10 x 7 cm.; color.
8 maps on 4 sheets: 1:90,000,000; 20 x 39 cm.; color.
• If a map appears on more than one sheet, include this information with the pagination
2 sheets: 1:4,500,000; sheets 92 x 62 cm.; color.
8 maps on 4 sheets: 1:90,000,000; 20 x 39 cm.; color.

27. Map pagination and physical description
Maps 547
Physical Description for Maps (optional)

• Begin with the scale of the map, followed by a semicolon and a space. For example: 1:250,000;
• Enter the size of the map in centimeters, followed by a semicolon and a space. For example: 80 x 44 cm.;
• Indicate if the map is in color or black & white
• End the map description with a period
• Give information on the physical characteristics if a map is published in a microform (microfilm,
microfiche, etc.). For example: 1 microfiche: black & white, negative, 2 x 4 in.

• Language for describing map characteristics
• Language for describing microform characteristics
Box 43. Language for describing map characteristics.

• Describe map characteristics using the features listed below
⚬ Give each feature as it is found on the map
⚬ Abbreviate measures used if desired
centimeters = cm.
inches = in.
miles = mi.
kilometers = km.
⚬ Separate one feature from another by a semicolon and a space
⚬ End the last of the features with a period
• Scale
Examples:
1:45,000
1:2,125,000
2 1/4 in. = 1 mi.
1 cm. = 80 km.
• Size in centimeters
Examples:
33 x 44 cm.
123 x 183 cm.
If more than one map is found on a sheet and they differ in size, include all sizes:
548 Citing Medicine
2 maps on 1 sheet: 52 x 76 cm. and 38 x 38 cm.; color

• Color or black & white
Examples:
1 sheet: 1:1,600,000; 26 x 31 cm.; color.
2 maps on 1 sheet: 1:2,500,000; 17 x 20 cm.; black & white.
• Projection is also sometimes found on a map
⚬ Use whatever wording is found on the map
⚬ Abbreviate projection to proj. if desired
⚬ Place projection information following the scale (or following the number of sheets if no scale is
provided)
Examples:
1 sheet: 1:24,000; Lambert conformal conic proj.; 68 x 56 cm.; color.
1 sheet: 1:54,109,440; Winkel tripel proj.; 46 x 74 cm.; color.
8 maps on 1 sheet: 1:15,600,000; Azimuthal equidistant proj.; 26 x 20 cm. and 60 x 50 cm.;
color.
Box 44. Language for describing microform characteristics.

If a map is published on microfiche, microfilm, or microcards:
2 microfiche:
3 microcards:
1 reel: [of microfilm]
color
black & white
positive
negative
Maps 549

• Place any microform description after the map characteristics

28. Map physical description showing projection
Series for Maps (optional)

number.
Examples for Series

30. Map in a series
Language for Maps (required)


• Maps appearing in more than one language
550 Citing Medicine
Box 45. Maps appearing in more than one language.

• If the text of a map is written in several languages, give the title in the first language found on the map and
indicate all languages of publication after the pagination. Separate the languages by commas.
Ryborsch; 1992. 1 sheet: 1 cm. = 80 km.; 97 x 135 cm.; color. German, English, French.
• If a map appears in two or more equal languages, as often occurs in Canadian publications, give all titles in
the order in which they are presented on the map, with an equals sign between them. Indicate the
particular languages, separated by a comma, after the pagination and description.
Schwerdt Graphic Arts Ltd., cartographer. Carte de Montreal: communaute urbaine de Montreal =
Montreal city plan: urban community [map]. Whitby (ON): Peter Heiler Ltd.; 1990. 1 sheet: 1:25,000;
110 x 199 cm.; color. French, English.
• If none of the languages is English, follow the title with a translation whenever possible. Place the
Brugger EM, cartographer. Asien [Asia] [map]. Frankfurt (Germany): Kartographischer Verlag
Reinhard Ryborsch; 1992. 1 sheet: 1 cm. = 80 km.; 97 x 135 cm.; color. German, English, French.

Notes for Maps (optional)

• Be brief

• Map accompanied by written or other material
Box 46. Map accompanied by written or other material.

• If a booklet or other supplemental material accompanies a map, begin by citing the map
• Add the phrase "Accompanied by:" followed by a space and the number and type of material
Examples:
Accompanied by: 1 booklet.
Accompanied by: World's most populous cities, lesson plan, 16 p.
Maps 551

• If a map contains material of particular interest to the audience that may not be apparent from the title,
describe it
Veterans Health Services and Research Administration [United States] [map]. Rev. ed. Washington:
Department of Veterans Affairs (US); 1991. 1 sheet: 28 x 43 cm.; color. Shows VA regional offices,
medical centers, and outpatient clinics.
AIDS and HIV in Latin America and the Caribbean [map]. Washington: Central Intelligence Agency
(US); 1993. 2 maps on 1 sheet: 40 x 75 cm.; color. Information taken from reports to World Health
Organization, Pan American Health Organization, USAID, and from official estimates in various
countries.
Mathes MV, Waldron MC, cartographers. Distribution of fluoride in ground water of West Virginia
[map]. Charleston (WV): Geological Survey (US); 1993. 1 sheet: 1:2,125,000; 32 x 36 cm.; black &
white. Prepared in cooperation with the West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey.
• If the map is a US government publication and may be obtained from the US Government Printing Office
or the National Technical Information Service, provide the name and location of the service and the
acquisition number. Begin with the phrase "Available from" followed by a colon and a space
National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Western Ecology Division; 2004. 1
sheet: 33 x 44 cm.; color. Available from: US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC; I
19.79:EC 7/OR/2004.
• Give the name of a library or other archive where the map may be found. Begin with the phrase "Located
at" followed by a colon and a space
Ryborsch; 1992. 1 sheet: 1 cm. = 80 km.; 97 x 135 cm.; color. German, English, French. Located at:
Ohio State University Library, Columbus, Ohio; G7400 1992 .K3.
Examples for Notes

31. Map with note
Examples of Citations to Maps

1. Standard citation to a map
Buchholz D, cartographer. Street map, San Diego, southern area [map]. Oceanside (CA): Global Graphics; 2000.
1 sheet: 1:45,000; 89 x 68.5 cm.; color.
Davies DH, Wheeler RG, cartographers. Zimbabwe population distribution, August 1982 [map]. Causeway
(Zimbabwe): Zimbabwe Surveyor-General; 1985. 1 sheet: 1:1,000,000; 78 x 88 cm.; color.
2. Map with designation of family rank for the author (cartographer)

Giese GL, Mason RR Jr, cartographers. Low-flow characteristics of streams in North Carolina [map]. Raleigh
(NC): Geological Survey (US); 1991. 2 sheets: 1:2,125,000; 73 x 106 cm.; color.
552 Citing Medicine
3. Map with an organization as author (cartographer)

Aces Products, cartographer. Navajo Nation, U.S.A., P.H.S., Indian Health Service [Southwestern United States]
[map]. Window Rock (AZ): Indian Health Service (US), Navajo Area; [date unknown]. 1 sheet: 1:1,600,000; 26 x
31 cm.; color.
Rwanda, Ministere de la Sante, cartographer. Rwanda health facilities [map]. Kigali (Rwanda): MINISANTE;
2000. 1 sheet: 60 x 92 cm.; color.
4. Map with no author (cartographer) provided

Sample PSUs for the health interview survey (HIS), 1980 redesign [United States] [map]. Washington: Bureau of
the Census (US), Geography Division; 1986. 1 sheet: 1:5,000,000; 66 x 97 cm.; color.
Pink bollworm quarantine [Southwestern United States] [map]. Washington: Department of Agriculture (US),
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service; 1997. 1 sheet: 18 x 27 cm.; color.
5. Map showing author (cartographer) affiliation

Davies DH (Department of Geography, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe), Wheeler RG,
cartographers. Zimbabwe population distribution, August 1982 [map]. Causeway (Zimbabwe): Zimbabwe
Surveyor-General; 1985. 1 sheet: 1:1,000,000; 78 x 88 cm.; color.
6. Map with subtitle

American Nuclear Society, cartographer. Commercial nuclear power stations around the world: operable, under
construction or ordered, September 1991 [map]. La Grange Park (IL): Nuclear News; 1991. 7 maps on 1 sheet: 59
x 136 cm.; black & white.

Plano de los transportes publicos del area de salud 1 sur-este de Madrid [map]. Madrid: Comunidad de Madrid,
Consejeria de Sanidad, Direccion General Planificacion Sanitaria; 2000. 2 maps on 1 sheet: 38 x 65 cm.; color.
Spanish.
Beijing Shi ji ben yi liao bao xian ding dian yi liao ji gou ding dian ling shou yao dian zhi nan tu [map]. Beijing:
Zhongguo di tu chu ban she; 2003. 2 maps on 1 sheet: 52 x 76 cm. and 38 x 38 cm.; color. Chinese.
Vodacka mapa CSFR [Czechoslovak Federal Republic] [map]. Prague: Kartografie Praha; 1991. 1 map on 2
sheets: 1:500,000; 79 x 157 cm.; color. Czech.

Plano de los transportes publicos del area de salud 1 sur-este de Madrid [Public transportation plan of the first
southeastern health area of Madrid] [map]. Madrid: Comunidad de Madrid, Consejeria de Sanidad, Direccion
General Planificacion Sanitaria; 2000. 2 maps on 1 sheet: 38 x 65 cm.; color. Spanish.
Beijing Shi ji ben yi liao bao xian ding dian yi liao ji gou ding dian ling shou yao dian zhi nan tu [Local medical
facilities and retail pharmacies in Beijing covered by basic medical insurance] [map]. Beijing: Zhongguo di tu
chu ban she; 2003. 2 maps on 1 sheet: 52 x 76 cm. and 38 x 38 cm.; color. Chinese.
Vodacka mapa CSFR [Map of water sites of the Czechoslovak Federal Republic] [map]. Prague: Kartografie
Praha; 1991. 2 sheets:1:500,000; 79 x 157 cm.; color. Czech.
Maps 553

Schwerdt Graphic Arts Ltd., cartographer. Carte de Montreal: communaute urbaine de Montreal = Montreal city
plan: urban community [map]. Whitby (ON): Peter Heiler Ltd.; 1990. 1 sheet: 1:25,000; 110 x 199 cm.; color.
French, English.

Brugger EM, cartographer. Asien [map]. Frankfurt (Germany): Kartographischer Verlag Reinhard Ryborsch;
1992. 1 sheet: 1 cm. = 80 km.; 97 x 135 cm.; color. German, English, French.
11. Map with location added after title

District population per health facility [Kabul] [map]. Kabul (Afganistan): United Nations, Afghanistan
Information Management Service; 2004. 1 sheet: 61 x 84 cm.; color.
Pink bollworm quarantine [Southwestern United States] [map]. Washington: Department of Agriculture (US),
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service; 1997. 1 sheet: 18 x 27 cm.; color.
Distribution of helminthiases [World] [map]. New York: American Geographical Society; c1952. 15 maps on 1
sheet: 38 x 67 cm.; color.
12. Map with constructed title

[World] [demographic map]. Washington: Bureau of the Census (US), Center for International Research; 1994. 8
maps on 4 sheets: 1:90,000,000; 20 x 39 cm.; color.
13. Map with specific type indicated

Meuschke JL, Moxham RM, cartographers. Airborne radioactivity survey of the Tabernacle Buttes area, Sublette
and Fremont Counties, Wyoming [remote-sensing map]. Washington: Geological Survey (US); 1953. 1 sheet:
1:63,360; 36 x 53 cm.
Maiden quadrangle, North Carolina, 1993 [topographic map]. Reston (VA): Geological Survey (US); 1996. 1
sheet: 1:24,000; Lambert conformal conic proj.; 68 x 56 cm.; color.
One or more races including Asian [United States] [demographic map]. Washington: Census Bureau (US),
Population Division; 2001. 1 sheet: 1:20,000,000; 14 x 24 cm.; color.
2000 population distribution in the United States [dot distribution map]. Washington: Census Bureau (US),
Geography Division; 2001. 1 sheet: 55 x 66 cm.; black & white.
14. Map with an edition

Richmond Virginia: includes downtown enlargement, indexed streets, place names, shopping centers, schools,
airports, hospitals, places of worship, parks & recreation, and much more [map]. 2nd ed. Alexandria (VA): ADC
of Alexandria; c1994. 1 sheet: 1:36,000; 66 x 97 cm.; color.
Veterans Health Services and Research Administration [United States] [map]. Rev. ed. Washington: Department
of Veterans Affairs (US); 1991. 1 sheet: 28 x 43 cm.; color.
15. Map with editor(s)

Wood M, Keates JS, cartographers. Scotland, population distribution on the night of 23 April, 1961 [map]. Caird
JB, Diamond DR, editors. Glasgow: William Collins & Sons Col.; 1965. 1 sheet: 1:500,000; 91 x 72 cm.; color.
554 Citing Medicine
16. Map with geographic qualifier added to place of publication

Hagstrom map of Ulster County, New York: fully street-indexed, U.S., state, interstate highways, Catskill Park,
golf courses and country clubs, schools, hospitals, points of interest, zip codes, rr routes [map]. Maspeth (NY):
Hagstrom Map Co.; c1997. 1 sheet: 1:42,000; 143 x 133 cm.; color.
17. Map with place of publication inferred

Percentage of persons not covered by health insurance compared with the national average, by state: 1992
[United States] [map]. [Washington]: Census Bureau (US): [1993?]. 1 sheet: 22 x 28 cm.; color.
18. Map with unknown place of publication

Dent BD, cartographer. Arkansas population distribution, with shaded relief features of the physical landscape
[map]. [place unknown]: B.D. Dent; c1984. 1 sheet: 1:1,000,000; 50 x 57 cm.; color.
19. Map with subsidiary division of the publisher

Ghana, maternal malnutrition by region: percent mothers with children under 3 years who are malnourished
[map]. Legon (Ghana): University of Ghana, Centre for Social Policy Studies; 1998. 1 sheet: 59 x 41 cm.; color.
District population per health facility [Kabul] [map]. Kabul (Afghanistan): United Nations, Afghanistan
Information Management Service; 2004. 1 sheet: 61 x 84 cm.; color.
20. Map published by governmental or other national/international

organization
U.S. Navy and Marine Corps guide to Native American groups [United States] [map]. Washington: Navy
Department (US), Office of the Assistant Secretary; 1996. 2 sheets: 1:4,500,000; 92 x 62 cm.; color.
Thorson TD, cartographer. Ecoregions of Oregon [map]. Reston (VA): Geological Survey (US), National Health
and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Western Ecology Division; 2004. 1 sheet: 33 x 44 cm.; color.
21. Map with joint or co-publisher

1985 national shellfish register of classified estuarine waters: regional maps of shellfish growing waters [United
States] [map]. Washington: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (US); 1985. 4 sheets: 1:2,500,000;
76 x 76 cm.; color. Co-published by the US Food and Drug Administration.
22. Map with unknown publisher

Mathewson KM, cartographer. Recent unexplained mass mortality of marine fauna: a look at ocean nuclear
waste dumps as possible sources of stress [Northeast Atlantic Ocean] [map]. New York: [publisher unknown];
2004. 1 sheet: 117 x 105 cm.; color.
23. Map with month included in date of publication

Adolescent fertility rates, ages 15 to 19, 1994 [World] [map]. Washington: Bureau of the Census (US), Center for
International Research; 1994 Feb. 1 sheet: 1:90,000,000; 20 x 39 cm.; color.
24. Map with date of copyright instead of publication

Cincinnati and vicinity [map]. Lake Monroe (FL): Universal Map; c2002. 1 sheet: 2 1/4 in. = 1 mi.; 123 x 183
cm.; color.
Maps 555
25. Map with date of publication estimated

Percentage of persons not covered by health insurance compared with the national average, by state: 1992
[United States] [map]. [Washington]: Census Bureau (US): [1993?]. 1 sheet: 22 x 28 cm.; color.
26. Map with unknown date of publication

Aces Products, cartographer. Navajo Nation, U.S.A., P.H.S., Indian Health Service [Southwestern United States]
[map]. Window Rock (AZ): Indian Health Service (US), Navajo Area; [date unknown]. 1 sheet: 1:1,600,000; 26 x
31 cm.; color.

Mathes MV, Waldron MC, cartographers. Distribution of fluoride in ground water of West Virginia [map].
Charleston (WV): Geological Survey (US); 1993. 1 sheet: 1:2,125,000; 32 x 36 cm.; black & white.
of Veterans Affairs (US); 1991. 1 sheet: 28 x 43 cm.; color.
U.S. Navy and Marine Corps guide to Native American groups [United States] [map]. Washington: Navy
Department (US), Office of the Assistant Secretary; 1996. 2 sheets: 1:4,500,000; 92 x 62 cm.; color.
Meyers KR, Lee B, Lee MF, cartographers. Respiratory cancer death rates, 1950-1979 [Louisiana] [map]. Baton
Rouge (LA): Louisiana State University, Department of Geography and Anthropology; 1984. 2 maps on 1 sheet:
1:2,500,000; 17 x 20 cm.; black & white.
28. Map physical description showing projection

Maiden quadrangle, North Carolina, 1993 [topographic map]. Reston (VA): Geological Survey (US); 1996. 1
sheet: 1:24,000; Lambert conformal conic proj.; 68 x 56 cm.; color.
Natural hazards of North America [map]. Washington: National Geographic Society (US); c1998. 8 maps on 1
sheet: 1:15,600,000; Azimuthal equidistant proj.; 26 x 20 cm. and 60 x 50 cm.; color.
Millennium in maps. Population [World] [map]. Washington: National Geographic Society (US); 1998. 1 sheet:
1:54,109,440; Winkel tripel proj.; 46 x 74 cm.; color.

Hutson SS, cartographer. Ground-water use by public supply systems in Tennessee in 1988 [map on microfiche].
Nashville (TN): Geological Survey (US); 1991. 1 sheet: 1:1,490,000; 18 x 59 cm.; color. 1 microfiche: color,
positive, 4 x 6 in.
30. Map in a series

Loiselle MC, Horn MA, Medalie L, cartographers. Estimated withdrawals and use of freshwater in Maine, 1990
[map]. Reston (VA): Geological Survey (US); 1995. 10 maps on 1 sheet: 23 x 17 cm. and 10 x 7 cm.; color.
(Water-resources investigations report; 93-4098).
31. Map with note

Cincinnati and vicinity [map]. Lake Monroe (FL): Universal Map; c2002. 1 sheet: 2 1/4 in. = 1 mi.; 123 x 183
cm.; color. Accompanied by: 1 booklet.
556 Citing Medicine
The world's most populous cities [map]. Asheville (NC): Poster Education; c1997. 1 sheet: 40 x 91 cm.; color.
Accompanied by: World's most populous cities, lesson plan, 16 p.
of Veterans Affairs (US); 1991. 1 sheet: 28 x 43 cm.; color. Shows VA regional offices, medical centers, and
outpatient clinics.
AIDS and HIV in Latin America and the Caribbean [map]. Washington: Central Intelligence Agency (US); 1993.
2 maps on 1 sheet: 40 x 75 cm.; color. Information taken from reports to World Health Organization, Pan
American Health Organization, USAID, and from official estimates in various countries.
Mathes MV, Waldron MC, cartographers. Distribution of fluoride in ground water of West Virginia [map].
Charleston (WV): Geological Survey (US); 1993. 1 sheet: 1:2,125,000; 32 x 36 cm.; black & white. Prepared in
cooperation with the West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey.
Thorson TD, cartographer. Ecoregions of Oregon [map]. Reston (VA): Geological Survey (US), National Health
and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Western Ecology Division; 2004. 1 sheet: 33 x 44 cm.; color.
Available from: US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC; I 19.79:EC 7/OR/2004.
Brugger EM, cartographer. Asien [map]. Frankfurt (Germany): Kartographischer Verlag Reinhard Ryborsch;
1992. 1 sheet: 1 cm. = 80 km.; 97 x 135 cm.; color. German, English, French. Located at: Ohio State University
Library, Columbus, Ohio; G7400 1992 .K3.
557
Chapter 10. Legal Documents

Created: October 10, 2007; Updated: January 14, 2009.
The legal profession employs a unique system of citation unlike that generally used in medicine and the sciences.
This legal style is described in detail in The Bluebook: a Uniform System of Citation (18th ed. Cambridge (MA):
Harvard Law Review Association; 2005). Because this legal standard is well established and its citation format
accurately identifies legal documents for retrieval from law and general libraries, no attempt has been made to
force references to legal materials such as public laws and hearings into a traditional format. Instead, examples of
the common types of legal citations are provided here and the reader should consult The Bluebook for details.
The examples below pertain to US federal statues and legislative documents. They represent the standards
followed in the United States and may not be applicable to legal documents in other countries. Documents
produced by US states vary in format; see The Bluebook.
Unenacted Bill
- originated in the House
Treat Physicians Fairly Act, H.R. 4872, 109th Cong., 2d Sess. (2006).
- originated in the Senate
Hurricane Katrina Medicaid and SCHIP Relief Act, S. 1688, 109th Cong., 1st Sess. (2005).
Public Law
National All Schedules Prescription Electronic Reporting Act of 2005, Pub. L. 109-60, 119 Stat.1979 (Aug. 11,
2005).
Veterans Hearing Loss Compensation Act of 2002, Pub. L. No. 107-9, 115 Stat. 11 (May 24, 2001).
United States Code

Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) of 1970, 29 U.S.C. Sect. 651 (2000).
Code of Federal Regulations

Epithelioma of the Eye, 9 C.F.R. Sect. 309.6 (2006).
Cardiopulmonary Bypass Intracardiac Suction Control, 21 C.F.R. Sect. 870.4430 (2002).
Federal Register
An item from the Federal Register is cited the same way as a standard journal article. Abbreviate the title to Fed
Regist. and see Chapter 1A for journal article citation information.
Social Security Administration (US). Evidentiary requirements for making findings about medical
equivalence. Final rules. Fed Regist. 2006 Mar 1;71(40):10419-33.
Congressional Hearing
- House
Plant Biotechnology Research and Development in Africa: Challenges and Opportunities: Hearing Before the
Subcomm. on Research of the House Comm. on Science, 108th Cong., 1st Sess. (Jun. 12, 2003).
558 Citing Medicine
Arsenic in Drinking Water: An Update on the Science, Benefits and Cost: Hearing Before the Subcomm. on
Environment, Technology and Standards of the House Comm. on Science, 107th Cong., 1st Sess. (Oct. 4, 2001).
- Senate
Public Health Preparedness in the 21st Century: Hearing Before the Subcomm. on Bioterrorism and Public
Health Preparedness of the Senate Comm. on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions, 109th Cong., 2d Sess.
(Mar. 28, 2006).
Examining the Effects of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) on U.S. Imports and Exports of Cattle and
Beef: Hearing Before the Senate Comm. on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry, 109th Cong., 1st Sess. (Feb. 3,
2005).
Congressional Report
- House report
Providing for Consideration of H.R. 525, Small Business Health Fairness Act of 2005, H.R. Rep. No. 109-183 (Jul.
25, 2005).
Methamphetamine Remediation Research Act of 2005, H.R. Rep. No. 109-42 (Apr. 13, 2005).
- Senate report
Foundation for the National Institutes of Health Improvement Act, S. Rep. No. 109-75 (May 26, 2005).
Meeting the Housing and Service Needs of Seniors Act of 2005, S. Rep. No. 109-178 (Nov. 15, 2005).
559
Citing Unpublished Material

560 Citing Medicine
561
Chapter 11. Forthcoming ("in press")

A. Forthcoming Journal Articles

• Examples
B. Forthcoming Books
• Examples
See also:
Chapter 1 Journals
Chapter 2 Books
A. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Forthcoming

Journal Articles
The general format for a reference to a forthcoming journal article, including punctuation:
Examples of Citations to Forthcoming Journal Articles

Forthcoming material consists of journal articles or books accepted for publication but not yet published.
"Forthcoming" has replaced the former "in press" because changes in the publishing industry make the latter
term obsolete.
Do not include as forthcoming those articles that have been submitted for publication but have not yet been
accepted for publication. Note that some publishers will not accept references to any form of unpublished items
in a reference list.
You may add the affiliation of the first author or additional authors of the article to the citation to facilitate
retrieval in the event there is some delay or change in final publication. For journal articles you may also include
the exact volume and issue number if known.
For more examples of the components of citations, see Chapter 1A Journal Articles.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Forthcoming Journal Articles.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Forthcoming Journal Articles.
562 Citing Medicine
Citation Rules with Examples for Forthcoming Journal Articles

Medium (R) | Volume Number (O) | Issue Number (O) | Language (R) | Notes (R)
Author for Forthcoming Articles (required)

• List names in the order they will appear in the final document
surname

(Chinese, Japanese)
• No author included

Forthcoming ("in press") 563
• Omit all other punctuation within surnames


Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

564 Citing Medicine
other particle
abbreviation.

• Omit degrees, titles, and honors that follow a personal name, such as M.D

Examples:

• Romanize names when they are in Cyrillic (Russian, Bulgarian, etc.), Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean, or
one letter
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

author.
566 Citing Medicine

• If a division or other part of an organization will be included in the publication, give the parts of the name
in descending hierarchical order, separated by commas
Working Group.
part of the name, place the country within parentheses after the name, using the two-letter ISO country
code (see Appendix D)
• If both individuals and an organization(s) will appear on the title page of an article as authors, give both,
in the order they will appear in the article; separate them by a semicolon
Italian, Spanish, German, Swedish, etc.) as they will appear in the publication. Whenever possible
follow a non-English name with a translation. Place all translations in square brackets.
brackets.
▪ Treat a letter marked with diacritics or accents as if it were not marked
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
▪ Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they were two letters
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
Box 8. No author included.

• If no person or organization will be given as the author but editors or translators will be given, begin the
• If no person or organization will be identified as the author and no editors or translators will be given,
begin the reference with the title of the article. Do not use anonymous.
568 Citing Medicine
NCRP Report 151. Structural shielding design and evaluation for megavoltage x-and gamma-ray
radiotherapy facilities. J Radiol Prot. Forthcoming 2006.

The following formats are not NLM practice for citing authors, but they are acceptable options:
• The number of authors may be limited to a specific number, such as the first three authors or first six
authors, if space is a consideration. Follow the last named author with a comma and "et al." or "and
others."
• If both individuals and an organization or organizations will appear on the title page of the article as
authors, the individuals may be given as the author and the organization listed at the end of the reference
as a note
Buyse M, Loi S, van't Veer L, Viale G, Delorenzi M, Glas AM, d'Assignies MS, Bergh J, Lidereau R,
Ellis P, Harris A, Bogaerts J, Therasse P, Floore A, Amakrane M, Piette F, Rutgers E, Sotiriou C,
Cardoso F, Piccart MJ. Validation and clinical utility of a 70-gene prognostic signature for women
with node-negative breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. Forthcoming 2006. Authors represent the
TRANSBIG Consortium.
Examples for Author

1. Standard citation for a forthcoming article
2. Forthcoming article with optional full first names
3. Forthcoming article with author names showing designation of rank in a family
4. Forthcoming article with authors having compound surnames
5. Forthcoming article with prefixes or particles in author surnames
6. Forthcoming article with no author or editor
Author Affiliation for Forthcoming Articles (optional)

country

Pittsburgh, PA)


Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Soc. for Society

570 Citing Medicine
Example:

code (see Appendix D) if non-US. Place the affiliation in parentheses
Zodieru-Popa I.
Mandelshtam MY.
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
and Spain for Espana. However, the name that will be carried on the publication may always be used.

• Use the English form for names of cities and countries whenever possible. However, the name that will be
carried on the publication may always be used.
Wien becomes Vienna

7. Forthcoming article with author affiliation
Article Title for Forthcoming Articles (required)

• Enter the title of an article or book as it will appear in the final document, in the original language
• Follow non-English titles with a translation, whenever possible; place the translation in square brackets

572 Citing Medicine

• Article titles containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special character

• Translate article titles not in English. Place all translated titles in square brackets. Indicate the language
after the journal title.
Perea-Carrasco R, Castano-Lopez MA, Perez-Coronel R. [Adequate use of drugs and therapeutic
efficacy]. Med Clin (Barc). Spanish. Forthcoming 2006.
• Whenever possible, place the original language title or romanized title before the translation
Thallinger C, Joukhadar C. Cytochrom-P450 mediierte Arzneimittelinteraktionen mit
Antibiotika [Cytochrom-P450 mediated drug interactions caused by antibiotics]. Wien Med
Wochenschr. German. Forthcoming 2006.
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
Example:
Perea-Carrasco R, Castano-Lopez MA, Perez-Coronel R. Uso racional del medicamento y eficacia
terapeutica [Adequate use of drugs and therapeutic efficacy]. Med Clin (Barc). Spanish. Forthcoming
2006.

• If an article title will be provided in English as well as other languages, give the English language version of
the article title and indicate all languages of publication after the journal title, separated by commas
Slama K. Background information for adopting a policy encouraging earmarked tobacco and alcohol
taxes for the creation of health promotion foundations. Promot Educ. English, French, Spanish.
Forthcoming 2006.
• If an article title will be provided in more than one language and none of them is English, translate the title
into English and place the translation within square brackets. Indicate all languages of publication after
the journal title, separated by commas.
Teubner E, Marinello CP. [Determination of prospective tooth positions by means of model
analysis--the Staub Cranial System]. Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed. French, German. Forthcoming
2006.
⚬ As an option, precede the translated title with the original language title
Teubner E, Marinello CP. Die Berechnung der prospektiven Zahnposition anhand einer
Modellanalyse--das Staub Cranial-System [Determination of prospective tooth positions by
means of model analysis--the Staub Cranial System]. Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed. French,
German. Forthcoming 2006.
• If an article title is presented in two equal languages, as often occurs in Canadian publications, give both
titles in the order in which they will be given in the text, with an equals sign between them. Indicate the
particular languages, separated by commas, after the journal title.
Macdonald N, Squires B, Hawkins D, Downie J, Aberman A, Armstrong P, Davidoff F, Detsky A, Hall
J, Hennen B, Rouleau J, Roy C, Scott J, Stewart D. Editorial independence for CMAJ: signposts along
the road = L'independance de la redaction du JAMC: des signes positifs. CMAJ. English, French.
Forthcoming 2006.
brackets. Place the closing period outside the brackets.
Collinet P, Decanter C, Lefebvre C, Leroy JL, Vinatier D. [Endometriosis and infertility]. Gynecol
Obstet Fertil. French. Forthcoming 2006.
or
Collinet P, Decanter C, Lefebvre C, Leroy JL, Vinatier D. Endometriose et infertilite [Endometriosis
and infertility]. Gynecol Obstet Fertil. French. Forthcoming 2006.
square brackets and end title information with a period.
Carbonne B. [Hannah's term breech trial: for whom the bell tolls?]. Gynecol Obstet Fertil. French.
Forthcoming 2006.
574 Citing Medicine
or
Carbonne B. Essai de Hannah sur le mode d'accouchement en presentation du siege: pour qui sonne
le glas? [Hannah's term breech trial: for whom the bell tolls?]. Gynecol Obstet Fertil. French.
Forthcoming 2006.
isothiocyanate, a cruciferous vegetable-derived cancer chemopreventive agent. Mol Carcinog.
Forthcoming 2006.
Sun Y. p53 and its downstream proteins as molecular targets of cancer. Mol Carcinog. Forthcoming
2006.
Suzuki T, Hide I, Matsubara A, Hama C, Harada K, Miyano K, Andra M, Matsubayashi H, Sakai N,
Kohsaka S, Inoue K, Nakata Y. Microglial α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors drive a phospholipase
C/IP3 pathway and modulate the cell activation toward a neuroprotective role. J Neurosci Res.
Forthcoming 2006.
or
Kohsaka S, Inoue K, Nakata Y. Microglial alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors drive a
phospholipase C/IP3 pathway and modulate the cell activation toward a neuroprotective role. J
Neurosci Res. Forthcoming 2006.
Kohsaka S, Inoue K, Nakata Y. Microglial α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors drive a phospholipase
C/IP3 pathway and modulate the cell activation toward a neuroprotective role. J Neurosci Res.
Forthcoming 2006.
or
Kohsaka S, Inoue K, Nakata Y. Microglial alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors drive a
phospholipase C/IP(3) pathway and modulate the cell activation toward a neuroprotective role. J
Neurosci Res. Forthcoming 2006.

8. Forthcoming article title beginning with a lower case letter
9. Forthcoming article title containing Greek letters, superscripts, or subscripts

10. Forthcoming article with a title not in English
11. Forthcoming article that is a letter to the editor
Article Type for Forthcoming Articles (optional)

• An article type alerts the user that the reference is to an abstract or a letter to the editor, not a full article
• Follow the bracketed article type with a period


Ch'ng A, Lowe M. Celecoxib allergies and cross-reactivity [letter]. Intern Med J. Forthcoming 2006.
[abstract] with a period.
Ammendola E, Russo V, Politano L, Santangelo L, Calabro R. Is heart rate variability a valid
parameter to predict sudden death in patients with Becker's muscular dystrophy? [letter]. Heart.
Forthcoming 2006.

Journal Title for Forthcoming Articles (required)

• Abbreviate significant words in a journal title (see Abbreviation rules for journal titles below) and omit
other words, such as articles, conjunctions, and prepositions
• End the journal title with a period unless an Edition statement or a Type of Medium is included (see
below)

The Journal of Biocommunication becomes J Biocommun.
576 Citing Medicine
La Pediatria Medica e Chirurgica becomes Pediatr Med Chir.

L'Orthodontie Francaise becomes Orthod Fr.
⚬ A list of the abbreviations for common English words used in journal titles is in Appendix A. Other
▪ The NLM Catalog, which includes an interface to search by journal title, and the complete
active PubMed title list.
such as Chinese and Japanese
Virology. remains Virology.
Kansenshogaku Zasshi. remains Kansenshogaku Zasshi.
JAMA: the Journal of the American Medical Association becomes JAMA.
Prevention becomes Inj Prev.
• Omit any punctuation found within a title
Journal of Neuro-Oncology becomes J Neurooncol.
Drug-Nutrient Interactions becomes Drug Nutr Interact.
Women's Health becomes Womens Health.
Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod
a library collection or database; the name of the city where the journal is published distinguishes the
various titles. The city is usually shown in abbreviated format following the same rules as for words in
journal titles, as Phila for Philadelphia in the example above. If you use a bibliography or database such as
PubMed to help construct your reference and a place name is included, you may keep it if you wish.


• For non-English journal titles appearing in the roman alphabet (French, German, Spanish, Italian, etc.),
provide the name in the original language. Abbreviate it according to the Abbreviation rules for journal
titles and capitalize all remaining words, including abbreviations. Indicate the language of the article after
the journal title.
Sante Ment Que. French. Forthcoming 2006.
Korean. Abbreviate it according to the Abbreviation rules for journal titles and capitalize all
remaining words, including abbreviations. Indicate the language of the article after the journal title.
Probl Tuberk Bolezn Legk. Russian. Forthcoming 2006.
Refuat Hapeh Vehashinayim. Hebrew. Forthcoming 2006.
⚬ Romanize titles in a character-based language (Chinese, Japanese). Do not abbreviate any of the
words or omit any words; use the capitalization system of the particular language. Indicate the
language of the article after the journal title.
Nihon Ishigaku Zasshi. Japanese. Forthcoming 2006.
Zhonghua Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue. Chinese. Forthcoming 2015.
▪ It is not NLM practice, but you may translate journal titles in character-based languages. If
you do, abbreviate the title according to the Abbreviation rules for journal titles and indicate
the language of the article after the journal title.
Chin Crit Care Med. Chinese. Forthcoming 2015.
▪ A good authority for romanization is the ALA-LC Romanization Tables.
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
578 Citing Medicine
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

Urology. remains Urology.
Harefuah. remains Harefuah.

• If a journal is published in more than one edition, include the edition information after the title itself
and prepositions. For example: of, the, at, in, and, L'.
• Do not follow abbreviated words by a period, but end all title information with a period
Hospital Practice. Hospital Editon. becomes Hosp Pract (Hosp Ed).
• See the Abbreviation rules for editions for further information

J Contin Educ Nurs. may become J. Contin. Educ. Nurs.
Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing.

12. Forthcoming article in a journal title with an edition
13. Forthcoming article in a journal title with a place of publication added
14. Forthcoming article in an Internet journal
Edition for Forthcoming Articles (required)

version
• End the edition statement with a period placed outside the parenthesis unless the Type of Medium is
included (see below)

because an edition is considered a part of the title in journal citations
and prepositions. For example: of, the, at, in, and, L'. See Appendix A for a list of commonly abbreviated
⚬ List of Journals Indexed for MEDLINE
⚬ PubMed Journals database
⚬ Appendix B for non-NLM sources.
• Do not follow abbreviated words with a period, but end all title information with a period
Examples:
Hospital Practice. Hospital Edition. becomes Hosp Pract (Hosp Ed).


conjunctions, and prepositions. For example: de, der, y, les, and, L'.
580 Citing Medicine

Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
period
Examples:
Tierarztliche Praxis. Ausgabe Klientiere Heimtiere becomes Tierarztl Prax (Ausg Klient
Heimtiere).
Angiology. Edicion Espanola. becomes Angiology (Ed Esp).
Farmaco. Edizione Pratica. becomes Farmaco (Ed Prat).
• For an edition statement written in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, or Korean

⚬ Do not follow abbreviated words with a period, but end all journal title information with a period
Example:
Pharmakeutikon Deltion. Epistemonike Ekdosis. becomes Pharm Delt (Epistem Ekd).
• For an edition statement written in a character-based language such as Chinese and Japanese.
⚬ Transliterate the words for edition
Examples:
ŏ becomes o
ū becomes u
⚬ End all the title information with a period
Example:
Ban).
⚬ It is not NLM practice, but you may translate such journal titles and their editions. If you do,
abbreviate them according to the Abbreviation rules for journal titles.
J Jinan Univ (Nat Sci Med Ed).
• Below is a brief list of Non-English words for editions with their abbreviations, if any. (n.a. = not
abbreviated)
Danish oplag n.a.

582 Citing Medicine

Dutch uitgave Uitg
editie Ed
French edition Ed
German Ausgabe Ausg
Greek ekdosis Ekd
Italian edizione Ed
Russian izdanieIzd
Spanish edicion Ed

Type of Medium for Forthcoming Articles (required)

• Indicate the specific type of medium (videocassette, DVD, CD-ROM, Internet, etc.) following the title
when a journal will be published in a non-print format
• Place the name of the medium in square brackets and end with a period, such as [videocassette]. or
[Internet].
• See Chapter 16 for articles in audiovisual formats and Chapter 19 for electronic formats for more
information


medium.
Nucl Acids Res (Electron Ed) [CD-ROM].

Volume Number for Forthcoming Articles (optional)

• Do not follow a volume number with any punctuation unless there is no issue number. In that case, follow
with a period.

• Supplements, parts, special numbers to a volume
Box 28. Supplements, parts, special numbers to a volume.

A volume will sometimes be published with a further subdivision instead of an issue. These are usually called a
supplement, part, or special number.
• Abbreviate the names for such subdivisions
Supplement = Suppl
Part = Pt
• Place them after the volume number and end with a period. For example:
- issue with supplement - with a part
15 Suppl. 15 Suppl 1 Pt A.
45 Suppl A. 45 Suppl A Pt 2.
87 Suppl 1. 87 Suppl 1 Pt 1.
- issue with part - with a supplement
66(Pt 2). 66(Pt 2 Suppl).
24(Pt A). 124(Pt A Suppl).
- issue with special number -with a part
6 Spec No. 6 Spec No Pt 2.
• Translate names for supplements, parts, and special numbers into English. See the following examples:
annexe part
Beilage

584 Citing Medicine

Erganzung
dopolnenie
suplemento
anejo
• If the supplement will be given a name rather than the usual letter or number, abbreviate significant words
and omit other words such as articles, conjunctions, and prepositions
Example: 24 Abstr Suppl.

• See the following list for the words and abbreviations used for volume in a variety of languages:

Occasionally a journal will publish a series of issues without volumes or will publish a supplement, part, or
special number to a date of publication rather than to a volume or issue.
• If there are issues only, no volume numbers, follow the journal title with a space and the issue number,
placed in parentheses. End with a period.
Vestn Ross Akad Med Nauk. (9). Russian. Forthcoming 2006.
• If no issue or volume is found, but a supplement, part, or special number to a date of publication is
present, follow the journal title with a space and information on the supplement, part, or special number.
End with a period.
Biotechniques. Suppl. Forthcoming 2006.

15. Forthcoming article with volume and issue predicted
Issue Number for Forthcoming Articles (optional)

• End issue information with a period

• Supplements, parts, special numbers to an issue
Box 31. Supplements, parts, special numbers to an issue.

An issue will sometimes be published with a further subdivision, usually called a supplement, part, or special
number.
• Abbreviate the names for subdivisions
Supplement = Suppl
Part = Pt
• Place them after the issue number and inside the parentheses. End with a period. For example:
- issue with supplement -with a part
(1 Suppl). (1 Suppl Pt A).
(12 Suppl A). (12 Suppl A Pt 2).
(3 Suppl Pt B).
- issue with part -with a supplement
(1 Pt 2). (Pt 2 Suppl).
(Pt A). (Pt A Suppl).
- issue with special number -with a part
(2 Spec No). (2 Spec No Pt 2).

586 Citing Medicine
• Translate names for supplements, parts, and special numbers into English. See the following examples:
annexe part
Beilage
Erganzung
dopolnenie
suplemento
anejo
• If the supplement will be given a name rather than the usual letter or number, abbreviate significant words
and omit other words such as articles, conjunctions, and prepositions. Place them after the issue number
and inside the parentheses.
Use the word abbreviations lists found in Appendix A and Appendix B
Example: (5 Suppl Dementia).

• See the following list of words and abbreviations used for issue (usually variations on the word number) in
a variety of languages:

• If there are issues only, no volume numbers, follow the journal title with a space and the issue number,
placed in parentheses. End with a period.
Vestn Ross Akad Med Nauk. (9). Russian. Forthcoming 2006.

• If no issue number, follow the volume number with a period
Prog Drug Res. 63. Forthcoming 2006.

Language for Forthcoming Articles (required)



• If an article is written in English as well as other languages, give the English language version of the article
title and indicate all languages of publication after the journal title and any volume or issue number
Gasparini M, Bonito V, Leonardi M, Tarquini D, Colombi L, Congedo M, Marcello N, Causarano R,
Gasperini M, Rizzo M, Porteri C, Borghi L, Primavera A, Defanti CA. Neurologists and patients'
associations: alliances and conflicts. Neurol Sci. 27. English, Italian. Forthcoming 2006.
• If an article is written in more than one language and none of them is English, translate into English the
version of the title that will appear first and place the translation in square brackets. Indicate all languages
of publication after the journal title and any volume or issue number
Colombo C. [How "Spanish flu" is not recognized]. Krankenpfl Soins Infirm. 99(6). French, German,
Italian. Forthcoming 2006.
• As an option, when an article title is written in two equal languages as often occurs in Canadian
publications, give both titles in the order in which they are presented in the text, with an equals sign
between them. Indicate the particular languages, separated by a comma, after the journal title and any
volume or issue number.
Rowe T. Do women need androgens? = Le recours aux angrogenes est-il indique dans le cas des
femmes? J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 28(4). English, French. Forthcoming 2006.

Notes for Forthcoming Articles (required)

• Begin with the word Forthcoming
588 Citing Medicine
• Enter the year of intended publication, if known


• Options for date

the user. For example:
• If the article contains a review of the literature and this is not indicated in the title
Scott DL, Kingsley GH. Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors for rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med. 355.
Forthcoming 2006. Review.
• If the study on which the article is based was funded or otherwise supported by a particular organization
Arnlov J, Pencina MJ, Amin S, Nam BH, Benjamin EJ, Murabito JM, Wang TJ, Knapp PE,
D'Agostino RB Sr, Bhasin S, Vasan RS. Endogenous sex hormones and cardiovascular disease
incidence in men. Ann Intern Med.145(3). Forthcoming 2006. Supported by research grants from
the Thureus Foundation and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.
• If the article will contain a handout or informative material used to explain a procedure or a condition or
the contents of a specific article are written in non-technical language for the patient or consumer
American Academy of Family Physicians. Information from your family doctor. What you should
know about worrying too much. Am Fam Physician. 73(6). Forthcoming 2006. Patient education
handout to be included.
• If the author’s manuscript is available electronically
Hao Zheng, Ng F, Yixiao Liu, Hardin PE. Spatial and circadian regulation of cry in Drosophila. J Biol
Rhythms. Forthcoming. [cited 2008 Aug 11]:[18 p.]. Author’s manuscript available at http://www.pub
medcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=18663236 PubMed Central;
PMCID: PMC2504742.
Box 36a. Options for date.

The forthcoming date of publication may follow the author names (or title if there are no authors) in the list of
references when the name-year system of in-text references is used.
• Use Forthcoming and the year of publication only
• Place the Forthcoming year after the last named author (or after the title if there is no author), followed by
a period
NLM citation:
Laking G, Lord J, Fischer A. The economics of diagnosis. Health Econ. Forthcoming 2006.
NCRP Report 151. Structural shielding design and evaluation for megavoltage x-and gamma-ray
radiotherapy facilities. J Radiol Prot. Forthcoming 2006.
Laking G, Lord J, Fischer A. Forthcoming 2006. The economics of diagnosis. Health Econ.
NCRP Report 151. Forthcoming 2006. Structural shielding design and evaluation for megavoltage x-
and gamma-ray radiotherapy facilities. J Radiol Prot.
Examples for Notes

16. Forthcoming article with specific date predicted
17. Forthcoming article with no date predicted
18. Forthcoming article with other types of note
Examples of Citations to Forthcoming Journal Articles

1. Standard citation for a forthcoming article
Laking G, Lord J, Fischer A. The economics of diagnosis. Health Econ. Forthcoming 2006.
Savinainen KJ, Helenius MA, Lehtonen HJ, Visakorpi T. Overexpression of EIF3S3 promotes cancer cell growth.
Prostate. Forthcoming 2006.
2. Forthcoming article with optional full first names

Burgio, Kathryn L.; Goode, Patricia S.; Richter, Holly E.; Locher, Julie L.; Roth, David L. Global ratings of patient
satisfaction and perceptions of improvement with treatment for urinary incontinence: validation of three global
patient ratings. Neurourol Urodyn. Forthcoming 2006.
3. Forthcoming article with author names showing designation of rank in

a family
Loudon RP, Silver LD, Yee HF Jr, Gallo G. RhoA-kinase and myosin II are required for the maintenance of
growth cone polarity and guidance by nerve growth factor. J Neurobiol. Forthcoming 2006.
Cross WW 3rd, Saleh KJ, Wilt TJ, Kane RL. Agreement about indications for total knee arthroplasty. Clin
Orthop Relat Res. Forthcoming 2006.
4. Forthcoming article with authors having compound surnames

Navarro-Sarabia F, Ariza-Ariza R, Hernandez-Cruz B, Villanueva I. Adalimumab for treating rheumatoid
arthritis. J Rheumatol. Forthcoming 2006.
Ilja Boor PK, Groot KD, Mejaski-Bosnjak V, Brenner C, van der Knaap MS, Scheper GC, Pronk JC.
Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts: an update and extended mutation analysis of
MLC1. Hum Mutat. Forthcoming 2006
590 Citing Medicine
5. Forthcoming article with prefixes or particles in author surnames

Lantinga-van Leeuwen IS, Leonhard WN, van de Wal A, Breuning MH, Verbeek S, de Heer E, Peters DJ.
Transgenic mice expressing tamoxifen-inducible Cre for somatic gene modification in renal epithelial cells.
Genesis. Forthcoming 2006.
Williams NI, De Souza MJ. Female athlete triad errors and misunderstandings. Med Sci Sports Exerc.
Forthcoming 2006.
O'Rourke E, Hussain R, Buscombe JR, Hilson AJ. Overlying urostomy bag simulating urinary leak in a postrenal
transplant MAG3 study. Clin Nucl Med. Forthcoming 2006.
Alston RD, Tatevossian RG, McNally RJ, Kelsey A, Birch JM, Eden TO. Incidence and survival of childhood
Langerhans cell histiocytosis in Northwest England from 1954 to 1998. Pediatr Blood Cancer. Forthcoming
2006.
Ilja Boor PK, Groot KD, Mejaski-Bosnjak V, Brenner C, van der Knaap MS, Scheper GC, Pronk JC.
Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts: an update and extended mutation analysis of
MLC1. Hum Mutat. Forthcoming 2006.
6. Forthcoming article with no author or editor

NCRP Report 151. Structural shielding design and evaluation for megavoltage x-and gamma-ray radiotherapy
facilities. J Radiol Prot. Forthcoming 2006.
7. Forthcoming article with author affiliation

Culley MR (Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA), Conkling M, Emshoff J, Blakely C, Gorman D.
Environmental and contextual influences on school violence and its prevention. J Prim Prev. Forthcoming 2006.
Satyanarayana T (Laboratoire de Catalyse Moleculaire, Institut de Chimie Moleculaire et des Materiaux d'Orsay,
Universite Paris-Sud, Orsay, France), Kagan HB (Laboratoire de Synthese Asymetrique, Universite Paris-Sud,
Orsay, France). Asymmetric amplification by kinetic resolution using a racemic reagent: example in amine
acetylation. Chemistry. Forthcoming 2006.
8. Forthcoming article title beginning with a lower case letter

isothiocyanate, a cruciferous vegetable-derived cancer chemopreventive agent. Mol Carcinog. Forthcoming
2006.
Sun Y. p53 and its downstream proteins as molecular targets of cancer. Mol Carcinog. Forthcoming 2006.
9. Forthcoming article title containing Greek letters, superscripts, or

subscripts
Suzuki T, Hide I, Matsubara A, Hama C, Harada K, Miyano K, Andra M, Matsubayashi H, Sakai N, Kohsaka S,
Inoue K, Nakata Y. Microglial α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors drive a phospholipase C/IP3 pathway and
modulate the cell activation toward a neuroprotective role. J Neurosci Res. Forthcoming 2006.
or
Suzuki T, Hide I, Matsubara A, Hama C, Harada K, Miyano K, Andra M, Matsubayashi H, Sakai N, Kohsaka S,
Inoue K, Nakata Y. Microglial alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors drive a phospholipase C/IP(3) pathway
and modulate the cell activation toward a neuroprotective role. J Neurosci Res. Forthcoming 2006.

Collinet P, Decanter C, Lefebvre C, Leroy JL, Vinatier D. [Endometriosis and infertility]. Gynecol Obstet Fertil.
French. Forthcoming 2006.
Perea-Carrasco R, Castano-Lopez MA, Perez-Coronel R. [Adequate use of drugs and therapeutic efficacy]. Med
Clin (Barc). Spanish. Forthcoming 2006.
with optional original title included
Collinet P, Decanter C, Lefebvre C, Leroy JL, Vinatier D. Endometriose et infertilite [Endometriosis and
infertility]. Gynecol Obstet Fertil. French. Forthcoming 2006.
Perea-Carrasco R, Castano-Lopez MA, Perez-Coronel R. Uso racional del medicamento y eficacia terapeutica
[Adequate use of drugs and therapeutic efficacy]. Med Clin (Barc). Spanish. Forthcoming 2006.

Ch'ng A, Lowe M. Celecoxib allergies and cross-reactivity [letter]. Intern Med J. Forthcoming 2006.
Thabet F, Tilouche S, Tabarki B, Boukadida J, Yacoub M. [Listeria monocytogenes meningitis in an
immunocompetent child (letter)]. Arch Pediatr. French. Forthcoming 2006.
Sleth JC, Saizy C, Servais R, Pluskwa F, Lafforgue E. [Intrathecal catheter after wet tap in labour: headache
prevention? (letter)]. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim. French. Forthcoming 2006.

Altintas EB, Yavuz H, Say R, Denizli A. Methacryloylamidoglutamic acid having porous magnetic beads as a
stationary phase in metal chelate affinity chromatography. J Biomater Sci (Polym Ed). Forthcoming 2006.
13. Forthcoming article in a journal title with a place of publication

added
Perea-Carrasco R, Castano-Lopez MA, Perez-Coronel R. [Adequate use of drugs and therapeutic efficacy]. Med
Clin (Barc). Spanish. Forthcoming 2006.

Reich T, Gefen A. Effect of trabecular bone loss on cortical strain rate during impact in an in vitro model of
avian femur. Biomed Eng Online [Internet]. Forthcoming 2006.

Velentgas P, West W, Cannuscio CC, Watson DJ, Walker AM. Cardiovascular risk of selective cyclooxygenase-2
inhibitors and other non-aspirin non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf.
15(5). Forthcoming 2006.
16. Forthcoming article with specific date predicted

Laking G, Lord J, Fischer A. The economics of diagnosis. Health Econ. Forthcoming 2006 May 2.
592 Citing Medicine
17. Forthcoming article with no date predicted

Zawada J, Swartz J. Effects of growth rate on cell extract performance in cell-free protein synthesis. Biotechnol
Bioeng. Forthcoming.
18. Forthcoming article with other types of note

Sun Y. p53 and its downstream proteins as molecular targets of cancer. Mol Carcinog. Forthcoming 2006.
Review.
Kraemer HC, Frank E, Kupfer DJ. Moderators of treatment outcomes: clinical, research, and policy importance.
JAMA. Forthcoming 2006. Supported by grants from the National Institute on Aging and the National Institute
of Mental Health.
American Academy of Family Physicians. Information from your family doctor. What you should know about
worrying too much. Am Fam Physician. 73(6). Forthcoming 2006. Patient education handout to be included.
Hao Zheng, Ng F, Yixiao Liu, Hardin PE. Spatial and circadian regulation of cry in Drosophila. J Biol Rhythms.
Forthcoming. [cited 2008 Aug 11]:[18 p.]. Author’s manuscript available at http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/
articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=18663236 PubMed Central; PMCID: PMC2504742.
B. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Forthcoming Books

The general format for a reference to a forthcoming book, including punctuation:
Examples of Citations to Forthcoming Books

Forthcoming material consists of journal articles or books accepted for publication but not yet published.
"Forthcoming" has replaced the former "in press" because changes in the publishing industry make the latter
term obsolete.
Do not include as forthcoming those books that have been submitted for publication but have not yet been
accepted for publication. Note that some publishers will not accept references to any form of unpublished items
in a reference list.
You may add the affiliation of the first author or additional authors of a book to the citation to facilitate retrieval
in the event there is some delay or change in final publication.
For additional examples of the components of citations, see Chapter 2 Books.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Forthcoming Books.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Forthcoming Books.
Citation Rules with Examples for Forthcoming Books

Author/Editor (R) | Author Affiliation (O) | Title (R) | Type of Medium (R) | Edition (R) | Editor and other
Secondary Authors (O) | Place of Publication (R) | Publisher (R) | Language (R) | Notes (R)
Author/Editor for Forthcoming Books (required)

• List names in the order they will appear in the final book
• Capitalize surnames and enter spaces in surnames as they will appear in the book on the assumption that
the author approved the form used. For example: Van Der Horn or van der Horn; De Wolf or de Wolf or
DeWolf.
surname

(Chinese, Japanese)
• No author included

594 Citing Medicine


Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe


particle
abbreviation.

Examples:
596 Citing Medicine

letter
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

• Translate the word found for editor into English to assist the reader. However, the wording found on the
• Below is a brief list of non-English words for editor:
French redacteur
editeur
German redakteur
herausgeber
Italian redattore
curatore
editore
Russian redaktor
izdatel
Spanish redactor
editor

author.
Working Group.
(see Appendix D)
• Separate two or more different organizations with a semicolon
598 Citing Medicine

• If both individuals and an organization or organizations will appear on the title page of a book as authors,
use the names of the individuals as the author and give the organization or organizations at the end of the
reference as a note
brackets.
or
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
Box 45. No author included.

• If no person or organization will be given as the author but editors or translators will be given, begin the
• If no person or organization will be identified as the author and no editors or translators will be given,
begin the reference with the title of the book. Do not use anonymous.
Stedman's neurology & neurosurgery words. 4th ed. Baltimore (MD): Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins. Forthcoming 2007.


1. Standard citation for a forthcoming book
2. Forthcoming book with optional full first names
3. Forthcoming book with designations of family rank in author/editor names
4. Forthcoming book with compound author/editor names
600 Citing Medicine
5. Forthcoming book with prefixes or particles in author/editor names

6. Forthcoming book with editor(s) instead of an author
7. Forthcoming book with an organization as the author
8. Forthcoming book with no author
Author Affiliation for Forthcoming Books (optional)

country
PA)


Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Soc. for Society
all references.

Example:

• Provide the name in the original language for non-English organization names in the roman alphabet
(primarily European languages, such as French, German, Spanish, Italian, Swedish, etc.)
Rebora P, Reina G.
602 Citing Medicine

Mandelshtam MY.
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
and Spain for Espana. However, the name that will be carried on the publication may always be used.

• Use the English form for names of cities and countries whenever possible. However, the name that will be
carried on the publication may always be used.
Wien becomes Vienna

9. Forthcoming book with author affiliation
Title for Forthcoming Books (required)

• Enter the title of an article or book as it will appear in the final document, in the original language
• Follow non-English titles with a translation, whenever possible; place the translation in square brackets
follows it


Narro Robles J, Rivero Serrano O, Lopez Barcena JJ. Diagnostico y tratamiento en la practica medica.
Mexico City: Editorial El Manual Moderno. Spanish. Forthcoming 2006.
Grigorian RA. Abdominalnai a khirurgiia. Moscow: Med. Informatsionnoe Agentstvo. Russian.
Forthcoming 2006.
square brackets.
Kodama N. Infomudo konsento. Tokyo: Nakayama Shoten. Japanese. Forthcoming 2006.
or
Kodama N. [Informed consent]. Tokyo: Nakayama Shoten. Japanese. Forthcoming 2006.
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
604 Citing Medicine
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
Philbert-Hasucha S. Pflegekompendium: Wirkstoffe, Materialien, Techniken. Heidelberg: Springer
Medizin. German. Forthcoming 2006.
brackets
Greim H, editor. Gesundheitsschadliche Arbeitsstoffe [Workplace materials injurious to health].
Weinheim (Germany): Wiley-VCH. German. Forthcoming 2006.
Narro Robles J, Rivero Serrano O, Lopez Barcena JJ. Diagnostico y tratamiento en la practica medica
[Diagnosis and treatment in medical practice]. Mexico City: Editorial El Manual Moderno. Spanish.
Forthcoming 2006.

• If a book title is written in several languages, give the title in the first language that will appear on the title
page and indicate all languages of publication after the publisher name. Separate the languages by commas
and end the list with a period.
Chen WP. Asian blepharoplasty and the eyelid crease. Philadelphia: Butterworth Heinemann/
Elsevier. English, Japanese. Forthcoming 2006.
Betta E. Animare la vita: disciplina della nascita tra medicina e morale nell'Ottocento. Bologna
(Italy): Il Mulino. Italian, French. Forthcoming 2006.
• If a book title will be presented in two or more equal languages, as often occurs in Canadian publications,
give all titles in the order in which they will appear in the text, with an equals sign between them. Indicate
the languages, separated by commas, after the publisher name. End the list with a period.
Mapping FASD training opportunities in Canada: an environmental scan = Portrait global des
possibilites de formation sur l'ETCAF au Canada: analyse de la conjecture. Ottawa (ON): Public
Health Agency of Canada. English, French. Forthcoming 2006.
Sprumont D, Poledna T, editors. Medizinische Forschung - Haftung und Versicherung [Medical

research: liability and insurance]. Zurich: Universite de Neuchatel. German, French. Forthcoming
2006.
1,3-dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin.
von Willebrand factor.
may become
TiO2 nanoparticles.
may become
Examples for Title

10. Forthcoming book with a subtitle
11. Forthcoming book in a language other than English
12. Forthcoming book to be published in multiple languages
Type of Medium for Forthcoming Books (required)

• Indicate the type of medium (videocassette, DVD, Internet, etc.) following the title when a book will be
published in a non-print format
• Place the name of the medium in square brackets and end with a period, such as [videocassette]. or
[Internet].
• See Chapter 15 for books in audiovisual formats and Chapter 18 for books in electronic formats for more
information
606 Citing Medicine


brackets
Narro Robles J, Rivero Serrano O, Lopez Barcena JJ. Diagnostico y tratamiento en la practica medica
[Diagnosis and treatment in medical practice]. Mexico City: Editorial El Manual Moderno. Spanish.
Forthcoming 2006.
• If a book will be published in a non-print medium (videocassette, CD-ROM, DVD, Internet, etc.), place
the name of the medium in square brackets following the translation
[CD-ROM].

• Most titles of books end in a period. Place the name of the medium (videocassette, CD-ROM, DVD,
Internet, etc.) in square brackets inside the period
Women and medicine [CD-ROM].
• If a title ends in another form of punctuation, keep that punctuation and follow the name of the medium
with a period
AIDS is over, right? [Internet].

13. Forthcoming book in a non-print medium
Edition for Forthcoming Books (required)

• Indicate the edition/version being cited after the title if a book will be published with a statement of
edition
• Abbreviate common words (see Abbreviation rules for editions)
becomes 3rd.

• First editions

Word Abbreviation
edition ed.
abbreviated abbr.
abridged abr.
American Am.
augmented augm.
English Engl.
enlarged enl.
expanded expand.
illustrated ill.
modified mod.
original orig.
reprint(ed) repr.
revised rev.
special spec.
translation transl.
translated
3rd rev. ed.
1st Engl. ed.

608 Citing Medicine
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
constructions.
⚬ Follow abbreviated words by a period
⚬ End edition information with a period
Examples:
Ed. 1a.
2. ed. veneta.
Nuova ed.
Seconda ed.
constructions.
⚬ Follow abbreviated words by a period
Examples:
2. dopunjeno izd.
2. ekd. epeux.
3. ekd.
Examples:
ŏ becomes o
ū becomes u
constructions.
610 Citing Medicine

Examples:
Shohan.
Dai 1-han.
Dai 3-pan.
Di 3 ban.
Che 6-pàn.
• Below is a brief list of Non-English words for editions with their abbreviations, if any (n.a. = not
abbreviated):
Danish oplag n.a.
udgave
Dutch uitgave uitg.
editie ed.
French edition ed.
Auflage Aufl.
Greek ekdosis ekd.
utgave utg.
publikacija publ.
Spanish edicion ed.
publicacion publ.

• Do not include any statement of edition if the book to be published will be the first edition

14. Forthcoming book with an edition
Editor and other Secondary Authors for Forthcoming Books (optional)

illustrators.
• Place the names of secondary authors after the title, following any type of medium or edition statement
reference


• List all of them in the order they will be given in the book
Examples:

• List all of them in the order they will be given in the book
Example:
612 Citing Medicine

• Translate the word for editor, translator, illustrator, or other secondary author into English if possible.
However, the wording that will be found on the publication may always be used.
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
• Below is a brief list of non-English words for secondary authors:
editeur
curatore
editore
izdatel
editor

• Place a comma, space, and the word editor after the organizational name

15. Forthcoming book with secondary authors
Place of Publication for Forthcoming Books (required)

• Place is defined as the city where the book will be published

• Non-US cities

Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
614 Citing Medicine
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
Montreal (QC):
Ottawa (ON):
Vancouver (BC):
London:
Rome:
Paris:
Madrid:
but

Two organizations may co-publish a book.
• Use the city of the first organization that will be found on the title page as the place of publication

• If more than one place of publication will appear in the book, use the one that will appear first on the title
page or the one that will be set in the largest type or in bold type. Do not give multiple places.

16. Forthcoming book with geographic qualifier added to place of publication
Publisher for Forthcoming Books (required)

• Record the name of the publisher as it will appear in the publication, using whatever capitalization and
punctuation will be found there
• When a division or other subsidiary part of a publisher will appear in the publication, enter the publisher


Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Ltd. for Limited
616 Citing Medicine
Soc. for Society

all references.

language
translated publisher names in square brackets unless the translation will be given in the publication.
Tokyo: Medikaru Rebyusha.
Beijing (China): [Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Population Research Institute].
Taiyuan (China): Shanxi ke xue ji she chu ban she.
Chinese publisher names only the first word and proper nouns are capitalized.]
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
brackets.
Lopez Pinero.
square brackets unless the translation will be given in the publication.
Appendix D).
will issue the book as the publisher and include distributor information as a note, if desired, preceded by
"Available from: ".

• Use the city of the first organization that will be found on the title page as the place of publication
618 Citing Medicine

• If the name of more than one publisher will be found in a book, use the first one that will appear on the
title page as the publisher
• Do not list multiple publishers. For those publications with joint or co-publishers, use the name that will
appear first on the title page as the publisher and include the name of the second as a note if desired. For
example, use "Jointly published by the Canadian Pharmacists Association".

17. Forthcoming book with publisher with subsidiary department/division named
Language for Forthcoming Books (required)



• If a book is written in several languages, give the title in the first language that will appear on the title page
and indicate all languages of publication after the publisher. Separate the languages by commas.
Chen WP. Asian blepharoplasty and the eyelid crease. Philadelphia: Butterworth Heinemann/
Elsevier. English, Japanese. Forthcoming 2006.
Betta E. Animare la vita: disciplina della nascita tra medicina e morale nell'Ottocento. Bologna
(Italy): Il Mulino. Italian, French. Forthcoming 2006.
• If a book is written in two or more equal languages, as often occurs in Canadian publications, give all titles
in the order in which they will appear on the title page, with an equals sign between them. Indicate the
languages, separated by commas, after the publisher.
Mapping FASD training opportunities in Canada: an environmental scan = Portrait global des
possibilites de formation sur l'ETCAF au Canada: analyse de la conjecture. Ottawa (ON): Public
Health Agency of Canada. English, French. Forthcoming 2006.
Sprumont D, Poledna T, editors. Medizinische Forschung - Haftung und Versicherung [Medical
research: liability and insurance]. Zurich: Universite de Neuchatel. German, French. Forthcoming
2006.

Notes for Forthcoming Books (required)

• Begin with the word Forthcoming
• Enter the year of intended publication, if known


The notes element may be used to provide any information that the compiler of the reference feels is useful.
Begin by citing the book, then add the note. Some examples of notes are:
• If a book will have supplemental material accompanying it in the form of a videocassette, CD-ROM, DVD,
or another medium, begin by citing the book. Add the phrase "Accompanied by: " followed by the number
and type of medium.
Accompanied by: 1 CD-ROM.
• If the book is translated or otherwise adapted from another book, give the name of the original
Originally published in French under the title Decodage Biologique et Destin Familial.
• If the book contains material of particular interest to the audience that may not be apparent from the title,
describe it
16 pages of plates, some color.
620 Citing Medicine
Box 73. Options for date.

The forthcoming date of publication may follow the author names (or title if there are no authors) in the list of
• Use Forthcoming and the year of publication only
• Place the Forthcoming year after the last named author (or after the title if there is no author), followed by
a period
NLM citation:
Posner MI, Rothbart MK. Educating the human brain. Washington: American Psychological
Association. Forthcoming 2007.
Stedman's neurology & neurosurgery words. 4th ed. Baltimore (MD): Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins. Forthcoming 2007.
Posner MI, Rothbart MK. Forthcoming 2007. Educating the human brain. Washington: American
Psychological Association.
Stedman's neurology & neurosurgery words. Forthcoming 2007. 4th ed. Baltimore (MD): Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins.
Examples for Notes

18. Forthcoming book with no predicted date of publication
Examples of Citations to Forthcoming Books

Posner MI, Rothbart MK. Educating the human brain. Washington: American Psychological Association.
Forthcoming 2007.
Burroughs A. Atlas of liver disease. Carnforth (UK): Parthenon Publications Group. Forthcoming 2007.
2. Forthcoming book with optional full first names

Posner, Michael I.; Rothbart, Mary Klevjord. Educating the human brain. Washington: American Psychological
Association. Forthcoming 2007.
3. Forthcoming book with designations of family rank in author/editor

names
Nelson WM 3rd. Conduct disorders: a practitioner's guide to comparative treatments. New York: Springer
Publishing Company, Incorporated. Forthcoming 2006.
Miller WT Jr. Diagnostic thoracic imaging. New York: McGraw-Hill Incorporated. Forthcoming 2006.
4. Forthcoming book with compound author/editor names

Timor-Tritsch IE, Goldstein SR. Ultrasound in gynecology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone.
Forthcoming 2007.
Narro Robles J, Rivero Serrano O, Lopez Barcena JJ. Diagnostico y tratamiento en la practica medica. Mexico
City: Editorial El Manual Moderno. Spanish. Forthcoming 2006.
5. Forthcoming book with prefixes or particles in author/editor names

Lilienfeld SO, O'Donohue WT. The great ideas of clinical science: 17 principles that every mental health
researcher and practitioner should understand. New York: Routledge. Forthcoming 2007.
Taylor CR, Dell'Oro R, editors. Health and human flourishing: religion, medicine, and moral anthropology.
Washington: Georgetown University Press. Forthcoming 2006.
McLean S. Making medical decisions. Aldershot (UK): Ashgate Publishing Company. Forthcoming 2006.
zur Hausen H. Infections causing human cancer. Weinheim (Germany): Wiley-VCH. Forthcoming 2006.
6. Forthcoming book with editor(s) instead of an author

Lilienfeld SO, O'Donohue WT, editors. The great ideas of clinical science: 17 principles that every mental health
researcher and practitioner should understand. New York: Routledge. Forthcoming 2007.
7. Forthcoming book with an organization as the author

Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations. Are you prepared? Hospital emergency
management checklist. Oak Brook (IL): Joint Commission Resources. Forthcoming 2006.
8. Forthcoming book with no author

Stedman's neurology & neurosurgery words. 4th ed. Baltimore (MD): Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Forthcoming 2007.
9. Forthcoming book with author affiliation

Del Mar C (Bond University, Queensland, Australia), Doust J (University of Queensland, Queensland,
Australia), Glasziou P (University of Oxford, Oxford, UK). Clinical thinking: evidence, communication and
decision-making. Oxford (UK): Blackwell BMJ Books. Forthcoming 2006.
Toone EJ, editor (Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC). Protein evolution. Hoboken (NJ):
John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Forthcoming 2006.
10. Forthcoming book with a subtitle

Bellack AS, Bennett ME, Gearon JS. Behavioral treatment for substance abuse in people with serious and
persistent mental illness: a handbook for mental health professionals. New York: Routledge. Forthcoming 2007.

Cantani A. Allergologia e immunologia pediatrica - dall'infanza all'adolescenza. 2nd ed. Berlin (Germany):
Springer. Italian. Forthcoming 2006.
Greim H, editor. Gesundheitsschadliche Arbeitsstoffe. Weinheim (Germany): Wiley-VCH. German.
Forthcoming 2006.
622 Citing Medicine
Narro Robles J, Rivero Serrano O, Lopez Barcena JJ. Diagnostico y tratamiento en la practica medica. Mexico
City: Editorial El Manual Moderno. Spanish. Forthcoming 2006.
with translation
Cantani A. Allergologia e immunologia pediatrica - dall'infanza all'adolescenza [Pediatric allergy and
immunology - from infancy to adolescence]. 2nd ed. Berlin (Germany): Springer. Italian. Forthcoming 2006.
Greim H, editor. Gesundheitsschadliche Arbeitsstoffe [Workplace materials injurious to health]. Weinheim
(Germany): Wiley-VCH. German. Forthcoming 2006.
Narro Robles J, Rivero Serrano O, Lopez Barcena JJ. Diagnostico y tratamiento en la practica medica [Diagnosis
and treatment in medical practice]. Mexico City: Editorial El Manual Moderno. Spanish. Forthcoming 2006.

Chen WP. Asian blepharoplasty and the eyelid crease. Philadelphia: Butterworth Heinemann/Elsevier. English,
Japanese. Forthcoming 2006.
Betta E. Animare la vita: disciplina della nascita tra medicina e morale nell'Ottocento. Bologna (Italy): Il Mulino.
Italian, French. Forthcoming 2006.
13. Forthcoming book in a non-print medium

Larsen E. Abused boys, wounded men: taking responsibility for ending the cycle of pain [videocassette]. Center
City (MN): Hazelden Publishing. Forthcoming 2006.
14. Forthcoming book with an edition

Keats TE, Anderson M. Atlas of normal roentgen variants that may simulate disease. 8th ed. St. Louis (MO):
Mosby. Forthcoming 2007.
Civetta J. Critical care. 4th ed. Baltimore (MD): Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Forthcoming 2008.
Cantani A. Allergologia e immunologia pediatrica - dall'infanza all'adolescenza [Pediatric allergy and
immunology - from infancy to adolescence]. 2nd ed. Berlin (Germany): Springer. Italian. Forthcoming 2006.
15. Forthcoming book with secondary authors

LaFleur WR. Dark medicine: rationalizing unethical medical research. Bohme G, Shimazono S, editors.
Bloomington (IN): Indiana University Press. Forthcoming 2007.
Robbins T. Elizabeth Blackwell: America's first woman doctor. Martin C, Timmons A, illustrators. Bloomington
(IN): Capstone Press. Forthcoming 2007.
Pischinger AW. The extracellular matrix and ground regulation: basis for a holistic biological medicine. Eibl I,
translator; Heine H, editor. Berkeley (CA): North Atlantic Books. Forthcoming 2007.
16. Forthcoming book with geographic qualifier added to place of

publication
Dutton RL, Scharer JM, editors. Advanced technologies for biopharmaceutical processing. Ames (IA): Blackwell
Pub. Forthcoming 2007.
17. Forthcoming book with publisher with subsidiary department/

division named
Nordin BE. Musculoskeletal disorders and the workplace. Philadelphia: Elsevier, Health Sciences Division.
Forthcoming 2006.
18. Forthcoming book with no predicted date of publication

D'Andrea D. Civic Christianity in Renaissance Italy: the Hospital of Treviso (1400-1530). Rochester (NY):
University of Rochester Press. Forthcoming.
624 Citing Medicine
625
Chapter 12. Papers and Poster Sessions Presented at Meetings


• Examples
See also:
Chapter 3 Conference Publications
Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Papers and Poster

Sessions Presented at Meetings
The general format for a reference to an unpublished conference paper or poster session, including punctuation:
- for a paper:
- for a poster session:
Examples of Citations to Papers and Poster Sessions Presented at Meetings

Papers and poster sessions presented at meetings include both items that were presented but never published
and items for which any subsequent publication is unknown. If subsequent publication is known, cite the
published form rather than the meeting paper or poster session.
Begin the reference with information on the author(s) and title of the paper or poster session; use the same
format as that used for conference papers. See Chapter 3 Conference Publications for details. Use the phrases
"Paper presented at:" and "Poster session presented at:" to connect author and title information with meeting
information.
626 Citing Medicine
Although author affiliation is an optional part of a citation, including it in references to unpublished papers and
poster sessions is very helpful to the reader because compilations of papers and poster sessions can be difficult to
locate.
Examples provided in this chapter are primarily from material distributed at various conferences. No attempt
was made to ascertain whether or not subsequent publication occurred, as would normally be done before
citation.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Papers and Poster Sessions Presented at Meetings.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Papers and Poster Sessions Presented at Meetings.
Citation Rules with Examples for Papers and Poster Sessions

Presented at Meetings
Author (R) | Author Affiliation (O) | Title (R) | Connective Phrase (R) | Conference Proceedings (R) | Language
(R) | Notes (O)
Author of Paper or Poster Presented (required)

surname

(Chinese, Japanese)

Papers and Poster Sessions Presented at Meetings 627


Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
628 Citing Medicine
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

particle
abbreviation.


Examples:
letter
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
630 Citing Medicine

Examples for Author

1. Standard paper presented with a separate name for the conference
2. Standard paper presented without a separate name for the conference
3. Standard poster presented with a separate name for the conference
4. Standard poster presented without a separate name for the conference
5. Paper/poster author with optional full name
6. Paper/poster with optional limit to the first six authors
7. Paper/poster author with designation of rank within a family
8. Paper/poster author with a prefix or particle in the surname
9. Paper/poster author with compound surname
10. Paper/poster with both a person and an organization as author
Author Affiliation for Paper or Poster Presented (optional)

country
PA)



Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Soc. for Society
all references.

Example:
Patrias K (National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD. patrias@nlm.nih.gov). Computer-
compatible writing and editing. Paper presented at: Interacting with the digital environment:
modern scientific publishing. 46th Annual Meeting of the Council of Science Editors; 2003 May 3-6;
Pittsburgh, PA.
632 Citing Medicine

Rebora P, Reina G.
Mandelshtam MY.
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

Wien becomes Vienna

11. Paper/poster with author affiliation
12. Paper/poster with author affiliation including e-mail address
Title of Paper or Poster Presented (required)

• Enter the title of a paper or poster as it appears in the original document


Villagra F, Aroca A, Gomez R, Cazzaniga M, Larraya FG, Rodriguez M, Herraiz JI, Romera G, Soler
V, Simo S, Arjona D. Cirugia de la coartacion de aorta (COA) asociada a defectos septales
ventriculares (DSV) significativos (COA + DSV). Paper presented at: 1st Congreso Nacional de
Cardiologia Pediatrica; 2003 May 23-24; Seville, Spain. Spanish.
634 Citing Medicine
Stefanov S. Prilozhenie na iadrenomagnitniia rezonans v kardiologiiata. Paper presented at:
Bulgarska kardiologiia. 9th Natsionalenkongres po Kardiologiia; 2004 Oct 28-30; Sofia, Bulgaria.
Bulgarian.
• Romanize or translate titles in character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese) and place in square brackets
Wu HH. [Care of rheumatoid arthritis treated with acupuncture]. Paper presented at: [5th National
Symposium of Acupuncture Anesthesia and Acupuncture Analgesia]; 1994 Sep 20-24; Wuhan,
China. Chinese.
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
the conventions of the particular language require other capitalization
Morbus Cushing und Prolaktinom [Cushing's disease and prolactinoma].
• Provide an English translation after the original language title whenever possible and place it in square
brackets
Villagra F (Hospitales Zarzuela y Monte Principe, Madrid, Espana), Aroca A, Gomez R, Cazzaniga
M, Larraya FG, Rodriguez M, Herraiz JI, Romera G, Soler V, Simo S, Arjona D. Cirugia de la
coartacion de aorta (COA) asociada a defectos septales ventriculares (DSV) significativos (COA +
DSV) [Surgery for coarctation of the aorta (COA) associated with significant ventricular septal
defect (COA + DSV)]. Paper presented at: 1st Congreso Nacional de Cardiologia Pediatrica [1st
National Congress of Pediatric Cardiology]; 2003 May 23-24; Seville, Spain. Spanish.
Stefanov S. Prilozhenie na iadrenomagnitniia rezonans v kardiologiiata [The use of nuclear magnetic

resonance in cardiology]. Paper presented at: Bulgarska kardiologiia. 9th Natsionalenkongres po
Kardiologiia [Bulgarian cardiology. 9th National Congress of Cardiology]; 2004 Oct 28-30; Sofia,
Bulgaria. Bulgarian.
• Capitalize the first word of a title for a poster or paper unless the title begins with a Greek letter, chemical
1,3-dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin: health-based reassessment of occupational exposure limits.
Regulation of BCRP expression by progesterone and 17β-estradiol.
may become
Regulation of BCRP expression by progesterone and 17beta-estradiol.
Pre-operative diagnosis and staging of symptomatic breast disease using 99mtechnitium
scintimammography.
may become
Pre-operative diagnosis and staging of symptomatic breast disease using (99m)technitium
scintimammography.
Proinflammatory role for AT1 receptors in the rat synovium.
may become
Proinflammatory role for AT(1) receptors in the rat synovium.
Examples for Title

13. Paper/poster title containing a Greek letter or other special character
14. Paper/poster in a language other than English
Connective Phrase for Paper or Poster Presented (required)

General Rule for Connective Phrase
• Use the words "Paper presented at" or "Poster session presented at" followed by a colon and a space to
connect information about the paper or poster with information on the conference proceedings
636 Citing Medicine

Conference Proceedings for Paper or Poster Presented (required)

Follow the instructions in Chapter 3 to enter proceedings citation information
Examples for Conference Proceedings

15. Paper/poster with optional specific location of the conference added
Language for Paper or Poster Presented (required)

• Give the language of the paper or poster if not English

Notes for Paper or Poster Presented (optional)

• Be brief

• Sponsorship note
Box 14. Sponsorship note.

• If the conference was sponsored by an organization or organizations that are not evident from the title of
the conference, add the organizations as a note
Rosenberg SA. Human cancer immunotherapy: progress and problems. Paper presented at: Cancer
Vaccines 2005: Barriers, Endpoints & Opportunities; 2005 Oct 5-7; New York, NY. Conference
sponsored by the Cancer Research Institute, New York.
Rookus MA, Brohet RM, Andrieu N, Antroniou AC, Chang-Claude J, Easton DF, Peock S, Nogues C,
van Leeuwen FE, Goldgar DE. Oral contraceptives and breast cancer risk in the International
BRCA1/2 Carrier Cohort Study (IBCCS). Paper presented at: 3rd International Symposium on the
Molecular Biology of Breast Cancer; 2005 Jun 22-26; Molde, Norway. Main conference sponsors
were Affymetrix, Agilent Technologies, Applied Biosystems, AstraZeneca, Novartis Oncology, Pfizer,
and Roche Diagnostics.

Begin by citing the paper or poster, then add the note. Some examples of notes are:
• Clarification of initialisms or acronyms used in the conference title
Hu X, Gao Z, Xu F, Liu N. A novel approach to harvesting lymphatic endothelial cells from human
foreskin dermis. Paper presented at: 8th TESI Annual Meeting; 2005 Oct 22-25; Shanghai, China.
TESI = Tissue Engineering Society International.
• Indication that copies of the paper or poster are available from the author
Patrias K (National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD. patrias@nlm.nih.gov). Computer-
compatible writing and editing. Paper presented at: Interacting with the digital environment:
modern scientific publishing. 46th Annual Meeting of the Council of Science Editors; 2003 May 3-6;
Pittsburgh, PA. Copies of the PowerPoint presentation are available from the author.
Examples for Notes

16. Paper/poster with sponsorship note
17. Paper/poster with other supplemental note
Examples of Citations to Papers and Poster Sessions Presented

at Meetings
Patrias K. Computer-compatible writing and editing. Paper presented at: Interacting with the digital
environment: modern scientific publishing. 46th Annual Meeting of the Council of Science Editors; 2003 May
3-6; Pittsburgh, PA.
Bernhardt A, Weiss C, Breuer J, Kumpf M, Sieverding L. The clinical relevance of an elevated lactate level after
surgery for congenital heart disease. Paper presented at: Myocardial cell damage and myocardial protection. 3rd
International Symposium on the Pathophysiology of Cardiopulmonary Bypass; 2000 Dec 16; Aachen, Germany.
638 Citing Medicine

Hu X, Gao Z, Xu F, Liu N. A novel approach to harvesting lymphatic endothelial cells from human foreskin
dermis. Paper presented at: 8th TESI Annual Meeting; 2005 Oct 22-25; Shanghai, China.
Thabet A. Clinical value of two serial pulmonary embolism-protocol CT studies performed within ten days.
Paper presented at: Annual Scientific Meeting and Postgraduate Course of the American Society of Emergency
Radiology; 2006 Sep 27-30; Washington, DC.

Chasman J, Kaplan RF. The effects of occupation on preserved cognitive functioning in dementia. Poster session
presented at: Excellence in clinical practice. 4th Annual Conference of the American Academy of Clinical
Neuropsychology; 2006 Jun 15-17; Philadelphia, PA.
Charles L, Gordner R. Analysis of MedlinePlus en Espanol customer service requests. Poster session presented
at: Futuro magnifico! Celebrating our diversity. MLA `05: Medical Library Association Annual Meeting; 2005
May 14-19; San Antonio, TX.
4. Standard poster presented without a separate name for the

conference
Muto A, Funakubo K. Efficacy of transarterial embolization using NBCA-LPD for acute arterial bleeding in
patients with coagulopathy. Poster session presented at: Annual Scientific Meeting and Postgraduate Course of
the American Society of Emergency Radiology; 2006 Sep 27-30; Washington, DC.
Rao RM, Lord GM, Choe H, Lichtman AH, Luscinskas FW, Glimcher LH. The transcription T-bet is required for
optimal proinflammatory trafficking of CD4+ T cells. Poster session presented at: 25th European Workshop for
Rheumatology Research; 2005 Feb 24-27; Glasgow, UK.
5. Paper/poster author with optional full name

Rosenberg, Steven A. Human cancer immunotherapy: progress and problems. Paper presented at: Cancer
Vaccines 2005: Barriers, Endpoints & Opportunities; 2005 Oct 5-7; New York, NY.
Cronin, James T.; Haynes, Kyle J. Parasitoid and host movement and population dynamics in a heterogeneous
prairie landscape. Paper presented at: 13th International Entomophagous Insects Workshop; 2003 Jul 27-31;
Tucson, AZ.
6. Paper/poster with optional limit to the first six authors

Boggi U, Del Chiaro M, Croce C, Gremmo F, Sgambelluri AF, Cappelli C, et al. Mesenteric portal vein resection
during pancreatectomy for ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas: is it worthwhile? Paper presented at: 29th
National Congress of the Italian Association for the Study of the Pancreas (AISP); 2005 Sep 15-17; Bologna, Italy.
7. Paper/poster author with designation of rank within a family

Hubert JM, Renoult E, Chammas M Jr, Mourey E, Feuillu B, Frimat L, Cormier L, Prevot L, Hestin D, Kessler M.
Purely laparoscopic robotic (Da Vinci®) live donor nephrectomy: experience in 37 cases. Poster session presented
at: 24th Annual World Congress of Endourology; 2006 Aug 17-20; Cleveland, OH.
8. Paper/poster author with a prefix or particle in the surname

Sarna A, Pujari S, Sengar AK, Garg R, Katke S, van Dam J. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) and its
principal determinants in HIV-infected adults in India. Poster session presented at: NIMH/IAPAC International
Conference on HIV Treatment Adherence; 2006 Mar 8-10; Jersey City, NJ.
Van Assche FA. The relation of EBCOG with scientific organisations in Europe. Paper presented at: 9th Congress
of the European Society of Contraception; 2006 May 3-6; Istanbul, Turkey.
Fettouh HI, Morsy HA, El Shenoufy A, Agabo H, Fettouh IA. Laparoscopic right donor nephrectomy using non-
absorbable locking clips to control the renal vein. Poster session presented at: 24th Annual World Congress of
Endourology; 2006 Aug 17-20; Cleveland, OH.
Joseph MA, Harlow SD, LaRosa JH. Ethnic differences in menstrual cycle length and variability in midlife
women: The Study of Women's Health across the Nation (SWAN). Poster session presented at: 2nd Women's
Health NIH Interdisciplinary Research Symposium; 2005 Oct 20; Bethesda, MD.
Dell'Accio F, De Bari C, El Tawil NM, Barone F, Mitsiadis TA, O'Dowd J, Pitzalis C. Activation of WNT and
BMP signaling in adult human articular cartilage following mechanical injury. Paper presented at: 25th
European Workshop for Rheumatology Research; 2005 Feb 24-27; Glasgow, UK.
Prakken BJ, de Kleer I. Autoimmunity or immune deficiency? On the role and function of regulatory T cells in
chronic arthritis. Paper presented at: 25th European Workshop for Rheumatology Research; 2005 Feb 24-27;
Glasgow, UK.
Martin M, Del Cacho E, Lopez E, Tuset M, Codina C, Miro JM, Ribas J. Adverse side effects and nonadherence
to antiretroviral therapy. Poster session presented at: NIMH/IAPAC International Conference on HIV Treatment
Adherence; 2006 Mar 8-10; Jersey City, NJ.
9. Paper/poster author with compound surname

Bryan-Rest LL. The "clear sinus sign" revisited in the multislice CT ERA. Paper presented at: Annual Scientific
Meeting and Postgraduate Course of the American Society of Emergency Radiology; 2006 Sep 27-30;
Washington, DC.
Ruiz Mondejar R, Donate MJ, Pastor H, Hernandez I, Lorenzo J, Virseda JA, Gimenez J. Laparoscopic
adrenalectomy, an initial experience of 14 cases in a Spanish general hospital. Poster session presented at: 24th
Annual World Congress of Endourology; 2006 Aug 17-20; Cleveland, OH.
10. Paper/poster with both a person and an organization as author

Atkinson RP; ARCHeR Trial Collaborators. Final 1-year composite endpoint results for the ARCHeR Trials:
ACCULINK for revascularization of carotids in high-risk patients. Paper presented at: 129th Annual Meeting of
the American Neurological Association; 2004 Oct 3-6; Toronto, ON.
11. Paper/poster with author affiliation

Thabet A (Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA). Clinical value of two serial pulmonary embolism-
protocol CT studies performed within ten days. Paper presented at: Annual Scientific Meeting and Postgraduate
Course of the American Society of Emergency Radiology; 2006 Sep 27-30; Washington, DC.
Barron D (Leeds Teaching Hospitals, Leeds, UK), Enion DS (Blackburn Royal Infirmary, Blackburn, UK), Bollen
SR (Blackburn Royal Infirmary, Blackburn, UK). Femoro-tibial dislocation and the radiologist. Poster session
640 Citing Medicine
presented at: Annual Scientific Meeting and Postgraduate Course of the American Society of Emergency
Radiology; 2006 Sep 27-30; Washington, DC.
12. Paper/poster with author affiliation including e-mail address

Patrias K (National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD. patrias@nlm.nih.gov). Computer-compatible writing
and editing. Paper presented at: Interacting with the digital environment: modern scientific publishing. 46th
Annual Meeting of the Council of Science Editors; 2003 May 3-6; Pittsburgh, PA.
13. Paper/poster title containing a Greek letter or other special character

Wang H, Unadkat JD, Mao Q. Regulation of BCRP expression by progesterone and 17β-estradiol. Poster session
presented at: 2nd Women's Health NIH Interdisciplinary Research Symposium; 2005 Oct 20; Bethesda, MD.
may become
Wang H, Unadkat JD, Mao Q. Regulation of BCRP expression by progesterone and 17beta-estradiol. Poster
session presented at: 2nd Women's Health NIH Interdisciplinary Research Symposium; 2005 Oct 20; Bethesda,
MD.
Superscripts or subscripts may be enclosed within parentheses if fonts are not available
Bradford I, Mackie A, McCauley E, Cadigan P, Cook A. Pre-operative diagnosis and staging of symptomatic
breast disease using 99mtechnitium scintimammography. Paper presented at: Symposium Mammographicum
2000; 2000 Oct 4-6; York, UK.
may become
Bradford I, Mackie A, McCauley E, Cadigan P, Cook A. Pre-operative diagnosis and staging of symptomatic
breast disease using (99m)technitium scintimammography. Paper presented at: Symposium Mammographicum
2000; 2000 Oct 4-6; York, UK.
Price AG, Lockhart JC, Mc Lean JS, Ferrell WR. Proinflammatory role for AT1 receptors in the rat synovium.
Poster session presented at: 25th European Workshop for Rheumatology Research; 2005 Feb 24-27; Glasgow,
UK.
may become
Price AG, Lockhart JC, Mc Lean JS, Ferrell WR. Proinflammatory role for AT(1) receptors in the rat synovium.
Poster session presented at: 25th European Workshop for Rheumatology Research; 2005 Feb 24-27; Glasgow,
UK.

Villagra F (Hospitales Zarzuela y Monte Principe, Madrid, Spain), Aroca A, Gomez R, Cazzaniga M, Larraya FG,
Rodriguez M, Herraiz JI, Romera G, Soler V, Simo S, Arjona D. Cirugia de la coartacion de aorta (COA)
asociada a defectos septales ventriculares (DSV) significativos (COA + DSV). Paper presented at: 1st Congreso
Nacional de Cardiologia Pediatrica; 2003 May 23-24; Seville, Spain. Spanish.
Beganyi N (Fovarosi Onkormanyzat Uzsoki utcai Korhaz, Fovarosi Onkoradiologiai Kozpont, Budapest,
Hungary). Mezoillesztesi technikak rosszindulatu fej-nyaki daganatok sugarkezeleseben. Paper presented at: A
Magyar Sugarterapias Tarsasag Kongresszusa; 2005 Oct 13-15; Kaposvar, Hungary. Hungarian.
Wu HH. [Care of rheumatoid arthritis treated with acupuncture]. Paper presented at: [5th National Symposium
of Acupuncture Anesthesia and Acupuncture Analgesia]; 1994 Sep 20-24; Wuhan, China. Chinese.
with translation
Villagra F (Hospitales Zarzuela y Monte Principe, Madrid, Spain), Aroca A, Gomez R, Cazzaniga M, Larraya FG,
Rodriguez M, Herraiz JI, Romera G, Soler V, Simo S, Arjona D. Cirugia de la coartacion de aorta (COA)
asociada a defectos septales ventriculares (DSV) significativos (COA + DSV) [Surgery for coarctation of the
aorta (COA) associated with significant septal ventricular defect]. Paper presented at: 1st Congreso Nacional de
Cardiologia Pediatrica [1st National Congress of Pediatric Cardiology]; 2003 May 23-24; Seville, Spain. Spanish.
Beganyi N (Fovarosi Onkormanyzat Uzsoki utcai Korhaz, Fovarosi Onkoradiologiai Kozpont, Budapest,
Hungary). Mezpillesztesi technikak rosszindulatu fej-nyaki daganatok sugarkezeleseben [Field-matched
techniques of radiotherapy for head and neck tumors]. Paper presented at: A Magyar Sugarterapias Tarsasag
Kongresszusa [Congress of the Hungarian Radiotherapy Society]; 2005 Oct 13-15; Kaposvar, Hungary.
Hungarian.
15. Paper/poster with optional specific location of the conference added

Hilbelink DR, Hu X. Use of a point-to-point method to morph image of the Visible Human Project. Paper
presented at: 3rd Visible Human Project Conference; 2000 Oct 5-6; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
16. Paper/poster with sponsorship note

Rosenberg SA. Human cancer immunotherapy: progress and problems. Paper presented at: Cancer Vaccines
2005: Barriers, Endpoints & Opportunities; 2005 Oct 5-7; New York, NY. Conference sponsored by the Cancer
Research Institute, New York.
Rookus MA, Brohet RM, Andrieu N, Antroniou AC, Chang-Claude J, Easton DF, Peock S, Nogues C, van
Leeuwen FE, Goldgar DE. Oral contraceptives and breast cancer risk in the International BRCA1/2 Carrier
Cohort Study (IBCCS). Paper presented at: 3rd International Symposium on the Molecular Biology of Breast
Cancer; 2005 Jun 22-26; Molde, Norway. Main conference sponsors were Affymetrix, Agilent Technologies,
Applied Biosystems, AstraZeneca, Novartis Oncology, Pfizer, and Roche Diagnostics.
17. Paper/Poster with other supplemental note

Hu X, Gao Z, Xu F, Liu N. A novel approach to harvesting lymphatic endothelial cells from human foreskin
dermis. Paper presented at: 8th TESI Annual Meeting; 2005 Oct 22-25; Shanghai, China. TESI = Tissue
Engineering Society International.
18. Paper/Poster for a Cancelled Conference

Joubert, D. J. (2020, May 10–15). Best Practices for Dealing with Biomedical Data [Conference session canceled].
12th Annual Congress of Data Scientist, Paris, France.
642 Citing Medicine
643
Chapter 13. Letters and Other Personal Communication

Created: October 10, 2007; Updated: March 17, 2017.

• Examples
See also:
Chapter 14 Manuscripts and Preprints
Chapter 26 Electronic Mail and Discussion Forums
Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Letters and Other

Personal Communication
The general format for a reference to a letter or other type of personal communication, including punctuation:
- letter:
- other personal communication:
Examples of Citations to Letters and Other Personal Communication

Documents generally available to scholars in an archive or a depository can usually be included in a reference
list. However, many publishers do not permit placing any form of unpublished material in the end references.
Most authorities recommend placing references to personal communications such as letters and conversations
within the running text, not as formal end references. Include the nature and source of the cited information,
using a term or terms to indicate clearly that no corresponding citation is in the reference list. Place the source
information in parentheses. For example:
644 Citing Medicine
… and most of these meningiomas proved to be inoperable (2003 letter from RS Grant to me;
unreferenced, see "Notes") while the few that …
Unless the letter resides in a library or other public archive, the author of a publication citing a letter must
provide written permission from the cited person (if living) to the publisher or from the cited organization if it is
carried in a document such as in internal memorandum that is not accessible to scholars. Acknowledge such
permission in an "Acknowledgments" or a "Notes" section following the text of an article or at the end of a book's
main text. Such statements may include additional details, such as the reason for the communication.
The rules below apply when a letter is included in a reference list rather than within the text as described above.
Letters are similar to manuscripts in that they contain little information from which to construct a citation. They
lack titles, and have no place of publication or publisher. References to letters differ from manuscripts in that
they have a formal structure applied to clearly identify the author (initiator) and the recipient (receiver) of the
communication. Because of the lack of other information to include in a citation to a letter, providing the full
names for both author and recipient is recommended as well as any clarifying notes on its content.
For information on citing collections of letters, see Chapter 14 Manuscripts and Preprints. For information on
citing letters to the editors of journals, see Chapter 1A Journal Articles.
Most examples for citations to letters provided in this chapter are taken from the Modern Manuscripts
Collection of the National Library of Medicine. Since the Collection is housed organizationally within the
Library's History of Medicine Division, many items are historical in nature. However, the rules provided are
applicable to contemporary material. Other types of personal communication, such as conversations, are not
included in the examples for this chapter because they are so rarely seen in a reference list.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Letters and Other Personal Communication.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Letters and Other Personal Communication.
Citation Rules with Examples for Letters and Other Personal

Communication
Author (R) | Author Affiliation (O) | Connective Phrase (R) | Recipient (R) | Recipient Affiliation (O) | Date (R) |
Pagination (O) | Language (R) | Notes (O)
Author for Personal Communication (required)

• Enter surname (family or last name) first for the person initiating the communication
• Capitalize surnames and enter spaces in surnames as they appear in the document cited. For example: Van
Der Horn or van der Horn; De Wolf or de Wolf or DeWolf.
• Follow the surname with a comma and a space
• Enter the given (first) name and any middle name or initials; follow initials with periods
• End author information with a period unless the Author Affiliation is given, then use a space

Letters and Other Personal Communication 645

(Chinese, Japanese)
• Title of author given

Estelle Palmer-Canton becomes Palmer-Canton, Estelle
Ahmed El-Assmy becomes El-Assmy, Ahmed
Alan D. O'Brien becomes O'Brien, Alan D.
James O. L'Esperance becomes L'Esperance, James O.
U. S'adeh becomes S'adeh, U.
• Keep all other punctuation in surnames
Charles A. St. James becomes St. James, Charles A.

Lama Al Bassit becomes Al Bassit, Lama
Jiddeke M. van de Kamp becomes van de Kamp, Jiddeke M.
Gerard de Pouvourville becomes de Pouvourville, Gerard
Sergio Lopez Moreno becomes Lopez Moreno, Sergio
Jaime Mier y Teran becomes Mier y Teran, Jaime
Virginie Halley des Fontaines becomes Halley des Fontaines, Virginie
Å treated as A
646 Citing Medicine
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

• Keep hyphens joining given (first or middle) names
Jean-Louis Lagrot becomes Lagrot, Jean-Louis
• Keep prefixes, prepositions, and other particles
D'Arcy Hart becomes Hart, D'Arcy
William St. John Patterson becomes Patterson, William St. John
De la Broquerie Fortier becomes Fortier, De la Broquerie
Craig McC. Brooks becomes Brooks, Craig McC.
• Keep traditional abbreviations of given names. Some non-US publications use abbreviations of
conventional given names rather than single initials, such as St. for Stefan.
Ch. Wunderly becomes Wunderly, Ch.
Charles Fr. Erdman becomes Erdman, Charles Fr.
letter if an initial is represented by more than one letter
Iu. A. Iakontov becomes Iakontov, Iu.A.
Georgios Th. Tsakalos becomes Tsakalos, Georgios Th.

James A. Reed, M.D., F.R.C.S. becomes Reed, James A.

Kristine Schmidt, Ph.D. becomes Schmidt, Kristine
Robert V. Lang, Major, US Army becomes Lang, Robert V.
• Omit rank and honors such as Colonel or Sir that precede a name, unless no given name is provided
Sir Frances Hildebrand becomes Hildebrand, Frances
Dr. Jane Eberhard becomes Eberhard, Jane
Captain R.C. Williams becomes Williams, R.C.
but
Dr. Morton becomes Morton, Dr.
Major Robertson becomes Robertson, Major.

• Place family designations of rank after the given (first) name and any middle name or initials
• End initials and Jr or Sr with periods
Examples:
Vincent T. DeVita, Jr. becomes DeVita, Vincent T. Jr.
James G. Jones II becomes Jones, James G. 2nd
John A. Adams III becomes Adams, John A. 3rd
Henry B. Cooper IV becomes Cooper, Henry B. 4th
letter
648 Citing Medicine
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

author.
Working Group.
(see Appendix D)
Royal Marsden Hospital (GB).
brackets.
or
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
650 Citing Medicine
Box 8. Title of author given.

• If the author's title is given, place it at the beginning of the affiliation
Example:
Blue, Rupert (Surgeon General, Bureau of the Public Health Service, Treasury Department,
Washington, DC). Letter to: Wm. H. Welch (American Red Cross, Paris, FR). 1919 Mar 18. 1 leaf.
Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of
Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 211.
• If the author's title is given in place of a name, put the title in the author position. If the actual name is
located elsewhere, add it surname first in square brackets after the title.
Example:
Secretary of War (Washington, DC). Letter to: Commander, Fort Dearborn (Illinois). 1846 Mar 7. 15
p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of
Medicine, Bethesda, MD; W6 P3 v.7481 box 916 no.1.
or
Secretary of War [Marcy, William L.] (Washington, DC). Letter to: Commander, Fort Dearborn
(Illinois). 1846 Mar 7. 15 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine
Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; W6 P3 v.7481 box 916 no.1.

The following format is not NLM practice for citing authors of letters, but is an acceptable option:
• Given (first) and middle names of authors may be reduced to initials. See Chapter 1 for instructions on
handling names in this format.
Takagi Y.
Moskowitz MA.
Examples for Author

1. Standard citation to a letter
2. Letter with optional initials for author and recipient
3. Letter providing only initials for author and recipient
5. Letter with organization as author
Author Affiliation for Personal Communication (optional)

country
Pittsburgh, PA)

• Follow the affiliation with a period placed outside the parentheses

• Titles in affiliations
• No affiliation found

Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Soc. for Society
all references.

• Insert the e-mail address as it appears in the letter
652 Citing Medicine
• Place the e-mail address inside the closing parenthesis for the author affiliation
Example:
Patrias, Karen (Public Services Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda MD.
patrias@nlm.nih.gov).
Box 12. Titles in affiliations.

Example:
Blue, Rupert (Surgeon General, Bureau of the Public Health Service, Treasury Department,
Washington, DC). Letter to: Wm. H. Welch (American Red Cross, Paris, FR). 1919 Mar 18. 1 leaf.
• If the author's title is given in place of a name, put the title in the author position. If the actual name is
located elsewhere, add it surname first in square brackets after the title.
Example:
Secretary of War (Washington, DC). Letter to: Commander, Fort Dearborn (Illinois). 1846 Mar 7. 15
Medicine, Bethesda, MD; W6 P3 v.7481 box 916 no.1.
or
Secretary of War [Marcy, William L.] (Washington, DC). Letter to: Commander, Fort Dearborn
(Illinois). 1846 Mar 7. 15 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine
Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; W6 P3 v.7481 box 916 no.1.

Carpentier, Antoine F. (Service de Neurologie, Hopital de la Salpetriere, Paris, France).
Marubini, Ettore (Istituto di Statistica Medica e Biometria, Universita degli Studi di Milano, Milan,
Italy).
Barbulescu, Mihai (Clinica Chirurgicala, Spitalul Clinic Coltea, Bucarest, Romania).

Susaki, Kanako (First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University,
Takamatsu, Japan).
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

Wien becomes Vienna
654 Citing Medicine
Box 15. No affiliation found.

• If no affiliation is found or the affiliation is incomplete but it can be determined from elsewhere in the
letter or from knowledge of the writer, put the place name in square brackets
Examples:
Nightingale, Florence (115 Park Street, W, [London, GB]). Letter to: Marquis Townshend. 1864 Jul
27. 4 leaves. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National
Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 179.
Pina, Luciano (Santiago, Chile). Letter to: D.M. Arroyo de Veracruz ([Mexico]). 1845 Jun 26. 4
leaves. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library
of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 196. Spanish.

6. Letter with author's title included in affiliation
7. Letter with place inferred
Connective Phrase for Personal Communication (required)

• Use the phrase "Letter to", "Conversation with", or "Telephone conversation with" as appropriate
• End the phrase with a colon and a space
Recipient for Personal Communication (required)

General Rules for Recipient
• Enter the given (first) name and any middle name or initials of the person receiving the communication;
follow initials with periods
• Give the surname (family or last name)
• End recipient information with a period unless the Recipient Affiliation is given, then use a space
Specific Rules for Recipient

(Chinese, Japanese)
• Titles in recipient names
• Organization as recipient
• Options for recipient names

Estelle Palmer-Canton
Ahmed El-Assmy
Alan D. O'Brien
James O. L'Esperance
U. S'adeh
Charles A. St. James

Lama Al Bassit
Jiddeke M. van de Kamp
Gerard de Pouvourville
Sergio Lopez Moreno
Jaime Mier y Teran
Virginie Halley des Fontaines
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
656 Citing Medicine
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

Jean-Louis Lagrot
• Keep prefixes, prepositions, or other particles
D'Arcy Hart
W. St. John Patterson
De la Broquerie Fortier
Craig McC. Brooks
Ch. Wunderly
Charles Fr. Erdman
letter if an initial is represented by more than one letter
Iu. A. Iakontov
Georgios Th. Tsakalos
James A. Reed, M.D., F.R.C.S. becomes James A. Reed
Kristine Schmidt, Ph.D. becomes Kristine Schmidt
Robert V. Lang, Major, US Army becomes Robert V. Lang
Sir Frances Hildebrand becomes Frances Hildebrand
Dr. Jane Eberhard becomes Jane Eberhard
Captain R.C. Williams becomes R.C. Williams
but
Dr. Morton remains Dr. Morton
Major Robertson remains Major Robertson

• Place family designations of rank after the surname
• Omit any commas between the surname and the designation
• Follow Jr or Sr with a period
Examples:
Vincent T. DeVita, Jr. becomes Vincent T. DeVita Jr.
James G. Jones, II becomes James G. Jones 2nd
John A. Adams III becomes John A. Adams 3rd
Henry B. Cooper IV becomes Henry B. Cooper 4th
letter
Iu. A. Iakontov
658 Citing Medicine

Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
Box 22. Titles in recipient names.

• If the recipient's title is given, place it at the beginning of the affiliation
Letter to: Rupert Blue (Surgeon General, Bureau of the Public Health Service, Treasury Department,
Washington, DC).
• If the recipient's title is given in place of a name, put the title in the recipient position. If the actual name is
located elsewhere, add it in square brackets following the title.
Examples:
Letter to: Secretary of War (Washington, DC).
or
Letter to: Secretary of War [William Endicott] (Washington, DC).
Letter to: Dr. Morton ([Boston, MA]).
or
Letter to: Dr. Morton [William Thomas Morton] ([Boston, MA]).
Box 23. Organization as recipient.

An organization such as a university, society, association, corporation, or governmental body may serve as the
recipient of a letter.

hierarchical order, separated by commas
Committee on Ethics, American Medical Association.
Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry Division, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
(see Appendix D)
brackets.
or
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
660 Citing Medicine
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
Box 24. Options for recipient names.

The following format is not NLM practice for citing recipients, but is an acceptable option:
• Given (first) and middle names of recipients may be reduced to initials. See Chapter 1 for instructions on
converting names to initials.
Y Takagi
MA Moskowitz
Examples for Recipient

4. Letter with a title for the recipient rather than a name
Recipient Affiliation for Personal Communication (optional)

General Rules for Recipient Affiliation
country
Pittsburgh, PA)
• Separate the affiliation from the recipient by a space
• Follow the affiliation with a period placed outside the parentheses
Specific Rules for Recipient Affiliation


Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Soc. for Society
all references.

Example:
Karen Patrias (Public Services Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda MD.
662 Citing Medicine
Box 27. Title in affiliations.

• If the recipient's title is given, place it at the beginning of the affiliation
Letter to: Rupert Blue (Surgeon General, Bureau of the Public Health Service, Treasury Department,
Washington, DC).
• If the recipient's title is given in place of a name, put the title in the recipient position. If the actual name is
located elsewhere, add it in square brackets following the title.
Examples:
Letter to: Secretary of War (Washington, DC).
or
Letter to: Secretary of War [William Endicott] (Washington, DC).
Letter to: Dr. Morton ([Boston, MA]).
or
Letter to: Dr. Morton [William Thomas Morton] ([Boston, MA]).

Letter to: Antoine F. Carpentier (Service de Neurologie, Hopital de la Salpetriere, Paris, France).
Letter to: Ettore Marubini (Istituto di Statistica Medica e Biometria, Universita degli Studi di Milano,
Milan, Italy).
Letter to: Mihai Barbulescu (Clinica Chirurgicala, Spitalul Clinic Coltea, Bucarest, Romania).
Letter to: Kanako Susaki (First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa
University, Takamatsu, Japan).
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

Wien becomes Vienna

letter or from knowledge of the recipient, put the place name in square brackets
Examples:
Wells, Horace (Hartford, CT). Letter to: Dr. Morton ([Boston, MA]). 1846 Oct 20. 1 leaf. Located at:
Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine,
Bethesda, MD; MS F 176.
Pina, Luciano (Santiago, Chile). Letter to: D.M. Arroyo de Veracruz ([Mexico]). 1845 Jun 26. 4
leaves. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library
of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 196. Spanish.
Examples for Recipient Affiliation

664 Citing Medicine

Date for Personal Communication (required)

General Rules for Date
• Begin with the year
• Include the month after the year, such as 2004 Mar
• Use English names for months and abbreviate them to the first three letters
• Include the day after the month, such as 2004 Mar 3
Specific Rules for Date

• No date can be found

• Dates in US letters usually appear in the format month day, year. For example: August 23, 2005.
• Dates in other countries may appear in a variety of formats
2004/12/02
30.07.2004
2004-10-02
14 June 2004
15/06/2005
2004/12/02 becomes 2004 Dec 2
30.07.2004 becomes 2004 Jul 30
2004-10-02 becomes 2004 Oct 2
15/06/2005 becomes 2005 Jun 15
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar
Example:

• Capitalize them
Examples:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

• Capitalize them
For example:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring
Box 34. No date can be found.

• If a date cannot be found, but a date can be estimated from the content of the letter or in accompanying
material, place a question mark after the estimated date and place date information in square brackets
Bell, John ([Edinburgh, Scotland]). Letter to: Cadell and Davies, Book Sellers ([London, England]).
[1793?]. 8 leaves. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division,
National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 291.
• If a date cannot be found or estimated, use [date unknown]
666 Citing Medicine
Hennen, John (Edinburgh, Scotland). Letter to: Dr. Duncan. [date unknown]. 9 p. Located at:
History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; W6 P3 v.1575.

The date for the personal communication may follow the author names in the list of references when the name-
year system of in-text references is used.
• Use the complete date of the communication
• Place the date after the author and any author affiliation, followed by a period
NLM citation:
Anfinsen, Christian B. (Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD). Letter to:
Cyril Ponnamperuma (University of Maryland, College Park, MD). 1991 Apr 23. 1 leaf. Located at:
Bethesda, MD; MS C 496, Box 8, Folder 3.
Anfinsen, Christian B. (Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD). 1991 Apr
23. Letter to: Cyril Ponnamperuma (University of Maryland, College Park, MD). 1 leaf. Located at:
Bethesda, MD; MS C 496, Box 8, Folder 3.
Examples for Date

8. Letter with standard date
9. Letter with date estimated
Pagination for Personal Communication (optional)

• If the pages of a letter are numbered, provide the total number of pages
• If the pages of a letter are not numbered, provide the total number of sheets of paper on which the letter
appears
• Follow the page total with the word leaf or leaves
• End pagination information in both cases with a period


If the pages of a letter have roman numerals instead of the usual arabic numbers:
Example: [20 p.].

10. Letter with unnumbered pages
11. Letter with numbered pages
Language for Personal Communication (required)

• Give the language of communication if not English

12. Letter in a language other than English
Notes for Personal Communication (optional)

• Be brief

• Name and location of a public archive
• Restrictions on use
Box 36. Name and location of a public archive.

Information on a library or other public archive where the letter may be seen is helpful to the reader.
• Enter the phrase "Located at" followed by a colon and a space
• Give the name of the library or archive, preceded by any subsidiary division(s), and followed by a comma
and a space. For example: Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress.
668 Citing Medicine
• Follow the library or archive name with the city, a comma, and the two-letter abbreviation for the US state
or Canadian province (see Appendix E); add the country if not the US or Canada, either written out or as
two-letter ISO country code (see Appendix D)
• Enter a semicolon and any identifying number for the manuscript
• End library or archive information with a period
Example:
Joseph Eastman Sanitorium (Indianapolis, IN). Letter to: Wm. E. Lybrook (Young America, IN).
1904 Nov 17. 1 leaf. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division,
Box 37. Restrictions on use.

• A library or other archive may place a variety of types of restrictions on the use of letters. For example,
letters may only be available with an appointment or to scholars at the doctorate level. This information
may be provided as a note at the end of the citation. Complete sentences are not required.
Examples:
Materials stored offsite; 24 hour prior notice required for delivery.
Written permission required to quote, cite, paraphrase, or publish any of Dr. Henle's unpublished
material during her lifetime.

Notes is a collective term for any type of useful information given after the citation itself. Examples include:
• information on any material accompanying the letter
Blue, Rupert (Surgeon General, US Public Health Service, Washington, DC). Letter to: Wm. H.
Welch (American Red Cross, Paris, FR). 1919 Mar 18. 1 leaf. Located at: Modern Manuscripts
Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 211.
Accompanied by: Blue's "Memorandum Relative to the Development of National and International
Programs of Public Health."
• explanatory information on the content of the letter
Reed, Walter (Army Medical Museum, Washington, DC). Letter to: W.S. Halstead (Johns Hopkins
Hospital, Baltimore, MD). 1985 Apr 10. 1 leaf. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History
of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 200. Letter asking if
Halsted could perform a hernia operation on the carpenter of the Army Medical Museum.
Examples for Notes

13. Letter with an accompaniment
14. Letter with note
Examples of Citations to Letters and Other Personal

Communication
Anfinsen, Christian B. (Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD). Letter to: Cyril
Ponnamperuma (University of Maryland, College Park, MD). 1991 Apr 23. 1 leaf. Located at: Modern
Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 496,
Box 8, Folder 3.
Reed, Walter (Army Medical Museum, Washington, DC). Letter to: W.S. Halstead (Johns Hopkins Hospital,
Baltimore, MD). 1985 Apr 10. 1 leaf. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division,

Reed W. (Army Medical Museum, Washington, DC). Letter to: W.S. Halstead (Johns Hopkins Hospital,

Colt, P. (Rome, NY). Letter to: M. Goshall (Hartford, CT). 1809 Mar 4. 4 leaves. Located at: Modern Manuscripts
Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 312.

Mayard, T.F. (Department of State, Washington, DC). Letter to: Secretary of War (Washington, DC). 1888 Feb
16. 1 leaf. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of
Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 269.
Wells, Horace (Hartford, CT). Letter to: Dr. Morton ([Boston, MA]). 1846 Oct 20. 1 leaf. Located at: Modern
Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 176.
with name added as title
Mayard, T.F. (Department of State, Washington, DC). Letter to: Secretary of War [William Endicott]
(Washington, DC). 1888 Feb 16. 1 leaf. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine
Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 269.
Wells, Horace (Hartford, CT). Letter to: Dr. Morton [William Thomas Morton] ([Boston, MA]). 1846 Oct 20. 1
leaf. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine,

Mason Chemical Company (Philadelphia, PA). Letter to: Abram Claude (Annapolis, MD). 1897 Dec 24. 1 leaf.
Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine,
Joseph Eastman Sanitorium (Indianapolis, IN). Letter to: Wm. E. Lybrook (Young America, IN). 1904 Nov 17. 1
670 Citing Medicine
6. Letter with author's title included in affiliation

Blue, Rupert (Surgeon General, Bureau of the Public Health Service, Treasury Department, Washington, DC).
Letter to: Wm. H. Welch (American Red Cross, Paris, FR). 1919 Mar 18. 1 leaf. Located at: Modern Manuscripts
Loper, Richard L. (General Manager, Guarantors Liability Indemnity Company of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,
PA). Letter to: Dear Sirs. 1 leaf. [1895?]. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine

Nightingale, Florence (115 Park Street, W, [London, GB]). Letter to: Marquis Townshend. 1864 Jul 27. 4 leaves.
Pina, Luciano (Santiago, Chile). Letter to: D.M. Arroyo de Veracruz ([Mexico]). 1845 Jun 26. 4 leaves. Located at:
Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD;
MS F 196. Spanish.
8. Letter with standard date

Wheaton, Levi (Providence, RI). Letter to: Moses Younglove (Cornwall, CT). 1800 Dec 18. 3 leaves. Located at:
MS F 293.
9. Letter with date estimated

Bell, John ([Edinburgh, Scotland]). Letter to: Cadell and Davies, Book Sellers ([London, England]). [1793?]. 8
leaves. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine,
Loper, Richard L. (General Manager, Guarantors Liability Indemnity Company of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,
PA). Letter to: Dear Sirs. 1 leaf. [1895?]. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine
10. Letter with unnumbered pages

MS F 293.
11. Letter with numbered pages

Kerr, J. Auston (Chevy Chase, MD). Letter to: Ramon Cordoba Palacio (Medellin, Colombia). 1974 Nov 11. 11 p.
Bethesda, MD; MS C 456.
12. Letter in a language other than English

de Lucretiis, Gaetano (San Severo, Italy). Letter to: D. Biagio Michetelli (Puglia, Italy). 1807 Nov 13. 9 leaves.
Bethesda, MD; MS C 214. Italian.
Pina, Luciano (Santiago, Chile). Letter to: D.M. Arroyo de Veracruz ([Mexico]). 1845 Jun 26. 4 leaves. Located at:
MS F 196. Spanish.
13. Letter with an accompaniment

Blue, Rupert (Surgeon General, US Public Health Service, Washington, DC). Letter to: Wm. H. Welch (American
Red Cross, Paris, FR). 1919 Mar 18. 1 leaf. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine
Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 211. Accompanied by: Blue's "Memorandum
Relative to the Development of National and International Programs of Public Health."
Mayard, T.F. (Department of State, Washington, DC). Letter to: Secretary of War [William Endicott]
(Washington, DC). 1888 Feb 16. 1 leaf. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine
Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 269. Accompanied by: El Comerrio newsclipping
written by Dr. David Matto.
14. Letter with note

Reed, Walter (Army Medical Museum, Washington, DC). Letter to: W.S. Halstead (Johns Hopkins Hospital,
National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 200. Letter asking if Halsted could perform a hernia
operation on the carpenter of the Army Medical Museum.
MS F 293. Wheaton thanks Younglove for a cowpox sample and describes his experiments with smallpox.
Kerr, J. Auston (Chevy Chase, MD). Letter to: Ramon Cordoba Palacio (Medellin, Colombia). 1974 Nov 11. 11 p.
Bethesda, MD; MS C 456. Contains reminiscences of Kerr's experiences in Colombia studying yellow fever for
the Rockefeller Foundation in its laboratories from 1932 to 1938.
Nightingale, Florence (115 Park Street, W, [London, GB]). Letter to: Marquis Townshend. 1864 Jul 27. 4 leaves.
Bethesda, MD; MS F 179. Nightingale responds to Townshend's request on behalf of a Mrs. Montague for funds
to support old nurses.
Wells, Horace (Hartford, CT). Letter to: Dr. Morton [William Thomas Morton] ([Boston, MA]). 1846 Oct 20. 1
Bethesda, MD; MS F 176. Comments on the first use of Morton's anesthesia device.
Hennen, John (Edinburgh, Scotland). Letter to: Dr. Duncan. [date unknown]. 9 p. Located at: History of
Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; W6 P3 v.1575. Observations on the cure of
syphilis without mercury.
672 Citing Medicine
673
Chapter 14. Manuscripts and Preprints

Created: October 10, 2007; Updated: March 17, 2017.
A. Individual Manuscripts
• Examples
B. Manuscript Collections
• Examples
C. Preprints
• Introduction and Examples
See also:
Chapter 13 Letters and Other Personal Communication
A. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Individual

Manuscripts
The general format for a reference to an individual manuscript, including punctuation:
Examples of Citations to Individual Manuscripts

A manuscript refers to any type of work, either handwritten or typewritten, that is not published. Examples of
manuscripts include author drafts of journal articles and books as well as finished works. Manuscripts often
contain little information from which to construct a citation. A formal title may be absent and other information
unclear. There is no place of publication, publisher, or date of publication in an unpublished manuscript. Other
differences from the standard book are that the full names of authors are used, and an unpaginated manuscript
is described in terms of leaves, not pages.
Include in a citation, when possible, the name of a library or other public archive where the item may be found,
as well as any order or catalog number. See Notes in the next section. If a manuscript is not available in a public
archive, most authorities recommend placing references to it within the running text, not as a formal end
reference. The nature and source of the cited information should be identified by an appropriate statement. Place
the source information in parentheses, using a term or terms to indicate that the citation is not represented in
the reference list.
…material gathered from an unpublished draft by Harold Jones (private collection; unreferenced, see
"Notes") that …
674 Citing Medicine
The rules below apply when a manuscript is included in a reference list rather than in the text as described
above. Note that the majority of examples for citations provided in this chapter are taken from the Modern
Manuscripts Collection of the National Library of Medicine. Since the Collection is housed organizationally
within the Library's History of Medicine Division, many items are historical in nature. However, the rules
provided are applicable to contemporary material.
Manuscripts may be cited as individual items and as collections. See Chapter 14B Manuscript Collections for
information on citing collections.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Individual Manuscripts.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Individual Manuscripts.
Citation Rules with Examples for Individual Manuscripts

Author (R) | Author Affiliation (O) | Title (R) | Type of Medium (R) | Secondary Author (O) | Date (R) |
Pagination (O) | Physical Description (O) | Availability (O) | Language (R) | Notes (O)
Author for Individual Manuscripts (required)

• Enter surname (family or last name) first for the author
• Capitalize surnames and enter spaces within surnames as they appear in the document cited. For example:
Van Der Horn or van der Horn; De Wolf or de Wolf or DeWolf.
• Separate author names from each other by a semicolon and a space

(Chinese, Japanese)

Manuscripts and Preprints 675


Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
676 Citing Medicine
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

• Keep traditional abbreviations of given names. Some non-US manuscripts use abbreviations of
if an initial is represented by more than one letter

but


• Omit commas preceding the designation
• Follow Jr or Sr with periods
Examples:
James G. Jones, II becomes Jones, James G. 2nd
letter
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
678 Citing Medicine
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

author.
• If a division or another part of an organization is included in the manuscript, give the parts of the name in
Working Group.
(see Appendix D)
Italian, Spanish, German, Swedish, etc.) as they appear in the manuscript. Whenever possible follow
brackets.
or
⚬ Translate names of organizations in character-based languages such as Chinese, Japanese. Place all
translations in square brackets.
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

• If no person or organization can be found as the author but a translator is present, begin the reference
with the name of the translator. Follow the same rules as used for author names, but end the list of names
with a comma and the specific role, that is, translator.
Walter, Edward D., translator.
Morrison, Carl P.; Court, Frances G., translators.
680 Citing Medicine
• If no person or organization can be identified as the author and no translator is given, begin the reference
with the title of the manuscript. Do not use anonymous.
Review and analysis of Letort's medical services in modern armies: observations and recollections of
the late war. [1970?]. 52 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine

The following format is not NLM practice for citing authors of manuscripts, but is an acceptable option.
Takagi Y.
Moskowitz MA.
Examples for Author

1. Manuscript standard citation with full name for authors
2. Manuscript authors with optional initials for first names
3. Manuscript author name or secondary author name with designations of rank within a family
4. Manuscript authors with prefixes or particles in their names
5. Manuscript authors with compound last names
6. Manuscript authors with only a surname
7. Manuscript with organization as author
8. Manuscript with more than one author
9. Manuscript with no authors found
Author Affiliation for Individual Manuscripts (optional)

country
PA)
• Follow the affiliation with a semicolon placed outside the closing parentheses, unless it is the affiliation of
the last author or the only author of a manuscript, then use a period


Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Soc. for Society
all references.

Example:
682 Citing Medicine

Italy).
Takamatsu, Japan).
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
and Spain for Espana. However, the name found on the manuscript may always be used.

the manuscript may always be used.
Wien becomes Vienna

10. Manuscript with author affiliation included
Title for Individual Manuscripts (required)

• Enter the title of the manuscript as it appears on the original document, in the original language
• End a title with a period unless a question mark or exclamation point already ends it or a type of medium
follows it, then end with a space


Descomps, Pierre. Appendicites chroniques et epiploite. [1906?]. 1921 p. Located at: Modern
Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD;
MS F 145. French.
684 Citing Medicine
Avicenna. Qawlanj. [circa 1800]. 41 leaves. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of
Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; A 55. Arabic.
square brackets.
Gonda, Naosuke. Koido myakuden. 1850. 16 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History
of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS B 939. Japanese.
or
Gonda, Naosuke. [Pulse diagnosis of old medicine]. 1850. 16 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts
Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS B 939.
Japanese.
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
Perez, Victor. Methode von vorherigen Acclimatisiren zur Verhinderung des gelben feber. [1880?]. 13
Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 263. German.
square brackets
Gonda, Naosuke. Koido myakuden [Pulse diagnosis of old medicine]. 1850. 16 p. Located at:
Bethesda, MD; MS B 939.000. Japanese.
• Capitalize the first word of a manuscript title unless the title begins with a Greek letter, chemical formula,
1,3-dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin: health-based reassessment.
may become
TiO2 nanoparticles.
may become

Occasionally a manuscript does not appear to have any title; the document simply begins with the text. In this
circumstance:
Examples:
Reeves, James Edmund. [President's address delivered at the opening of the 13th annual meeting of
the American Public Health Association]. 1885 Dec 8. 32 leaves. Located at: Modern Manuscripts
Hood, Thomas B. (Howard University, Washington, DC). [Notes of lectures on the practice of
medicine]. [circa 1880s]. 162 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine
Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS B 414.
686 Citing Medicine
Examples for Title

11. Manuscript with constructed title
12. Manuscript with title in a language other than English
13. Manuscript with title in a language other than English with optional translation
Type of Medium for Individual Manuscripts (required)

• Indicate the type of medium (microfilm, microfiche, etc.) following the title when a manuscript is in a
microform
• Place the name of the medium in square brackets and end with a period, such as [microfilm].


• Most titles of manuscripts end in a period. Place [microfiche], [microfilm], or [microcard] inside the
period.
Osler, William. The fixed period [microfilm]. 1905. 21 leaves. 1 reel: black & white, negative, 35 mm.
Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS B 146.
AIDS is over, right? [microfiche].

• If a translation of a title is provided, place the translation in square brackets after the original title
L'hypnotisme en therapeutique: guerson d'une contracture hysterique [Therapeutic hypnotism: cure
of hysterical contracture].
• If a title is in a microform (microfiche, microfile, microcard, etc.), place the specific name of the
[microfilm].

24. Manuscript in a microform
Secondary Author for Individual Manuscripts (optional)

General Rules for Secondary Author
• A secondary author modifies the work of the author. Examples include compilers, translators, illustrators,
and interviewers.
• Place the names of secondary authors after the title, following any Type of Medium
• Follow the last translator's name with a comma and the word translator or translators; the last illustrator's
name with a comma and the word illustrator or illustrators, etc.
Specific Rules for Secondary Author


A manuscript may have several types of secondary author.
• List all of them in the order they are given in the manuscript
• Separate a single secondary author from the role by a comma
• Separate one type of secondary author from another by a semicolon
• Place a semicolon between multiple occurrences of secondary authors
Examples:
Smith, Brian C., translator; Carson, Harrison T., interviewer.
Graber, Alfred F.; Longstreet, Richard G., translators; Johnson, Carl T.; Marks, Catherine; Huston,
Melanie A., illustrators.

• List all of the roles in the order given in the manuscript
Example:
Jones, Albert B., compiler and translator.
688 Citing Medicine

possible. However, the wording found on the manuscript may always be used.
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
Language Word for Translator Word for Illustrator Word for Compiler Word for Interviewer
French traducteur illustrateur compilateur enqueteur
German ubersetzer erlauterer zusammensteller befrager
dolmetscher
Italian traduttore disegnatore compilatore intervistatore
Spanish traductor ilustrador recopilador entrevistador
compilador
Russian perevodchik konstruktor sostavitel' interviever
Examples for Secondary Author

14. Manuscript with translators and other secondary authors
Date for Individual Manuscripts (required)

• Begin with the year
• Include the month after the year, if provided, such as 2004 Mar
• Include the day after the month, if provided, such as 2004 Mar 3

• Multiple dates
• No date can be found

• Dates in US manuscripts usually appear in the format month day, year. For example: August 23, 2005.
• Dates in other countries may appear in manuscripts in a variety of formats
2004/12/02
30.07.2004
2004-10-02
14 June 2004
15/06/2005
2004/12/02 becomes 2004 Dec 2
30.07.2004 becomes 2004 Jul 30
2004-10-02 becomes 2004 Oct 2
15/06/2005 becomes 2005 Jun 15
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar
Example:
690 Citing Medicine

• Capitalize them
Examples:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

• Capitalize them
For example:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring
Box 25. Multiple dates.

• For multiple years, separate the first and last year by a hyphen. Do not shorten the second of the two years
to the last two digits.
2002-2003
1997-1998
1999-2000
1999 Oct-2000 Mar
2002 Dec-2003 Jan
• Separate multiple months by a hyphen
2005 Jan-Feb
1999 Dec-2000 Jan
Box 26. No date can be found.

• If no date can be found, but a specific year can be estimated because of material contained in the
manuscript itself or on accompanying material, place a question mark after the estimated date and place
date information in square brackets
Mann, Lucile Quarry. Drug hunters: the Mulford biological explorations of the Amazon basin.
[1977?]. 190 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National
Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 458.
• If no date can be found nor can a specific year be estimated, but an approximate time can be determined
based on material contained in the manuscript itself or its accompanying material, place the word circa
and the approximate date or dates in square brackets
Duncan, Louis C. Cholera at Fort Riley in 1855. [circa 1900]. 10 leaves. Located at: Modern
MS C 112.
Sacadura, Costa. Guia de parteiras por perguntas e respostas [Guide to questions and answers for
midwives]. [circa 1700s]. 48 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine
Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS B 406. Portuguese.
Graves, George W. [Pharmacological notebook]. [circa 1874-1885]. 46 p. Located at: Modern
MS B 403.
• If no date can be found, nor can a date can be estimated or approximated, use [date unknown]
Foltz, E.K. List of known cases of infection in line of duty in personnel of the U.S. Public Health
Service, 1878-1936. [date unknown]. 6 leaves. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History
of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 329.

The date for a manuscript may follow the author names in the list of references when the name-year system of
in-text references is used.
• Use the complete date of the manuscript
• Place the date after the author and any author affiliation (or title if there is no author), followed by a
period
NLM citation:
Wiprud, Theodore. The versatile Dr. Thornton. 1976. 86 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts
692 Citing Medicine
Wiprud, Theodore. 1976. The versatile Dr. Thornton. 86 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts
Examples for Date

15. Manuscript with standard date
16. Manuscript date with month or month and day provided
17. Manuscript with multiple dates
18. Manuscript with date estimated
19. Manuscript with no date found
Pagination for Individual Manuscripts (optional)

• If a manuscript has no numbers on its pages, give the total number of sheets of paper on which the text
appears
• Follow the page total with a space and the word leaf or leaves
• If the pages of a manuscript are numbered, give the total number of pages on which the text appears
• End pagination information with a period in both cases

• More than one physical volume

If all of the pages (not just the introductory pages) of a manuscript have roman numerals instead of the usual
arabic numbers:
• Follow the number by " p."
• Place the number and " p." in square brackets, such as [12 p.]
Example: [20 p.].
Box 28. More than one physical volume.

• For manuscripts in more than one physical volume, cite the total number of volumes instead of the
Wolfe, Edwin Phillip. Medical supplies and the supply service of the Medical Department, United
States Army. [1920?]. 4 vol. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine

20. Manuscript with numbered pages
21. Manuscript in more than one volume
22. Manuscript with no numbers on the pages of the book
Physical Description for Individual Manuscripts (optional)

• Give the total number of containers holding the manuscript and/or the total number of linear feet of shelf
space the manuscript occupies
• Follow with the type of container or the words linear feet. Examples: 3 boxes or 10 linear feet.
• Give information on the total number and physical characteristics of the manuscript if it resides in a
microform, such as 6 microfiche: black & white, 4 x 6 in.


If a manuscript is on microfiche, microfilm, or microcards:
5 microfiche:
2 microcards:
694 Citing Medicine
color
black & white
positive
negative

23. Manuscript with physical description
Availability for Individual Manuscripts (optional)

General Rules for Availability
• Give the name of the library or archive, preceded by any subsidiary division(s), and followed with a
comma and a space. For example: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division,
National Library of Medicine,
• Follow with the name of the city, a comma, and the two-letter abbreviation for the US state or Canadian
province (see Appendix E); add the country if not the US or Canada, either written out or as the two-letter
ISO country code (see Appendix D)
• Enter a semicolon and any identifying number for the manuscript
• End library information with a period
Specific Rules for Availability

• Non-English names for libraries and archives
• Locations outside of the US
Box 30. Non-English names for libraries and archives.

Spanish, German, Swedish, etc.) as they appear in the manuscript. Whenever possible follow a non-
English name with a translation. Place all translations in square brackets.
Bibliotheque Anatomique, Institut d'Anatomie de Paris
Medizinische Abteilung, Saarlaandische Universitaats- und Landesbibliothek
• Romanize (write in the roman alphabet) or translate names of organizations in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic,
Hebrew, or Korean. A good authority for romanization is the ALA-LC Romanization Tables. Whenever
possible, follow a non-English name with a translation. Place all translations in square brackets.
Bibliotyeka, Rossiiskaia Akademiia Meditsinskikh Nauk [Library, Russian Academy of Medical
Sciences]
or
[Library, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences]
• Translate names of organizations in character-based languages such as Chinese and Japanese. Place all
[Central Archives of China]
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
696 Citing Medicine
Box 31. Locations outside of the US.

possible. However, the name as found on the manuscript may always be used.
Montreal, QC
Ottawa, ON
Vancouver, BC
• Follow cities in other countries with the country name, either written in full or as the two-letter ISO
country code (see Appendix D)
Rome, Italy or Rome, IT
• Be consistent. If you choose an angelicized form for a city name or choose a country code, use that same
form or code throughout all references.
Examples for Availability

25. Manuscript with information on availability
Language for Individual Manuscripts (required)

• Give the language of the manuscript if other than English

13. Manuscript with title in a language other than English with optional translation
Notes for Individual Manuscripts (optional)

• Be brief

• Information about any restrictions on use
Box 32. Information about any restrictions on use.

• A library or other archive may place a variety of restrictions on the use of manuscripts, or the donors of
the manuscripts may restrict use. Such information may be provided as a note at the end of the citation.
Complete sentences are not required.
Taussig, Helen B. Helen B. Taussig: transcript of interview. Janeway, Charles A., interviewer. 1976 Sep
15. 52 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library
of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; OH 74. No part of this manuscript may be quoted without the written
permission of the Director of the Schlesinger Library and Helen Brooke Taussig, M.D.

Notes is a collective term for any useful information given after the citation itself. Examples include:
• If the manuscript was translated, provide the name of the original document
Heister, Lorenz. Of the four divisions of the trunk of the human body. Manby, Edward Jr., translator.
[circa 1800]. 188 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division,
National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS B 386. Translated from the Compendium
Anatomicum Laurentio Heisteri.
• Give explanatory information on the content of the manuscript
Descripcion y plan curativo de la epidemia que ha reinado en Queretaro desde fines de junio de este
presente ano, hasta la fecha en que esto se escribia [Description and treatment plan for the epidemic
that occurred in Queretaro from the end of June of this year, until the date of this writing]. 1825 Sep
27. 12 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library
of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 487. Spanish. Apparently written by a military doctor providing a
concise history of the origins and progress of an epidemic of measles and scarlet fever that swept
through the city of Queretaro, Mexico, during the summer and early fall of 1825.
Clarke, Charles Mansfield. Observations on those diseases of females which are attended by
discharges. [circa 1814]. 168 leaves. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine
Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS B 363. Clarke's manuscript copy of
chapters II-XVII of the first volume of his "Observations on those diseases of females which are
attended by discharges," was first printed in London by Longman in 1814.
Examples for Notes

26. Manuscript with information about any restrictions on use
27. Manuscript with supplemental note included
Examples of Citations to Individual Manuscripts

Wiprud, Theodore. The versatile Dr. Thornton. 1976. 86 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History
of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 305.
698 Citing Medicine
Cutter, William R. Manuscript in reference to small-pox epidemic at Woburn in 1815. 1815. 6 leaves. Located at:
MS F 332.
Toepper, C.G. History of the Library of the Surgeon-General's Office, Washington, D.C. 1934. 105 leaves.
2. Manuscript authors with optional initials for first names

Wiprud T. The versatile Dr. Thornton. 1976. 86 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of
Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 305.
Toepper CG. History of the Library of the Surgeon-General's Office, Washington, D.C. 1934. 105 leaves. Located
at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD;
MS C 442.
3. Manuscript author name or secondary author name with designations

of rank within a family
Heister, Lorenz. Of the four divisions of the trunk of the human body. Manby, Edward Jr., translator. [circa
1800]. 188 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of
4. Manuscript authors with prefixes or particles in their names

O'Conor, John. Traumatic haemarthrosis of knee joint. 1898. 10 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection,
History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 326.
McIlwaine, Robert R. An inaugural thesis on mania a potu. 1839 Feb 20. 15 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts
Le Ber, Y.J. Edouard. Phrenologie des gens du monde on l'art. 1833. 267 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts
Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS B 421. French.
5. Manuscript authors with compound last names

Berengario da Carpi, Jacopo. Berengario: de fractura cranei. Seaman, William M., translator. [circa 1940]. 149 p.
Bethesda, MD; MS B 1036.
6. Manuscript authors with only a surname

Galen. Ars medica [microfilm]. [circa 1250]. 14 leaves. 1 reel: black & white, negative, 35 mm. Located at:
Film C124. Latin.
D'Eggs. Relation d'une nevrose convulsive epidemique: observe a l'ecole normal des instituteurs primaires a
Strasbourg [Relation of a convulsive nervous epidemic: observed at the normal school of the Strasbourg primate
institute]. [date unknown]. 8 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division,
National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 197. French.
Avicenna. Qawlanj [Treatise on colic]. [circa 1800]. 41 leaves. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection,
History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; A 55. Arabic.
7. Manuscript with organization as author

Bangor State Hospital. Eastern Maine Insane Hospital account ledger book. 1904 Dec 1-1908 Nov 30. 406 p.
Joel and Jotham Post (New York, NY). Directions for medicine chests [microfilm]. 1804. 16 p. 1 reel: black &
white, negative, 35 mm. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National
Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; Film 00577.
Kansas Legislative Council, Research Department. The basic sciences: their relationship to the control and
regulation of the healing arts. 1937 Feb. 20 leaves. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of
Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 280.
8. Manuscript with more than one author

Jennings, Allan H.; King, W.V. An intensive study of insects as a possible etiologic factor in pellagra. [1913?]. 42
p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine,
9. Manuscript with no authors found

Arzneybuchlein von mancherley bewarthen und erfahrnen Arzneyen, fur allerley Zufalle und Krankheiten des
menschlichen Leibs dienstlich. 1671. 202 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine
Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS B 980. German.
Review and analysis of Letort's medical services in modern armies: observations and recollections of the late
war. [1970?]. 52 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library
of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 285.
Descripcion y plan curativo de la epidemia que ha reinado en Queretaro desde fines de junio de este presente
ano, hasta la fecha en que esto se escribia [Description and treatment plan for the epidemic that occurred in
Queretaro in June of this year, until the date of this writing]. 1825 Sep 27. 12 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts
Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 487. Spanish.
10. Manuscript with author affiliation included

Nemec, Jaroslav (History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD). [Manuscript of
essays by Jaroslav Nemec on the history of medicolegal relations]. [1991?]. 0.2 linear feet. Located at: Modern
Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS ACC
685.
Hood, Thomas B. (Howard University, Washington, DC). [Notes of lectures on the practice of medicine]. [circa
1880s]. 162 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of
McIlwaine, Robert R. (Cincinnati College, Cincinnati, OH). An inaugural thesis on mania a potu. 1839 Feb 20.
15 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine,
Hope, James (Aldersgate School of Medicine, London, GB). Lectures on the theories and practice of medicine.
1836-1837. 238 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library
of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS B 788.
700 Citing Medicine
Joel and Jotham Post (New York, NY). Directions for medicine chests [microfilm]. 1804. 16 p. 1 reel: black &
Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; Film 00577.
11. Manuscript with constructed title

Reeves, James Edmund. [President's address delivered at the opening of the 13th annual meeting of the
American Public Health Association]. 1885 Dec 8. 32 leaves. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection,
History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 267.
Hood, Thomas B. (Howard University, Washington, DC). [Notes of lectures on the practice of medicine]. [circa
1880s]. 162 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of
Graves, George W. [Pharmacological notebook]. [circa 1874-1885]. 46 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts

Descomps, Pierre. Appendicites chroniques et epiploite. [1906?]. 1921 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts
Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 145. French.
Arzneybuchlein von mancherley bewarthen und erfahrnen Arzneyen, fur allerley Zufalle und Krankheiten des
menschlichen Leibs dienstlich. 1671. 202 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine
Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS B 980. German.
Perez, Victor. Methode von vorherigen Acclimatisiren zur Verhinderung des gelben feber. [1880?]. 13 p. Located
MS F 263. German.
13. Manuscript with title in a language other than English with optional
translation
De la grippe et de son traitement par le sulfate de quinine: 2 e partie. Résumé d'une vaste enquête sur les
résultats de ce traitement, au point de vue des rechûtes et des accidents tardifs (2,000 cas) [The grippe and its
treatment with quinine sulfate: part 2. Review of the vast research on treatment results (2,000 cases)]. 1891. 11
leaves. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine,
Bethesda, MD; MS F 313. French.
Charcot, J.M. L'hypnotisme en therapeutique: guerson d'une contracture hysterique [Therapeutic hypnotism:
cure of hysterical contracture]. [1887?]. 4 leaves. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of
Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 170. French.
Akbar, Mohammed. Qarabadin-i Qadiri [The Qadiri formulary] [microfilm]. 1886. 300 leaves. 1 reel: black &
Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; P 14.1. Persian.
Gonda, Naosuke. Koido myakuden [Pulse diagnosis of old medicine]. 1850. 16 p. Located at: Modern
Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS B 939.
Japanese.
Avicenna. Qawlanj [Treatise on colic]. [circa 1800]. 41 leaves. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection,
History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; A 55. Arabic.
14. Manuscript with translators and other secondary authors

Berengario da Carpi, Jacopo. Berengario: De fractura cranei. Seaman, William M., translator. [circa 1940]. 149 p.
Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS B 386. Translated from the Compendium Anatomicum Laurentio Heisteri.
Cochon du Puy, Jean. Manuel des operations de chirurgerie par monsieur De Puys premier medicine du Royal
Hopital de la Marine de Rochefort [Surgical operations manual of Monsieur De Puy, chief of medicine of the
Royal Hospital de la Marine de Rochefort]. Ferret, M., compiler. 1757. 178 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts
Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS B 409. French.
Taussig, Helen B. Helen B. Taussig: transcript of interview. Janeway, Charles A., interviewer. 1976 Sep 15. 52 p.
Bethesda, MD; OH 74.
15. Manuscript with standard date

Newcomb, Clive. On an outbreak of relapsing fever in Turkey in 1918. 1919. 1 box. Located at: Modern
Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 524.
16. Manuscript date with month or month and day provided

Kansas Legislative Council, Research Department. The basic sciences: their relationship to the control and
regulation of the healing arts. 1937 Feb. 20 leaves. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of
Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 280.
Delavan, David Bryson. Memorial: Andrew Rose Robinson. 1929 Dec 7. 21 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts
Jenkins, J. Foster. Relations of the war to medical science: the annual address delivered before the Westchester
Co. Medical Society. 1863 Jun 16. 40 leaves. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine
17. Manuscript with multiple dates

Semmola, Mariano. Curability of cirrhosis hepatica. Lessons of clinical therapeutics given at the Hospital of
Santa Maria della Pace. 1880-1889. 12 leaves. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine
Thorne, Jennie H. Nurse's manuscript diary. 1916 Oct 16-1917 Oct 12. 1 vol. Located at: Modern Manuscripts
Bangor State Hospital. Eastern Maine Insane Hospital account ledger book. 1904 Dec 1-1908 Nov 30. 406 p.
702 Citing Medicine
18. Manuscript with date estimated

Mann, Lucile Quarry. Drug hunters: the Mulford biological explorations of the Amazon basin. [1977?]. 190 p.
Duncan, Louis C. Cholera at Fort Riley in 1855. [circa 1900]. 10 leaves. Located at: Modern Manuscripts
Sacadura, Costa. Guia de parteiras por perguntas e respostas [Guide to questions and answers for midwives].
[circa 1700s]. 48 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library
of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS B 406. Portuguese.
Graves, George W. [Pharmacological notebook]. [circa 1874-1885]. 46 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts
19. Manuscript with no date found

Foltz, E.K. List of known cases of infection in line of duty in personnel of the U.S. Public Health Service,
1878-1936. [date unknown]. 6 leaves. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division,
Vogler, Johann Philipp. [Medico-legal opinion on a case of simulated somnambulism in a woman]. [date
unknown]. 5 leaves. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library
of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 314. German.
20. Manuscript with numbered pages

McKnight, George B. (College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY). An inaugural dissertation on cholera
infantum. 1816 May 7. 26 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National
Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS B 443.
21. Manuscript in more than one volume

Wolfe, Edwin Phillip. Medical supplies and the supply service of the Medical Department, United States Army.
[1920?]. 4 vol. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of
22. Manuscript with no numbers on the pages of the book

Cutter, William R. Manuscript in reference to small-pox epidemic at Woburn in 1815. 1815. 6 leaves. Located at:
MS F 332.
Duncan, Louis C. Tablets for field hospitals at Gettysburg. [1914?]. 13 leaves. Located at: Modern Manuscripts
23. Manuscript with physical description

Nemec, Jaroslav (History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD). [Manuscript of
essays by Jaroslav Nemec on the history of medicolegal relations]. [1991?]. 0.2 linear feet. Located at: Modern
Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS ACC
685.

Galen. Ars medica [microfilm]. [circa 1250]. 14 leaves. 1 reel: black & white, negative, 35 mm. Located at:
Film C124. Latin.
Osler, William. The fixed period [microfilm]. 1905. 21 leaves. 1 reel: black & white, negative, 35 mm. Located at:
MS B 146.
Akbar, Mohammed. Qarabadin-i Qadiri [The Qadiri formulary] [microfilm]. 1886. 300 leaves. 1 reel: black &
Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; P 14.1. Persian.
25. Manuscript with information on availability

26. Manuscript with information about any restrictions on use

Taussig, Helen B. Helen B. Taussig: transcript of interview. Janeway, Charles A., interviewer. 1976 Sep 15. 52 p.
Bethesda, MD; OH 74. No part of this manuscript may be quoted without the written permission of the Director
of the Schlesinger Library and Helen Brooke Taussig, M.D.
27. Manuscript with supplemental note included

Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS B 386. Translated from the Compendium Anatomicum Laurentio Heisteri.
Descripcion y plan curativo de la epidemia que ha reinado en Queretaro desde fines de junio de este presente
ano, hasta la fecha en que esto se escribia [Description and treatment plan for the epidemic that occurred in
Queretaro from the end of June of this year, until the date of this writing]. 1825 Sep 27. 12 p. Located at: Modern
Spanish. Apparently written by a military doctor providing a concise history of the origins and progress of an
epidemic of measles and scarlet fever that swept through the city of Queretaro, Mexico, during the summer and
early fall of 1825.
Clarke, Charles Mansfield. Observations on those diseases of females which are attended by discharges. [circa
1814]. 168 leaves. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of
Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS B 363. Clarke's manuscript copy of chapters II-XVII of the first volume of his
"Observations on those diseases of females which are attended by discharges," was first printed in London by
Longman in 1814.
Chabert. Droguier a l'usage des eleves de l'Ecole Royalle Veterinaire. [circa 1780]. 368 p. Located at: Modern
French. Manuscript transcript from lectures or possibly Philibert Chabert's manuscript textbook of veterinary
pharmacology. Chabert came to Paris where he taught at and, in 1780, took over the Royal Veterinary School.
704 Citing Medicine
Euchai eis asthenous kai diaphora iatrika eis astheneias. [date unknown]. 142 p. Located at: Modern
Greek. In two sections: the first is mainly Greek Orthodox Christian prayers for clergy members for the benefit
of sick laypersons in their care; the second half contains recipes for medicines and directions for therapies, also
written for clergy.
Original manuscript of the printed article found in the Indian Medical Gazette, June 1920.
Zhu JJ. Activity level-dependent synapse-specific AMPA receptor trafficking regulates transmission kinetics
[Internet]. [2009]. 31 p. Figure 6, Expression level regulates synaptic insertion of GluR4 but not GluR1; [cited
2010 Oct 25]; p. 25. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2734326/pdf/. Author
manuscript, article published in J Neurosci. 2009 May 13;29(19):6320-35.
B. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Manuscript

Collections
The general format for a reference to a manuscript collection, including punctuation:
Examples of Citations to Manuscript Collections

A manuscript refers to any type of work, either handwritten or typewritten, that is not published. Titles for
collections of manuscripts are unusual in that they are assigned by the library or other archive housing the
collection. Although they are thus constructed titles, they are not placed in square brackets as are constructed
titles for books. Other citation differences include:
• Full names of authors are used.
• There is no place of publication, publisher, or date of publication.
• The range of dates of items in the collection is provided instead of a single date of publication.
• The number of items in the collection is used in place of pagination.
• The name of the library or archive housing the collection is a required part of the citation.
If a manuscript collection is not available in any public archive, most authorities recommend placing references
to it within the running text, not as a formal end reference. The nature and source of the cited information
should be identified by an appropriate statement. Place the source information in parentheses, using a term or
terms to indicate clearly that the citation is not represented in the reference list. For example:
…material gathered from a collection of papers of Harold Jones (private collection; unreferenced, see
"Notes") that …
The rules below apply when a manuscript collection is included in a reference list rather than within the text as
described above. Note that most of the examples for citations provided in this chapter are taken from the
Modern Manuscripts Collection of the National Library of Medicine. Since the Collection is housed
organizationally within the Library's History of Medicine Division, many items are historical in nature. However,
the rules provided are applicable to contemporary material.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Manuscript Collections.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Manuscript Collections.
Citation Rules with Examples for Manuscript Collections

Author (R) | Author Affiliation (O) | Title (R) | Type of Medium (R) | Secondary Author (O) | Date (R) | Extent
(Pagination) (O) | Physical Description (O) | Availability (R) | Language (R) | Notes (O)
Author for Manuscript Collections (required)

• Enter the author's surname (family or last name) first
• Capitalize surnames and enter spaces within surnames as they appear on the document cited on the
• Separate author names from each other by a semicolon and a space

(Chinese, Japanese)
• Compiler instead of an author

706 Citing Medicine


Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

• Keep traditional abbreviations of given names. Some non-US manuscripts use abbreviations of
but
708 Citing Medicine


• Omit commas preceding the designation
• Follow Jr or Sr with periods
Examples:
James G. Jones, II becomes Jones, James G. 2nd
letter
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

author.
• If a division or another part of an organization is included in the manuscript, give the parts of the name in
Working Group.
(see Appendix D)
Italian, Spanish, German, Swedish, etc.) as they appear in the manuscript. Whenever possible follow
710 Citing Medicine
brackets.
or
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
Box 41. Compiler instead of an author.

A compiler is someone who collects and organizes the work of others.
• Place the name of a compiler in the author position when the manuscript collection consists of the works
of various individuals or organizations
• Follow the same rules as used for author names
• Separate the names of multiple compilers with a semicolon
• Follow the name of a single compiler or the last named compiler with a comma and the word compiler or
compilers
• End compiler information with a period
Examples:
Youtz, Dorothy Jane, compiler. District of Columbia League for Nursing collection. 1960-1980. 2
boxes. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library
of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 297.
Kornhauser Health Sciences Library, compiler. Kentucky medical history: WPA research project
records [microfilm]. 1801-1940. 32 reels: negative, 35 mm. Located at: Modern Manuscripts
Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS Film 24.
• If there are both an author and a compiler, place the compiler in the secondary author position, following
the title (and type of medium if present)
Armstrong, Charles. Charles Armstrong collection. Leake, James Payton, compiler. 1920-1963. 114
items; 2 boxes. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National

• If no person or organization can be found as the author but a compiler is present, begin the reference with
the name of the compiler. Follow the same rules as used for author names, but end the list of names with a
comma and the word compiler.
Youtz, Dorothy Jane, compiler.
Kornhauser Health Sciences Library, compiler.
• If no person or organization can be found as the author or compiler but a translator is present, begin the
reference with the name of the translator. Follow the same rules as used for author names, but end the list
of names with a comma and the specific role, that is, translator.
Walter, Edward D., translator.
Morrison, Carl P.; Court, Frances G., translators.
• If no person or organization can be identified as the author or compiler and no translators are given, begin
the reference with the title of the manuscript collection. Do not use anonymous.
Collection concerning health resorts. 1881-1889. 13 items. Located at: Manuscript Division, Library
of Congress, Washington, DC; MSS5746. Acquired from the United States Weather Bureau, 1905.

The following format is not NLM practice for citing authors of manuscript collections, but it is an acceptable
option.
712 Citing Medicine
Takagi Y.
Moskowitz MA.
Examples for Author

1. Manuscript collection standard citation with full name for authors
2. Manuscript collection with optional initials for author
3. Manuscript collection with multiple authors
4. Manuscript collection with compilers
5. Manuscript collection with author and compiler
6. Manuscript collection with organization as author
7. Manuscript collection with government organization as author
8. Manuscript collection with no author or compiler
Author Affiliation for Manuscript Collections (optional)

country
PA)


Examples:
Acad. for Academy

Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Soc. for Society
all references.

• Insert the e-mail address as it appears in the manuscript
Example:

714 Citing Medicine
Italy).
Takamatsu, Japan).
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
• Use the English form of names for cities and countries whenever possible Vienna for Wien and Spain for
Espana. However, the name found on the manuscript may always be used.

the manuscript may always be used.
Wien becomes Vienna


9. Manuscript collection with author/compiler affiliation
Title for Manuscript Collections (required)

• Enter the title of the collection as assigned by the library, archive, or other holder of the collection
• End a title with a period


Because the title of a manuscript collection is assigned by the library or other archive housing the collection, the
title will be in the language of the country where the library or archive is located, regardless of the language of
the materials contained in the collection.
Freud, Sigmund. Miscellaneous papers in the Sigmund Freud collection. 1866-1983. 120 items; 2 boxes.
Located at: Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC; MSS84903. German, English,
French.
To cite a collection in a non-English speaking country:
square brackets.
716 Citing Medicine
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
square brackets
Example:
Fonds du Conseil de Recherches Medicales [Collections of the Medical Research Council].
1944-1982. 187 feet. Located at: Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa, ON; R1218-0-5-F. French.
• Capitalize the first word of a manuscript collection title unless the title begins with a Greek letter, chemical
1,3-dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin.
• If a title of a collection contains a Greek letter or some other symbol that cannot be reproduced with the
type fonts available, substitute the name for the symbol Ω becomes omega.
may become
• If a title of a collection contains superscripts or subscripts that cannot be reproduced with the type fonts
available, place the superscript or subscript in parentheses
TiO2 nanoparticles.
may become
Examples for Title

10. Manuscript collection title not in English
11. Manuscript collection in microform
18. Manuscript collection with items not in English
Type of Medium for Manuscript Collections (required)

• Indicate the specific type of medium (microfilm, microfiche, etc.) of the items in the collection following
the title

• More than one type of medium
Box 50. More than one type of medium.

• If a manuscript collection is found in a microform such as microfilm or microfiche, place the name of the
type of microform after the title in square brackets
Alchemy collection [microfilm]. [circa 1700s]. 1 reel: black & white, negative, 35 mm. Located at:
Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC; MSS98426. French, German, Italian.
• If a manuscript collection consists or more than one type of microform, give the names for the specific
types, separated by a plus sign
[microfilm + microfiche]
• Physical description is an optional part of a citation, but include the physical descriptions of all types
whenever possible. Use a semicolon to separate the descriptions.
5 reels: black & white, negative, 35 mm.; 31 microfiche: black & white, negative, 4 x 6 in.

718 Citing Medicine
Secondary Author for Manuscript Collections (optional)

• A secondary author modifies the work of the author. Examples include translators, compilers, illustrators,
and interviewers.
• Place the names of secondary authors after the title, following any Type of Medium
• Follow the last named translator with a comma and the word translator or translators; the last named
illustrator with a comma and the word illustrator or illustrators, etc.


A manuscript collection may have several types of secondary author.
• List all of them in the order they are given
• Separate a single secondary author from the role by a comma
• Separate one type of secondary author from another by a semicolon
• Place a semicolon between multiple occurrences of secondary authors
Examples:
Lang, Stephanie H., compiler; Friedman, Joseph F., translator.
Smith, Brian C., translator; Carson, Harrison T., interviewer.
Graber, Alfred F.; Longstreet, Richard G., translators; Johnson, Carl T.; Marks, Catherine; Huston,
Melanie A., illustrators.

• List all the roles in the order they are given
Example:
Jones, Albert B., compiler and translator.

• Translate the word found for editor, translator, illustrator, or other secondary author into English
whenever possible. However, the wording found on the manuscript may always be used.
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
Language Word for Translator Word for Illustrator Word for Compiler Word for Interviewer
French traducteur illustrateur compilateur enqueteur
German ubersetzer erlauterer zusammensteller befrager
dolmetscher
Italian traduttore disegnatore compilatore intervistatore
Spanish traductor ilustrador recopilador entrevistador
compilador
Russian perevodchik konstruktor sostavitel' interviever
Examples for Secondary Author

Date for Manuscript Collections (required)

• Give the date range of the items in the collection
• Enter the earliest date of the items in the collection, a hyphen, and the latest date of the items. For
example: 2000-2005.
720 Citing Medicine
• Follow the last date with a period

• Months and days of the month included
• Dates estimated
Box 54. Months and days of the month included.

• Enter the earliest date of the items in the collection, a hyphen, the latest date of the items, and a period.
1943-1955.
• When months and days of the month are included, enter the year first, then the month and the day,
regardless of the format found for dates in the collection
2004/12/02 becomes 2004 Dec 2
30.07.2004 becomes 2004 Jul 30
2004-10-02 becomes 2004 Oct 2
15/06/2005 becomes 2005 Jun 15
Example:
Agnes, D. Hayes; Barnes, J.J.; Bliss, D.W.; Hamilton, Frank H.; Reyburn, Robert; Woodward, J.J.
Official medical bulletins relating to the health of U.S. president James Garfield. 1881 Jul 6-Sep 19.
103 items. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar
Example:

• Dates in US manuscripts usually appear in the format month day, year. For example: August 23, 2005.
• Dates in other countries may appear in manuscripts in a variety of formats
2004/12/02
30.07.2004
2004-10-02
14 June 2004
15/06/2005
2004/12/02 becomes 2004 Dec 2
30.07.2004 becomes 2004 Jul 30
2004-10-02 becomes 2004 Oct 2
15/06/2005 becomes 2005 Jun 15
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar
Example:

• Capitalize them
Examples:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar
722 Citing Medicine
Box 57. Dates estimated.

• If no specific dates can be found for items in the collection, but a specific year or years can be estimated
because of material in the manuscripts or in accompanying material, place a question mark after the
Henle, Werner; Henle, Gertrude. Growing up with virology: an annotated bibliography of Werner
and Gertrude Henle. [1986?]. 4 items; 0.2 linear feet. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection,
History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 460.
American College of Cardiology. Oral history of twenty-five years of American cardiology.
[1949-1974?]. 6 items. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division,
National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS ACC 398. Accompanied by: 5 audiocassettes.
• If no date can be found nor can a specific year be estimated, but an approximate time can be determined
based on material contained in the manuscripts themselves or in accompanying material, place the word
circa and the approximate date or dates in square brackets
Loewi, Otto. Otto Loewi papers. [circa 1935-1956]. 1 box. Located at: Modern Manuscripts
• If no date can be found, estimated, or approximated, use [date unknown]

The date range for a manuscript collection may follow the author names in the list of references when the name-
• Use the complete date range of the collection
• Place the date range after the author and any author affiliation (or title if there is no author), followed by a
period
NLM citation:
Rosen, George. George Rosen public health oral history collection. 1960-1965. 5 boxes. Located at:
Youtz, Dorothy Jane, compiler. District of Columbia League for Nursing collection. 1960-1980. 2
of Congress, Washington, DC; MSS5746.
Rosen, George. 1960-1965. George Rosen public health oral history collection. 5 boxes. Located at:
Youtz, Dorothy Jane, compiler. 1960-1980. District of Columbia League for Nursing collection. 2
of Congress, Washington, DC; MSS5746.
Examples for Date

12. Manuscript collection with standard date range
13. Manuscript collection dates with month and day included
14. Manuscript collection with dates estimated
Extent (Pagination) for Manuscript Collections (optional)

• Give the total number of the items in the collection
• End with a semicolon and a space if Physical Description is provided; end with a period if there is no
physical description

• Collection bound in volumes
• Number of items unknown
Box 58. Collection bound in volumes.

A collection of manuscripts may be bound in volumes rather than being placed in boxes or other containers.
When this occurs:
• Express extent as the number of volumes
• Abbreviate volume to vol.
Examples:
Zakrevskii, Arsenii Andreevich. Documents pertaining to the cholera epidemic. 1830-1831. 3 vol.
Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 146. Russian.
History of Ophthalmology. 1988-1989. 2 vol. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of
Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS ACC 632.
724 Citing Medicine
Box 59. Number of items unknown.

A collection may be so large that an exact count of the number of items in it has not been made.
• Provide an approximate count of the items if possible
Frost, Gideon. Manuscript physician bills and accounts. 1821-1834. Approx. 100 items. Located at:
• If an approximate number is not possible:
⚬ Give the total number of containers holding the collection and/or the total number of linear feet of
shelf space the collection occupies
⚬ Follow with the type of container or the words linear feet, such as 3 boxes or 10 linear feet
Examples:
Anfensen, Christian B. Christian B. Anfinsen Papers. 1939-1999. 16 linear feet. Located at: Modern
MS C 496.
18th century German medical manuscript collection. 1708, 1762-1776. 1 box; 0.21 linear feet.
Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 512. German.

15. Manuscript collection in multiple volumes
16. Manuscript collection with extent estimated
Physical Description for Manuscript Collections (optional)

• Give the total number of containers holding the collection and/or the total number of linear feet of shelf
space the collection occupies
• Follow with the type of container or the words linear feet, such as 3 boxes or 10 linear feet
• Give information on the total number and physical characteristics of the items in the collection if they
reside in a microform, such as 26 microfiche: black & white, 4 x 6 in.


If a manuscript is found on microfiche, microfilm, or microcards:
5 microfiche:
2 microcards:
color
black & white
positive
negative

• If a manuscript collection is in a microform such as microfilm or microfiche, place the name of the type of
microform after the title in square brackets
• If a manuscript collection consists or more than one type of microform, give the names for all the types,
separated by a plus sign
[microfilm + microfiche]
• Physical description is an optional part of a citation, but include the physical descriptions of all types when
possible. Use a semicolon to separate the descriptions.
5 reels: black & white, negative, 35 mm.; 31 microfiche: black & white, negative, 4 x 6 in.

726 Citing Medicine
17. Manuscript collection with physical description
Availability for Manuscript Collections (required)

• Give the name of the library or archive, preceded by any subsidiary division(s), and followed by a comma
and a space. For example: Manuscript Division, Library of Congress.
province (see Appendix E); add the country if not the US or Canada, either written out or as the two-letter
ISO country code (see Appendix D)
• Enter a semicolon and any identifying number for the collection


• Provide the name in the original language for non-English names found in the roman alphabet (primarily
Bibliotheque Anatomique, Institut d'Anatomie de Paris
Medizinische Abteilung, Saarlaandische Universitaats- und Landesbibliothek
• Romanize (write in the roman alphabet) or translate names of organizations in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic,
Hebrew, or Korean. A good authority for romanization is the ALA-LC Romanization Tables. Whenever
possible, follow a non-English name with a translation. Place all translations in square brackets.
Bibliotyeka, Rossiiskaia Akademiia Meditsinskikh Nauk [Library, Russian Academy of Medical
Sciences]
or
[Library, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences]
• Translate names of organizations in character-based languages such as Chinese and Japanese. Place all
[Central Archives of China]
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

possible. However, the name as found on the manuscript may always be used.
Montreal, QC
Ottawa, ON
Vancouver, BC
• Be consistent. If you choose an angelicized form for a city name or choose a country code, use that same
form or code throughout all references.

19. Manuscript collection with availability
Language for Manuscript Collections (required)

• Give the language of the collection if not English
728 Citing Medicine

• Collections with items in more than one language
Box 62. Collections with items in more than one language.

• If the items in the collection appear in more than one language, give all languages found, separating them
by a comma and a space
Examples:
von Diringshofen, Heinz. Heinz von Diringshofen papers. 1912-1977. 14 boxes; 5.88 linear feet.
Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 535. German, English, French, Spanish, Italian.
Freud, Sigmund. Miscellaneous papers in the Sigmund Freud collection. 1866-1983. 120 items; 2
boxes. Located at: Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC; MSS84903. German,
English, French.

Notes for Manuscript Collections (optional)

• Be brief

• Collection accompanied by material in another medium
• Collection with restrictions on use
Box 65. Collection accompanied by material in another medium.

If a manuscript collection is primarily in print but has some items in another medium such as audiocassettes,
videocassettes, CD-ROMS, or DVDs:
• Begin with the phrase "Accompanied by" followed by a colon and a space
• Give the number of items in the other medium and the name of the medium
Example:
American College of Cardiology. Oral history of twenty-five years of American cardiology.
[1949-1974?]. 6 items. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division,
National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS ACC 398. Accompanied by: 5 audiocassettes.
Box 66. Collections with restrictions on use.

• A library or other archive may place a variety of restrictions on the use of manuscript collections, or the
donors of the manuscripts may restrict use. Such information may be provided as a note at the end of the
citation. Complete sentences are not required.
Examples:
Murphy, Lois Barclay. Drafts, reports, and correspondence of Lois B. Murphy. 1934-1992. 3.1 linear
feet. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of
Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS ACC 713. Materials stored offsite; 24 hour prior notice required for
delivery.
Henle, Werner; Henle, Gertrude. Growing up with virology: an annotated bibliography of Werner
and Gertrude Henle. [1986?]. 4 items; 0.2 linear feet. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection,
History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 460. Written
permission of Dr. Gertrude Henle required to quote, cite, paraphrase, or publish any of the
unpublished material during her lifetime.

Notes is a collective term for any type of useful information given after the citation itself. Examples include:
• Explanatory information on the content of the collection
Bailey, Zachariah. Papers of Zachariah Bailey. 1759-1819. Located at: Manuscript Division, Library
of Congress, Washington, DC; MSS6328. Plantation account book kept by the Bailey family of Sussex
County, Va., including records for the hiring out and medical care of slaves, medical fees, and records
of Zachariah Bailey, and Bailey family genealogical material.
Hinman, Edward J. Hinman medical informatics collection. 1969-1990. 6 boxes; 6.25 linear feet.
Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 547. Board meeting notes, drafts of by-laws and constitutions,
reports, correspondence, conference packets, and publications represent materials collected by
Hinman during his executive involvement with the activities of six interrelated medical informatics
societies.
• Information on any finding aids available
Anfensen, Christian B. Christian B. Anfinsen Papers. 1939-1999. 16 linear feet. Located at: Modern
MS C 496. Finding aid available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/manuscripts/ead/anfinsen.html
Examples for Notes

20. Manuscript collection accompanied by material in another medium
21. Manuscript collection with restrictions on use
22. Manuscript collection with other notes
730 Citing Medicine
Examples of Citations to Manuscript Collections

Calderwood, Howard Black. Howard B. Calderwood World Health Organization development collection.
1945-1946. 95 items; 1 box. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National
Rosen, George. George Rosen public health oral history collection. 1960-1965. 5 boxes. Located at: Modern
2. Manuscript collection with optional initials for author

Calderwood HB. Howard B. Calderwood World Health Organization development collection. 1945-1946. 95
items; 1 box. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of
3. Manuscript collection with multiple authors

Henle, Werner; Henle, Gertrude. Growing up with virology: an annotated bibliography of Werner and Gertrude
Henle. [1986?]. 4 items; 0.2 linear feet. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine
Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 460.
Frank, Lawrence K.; Murphy, Lois Barclay; Senn, Milton J.E.; Sontag, Lester Warren; Thompson, Helen;
Washburn, Alfred H. Material on the child development movement collection. 1926-1971. 69 boxes; 30 linear
feet. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine,
Agnes, D. Hayes; Barnes, J.J.; Bliss, D.W.; Hamilton, Frank H.; Reyburn, Robert; Woodward, J.J. Official medical
bulletins relating to the health of U.S. president James Garfield. 1881 Jul 6-Sep 19. 103 items. Located at: Modern
4. Manuscript collection with compilers

Youtz, Dorothy Jane, compiler. District of Columbia League for Nursing collection. 1960-1980. 2 boxes. Located
MS C 297.
Kornhauser Health Sciences Library, compiler. Kentucky medical history: WPA research project records
[microfilm]. 1801-1940. 32 reels: negative, 35 mm. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of
Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS Film 24.

Armstrong, Charles. Charles Armstrong collection. Leake, James Payton, compiler. 1920-1963. 114 items; 2
boxes. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine,
6. Manuscript collection with organization as author

Association of Military Surgeons of the United States. Association of Military Surgeons Wellcome Prize essay
collection. 1933. 15 essays; 0.21 linear feet. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine
American College of Nurse-Midwives. American College of Nurse-Midwives archives. 1946-1976. 41 boxes; 16

linear feet. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of
7. Manuscript collection with government organization as author

National Library of Medicine (US). Regional Medical Programs Service collection. 1948-1993. 13 boxes. Located
MS C 501.
Public Health Service (US). U.S. Public Health Service Salk polio vaccine collection. 1951-1962. 5 boxes. Located
MS C 251.
Army Medical Department (US). U.S. Army Medical Corps lecture collection. 1942-1945. 1 box. Located at:
MS C 26.
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (US). Documents on the origin and development of the Tuskegee
syphilis study. 1921-1973. 5 boxes; 2.1 linear feet. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of
8. Manuscript collection with no author or compiler

Collection concerning health resorts. 1881-1889. 13 items. Located at: Manuscript Division, Library of Congress,
Washington, DC; MSS5746.
History of Ophthalmology. 1988-1989. 2 vol. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine
Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS ACC 632.
Medical dissertations. 1827-1837. 6 vol. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine
18th century German medical manuscript collection. 1708, 1762-1776. 1 box; 0.21 linear feet. Located at:
MS C 512. German.
9. Manuscript collection with author/compiler affiliation

Youtz, Dorothy Jane, compiler (The Capital City School of Nursing, Washington, DC). District of Columbia
League for Nursing collection. 1960-1980. 2 boxes. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of
10. Manuscript collection title not in English

Fonds du Conseil de Recherches Medicales. 1944-1982. 187 feet. Located at: Library and Archives Canada,
Ottawa, ON; R1218-0-5-F. French.
with optional translation included
Fonds du Conseil de Recherches Medicales [Collections of the Medical Research Council]. 1944-1982. 187 feet.
Located at: Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa, ON; R1218-0-5-F. French.
732 Citing Medicine

Billings, John Shaw. Papers [microfilm]. 1861-1918. 61 reels: black & white, negative, 35 mm. Located at:
MS Film 25.
McFarland, Ross Armstrong. Ross A. McFarland collection in aerospace medicine and human factors
engineering [microfiche]. 1849-1983. Approx. 15,600 microfiche: 4 x 6 in. Located at: Fordham Health Sciences
Library, Wright State University School of Medicine, Dayton, OH; Z6664.3.M37.
Alchemy collection [microfilm]. [circa 1700s]. 1 reel: black & white, negative, 35 mm. Located at: Manuscript
Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC; MSS98426. French, German, Italian.
12. Manuscript collection with standard date range

Billings, John S. John Shaw Billings Centennial collection. 1964-1965. 1 box. Located at: Modern Manuscripts
13. Manuscript collection dates with month and day included

Agnes, D. Hayes; Barnes, J.J.; Bliss, D.W.; Hamilton, Frank H.; Reyburn, Robert; Woodward, J.J. Official medical
bulletins relating to the health of U.S. president James Garfield. 1881 Jul 6-Sep 19. 103 items. Located at: Modern
14. Manuscript collection with dates estimated

Loewi, Otto. Otto Loewi papers. [circa 1935-1956]. 1 box. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History
of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 409.
American College of Cardiology. Oral history of twenty-five years of American cardiology. [1949-1974?]. 6
items. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine,
Bethesda, MD; MS ACC 398. Accompanied by: 5 audiocassettes.
15. Manuscript collection in multiple volumes

Zakrevskii, Arsenii Andreevich. Documents pertaining to the cholera epidemic. 1830-1831. 3 vol. Located at:
MS F 146. Russian.
Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS ACC 632.
16. Manuscript collection with extent estimated

Frost, Gideon. Manuscript physician bills and accounts. 1821-1834. Approx. 100 items. Located at: Modern
17. Manuscript collection with physical description

Anfensen, Christian B. Christian B. Anfinsen Papers. 1939-1999. 16 linear feet. Located at: Modern Manuscripts
Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 496. Finding aid
available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/manuscripts/ead/anfinsen.html
18th century German medical manuscript collection. 1708, 1762-1776. 1 box; 0.21 linear feet. Located at:
MS C 512. German.
American College of Nurse-Midwives. American College of Nurse-Midwives archives. 1946-1976. 41 boxes; 16
linear feet. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of

Meyerhof, Max. Max Meyerhof papers. 1908-1938. 30 items. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection,
History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 131. German.
von Diringshofen, Heinz. Heinz von Diringshofen papers. 1912-1977. 14 boxes; 5.88 linear feet. Located at:
MS C 535. German, English, French, Spanish, Italian.
Freud, Sigmund. Miscellaneous papers in the Sigmund Freud collection. 1866-1983. 120 items; 2 boxes. Located
at: Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC; MSS84903. German, English, French.
Fonds du Conseil de Recherches Medicales [Collections of the Medical Research Council]. 1944-1982. 187 feet.
Located at: Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa, ON; R1218-0-5-F. French.
19. Manuscript collection with availability

Meyerhof, Max. Max Meyerhof papers. 1908-1938. 30 items. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection,
History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 131. German.
20. Manuscript collection accompanied by material in another medium

American College of Cardiology. Oral history of twenty-five years of American cardiology. [1949-1974?]. 6
items. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine,
Bethesda, MD; MS ACC 398. Accompanied by: 5 audiocassettes.
734 Citing Medicine
21. Manuscript collection with restrictions on use

Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 460. Written permission of Dr. Gertrude Henle is
required to quote, cite, paraphrase, or publish any of the unpublished material during her lifetime.
Murphy, Lois Barclay. Drafts, reports, and correspondence of Lois B. Murphy. 1934-1992. 3.1 linear feet. Located
MS ACC 713. Materials stored offsite; 24 hour prior notice required for delivery.
22. Manuscript collection with other notes

Bailey, Zachariah. Papers of Zachariah Bailey. 1759-1819. Located at: Manuscript Division, Library of Congress,
Washington, DC; MSS6328. Plantation account book kept by the Bailey family of Sussex County, Va., including
records for the hiring out and medical care of slaves, medical fees, and records of Zachariah Bailey, and Bailey
family genealogical material.
Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS ACC 632. Proceedings of the History of
Ophthalmology conferences held at the National Library of Medicine in March of 1988 and 1989.
Hinman, Edward J. Hinman medical informatics collection. 1969-1990. 6 boxes; 6.25 linear feet. Located at:
MS C 547. Finding aid available at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/manuscripts/ead/hinman547.html Board
meeting notes, drafts of by-laws and constitutions, reports, correspondence, conference packets, and
publications represent materials collected by Hinman during his executive involvement with the activities of six
interrelated medical informatics societies.
Anfensen, Christian B. Christian B. Anfinsen Papers. 1939-1999. 16 linear feet. Located at: Modern Manuscripts
Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 496. Finding aid
available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/manuscripts/ead/anfinsen.html
C. Introduction and Examples

Preprints are complete and public drafts of scientific documents, not yet certified by peer review. These
documents ensure that the findings of the research community are widely disseminated, priorities of discoveries
are established and they invite feedback and discussion to help improve the work.
Originally, a preprint was a document that was issued before peer review. The document was reviewed by
colleagues before or in lieu of submitting to a publisher. A preprint may never be published in print or online as
a final article or report. Preprints, once the sole domain of the hard sciences, such as physics, are now found in
the applied sciences, social sciences, business, and the arts and humanities. Since the majority or preprints
originate and remain online, they are also called e-prints.
1. Preprints
Bar DZ, Atkatsh K, Tavarez U, Erdos MR, Gruenbaum Y, Collins FS. Biotinylation by antibody recognition- A
novel method for proximity labeling. BioRxiv 069187 [Preprint]. 2016 [cited 2017 Jan 12]. Available from:
https://doi.org/10.1101/069187
Alvarez R. Near optimal neural network estimator for spectral x-ray photon counting data with pileup.
arXiv:1702.01006v1 [Preprint]. 2017 [cited 2017 Feb 9]: [11 p.]. Available from: https://arxiv.org/abs/1702.01006
Kording KP, Mensh B. Ten simple rules for structuring papers. BioRxiv [Preprint]. 2016 bioRxiv 088278 [posted
2016 Nov 28; revised 2016 Dec 14; revised 2016 Dec 15; cited 2017 Feb 9]: [12 p.]. Available from: http://
biorxiv.org/content/early/2016/11/28/088278 doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/088278
Rupprecht C. Ready for more-than-human? Urban residents’ willingness to coexist with animals and plants.
Version: 1. SocArXiv [Preprint]. [posted 2016 Jul 13; revised 2016 Dec 07; cited 2017 Feb 15]: [22 p.]. Available
from: https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/hbcmz/.
736 Citing Medicine
737
Citing Audio and Visual

Media (audiocassettes,
videocassettes, slides,
photographs, etc.)
738 Citing Medicine
739
Chapter 15. Books and Other Individual Titles in Audiovisual

Formats

• Examples
Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Books and Other

Individual Titles in Audiovisual Formats
The general format for a reference to an individual audiovisual title, including punctuation:
Examples of Citations to Books and Other Individual Titles in Audiovisual Formats

Audiovisuals include videocassettes, audiocassettes, videodiscs, motion pictures, and slides. CD-ROMs and
DVDs are considered electronic material (see Chapters 18 - 21 for citing Material on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk);
for videocasts and podcasts see Chapters 22 - 26 for for citing material on the Internet.
An audiovisual may be published in monograph form, such as a book on videodisc, or in journal form,
distributed on videocassette or audiocassette. Cite audiovisuals using the standard format for journals and books
(see Chapter 1 and Chapter 2), but add a type of medium after the title to alert the user that special equipment is
needed to view the publication.
The extent or length of an audiovisual is an optional component of a reference that may provide useful
information to the reader. Provide extent as the total number of physical pieces, such as 387 slides or 1
videocassette. Include the run time if appropriate. Run time (also known as running-time) is the length of the
film or program in minutes, such as 2 videocassettes: 140 min. You may provide more physical description
details after the extent to give the reader additional information. For example, the size of an audiovisual can
affect the equipment needed to view the item. See Physical Description in the next section for details.
This chapter covers audiovisuals published as individual titles, not journals or journal articles. See Chapter 16 for
journals published in audiovisual formats. The chief source for information about an audiovisual is the opening
screens. If more information is needed, consult the case housing the audiovisual or any accompanying booklet or
other documentation.
Note that the rules for creating references to audiovisuals are not the same as the rules for cataloging them.
Records found in the NLM LocatorPlus and the NLM Catalog databases therefore will not always agree with the
740 Citing Medicine
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Books and Other Individual Titles in Audiovisual Formats.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Books and Other Individual Titles in Audiovisual Formats.
Citation Rules with Examples for Books and Other Individual

Titles in Audiovisual Formats
Author/Editor (R) | Author Affiliation (O) | Title (R) | Type of Medium (R) | Edition (R) | Producer, Editor, and
other Secondary Authors (O) | Place of Publication (R) | Publisher (R) | Date of Publication (R) | Extent (O) |
Physical Description (O) | Series (O) | Language (R) | Notes (O)
Author/Editor for Books and Other Individual Titles in Audiovisual

Formats (required)
• List names in the order they appear on the opening screens or in the text accompanying text
surname
editors; see Producer, Editor, and Other Secondary Authors below if there are authors and editors

(Chinese, Japanese)

Books and Other Individual Titles in Audiovisual Formats 741

K.A.J. Gupta becomes Gupta KA

[If you cannot determine whether a surname is compound or a combination of a middle name and a
surname by looking at the opening screens of a videocassette, videodisc, or motion picture or the
first few slides of a slide set or by listening to an audiocassette, look to the container of the
audiovisual or other accompanying written material for clarification. For example, Elizabeth Scott
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
742 Citing Medicine
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

particle
abbreviation.


Dr. Karl Eberhard becomes Eberhard K

Examples:
letter
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
744 Citing Medicine
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

always be used.
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
French redacteur
editeur


German redakteur
herausgeber
Italian redattore
curatore
editore
Russian redaktor
izdatel
Spanish redactor
editor

author.
Working Group.
(see Appendix D)
American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Pediatric Emergency Medicine;
American College of Emergency Physicians, Pediatric Committee.
• If both individuals and an organization or organizations appear on the title page of an audiovisual as
a note, if desired.
746 Citing Medicine

brackets.
or
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

Do not place producers in the author position if there are no authors.
the reference with the title of the audiovisual. Do not use anonymous.
Collaborative research with communities: value added & challenges faced [videocassette].
Washington: Public Health Foundation; 2006. 1 videocassette: 103 min., sound, color, 1/2 in.


1. Standard citation to an audiovisual
2. Audiovisual authors with optional full first names given
3. Audiovisuals with more than three authors (list all)
4. Audiovisuals with optional limit to the first three authors (use "et al." or "and others")
5. Audiovisual author surnames with designations of rank in a family
6. Audiovisuals authors with particles or prefixes in their names (give as provided in the publication)
7. Audiovisual authors with compound last names
8. Audiovisuals with organization as author
9. Audiovisuals with organization as author with subsidiary part of organization named
10. Audiovisuals with more than one organization as author
748 Citing Medicine
11. Audiovisuals with no authors found

12. Audiovisuals with author affiliation included
23. Audiovisual producers when there is no author
24. Audiovisuals with editors when there is no author
Author Affiliation for Books and Other Individual Titles in Audiovisual

Formats (optional)
country
Pittsburgh, PA)


Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Soc. for Society

all references.

Example:

Rebora P, Reina G.
750 Citing Medicine

Mandelshtam MY.
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

Wien becomes Vienna

Title for Books and Other Individual Titles in Audiovisual Formats

(required)
• Enter the title of an audiovisual as it appears on the opening screen(s) or in the text accompanying text, in
the original language
• End a title with no punctuation unless a question mark or exclamation point already ends it

• Audiovisual titles not in English
• Audiovisual titles in more than one language
• Audiovisual titles ending in punctuation other than a period
• Audiovisual titles containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special character
• No audiovisual title can be found
Box 15. Audiovisual titles not in English.

Piccoli. M. Les medecins sans frontiers [videocassette]. Gire JF, editor. New York: Society for French
American Cultural Services and Educational Aid; 1991. 2 videocassettes: 121 min., sound, color with
black & white sequences, 1/2 in. French.
Akademiia Meditsinskikh nauk SSSR, Institut Tuberkuleza. Udalenie doli legkogo pri tuberkuleze
[motion picture]. Moscow: Otdel nauchnoi Kinofotodokumentatsii AMN SSSR; [1957?]. 2 reels:
sound, color, 35 mm. Russian.
square brackets.
Yang T, editor and producer. Lao tou [videocassette]. Brooklyn (NY): First Run/Icarus Films; 1999. 1
videocassette: 94 min., sound, color, 1/2 in. Chinese.
or
Yang T, editor and producer. [Old men] [videocassette]. Brooklyn (NY): First Run/Icarus Films;
1999. 1 videocassette: 94 min., sound, color, 1/2 in. Chinese.
752 Citing Medicine
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
Kontrastdarstellung des Herzens und der grossen Gefasse im Rontgen-Kinofilm [motion picture].
Bonn (Germany): [publisher unknown]; 1959. 1 reel: sound, black & white, 16 mm. German.
brackets
Piccoli. M. Les medecins sans frontieres [Doctors without borders] [videocassette]. Gire JF, editor.
New York: Society for French American Cultural Services and Educational Aid; 1991. 2
videocassettes: 121 min., sound, color with black & white sequences, 1/2 in. French.
[Lung lobe resection in tuberculosis] [motion picture]. Moscow: Otdel nauchnoi
Kinofotodokumentatsii AMN SSSR; [1957?]. 2 reels: sound, color, 35 mm. Russian.
Yang T, editor and producer. Lao tou [Old men] [videocassette]. Brooklyn (NY): First Run/Icarus
Films; 1999. 1 videocassette: 94 min., sound, color, 1/2 in. Chinese.
Box 16. Audiovisual titles in more than one language.

• If an audiovisual title is written in several languages:
⚬ Give the title in the first language found on the opening screens of a videocassette, videodisc, or
motion picture or the first few slides of a slide set or by listening to an audiocassette
⚬ If the language cannot be determined there, look to the container of the audiovisual or other
accompanying written material for clarification
⚬ List all languages of publication after the date of publication (and extent if included)

⚬ End language information with a period
Example:
A plastic story: a history of plastic surgery [videocassette]. Adocs, producer. New York: First
Run/Icarus Films; c2003. 1 videocassette: 52 min., sound, color with black & white sequences,
1/2 in. English, French, Spanish with English subtitles.
• If an audiovisual title is presented in two or more equal languages, as often occurs in Canadian
publications:
⚬ Give all titles in the order in which they are given in the audiovisual
⚬ List the particular languages after the date of publication (and extent if included)
⚬ End language information with a period
Example:
Paranormale heilmethoden auf den Philippinen = Paranormal healing in the Philippines
[videocassette]. [place unknown: publisher unknown]; 1973-1980. 2 videocassettes: 90 min.,
sound, color, 3/4 in. German, English.
Box 17. Audiovisual titles ending in punctuation other than a period.

• Most titles end in a period. Place the type of medium in square brackets inside the closing period.
Carlson J. Depression [videocassette]. VandenBos GR, producer. Washington: American
Psychological Association; c2005. 1 videocassette: 100 min., sound, color, 1/2 in.
• If a title ends in another form of punctuation, keep that punctuation. Place the type of medium in square
Does anyone die of AIDS anymore? [videocassette]. Los Angeles: Dream Out Loud Productions;
2002. 1 videocassette: 26 min., sound, color, 1/2 in.
Box 18. Audiovisual titles containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special character.
• Capitalize the first word of an audiovisual title unless the title begins with a Greek letter, chemical formula,
1,3-dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin [videocassette].
von Willebrand disease [audiocassette].
754 Citing Medicine
β-arrestins: traffic cops of cell signaling [videocassette].

may become
Beta-arrestins: traffic cops of cell signaling [videocassette].
TiO2 nanoparticles [slide].
may become
TiO(2) nanoparticles [slide].
Box 19. No audiovisual title can be found.

Occasionally an audiovisual does not appear to have any formal title; it simply begins with the text. In this
circumstance:
• Create a title from the first few words or concepts expressed on the opening screens
• Use enough words to make the constructed title meaningful.
Example:
Work TH. [Galapagos] [motion picture]. [place unknown]: T. Work; 1988. 2 reels: 3000 ft., silent,
color, 16 mm.
Examples for Title

13. Audiovisuals with constructed title
14. Audiovisuals with title in a language other than English
15. Audiovisuals published with parallel text in two languages
16. Audiovisuals published with text in multiple languages
17. Audiovisuals with Greek letters in titles
Type of Medium for Books and Other Individual Titles in Audiovisual

Formats (required)
• Indicate the type of medium (videocassette, audiocassette, videodisc, motion picture, slide, etc.) following
the title
• Place the name of the medium in square brackets and end with a period, such as "[videocassette]."

• Non-English titles with translations

• Most audiovisual titles end in a period. Place [videocassette], [audiocassette], [motion picture], and
similar types inside the period.
Carlson J. Depression [videocassette]. VandenBos GR, producer. Washington: American
Psychological Association; c2005. 1 videocassette: 100 min., sound, color, 1/2 in.
• If a title ends in another form of punctuation, keep that punctuation and follow [videocassette],
[audiocassette], [motion picture], and similar types with a period.
Diabetes tipo 2: estoy en el riesgo? [videocassette]. Carrollton (TX): PRIMEDIA Healthcare; 2004. 1
videocassette: 15 min., sound, color, 1/2 in. Spanish.
Box 21. Non-English titles with translations.

• Place the type of medium after the square brackets for the translation
Example:
Piccoli. M. Les medecins sans frontieres [Doctors without borders] [videocassette]. Gire JF, editor.
New York: Society for French American Cultural Services and Educational Aid; 1991. 2
videocassettes: 121 min., sound, color with black & white sequences, 1/2 in. French.

• When an audiovisual title is comprised of more than one type of medium, such as a videocassette and an
audiocassette or a slide set and an audiocassette, indicate the combination by placing a plus sign (+)
between the media
[videocassette + audiocassette]
[audiocassette + slide]
• The extent and physical descriptions of the audiovisuals are optional, but if you do include them, provide
the information for both, separated by a semicolon
1 videocassette: 2 hrs., sound, color, 1/2 in.; 2 audiocassettes: 30 min.
Examples:
Microhemagglutination assay methods in the diagnosis of syphilis [audiocassette + slide]. Batavia
(IL): NCCE; [1980?]. 1 audiocassette: 40 min., 1 7/8 ips.; 29 slides: color, 2 x 2 in.
756 Citing Medicine
Ohio Regional Medical Audiovisual Consortium. Case studies in human growth and development: a
flexible instructional module [audiocassette + videocassette]. Case Western Reserve University,
Health Sciences Communication Center, producer. [Bethesda (MD)]: National Institutes of Health
(US); 1978. 1 audiocassette: 7 min.; 1 videocassette: 15 min., sound, color, 3/4 in.

18. Audiovisuals with more than one type of medium
Edition for Books and Other Individual Titles in Audiovisual Formats

(required)
• Indicate the edition/version being cited after the type of medium when an audiovisual is published in
more than one edition or version
becomes 3rd.

Word Abbreviation
edition ed.
abbreviated abbr.
abridged abr.
American Am.
augmented augm.
English Engl.
enlarged enl.
expanded expand.
illustrated ill.
modified mod.
original orig.

Word Abbreviation
reprint(ed) repr.
revised rev.
special spec.
translation transl.
translated
3rd rev. ed.
1st Engl. ed.

• Both an edition and a version
• First editions

Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
758 Citing Medicine
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
constructions.
⚬ Follow abbreviated words by a period and end the edition information with a period
Examples:
Ed. 1a.
2. ed. veneta.
Nuova ed.
Seconda ed.
constructions.

Examples:
2. dopunjeno izd.
2. ekd. epeux.
3. ekd.
Examples:
ŏ becomes o
ū becomes u
constructions.
Examples:
Shohan.
Dai 1-han.
Dai 3-pan.
Di 3 ban.
Che 6-pàn.
760 Citing Medicine
Danish oplag n.a.
udgave
Dutch uitgave uitg.
editie ed.
French edition ed.
Auflage Aufl.
Greek ekdosis ekd.
utgave utg.
publikacija publ.
Spanish edicion ed.
publicacion publ.
Box 25. Both an edition and a version.

If an audiovisual provides information for both an edition and a version:
• Give both, in the order presented
• Separate the two statements with a semicolon
• End edition/version information with a period
Examples:
Epidural anesthesia [videocassette]. 2nd ed.; Informed consent version. Timonium (MD): Milner-
Fenwick; c2004. 1 videocassette: 10 min., sound, color, 1/2 in.
Kapur RP. Ultrasound of fetal anomalies [videodisc]. 1st ed.; Version 1.0. Minneapolis (MM): Image
Premastering Services; c1994. 1 videodisc: silent, color with black & white, 12 in.

• If an audiovisual does not carry any statement of edition, assume it is the first or only edition
earlier one

19. Audiovisuals with edition/version
Producer, Editor, and other Secondary Authors for Books and Other
Individual Titles in Audiovisual Formats (optional)
General Rules for Producer, Editor, and other Secondary Authors
• A secondary author modifies the work of the author. Examples include producers, editors, and translators.
• Place the names of secondary authors after the type of medium and any edition statement
• Follow the last named editor with a comma and the word editor or editors; the last named producer with a
comma and the word producer or producers, etc.
• If there is no author, move secondary authors such as editors and translators (but not producers) to the
author position in the reference
Specific Rules for Producer, Editor, and other Secondary Authors


An audiovisual may have several types of secondary author.
Example:
Van Peebles M. Classified X [videocassette]. Yves Jeanneau Y, Le Goff C, producers; Mabilat C, Jones
J, editors. [place unknown]: WinStar Home Entertainment; 1998. 1 videocassette: 50 min., sound,
color and black & white, 1/2 in.

• List all roles in the order they are given in the publication
762 Citing Medicine

Example:
Baxley N, Dunaway C. Cognition, creativity, and behavior: the Columban simulations [motion
picture]. Baxley N, editor and producer. Champaign (IL): Research Press Company; 1982. 1 reel: 30
min., sound, color, 16 mm.

• Translate the word found for editor, producer, translator, illustrator, or other secondary author into
English if possible. However, the wording found on the publication may always be used.
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
Language Word for Producer Word for Editor Word for Translator Word for Illustrator
French producteur redacteur traducteur illustrateur
editeur
German produzent redakteur ubersetzer illustrator
produzentin herausgeber dolmetscher
Italian produttore redattore traduttore disegnatore
curatore

Language Word for Producer Word for Editor Word for Translator Word for Illustrator
editore
Russian rezhisser redaktor perevodchik konstruktor
izdatel
Spanish productor redactor traductor ilustrador
productora editor

• Follow the instructions for entering Organizations as author
American Medical Association, Physician Consortium for Performance Improvement, editor.
Examples for Producer, Editor, and other Secondary Authors

20. Audiovisuals with authors and producer(s), editor(s), or other secondary authors
21. Audiovisuals with multiple organizations as producer
22. Audiovisual producers with subsidiary division
Place of Publication for Books and Other Individual Titles in Audiovisual

Formats (required)
• Place is defined as the city where the audiovisual was published

• Non-US cities
764 Citing Medicine

Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
Montreal (QC):
Ottawa (ON):
Vancouver (BC):
London:
Rome:
Paris:
Madrid:
but


Two organizations may co-publish an audiovisual.
• Use the city of the first organization found on the opening screens (or on the case of the audiovisual or
accompanying booklet if no publisher information appears on the title screen), as the place of publication.
2002. 1 videocassette: 26 min., sound, color, 1/2 in. Jointly published by Fanlight Productions,
Boston.


• If no place of publication can be found on the opening screens or in accompanying text but can be
reasonably inferred (e.g., Chicago as the place for a publication of the American Medical Association),
place the city in square brackets, such as "[Chicago]".
Fluoride: the magnificent mineral [motion picture]. [Bethesda (MD)]: National Institute of Dental
Research (US), National Caries Program; c1984. 1 reel: 468 ft., sound, color with black & white, 16
mm.
Van Peebles M. Classified X [videocassette]. Yves Jeanneau Y, Le Goff C, producers ; Mabilat C,
Janice Jones J, editors. [place unknown]: WinStar Home Entertainment; 1998. 1 videocassette: 50
min., sound, color and black & white, 1/2 in.

25. Audiovisuals with well-known place of publication
26. Audiovisual place of publication with geographic qualifier added for clarity
27. Audiovisuals with place of publication inferred
28. Audiovisuals with no place of publication found
766 Citing Medicine
33. Audiovisuals with no place of publication or publisher found

40. Audiovisuals with no place, publisher, or date of publication found
Publisher for Books and Other Individual Titles in Audiovisual Formats

(required)

• Non-English publisher names

Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Ltd. for Limited
Soc. for Society
all references.
Box 36. Non-English publisher names.

Valencia (Spain) : Universidade de Valencia, Instituto de Historia de la Ciencia y Documentacion
Lopez Pinero ;
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
768 Citing Medicine
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
brackets.
Appendix D)
publication as the publisher and include distributor information as a note, preceded by Available from: ".
1996 STD surveillance report [slide]. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control (US); 1997. 59 slides:
color, 2 x 2 in. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; AVA20125SS00.

Two organizations may co-publish an audiovisual.
• Use the first organization appearing as the publisher on the opening screens, on the audiovisual's case, or
in an accompanying booklet
Boston.

or bold type
• Do not list multiple publishers. For publications with joint or co-publishers, use the name given first as the
publisher and include the name of the second as a note if desired.
Example:
Boston.

Kontrastdarstellung des Herzens und der grossen Gefasse im Rontgen-Kinofilm [Demonstration of
the heart and large vessels in cine-radiographic film] [motion picture]. Bonn (Germany): [publisher
unknown]; 1959. 1 reel: sound, black & white, 16 mm. German.

29. Audiovisual publisher with subsidiary department/division named
30. Audiovisuals with government agency as publisher
31. Audiovisuals with joint publication
32. Audiovisuals with no publisher found
Date of Publication for Books and Other Individual Titles in Audiovisual

Formats (required)
770 Citing Medicine


2002-2003
1997-1998
1999-2000
1999 Oct-2000 Mar
2002 Dec-2003 Jan
2005 Jan-Feb
1999 Dec-2000 Jan

• Capitalize them
For example:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

• Capitalize them
For example:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring

Some publications have both a year of publication and a year of copyright. A copyright date is identified by the
[This convention alerts a user that the information in the publication is older than the date of
publication implies.]
Example:
MacIntyre R, Preston I. A room full of men [videocassette]. Preston I, Mitchell D, producers; Preston
I, MacIntyre R, editors. Princeton (NJ): Films for the Humanities & Sciences; 1997, c1991. 1
videocassette: 49 min., sound, color, 1/2 in.

Hegner BR. Delmar's nursing assistant laser discs [videodisc]. Albany (NY): Delmar Publishers;
c1995. 5 videodiscs: 4 1/2 hr., sound, color, 12 in.
772 Citing Medicine

material contained in audiovisual itself or on accompanying material, put a question mark after the
[Lung lobe resection in tuberculosis] [motion picture]. Moscow: Otdel nauchnoi
Kinofotodokumentatsii AMN SSSR; [1957?]. 2 reels: sound, color, 35 mm. Russian.
• If neither a date of publication nor a date of copyright can be found and the date cannot be estimated, use
[date unknown]
Cartwright B, D'Andrea M, Daniels J. Confronting racial and gender difference: 3 approaches to
multicultural counseling and therapy [videocassette]. Framingham (MA): Microtraining Associates;
[date unknown]. 1 videocassette: 80 min., sound, color, 1/2 in.

The date of publication may follow the author names (or title if there are no authors) in the list of references
• Place the year after the last named author (or after the title if there is no author), followed by a period
NLM citation:
Heizer WD, Semrad CE, Sweeting JG. Clinical nutrition I [slide]. Bethesda (MD): American
Gastroenterological Association; c2000. 117 slides: color, 2 x 2 in.
Collaborative research with communities: value added & challenges faced [videocassette].
Washington: Public Health Foundation; 2006. 1 videocassette: 103 min., sound, color, 1/2 in.
Heizer WD, Semrad CE, Sweeting JG. c2000. Clinical nutrition I [slide]. Bethesda (MD): American
Gastroenterological Association. 117 slides: color, 2 x 2 in.
Collaborative research with communities: value added & challenges faced [videocassette]. 2006.
Washington: Public Health Foundation. 1 videocassette: 103 min., sound, color, 1/2 in.

34. Audiovisuals with standard date of publication
35. Audiovisuals with date of copyright instead of date of publication
36. Audiovisuals with date of publication and date of copyright
37. Audiovisuals with date range of publication
38. Audiovisuals with date of publication estimated

39. Audiovisuals with no date of publication or copyright found
Extent for Books and Other Individual Titles in Audiovisual Formats

(optional)
General Rules for Extent
• Give the total number of physical pieces on which the audiovisual appears
• Follow the number with a space and the type of audiovisual. Note that motion pictures are expressed in
terms of reels of film. Examples: 3 videocassettes, 54 slides, 2 reels.
• End with a colon and the run time expressed as minutes or hours, usually abbreviated to min. and hr.
• If Run time or Physical Description are not included, follow the type of audiovisual with a period; if either
of them are included, end with a colon
Box 48. Run time.

The length of a publication in audiovisual format is optional in a reference but may be included to provide useful
information. For example, a user may want to know if a videocassette is 15 minutes long or an hour.
• Provide extent as the total number of physical pieces and the run time if appropriate
• Express run time in terms of minutes or hours, usually abbreviated to min. and hr.
Examples :
2 videocassettes : 140 min.
24 audiocassettes : 480 min.
5 videodiscs: 4 1/2 hr.
2 reels: 45 min. [motion picture]
• Many audiovisuals provide run time on either the case housing the audiovisual or in an accompanying
booklet or other material. A library catalog record is another source for run time. If run time is not
provided, you have the option of timing the audiovisual or omitting run time from the citation.
Specific Rules for Extent

• Run time
Examples for Extent

Physical Description for Books and Other Individual Titles in Audiovisual

Formats (optional)
• Give information on the physical characteristics of an audiovisual, such as color and size
774 Citing Medicine


Physical description of a publication in audiovisual format is optional in a reference but may be included to
provide useful information. For example, the size of an audiovisual will indicate to the reader what equipment is
needed to view it. See Appendix C for a list of commonly used English words in description and their
abbreviations.
• Enter information on the physical characteristics, such as color and size, following the extent of the
audiovisual
• Abbreviate common words for measurement, such as in. for inches and mm. for millimeters
• Separate types of information by commas
sound
silent
color
black & white
color with black & white
1/2 in. (standard videocassette size)
3/4 in. (non-standard videocassette size)
1 7/8 ips. [inches per second] (standard speed for compact audiocassettes)
15/16 ips. (standard speed for microcassettes)
12 in. (videodisc size)
2 x 2 in. (standard slide size)
2 3/4 x 4 in. (non-standard slide size)
35 mm. (a standard motion picture size)
2 videocassettes: 140 min., sound, color, 1/2 in.
5 videodiscs: 4 1/2 hr., sound, color, 12 in.
2 reels: 45 min., silent, color, 16 mm.
1 reel: silent, black & white, 35 mm.

1 audiocassette: 40 min., 1 7/8 ips.
177 slides: color, 2 x 2 in.

Series for Books and Other Individual Titles in Audiovisual Formats

(optional)
• Follow the name with any numbers provided. For example, a volume or issue number such as vol. 3 and
no. 12

• Multiple series

each surname
12
776 Citing Medicine
Example:
Nelson JS, McKeever PE. Clinical neuropathology [videodisc]. Version 1.0. Minneapolis (MN):
Image Premastering Services; c1994. 1 videodisc: silent, color, 12 in. (Nyberg DA, editor. ImageDisc
library).

If an audiovisual is a part of more than one series, include information on all series if desired.
• End series information with a period, placed outside the closing parenthesis for the last series
Example:
(New directions for evaluation; no. 103); (Jossey-Bass education series).
Examples for Series

41. Audiovisual series with number given
42. Audiovisuals with series without number
43. Audiovisuals with series with editor
Language for Books and Other Individual Titles in Audiovisual Formats

(required)

• Audiovisuals appearing in more than one language
Box 52. Audiovisuals appearing in more than one language.

• If an audiovisual is presented in several languages
⚬ Give the title in the first language found on the opening screens
⚬ List all languages of publication after the date of publication (and extent if provided)

Examples:
A plastic story: a history of plastic surgery [videocassette]. Adocs, producer. New York: First
Run/Icarus Films; c2003. 1 videocassette: 52 min., sound, color with black & white sequences,
1/2 in. English, French, Spanish.
Apparition et evolution de l'infirmite motrice cerebrale chez le nourrisson [The onset and
evolution of cerebral palsy] [videocassette]. Champaign (IL): University of Illinois, Board of
Trustees; c1983. 1 videocassette: 36 min., sound, color, 3/4 in. French, English.
• If an audiovisual is written in two or more equal languages, as often occurs in Canadian publications
⚬ Give all titles in the order in which they are presented on the opening screens
⚬ List the languages after the date of publication (and extent if provided)
Example:
Choropampa: the price of gold = Choropampa: el precio del oro [videocassette]. Cabellos E,
Boyd S, producers. Brooklyn (NY): First Run/Icarus Films [distributor]; c2002. 1 videocassette:
75 min., sound, color, 1/2 in. English, Spanish.
Paranormale heilmethoden auf den Philippinen = Paranormal healing in the Philippines
[videocassette]. [place unknown: publisher unknown]; 1973-1980. 2 videocassettes: 90 min.,
sound, color, 3/4 in. German, English.
• Follow titles not in English with a translation whenever possible. Place the translation in square brackets.

Notes for Books and Other Individual Titles in Audiovisual Formats

(optional)
• Be brief

• Audiovisual accompanied by a booklet or other material
778 Citing Medicine
Box 53. Audiovisual accompanied by a booklet or other material.

• If an audiovisual has supplemental material accompanying it in the form of a manual, booklet, or other
type of material, begin by citing the audiovisual. Add the phrase "Accompanied by: " followed by the
number and type of the medium.
Collins MS. Advanced radiology life support [videocassette]. Cherry Hill (NJ): CMEinfo.com; 2002.
4 videocassettes: 4 hr., sound, color, 1/2 in. Accompanied by: 1 guide (60 p.) and 1 post-test.
University of Nebraska Medical Center. Family practice review: best practices for the 21st century
[videocassette]. Cherry Hill (NJ): CMEinfo.com; 2003. 41 videocassettes: 80 hr., sound, color, 1/2 in.
Accompanied by: 1 guide in 3 vol.

The notes element may be used to provide any information the compiler of the reference feels is useful to the
reader. Begin by citing the audiovisual, then add the note. Examples of notes are:
• If the audiovisual was sponsored by or prepared for a particular organization, give the name
Fluoride: the magnificent mineral [motion picture]. [Bethesda (MD)]: National Institute of Dental
Research (US), National Caries Program; c1984. 1 reel: sound, color with black & white, 16 mm.
Made possible by a grant from the Colgate-Palmolive Co.
• If the audiovisual is available from a government or other repository, give the name and acquisition
number. Begin with the phrase "Available from" followed by a colon and a space
1996 STD surveillance report [slide]. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control (US); 1997. 59 slides:
color, 2 x 2 in. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; AVA20125SS00.
• If the audiovisual is not a common one, give the name of a library or other archive where it may be found,
including any catalog or other finding number. Begin with the phrase "Located at" followed by a colon and
a space
Harbaugh OS, Slocum DB. Amputation of lower extremity [motion picture]. [Washington]: War
Department (US); 1944. 2 reels: 45 min., silent, color, 16 mm. Located at: History of Medicine
Division, National Library of Medicine; WE 850 VC no.40 1944.
• If the audiovisual contains material of particular interest to an audience that is not apparent from the title,
describe it
Taylor HL Jr. Health and the built environment: the effects of where we live, work and play
[videocassette]. Chapel Hill (NC): University of North Carolina, School of Public Health, Minority
Health Program; c2005. 1 videocassette: 90 min., sound, color, 1/2 in. From the 26th Minority Health
Conference held in 2005 at Chapel Hill, NC.
Minkoff K. Adults and co-occurring disorders [videocassette]. Blue Moon Productions, producer.
Center City (MN): Hazelden; c2003. 1 videocassette: 28 min., sound, color, 1/2 in. Closed-captioned.
• If the audiovisual is translated or otherwise adapted from another publication, give the name of the
original
History of bioterrorism: biological warfare and terrorism [videocassette]. [Atlanta (GA)]: Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention (US); 2003. 1 videocassette: 27 min., sound, color with black & white
sequences, 1/2 in. Parts of this video were adapted from "Biological warfare and terrorism: the
military and public health response," co-produced by the United States Army Medical Research
Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1999.
Examples for Notes

44. Audiovisuals with sponsorship note included
45. Audiovisuals accompanied by a manual or other material
46. Audiovisuals with supplemental note included
Examples of Citations to Books and Other Individual Titles in

Audiovisual Formats
Carlson J. Depression [videocassette]. VandenBos GR, producer. Washington: American Psychological
Association; c2005. 1 videocassette: 100 min., sound, color, 1/2 in.
Wackers FJ, Jaffe CC, Lynch PJ. Nuclear cardiac imaging: equilibrium and gated first pass radionuclide
angiocardiography [videodisc]. 1st ed.; Version 1.0. Saint Paul (MN): Image PSL; c1992. 1 videodisc: silent, black
& white with color, 12 in.
Stanfield PS, Wetle V, Longshore G. Essential medical terminology [audiocassette]. 2nd ed. Sudbury (MA): Jones
and Bartlett; c1996. 1 audiocassette: 89 min.
Heizer WD, Semrad CE, Sweeting JG. Clinical nutrition I [slide]. Bethesda (MD): American Gastroenterological
Association; c2000. 117 slides: color, 2 x 2 in.
Baxley N, Dunaway C. Cognition, creativity, and behavior: the Columban simulations [motion picture]. Baxley
N, editor and producer. Champaign (IL): Research Press Company; 1982. 1 reel: 30 min., sound, color, 16 mm.
2. Audiovisual authors with optional full first names given

Stanfield, Peggy S.; Wetle, Vikki; Longshore, Glen. Essential medical terminology [audiocassette]. 2nd ed.
Sudbury (MA): Jones and Bartlett; c1996. 1 audiocassette : 89 min.
3. Audiovisuals with more than three authors (list all)

Crayton S, Daus G, Heart CA, Grant G, Perez Perdomo R, Noonan A, Watt ML. Health disparities: from civil
rights to human rights [videoccassette]. Chapel Hill (NC): University of North Carolina, School of Public
Health, Minority Health Project; 2005. 1 videocassette: 120 min., sound, color, 1/2 in.
780 Citing Medicine
Lindenfeld T, O'Brien S, McCormack M, Arciero R, Wilk K, Paine R, Davies G, Malone T. Treatment and
rehabilitation of shoulder instability [videocassette]. Cincinnati (OH): Cincinnati Sportsmedicine Research and
Education Foundation; 1999. 2 videocassettes: 160 min., sound, color, 1/2 in.
4. Audiovisuals with optional limit to the first three authors (use "et al."
or "and others")
Crayton S, Daus G, Heart CA, et al. Health disparities: from civil rights to human rights [videocassette]. Chapel
Hill (NC): University of North Carolina, School of Public Health, Minority Health Project; 2005. 1 videocassette:
120 min., sound, color, 1/2 in.
Lindenfeld T, O'Brien S, McCormack M, and others. Treatment and rehabilitation of shoulder instability
[videocassette]. Cincinnati (OH): Cincinnati Sportsmedicine Research and Education Foundation; 1999. 2
videocassettes: 160 min., sound, color, 1/2 in.
5. Audiovisual author surnames with designations of rank in a family

Taylor HL Jr. Health and the built environment: the effects of where we live, work and play [videocassette].
Chapel Hill (NC): University of North Carolina, School of Public Health, Minority Health Program; c2005. 1
Amaral RS, Hoffman CW 3rd. Life cycle of Schistosoma mansoni [motion picture]. Amaral RS, Hoffman CW
3rd, producers. San Francisco: University of California, San Francisco; c1983. 1 reel: sound, color, 16 mm.
Fisch U, Davidson TM, Collins H 2nd, Harris JP, Kearns M. Infratemporal fossa surgery for temporal bone
tumors [videocassette]. Washington: American Academy of Otolaryngology; c1983. 3 videocassettes: sound,
color, 3/4 in.
6. Audiovisuals authors with particles or prefixes in their names (give as

provided in the publication)
MacFadyen BV, Ponsky JL. The current spectrum of laparoscopic surgery [audiocassette]. Chicago (IL):
American College of Surgeons; 1991. 9 audiocassettes.
McDevitt L. Expert exam. Cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine [videocassette]. North Andover (MA): Fitzgerald
Health Education Associates; c2005. 2 videocassettes: 3 hr., sound, color, 1/2 in.
O'Connor D. April and Renee: the supermodel, the tennis player, and the discourses of trans/sexual difference
[videocassette]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2005. 1 videocassette: 75 min., sound, color,
1/2 in.
Lindenfeld T, O'Brien S, McCormack M, Arciero R, Wilk K, Paine R, Davies G, Malone T. Treatment and
rehabilitation of shoulder instability [videocassette]. Cincinnati (OH): Cincinnati Sportsmedicine Research and
Education Foundation; 1999. 2 videocassettes: 160 min., sound, color, 1/2 in.
Van Peebles M. Classified X [videocassette]. Yves Jeanneau Y, Le Goff C, producers; Mabilat C, Jones J, editors.
[place unknown]: WinStar Home Entertainment; 1998. 1 videocassette: 50 min., sound, color and black & white,
1/2 in.
van der Linden FP, Proffit WR, McNamara JA Jr. Facial growth and facial orthopedics [videocassette]. Carol
Stream (IL): Quintessence Publishing Co., Inc.; 2000. 2 videocassettes: 63 min., sound, color, 1/2 in.
De Jong AR, Gibbons MS. How to recognize physical and sexual abuse in children [videocassette]. Secaucus
(NJ): Network for Continuing Medical Education; c1990. 1 videocassette: 49 min., sound, color, 3/4 in.
7. Audiovisual authors with compound last names

Crayton S, Daus G, Heart CA, Grant G, Perez Perdomo R, Noonan A, Watt ML. Health disparities: from civil
rights to human rights [videocassette]. Chapel Hill (NC): University of North Carolina, School of Public Health,
Minority Health Project; 2005. 1 videocassette: 120 min., sound, color, 1/2 in.
Kleine-Gunk B. Age shall not weary them: new perspectives on aging [videocassette]. Princeton (NJ): Films for
the Humanities & Sciences; c2003. 1 videocassette: 26 min., sound, color, 1/2 in.
Meis-Kindblom JM, Enzinger FM. Atlas of soft tissue tumors [videodisc]. 1st ed.; Version 1.0. Saint Paul (MN):
Image PSL; c1993. 1 videodisc: silent, color, 12 in.
8. Audiovisuals with organization as author

Glaxo Pharmaceuticals. Acute and chronic hepatitis C [slide]. New York: HP Publishing Company; 1993. 12
slides: color, 2 x 2 in.
9. Audiovisuals with organization as author with subsidiary part of

organization named
Kaiser Permanente, Southern California Permanente Medical Group. Surgical reconstruction of cloacal
exstrophy [motion picture]. Los Angeles: Wexler Films; 1985. 1 reel: 24 min., sound, color, 16 mm.
Akademiia Meditsinskikh nauk SSSR, Institut Tuberkuleza. Udalenie doli legkogo pri tuberkuleze [Lung lobe
resection in tuberculosis] [motion picture]. Moscow: Otdel nauchnoi Kinofotodokumentatsii AMN SSSR;
[1957?]. 2 reels: sound, color, 35 mm. Russian.
10. Audiovisuals with more than one organization as author

American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons; American Academy of Oral Pathology. CPC on
multiple disease entities [slide]. Chicago: AAOMS; 1993. 41 slides: color, 2 x 2 in.
11. Audiovisuals with no authors found

Collaborative research with communities: value added & challenges faced [videocassette]. Washington: Public
Health Foundation; 2006. 1 videocassette: 103 min., sound, color, 1/2 in.
Clinical tonometry [motion picture]. Public Health Service Audiovisual Facility, producer. [Washington]:
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (US), Public Health Service; 1965. 1 reel: silent, black & white, 35
mm.

Whitlock DG (Department of Radiology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO), Spitzer
VM (Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver,
CO). Video 3D atlas of the human head & neck in cross section [videodisc]. St. Louis (MO): Mosby-Year Book;
1993. 1 videodisc: silent, color with black & white, 12 in.
782 Citing Medicine
13. Audiovisuals with constructed title

Work TH. [Galapagos] [motion picture]. [place unknown]: T. Work; 1988. 2 reels: 3000 ft., silent, color, 16 mm.

Piccoli M. Les medecins sans frontiers [videocassette]. Gire JF, editor. New York: Society for French American
Cultural Services and Educational Aid; 1991. 2 videocassettes: 121 min., sound, color with black & white
sequences, 1/2 in. French.
Akademiia Meditsinskikh nauk SSSR, Institut Tuberkuleza. Udalenie doli legkogo pri tuberkuleze [motion
picture]. Moscow: Otdel nauchnoi Kinofotodokumentatsii AMN SSSR; [1957?]. 2 reels: sound, color, 35 mm.
Russian.
Diabetes tipo 2: estoy en el riesgo? [videocassette]. Carrollton (TX): PRIMEDIA Healthcare; 2004. 1
videocassette: 15 min., sound, color, 1/2 in. Spanish.
Piccoli. M. Les medecins sans frontieres [Doctors without borders] [videocassette]. Gire JF, editor. New York:
Society for French American Cultural Services and Educational Aid; 1991. 2 videocassettes: 121 min., sound,
color with black & white sequences, 1/2 in. French.
Diabetes tipo 2: estoy en el riesgo? [Type 2 diabetes: what is the risk?] [videocassette]. Carrollton (TX):
PRIMEDIA Healthcare; 2004. 1 videocassette: 15 min., sound, color, 1/2 in. Spanish.

Choropampa: the price of gold = Choropampa: el precio del oro [videocassette]. Cabellos E, Boyd S, producers.
Brooklyn (NY): First Run/Icarus Films; c2002. 1 videocassette: 75 min., sound, color, 1/2 in. English, Spanish.
Paranormale heilmethoden auf den Philippinen = Paranormal healing in the Philippines [videocassette]. [place
unknown: publisher unknown]; 1973-1980. 2 videocassettes: 90 min., sound, color, 3/4 in. German, English.

A plastic story: a history of plastic surgery [videocassette]. Adocs, producer. New York: First Run/Icarus Films;
c2003. 1 videocassette: 52 min., sound, color with black & white sequences, 1/2 in. English, French, Spanish with
English subtitles.
Apparition et evolution de l'infirmite motrice cerebrale chez le nourrisson [The onset and evolution of cerebral
palsy] [videocassette]. Champaign (IL): University of Illinois, Board of Trustees; c1983. 1 videocassette: 36 min.,
sound, color, 3/4 in. French, English.
The Guinea pig: handling and basic techniques [slide + audiocassette]. Stockholm (Sweden): FELASA; 1981. 31
slides: color, 2 x 2 in.; 1 audiocassette: 1 7/8 ips. English, German, Norwegian.
17. Audiovisuals with Greek letters in titles

β-arrestins: traffic cops of cell signaling [videocassette]. [Bethesda (MD)]: National Institutes of Health (US),
Medical Arts and Photography Branch; 2002. 1 videocassette: 60 min., sound, color, 1/2 in.
may become
Beta-arrestins: traffic cops of cell signaling [videocassette]. [Bethesda (MD)]: National Institutes of Health (US),
Medical Arts and Photography Branch; 2002. 1 videocassette: 60 min., sound, color, 1/2 in.
18. Audiovisuals with more than one type of medium

Microhemagglutination assay methods in the diagnosis of syphilis [audiocassette + slide]. Batavia (IL): NCCE;
[1980?]. 1 audiocassette: 40 min., 1 7/8 ips.; 29 slides: color, 2 x 2 in.
The Guinea pig: handling and basic techniques [slide + audiocassette]. Stockholm (Sweden): FELASA; 1981. 31
slides: color, 2 x 2 in.; 1 audiocassette: 1 7/8 ips. English, German, Norwegian.
Ohio Regional Medical Audiovisual Consortium. Case studies in human growth and development: a flexible
instructional module [audiocassette + videocassette]. Case Western Reserve University, Health Sciences
Communication Center, producer. [Bethesda (MD)]: National Institutes of Health (US); 1978. 1 audiocassette: 7
min.; 1 videocassette: 15 min., sound, color, 3/4 in.
19. Audiovisuals with edition/version

The heart truth for women [videocassette]. Rev. ed. Bethesda (MD): National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
(US); 2006. 1 videocassette: 9 min., sound, color, 1/2 in.
Benzene, toluene, and xylene [videocassette]. Version 3. Lawrence D, producer. Edgartown (MA): Emergency
Film Group; c2002. 1 videocassette: 28 min., sound, color, 1/2 in. (Hazchem; 7).
Aho M, Dorelli M, Roush L, Turner S. Following Antigone: forensic anthropology and human rights
investigations [videocassette]. Eng. version. Gregory S, Dorelli M, Aho M, producers. New York: Witness; c2002.
1 videocassette: 37 min., sound, color with black & white sequences, 1/2 in.
Eklund GW, Cardenosa G, Parsons W. Optimizing the mammographic study: positioning and technical
considerations [videodisc]. Version 1.0. Minneapolis (MN): Image Premastering Services; c1994. 1 videodisc:
sound, color, 12 in.
High blood pressure: an introduction to treatment [videocassette]. 3rd ed. Timonium (MD): Milner-Fenwick;
c2003. 1 videocassette: 16 min., sound, color, 1/2 in.
Epidural anesthesia [videocassette]. 2nd ed.; Informed consent version. Timonium (MD): Milner-Fenwick;
Kapur RP. Ultrasound of fetal anomalies [videodisc]. 1st ed.; Version 1.0. Minneapolis (MM): Image
Premastering Services; c1994. 1 videodisc: silent, color with black & white, 12 in.
20. Audiovisuals with authors and producer(s), editor(s), or other

secondary authors
Hable M. Avoiding charges of negligence [videocassette]. Classroom Productions, producer. Irvine (CA):
ConceptMedia; c2002. 1 videocassette: 25 min., sound, color, 1/2 in.
Munoz SJ. Transplantation immunology [slide]. Barchi NE, illustrator. Bethesda (MD): American
Gastroenterological Association; c1997. 94 slides: color, 2 x 2 in.
1/2 in.
784 Citing Medicine
Baxley N, Dunaway C. Cognition, creativity, and behavior: the Columban simulations [motion picture]. Baxley
N, editor and producer. Champaign (IL): Research Press Company; 1982. 1 reel: 30 min., sound, color, 16 mm.
21. Audiovisuals with multiple organizations as producer

Taylor MR. Antibiotic resistance [videocassette]. Multimedia Communications; Physician Education and
Development, producers. Oakland (CA): Kaiser Foundation Health Plan; c2005. 1 videocassette: 53 min., sound,
color, 1/2 in.
Aronson-Rath R. The alternative fix: a PBS Home Video [videocassette]. Frontline; Little Rain Productions, Inc.;
WGBH Boston, producers. Alexandria (VA): PBS Video; c2003. 1 videocassette: 60 min., sound, color, 1/2 in.
Geirget A. At the gates of autism: emerging into life [videocassette]. La Sept Arte; Gloria Films, producers.
Princeton (NJ): Films for the Humanities & Sciences; c2002. 1 videocassette: 58 min., sound, color, 1/2 in.
22. Audiovisual producers with subsidiary division

Sundin H. Administration of intravenous medication. Administering IV meds to adults [videocassette].
Washington State University College of Nursing, Learning Resources Center, producer. Irvine (CA): Concept
Media; c2003. 1 videocassette: 21 min., sound, color, 1/2 in.

Aging & creativity [videocassette]. Grand Rapids Community College, Media Technologies Department,
producer. Medfield (MA): Aquarius Health Care Videos; 2002. 1 videocassette: 27 min., sound, color, 1/2 in.
Alcohol and drug use and the cultures of addiction [videocassette]. Torres IA, Westbrook M, producers.
Rockville (MD): Department of Health and Human Services (US), Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services
Administration, Center for Substance Abuse Treatment; 2003. 1 videocassette: 60 min., sound, color, 1/2 in.

Johnson D, editor. Surgical techniques in orthopaedics: anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction [videodisc].
Rosemont (IL): American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; c2002. 1 videodisc: sound, color, 12 in.
Ridberg R, editor and producer. Spin the bottle: sex, lies & alcohol [videocassette]. Northampton (MA): Media
Education Foundation; c2004. 1 videocassette: 45 min., sound, color, 1/2 in.
Yang T, editor and producer. Lao tou [Old men] [videocassette]. Brooklyn (NY): First Run/Icarus Films; 1999. 1
videocassette: 94 min., sound, color, 1/2 in. Chinese.
25. Audiovisuals with well-known place of publication

Raikes J, Sachs S. Bad hair life [videocassette]. Raikes J, producer; Sachs S, editor. Boston: Fanlight Productions;
Cutler M. Radium treatment of carcinoma of the cervix [motion picture]. Chicago Film Laboratory, producer.
Chicago: Petrolager Laboratories; 1938. 2 reels: silent, black & white, 35 mm.
26. Audiovisual place of publication with geographic qualifier added for

clarity
Fisher WL, Papele H. 2005 national patient safety goals: training video for staff [videocassette]. Marblehead
(MA): HCPro; c2005. 1 videocassette: 26 min., sound, color, 1/2 in.
Kontrastdarstellung des Herzens und der grossen Gefasse im Rontgen-Kinofilm [Demonstration of the heart
and large vessels in cine-radiographic film] [motion picture]. Bonn (Germany): [publisher unknown]; 1959. 1
reel: sound, black & white, 16 mm. German.
27. Audiovisuals with place of publication inferred

Fluoride: the magnificent mineral [motion picture]. [Bethesda (MD)]: National Institute of Dental Research
(US), National Caries Program; c1984. 1 reel: 468 ft., sound, color with black & white, 16 mm.
28. Audiovisuals with no place of publication found

1/2 in.
Work TH. [Galapagos] [motion picture]. [place unknown]: T. Work; 1988. 2 reels: 3000 ft., silent, color, 16 mm.
29. Audiovisual publisher with subsidiary department/division named

Stryker MP. Making maps in the brain [videocassette]. Bethesda (MD): National Institutes of Health (US),
Medical Arts and Photography Branch, Office of Research Services; 2006. 1 videocassette: 63 min., sound, color,
1/2 in.
30. Audiovisuals with government agency as publisher

Epidemiology and prevention of viral hepatitis A, B, C, D, E: an overview [slide]. Atlanta (GA): Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention (US); 1996. 67 slides: color, 2 x 2 in.
Hennekens CH. Aspirin in the secondary and primary prevention of cardiovascular disease [audiocassette].
Bethesda (MD): National Institutes of Health (US); 1995. 1 audiocassette.
Stryker MP. Making maps in the brain [videocassette]. Bethesda (MD): National Institutes of Health (US),
Medical Arts and Photography Branch, Office of Research Services; 2006. 1 videocassette: 63 min., sound, color,
1/2 in.
31. Audiovisuals with joint publication

Does anyone die of AIDS anymore? [videocassette]. Los Angeles: Dream Out Loud Productions; 2002. 1
videocassette: 26 min., sound, color, 1/2 in. Jointly published by Fanlight Productions, Boston.
32. Audiovisuals with no publisher found

Kontrastdarstellung des Herzens und der grossen Gefasse im Rontgen-Kinofilm [Demonstration of the heart
and large vessels in cine-radiographic film] [motion picture]. Bonn (Germany): [publisher unknown]; 1959. 1
reel: sound, black & white, 16 mm. German.

Onepauur ydarehur dephmpudhou kucmbi cpedocmehur [Ablation of a cyst in the mediastinum] [motion
picture]. [place unknown: publisher unknown]; 1954. 1 reel: sound, color, 35 mm. Russian.
786 Citing Medicine
Physics and technology applied to radiology and radiation oncology [slide]. [place unknown: publisher
unknown]; 1994. 100 slides: color with black & white, 2 x 2 in.
34. Audiovisuals with standard date of publication

Glazer WM. Dosing antipsychotic medications: insights from data and practice [videocassette]. Health &
Sciences Television Network, producer. Carrollton (TX): PRIMEDIA Workplace Learning; 2002. 1 videocassette:
60 min., sound, color, 1/2 in.
35. Audiovisuals with date of copyright instead of date of publication

Assessment & diagnosis [videocassette]. Nick Kaufman Productions, producer. Clifton Park (NY): Thomson
Delmar Learning; c2003. 1 videocassette: 30 min., sound, color, 1/2 in.
Hegner BR. Delmar's nursing assistant laser discs [videodisc]. Albany (NY): Delmar Publishers; c1995. 5
videodiscs: 4 1/2 hr., sound, color, 12 in.
36. Audiovisuals with date of publication and date of copyright

MacIntyre R, Preston I. A room full of men [videocassette]. Preston I, Mitchell D, producers; Preston I,
MacIntyre R, editors. Princeton (NJ): Films for the Humanities & Sciences; 1997, c1991. 1 videocassette: 49 min.,
sound, color, 1/2 in.
37. Audiovisuals with date range of publication

Paranormale heilmethoden auf den Philippinen = Paranormal healing in the Philippines [videocassette]. [place
unknown: publisher unknown]; 1973-1980. 2 videocassettes: 90 min., sound, color, 3/4 in. German, English.
38. Audiovisuals with date of publication estimated

39. Audiovisuals with no date of publication or copyright found

Cartwright B, D'Andrea M, Daniels J. Confronting racial and gender difference: 3 approaches to multicultural
counseling and therapy [videocassette]. Framingham (MA): Microtraining Associates; [date unknown]. 1

Technique of laparoscopy [motion picture]. [place, publisher, date unknown]. 1 reel: 757 ft., sound, color, 16
mm.
41. Audiovisual series with number given

Assessment & diagnosis [videocassette]. Nick Kaufman Productions, producer. Clifton Park (NY): Thomson
Delmar Learning; c2003. 1 videocassette: 30 min., sound, color, 1/2 in. (Core concepts in nursing; program 2).
Greenberger NJ. Acute abdominal pain in adults [videocassette]. Secaucus (NJ): Network for Continuing
Medical Education; 1987. 1 videocassette: 32 min., sound, color, 1/2 in. (NCME VHS; no. 842).
Benzene, toluene, and xylene [videocassette]. Version 3. Lawrence D, producer. Edgartown (MA): Emergency
Film Group; c2002. 1 videocassette: 28 min., sound, color, 1/2 in. (Hazchem; 7).
Fuller MG. Cocaine use and its medical consequences [slide]. Hanover (NH): Project Cork; c1995. 62 slides:
color, 2 x 2 in. (Alcohol use and its medical consequences; unit 11).
42. Audiovisuals with series without number

Rawson RA. Methamphetamine-- new knowledge, new treatments [videocassette]. Center City (MN): Hazelden
Foundation; c2006. 1 videocassette: 64 min., sound, color, 1/2 in. (The clinical innovators series).
43. Audiovisuals with series with editor

Nelson JS, McKeever PE. Clinical neuropathology [videodisc]. Version 1.0. Minneapolis (MN): Image
Premastering Services; c1994. 1 videodisc: silent, color, 12 in. (Nyberg DA, editor. ImageDisc library).
Accompanied by: 200 p. guide.
44. Audiovisuals with sponsorship note included

Advances in diagnosis and treatment of sleep apnea and snoring [videocassette]. Cherry Hill (NJ):
CMEinfo.com; 2000. 7 videocassettes: 13 hr., sound, color, 1/2 in. Sponsored by University of Pennsylvania
School of Medicine.
45. Audiovisuals accompanied by a manual or other material

Collins MS. Advanced radiology life support [videocassette]. Cherry Hill (NJ): CMEinfo.com; 2002. 4
videocassettes: 4 hr., sound, color, 1/2 in. Accompanied by: 1 guide (60 p.) and 1 post-test.
46. Audiovisuals with supplemental note included

A family perspective: type 2 diabetes in young people [videocassette]. Timonium (MD): Milner-Fenwick; c2005.
1 videocassette: 19 min., sound, color, 1/2 in. Produced in cooperation with the American Association of
Diabetes Educators.
1996 STD surveillance report [slide]. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control (US); 1997. 59 slides: color, 2 x 2
in. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; AVA20125SS00.
videocassette: 90 min., sound, color, 1/2 in. From the 26th Minority Health Conference, held in 2005 at Chapel
Hill, NC.
Minkoff K. Adults and co-occurring disorders [videocassette]. Blue Moon Productions, producer. Center City
(MN): Hazelden; c2003. 1 videocassette: 28 min., sound, color, 1/2 in. Closed-captioned.
Fluoride: the magnificent mineral [motion picture]. [Bethesda (MD)]: National Institute of Dental Research
(US), National Caries Program; c1984. 1 reel: sound, color with black & white, 16 mm. Made possible by a grant
from the Colgate-Palmolive Co.
Harbaugh OS, Slocum DB. Amputation of lower extremity [motion picture]. [Washington]: War Department
(US); 1944. 2 reels: 45 min., silent, color, 16 mm. Located at: History of Medicine Division, National Library of
Medicine; WE 850 VC no.40 1944.
788 Citing Medicine
Barry J, Hoard C. P.I.S.T. [motion picture]. Barry J, producer. Santa Monica (CA): Pyramid Film & Video; 1984.
1 reel: 6 min., sound, color, 16 mm. P.I.S.T. is an acronym for Psychological Improvement Situational Training.
Microhemagglutination assay methods in the diagnosis of syphilis [audiocassette + slide]. Batavia (IL): NCCE;
[1980?]. 1 audiocassette: 40 min., 1 7/8 ips.; 29 slides: color, 2 x 2 in. NCCE stands for National Center for
Continuing Education.
History of bioterrorism: biological warfare and terrorism [videocassette]. [Atlanta (GA)]: Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention (US); 2003. 1 videocassette: 27 min., sound, color with black & white sequences, 1/2 in.
Parts of this video were adapted from "Biological warfare and terrorism: the military and public health
response," co-produced by the United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases
(USAMRIID), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC), 1999.
789
Chapter 16. Journals in Audiovisual Formats

A. Journal Articles in Audiovisual Formats

• Examples
B. Journal Titles in Audiovisual Formats
• Examples
See also:
A. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Journal Articles in

Audiovisual Formats
The general format for a reference to an article from a journal published as an audiovisual, including
punctuation:
- on videocassette:
- on audiocassette:
790 Citing Medicine
Examples of Citations to Journal Articles in Audiovisual Formats

Journal articles in audiovisual formats are usually found in videocassette or audiocassette form. With the advent
of CD-ROM and the Internet, many of these titles either ceased publication or migrated to the newer formats,
but a few continue to be published and older articles continue to be cited.
Cite articles in audiovisual format using the standard format for journal articles (see Chapter 1), but add the type
of medium, i.e., [videocassette] or [audiocassette], after the title to alert the user that special equipment is
needed to view the article.
Videocassettes and audiocassettes do not use page numbers, so citations to journal articles in these formats
require the addition of information on their placement within the cassette. Some publishers provide wording
such as article 2 or segment 3, but if no wording is found, use "presentation." Citations to articles on
audiocassette also require an indication of which side of the cassette contains the article being cited. See
Location in the next section for further details.
Provide the extent or length of an article in terms of the run time, since page numbers are not present. Run time
(also known as running-time) is the length of the film or program in minutes, such as 140 min. Further details of
the physical description may also be provided to give additional information such as size, which can affect the
equipment needed to view the item. See Physical Description (O) in the next section for details.
This chapter covers journal articles that are published as audiovisuals. See Chapter 19 for journals published in
CD-ROM, DVD, or disk, and Chapter 23 for journals on the Internet. Because examples of journal articles
published on videocassette or audiocassette are few in number compared to journal articles in print format, see
also Chapter 1A Journals Articles for additional examples of specific parts of a citation.
The chief source for information about an audiovisual is the opening screens. If more information is needed,
consult the case housing the audiovisual or any accompanying booklet or documentation.
Note that citations to journal articles published in videocassette or audiocassette format are not in PubMed.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Journal Articles in Audiovisual Formats.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Journal Articles in Audiovisual Formats.
Citation Rules with Examples for Journal Articles in Audiovisual

Formats
Author (R) | Author Affiliation (O) | Article Title (R) | Journal Title (R) | Edition (R) | Type of Medium (R) |
Date of Publication (R) | Volume Number (R) | Issue Number (R) | Location (Pagination) (R) | Physical
Description (O) | Language (R) | Notes (O)
Author for Journal Articles in Audiovisual Formats (required)

• List names in the order they appear on the opening screens or text, the carrying case, or in accompanying
documentation
Journals in Audiovisual Formats 791
surname

(Chinese, Japanese)
• Editor instead of an author


792 Citing Medicine

[If you cannot determine from the article whether a surname is a compound one or a combination of
a middle name and a surname, look to the table of contents of the issue or an annual or other index
for clarification. For example, Elizabeth Scott Parker may be interpreted to be Parker ES or Scott
Parker E.]
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

other particle

abbreviation.

Dr. Helga Eberhard becomes Eberhard H

Examples :
794 Citing Medicine
one letter
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

author.
Working Group.
(see Appendix D)
brackets.
796 Citing Medicine
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
Box 8. Editor instead of an author.

• If no person or organization can be found as the author but an editor is present, begin the reference with
the name of the editor. Follow the same rules used for author names, but end the list of names with a
comma and the word editor or editors.
Sanger JM, Sanger JW, editors. Cell motility and the cytoskeleton. Cell Motil Cytoskelet Video Suppl
[videocassette]. 1998;(5):[60 min.]. 1 videocassette: sound, color with black & white, 1/2 in.
• If no person or organization can be identified as the author and no editors are given, begin the reference
with the title of the article. Do not use anonymous.
OPO certification. Transpl Video J [videocassette]. 2000 Fall;(12):[presentation 2, 8 min.]. 1
videocassette: sound, color, 1/2 in.

OPO certification. Transpl Video J [videocassette]. 2000 Fall;(12):[presentation 2, 8 min.]. 1

Examples for Author

1. Standard article in audiovisual format
2. Article in audiovisual format with optional full first names for authors
3. Article in audiovisual format with author having designation of family rank
4. Article in audiovisual format with author having prefix or particle
5. Article in audiovisual format with author having compound last name
6. Article in audiovisual format with editors instead of authors
7. Article in audiovisual format with no author found
Author Affiliation for Journal Articles in Audiovisual Formats (optional)

country
Pittsburgh, PA)
798 Citing Medicine


Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Soc. for Society

Example:

Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
800 Citing Medicine
Zodieru-Popa I.
Mandelshtam MY.

the publication may always be used
Wien becomes Vienna

8. Article in audiovisual format with author affiliation included
Article Title for Journal Articles in Audiovisual Formats (required)

• Enter the title of an article as it appears on the opening screens or text, the carrying case, or in
accompanying documentation
(such as a question mark, period, or exclamation point) is already present
• Translate titles not in English into English; place the translation in square brackets
• End a title with a period unless a question mark or exclamation point already ends it (see Translated
article titles ending in punctuation other than a period below)
brackets. Place the closing period outside the brackets.
[A new, safe and simple breath test for the diagnosis of impaired digestion].
or
Un nuovo, sicuro e semplice breath test per la diagnosi di maldigestione [A new, safe and simple
breath test for the diagnosis of impaired digestion].
square brackets for the translation and end title information with a period outside the brackets.
[Quality criteria in medicine: which limits?].
or
Les criteres de qualite en medecine: jusqu' ou aller? [Quality criteria in medicine: which limits?].


• Translate article titles not in English. Place all translated titles in square brackets. Indicate the particular
language after the pagination.
Baraldini M, Ventrucci M, Cipolla A, Conci T, Calliv R, Roda A, Roda E. [A new, safe and simple
breath test for the diagnosis of impaired digestion]. Video Riv Ital Med Chir [videocassette]. 1993
Sep-Dec;6(3):[article 2, 16 min.]. 1 videocassette: sound, color, 1/2 in. Italian.
Neue Nifedipin-Zubeitung ermoglicht tagliche Einmalgabe [New nifedipine preparation
makes single daily dose possible].
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
802 Citing Medicine
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
Example:
Baraldini M, Ventrucci M, Cipolla A, Conci T, Calliv R, Roda A, Roda E. Un nuovo, sicuro e
semplice breath test per la diagnosi di maldigestione [A new, safe and simple breath test for the
diagnosis of impaired digestion]. Video Riv Ital Med Chir [videocassette]. 1993 Sep-Dec;6(3):[article
2, 16 min.]. 1 videocassette: sound, color, 1/2 in. Italian.

• If an article appears in English as well as other languages, give the English language version of the article
title. Indicate all languages of publication after the location (pagination) and separate them by commas.
• If an article appears in more than one language and none of them is English, translate the title into English
and place the translation in square brackets. Indicate all languages of publication after the location
(pagination) and separate them by commas.
• As an option, if an article title is presented in two equal languages, as often occurs in Canadian
publications, give both titles in the order in which they are presented, with an equals sign between them.
Indicate all languages of publication after the location (pagination) and separate them by commas.
Prise en charge des thrombocytopenies induites par l'heparine = Management of heparin-induced
thrombocytopenia.
p53 and its downstream proteins.
Influence of seed extract of Syzygium cumini (Jamun) on mice exposed to different doses of γ-
radiation.
may become
Influence of seed extract of Syzygium cumini (Jamun) on mice exposed to different doses of gamma-
radiation.
Human Rhesus-associated glycoprotein mediates facilitated transport of NH3 into red blood cells.
may become
Human Rhesus-associated glycoprotein mediates facilitated transport of NH(3) into red blood cells.

• Journal articles sometimes contain a header at the top (such as news, case report, or clinical study) to
indicate a section of the issue. Do not include a header as part of the article title unless the table of
contents for the journal issue indicates that it is.

• Occasionally an article does not appear to have any title; the article simply begins with the text. In this
circumstance, create a title from the first few words of the text and place it in square brackets. Use enough
words to make the constructed title meaningful.
[US transplant games]. Transpl Video J [videocassette]. 2000;Suppl:[11 min.]. 1 videocassette: sound,
color, 1/2 in.

9. Article in audiovisual format with article title in a language other than English
10. Article in audiovisual format with article title constructed
Journal Title for Journal Articles in Audiovisual Formats (required)

• Enter the journal title in the original language
• Cite a journal name as it was published at the time. For example, VideoUrology officially changed title to
VideoUrology Times in 1991. Cite articles from 1990 and earlier as Videourology, not as Videourol Times.
• End the journal title with a space
804 Citing Medicine

Practical Reviews in Dermatology becomes Pract Rev Dermatol [audiocassette].
Video Revista Italiana di Medicina e Chirurgia becomes Video Rev Ital Med Chir [videocassette].
Drugs & Devices becomes Drugs Devices [videocassette].
[A list of the abbreviations for common English words used in journal titles is in Appendix A. See
Appendix B for other sources.]
Gastroenterology becomes Gastroenterology [audiocassette].
Momaku Fukuijutsu becomes Momaku Fukuijutsu [videocassette].
Resource: a Monthly Audio Digest of Current Issues in Health Care becomes Resource
[audiocassette].
• Omit any punctuation found in a title
Audio-digest Anesthesiology becomes Audio Dig Anesthesiol [audiocassette].
• Some bibliographies and online databases show a place of publication after a journal title, such as Emerg
Med (Glendale, Calif). This practice is used to show that two or more journal titles with the same name
reside in a library collection or database; the name of the city where the journal is published distinguishes
the titles. The city or state/country is usually shown in abbreviated format following the same rules as for
words in journal titles, as Calif for California in the example above. If you use a bibliography or database
to verify your reference and a place name is included, you may keep it if you wish.

• Multiple language journal titles

• Do not abbreviate journal titles consisting of a single word, regardless of language
Dermatology. becomes Dermatology [audiocassette].

provide the name in the original language. Abbreviate it according to the Abbreviation rules for journal
titles and capitalize all remaining title words, including abbreviations. Indicate the language of the article
after the location (pagination).
Baraldini M, Ventrucci M, Cipolla A, Conci T, Calliv R, Roda A, Roda E. [A new, safe and simple
breath test for the diagnosis of impaired digestion]. Video Riv Ital Med Chir [videocassette]. 1993
Sep-Dec;6(3):[article 2, 16 min.]. 1 videocassette: sound, color, 1/2 in. Italian.
Korean. Abbreviate it according to the Abbreviation rules for journal titles and capitalize all
remaining title words, including abbreviations. Indicate the language of the article after the
pagination.
Nervn Perevoz [audiocassette].
⚬ Romanize the title if in a character-based language (Chinese, Japanese). Do not abbreviate any of
the words or omit any words; use the capitalization system of the particular language. Indicate the
language of the article after the pagination.
Momaku Fukuijutsu [videocassette].
[It is not NLM practice, but you may translate journal titles in character-based languages. If
the language of the article after the pagination.]
Retin Surg [videocassette].
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
806 Citing Medicine
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
Box 24. Multiple language journal titles.

• For a journal title appearing in more than one language, use the title in the first language found, in order
of preference: on the title page of the issue, on the issue cover, or on the masthead

• Do not follow abbreviated words by a period, but end all title information with a period
First Image. OB/GYN Edition becomes First Image (OB GYN Ed) [videocassette].

Video J Orthop [videocassette]. may become Video. J. Orthop. [videocassette].
Video Journal of Orthopaedics [videocassette].

• Use the same rules for abbreviating the words in an edition statement as for the words in journal titles,
because an edition is considered a part of the title in journal citations
English words in journal titles. See Appendix B for other sources.
• Separate the edition from the title by a space and place it in parentheses
• Do not follow abbreviated words with a period, but end all the title information with a period
Example:
First Image. OB/GYN Edition becomes First Image (OB GYN Ed) [videocassette].

11. Article in audiovisual format with journal title having an edition
Edition for Journal Articles in Audiovisual Formats (required)

version
• Abbreviate each significant word (see Abbreviation rules for editions) and omit other words, such as
• End the edition statement with a space


▪ PubMed Journals Database
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
808 Citing Medicine
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
period
• For an edition statement written in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, or Korean
▪ PubMed Journals Database
• For an edition statement written in a character-based language such as Chinese and Japanese.
Examples:
ŏ becomes o
ū becomes u
⚬ End all title information with a period
It is not NLM practice, but you may translate such journal titles and their editions. If you do,
• Below is a brief list of Non-English words for editions with their abbreviations, if any (n.a. = not
abbreviated):
Danish oplag n.a.
Dutch uitgave Uitg
editie Ed
French edition Ed
German Ausgabe Ausg
Greek ekdosis Ekd
Italian edizione Ed
Russian izdanie Izd
Spanish edicion Ed
Swedish upplaga n.a

Type of Medium for Journal Articles in Audiovisual Formats (required)

• Indicate the type of medium (videocassette, audiocassette, etc.) following the journal title (and edition, if
present)
• Place the name of the medium in square brackets and end with a period, such as "[videocassette]."
810 Citing Medicine


medium
First Image (OB GYN Ed) [videocassette].

Date of Publication for Journal Articles in Audiovisual Formats (required)

• End date information with a semicolon unless there is no volume or issue (see No volume or issue
following the date below), then use a colon
Box 34. No volume or issue following the date.

A volume number usually follows the date of publication. Occasionally a journal is published in a series of issues
without volumes or is published with a supplement, part, or special number to a date of publication rather than
to a volume or issue.
number, placed in parentheses. End with a colon.
1995;(4):
2003 Apr-Jun;(3-4):
volume or issue:
⚬ Follow the date of publication with a semicolon
⚬ Capitalize and abbreviate the words used for such divisions, but do not end the abbreviated words
with a period
Supplement = Suppl
Part = Pt
⚬ Follow the words with any accompanying letter or number found, as Suppl 1 and Pt A
⚬ Place parts only in parentheses

⚬ End supplement, part, or special number information with a colon
Examples:
2005;Suppl: 2005;(Pt 3): 2005;Spec No:
2005;Suppl A: 2005;(Pt B): 2005;Spec No 2:
2005;Suppl 1: 2005 Jan;(Pt 1): 2005 Jan;Spec No:
2005 Jan;Suppl:
2005;Abstr Suppl:
• If there are no volume numbers, issue numbers, supplements, parts, or special numbers, follow the date
information with a colon and the location (pagination) and extent of the article
2000:Side A [program 2, 34 min.].
2004 Jan:[presentation 3, 12 min].
2005 Winter:[article 1, 22 min.].

• Further divisions to a date other than volume or issue
• No volume or issue following the date
Box 30. Further divisions to a date other than volume or issue.

A journal may publish a supplement, part, or special number to a date of publication rather than to a specific
volume or issue.
• Capitalize and abbreviate the words used for such divisions, but do not end the abbreviated words with a
period
Supplement = Suppl
Part = Pt
• Translate non-English words. See the following examples:
annexe part

812 Citing Medicine

Beilage
Erganzung
Zusatz
dopolnenie
suplemento
anejo
• Follow words with any number or letter found, as Suppl 1 and Pt A

• If a supplement is given a name rather than the usual letter or number, abbreviate significant words and
omit other words such as articles, conjunctions, and prepositions. Use the word abbreviations lists found
in Appendix A and Appendix B.
• Separate words with any accompanying number, letter, or name from the date by a semicolon
• Place parts only in parentheses
• End with a colon
Examples:
2005;Suppl: 2005;(Pt 3): 2005;Spec No:
2005 Jan;Suppl:
2005;Abstr Suppl:

2002-2003
1997-1998
1999-2000
1999 Oct-2000 Mar
2002 Dec 7-2003 Jan 9
2005 Jan-Feb
1999 Dec-2000 Jan
2005 Feb 1-7
2004 Jan 25-31
• Separate multiple seasons by a hyphen, such as Fall-Winter. Do not abbreviate names of seasons.

• Capitalize them
For example:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

• Capitalize them
For example:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring
814 Citing Medicine

It is not NLM practice, but the date of publication may follow the author names in the list of references when the
name-year system of in-text references is used.
• Enter the year after the last named author
• Place the volume number immediately following the type of medium
NLM citation:
Wilson JH, Singhoffer JH. Paradoxical embolus in evolution: report of a case. Dyn Cardiovasc
Imaging [videocassette]. 1990;3(1):[presentation 2, 4 min.]. 1 videocassette: sound, color, 1/2 in.
Name-year system citation:
Wilson JH, Singhoffer JH. 1990. Paradoxical embolus in evolution: report of a case. Dyn Cardiovasc
Imaging [videocassette]. 3(1):[presentation 2, 4 min.]. 1 videocassette: sound, color, 1/2 in.

12. Article in audiovisual format with date showing month or other subdivision
13. Article in audiovisual format with date showing multiple months of publication
14. Article in audiovisual format with supplement to a date
Volume Number for Journal Articles in Audiovisual Formats (required)

• No not follow volume number(s) with any punctuation unless there is no issue number or other

• Further divisions to a volume other than an issue
Box 36. Further divisions to a volume other than an issue.

A journal may publish a supplement, part, or special number to a volume.
period
Supplement = Suppl
Part = Pt
annexe part
Beilage
Erganzung
Zusatz
dopolnenie
suplemento
anejo

• Separate words with any accompanying number, letter, or name from the volume number by a space
except for parts
Examples:
2005;15 Suppl: 2004;16(Pt 2): 2003;6 Spec No:
2005;45 Suppl A: 2004;5(Pt A): 2003;2 Spec No 2:
2005 Mar;87 Suppl 1: 2004 Dec;24(Pt A): 2003 Jan;10 Spec No:
2005;3 Suppl Dementia:
816 Citing Medicine

of languages:

A volume number usually follows the date of publication. Occasionally a journal will publish a series of issues
without volumes or will publish a supplement, part, or special number to a date of publication rather than to a
volume or issue.
number. Place the issue number in parentheses.
1995;(4):
volume or issue:
⚬ Follow the date of publication with a semicolon
⚬ Capitalize and abbreviate the words used for such divisions, but do not end the abbreviated words
with a period
Supplement = Suppl
Part = Pt
⚬ Follow the words with any accompanying letter or number found, as Suppl 1 and Pt A
⚬ Place parts only in parentheses
⚬ End supplement, part, or special number information with a colon
Examples:
2005;Suppl: 2005;(Pt 3): 2005;Spec No:
2005 Jan;Suppl:

2005;Abstr Suppl:
• If no volume numbers, issue numbers, supplements, parts, or special numbers are given, follow the date of
publication with a colon and the location (pagination) and extent of the article
2000:Side A [program 2, 34 min.].
2004 Jan:[presentation 3, 12 min].
2005 Winter:[article 1, 22 min.].

15. Article in audiovisual format with standard volume and issue
16. Article in audiovisual format with volume only, no issue
17. Article in audiovisual format with no volume, only issue
Issue Number for Journal Articles in Audiovisual Formats (required)

Further divisions to an issue below)
Box 39. Further divisions to an issue.

A journal may publish a supplement, part, or special number to an issue.
period
Supplement = Suppl
Part = Pt
annexe part

818 Citing Medicine

Beilage
Erganzung
Zusatz
dopolnenie
suplemento
anejo

• Separate words with any accompanying number, letter, or name from the issue number by a space and
place them in the parentheses used for the issue number
Examples:
2005;15(2 Suppl): 2004;16(2 Pt 2): 2003;6(3 Spec No):
2005;45(3 Suppl A): 2004;5(4 Pt A): 2003;2(1 Spec No 2):
2005 Mar;87(4 Suppl 1): 2004 Dec;24(1 Pt A): 2003 Jan;10(2 Spec No):
2005;3(2 Suppl Dementia):

• Further divisions to an issue



number in parentheses
1995;(4):

• If no issue number is found, follow the volume number with a colon and the location (pagination) and
extent of the article
2003;61:[program 4, 45 min.].
• If no issue or volume is found, follow date information with a colon and the location (pagination) and
extent of the article
2005 Jan:Side 3 [presentation 2; 14 min.].

Location (Pagination) for Journal Articles in Audiovisual Formats

(required)
For articles on videocassette
• Begin location for articles on videocassette with a word and accompanying number or letter indicating the
location of the article on the cassette
• Use whatever wording is supplied, often "segment", "program" or "article", such as segment 5; if no
wording is supplied, use "presentation"
• Follow the word and number or letter indicating the location with a comma and the total length of the
article, usually expressed in minutes or hours, abbreviated to min. and hr., such as 45 min.
• Place location information in square brackets
• End location information with a period placed outside the closing bracket
820 Citing Medicine
For articles on audiocassette

• Begin location for articles on audiocassette with an indication of which side of the cassette the article
appears
• Use the word "Side" and follow it with the number or letter provided, such as Side 1 or Side A
• Use arabic numbers only. For example: convert II or Two to 2.
• Follow information on the side with a space and a beginning square bracket
• Give the word and accompanying number or letter indicating the location of the article on the cassette
• Use whatever wording is supplied, often "segment", "program" or "article", such as segment 5; if no
wording is supplied, use "presentation"
• Follow the word and number or letter indicating the location with a comma, a space, and the total length
of the article, usually expressed in minutes or hours, abbreviated to min. and hr., such as 10 min.
• End location information with a closing bracket and a period placed outside the closing bracket
• See Chapter 19 for articles on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk and Chapter 23 for articles on the Internet

• Article comprises the entire issue/cassette
• Audiocassette article appears on more than one side
Box 43. Article comprises the entire issue/cassette.

• Location in a citation to an article on videocassette usually begins with an indication of the placement of
the article in the cassette, such as program 2 or segment 3
• Location in a citation to an article on audiocassette begins with an indication of the side or sides of the
cassette on which the article resides, such as Side A or Side 1, followed by placement information, such as
program 2 or segment 3
• Use arabic numbers only, so that Program One or Side I become Program 1 and Side 1
• If the entire issue of the journal is devoted to a single article, omit placement information and enclose in
square brackets the total run time of the cassette in minutes or hours
Examples:
Hawkins RJ, Fowler PJ, Steadman JR. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: bone-tendon-bone
or hamstring. Issue Orthop [videocassette]. 1999;9:[2 hrs.]. 2 videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2 in.
Belvedere PC. Cosmetic placement, indirect inlays, and resin reinforced bridges. Video J Dent
[videocassette]. 1997;6(4):[90 min.]. 1 videocassette: sound, color, 1/2 in.
Dunlevy C, Fix KN, Siegel AM, Hardin JC Jr, Kreisberg RE. Nicotine intervention in the hospital
setting: reviews. Clin Adv Cardiorespir Care [audiocassette]:1994 Nov;6(2):Side 1-2 [42 min.].
Box 44. Audiocassette article appears on more than one side.

• Location in a citation to an article on audiocassette begins with an indication of the side or sides of the
cassette on which the article resides, such as Side A or Side 1, followed by placement information, such as
program 2 or segment 3
• When an article appears on more than one side of an audiocassette, give the letters or numbers of both
sides, separated by a hyphen, such as Side A-B and Side 1-2. Use arabic numbers only, so that Side II or
Side Two becomes Side 2.
Examples:
Olsen RC. Irritable bowel syndrome. Audio Dig Fam Pract [audiocassette]. 1995 Oct 2;43(37):Side
A-B [presentation 2, 34 min.]. 1 audiocassette: 1 7/8 ips.
Dunlevy C, Fix KN, Siegel AM, Hardin JC Jr, Kreisberg RE. Nicotine intervention in the hospital
setting: reviews. Clin Adv Cardiorespir Care [audiocassette]:1994 Nov;6(2):Side 1-2 [42 min.].
Examples Rules for Location (Pagination)

18. Article in audiovisual format with standard location
19. Article in audiovisual format comprising the entire issue/cassette
20. Article in audiocassette format appearing on more than one side
21. Article in audiovisual format with run time omitted
Physical Description for Journal Articles in Audiovisual Formats (optional)

• Give information on the physical characteristics of the cassette. For example: 1 videocassette: sound, color,
1/2 in.


When a journal volume or issue is published on videocassette or audiocassette, follow the location with
information on the physical characteristics of the cassette. Physical description is optional in a reference, but it
may be included to provide useful information. For example, the size of an audiovisual indicates what
equipment is needed to view it. Note that the words used in description are taken from ISO 832:1994 - Rules for
the abbreviation of bibliographic terms and reflect standard library practice. See Appendix C for a list of
commonly used English words and their abbreviations.
• Describe videocassettes using terms for the number of cassettes, whether or not it has sound or is silent, is
filmed in color or black and white, and its size in inches
• Describe audiocassettes in terms of the number of inches per second (ips). The standard audiocassette is 2
in. x 4 in. and 1 7/8 ips. While audiocassettes are produced in a number of sizes, the standard size is used
for scientific journals. Thus size is usually omitted from description of audiocassettes unless it deviates
from the standard.
• Follow the number and type of cassette with a colon and a space. Separate other types of information by
commas. End with a period.
822 Citing Medicine
Typical words used to describe videocassettes include:

sound
silent
color
black & white
Examples of complete physical description statements for videocassettes:
1 videocassette: sound, color, 1/2 in.
1 videocassette: sound, color with black & white, 1/2 in.
2 videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2 in.
1 videocassette: silent, black & white, 3/4 in.
Typical words used to describe audiocassettes include:
1 7/8 ips. (standard audiocassette speed)
15/16 ips. (standard speed for microcassettes)
Examples of complete physical description statements for audiocassettes:
1 audiocassette: 1 7/8 ips.
2 audiocassettes: 1 7/8 ips.

Language for Journal Articles in Audiovisual Formats (required)



• If an article is written in English as well as other languages:
⚬ Indicate all languages of publication after the location (pagination), separated by commas
Example: English, French, Spanish.
⚬ Indicate all languages of publication after the location (pagination), separated by commas
Example: Spanish, Italian.
publications:
⚬ Give all titles in the order in which they are presented
⚬ Indicate the languages after the location (pagination), separated by a comma
Example:
Prise en charge des thrombocytopenies induites par l'heparine = Management of heparin-
induced thrombocytopenia.

9. Article in audiovisual format with article title in a language other than English
Notes for Journal Articles in Audiovisual Formats (optional)

• Be brief

• Article accompanied by a booklet or other type of material
824 Citing Medicine
Box 47. Article accompanied by a booklet or other type of material.

• If an audiovisual journal article has supplemental material accompanying it in the form of a booklet,
syllabus, pre- or post-test, or other material, begin by citing the article. Add the phrase "Accompanied by: "
followed by a description of the material.
Reeder JD. MRI of osseous neoplasm. MRI Updates Musculoskelet MRI [videocassette]. 2003;16(5):
[presentation 3, 35 min.]. 1 videocassette: sound, color, 1/2 in. Accompanied by: 1 syllabus.
Olsen RC. Irritable bowel syndrome. Audio Dig Fam Pract [audiocassette]. 1995 Oct 2;43(37):Side
A-B [presentation 2, 34 min.]. 1 audiocassette: 1 7/8 ips. Accompanied by: booklet with post-test.

The notes element may be used to provide any information that the compiler of the reference feels is useful. For
example:
• If the audiovisual article was sponsored by or prepared for a particular organization
Baim DS, Sketch MH Sr. Four to six year outcome of Palmaz-Schatz stenting. ACCEL
[audiocassette]. 1996 Jun;28(6):Side 3 [presentation 2]. 1 audiocassette: 1 7/8 ips. ACCEL is
published by the American College of Cardiology.
• If the journal being cited is not a common one, the name of a library or other archive where it may be
found, including any finding number. Begin with the phrase "Located at" followed by a colon and a space
CAPOTEN: captopril. Drugs Devices [videocassette]. 1984 May;2(3):[presentation 4, 16 min.]. 1
videocassette: sound, color, 3/4 in. Located at: National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; W1
DR892EG.
• If the audiovisual article contains material of particular interest to the audience that may not be apparent
from the title
Wolf JE Jr. Effect of low-fat diet on skin cancer. Dialogues Dermatol [audiocassette]. 1995
Dec;37(3):Side 2 [16 min.]. 1 audiocassette: 1 7/8 ips. Accompanied by: booklet with learning
objectives, quiz, and bibliography. Interviewed by Stewart M. Brown.
Examples for Notes

22. Article in audiovisual format accompanied by a booklet or other material
23. Article in audiovisual format with supplemental note
Examples of Citations to Journal Articles in Audiovisual Formats

Vassar GJ, Harris JM, Teichman JM. Techniques in percutaneous nephrolithotomy using the Holmium:Yag laser.
Videourol Times [videocassette]. 1998;11(2):[presentation 6, 10 min.]. 1 videocassette: sound, color, 1/2 in.
Kalloo AN. Nonsurgical management of gallstones. Johns Hopkins Med Grand Rounds [audiocassette]. 1993
Jun;19(5):Side E [presentation 4, 22 min.]. 1 audiocassette: 1 7/8 ips.
2. Article in audiovisual format with optional full first names for authors
Centurion, Virgilio; Caballero, Jean Carlos. Hyperopic shift after phacoemulsification in eyes with previous
radial keratotomy. Video J Cataract Refract Surg [videocassette]. 2005;21(3):[presentation 3, 23 min.]. 1
Matsen, Frederick A. 3rd; Lazarus, Mark D. Pegged glenoid components in total shoulder arthroplasty. Video J
Orthop [videocassette]. 2002 Sep;17(3):[presentation 1, 21 min.]. 1 videocassette: sound, color, 1/2 in.
3. Article in audiovisual format with author having designation of family

rank
Ball WC Jr. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. Johns Hopkins Med Grand Rounds [audiocassette].
1990 May;16(5):Side G [presentation 5, 13 min.]. 1 audiocassette: 1 7/8 ips.
Baim DS, Sketch MH Sr. Four to six year outcome of Palmaz-Schatz stenting. ACCEL [audiocassette]. 1996
Jun;28(6):Side 3 [presentation 2]. 1 audiocassette: 1 7/8 ips.
Parrish RK 2nd. Cataract and argon laser trabeculoplasty in glaucoma. Audio Dig Ophthalmol [audiocassette].
1994 Mar 17;32(6):Side A-B [60 min.]. 1 audiocassette: 1 7/8 ips.
Slade SG, Chayet AS, Wachler BS, Soloway BD, Chotiner B, Milne HL 3rd, Tooma T, Vukich J. Update in
refractive surgery: techniques and technologies. Video J Cataract Refract Surg [videocassette]. 2005;21(3):
[presentation 1, 173 min.]. 1 videocassette: sound, color, 1/2 in.
4. Article in audiovisual format with author having prefix or particle

Van der Werf F. Cobalt. Eur Video J Cardiol [videocassette]. 1996;4(6):[presentation 1, 20 min.]. 1 videocassette:
Van Meter QL. Constitutional short stature: the diagnosis of exclusion. Audio Dig Pediatr [audiocassette]. 1995
Oct 24;41(20):Side A [presentation 1, 38 min.] 1 audiocassette: 1 7/8 ips.
Schwarten DE, van Breda A. New intervention devices. RSNA Today [videocassette]. 1993;7(2):[presentation 3,
21 min.]. 1 videocassette: sound, color, 1/2 in.
McAninch JW, Dixon CM, Kaula NF. Free skin graft urethroplasty of complex stricture. Videourology
[videocassette]. 1999;12(4):[presentation 5, 11:30 min.]. 1 videocassette: sound, color, 1/2 in.
DeSalvo J, Preston CA, Riopelle J, Heaton JF. Rapid-sequence intubation: case presentations/panel discussion.
Audio Dig Emerg Med [audiocassette]. 1995 Oct 16;12(20):Side B [presentation 2, 19 min.]. 1 audiocassette: 1
7/8 ips.
5. Article in audiovisual format with author having compound last name

South-Paul JE. Common gynecologic complaints. Audio Dig Fam Pract [audiocassette]. 1995 Dec 4;43(45):Side
A [presentation 1, 28 min.]. 1 audiocassette: 1 7/8 ips.
de Vere White RW. Early detection of prostate cancer. Audio Dig Intern Med [audiocassette]. 1991 Oct
23;38(20):Side A-B [presentation 3, 10 min.]. 1 audiocassette: 1 7/8 ips.
6. Article in audiovisual format with editors instead of authors

826 Citing Medicine
7. Article in audiovisual format with no author found

OPO certification. Transpl Video J [videocassette]. 2000 Fall;(12):[presentation 2, 8 min.]. 1 videocassette:
8. Article in audiovisual format with author affiliation included

Nakada SY (University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI), Moon TD (University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI), Wolf JS
Jr (University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI). Hand-assisted laparoscopic renal surgery. Videourol Times
[videocassette]. 1998;11(2):[presentation 1, 12 min.]. 1 videocassette: sound, color, 1/2 in.
Ezekowitz MD (Hahnemann Medical College, Philadelphia, PA). Antithrombotic agents in cardiothoracic
surgery. VJCTS [videocassette]. 2001 4th Quarter;16(4):[segment 2, 13 min.]. 1 videocassette: sound, color, 1/2
in.
9. Article in audiovisual format with article title in a language other than

English
Baraldini M, Ventrucci M, Cipolla A, Conci T, Calliv R, Roda A, Roda E. [A new, safe and simple breath test for
the diagnosis of impaired digestion]. Video Riv Ital Med Chir [videocassette]. 1993 Sep-Dec;6(3):[article 2, 16
min.]. 1 videocassette: sound, color, 1/2 in. Italian.
with original language added
Baraldini M, Ventrucci M, Cipolla A, Conci T, Calliv R, Roda A, Roda E. Un nuovo, sicuro e semplice breath test
per la diagnosi di maldigestione [A new, safe and simple breath test for the diagnosis of impaired digestion].
Video Riv Ital Med Chir [videocassette]. 1993 Sep-Dec;6(3):[article 2, 16 min.]. 1 videocassette: sound, color, 1/2
in. Italian.
10. Article in audiovisual format with article title constructed

Ruddle CJ, McKinley B, Taylor P, Schilder H, Morrison RS, Pederson DL. [Endodontics]. Dent Technol
[videocassette]. 1993;1(2):[30 min.]. 1 videocassette: sound, color, 1/2 in.
[US transplant games]. Transpl Video J [videocassette]. 2000;Suppl:[11 min.]. 1 videocassette: sound, color, 1/2
in.

Connell E, Tatum H, Grimes D. Contraceptive science: a status report. First Image (OB GYN Ed)
[videocassette]. 1986 May-Jun;1(6):[presentation 2, 17 min.]. 1 videocassette: sound, color, 3/4 in.
12. Article in audiovisual format with date showing month or other

subdivision
Kalloo AN. Nonsurgical management of gallstones. Johns Hopkins Med Grand Rounds [audiocassette]. 1993
Jun;19(5):Side E [presentation 4, 22 min.]. 1 audiocassette: 1 7/8 ips.
Ezekowitz MD (Hahnemann Medical College, Philadelphia, PA). Antithrombotic agents in cardiothoracic
surgery. VJCTS [videocassette]. 2001 4th Quarter;16(4):[segment 2, 13 min.]. 1 videocassette: sound, color, 1/2
in.
13. Article in audiovisual format with date showing multiple months of

publication
Connell E, Tatum H, Grimes D. Contraceptive science: a status report. First Image (OB GYN Ed)
[videocassette]. 1986 May-Jun;1(6):[presentation 2, 17 min.]. 1 videocassette: sound, color, 3/4 in.
14. Article in audiovisual format with supplement to a date

in.

Bradley WG Jr. MR of degenerative disc disease. MRI Updates Musculoskelet MRI [videocassette]. 2003;16(5):
[presentation 1, 41 min.]. 1 videocassette: sound, color, 1/2 in.
Wolf JE Jr. Effect of low-fat diet on skin cancer. Dialogues Dermatol [audiocassette]. 1995 Dec ;37(3) :Side 2 [16
min.]. 1 audiocassette: 1 7/8 ips.

Hawkins RJ, Fowler PJ, Steadman JR. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: bone-tendon-bone or
hamstring. Issue Orthop [videocassette]. 1999;9:[2 hrs.]. 2 videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2 in.

18. Article in audiovisual format with standard location

Pohost GM. NMR spectroscopy and imaging of the heart. Video J Cardiol [videocassette]. 1990;5(3):[article 1,
17 min.]. 1 videocassette: sound, color, 1/2 in.
Wilson JH, Singhoffer JH. Paradoxical embolus in evolution: report of a case. Dyn Cardiovasc Imaging
[videocassette]. 1990;3(1):[presentation 2, 4 min.]. 1 videocassette: sound, color, 1/2 in.
Demeure MJ. Strategies for parathyroid reoperation. VJGS [videocassette]. 1996 4th Quarter;5(4):[segment 3, 25
min.]. 1 videocassette: sound, color, 1/2 in.
min.]. 1 audiocassette: 1 7/8 ips.
Sachs MI. Allergy testing: a dying dinosaur? Audio Dig Pediatr [audiocassette]. 1995 Dec 5;41(23):Side B
[presentation 2, 22 min.]. 1 audiocassette: 1 7/8 ips.
19. Article in audiovisual format comprising the entire issue/cassette

Hawkins RJ, Fowler PJ, Steadman JR. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: bone-tendon-bone or
hamstring. Issue Orthop [videocassette]. 1999;9:[2 hrs.]. 2 videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2 in.
Belvedere PC. Cosmetic placement, indirect inlays, and resin reinforced bridges. Video J Dent [videocassette].
1997;6(4):[90 min.]. 1 videocassette: sound, color, 1/2 in.
828 Citing Medicine
in.
Oleska JM. Lessons learned from the AIDs epidemic. Audio Dig Pediatr [audiocassette]. 1995 Sep 5;41(17):Side
A-B [60 min.]. 1 audiocassette: 1 7/8 ips. Accompanied by: booklet with pre- and post-test questions.
Dunlevy C, Fix KN, Siegel AM, Hardin JC Jr, Kreisberg RE. Nicotine intervention in the hospital setting: reviews.
Clin Adv Cardiorespir Care [audiocassette]:1994 Nov;6(2):Side 1-2 [42 min.].
20. Article in audiocassette format appearing on more than one side

Olsen RC. Irritable bowel syndrome. Audio Dig Fam Pract [audiocassette]. 1995 Oct 2;43(37):Side A-B
[presentation 2, 34 min.]. 1 audiocassette: 1 7/8 ips. Accompanied by: booklet with post-test.
21. Article in audiovisual format with run time omitted

Jun;28(6):Side 3 [presentation 2]. 1 audiocassette: 1 7/8 ips.
22. Article in audiovisual format accompanied by a booklet or other

material
Reeder JD. MRI of osseous neoplasm. MRI Updates Musculoskelet MRI [videocassette]. 2003;16(5):
[presentation 3, 35 min.]. 1 videocassette: sound, color, 1/2 in. Accompanied by: 1 syllabus.
Olsen RC. Irritable bowel syndrome. Audio Dig Fam Pract [audiocassette]. 1995 Oct 2;43(37):Side A-B
[presentation 2, 34 min.]. 1 audiocassette: 1 7/8 ips. Accompanied by: booklet with post-test.
23. Article in audiovisual format with supplemental note

min.]. 1 audiocassette: 1 7/8 ips. Accompanied by: booklet with learning objectives, quiz, and bibliography.
Interviewed by Stewart M. Brown.
CAPOTEN: captopril. Drugs Devices [videocassette]. 1984 May;2(3):[presentation 4, 16 min.]. 1 videocassette:
sound, color, 3/4 in. Located at: National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; W1 DR892EG.
Jun;28(6):Side 3 [presentation 2]. 1 audiocassette: 1 7/8 ips. ACCEL is published by the American College of
Cardiology.
B. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Journal Titles in

Audiovisual Formats
Reference to an entire journal may be made in a reference list. The general format for a reference to a journal
title in audiovisual format, including punctuation:
Examples of Citations to Journal Titles in Audiovisual Formats

hyphen and three spaces. If a journal has ceased publication, as in example two, separate the beginning and
ending volume and date information with a hyphen with a space on either side. Because examples of journal
titles published on videocassette or audiocassette are few in number compared to journal titles in print format,
see also Chapter 1C Entire Journal Titles for additional examples of the specific parts of a citation.
Journal titles in audiovisual format are usually found in videocassette or audiocassette form. With the advent of
CD-ROM and the Internet, many of these titles either ceased to exist or migrated to the newer formats, but a few
continue to be published and older titles continue to be cited. Cite titles in audiovisual format using the standard
format for print journal titles (see Chapter 1C), but because special equipment is needed to view these materials,
add the appropriate type of medium, i.e., [videocassette] or [audiocassette], after the title.
The physical description of an audiovisual is optional in a reference but may be included to provide useful
information. For example, a journal on videocassette may be provided in either 1/2 in. or 3/4 in. formats, and
different equipment is needed to view them. Other information that also may be provided in the physical
description is whether or not the journal is displayed in color or black and white, or has sound. See Physical
Description in the next section for details.
the latest title and publisher unless you are citing an earlier version. If you wish to cite all volumes for a journal
General Surgery [audiocassette]. Glendale (CA): Audio-Digest Foundation. Vol. 37, No. 1, Jan 10, 1990 - .
Audiocassettes: 1 7/8 ips. Continues: Audio-digest. Surgery.
830 Citing Medicine
Audio-digest. Surgery [audiocassette]. Glendale (CA): Audio-Digest Foundation. Vol. 1, Jan 29, 1954 - Vol.
36, Dec 20, 1989. Audiocassettes: 1 7/8 ips. Continued by: General Surgery.
It is not correct to cite this title as:
General Surgery [audiocassette]. Glendale (CA): Audio-Digest Foundation. Vol. 1, Jan 29, 1954 - .
Audiocassette: 1 7/8 ips.
Authoritative information on a journal in an audiovisual format, in order of preference, may be found on: (1) the
opening screens or wording, (2) the case containing the audiovisual, and (3) any accompanying printed material.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Journal Titles in Audiovisual Formats.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Journal Titles in Audiovisual Formats.
Citation Rules with Examples for Journal Titles in Audiovisual

Formats
Number (R) | Issue Number (R) | Date of Publication (R) | Physical Description (O) | Language (R) | Notes (O)
Title for Journal Titles in Audiovisual Formats (required)

• Use whatever capitalization and punctuation are found within the title
• Follow a non-English title with a translation whenever possible; place the translation in square brackets


provide the name in the original language
Video-Revista de Cirugia [videocassette].
Korean, or in a character-based language (Chinese, Japanese)
Nervnaia Perevozka [videocassette].
Momaku Fukuijutsu [videocassette].
[It is not NLM practice, but you may translate journal titles in character-based languages.]
Retinal Surgery [videocassette].
• For a journal appearing in two equal languages, as often occurs with Canadian journals:
⚬ Begin with the title in the language appearing first in the publication
⚬ Include an equals sign with a space on either side
⚬ End with the title in the second language
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
square brackets
Video Rivista Italiana di Gastroenterologia (Edizione Endoscopia Digestiva) [Italian Video Review of
Gastroenterology (Digestive Endoscopy Edition)] [videocassette].

• For a journal appearing in two equal languages, as often occurs with Canadian journals:
832 Citing Medicine
⚬ Begin with the title in the first language found, in order of preference: on the opening screens of the
issue, on the carrying case, or on accompanying printed material
⚬ End with the title in the second language followed by a space and the type of medium, placed in
square brackets
⚬ List all languages after the date of publication (and Physical Description, if found). Separate the
languages by commas; end the list with a period.
Example:
Canadian Family Physician = Medecin de Famille Canadien [videocassette].
⚬ Give the title in the first language found, in order of preference: on the opening screens of the issue,
on the carrying case, or on accompanying printed material
⚬ List all languages of publication after the date of publication (and Physical Description, if found).
Separate the languages by commas; end the list with a period.
Example:
Video-Revista de Cirugia [videocassette]. Barcelona: Asociacion Europea de Video-Cirugia.
Vol. 1, 1984 - . Videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2 in. Spanish, English, French, Italian.

• Separate the edition from the title proper by a space and place it in parentheses
• End all title information with the medium of the journal, placed in square brackets, followed by a period
Examples:
Video Rivista Italiana di Gastroenterologia (Edizione Endoscopia Digestiva) [videocassette].
First Image: the Video Journal of Medicine (OB/GYN Edition) [videocassette].
Examples for Title

1. Standard audiovisual journal title that is still being published
2. Standard audiovisual journal title that has ceased publication
4. Audiovisual journal title with edition
5. Audiovisual journal title not in English
6. Audiovisual journal title not in English, with optional translation
7. Audiovisual journal title published in multiple languages
Edition for Journal Titles in Audiovisual Formats (required)

• Indicate the edition/version being cited after the title, if a journal is published in more than one edition or
version


⚬ End all the title information with the medium of the journal, placed in square brackets, followed by
a period
Example:
Video Rivista Italiana di Gastroenterologia. Edizione Endoscopia Digestiva.
becomes
Video Rivista Italiana di Gastroenterologia (Edizione Endoscopia Digestiva) [videocassette].
• For an edition statement written in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean or in a character-based
language such as Chinese and Japanese:
the ALA-LC Romanization Tables
⚬ End all title information with the medium of the journal, placed in square brackets, followed by a
period
language
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
834 Citing Medicine
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
Danish Oplag n.a.
Dutch Uitgave Uitg
Editie Ed
Finnish Julkaisu Julk
French Edition Ed
German Ausgabe Ausg
Greek Ekdosis Ekd
Italian Edizione Ed
Norwegian Publikasjon Pub
Portuguese Edicao Ed
Russian Izdanie Izd
Spanish Edicion Ed
Swedish Upplaga n.a.

Type of Medium for Journal Titles in Audiovisual Formats (required)

• Indicate the type of medium (audiocassette, videocassette, etc.) following the title (and edition, if present)
• Place the name of the medium in square brackets, such as "[videocassette]"
• End medium information with a period, placed outside the closing bracket
• See Chapter 19B for journal titles on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk; see Chapter 23B for journals on the
Internet

Editor for Journal Titles in Audiovisual Formats (optional)

• Enter the name of the editor in natural order. For example: John A. Jones.

• Names not in English
Box 53. Names not in English.

one letter
Iu. A. Iakontov
G. Th. Tsakalos
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
836 Citing Medicine
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
French redacteur
editeur
German redakteur
herausgeber
Italian redattore
curatore
editore
Russian redaktor
izdatel
Spanish redactor
editor
Place of Publication for Journal Titles in Audiovisual Formats (required)


• Non-US cities

• Use the anglicized form for the name of a city, e.g., Rome for Roma and Moscow for Moskva
• Follow Canadian cities with the two-letter abbreviation for the name of the province
Montreal (QC):
Ottawa (ON):
name of the country, either written out or as the two-letter ISO country code (see Appendix D). Use the
anglicized form of the name, e.g., Spain for Espana. Place the country name or code in parentheses.
London:
Rome:
Paris:
Madrid:
but

• If a journal has changed publishers over the years or if the publisher has changed its location, give the
place of publication of the current (or last) publisher
• As an option, if one place is a US city and the others are not, use the US one

• If no place of publication can be found or inferred, use the words "place unknown" in square brackets
Drugs & Devices [videocassette]. [place unknown]: International Therapeutics Update Ltd. Vol. 1,
No. 1, 1983 - Vol. 2, No. 4, 1984. Videocassettes: sound, color, 3/4 in.

8. Audiovisual journal title with well-known place of publication
9. Audiovisual journal title with lesser-known place of publication
10. Audiovisual journal title with unknown place of publication
838 Citing Medicine
Publisher for Journal Titles in Audiovisual Formats (required)


Box 57a. Abbreviated words in publisher names.

Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Ltd. for Limited
Soc. for Society
all references.

language
• Romanize names presented in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean, and character-based languages
(Chinese, Japanese)
Lopez Pinero.
▪ Å treated as A
▪ Ø treated as O
▪ Ç treated as C
▪ Ł treated as L
▪ à treated as a
▪ ĝ treated as g
▪ ñ treated as n
▪ ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
brackets.
• As an option, you may translate all publisher names not in English
Aarhus (Denmark): Aarhus University Press.
Appendix D)
840 Citing Medicine

the publisher and include distributor information as a note.
European Video Journal of Cardiology [videocassette]. [place unknown]: ESC. Vol. 1, No. 1, 1992 -
Vol. 4, No. 6, 1996. Videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2 in. Distributed by Kluwer Academic Publishers,
Hingham, MA.

• If a journal has changed publishers over the years, give the name of the current (or last) publisher
or set in bold
• An alternative is to use the publisher likely to be most familiar to the audience of the reference list, e.g., an
American publisher for a US audience and a London publisher for a British one
• Do not list multiple publishers. For publications with joint or co-publishers, use the name provided first as
the publisher and include the name of the second as a note, if desired, such as "Jointly published by the
Canadian Pharmacists Association".

• For publications with joint or co-publishers, use the name provided first as the publisher
• Include the name of the second publisher as a note, if desired

• If no publisher can be determined, use the words "publisher unknown" placed in square brackets

11. Audiovisual journal title with well-known publisher
12. Audiovisual journal title with publisher having subsidiary part
Volume Number for Journal Titles in Audiovisual Formats (required)



of languages:

Perspectives: the Joint Commission Television Journal [videocassette]. Chicago: New Year
Productions. No. 1, 1987 - No. 4, 1988. Videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2 in.
Health Plans, HIPAA, and COBRA Update: Current ERISA, Tax, and Other Issues for Attorneys,
Administrators, Insurers, and Consultants [videocassette]. Philadelphia: American Law Institute-
American Bar Association Committee on Continuing Professional Education. 1998 - .
Videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2 in.
AMT video digest [videocassette]. Chicago: American Medical Association. Aug 1991-Sep 1992.

13. Audiovisual journal title with volume and issue number
14. Audiovisual journal title with issue number, but no volume
15. Audiovisual journal title without volume or issue numbers
842 Citing Medicine
Issue Number for Journal Titles in Audiovisual Formats (required)




• If no volume number is present, follow the publisher with the issue number:
Perspectives: the Joint Commission Television Journal [videocassette]. Chicago: New Year
Productions. No. 1, 1987 - No. 4, 1988. Videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2 in.

Waltham forum video for small animal practitioners [videocassette]. Lawrenceville (NJ): Veterinary
Learning Systems Co. Vol. 1, 1991 - . Videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2 in.

• If a journal began publishing with volume one, number one, you may omit the issue number:
Gastroenterology [audiocassette]. Glendale (CA): Audio-Digest Foundation. Vol. 1, No. 1, Apr 30,
1987 - . Audiocassettes: 1 7/8 ips.
or
Gastroenterology [audiocassette]. Glendale (CA): Audio-Digest Foundation. Vol. 1, Apr 30, 1987 - .
Audiocassettes: 1 7/8 ips.

Date of Publication for Journal Titles in Audiovisual Formats (required)

• End beginning date information with a hyphen, three spaces, and a period if the journal is still being
published
• End beginning date information with a hyphen with a space on either side, if the journal ceased
publication. Enter closing volume and issue information followed by a comma and the closing month and
year. End closing date information with a period.

844 Citing Medicine

2002-2003
1997-1998
1999-2000
Oct 1999-Mar 2000
Dec 7, 2002-Jan 9, 2003
Mar-Apr 2005
Dec 1999-Jan 2000
Feb 1-7, 2005
Jan 25-31, 2001
them.
Spring-Summer 1994 - Fall-Winter 1995.
Spring 1987 - Fall-Winter 1990.

• Capitalize them
Examples:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

• Capitalize them
Examples:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring

• If both volume and issue numbers are present, you may omit the name of the months or seasons:
Practical Reviews in Dermatology [audiocassette]. Birmingham (AL): Educational Reviews, Inc. Vol.
1, No. 1, Jan-Feb 1989 - Vol. 7, No. 6, Nov-Dec 1995. Audiocassettes: 1 7/8 ips.
or
1, No. 1, 1989 - Vol. 7, No. 6, 1995. Audiocassettes: 1 7/8 ips.

16. Audiovisual journal title with multiple month(s) in date
17. Audiovisual journal title with days of the month included in date
18. Audiovisual journal title with season in date
Physical Description for Journal Titles in Audiovisual Formats (optional)

• Enter the medium on which the audiovisual title is issued, in plural form, followed by a colon and a space.
Example: Videocassettes:
• Give information on the physical characteristics of an audiovisual, such as color and size

846 Citing Medicine

Physical description of a journal in audiovisual format is optional in a reference but may be included to provide
useful information to the reader. For example, the size of an audiovisual indicates what equipment is needed to
view it.
Note that the words used in description are taken from ISO 832 and reflect standard library practice. See
Appendix C for a list of commonly used English words and their abbreviations.
• Give the type of medium on which the audiovisual journal appears, in plural form, followed by a colon
and a space. Examples: "Videocassettes:" and "Audiocassettes:"
• Include physical characteristics, such as color and size. For example, videocassettes are usually either 1/2
in. or 3/4 in. in size. The standard audiocassette is 2 in. x 4 in. Audiocassettes are produced in a number of
other sizes, but the standard size is used for scientific journals. Size is usually omitted from the description
of audiocassettes unless it deviates from the standard. The speed of the audiocassette, provided in terms of
inches per second, is used in the description instead.
• Abbreviate common words for measurement, such as in. for inches and ips. for inches per second
sound
silent
color
black & white
1 7/8 ips. (standard speed for compact audiocassettes)
2 x 2 in. (standard slide size)
2 3/4 x 4 in. (non-standard slide size)
Videocassettes: sound, color with black & white, 1/2 in.
Slides: color, 2 x 2 in.

Language for Journal Titles in Audiovisual Formats (required)



on the carrying case, or on accompanying print material
⚬ Indicate all languages of publication after the date(s) of publication (and Physical Description if
provided)
Example:
Video-Revista de Cirugia [videocassette]. Barcelona: Asociacion Europea de Video-Cirugia. Vol. 1,
1984 - . Videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2 in. Spanish, English, French, Italian.
• If a journal is published in two equal languages, as often occurs with Canadian journals:
⚬ Begin with the title in the language appearing first in the publication
⚬ Enter the title in the second language
⚬ End all title information with the medium of the journal, placed in square brackets, and a period
⚬ Give all languages of publication after the date(s) of publication (and Physical Description if
provided), separated by commas. End language information with a period.

Notes for Journal Titles in Audiovisual Formats (optional)

• Notes is a collective term for any useful information about the journal itself
• If the journal was published under another title, provide the name preceded by "Continues: ". For example,
Continues: Audio-digest. Surgery.
• If the journal continues under another title, provide the name preceded by "Continued by: ". For example,
Continued by: General Surgery.
848 Citing Medicine


• The name under which a journal was previously published, preceded by. "Continues: "
Clinical Advances in Cardio-respiratory Care [audiocassette]. Birmingham (AL): Educational
Reviews. Vol. 5, No. 5, 1994 - Vol. 6, No. 3, 1994. Audiocassettes: 1 7/8 ips. Continues: In Service
Reviews in Respiratory Therapy.
VideoUrology Times [videorcassette]. New York: VideoUrology Times. Vol. 4, No. 1, 1991 - Vol. 12,
No. 4, 1999. Videocassettes: sound, color with black & white, 1/2 in. Continues: VideoUrology.
• The name under which a journal continues to be published, preceded with "Continued by: "
Dynamic Cardiovascular Imaging [videocassette]. Silver Spring (MD): Dynamedia, Inc. Vol. 1, No. 1,
Spring 1987 - Vol. 3, No. 4, Oct 1990. Videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2 in. Continued by: Video
Journal of Echocardiography.
VideoUrology [videocassette]. New York: P.C. Communications, Inc. Vol. 1, No. 1, 1988 - Vol. 3, No.
4, 1990. Videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2 in. Continued by: VideoUrology Times.
• If a journal is also available in another format:
General Surgery [audiocassette]. Glendale (CA): Audio-Digest Foundation. Vol. 37, 1990 - .
Audiocassettes: 1 7/8 ips. Continues: Audio-digest. Surgery. Also available on CD-ROM.
• The sponsorship of the journal if the sponsor is not also the publisher:
1, No. 1, Jan-Feb 1989 - Vol. 7, No. 6, Nov-Dec 1995. Audiocassettes: 1 7/8 ips. Sponsored by the
Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center.
• Frequency of publication of the journal:
Video Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery [videocassette]. St. Louis (MO): Medical Video
Productions. Vol. 10, No. 1, Jan 1996 - Vol. 15, No. 4, 2001. Videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2 in.
Bimonthly.
• The International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) of the journal:
Video Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery [videocassette]. St. Louis (MO): Medical Video
Productions. Vol. 10, No. 1, 1996 - Vol. 15, No. 4, 2001. Videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2 in. ISSN:
1086-6841.
• If the journal is an unusual one, the name of a library or other archive where it may be found, preceded by
the words "Located at: "
Leadership in Hospital Governance [videocassette]. Chicago: American Hospital Association. Vol. 1,
No. 1, 1992 - Vol. 1, No. 6, 1992. Videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2 in. Located at: National Library of
Medicine, Bethesda, MD; W1 LE11M.
• If the journal is usually accompanied by printed or other material, provide this information preceded by
the words "Accompanied by: "
Pulse: Emergency Medical Update [videocassette]. Easton (PA): Radiological Society of North
America. Vol. 1, 1996 - . Videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2 in. Accompanied by: Training objective/
instructors guide.
Gastroenterology [audiocassette]. Glendale (CA): Audio-Digest Foundation. Vol. 1, No. 1, Apr 30,
1987 - . Audiocassettes: 1 7/8 ips. Accompanied by: Study guide and post test.
• Any other information that would be useful:
European Video Journal of Cardiology [videocassette]. [place unknown]: ESC. Vol. 1, No. 1, 1992 -
Vol. 4, No. 6, 1996. Videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2 in. ESC is the European Society of Cardiology.
Examples for Notes

19. Audiovisual journal title previously published under another name
20. Audiovisual journal title continuing to be published under another name
21. Audiovisual journal title with sponsorship note
22. Audiovisual journal title with frequency of publication note
23. Audiovisual journal title with ISSN note
24. Audiovisual journal title with note on a library where it may be located
25. Audiovisual journal title with distributor note
26. Audiovisual journal title accompanied by other types of material
27. Audiovisual journal title with examples of other notes
Examples of Citations to Journal Titles in Audiovisual Formats

Pulse: Emergency Medical Update [videocassette]. Easton (PA): Radiological Society of North America. Vol. 1,
1996 - . Videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2 in.

Leadership in Hospital Governance [videocassette]. Chicago: American Hospital Association. Vol. 1, No. 1, 1992
- Vol. 1, No. 6, 1992. Videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2 in.
Reflections on Cardiac Surgery [audiocassette]. Rancho Mirage (CA): Desert Heart Institute Foundation. Vol. 1,
No. 1, 1989 - Vol. 6, No. 5, 1989. Audiocassettes: 1 7/8 ips.
Illustrated Case Reports in Gastroenterology [slide]. London: Chapman & Hall. Vol. 1, No. 1, Nov 1994 - Vol. 4,
No. 3-4, Sep-Dec 1997. Slides: color, 2 x 2 in.
850 Citing Medicine
3. Audiovisual journal title with subtitle

RSNA Today: the Video Digest of Imaging Science, Technology and News [videocassette]. Easton (PA):
Radiological Society of North America. Vol. 1, 1987 - Vol. 7, 1993. Videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2 in.

Video Rivista Italiana di Gastroenterologia (Edizione Endoscopia Digestiva) [videocassette]. Rome: Video
Intermedical Book. Vol. 1, 1988 - Vol. 7, 1994. Videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2 in. Italian.
First Image: the Video Journal of Medicine (OB/GYN Edition) [videocassette]. Englewood (CO): First Image
Corp. Vol. 1, No. 1, Jun 1984 - Vol. 1, No. 7, May 1987. Videocassettes: sound, color, 3/4 in.

Video Rivista Italiana di Gastroenterologia (Edizione Endoscopia Digestiva) [videocassette]. Rome: Video
Intermedical Book. Vol. 1, 1988 - Vol. 7, 1994. Videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2 in. Italian.

Video Rivista Italiana di Gastroenterologia (Edizione Endoscopia Digestiva) [Italian Video Review of
Gastroenterology (Digestive Endoscopy Edition)] [videocassette]. Rome: Video Intermedical Book. Vol. 1, 1988
- Vol. 7, 1994. Videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2 in. Italian.

Video-Revista de Cirugia [videocassette]. Barcelona: Asociacion Europea de Video-Cirugia. Vol. 1, 1984 - .
Videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2 in. Spanish, English, French, Italian.
8. Audiovisual journal title with well-known place of publication

Audio Journal of Oncology [audiocassette]. London: Audio Medica. Vol. 1, No. 1, 1993 - Vol. 3, No. 4, 1995.
- Vol. 1, No. 6, 1992. Videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2 in.
9. Audiovisual journal title with lesser-known place of publication

Medical Outlook for Infertility Specialists [audiocassette]. Ossining (NY): Cortlandt Group Inc. Vol. 1, No. 1,
1989 - . Audiocassettes: 1 7/8 ips.
Waltham Forum Video for Small Animal Practitioners [videocassette]. Lawrenceville (NJ): Veterinary Learning
Systems Co. Vol. 1, 1991 - . Videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2 in.
10. Audiovisual journal title with unknown place of publication

European Video Journal of Cardiology [videocassette]. [place unknown]: ESC. Vol. 1, No. 1, 1992 - Vol. 4, No. 6,
1996. Videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2 in.
Drugs & Devices [videocassette]. [place unknown]: International Therapeutics Update Ltd. Vol. 1, No. 1, 1983 -
Vol. 2, No. 4, 1984. Videocassettes: sound, color, 3/4 in.
11. Audiovisual journal title with well-known publisher

Equine Video Journal [videocassette]. Rahway (NJ): Merck. Vol. 1, No. 1, Summer 1988 - . Videocassettes:
12. Audiovisual journal title with publisher having subsidiary part

Resource: a Monthly Audio Digest of Current Issues in Health Care Risk Management [audiocassette].
Cambridge (MA): Harvard Medical Institutions Inc., Risk Management Foundation. Aug 1985-Feb 1994.

Video Journal of General Surgery [videocassette]. St. Louis (MO): Medical Video Productions. Vol. 1, No. 1,
1992 - Vol. 5, No. 4, 1996. Videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2 in.
Clinical Advances in Cardio-respiratory Care [audiocassette]. Birmingham (AL): Educational Reviews. Vol. 5,
No. 5, 1994 - Vol. 6, No. 3, 1994. Audiocassettes: 1 7/8 ips.

Perspectives: the Joint Commission Television Journal [videocassette]. Chicago: New Year Productions. No. 1,
1987 - No. 4, 1988. Videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2 in.

Administrators, Insurers, and Consultants [videocassette]. Philadelphia: American Law Institute-American Bar
Association Committee on Continuing Professional Education. 1998 - . Videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2 in.
AMT Video Digest [videocassette]. Chicago: American Medical Association. Aug 1991-Sep 1992.
16. Audiovisual journal title with multiple month(s) in date

Practical Reviews in Dermatology [audiocassette]. Birmingham (AL): Educational Reviews, Inc. Vol. 1, No. 1,
Jan-Feb 1989 - Vol. 7, No. 6, Nov-Dec 1995. Audiocassettes: 1 7/8 ips.
17. Audiovisual journal title with days of the month included in date
Gastroenterology [audiocassette]. Glendale (CA): Audio-Digest Foundation. Vol. 1, No. 1, Apr 30, 1987 - .
18. Audiovisual journal title with season in date

Equine Video Journal [videocassette]. Rahway (NJ): Merck. Vol. 1, No. 1, Summer 1988 - . Videocassettes:
19. Audiovisual journal title previously published under another name

Clinical Advances in Cardio-respiratory Care [audiocassette]. Birmingham (AL): Educational Reviews. Vol. 5,
No. 5, 1994 - Vol. 6, No. 3, 1994. Audiocassettes: 1 7/8 ips. Continues: In Service Reviews in Respiratory Therapy.
VideoUrology Times [videocassette]. New York: VideoUrology Times. Vol. 4, No. 1, 1991 - Vol. 12, No. 4, 1999.
Videocassettes: sound, color with black & white, 1/2 in. Continues: VideoUrology.
852 Citing Medicine
20. Audiovisual journal title continuing to be published under another

name
Dynamic Cardiovascular Imaging [videocassette]. Silver Spring (MD): Dynamedia, Inc. Vol. 1, No. 1, Spring
1987 - Vol. 3, No. 4, Oct 1990. Videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2 in. Continued by: Video Journal of
Echocardiography.
VideoUrology [videocassette]. New York: P.C. Communications, Inc. Vol. 1, No. 1, 1988 - Vol. 3, No. 4, 1990.
Videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2 in. Continued by: VideoUrology Times.
21. Audiovisual journal title with sponsorship note

Audio Journal of Oncology [audiocassette]. London: Audio Medica. Vol. 1, No. 1, 1993 - Vol. 3, No. 4, 1995.
Audiocassettes: 1 7/8 ips. Sponsored by the British Oncological Association.
Practical Reviews in Dermatology [audiocassette]. Birmingham (AL): Educational Reviews, Inc. Vol. 1, No. 1,
Jan-Feb 1989 - Vol. 7, No. 6, Nov-Dec 1995. Audiocassettes: 1 7/8 ips. Sponsored by the Albert Einstein College
of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center.
22. Audiovisual journal title with frequency of publication note

Waltham Forum Video for Small Animal Practitioners [videocassette]. Lawrenceville (NJ): Veterinary Learning
Systems Co. Vol. 1, 1991 - . Videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2 in. Quarterly.
Video Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery [videocassette]. St. Louis (MO): Medical Video Productions. Vol. 10,
No. 1, 1996 - Vol. 15, No. 4, 2001. Videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2 in. Bimonthly.
Audiocassettes: 1 7/8 ips. 24 issues per year. Continues: Audio-digest. Surgery.
Medical Outlook for Infertility Specialists [audiocassette]. Ossining (NY): Cortlandt Group Inc. Vol. 1, No. 1,
1989 - . Audiocassettes: 1 7/8 ips. Irregular.
23. Audiovisual journal title with ISSN note

Video Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery [videocassette]. St. Louis (MO): Medical Video Productions. Vol. 10,
No. 1, 1996 - Vol. 15, No. 4, 2001. Videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2 in. ISSN: 1086-6841.
24. Audiovisual journal title with note on a library where it may be

located
- Vol. 1, No. 6, 1992. Videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2 in. Located at: National Library of Medicine, Bethesda,
MD; W1 LE11M.
25. Audiovisual journal title with distributor note

1996. Videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2 in. Distributed by Kluwer Academic Publishers, Hingham, MA.
26. Audiovisual journal title accompanied by other types of material

Pulse: Emergency Medical Update [videocassette]. Easton (PA): Radiological Society of North America. Vol. 1,
1996 - . Videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2 in. Accompanied by: Training objective/instructors guide.
Gastroenterology [audiocassette]. Glendale (CA): Audio-Digest Foundation. Vol. 1, No. 1, Apr 30, 1987 - .
Audiocassettes: 1 7/8 ips. Accompanied by: Study guide and post test.
27. Audiovisual journal title with examples of other notes

1996. Videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2 in. ESC is the European Society of Cardiology.
General Surgery [audiocassette]. Glendale (CA): Audio-Digest Foundation. Vol. 37, 1990 - . Audiocassettes: 1
7/8 ips. Continues: Audio-digest. Surgery. Also available on CD-ROM.
854 Citing Medicine
855
Chapter 17. Prints and Photographs

A. Individual Prints and Photographs

• Examples
B. Collections of Prints and Photographs
• Examples
A. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Individual Prints

and Photographs
The general format for a reference to a print or photograph, including punctuation:
- author and title provided:
- no author named and title constructed:
Examples of Citations to Individual Prints and Photographs

Prints and photographs usually include portraits, photographs or scenes (of people, institutions, and places),
caricatures, posters, and graphic art (illustrations and diagrams). A print is a copy of a picture made by any
printing process. The print may be an original drawing, woodcut, etching, engraving, lithograph, or photograph
transferred to the print medium from a plate cut by an artist or engraver.
856 Citing Medicine
Prints and photographs often contain little information to use in constructing a citation. A formal title may be
absent and publishing facts unclear. Therefore, include in a citation, whenever, possible the name of a library or
other public archive where the item may be found, along with any order or catalog number available. See Notes
below.
Edition has a different meaning for prints than that used for books and all other formats. For prints, edition
refers to the total number of impressions or copies made from the original. Thus a print with 50 copies is said to
have an edition of 50. Edition is often found at the bottom left or bottom right side of a print, expressed as a
fraction. For example, 10/200 means that this print is the tenth impression of a total of 200 impressions made.
See Edition below.
This chapter covers citing prints and photographs that are published as separate entities, not as illustrations in
journal articles or books. See Chapter 1B Parts of Journal Articles and Chapter 2C Parts of Books for
information on citing the latter. Paintings, sculptures, and other works of art are included only when a print or
photograph of them has been made. See NISO standard Z39.29 for information on citing the actual works of art.
Prints and photographs may be cited as individual items and as collections. See Chapter 17B Collections of
Prints and Photographs for information on citing collections.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Prints and Photographs.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Individual Prints and Photographs.
Citation Rules with Examples for Individual Prints and

Photographs
Author (artist or photographer) (R) | Author Affiliation (O) | Title (R) | Type of Medium (R) | Edition (O) | Place
of Publication (R) | Publisher (R) | Date of Publication (R) | Physical Description (O) | Series (O) | Language (R)
| Notes (O)
Author (artist or photographer) for Individual Prints and Photographs

(required)
General Rules for Author (artist or photographer)
surname
• Separate multiple author names from each other by a comma and a space
• End author information with a period unless the author role is included (see the Author role included
below)
Prints and Photographs 857
Box 8. Author role included.

• Supply the role played by the author, such as artist, engraver, or photographer, following the author name,
if desired. Note that a printer is not considered an author.
• Separate the name from the role by a comma and a space
Examples:
Ridley W, engraver. Harvey [print]. London: [publisher unknown]; 1796. 1 print: black & white.
Vedin A, Maliutina O, artists. Prichina-alkogol [poster]. Moscow: Izdatel'stvo Plakat; c1990. 1 poster:
color, 66 x 48 cm. Russian.
• If there are multiple authors with differing roles, separate each author name and role with a semicolon and
a space
Sokolov IS, author; Ivanov KK, artist. Stydno, diadia! [For shame, uncle!] [poster]. Moscow:
Ministerstvo Zdravookhraneniia SSSR, Institut Sanitarnogo Prosveshcheniia; 1964. 1 poster: color,
56 x 43 cm. Russian.
• Translate the word found for author, artist, engraver, photographer, or other role into English, if possible.
However, the wording found on the publication may always be used.
• To assist in identifying author roles in other languages, below is a brief list of non-English words for them:
Word for Word for
Language Word for Author Word for Artist Photographer Word for Engraver Illustrator
French auteur artiste photographe graveur illustrateur
graphiste photograveur
German Verfasser Artist Fotograf Graveur Illustrator
Kunstler Kupferstecher
Grafiker Ziseleur
Italian autore artista fotografa incisore disegnatore
graphico fotografo intagliatore
fotoincisore
Latin auctor pinx fecit
conditor
scriptor
Spanish autor artista fotografo grabador ilustrador
pintor fotografa
pintora
Russian avtor khudozhnik fotograf graver konstruktor
sostavitel
Specific Rules for Author (artist or photographer)

858 Citing Medicine

(Chinese, Japanese)
• Author role included

Estelle Palmer-Canton; becomes Palmer-Canton E
Ahmed El-Assmy; becomes El-Assmy A
Alan D. O'Brien; becomes O'Brien AD
James O. L'Esperance; becomes L'Esperance JO
U. S'adeh; becomes S'adeh U
Charles A. St. James; becomes St James CA

Lama Al Bassit; becomes Al Bassit L
Jiddeke M. van de Kamp; becomes van de Kamp JM
Gerard de Pouvourville; becomes de Pouvourville G
Sergio Lopez Moreno; becomes Lopez Moreno S
Jaime Mier y Teran; becomes Mier y Teran J
Virginie Halley des Fontaines; becomes Halley des Fontaines V
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

Jean-Louis Lagrot; becomes Lagrot JL
particle
D'Arcy Hart; becomes Hart D
W. St. John Patterson; becomes Patterson WS
De la Broquerie Fortier; becomes Fortier D
Craig McC. Brooks; becomes Brooks CM
abbreviation.
Ch. Wunderly; becomes Wunderly C
C. Fr. Erdman; becomes Erdman CF
Iu. A. Iakontov; becomes Iakontov IuA
G. Th. Tsakalos; becomes Tsakalos GTh
860 Citing Medicine

James A. Reed, M.D., F.R.C.S.; becomes Reed JA
Kristine Schmidt, Ph.D.; becomes Schmidt K
Robert V. Lang, Major, US Army; becomes Lang RV
Sir Frances Hildebrand; becomes Hildebrand F
Dr. Jane Eberhard; becomes Eberhard J
Captain R.C. Williams; becomes Williams RC

Examples:
Vincent T. DeVita, Jr.; becomes DeVita VT Jr
James G. Jones II; becomes Jones JG 2nd
John A. Adams III; becomes Adams JA 3rd
Henry B. Cooper IV; becomes Cooper HB 4th
• Romanize names if they are in Cyrillic (Russian, Bulgarian, etc.), Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, or Korean, or
letter
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

author.
The American Cancer Society; becomes American Cancer Society
Working Group.
(see Appendix D)
862 Citing Medicine
• If both individuals and an organization or organizations appear as authors, use the names of the
individuals as the author and give the organization at the end of the reference as a note
Italian, Spanish, German, Swedish, etc.) as they appear on the publication. Whenever possible
brackets.
or
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

• If no person or organization can be identified as the author, begin the reference with the title of the print
or photograph. Do not use anonymous.

• It is not NLM practice for citing authors of prints and photographs, but the full names of authors may be
given.
Takagi, Yasushi.
Mann, Frederick D.
Examples for Author (artist or photographer)

1. Standard citation for a print or photograph
2. Print or photograph author with optional full first name
3. Print or photograph author with optional role provided
4. Print or photograph author with only last name provided
5. Print or photograph with multiple authors
6. Print or photograph authors with different roles
7. Print or photograph with organization as author
8. Print or photograph with no author found
9. Print or photograph with author affiliation
Author Affiliation for Individual Prints and Photographs (optional)

country
PA)
• Follow the affiliation with a comma placed outside the parentheses, unless the affiliation is for the last
864 Citing Medicine


Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Soc. for Society
all references.

Example:
Patrias K (National Library of Medicine, Bethesda MD. patrias@nlm.nih.gov).

Marubini E (Istituto di Statistica Medica e Biometria, Universita degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy).
Barbulescu M (Clinica Chirurgicala, Spitalul Clinic Coltea, Bucarest, Romania).
Takamatsu, Japan).
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
866 Citing Medicine

Wien becomes Vienna

Title for Individual Prints and Photographs (required)

• Enter the title of the print or photograph as it appears on the original document, in the original language
• End a title with a space unless a question mark or exclamation point already ends it


Le sida se transmet aussi de cette facon [poster].
Drug vodki--vrag profsoiuza [poster].
square brackets.
Hashika yakubyoyoke [print].
or
[Protector against measles] [print].

Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
Methoden der perioperativen Eigenbluttransfusion [poster].
brackets
Trezvost', zakon dorog [Sobriety, law of the road] [poster].
Hashika yakubyoyoke [Protector against measles] [print].

• If a title is presented in two or more languages, give the titles in the order they are found in the text, with
an equals sign between them. Indicate the languages, separated by commas, after the date (and physical
description, if given).
Boillard J, artist; Booth T, sculptor. Assemblee des vieux garcons = The assembly of old batchelors
[print]. London: Bowles & Carver; [date unknown]. 1 print: color, 16 x 22 cm. French, English.
Girardet E. La consultation = Die consultation [print]. Paris: Lemercier; [date unknown]. 1 print:
color, 28 x 24 cm. French, German.
868 Citing Medicine
Morris, artist. Tobacco or health: choose health = Le tabac ou la sante: choisissez la sante = Tabaco o
salud: elija la salud [poster]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1988. 1 poster: color, 42 x 30 cm.
English, French, Spanish.
Padey G, Auberson G. Parlons sante = Let's talk health! = ¡Hablemos de la salud! = Falemos da
saude! [poster]. Geneva: World Health Organization; [date unknown]. 1 poster: color, 42 x 60 cm.
French, English, Spanish, Portuguese.
1,3-dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin [print].
von Willebrand disease incidence [print].
Enantioselective synthesis of β-amino acids [print].
may become
Enantioselective synthesis of beta-amino acids [print].
TiO2 nanoparticles [print].
may become
TiO(2) nanoparticles [print].

• Most titles end in a period. Place [print], [photograph], [poster], etc., inside the period.
Day J. Dying before their time: early death & AIDS [poster]. Farmington (CT): University of
Connecticut School of Medicine, Section of Medical Arts & Letters; 1988. 1 poster: color, 21 x 14 in.
• If a title ends in another form of punctuation, keep that punctuation and follow [print], [photograph],
[poster], etc., with a period
AIDS is over, right? [poster]. New York: Visual AIDS; 1998. 1 poster: color, 24 x 35 in.
Gillray J. The cow pock-or-the wonderful effects of the new inoculation! [print]. London: H.
Humphrey; 1802 Jun 12. 1 print: etching, color, 9 x 14 in.
56 x 43 cm. Russian.

A print or a photograph often will have no title, either on the face of the item or on its reverse.
• Construct a title that describes the image shown
Examples:
[Interior view of the ear] [poster].
[Floor plans for laboratory] [print].
Examples for Title

10. Print or photograph title with subtitle
11. Print or photograph title ending in punctuation other than a period
12. Print or photograph with constructed title
13. Print or photograph title in a language other than English
14. Print or photograph title with parallel text in two or more languages
15. Print or photograph title for a conference
Type of Medium for Individual Prints and Photographs (required)

• Indicate the specific type of medium (print, photograph, poster, etc.) following the title
• Place the name of the medium in square brackets and end with a period, such as "[photograph]."


• Most titles end in a period. Place [print], [photograph], [poster], etc., inside the period.
870 Citing Medicine
• If a title ends in another form of punctuation, keep that punctuation and follow [print], [photograph],
[poster], etc., with a period
Gillray J. The cow pock-or-the wonderful effects of the new inoculation! [print]. London: H.
Humphrey; 1802 Jun 12. 1 print: etching, color, 9 x 14 in.
• If a translation of a title is provided, place the specific name for the type of medium in square brackets
following the translation
56 x 43 cm. Russian. Shows man smoking in front of a young boy.

• If a translation of a title is provided, place the name for the type of medium in square brackets following
the translation
56 x 43 cm. Russian. Shows man smoking in front of a young boy.

16. Print or photograph with edition
17. Print or photograph with well known place of publication

18. Print or photograph with lesser known place of publication
19. Print or photograph with place of publication inferred
20. Print or photograph with no place of publication found
21. Print or photograph publisher with subsidiary department/division named
22. Print or photograph with government agency as publisher
23. Print or photograph with no publisher found
24. Print or photograph with no place of publication or publisher found
25. Print or photograph date with month and day included
26. Print or photograph with date of copyright instead of date of publication
27. Print or photograph with date estimated
28. Print or photograph with no date of publication found
29. Print or photograph with no place, publisher, or date of publication found
30. Print or photograph with physical description
31. Print or photograph with a series
32. Print or photograph with the name of library or other archive included
33. Print or photograph with supplemental note included
Edition for Individual Prints and Photographs (optional)

Prints are made in a varying number of impressions or copies, called an edition, such as an edition of 20 or an
edition of 100.
• Begin with the word Edition followed by a colon, a space, and the total number of impressions. For
example: Edition: 50.
• Express numbers representing editions in arabic numbers. For example: XXX; becomes 30.


• Translate all words used for edition into English
• To help identify words used in other languages, below is a brief list of Non-English words for editions with
872 Citing Medicine

Danish oplag n.a.
udgave
Dutch uitgave uitg.
editie ed.
French edition ed.
Auflage Aufl.
Greek ekdosis ekd.
utgave utg.
publikacija publ.
Spanish edicion ed.
publicacion publ.

Place of Publication for Individual Prints and Photographs (required)

• Place is defined as the city where the print or photograph was published

• Non-US cities

Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
Montreal (QC):
Ottawa (ON):
Vancouver (BC):
London:
Rome:
Paris:
Madrid:
but
874 Citing Medicine


• If no place of publication can be found on the print or photograph, but one can be reasonably inferred
(e.g., Chicago as the place for a publication of the American Medical Association), place the city in square
brackets, such as [Chicago].
Kennedy RA. [Christian B. Anfinsen] [photograph]. [Bethesda (MD)]: National Institutes of Health
(US), Photographic Research Section; [1952?]. 1 print: black & white.
Blossom D. Tufts University School of Medicine [photograph]. [place unknown]: E.R. Squibb &
Sons; c1966. 1 photograph: color, 11 x 14 in.

Publisher for Individual Prints and Photographs (required)



Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Ltd. for Limited
Soc. for Society
See Appendix C for more abbreviations of commonly used English words
all references.

language

876 Citing Medicine
[Note that the concept of capitalization does not exist in Chinese. Therefore in transliterating Chinese
publisher names only the first word and proper nouns are capitalized.]
the names in hierarchical order from highest to lowest.
Lopez Pinero;
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
brackets.
Appendix D)

Printing Office (GPO) and the National Technical Information Service (NTIS). Designate the agency or
other organization that issued the print or photograph as the publisher and include distributor
information as a note, preceded by "Available from: ".
Tips to protect children from environmental risks [poster]. Washington: Environmental Protection
Agency (US); [2002?]. 1 poster: color, 5.75 x 9.75 in. Available from: US Government Printing Office;
EP 1.48:T 49/CHART.

Spellman DD. [Hugo A. Freund] [photograph]. Detroit: [publisher unknown]; c1948. 1 photograph:
black & white.

21. Print or photograph publisher with subsidiary department/division named
Date of Publication for Individual Prints and Photographs (required)


878 Citing Medicine

• Capitalize them
For example:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

• Capitalize them
For example:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring

Some publications have both a year of publication and a year of copyright. A copyright date is identified by the
• Use only the year of publication unless three or more years separates the two dates
• In the above situation, use both dates, beginning with the year of publication
• Separate the dates by a comma and a space. For example, 2002, c1997.
This convention alerts a user that the information in the publication is older than the year of publication implies.

Connecticut School of Medicine, Section of Medical Arts & Letters; c1988. 1 poster: color, 21 x 14 in.

material contained on the item itself or on accompanying material, place a question mark after the
Kennedy RA. [Christian B. Anfinsen] [photograph]. [Bethesda (MD): National Institutes of Health
(US), Photographic Research Section; [1952?]. 1 print: black & white.
• If a specific year cannot be estimated, but an approximate date or range of years can be reasonably
inferred, precede the date or date range with the word "circa" and place date information in square
brackets. For example, circa 1800 and circa 1950s.
First aid packet: first aid help for wounds [print]. [place unknown: publisher unknown; circa 1900].
Located at: Prints and Photographs Collection, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; Order
No.: A022483.
[date unknown]
[Martin Freligh][print]. Philadelphia: Galaxy Pub. Co.; [date unknown]. 1 print: black & white.

The date of publication may follow the author names (or title if there is no author) in the list of references when
the name-year system of in-text references is used
• Place the year after the last named author (or title and type of medium if there is no author), followed by a
period
NLM citation:
The world's debt to Pasteur [poster]. Edition: 1000. Philadelphia: Wistar Institute; c1984. 1 poster:
color, 9 x 13 in.
Observation of bacterial growths in medium to study their effects on teeth [photograph]. [Bethesda
(MD)]: National Institute of Dental Research (US); [date unknown]. 1 photograph: black & white, 8
x 10 in.

880 Citing Medicine

Day J. 1988. Dying before their time: early death & AIDS [poster]. Farmington (CT): University of
Connecticut School of Medicine, Section of Medical Arts & Letters. 1 poster: color, 14 x 21 in.
The world's debt to Pasteur [poster]. c1984. Edition: 1000. Philadelphia: Wistar Institute. 1 poster:
color, 9 x 13 in.
Observation of bacterial growths in medium to study their effects on teeth [photograph]. [date
unknown]. [Bethesda (MD)]: National Institute of Dental Research (US). 1 photograph: black &
white, 8 x 10 in.

26. Print or photograph with date of copyright instead of date of publication
Physical Description for Individual Prints and Photographs (optional)

• Give the physical characteristics of the print, photograph, etc., such as 1 photograph: black & white, 8 x 10
in.


1 photograph:
3 posters:
measurement, such as in. for inches and cm. for centimeters. Separate types of information by commas.
color
black & white
8 x 10 in. (size)
21 x 26 cm. (size)
1 print: color, 9 x 14 in.
1 poster: color, 51 x 76 cm.
1 poster: black & white with color, 12 x 19 in.
1 photograph: color, 11 x 14 in.
1 photograph: black & white, 8 x 10 in.

Series for Individual Prints and Photographs (optional)

number.
Examples for Series

Language for Individual Prints and Photographs (required)

• Give the language of the print, photograph, etc., if not English

• Titles appearing in more than one language
Box 35. Titles appearing in more than one language.

• If a print or photograph has titles appearing in two or more equal languages, give the titles in the order
they are presented in the text, with an equals sign between them
• Indicate the particular languages, separated by a comma, after the physical description
882 Citing Medicine
• End language information with a period

Examples:
Boillard J, artist; Booth T, sculptor. Assemblee des vieux garcons = The assembly of old batchelors
[print]. London: Bowles & Carver; [date unknown]. 1 print: color, 16 x 22 cm. French, English.
Padey G, Auberson G. Parlons sante! = Let's talk health! = ¡Hablemos de la salud! = Falemos da
saude! [poster]. Geneva: World Health Organization; [date unknown]. 1 poster: color, 42 x 60 cm.
French, English, Spanish, Portuguese.

Notes for Individual Prints and Photographs (optional)

• Be brief

• Information on the location of the print or photograph
Box 36. Information on the location of the print or photograph.

• If the print or photograph is unusual, give the name of a library or other archive where it may be found,
including the city, the state/province/country, and any catalog or other finding number
• Begin with the phrase "Located at" followed by a colon and a space
Example:
Lamsvelt J. Johan Freyer [print]. [place, publisher, date unknown]. 1 print: black & white. Located at:
Prints and Photographs Collection, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; Order No.
B012357.

• The notes element may be used to provide any information that the compiler of the reference feels is useful
to the reader. Begin by citing the print or photograph, then add the note. Some examples of notes are:
⚬ The name of the printer
Nunney, artist. Learning to be doctors in Fiji [poster]. New York: British Information Services;
[date unknown]. 1 poster: color, 51 x 76 cm. Printed by Alf Cooke Ltd.
⚬ If the print or photograph was sponsored by or prepared for a particular organization, give the
name
Baron DA, photographer. Would you be more careful if it was you that got pregnant? [poster].
California: Pharmacists Planning Service, Inc.; c1986. 1 poster: halftone, 11 x 17 in. Sponsored
by Clinica de la Raza, Oakland, California.
⚬ If the print or photograph contains material of particular interest to the audience that may not be
apparent from the title, describe it
Spellman DD. [Hugo A. Freund] [photograph]. Detroit: [publisher unknown]; c1948. 1
photograph: black & white. Autographed; letter attached.
[Floor plans for laboratory] [print]. [Washington]: Army (US), Office of the Surgeon-General;
[date unknown]. 1 print: black & white, 7 x 9 in. G12 surgical building for 2000 bed hospital.
Jenner E. [The hand Jenner used as a source for his vaccine] [print]. Milan (Italy): Lier; 1923. 1
print: black & white. Facsimile of 1798 edition.
Examples for Notes

32. Print or photograph with the name of library or other archive included
Examples of Citations to Individual Prints and Photographs

Day J. Dying before their time: early death & AIDS [poster]. Farmington (CT): University of Connecticut School
of Medicine, Section of Medical Arts & Letters; 1988. 1 poster: color, 14 x 21 in.

Netter, Frank H. [Interior view of the ear] [poster]. Summit (NJ): Ciba; [date unknown]. 1 poster: color, 39 x 27
in.

Nunney, artist. Learning to be doctors in Fiji [poster]. New York: British Information Services; [date unknown].
Vedin A, Maliutina O, artists. Prichina-alkogol' [poster]. Moscow: Izdatel'stvo Plakat; c1990. 1 poster: color, 66 x
48 cm. Russian.
Ridley W, engraver. Harvey [print]. London: [publisher unknown]; 1796 May 7. 1 print: black & white, 3 x 5 in.
Baron DA, photographer. Would you be more careful if it was you that got pregnant? [poster]. California:
Pharmacists Planning Service, Inc.; c1986. 1 poster: halftone, 11 x 17 in.
884 Citing Medicine

Walter, engraver. John F. Frazer, A.M. [print]. Philadelphia: Harrison; [date unknown]. 1 print: black & white, 7 x
10 in.
Nunney, artist. Learning to be doctors in Fiji [poster]. New York: British Information Services; [date unknown].

Vedin A, Maliutina O. Prichina-alkogol' [poster]. Moscow: Izdatel'stvo Plakat; c1990. 1 poster: color, 66 x 48 cm.
Russian.
Padey G, Auberson G. Parlons sante! = Let's talk health! = !Hablemos de la salud! = Falemos da saude! [poster].
Geneva: World Health Organization; [date unknown]. 1 poster: color, 42 x 60 cm. French, English, Spanish,
Portuguese.

Sokolov IS, author; Ivanov KK, artist. Stydno, diadia! [For shame, uncle!] [poster]. Moscow: Ministerstvo
Zdravookhraneniia SSSR, Institut Sanitarnogo Prosveshcheniia; 1964. 1 poster: color, 56 x 43 cm. Russian.

College des Ondes. Le sida se transmet aussi de cette facon [AIDS is transmitted by this behavior] [poster].
[Mauritius]: Mauritius Ministere de la Sante, Health Education Unit; [date unknown]. 1 poster: color, 12 x 19 in.
French.

Observation of bacterial growths in medium to study their effects on teeth [photograph]. [Bethesda (MD)]:
National Institute of Dental Research (US); [date unknown]. 1 photograph: black & white, 8 x 10 in.
[Floor plans for laboratory] [print]. [Washington]: Army (US), Office of the Surgeon-General; [date unknown].
1 print: black & white, 7 x 9 in.

Joseph N (Smart + Strong, New York, NY). Let's talk [poster]. [Washington]: Pan American Health
Organization; 1999. 1 poster: color, 18 x 24 in.

Help wanted: set your own hours [poster]. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US); [date unknown]. 1
poster: color, 17 x 22 in.

AIDS is over, right? [poster]. New York: Visual AIDS; 1998. 1 poster: color, 24 x 35 in.
Gillray J. The cow pock-or-the wonderful effects of the new inoculation! [print]. London: H. Humphrey; 1802
Jun 12. 1 print: color, 9 x 14 in.
Sokolov IS, author; Ivanov KK, artist. Stydno, diadia! [For shame, uncle!] [poster]. Moscow: Ministerstvo
Zdravookhraneniia SSSR, Institut Sanitarnogo Prosveshcheniia; 1964. 1 poster: color, 56 x 43 cm. Russian.

Kennedy RA. [Christian B. Anfinsen] [photograph]. [Bethesda (MD)]: National Institutes of Health (US),
Photographic Research Section; [1952?]. 1 print: black & white, 10 x 8 in.
[Portrait of five African American female nurses in uniform, circa 1920] [photograph]. [New York]: National
League for Nursing Press; c1991. 1 photograph: black & white, 8 x 10 in.

Le soleil peut etre dangereux: travail ou loisirs, protegez-vous [poster]. Paris: Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer;
1992. 1 poster: color, 12 x 16 in. French.
Diesen H. Rus fri [poster]. Norway: Statens Edruskapsdirektorat; [date unknown]. 1 poster: color, 60 x 42 cm.
Norwegian.
Drug vodki--vrag profsoiuza [print]. Moscow: Narkomzdrava R.S.F.S.R.; 1926. 1 poster: color, 71 x 105 cm.
Russian.
with translation
Le soleil peut etre dangereux: travail ou loisirs, protegez-vous [The sun can be dangerous: at work or play, protect
yourself] [poster]. Paris: Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer; 1992. 1 poster: color, 12 x 16 in. French.
Diesen H. Rus fri [Intoxication free] [poster]. Norway: Statens Edruskapsdirektorat; [date unknown]. 1 poster:
color, 60 x 42 cm. Norwegian.
Drug vodki--vrag profsoiuza [Friend of vodka--enemy of the trade union] [print]. Moscow: Narkomzdrava
R.S.F.S.R.; 1926. 1 poster: color, 71 x 105 cm. Russian.
Boillard J, artist. Assemblee des vieux garcons = The assembly of old batchelors [print]. London: Bowles &
Carver; [date unknown]. 1 print: color, 16 x 22 cm. French, English.
Girardet E. La consultation = Die consultation [print]. Paris: Lemercier; [date unknown]. 1 print: color, 28 x 24
cm. French, German.
Padey G, Auberson G. Parlons sante! = Let's talk health! = !Hablemos de la salud! = Falemos da saude! [poster].
Geneva: World Health Organization; [date unknown]. 1 poster: color, 42 x 60 cm. French, English, Spanish,
Portuguese.
Morris, artist. Tobacco or health: choose health = Le tabac ou la sante: choisissez la sante = Tabaco o salud: elija
la salud [poster]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1988. 1 poster: color, 42 x 30 cm. English, French,
Spanish.

Geriatric assessment methods for clinical decisionmaking [poster]. Consensus Development Conference on
Geriatric Assessment Methods; 1987 Oct 19-21; Bethesda, MD. Bethesda (MD): National Institutes of Health
(US), Medical Arts and Photography Branch; 1987. 1 poster: color, 27 x 32 in.
Congreso Nacional y Primera Conferencia Internacional de Salud Oral [National Congress and 1st International
Conference on Oral Health] [poster]. Lima (Peru): Colegio Odontologico del Peru; 1971. 1 poster: color, 21 x 27
in. Spanish.
886 Citing Medicine

The world's debt to Pasteur [poster]. Edition: 1000. Philadelphia: Wistar Institute; c1984. 1 poster: color, 9 x 13
in.

The heifer from which the vaccine matter is taken [print]. New York: Harper & Brothers; 1870. 1 print: black &
white, 10 x 8 in.
Le soleil peut etre dangereux: travail ou loisirs, protegez-vous [The sun can be dangerous: at work or play, protect
yourself] [poster]. Paris: Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer; 1992. 1 poster: color, 12 x 16 in. French.

Stoepman F. From witchdoctor to MD: a review of more than 20 centuries of medical skill--of the scholars, the
diseases and the sick--of the world around them [poster]. Haarlem (Netherlands): The Halls; 1972. 1 poster:
color, 21 x 31 in.


Blossom D. Tufts University School of Medicine [photograph]. [place unknown]: E.R. Squibb & Sons; c1966. 1
photograph: color, 11 x 14 in.
Thom RA. Pharmacy in Ancient China (about 2000 B.C.) [print]. [place unknown]: Parke Davis & Company;
1951. 1 print: color, 8 1/2 x 11 in.
21. Print or photograph publisher with subsidiary department/division

named
Marasmus baby [poster]. Lilongwe (Malawi): Malawi Ministry of Health, Health Education Section; 1988. 1
poster: black & white, 11 x 23 in.

[Floor plans for laboratory] [print]. [Washington]: Army (US), Office of the Surgeon-General; [date unknown].
1 print: black & white, 7 x 9 in.

Spellman DD. [Hugo A. Freund] [photograph]. Detroit: [publisher unknown]; 1948 Feb. 1 photograph: black &
white, 8 x 11 in.

Kyllingstad H. Indian hospital [photograph]. [place unknown: publisher unknown]; 1951. 1 photograph: black &
white, 7 x 9 in.
Eareckson CN. [Dr. Harry Friedenwald] [photograph]. [place unknown: publisher unknown]; 1928. 1
photograph: black & white, 5 x 8 in.

Ridley W, engraver. Harvey [print]. London: [publisher unknown]; 1796 May 7. 1 print: black & white, 3 x 5 in.
26. Print or photograph with date of copyright instead of date of

publication
Vedin A, Maliutina O. Prichina-alkogol [poster]. Moscow: Izdatel'stvo Plakat; c1990. 1 poster: color, 66 x 48 cm.
Russian.

Kennedy RA. [Christian B. Anfinsen] [photograph]. [Bethesda (MD)]: National Institutes of Health (US),
Photographic Research Section; [1952?]. 1 print: black & white, 10 x 8 in.
First aid packet: first aid help for wounds [photograph]. [place unknown: publisher unknown; circa 1900]. 1
photograph: black & white, 5 x 6 in. Located at: Prints and Photographs Collection, National Library of
Medicine, Bethesda, MD; Order No.: A022483.

Darbois D. [A young boy in Japan with polio] [photograph]. [Geneva]: World Health Organization; [date
unknown]. 1 photograph: black & white, 7 x 10 in.
M Freligh [print]. Philadelphia: Galaxy Pub. Co.; [date unknown]. 1 print: black & white, 6 x 9 in. Portrait of
Martin Freligh.
29. Print or photograph with no place, publisher, or date of publication

found
Johan Freyer [print]. [place, publisher, date unknown]. 1 print: black & white, 6 x 7 in. Located at: Prints and
Photographs Collection, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; Order No. B012357.
Berry T, engraver. John Gerarde: master in chirurgerie [print]. [place, publisher, date unknown]. 1 print: black &
white, 6 x 8 in. Located at: Prints and Photographs Collection, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD;
Order No. B012807.
888 Citing Medicine

white, 7 x 9 in.
[Men in uniform] [print]. New York: G.W. Averell; 1875. 1 print: sepia, 10 x 12 in.
Vedin A, Maliutina O. Prichina-alkogol' [poster]. Moscow: Izdatel'stvo Plakat; c1990. 1 poster: color, 66 x 48 cm.
Russian.

1951. 1 print: color, 8 1/2 x 11 in. (A history of pharmacy in pictures; 3).
32. Print or photograph with the name of library or other archive

included
Johan Freyer [print]. [place, publisher, date unknown]. 1 print: black & white. Located at: Prints and
Photographs Collection, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; Order No. B012357.

Riley J, artist. [John Freke] [print]. [place unknown: publisher unknown]; 1718. 1 print: black & white, 6 x 9 in.
From a sculpture by Vertue.
1951. 1 print: color, 8 1/2 x 11 in. (A history of pharmacy in pictures; 3). Shows Shen Nung, a Chinese emperor,
examining herbs.
white, 7 x 9 in. Taken at the Santa Fe Indian Hospital, New Mexico.
Baron DA, photographer. Would you be more careful if it was you that got pregnant? [poster]. California:
Pharmacists Planning Service, Inc.; c1986. 1 poster: halftone, 11 x 17 in. Sponsored by Clinica de la Raza,
Oakland, California.
Spellman DD. [Hugo A. Freund] [photograph]. Detroit: [publisher unknown]; 1948 Feb. 1 photograph: black &
white, 8 x 11 in. Autographed; letter attached.
[The hand Jenner used as a source for his vaccine] [print]. Milan (Italy): Lier; 1923. 1 print: black & white.
Facsimile of 1798 drawing by Jenner.
B. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Collections of

Prints and Photographs
The general format for a reference to a collection of prints and photographs, including punctuation:
Examples of Citations to Collections of Prints and Photographs

Prints and photographs may be cited as individual items or as collections. In the rules section below, information
on citing collections is placed after the rules for citing an individual print or photograph.
Titles for collections are unusual in that they are assigned by the library or other archive housing the collection.
Although collection titles are constructed, they are not placed within square brackets as are constructed titles for
an individual print or photograph. Other areas of difference include:
• Range of dates for the collection is provided instead of a single date of publication.
• Place of publication and publisher information is absent.
• Name of the library or archive housing the collection is required in the citation.
Note that most example citations in this chapter are from the Prints and Photographs Collection of the National
Library of Medicine. Since the Collection is housed organizationally within the Library's History of Medicine
Division, many items are historical in nature. However, the rules provided are applicable to contemporary
material.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Collections of Prints and Photographs
Continue to Examples of Citations to Collections of Prints and Photographs
Citation Rules with Examples for Collections of Prints and

Photographs
Author (artist or photographer) (R) | Author Affiliation (O) | Title (R) | Type of Medium (R) | Secondary Author
(O) | Date of Publication (R) | Physical Description (O) | Library or Other Archive Where Located (R) |
Language (R) | Notes (O)
Author (artist or photographer) for Collections (required)

General Rules for Author (artist or photographer)
surname
• End author information with a period unless the author role is included (see Author role included below)
890 Citing Medicine
Box 45. Author role included.

• Supply the role played by the author, such as artist, engraver, or photographer, following the author name,
if desired. Note that a printer is not considered an author.
• Separate the name from the role by a comma and a space
Examples:
Tabor M, photographer.
Riley J, artist.
• If there are multiple authors with differing roles, separate each author name and role with a semicolon and
a space
Sokolov IS, author; Ivanov KK, artist.
• Translate the word found for author, artist, engraver, photographer, or other role into English whenever
• To assist in identifying author roles in other languages, below is a brief list of non-English words for them:
Word for Word for
Language Word for Author Word for Artist Photographer Word for Engraver Illustrator
French auteur artiste photographe graveur illustrateur
graphiste photograveur
German Verfasser Artist Fotograf Graveur Illustrator
Kunstler Kupferstecher
Grafiker Ziseleur
Italian autore artista fotografa incisore disegnatore
graphico fotografo Intagliatore
fotoincisore
Latin auctor pinx fecit
conditor
scriptor
Spanish autor artista fotografo grabador ilustrador
pintor fotografa
pintora
Russian avtor khudozhnik fotograf graver konstruktor
sostavitel
Specific Rules for Author (artist or photographer)

(Chinese, Japanese)
• Author role included
• Compiler instead of an author

Estelle Palmer-Canton; becomes Palmer-Canton E
Ahmed El-Assmy; becomes El-Assmy A
Alan D. O'Brien; becomes O'Brien AD
James O. L'Esperance; becomes L'Esperance JO
U. S'adeh; becomes S'adeh U
Charles A. St. James; becomes St James CA

Lama Al Bassit; becomes Al Bassit L
Jiddeke M. van de Kamp; becomes van de Kamp JM
Gerard de Pouvourville; becomes de Pouvourville G
Sergio Lopez Moreno; becomes Lopez Moreno S
Jaime Mier y Teran; becomes Mier y Teran J
Virginie Halley des Fontaines; becomes Halley des Fontaines V
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
892 Citing Medicine
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

Jean-Louis Lagrot; becomes Lagrot JL
particle
D'Arcy Hart; becomes Hart D
W. St. John Patterson; becomes Patterson WS
De la Broquerie Fortier; becomes Fortier D
Craig McC. Brooks; becomes Brooks CM
abbreviation.
Ch. Wunderly; becomes Wunderly C
C. Fr. Erdman; becomes Erdman CF
James A. Reed, M.D., F.R.C.S.; becomes Reed JA

Kristine Schmidt, Ph.D.; becomes Schmidt K
Robert V. Lang, Major, US Army; becomes Lang RV
Sir Frances Hildebrand; becomes Hildebrand F
Dr. Jane Eberhard; becomes Eberhard J
Captain R.C. Williams; becomes Williams RC

Examples:
Vincent T. DeVita, Jr.; becomes DeVita VT Jr
James G. Jones II; becomes Jones JG 2nd
John A. Adams III; becomes Adams JA 3rd
Henry B. Cooper IV; becomes Cooper HB 4th
letter
Å treated as A
894 Citing Medicine
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

author.
The American Cancer Society; becomes American Cancer Society
Working Group.
(see Appendix D)
• If both individuals and an organization or organizations appear as authors, use the names of the
individuals as the author and give the organization at the end of the reference as a note
Italian, Spanish, German, Swedish, etc.) as they appear on the publication. Whenever possible
brackets.
or
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
896 Citing Medicine
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
Box 46. Compiler instead of an author.

A compiler is someone who collects and organizes the work of others.
• Place the name of a compiler in the author position when the collection consists of the works of various
individuals or organizations
• Follow the same rules as used for author names
• Separate the names of multiple compilers with a comma
• Follow the name of a single compiler or the last named compiler with a comma and the word compiler or
compilers
• End compiler information with a period
Example:
Kase G, compiler. Mt. Airy Forest collection [prints + slides]. 1928-1954. 549 prints: black & white, 9
x 15 cm.; 64 slides: color, 2 x 2 in. Located at: Cincinnati Historical Society Library, Cincinnati, OH.
• If there are both an author and a compiler, place the compiler in the secondary author position, following
the title and type of medium

• If no person or organization can be identified as the author, begin the reference with the title of the print
or photograph. Do not use anonymous.

• The following format is not NLM practice for citing authors of collections, but the full names of authors
may be given
Takagi, Yasushi.
Mann, Frederick D.
Examples for Author (artist or photographer)

1. Print and photograph collections
Author Affiliation for Collections (optional)

country
PA)


Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Soc. for Society
all references.
898 Citing Medicine

Example:
Patrias K (National Library of Medicine, Bethesda MD. patrias@nlm.nih.gov).

Takamatsu, Japan).
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

Wien becomes Vienna

Title for Collections (required)

• Enter the title of the collection as assigned by the holder of the collection
• Use a colon followed by a space to separate a title from a subtitle, unless another form of punctuation such
as a question mark, period, or an exclamation point is already present


Because the title of a collection is assigned by the library or other archive housing the collection, the title will be
in the language of the country where the library or archive is located, regardless of the language of the materials
contained in the collection.
900 Citing Medicine
To cite a collection in a non-English speaking country:

square brackets.
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
square brackets
von Willebrand disease as depicted in the early twentieth century [prints].
Synthesis of β-amino acids at the Karolinska Institute [photographs].

may become
Synthesis of beta-amino acids at the Karolinska Institute [photographs].
TiO2 coatings developed at the California Institute of Technology [prints].
may become
TiO(2) coatings developed at the California Institute of Technology [prints].
Examples for Title

Type of Medium for Collections (required)

• Indicate the specific type of medium (prints, photographs, posters, etc.) of the items in the collection
following the title
• Place the name of the medium in square brackets and end with a period, such as "[photographs]."
• Add information about the medium according to the instructions under Physical Description for
Collections


Collections may contain more than one type of medium.
• Place the types in square brackets after the title
• Separate the types by a plus sign (+) between spaces
Example:
Visual materials from the Blackwell family papers [slides + prints]. 1840-circa 1935. 171 items: 28 x
23 cm. or smaller. Located at: Prints & Photographs Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC;
LOT 13267. Collection contains chiefly lantern slides and photographic prints.

902 Citing Medicine
Secondary Author for Collections (optional)

• A secondary author modifies the work of the author, such as the compiler of a collection
• Place the names of secondary authors after the title, following the type of medium
• Use the same rules for the format of names presented in Author (artist or photographer) for Collections
above
• Follow the last named compiler with a comma and the word compiler or compilers


• Translate the word found for compiler, editor, translator, or other secondary author into English whenever
possible. However, the wording found on the print, photograph, or accompanying material may always be
used.
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
⚬ To assist in identifying secondary authors, below is a brief list of non-English words for them
Language Word for Compiler Word for Editor Word for Translator Word for Illustrator
French compilateur redacteur traducteur illustrateur
editeur

Language Word for Compiler Word for Editor Word for Translator Word for Illustrator
German zusammensteller redakteur ubersetzer illustrator
Italian compilatore redattore traduttore disegnatore
curatore
editore
Spanish recopilador redactor traductor ilustrador
compilador editor
Russian sostavitel' redaktor perevodchik konstruktor
izdatel
Date of Publication for Collections (required)

• Give the date range of the items in the collection
• Enter the earliest date of publication, a hyphen, and the latest date of publication. For example: 2000-2005.
• Follow the last year with a period

• Date estimated
Box 57. Date estimated.

• If neither a date of publication nor a date of copyright can be found for items in a collection, but dates can
be estimated because of material contained on the items themselves or on accompanying material, place a
question mark after the estimated date
1942-1945?
• If a specific year cannot be estimated, but an approximate date or range of years can be reasonably
inferred, precede the date or date range with the word "circa", such as circa 1800 and circa 1950s
circa 1900-1920
circa 1960s
Example:
Examples for Date

904 Citing Medicine
Physical Description for Collections (optional)

• Give information on the total number and physical characteristics of the prints, photographs, etc., in the
collection, such as 16 photographs: black & white, 8 x 10 in. or smaller.


325 photographs:
32 posters:
measurement, such as in. for inches and cm. for centimeters. Separate types of information by commas.
color
black & white
8 x 10 in. (size)
21 x 26 cm. (size)
155 photographs: black & white.
420 prints: black & white and color, 13 x 17 in. or smaller.
51 posters: color, 27 x 32 in.

Collections may contain more than one type of medium.
• Place the types in square brackets after the title
• Separate the types by a plus sign (+) between spaces
Example:

Library or Other Archive Where Located for Collections (required)

General Rules for Library or Other Archive
• Give the name of the library or archive, preceded by any subsidiary division, and followed by a comma
and a space. For example: Prints and Photographs Collection, National Library of Medicine.
province; add the country if not the US or Canada, either written out or as the two-letter ISO country code
(see Appendix D)
• Enter a semicolon and any identifying number for the collection
Specific Rules for Library or Other Archive


• Provide the name in the original language for non-English names found in the roman alphabet (primarily
Bibliotheque Nationale de France
• Romanize (write in the roman alphabet) names in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, or Korean. A good
Biblioteka, Academia de Stiinte Medicale
• Romanize or translate names in character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese). Place translated names in
square brackets.
Kokuritsu Kobunshokan
or
[National Archives]
• Provide an English translation after the original language name if possible; place translation in square
brackets.
Biblioteka, Academia de Stiinte Medicale [Library, Academy of Medical Sciences]
Kokuritsu Kobunshokan [National Archives]
906 Citing Medicine
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

Montreal, QC
Ottawa, ON
Vancouver, BC
all references.
Examples for Library or Other Archive

Language for Collections (required)

• Give the language of the collection, if not English

• Collections with items appearing in more than one language
Box 60. Collections with items appearing in more than one language.
• If the items in a print or photograph collection have text in two or more languages, indicate the languages
in the order they are presented, separated by a comma, after date range (and the physical description, if
present)
• End language information with a period
Example:
Spanish Civil War poster collection [posters]. 1936-1939. 123 posters: color, 161 x 213 cm. or smaller.
Located at: Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC; Card No.
2001697400. Spanish, English, Esperanto, French. Many artists are represented. Among the more
notable or frequently represented artists are: Jose Bardasano, Carles Fontsere, Aleix Hinsberger, and
Ramon Puyol.

Notes for Collections (optional)

• Be brief

• Types of material to include in notes
Box 63. Types of material to include in notes.

• The notes element may be used to provide any information that the compiler of the reference feels is useful
to the reader
⚬ Begin by citing the print or photograph collection, then add the note
⚬ End with a period
• Some examples of notes for collections are:
908 Citing Medicine
⚬ Details on the type of prints or other media

Collection contains engravings, etchings, lithographs.
⚬ Subject content if not evident from the title
Photographs depict contemporary health care professionals at work.
⚬ Unusual or special aspects of the collection
Many artists are represented. Among the more notable or frequently represented artists are:
Jose Bardasano, Carles Fontsere, Aleix Hinsberger, and Ramon Puyol.
⚬ Any restrictions on viewing the collection placed on it by the library or archive
Available by appointment only.
Examples for Notes

Examples of Citations to Collections of Prints and Photographs

Tabor M. Martha Tabor collection [photographs]. 1985-2006. 155 photographs: black & white. Located at: Prints
and Photographs Collection, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD. Photographs depict contemporary
health care professionals at work.
Spanish Civil War poster collection [posters]. 1936-1939. 123 posters: color, 213 x 161 cm. or smaller. Located at:
Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC; Card No. 2001697400. Spanish,
English, Esperanto, French. Many artists are represented. Among the more notable or frequently represented
artists are: Jose Bardasano, Carles Fontsere, Aleix Hinsberger, and Ramon Puyol.
Patent medicine labels and advertisements [prints]. 1830-1985. 420 prints: black & white and color, 13 x 17 in. or
smaller. Located at: Prints & Photographs Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC; LOT 10632.
Collection contains engravings, etchings, lithographs.
Visual materials from the Blackwell family papers [slides + prints]. 1840-circa 1935. 171 items: 28 x 23 cm. or
smaller. Located at: Prints & Photographs Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC; LOT 13267.
Collection contains chiefly lantern slides and photographic prints.
Kase G, compiler (Board of Park Commissioners, Cincinnati, OH). Mt. Airy Forest collection [prints + slides].
1928-1954. 549 prints: black & white, 9 x 15 cm.; 64 slides: color, 2 x 2 in. Located at: Cincinnati Historical
Society Library, Cincinnati, OH.
909
Citing Material on CD-ROM,

DVD, or Disk
910 Citing Medicine
911
Chapter 18. Books and Other Individual Titles on CD-ROM, DVD,

or Disk

• Examples
See also:
Chapter 2 Books
Chapter 22 Books and Other Individual Titles on the Internet
Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Entire Books and

Other Individual Titles on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk
The general format for a reference to an entire book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk, including punctuation:
Examples of Citations to Books and Other Individual Titles on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk
A book or other type of monograph on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk is cited in a way similar to such books
appearing in print, with these exceptions:
• Because special equipment is needed to view these materials, the type of medium (CD-ROM, DVD, disk)
is placed in square brackets after the title.
• If the CD-ROM, DVD, or disk has been updated or revised since the initial date of publication, the date of
update/revision is added in square brackets after the date of publication.
• Extent (pagination) is given in terms of the number and type of physical pieces, such as 1 DVD or 2 CD-
ROMs.
• Physical description such as color and size may be added after the extent.
• System requirements such as the names and versions of any required software may be included as a note.
The authoritative source for information to use in a citation for a book is, in order of preference: the opening
screen(s); the face of the CD-ROM, DVD, or disk; the jewel case (carrying case); and accompanying print
documentation.
912 Citing Medicine
While all books have elements in common for citation purposes (such as author, title, publisher information,
and date), specific types of monographs have additional elements. For example, technical report citations should
include report and contract numbers and bibliography citations should include the time period covered and the
number of references included. Citation examples for such specific types of books are included below, but refer
to the chapters covering these publications for more detail.
Parts and Contributions to Books on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk
This chapter includes citation rules for entire books on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk. For citing parts or
contributions to these books, combine the guidelines presented in this chapter with those in Chapter 2B
Individual Volumes of Books (Chapter 2B(1) Volumes With a Separate Title but Without Separate Authors/
Editors or Chapter 2B(2) Volumes With a Separate Title and Separate Authors/Editors), Chapter 2C Parts of
Books, and Chapter 2D Contributions to Books. See also examples 44-45 below.
content of a publication:
• Begin a reference to a part of a book with information about the book; follow it with the information
about the part
and information about the book itself.
As when citing parts and contributions to print books, provide the length of the part or contribution to a book
on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk whenever possible. If traditional page numbers are not present, calculate the extent
of the part or contribution using the best means possible, i.e., number of paragraphs, screens, pages if printed
out, or minutes if an oral presentation. Since screen size and print fonts vary, precede the estimated number of
screens and pages with the word about and place extent information in square brackets, such as [about 3
screens]. For parts and contributions that contain hyperlinks, however, such as the last sample citation in
example 44, it will not be possible to provide the length.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Books and Other Individual Titles on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Books and Other Individual Titles on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk.
Citation Rules with Examples for Books and Other Individual

Titles on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk
Date of Update/Revision (R) | Extent (Pagination) (O) | Physical Description (O) | Series (O) | Language (R) |
Notes (O)
Author/Editor for Books on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (required)

• List names in the order they appear on the opening screens, the jewel case (carrying case), or in
accompanying material
Books and Other Individual Titles on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk 913
surname

(Chinese, Japanese)


914 Citing Medicine

[If you cannot determine from the opening screens whether a surname is compound or a
combination of a middle name and a surname, look elsewhere in the text or in any accompanying
material for clarification. For example, Elizabeth Scott Parker may be interpreted to be Parker ES or
Scott Parker E.]
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

particle

abbreviation.


Examples:
916 Citing Medicine
letter
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

always be used.
French redacteur
editeur
German redakteur


herausgeber
Italian redattore
curatore
editore
Russian redaktor
izdatel
Spanish redactor
editor

author.
Working Group.
(see Appendix D)
the names of the individuals as the author and give the organization at the end of the reference as a note, if
desired
918 Citing Medicine
Chemistry.
Italian, Spanish, German, etc.) as they appear in the publication. Whenever possible follow a non-
English name with a translation. Place all translations in square brackets.
brackets.
or
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

the reference with the title. Do not use anonymous.
Typhoid Mary, the most dangerous woman in America [DVD]. Nancy Porter Productions, Inc.,
producer. Boston: WGBH Educational Foundation; c2005. 1 DVD: 60 min., sound, color, 4 3/4 in.


1. Standard citation to a book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk
2. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk showing authors with optional full first names
3. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with author/editor name including designations of rank within a
family
4. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with authors/editors having particles or prefixes in their names
5. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with authors/editors having compound last names
6. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with secondary authors when there is no author
7. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with author(s) and secondary authors
920 Citing Medicine
8. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with organization as author/editor

9. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with organization as author, with subsidiary department/division
named
10. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with multiple organizations as author
11. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with no authors or editors
Author Affiliation for Books on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (optional)

country
PA)


Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Soc. for Society

all references.

Example:

alphabet (primarily European languages, such as French, German, Spanish, Italian, etc.)
Rebora P, Reina G.
922 Citing Medicine

Mandelshtam MY.
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

Wien becomes Vienna

12. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with author affiliation included
Title for Books on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (required)

• Enter the book title as it appears on the opening screens, in the original language

• Book titles in more than one language
• Translated book titles ending in punctuation other than a period
• Book titles containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special character
• No book title can be found

• Give the title in the original language for non-English titles found in the roman alphabet (primarily
European languages, such as French, German, Spanish, Italian, etc.)
Lopez Pinero JM, Jerez Moliner F. Atlas historico de la ilustracion anatomica: desde el Renacimiento
al Siglo XX [CD-ROM]. Valencia (Spain): Faximil Edicions Digitales; c2003. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in.
Spanish.
Pruvodce Zdravotnickym muzeem v Praze s obrazovou galerii sbirek [CD-ROM]. Prague: Koniasch
Latin Press; 1999. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in. Czech.
square brackets.
Zhongguo sheng wu yi xue wen xian shu ju ku [CD-ROM]. Beijing: Zhongguo yi xue ke xue yuan, Yi
xue xin xi yan jiu suo; [1993?]. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in. Chinese.
or
[Chinese biomedical disk] [CD-ROM]. Beijing: Zhongguo yi xue ke xue yuan, Yi xue xin xi yan jiu
suo; [1993?]. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in. Chinese.
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
924 Citing Medicine
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
Hager H. Ophthalmodynamographie: eine neue augenarztliche Methode zur Beurteilung des
Gehirnkrei slaufes [DVD]. Tubingen (Germany): Eberhard-Karls-Universitat; 1968. 1 DVD: 16 min.,
sound, color, 4 3/4 in. German.
square brackets
al Siglo XX [Historical atlas of medical illustration: from the Renaissance to the 20th century] [CD-
ROM]. Valencia (Spain): Faximil Edicions Digitales; c2003. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in. Spanish.
Box 16. Book titles in more than one language.

⚬ List all languages of publication after the extent (pagination) and any physical description
Example:
WHO medicines bookshelf [CD-ROM]. Version 4.0. Geneva: World Health Organization;
c2004. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in. English, French, Spanish.
• If a book title is presented in two or more equal languages, as often occurs in Canadian publications:
⚬ Give all titles in the order in which they are given in the text
⚬ Place an equals sign with a space on each side between each title
⚬ List the particular languages, separated by commas, after the extent (pagination) and any physical
description
Example:
Rached T. Medecins de coeur = Doctors with hearts [DVD]. [Montreal (QC)]: National Film
Board of Canada; c2006. 1 DVD: 112 min., sound, color, 4 3/4 in. French, English.
Box 17. Translated book titles ending in punctuation other than a period.
• Most titles end in a period. When a translation of a book title is provided, place it in square brackets. Place
the closing period after the type of medium.
• If a translated title ends in another form of punctuation, keep that punctuation. Place it within the square
brackets for the translation and end title information with a period.
Une epidemie de l'obesite? [An epidemic of obesity?] [DVD].
Box 18. Book titles containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special character.
von Willebrand factor and the mechanisms of platelet function
Synthesis of β-amino acids
may become
TiO2 nanoparticles
may become
TiO(2) nanoparticles
926 Citing Medicine
Box 19. No book title can be found.

Occasionally a publication does not appear to have any title; the book or other document simply begins with the
text. In this circumstance:
Examples for Book Title

13. Book title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with subtitle
14. Book title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk ending in punctuation other than a period
15. Book title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk in a language other than English
16. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk published with equal text in two languages
40. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk that is a conference proceedings
Content Type for Books on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (optional)

• A content type alerts the user that the reference is not to a standard book but to a dissertation, master's
thesis, bibliography, or map
• Place [dissertation], [master's thesis], [bibliography], or [map] after the book title
• Follow the bracketed content type with a space
• See Chapter 5 Dissertations and Theses, Chapter 6 Bibliographies, and Chapter 9 Maps for more detail

41. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk that is a bibliography
42. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk that is a dissertation
Type of Medium for Books on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (required)

• Indicate the type of medium (CD-ROM, DVD, disc, etc.) following the title (and content type, if present)
• Place the name of the medium in square brackets and end with a period, such as "[DVD]."
• See Chapter 15 for books in audiovisual formats and Chapter 22 for books on the Internet

• Both a content type and medium
• Book in more than one type of medium
• Book titles ending in punctuation other than a period
Box 20. Both a content type and a medium.

• If a dissertation, master's thesis, bibliography, or map is on a CD-ROM, DVD, or disk, give the content
type and the word "on" before the type of medium.
Voigts LE, Kurtz PD, compilers. Scientific and medical writings in Old and Middle English: an
electronic reference [bibliography on CD-ROM]. Windows version. Ann Arbor (MI): University of
Michigan Press; c2000. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.
Okroi M. Der blutgruppenforscher Fritz Schiff (1889-1940): Leben, Werk und Wirkung eines
judischen Deutschen [dissertation on CD-ROM]. [Lubeck (Germany)]: Universitat zu Lubeck; 2004.
1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in. German.
Box 21. Book in more than one type of medium.

• If a book is presented in more than one type of medium, give both
• Separate the two types by a plus sign with a space on either side
• Place both in square brackets
Examples:
Haney H, Leibsohn J. Basic counseling responses in groups: a multimedia learning system for the
helping professions [CD-ROM + videocassette]. Pacific Grove (CA): Brooks/Cole/Wadsworth;
c2001. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.; 1 videocassette: 38 min., sound, color, 1/2 in.
Keyboard microbiology series [CD-ROM + disk]. Blue Bell (PA): Keyboard Pub.; 1995. 1 CD-ROM:
color, 4 3/4 in.; 5 computer disks: 3 1/2 in.
Box 22. Book titles ending in punctuation other than a period.

• Most book titles end in a period. Place [CD-ROM], [DVD], or [disk] inside the period.
Schwid HA, O'Donnell DF. Sedation simulator [CD-ROM]. Version 1.0. Issaquah (WA): Anesoft
Corporation; c1998. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
• If a title ends in another form of punctuation, keep that punctuation and follow [CD-ROM], [DVD], or
[disk] with a period
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Public Health; Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention (US). The epidemic of obesity: personal choice or environmental consequence?
[DVD]. [place, publisher, date unknown]. 1 DVD: 4 3/4 in.

• If a translation of a title is provided, place the type of medium (CD-ROM, DVD, disk) within square
brackets after the translation.
928 Citing Medicine

14. Book title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk ending in punctuation other than a period
16. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk published with equal text in two languages
36. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk in more than one medium
Edition for Books on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (required)

• Indicate the edition/version being cited after the title and type of medium when a book is published in
more than one edition or version
becomes 3rd.

Word Abbreviation
edition ed.
abbreviated abbr.
abridged abr.
American Am.
augmented augm.
English Engl.
enlarged enl.
expanded expand.
illustrated ill.
modified mod.
original orig.
reprint(ed) repr.
revised rev.
special spec.

Word Abbreviation
translation transl.
translated
3rd rev. ed.
1st Engl. ed.

• First editions

• For non-English edition statements using the roman alphabet (French, German, Spanish, Italian, etc.):
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
930 Citing Medicine
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
constructions.
Examples:
Ed. 1a.
2. ed. veneta.
Nuova ed.
Seconda ed.
constructions.
Examples:
2. dopunjeno izd.
2. ekd. epeux.
3. ekd.
• For an edition statement in a character-based language such as Chinese and Japanese:
Examples:
ŏ becomes o
ū becomes u
constructions.
Examples:
Shohan.
Dai 1-han.
Dai 3-pan.
Di 3 ban.
Che 6-pàn.
932 Citing Medicine

Danish oplag n.a.
udgave
Dutch uitgave uitg.
editie ed.
French edition ed.
Auflage Aufl.
Greek ekdosis ekd.
utgave utg.
publikacija publ.
Spanish edicion ed.
publicacion publ.

• Use 1st ed. only when you know that subsequent editions were published and you wish to cite the earlier
one

If a CD-ROM, DVD, or disk provides information for both an edition and a version:
Examples:
Clinical teaching slides on CD-ROM: 16 chapters of teaching images in gastroenterology & liver
disease [CD-ROM]. 2nd ed.; Version 2.0. Timonium (MD): Milner-Fenwick; c2001. 1 CD-ROM:
color, 4 3/4 in.
Netter FH. Interactive atlas of human anatomy [CD-ROM]. Version 3.0; Student ed. Teterboro (NJ):
Icon Learning Systems; c2003. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.

18. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with an edition or version
19. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with an edition or version in a language other than English
20. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with an edition and a version
Editor and other Secondary Authors for Books on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk
(optional)
• A secondary author modifies the work of the author. Examples include editors, producers, translators, and
illustrators.
• Place the names of secondary authors after the title, following any content type, type of medium, or
edition statement
• Use the same rules for the format of names given in Author/Editor above

• Organization as editor or other secondary author

Examples:
934 Citing Medicine

• If the same secondary author performs more than one role:
Example:

Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
• Below is a brief list of non-English words for secondary authors to assist in identifying them:
Language Word for Editor Word for Producer Word for Translator Word for Illustrator
French redacteur producteur traducteur illustrateur
editeur
German redakteur produzent ubersetzer illustrator
herausgeber produzentin dolmetscher
Italian redattore produttore traduttore disegnatore

curatore
editore
Russian redaktor rezhisser perevodchik konstruktor
izdatel
Spanish redactor productor traductor ilustrador
editor productora
Box 31. Organization as editor or other secondary author.

An organization may be listed as an editor or other secondary author.
• Place a comma, space, and the word editor, producer, or other role after the organizational name
• Separate multiple organizations by a semicolon
Brocheriou C, Baglin AC, Wassef M. Stomatology - ENT = Stomatologie - ORL [CD-ROM]. Got C,
editor; ADICAP; ICG Memoire Directe, producers. Heidelberg (Germany): Springer Electronic
Media; [1998?]. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in. English, French.

6. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with secondary authors when there is no author
Place of Publication for Books on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (required)


• Non-US cities
936 Citing Medicine

Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
Montreal (QC):
Ottawa (ON):
Vancouver (BC):
London:
Rome:
Paris:
Madrid:
but


• Use the city of the first organization found on the opening screens (or on the face of the CD-ROM, DVD,
or disk, or on the jewel case or in accompanying material if no publisher information appears on the
opening screens), as the place of publication
Spitzer M, Jones HW 3rd, Runowicz CD, Waggoner SE. Advanced colposcopy [CD-ROM].
Washington: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; c2002. 1 CD-COM: sound, color,
4 3/4 in. Joint publication of the American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology.


• If no place of publication can be found on the opening screens (or on the face of the CD-ROM, DVD, or
disk, or on the jewel case or in accompanying material), but one can be found elsewhere in the publication
or can be reasonably inferred (e.g., Chicago as the place for a publication of the American Medical
Association), place the city in square brackets, such as "[Chicago]"
Lewis D, Christensen D. War hospital [DVD]. [Montreal (QC)]: National Film Board of Canada;
2005. 1 DVD: 89 min., sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
Thant M. ECG primer [disk]. [place unknown]: Information Systems for Medicine; c1987. 4
computer disks: sound, color, 5 1/4 in.

21. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with well-known place of publication
22. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with geographic qualifier added to place of publication for clarity
23. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with place of publication inferred
938 Citing Medicine
24. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with no place of publication found

29. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with no place of publication or publisher found
34. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with no place, publisher, or date of publication found
Publisher for Books on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (required)

• Give the name of the publisher as it appears in the publication, using whatever capitalization and


Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Ltd. for Limited
Soc. for Society
all references.

• Give publisher names appearing in the roman alphabet (French, Spanish, German, Italian, etc.) in their
original language
[Note that the concept of capitalization does not exist in Chinese. In transliterating Chinese
publisher names, capitalize only the first word and proper nouns]
Lopez Pinero;
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
940 Citing Medicine
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
brackets.
Appendix D)
publication as the publisher and include distributor information as a note, preceded by "Available from: ".

• Use the first organization appearing on the opening screens (or on the face of the CD-ROM, DVD, or disk,
or on the jewel case or in accompanying material if no publisher information appears on the opening
screens)
Example:
Washington: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; c2002. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color,

or bold type
Example:
Washington: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; c2002. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color,

Leung CW. Diagnostic picture tests in paediatric infectious diseases [CD-ROM]. Princess Margaret
Hospital; Our Lady of Maryknoll Hospital, producers. Hong Kong: [publisher unknown]: 2000. 1
CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.

25. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with publisher having a subsidiary department/division
26. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with government agency or other national body as publisher
27. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with joint publishers
28. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with no publisher found
29. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with no place of publication or publisher found
Date of Publication for Books on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (required)

942 Citing Medicine
• End date of publication information with a period unless a Date of Update/Revision is included, then use
a space


2002-2003
1997-1998
1999-2000
1999 Oct-2000 Mar
2002 Dec-2003 Jan
2005 Jan-Feb
1999 Dec-2000 Jan

• Capitalize them
Examples:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

• Capitalize them
For example:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring

• Use only the date of publication unless three or more years separate it from the copyright date

Hillman SK. Interactive functional anatomy [DVD]. London: Primal Pictures Ltd.; c2003. 1 DVD:
color, 4 3/4 in.

material in the book or in accompanying material, place a question mark after the estimated date and put
date information in square brackets
[date unknown]
Brussels (Belgium): Nauwelaerts; [date unknown].
944 Citing Medicine

It is not NLM policy, but the date of publication may follow the author names in the list of references when the
• Place the year after the last named author (or after the title and type of medium if there is no author),
followed by a period
• Keep any date of update/revision in it's usual location
NLM citation:
Subbarao M. Tough cases in carotid stenting [DVD]. Woodbury (CT): Cine-Med, Inc.; 2003. 1 DVD:
sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
Subbarao M. 2003. Tough cases in carotid stenting [DVD]. Woodbury (CT): Cine-Med, Inc. 1 DVD:

30. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with month included in date of publication
31. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with date range
32. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with date of copyright instead of date of publication
33. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with update date
Date of Update/Revision for Books on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (required)

General Rules for Date of Update/Revision
• A book may be updated or otherwise revised after the date of publication
• Use whatever wording for update/revision is found, such as updated, revised, or modified
• Enter date information in the format year month day, such as updated 2006 Oct 2
• Place all update/revision information in square brackets, such as [updated 2006 Oct 2]
• End date of update/revision with a period outside the closing bracket
Specific Rules for Date of Update/Revision

• Both a date of update and a date of revision

• Capitalize them
Examples:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

• Capitalize them
For example:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring
Box 51. Both a date of update and a date of revision.

• Place a date of update or revision in square brackets following the date of publication
Rubenstein E, editor. Scientific American medicine consult [CD-ROM] Version 2.5a. New York:
Scientific American, Inc.; 1990 [updated 1990 Sep]. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.
• If both a date of update and a date of revision are provided, give both in ascending date order
[revised 2006 Dec 4; updated 2007 Feb 12].
[updated 2005 May 6; modified 2006 Mar 10].
• Put both dates in one set of square brackets, separated by a semicolon
Example:
New York: Elsevier; 2000 [revised 2001 Sep; updated 2003 Oct].
Examples for Date of Update/Revision

946 Citing Medicine
Extent (Pagination) for Books on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (optional)

General Rules for Extent (Pagination)
• Give the total number of physical pieces on which the book appears
• Follow the number with the name of the medium, such as 2 CD-ROMs or 4 computer disks
• End extent information with a period unless physical description is included, then use a colon
Specific Rules for Extent (Pagination)


• If a book is presented in more than one type of medium, provide the extent for both
• Separate extent for the two types by a semicolon
• End extent information with a period
Examples:
Keyboard microbiology series [CD-ROM + disk]. Blue Bell (PA): Keyboard Pub.; 1995. 1 CD-ROM;
5 computer disks.
c2001. 1 CD-ROM; 1 videocassette.
Examples for Extent (Pagination)

35. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with extent and physical description
Physical Description for Books on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (optional)

• Give information on the physical characteristics of the book, such as 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.


When a book is published on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk:
1 DVD:
2 CD-ROMs:
4 computer disks:
measurement, such as in. for inches.
sound
color
black & white
4 3/4 in. (standard CD-ROM and DVD size)
3 1/2 in. (standard computer disk size)
5 1/4 in. (older computer disk size)
1 DVD: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
2 CD-ROMs: color, 4 3/4 in.
5 computer disks: 3 1/2 in.

• If a book is presented in more than one type of medium, give the physical description for both, separated
by a semicolon
Examples:
Keyboard microbiology series [CD-ROM + disk]. Blue Bell (PA): Keyboard Pub.; 1995. 1 CD-ROM:
color, 4 3/4 in.; 5 computer disks: 3 1/2 in.
c2001. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.; 1 videocassette: 38 min., sound, color, 1/2 in.

Series for Books on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (optional)

948 Citing Medicine
number.

• Multiple series

each surname
12.
Example:
(Jones L, editor. Medicine on CD-ROM; no. 5).

A book may be part of more than one series. Include information on all series if desired.
Example:
(Atlas of anatomy; no. 13); (Medicine on CD-ROM education series).
Examples for Series

37. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with a series
Language for Books on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (required)



Example:
WHO medicines bookshelf [CD-ROM]. Version 4.0. Geneva: World Health Organization;
c2004. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in. English, French, Spanish.
• If a book is written in two or more equal languages, as often occurs in Canadian publications:
⚬ List the languages after the extent (pagination) and any physical description, separated by a comma
Example:
Rached T. Medecins de coeur = Doctors with hearts [DVD]. [Montreal (QC)]: National Film
Board of Canada; c2006. 1 DVD: 112 min., sound, color, 4 3/4 in. French, English.

19. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with an edition or version in a language other than English
950 Citing Medicine
Notes for Books on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (optional)

• Notes is a collective term for any useful information given after the citation
• Be brief

• System requirements
Box 58. System requirements.

The system requirements necessary to run the CD-ROM, DVD, or disk helps by describing the particular
software and hardware needed to view the book.
• Begin with the phrase "System Requirements" followed by a colon and a space
• Use the wording supplied by the publisher; no standardization is needed
• Separate the types of information with a semicolon
• End requirement information with a period
Examples:
Rosenberg AG. The arthritic knee [CD-ROM]. 2nd ed. Rosemont (IL): American Academy of
Orthopaedic Surgeons; c2002. 1 CD-ROM: sound, 4 3/4 in. System Requirements: 586 Class Chip
(e.g., K6, Pentium), 200 MHz or better; 32 MB RAM, 2MB or more of video RAM; Windows 95 or
Windows 98; CD-ROM (8x or faster) or DVD drive (4x or faster); Sound Blaster-compatible sound
card; modem compliant with standard V.90. (56 Kpbs); mouse.
Young MJ. Introductory genetics [disk]. Pelham (NY): E.M.E. Corp.; c1983. 1 computer disk: 5 1/4
in. System Requirements: Apple II, Apple II Plus, or Apple IIe.

the reader. Begin by citing the book, then add the note. Some examples of notes are:
• If the book is accompanied by additional material, describe it. Begin with the phrase "Accompanied by"
followed by a colon and a space.
Giardino AP. Child maltreatment: training modules and slide sets [CD-ROM]. St. Louis (MO): G.W.
Medical Pub.; c2000. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in. Accompanied by: 3 vol. of instructional modules and 3
vol. of workbooks.
• If the book is not a common one, give the name of a library or other archive where it may be found,
including any finding number. Begin with the phrase "Located at" followed by a colon and a space.
Sherman RA. Pain assessment & intervention from a psychophysiological perspective [CD-ROM].
[place, publisher, date unknown]. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in. Located at: National Library of Medicine,
Bethesda, MD; WL 704 CDR no.8 2003.
• If the book title contains initialisms or acronyms, explain them
Miller C, Wildman S, Elgiadi S. The I.C.N.E. computer assisted instruction for intravenous
medications: calculation problems [disk]. Spokane (WA): I.C.N.E.; c1990. 1 computer disk: 5 1/4 in.
ICNE is the Intercollegiate Center for Nursing Education.
Mold in the building environment [DVD]. Atlanta (GA): American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, c2005. 1 DVD: 180 min., sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
Sponsored by ASHRAE's Chapter Technology Transfer Committee.
• If the book was assigned an International Standard Book Number (ISBN), give the number preceded by
"ISBN: "
Kacmarek RM. Advanced respiratory care [CD-ROM]. Version 3.0. Philadelphia: Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins; c2000. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in. ISBN: 9780683404890.
Examples for Notes

38. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with optional system requirements
39. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with supplemental note included
43. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk that is a technical report
Examples of Citations to Books and Other Individual Titles on

CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk
1. Standard citation to a book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk
Kacmarek RM. Advanced respiratory care [CD-ROM]. Version 3.0. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins; c2000. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
Subbarao M. Tough cases in carotid stenting [DVD]. Woodbury (CT): Cine-Med, Inc.; 2003. 1 DVD: sound,
color, 4 3/4 in.
Miller C, Wildman S, Elgiadi S. The I.C.N.E. computer assisted instruction for intravenous medications:
calculation problems [disk]. Spokane (WA): I.C.N.E.; c1990. 1 computer disk: 5 1/4 in.
2. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk showing authors with optional full first
names
Anderson, Shauna C.; Poulsen, Keila B. Anderson's electronic atlas of hematology [CD-ROM]. 2nd version.
Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; c2002. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.
952 Citing Medicine
3. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with author/editor name including

designations of rank within a family
Rosser J Jr. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy: patient education program [CD-ROM]. New York: Springer-Verlag
New York; c1998. 2 CD-ROMs: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
Dalley AF 2nd, Gould DJ. Dynamic human anatomy: student version [CD-ROM]. Version 1.0 for Windows.
[Baltimore (MD)]: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; c2004. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.
Spitzer M, Jones HW 3rd, Runowicz CD, Waggoner SE. Advanced colposcopy [CD-ROM]. Washington:
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; c2002. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
4. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with authors/editors having particles

or prefixes in their names
McBryde AM Jr, Haddad SL, Marks RM, McCluskey LC, editors. Selective exposures in orthopaedic surgery: the
ankle [CD-ROM]. Rosemont (IL): American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; c2002. 1 CD-ROM: sound,
color, 4 3/4 in.
Cody RP, Just SB, de la Motte CL. Understanding biostatistics [disk]. Chapel Hill (NC): Health Sciences
Consortium; [1990?]. 4 computer disks: color, 5 1/4 in.
De Simone R, Paolella G. Interactive atlas of transesophageal color doppler echocardiography [CD-ROM].
Heidelberg (Germany): Springer Electronic Media; c1997. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.
Van Ost L. Goniometry: an interactive tutorial [CD-ROM]. Thorofare (NJ): SLACK; c2000. 1 CD-ROM: sound,
color, 4 3/4 in.
White SC, Wagner IV, van der Stelt PF. DS X-Ray: decision support for interpretation of radiographic lesions and
clinical management [CD-ROM]. Berlin: Quintessenz Verlag; c2003. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
Schwid HA, O'Donnell DF. Sedation simulator [CD-ROM]. Version 1.0. Issaquah (WA): Anesoft Corporation;
c1998. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
5. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with authors/editors having

compound last names
Bush-Joseph CA, editor. Selective exposures in orthopaedic surgery: the knee [CD-ROM]. Rosemont (IL):
American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; c2002. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
Martinez de Castillo SL, Werner-McCullough M. Calculating drug dosages: an interactive approach to learning
nursing math [CD-ROM]. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis; c2002. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in.
6. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with secondary authors when there is

no author
Got C, editor. Urological pathology = Pathologie urologique [CD-ROM]. ADICAP; ICG Memoire Directe,
producers. Heidelberg (Germany): Springer Electronic Media; [1998?]. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in. (Atlas of
pathology; 5). English, French.
Hawkins RJ, Pearl ML, editors. The athlete's shoulder [DVD]. Rosemont (IL): American Academy of
Orthopaedic Surgeons; c2002. 1 DVD: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
Arrhythmias case studies [CD-ROM]. Version 5.0 for Windows. Massachusetts General Hospital, Laboratory of
Computer Science; Harvard Medical School, producers. Boston: Massachusetts General Hospital; c1998. 1 CD-
ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
Mentoring: the experience of a lifetime [DVD]. Envision, Inc., producers. Brooklyn (NY): National Student
Nurses' Association; c2005. 1 DVD: 25 min., sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
Origins of human aggression: the other story [DVD]. Maher JP, director. [Montreal (QC)]: National Film Board
of Canada; 2005. 1 DVD: 50 min., sound, color, 4 3/4 in.

Bradshaw S. The Millennium goals: dream or reality? [DVD]. Richards J, editor. London: TVE; c2004. 1 DVD: 27
min., sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
Brocheriou C, Baglin AC, Wassef. Stomatology - ENT = Stomatologie - ORL [CD-ROM]. Got C, editor;
ADICAP; ICG Memoire Directe, producers. Heidelberg (Germany): Springer Electronic Media; [1998?]. 1 CD-
ROM: color, 4 3/4 in. English, French.
Wenger NS, Lieberman JR. Ethical issues in orthopaedic surgery [DVD]. American Academy of Orthopaedic
Surgeons; Academic Orthopaedic Society; American Orthopaedic Association, producers. Rosemont (IL):
American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; c2003. 1 DVD: 21 min., sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
8. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with organization as author/editor

John Sabella & Associates Incorporated. Onboard first aid: immediate actions [DVD]. South Tom's River (NJ):
Shipboard Video Express; c2005. 1 DVD: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
Texas Heart Institute. Aortic valve replacement [CD-ROM]. West Hartford (CT): ORlive; c2005. 1 CD-ROM:
9. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with organization as author, with

subsidiary department/division named
Yale University School of Medicine, Center for Advanced Instructional Media. Atlas of myocardial perfusion
imaging [CD-ROM]. Macintosh ed. 1.0. St. Louis (MO): Mosby-Year Book; c1996. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.
10. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with multiple organizations as author

University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Public Health; Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (US). The epidemic of obesity: personal choice or environmental consequence? [DVD]. [place,
publisher, date unknown]. 1 DVD: 4 3/4 in.
11. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with no authors or editors

Typhoid Mary, the most dangerous woman in America [DVD]. Nancy Porter Productions, Inc., producer.
Boston: WGBH Educational Foundation; c2005. 1 DVD: 60 min., sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
Acid-base disorders [CD-ROM]. London: Association of Clinical Biochemists; c1996. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color,
4 3/4 in.
12. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with author affiliation included

Wertheimer D (School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD). Pressure sores: tips for the GNA
[DVD]. Baltimore (MD): Video Press; 2005. 1 DVD: 20 min., sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
954 Citing Medicine
13. Book title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with subtitle

Alpert EJ. Domestic violence: the role of the proactive physician [DVD]. Secaucus (NJ): Network for Continuing
Medical Education; c2004. 1 DVD: 60 min., sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
14. Book title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk ending in punctuation other than
a period
min., sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Public Health; Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (US). The epidemic of obesity: personal choice or environmental consequence? [DVD]. [place,
publisher, date unknown]. 1 DVD: 4 3/4 in.
Hager H. Ophthalmodynamographie: eine neue augenarztliche Methode zur Beurteilung des Gehirnkrei slaufes
[DVD]. Tubingen (Germany): Eberhard-Karls-Universitat; 1968. 1 DVD: 16 min., sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
German.
Fischer D. Samuel Gottlieb Gmelin (1744-1774): das Schicksal eines deutschen Arztes in Russland im
Jahrhundert der Aufklarung [CD-ROM]. Lubeck (Germany): Universitat zu Lubeck, Institut fur Medizin- und
Wissenschaftsgeschichte; 2005. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in. German.
Lopez Pinero JM, Jerez Moliner F. Atlas historico de la ilustracion anatomica: desde el Renacimiento al Siglo XX
[CD-ROM]. Valencia (Spain): Faximil Edicions Digitales; c2003. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in. Spanish.
Lopez Pinero JM, Jerez Moliner F. Atlas historico de la ilustracion anatomica: desde el Renacimiento al Siglo XX
[Historical atlas of medical illustration: from the Renaissance to the 20th century] [CD-ROM]. Valencia (Spain):
Faximil Edicions Digitales; c2003. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in. Spanish.
16. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk published with equal text in two
languages
producers. Heidelberg (Germany): Springer Electronic Media; [1998?]. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in. English,
French.
Rached T. Medecins de coeur = Doctors with hearts [DVD]. [Montreal (QC)]: National Film Board of Canada;
c2006. 1 DVD: 112 min., sound, color, 4 3/4 in. French, English.
17. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk published with text in multiple

languages
WHO medicines bookshelf [CD-ROM]. Version 4.0. Geneva: World Health Organization; c2004. 1 CD-ROM: 4
3/4 in. English, French, Spanish.
18. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with an edition or version

Whelan GP. Acute head injury [CD-ROM]. Windows version 1.0. Chapel Hill (NC): Health Sciences
Consortium; [1997?]. 4 CD-ROMs: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
Adult health nursing concepts & skills [CD-ROM]. Version 2.0 for Windows 3.1/95/98. Chapel Hill (NC):
Professional Development Software; c1999. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
Anderson SC, Poulsen KB. Anderson's electronic atlas of hematology [CD-ROM]. 2nd version. Philadelphia:
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; c2002. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.
Anatomical landmarks in dental radiology [CD-ROM]. Release 1.0. Houten (Netherlands): BSL Publishers;
c1997. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.
Atlas SW. MRI of the brain and spine [CD-ROM]. 3rd ed. on CD-ROM. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins; 2003. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.
Patient education on CD-ROM: health care advice for children, teens, and their parents [CD-ROM]. 2nd ed. Elk
Grove (IL): American Academy of Pediatrics; c2001. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in. English, Spanish.
19. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with an edition or version in a

language other than English
OECD health data: comparative analysis of health systems = Eco-sante OCDE: analyse comparative des systemes
de sante [disk]. 3.6 version. Paris: CREDES; 1995. 2 computer disks: 3 1/2 in. English, French.
Plantas medicinales de Mexico: usos y remedios tradicionales = Medicinal plants of Mexico: traditional uses and
remedies [CD-ROM]. Ed. bilingue espanol-ingles. Xochimilco (Mexico): Centro de Technologia Electronica e
Informatica; c1995. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in. Spanish, English.
20. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with an edition and a version

Colditz JC, McGrouther DA, Harris JM. Interactive hand [CD-ROM]. Therapy ed.; Version 1.1. London: Primal
Pictures Ltd.; 2001. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.
Clinical teaching slides on CD-ROM: 16 chapters of teaching images in gastroenterology & liver disease [CD-
ROM]. 2nd ed.; Version 2.0. Timonium (MD): Milner-Fenwick; c2001. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.
Netter FH. Interactive atlas of human anatomy [CD-ROM]. Version 3.0; Student ed. Teterboro (NJ): Icon
Learning Systems; c2003. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.

Age of AIDS [DVD]. New York: PBS; 2006. 1 DVD: 240 min., sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
Kohlbach W. Dental explorer [CD-ROM]. Deutschen TV, producer. Berlin: Quintessenz Verlag; 1999. 1 CD-
ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in. English, French, German, Italian, Spanish.
22. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with geographic qualifier added to

place of publication for clarity
Jeffrey RB Jr. Abdominal and pelvic ultrasound with CT and MR correlation [CD-ROM]. Lafayette (CA):
Medical Interactive; 1995. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
Anatomical landmarks in dental radiology [CD-ROM]. Release 1.0. Houten (Netherlands): BSL Publishers;
c1997. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.
Wounds that won't heal: the adverse childhood experiences study [DVD]. Nevada City (CA): Cavalcade
Productions; c2005. 1 DVD: 30 min., sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
956 Citing Medicine
Fischer D. Samuel Gottlieb Gmelin (1744-1774): das Schicksal eines deutschen Arztes in Russland im
Jahrhundert der Aufklarung [CD-ROM]. Lubeck (Germany): Universitat zu Lubeck, Institut fur Medizin- und
Wissenschaftsgeschichte; 2005. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in. German.
23. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with place of publication inferred

Lewis D, Christensen D. War hospital [DVD]. [Montreal (QC)]: National Film Board of Canada; 2005. 1 DVD:
89 min., sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
ER: the complete first season [DVD]. Constant C Productions; Amblin Entertainment, producers. [Burbank
(CA)]: Warner Home Video; 2003. 4 DVDs: 1179 min., sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
24. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with no place of publication found

Hooked: illegal drugs and how they got that way [DVD]. Tera Media, producer. [place unknown]: A & E
Television Networks; c2004. 2 DVDs: 200 min., sound, color with black & white sequences, 4 3/4 in.
Thant M. ECG primer [disk]. [place unknown]: Information Systems for Medicine; c1987. 4 computer disks:
Baker S. The sexually abused child: a protocol for criminal justice [DVD]. [place unknown]: Profile Films; c1978.
1 DVD: 25 min., sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
25. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with publisher having a subsidiary

department/division
Gausche-Hill M, Goodrich SM, Poore PD, editors. Pediatric airway management [CD-ROM]. Torrance (CA):
Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine; [2001?]. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in.
26. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with government agency or other

national body as publisher
NIOSH pocket guide to chemical hazards and other databases [CD-ROM]. Cincinnati (OH): National Institute
for Occupational Safety and Health (US); 2002. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.
ATSDR toxprofiles 2004: including ToxFAQs [CD-ROM]. Atlanta: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry (US), Division of Toxicology; 2004. 2 CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in. English, Spanish.
The complete library of NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology [CD-ROM]. Rockledge (PA): National
Comprehensive Cancer Network (US); 2003 Mar. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in.
Parker RR, Phillip CB. Rocky Mountain spotted fever vaccine [DVD]. [Washington]: Public Health Service (US);
1941.1 DVD: 20 min., silent, color, 4 3/4 in.
27. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with joint publishers

Spitzer M, Jones HW 3rd, Runowicz CD, Waggoner SE. Advanced colposcopy [CD-ROM]. Washington:
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; c2002. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in. Joint
publication of the American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology.
28. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with no publisher found

Leung CW. Diagnostic picture tests in paediatric infectious diseases [CD-ROM]. Princess Margaret Hospital;
Our Lady of Maryknoll Hospital, producers. Hong Kong: [publisher unknown]: 2000. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4
in.
29. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with no place of publication or

publisher found
Hear the difference: early identification, early intervention, outcomes for children who are deaf or hard of
hearing [DVD]. [place unknown: publisher unknown]; 2006. 1 DVD: 9 min., sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
Akhter J, Sahhar HS. Pediatric pulmonology, immunology & allergy: teaching CD [CD-ROM]. [place unknown:
publisher unknown]; 2003. 1 CD-ROM: sound, 4 3/4 in.
Sherman RA. Pain assessment & intervention from a psychophysiological perspective [CD-ROM]. [place
unknown: publisher unknown; 2003?]. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in.
30. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with month included in date of

publication
The complete library of NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology [CD-ROM]. Rockledge (PA): National
Comprehensive Cancer Network (US); 2003 Mar. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in.
31. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with date range

National Library of Medicine's asthma exhibit hits the road: the traveling exhibit you can fit in your pocket
[DVD]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2002-2004. 1 DVD: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
32. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with date of copyright instead of

date of publication
Schlegel W, Mahr A. 3D conformal radiation therapy: multimedia introduction to methods and techniques [CD-
ROM]. New York: Springer Verlag; c2002. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.
Hillman SK. Interactive functional anatomy [DVD]. London: Primal Pictures Ltd.; c2003. 1 DVD: color, 4 3/4 in.
Cowen PS, Van Hoozer HL. Child abuse and the nurse's role [disk]. Chapel Hill (NC): Health Sciences
Consortium; c1993. 3 computer disks: 3 1/2 in.

Rubenstein E, editor. Scientific American medicine consult [CD-ROM]. Version 2.5a. New York: Scientific
American, Inc.; 1990 [updated 1990 Sep]. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.
34. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with no place, publisher, or date of

publication found
Sherman RA. Pain assessment & intervention from a psychophysiological perspective [CD-ROM]. [place,
publisher, date unknown]. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in.
Hinman D. Body of evidence: from the case files of Dayle Hinman [DVD]. Falldorf S, Toth R, Garofalo A,
producers. Thousand Oaks (CA): Goldhil Video; c2004. 2 DVDs: 325 min., sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
Eden D. Energy medicine with Donna Eden [DVD]. Lon Gibby Productions, producer. Ashland (OR):
Innersource; c2005. 3 DVDs: 6 hr., sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
958 Citing Medicine
Parker RR, Phillip CB. Rocky Mountain spotted fever vaccine [DVD]. [Washington]: Public Health Service (US);
1941.1 DVD: 20 min., silent, color, 4 3/4 in.
calculation problems [disk]. Spokane (WA): I.C.N.E.; c1990. 1 computer disk: 5 1/4 in.
OECD health data: comparative analysis of health systems = Eco-sante OCDE: analyse comparative des systemes
de sante [disk]. 3.6 version. Paris: CREDES; 1995. 2 computer disks: 3 1/2 in. English, French.

Haney H, Leibsohn J. Basic counseling responses in groups: a multimedia learning system for the helping
professions [CD-ROM + videocassette]. Pacific Grove (CA): Brooks/Cole/Wadsworth; c2001. 1 CD-ROM:
sound, color, 4 3/4 in.; 1 videocassette: 38 min., sound, color, 1/2 in.
Keyboard microbiology series [CD-ROM + disk]. Blue Bell (PA): Keyboard Pub.; 1995. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4
in.; 5 computer disks: 3 1/2 in.
37. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with a series

producers. Heidelberg (Germany): Springer Electronic Media; [1998?]. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in. (Atlas of
NIOSH pocket guide to chemical hazards and other databases [CD-ROM]. Cincinnati (OH): National Institute
for Occupational Safety and Health (US); 2002. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in. (DHHS (NIOSH) publication; no.
2002-140).
New directions [DVD]. Sherborn (MA): Aquarius Health Care Videos; 2005. 1 DVD: 60 min., sound, color, 4 3/4
in. (Cancer Story series).
min., sound, color, 4 3/4 in. (Life 4; no. 1).
Alpert EJ. Domestic violence: the role of the proactive physician [DVD]. Secaucus (NJ): Network for Continuing
Medical Education; c2004. 1 DVD: 60 min., sound, color, 4 3/4 in. (NCME DVD; no. 844).
38. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with optional system requirements

Rosenberg AG. The arthritic knee [CD-ROM]. 2nd ed. Rosemont (IL): American Academy of Orthopaedic
Surgeons; c2002. 1 CD-ROM: sound, 4 3/4 in. System Requirements: 586 Class Chip (e.g., K6, Pentium), 200
MHz or better; 32 MB RAM, 2MB or more of video RAM; Windows 95 or Windows 98; CD-ROM (8x or faster)
or DVD drive (4x or faster); Sound Blaster-compatible sound card; modem compliant with standard V.90. (56
Kpbs); mouse.
Young MJ. Introductory genetics [disk]. Pelham (NY): E.M.E. Corp.; c1983. 1 computer disk: 5 1/4 in. System
Requirements: Apple II, Apple II Plus, or Apple IIe.
39. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with supplemental note included

Giardino AP. Child maltreatment: training modules and slide sets [CD-ROM]. St. Louis (MO): G.W. Medical
Pub.; c2000. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in. Accompanied by: 3 vol. of instructional modules and 3 vol. of workbooks.
Sherman RA. Pain assessment & intervention from a psychophysiological perspective [CD-ROM]. [place,
publisher, date unknown]. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in. Located at: National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; WL
704 CDR no.8 2003.
The clinician administered post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) scale [CAPS]: an independent study [CD-
ROM]. Washington: Department of Veterans Affairs (US), Employee Education System; [2002?]. 1 CD-ROM: 4
3/4 in. Developed in cooperation with VA Northwest Network Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical
Center and VA National Center for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder.
Mold in the building environment [DVD]. Atlanta (GA): American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-
Conditioning Engineers, c2005. 1 DVD: 180 min., sound, color, 4 3/4 in. Sponsored by ASHRAE's Chapter
Technology Transfer Committee.
calculation problems [disk]. Spokane (WA): I.C.N.E.; c1990. 1 computer disk: 5 1/4 in. ICNE is the
Intercollegiate Center for Nursing Education.
Kacmarek RM. Advanced respiratory care [CD-ROM]. Version 3.0. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins; c2000. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in. ISBN: 9780683404890.
40. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk that is a conference proceedings

Colon and rectal surgery [CD-ROM]. 90th Annual Clinical Congress of the American College of Surgeons; 2004
Oct 10-14; New Orleans, LA. Woodbury (CT): Cine-Med; c2004. 2 CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
7th International Medical Workforce Collaborative Conference [CD-ROM]; 2003 Sep; Oxford, UK. New South
Wales (Australia): Commonwealth Department of Health and Aged Care, Australian Medical Workforce
Advisory Committee; 2003. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in.

Voigts LE, Kurtz PD, compilers. Scientific and medical writings in Old and Middle English: an electronic
reference [bibliography on CD-ROM]. Windows version. Ann Arbor (MI): University of Michigan Press; c2000.
1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.

Okroi M. Der blutgruppenforscher Fritz Schiff (1889-1940): Leben, Werk und Wirkung eines judischen
Deutschen [dissertation on CD-ROM]. [Lubeck (Germany)]: Universitat zu Lubeck; 2004. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in.
German.
43. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk that is a technical report

Souza K, Hogan R, Ballard R, Etheridge G, editors. Callahan PX. Life into space: space life sciences experiments;
Ames Research Center 1965-1990 [CD-ROM]. Moffett Field (CA): National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (US), Ames Research Center; 2000. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in. Report No.: NASA
00026329.
44. Part of a Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk

Barun J. The children show [DVD]. Derry (NH): Chip Taylor Communications; 2004. Chapter 3, Ethical
considerations; [25 min.]. 1 DVD: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
960 Citing Medicine
Dalley AF 2nd, Gould DJ. Dynamic human anatomy: student version [CD-ROM]. Version 1.0 for Windows.
[Baltimore (MD)]: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; c2004. Chapter 6.13, Structures of the axilla, anterior view; [1
screen]. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.
Drake RE. Robert E. Drake on treating co-occurring disorders [DVD]. Center City (MN): Hazelden Foundation;
c2006. Figure 5.6, Motivation strategies; [1 screen]. 1 DVD: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
Haile-Mariam T. Challenger infectious diseases: complete primary and acute care presentations of infections
diseases [CD-ROM]. Stack LB, editor. Memphis (TN): Challenger Corp.; 2004 May. Head and neck infections. 1
CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
45. Contribution to a Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk

Bekowitz RL. Litigation and the American obstetrician. In: 2005 advances in obstetrics, gynecology &
ultrasonography [DVD]. Program 1. Tampa (FL): Educational Symposia; 2005 Aug 1. Lecture 2; [21 min.]. 1
DVD: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
961
Chapter 19. Journals on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk

A. Journal Articles on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk

• Examples
B. Journal Titles on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk
• Examples
See also:
Chapter 1 Journals
Chapter 11A Forthcoming Journal Articles
A. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Journal Articles on

The general format for a reference to a journal article on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk, including punctuation:
Examples of Citations to Journal Articles on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk

A journal article on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk is cited similar to articles in print, but with these exceptions:
• Place the type of medium (CD-ROM, DVD, disk) in square brackets after the journal title.
• While traditional page numbers are present on some journals, they are often absent. Calculate the extent
of the article using the best means possible, i.e., number of paragraphs, screens, pages if printed out, or
minutes if an oral presentation. Since screen size and print fonts vary, precede the estimated extent with
the word about and place extent information in square brackets, such as [about 3 screens].
• Add physical description such as size of the CD-ROM, DVD, or disk on which the article is found after the
location (pagination) if desired.
• Include system requirements such as the names and versions of any required software as a note if desired.
• Cite the version you saw. If you viewed an article on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk, do not cite it as if it were a
print article.
962 Citing Medicine
The source for authoritative information for articles on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk is, in the following order: the
opening screens; the face of the CD-ROM, DVD, or disk; the jewel case (carrying case); and any accompanying
text.
Many journal titles published on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk either ceased publication with the increasing
popularity of the Internet or converted to Internet format, although some Internet titles produce an annual
accumulation on CD-ROM or DVD. The examples below focus on the parts of a citation specific to the media
represented. See Chapter 1A Journal Articles for further details of parts of a citation.
This chapter includes citation rules for entire journal articles on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk. For citing parts of
these articles, combine the guidelines presented in this chapter with those in Chapter 1B Parts of Journal
Articles. See also example 18 below.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Journal Articles on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Journal Articles on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk.
Citation Rules with Examples for Journal Articles on CD-ROM,

DVD, or Disk
Medium (R) | Date of Publication (R) | Volume Number (R) | Issue Number (R) | Location (Pagination) (R) |
Physical Description (O) | Language (R) | Notes (O)
Author for Journal Articles on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (required)

accompanying text
surname

(Chinese, Japanese)
Journals on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk 963


• Keep hyphens within surnames.
• Keep particles, such as O', D', and L'.
• Omit all other punctuation within surnames.

• Keep compound surnames even if no hyphen appears.
[If you cannot determine from the article whether a surname is a compound or a combination of a
middle name and a surname, look to the table of contents of the issue or an annual or other index for
clarification. For example, Elizabeth Scott Parker may be interpreted to be Parker ES or Scott Parker
E.]
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
964 Citing Medicine
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

another particle
abbreviation.
when the original initial is represented by more than one letter


Captain R. C. Williams becomes Willaims RC

Examples:
one letter
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
966 Citing Medicine
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

author.
Working Group.
part of the name, place the country within parentheses after the name, using the two-letter ISO country
code (see Appendix D)
a non-English name with a translation, placed in square brackets.
Whenever possible follow a non-English name with a translation, placed in square brackets.
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
968 Citing Medicine
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

• If no person or organization can be found as the author but editors or translators are given, begin the

• If both individuals and an organization(s) appear on the title page of an article as authors, the individuals
may be given as the author and the organization listed at the end of the reference as a note
Authors are investigators of the Canadian Cardiovascular Outcomes Research Team.
Examples for Author

1. Standard journal article on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk
2. Journal article on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with optional full names for authors
Author Affiliation for Journal Articles on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (optional)

country
• Place parentheses around the affiliation, such as (Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh,
Pittsburgh, PA)


Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Soc. for Society

970 Citing Medicine

Example:
Enders D (Institut fur Organische Chemie, Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
Enders@RWTH-Aachen.de), Gielen H, Breuer K. Immobilized triazolium salts as precursors to
chiral carbenes: rhodium-catalyzed asymmetric hydrosilylation as a first test reaction. Mol Online
(CD-ROM Ed) [CD-ROM]. 1998;2(7):105-8.

• For non-English organizational names found in the roman alphabet (primarily European languages, such
as French, German, Spanish, Italian, Swedish, etc.), provide the name in the original language
Zodieru-Popa I.
Mandelshtam MY.
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

Wien becomes Vienna

3. Journal article on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with author affiliation
Article Title for Journal Articles on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (required)

• Enter the title of an article as it appears on the opening screens, the jewel case (carrying case), or in
accompanying text
follows it
972 Citing Medicine


• Translate article titles not in English. Place all translated titles within square brackets. Indicate the
particular language after the pagination.
Conti MB, Marchesi MC, Rueca F, Fabi T. [Gastric tumors in dogs: personal reports]. Atti Soc Ital Sci
Vet [CD-ROM]. 2004;58:[about 4 screens]. Italian.
Conti MB, Marchesi MC, Rueca F, Fabi T. Tumori gastrici nel cane: osservazioni personali
[Gastric tumors in dogs: personal reports]. Atti Soc Ital Sci Vet [CD-ROM]. 2004;58:[about 4
screens]. Italian.
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
brackets, with the closing period outside the right bracket.
Conti MB, Marchesi MC, Rueca F, Fabi T. Tumori gastrici nel cane: osservazioni personali [Gastric
tumors in dogs: personal reports]. Atti Soc Ital Sci Vet [CD-ROM]. 2004;58:[about 4 screens]. Italian.
• If a translated article title ends in another form of punctuation, keep that punctuation. Place it in square
Minvielle E. [Quality criteria in medicine: which limits?].
or
Minvielle E. Les criteres de qualite en medecine: jusqu' ou aller? [Quality criteria in medicine: which
limits?].

• If an article is written in English as well as other languages, give the English language version of the article
title and list all languages of publication after the pagination, separated by commas
• If an article is written in more than one language and none of them is English, translate the title into
English and place the translation in square brackets. List all languages of publication after the pagination
and separate them by commas.
• As an option, if an article title is presented in two or more languages, as often occurs in Canadian
publications, give all titles in the order they are given in the text, with an equals sign between them. List
the particular languages, separated by commas, after the pagination.
Prise en charge des thrombocytopenies induites par l'heparine = Management of heparin-induced
thrombocytopenia.
von Willebrand factor standards for plasma and concentrate testing.
p53 and its downstream proteins as molecular targets of cancer.
1,3-dimethylisoguanine.
Influence of seed extract of Syzygium Cumini (Jamun) on mice exposed to different doses of γ-
radiation.
May become
974 Citing Medicine
Influence of seed extract of Syzygium Cumini (Jamun) on mice exposed to different doses of gamma-
radiation.
Vincenzetti S, Polidori P, Salimei E, Mariani PL, Allegri S, Cammertoni N, Vita A. [Purification and
identification of αs1- and β- caseins from ass's milk]. Atti Soc Ital Sci Vet [CD-ROM]. 2004;58:[about
4 screens]. Italian.
May become
identification of alpha(s1)- and beta- caseins from ass's milk]. Atti Soc Ital Sci Vet [CD-ROM].
2004;58:[about 4 screens]. Italian.

page or screen to indicate a section of the issue. Do not include a header as part of the article title unless

• Occasionally a publication does not appear to have any title; the article or other short document simply
begins with the text. In this circumstance, create a title from the first few words of the text and place it in
square brackets. Use enough words to make the constructed title meaningful.

4. Journal article on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk not in English
5. Journal article on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with Greek letters or other special characters in the title
Article Type for Journal Articles on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (optional)

• Follow the bracketed article type with a period, placed outside the closing bracket
See exceptions for Article Type in Appendix F: Notes for Citing MEDLINE®/PubMed®


• Most journal article titles end in a period. If there is an article type, place [letter] or [abstract] inside the
period.
Increased cardiac Connexin45 results in uncoupling and spontaneous ventricular arrhythmias in
mice [abstract].
Eosinophilic pneumonia and arthritis [letter].
Bravo pH monitoring: should we exclude the first 6 hours? [abstract].
Moles, weights and potencies: freedom of expression! [letter].

place it in square brackets. If there is an article type, put (letter) or (abstract) within the square brackets.
[Study of nasal permeability in patients with operated unilateral clefts (letter)].
(abstract) within the square brackets and end title information with a period.
[Eat less, exercise more! (letter)].
• When the original language and a translation are provided, place [letter] or [abstract] after the translation
and end title information with a period
Etude de la permeabilite nasale dans les fentes unilaterales operees [Study of nasal permeability in
patients with operated unilateral clefts] [letter].
Journal Title for Journal Articles on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (required)


The Journal of Bacteriology becomes J Bacteriol
976 Citing Medicine
Atti della Societa Italiana delle Scienze Veterinarie becomes Atti Soc Ital Sci Vet
Molecules remains Molecules
Kansenshogaku Zasshi. remains Kansenshogaku Zasshi
Action Against Infection: a Newsletter for WHO and its Partners becomes Action Infect
• Omit any punctuation found within a title
Bio-psychiatry CD-ROM becomes Biopsychiatry CDROM
Faulkner & Gray's Practice Guidelines becomes Faulkner Gray Pract Guidel
a library collection or database; the name of the city where the journal is published distinguishes the
various titles. The city is usually shown in abbreviated format following the same rules used for words in
journal titles, as Phila for Philadelphia in the example above. If you use a bibliography or database such as
PubMed to verify your reference and a place name is included, you may keep it if you wish.


name in the original language. Abbreviate it according to the Abbreviation rules for journal titles and
capitalize all remaining title words, including abbreviation
• Indicate the language of the article after the pagination.
Conti MB, Marchesi MC, Rueca F, Fabi T. Tumori gastrici nel cane: osservazioni personali [Gastric
tumors in dogs: personal reports]. Atti Soc Ital Sci Vet [CD-ROM]. 2004;58:[about 4 screens]. Italian.

• Romanize (write in the roman alphabet) the title if it is in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, or Korean.
Abbreviate it according to the Abbreviation rules for journal titles and capitalize all remaining title words,
including abbreviations. Indicate the language of the article after the pagination.
⚬ Romanize titles in a character-based language (Chinese, Japanese). Do not abbreviate any of the
words or omit any words; use the capitalization system of the particular language. Indicate the
language of the article after the pagination.
[It is not NLM practice, but you may translate journal titles in character-based languages. If you do,
abbreviate the title according to the Abbreviation rules for journal titles and indicate the language of
the article after the pagination.]
⚬ A good authority for romanization is the ALA-LC Romanization Tables.
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

Molecules remains Molecules

978 Citing Medicine
• Separate the edition from the title by a space and place it by parentheses
• End edition information with a space, followed by the type of medium in square brackets and a period.
Example:
Nucleic Acids Research. Electronic Edition. becomes Nucleic Acids Res (Electron Ed) [CD-ROM].

Adv Common Jt Probl may become Adv. Common Jt. Probl.
Advances in Common Joint Problems.

• Because an edition is considered a part of the title in journals, use the same rules for abbreviating the
words in an edition statement as for the words in journal titles
⚬ the List of Journals Indexed for MEDLINE
⚬ the PubMed Journals Database
• End edition information with a space, followed by the type of medium in square brackets and a period
Example:
Nucleic Acids Research. Electronic Edition. becomes Nucleic Acids Res (Electron Ed) [CD-ROM].

6. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with edition
Edition for Journal Articles on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (required)

version


[Sources for word abbreviations are: the List of Journals Indexed for MEDLINE; the PubMed
Journals Database; and Appendix B for non-NLM sources.]
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
period
Example:
980 Citing Medicine
Farmaco. Edizione Practica becomes Farmaco (Ed Pract)

Example:
Pharmakeutikon Deltion. Epistemonike Ekdosis. becomes Pharm Delt (Epistem Ekd)
Examples:
ŏ becomes o
ū becomes u
⚬ End all the title information with a period
Example:
Ban)
⚬ It is not NLM practice, but you may translate such journal titles and their editions. If you do,
J Jinan Univ (Nat Sci Med Ed)
Danish oplag n.a.
Dutch uitgave Uitg
editie Ed
French edition Ed
German Ausgabe Ausg
Greek ekdosis Ekd
Italian edizione Ed
Russian izdanie Izd
Spanish edicion Ed

Type of Medium for Journal Articles on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (required)

• Indicate the type of medium (CD-ROM, DVD, or disk) following the journal title (and edition, if present)
• Place the name of the medium in square brackets and end with a period. For example: [DVD].
• See Chapter 16A for journal articles in audiovisual formats and Chapter 23A for articles on the Internet


medium.
Werner M, Uhlenbeck OC. The effect of base mismatches in the substrate recognition helices of
hammerhead ribozymes on binding and catalysis. Nucl Acids Res (Electron Ed) [CD-ROM].
1995;23(12):2092-6.
982 Citing Medicine

Date of Publication for Journal Articles on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk

(required)
• End date information with a semicolon unless there is no volume or issue (see No volume or issue
following the date below), then use a colon
Box 34. No volume or issue following the date.

• If no volume or issue can be found in a journal, follow the year (and month or season if present) with a
colon and the pagination.
2000:146-9.
2004 Jan:[about 10 p.].
2005 Winter:[about 6 screens].

• No volume or issue following the date

volume or issue.
period
Supplement = Suppl
Part = Pt

French Supplement nombre speciale partie
annexe part
Beilage
Erganzung
Zusatz
Russian Prilozenie specialnaja cast'
dopolnenie
suplemento
anejo
• Follow words with any number or letter found

Suppl 2
Pt A
Examples:
2005;Suppl: 2005;(Pt 3): 2005;Spec No:
2005;Suppl A: 2005;(Pt A): 2005;Spec No 2:
2005 Jan;Suppl:
2005;Abstr Suppl:
984 Citing Medicine

2002-2003
1997-1998
1999-2000
1999 Oct-2000 Mar
2002 Dec 7-2003 Jan 9
2005 Jan-Feb
1999 Dec-2000 Jan
2005 Feb 1-7
2004 Jan 25-31

• Capitalize them
For example:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

• Capitalize them
For example:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring

It is not NLM practice, but the following are acceptable options:
Preusse S, Schmitt O. Quantification and comparison of signal amplification and non-amplificated
immunohistochemical reactions of the rat brain by means of image analysis. EJPathol [disk].
1999;5(3):[about 15 p.].
• The date of publication may follow the author names in the list of references when the name-year system
of in-text references is used
⚬ Enter the year after the last named author (or the title and type of medium if there are no authors),
⚬ Place the volume number after the type of medium
NLM citation:
Preusse S, Schmitt O. Quantification and comparison of signal amplification and non-
amplificated immunohistochemical reactions of the rat brain by means of image analysis.
EJPathol [disk]. 1999 Jul-Sep;5(3):[about 15 p.].
Preusse S, Schmitt O. 1999. Quantification and comparison of signal amplification and non-
amplificated immunohistochemical reactions of the rat brain by means of image analysis.
EJPathol [disk]. 5(3):[about 15 p.].

7. Journal article on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with month(s) included in date of publication
Volume Number for Journal Articles on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (required)

986 Citing Medicine
• Do not follow a volume number with any punctuation unless there is no issue number or other

• Further divisions to volume other than issue
Box 36. Further divisions to a volume other than issue.

A volume will occasionally have a subdivision such as a supplement, part, or special number.
Supplement = Suppl
Part = Pt
following examples:
annexe part
Beilage
Erganzung
Zusatz
dopolnenie
suplemento
anejo
• Place them after the volume number. For example:

- volume with supplement
2005;15 Suppl:
2005 Mar;87 Suppl:
- volume with part
2004;66(Pt 2):
2004 Dec;124(Pt A):

- volume with special number
2003;6 Spec No:
Infrequently, supplements are given a name rather than a letter or number.
• See Chapter 1A Journal Articles for further detail

• To help locate volumes, see the following list of non-English words and abbreviations for volume in a
variety of languages:

A volume number usually follows the date of publication. Occasionally a journal will publish a series of issues
without volumes or will publish a supplement, part, or special number to a date of publication rather than to a
volume or issue.
number. Place the issue number in parentheses.
Teyssandier MJ. Cervical rotatory manipulation: 2nd technique. Adv Common Jt Probl [disk]. 1996
Aug;(2):[about 5 p.].
volume or issue, follow the date of publication with a semicolon, the abbreviation for supplement, part, or
special number, and any accompanying letter or number found. End supplement, part, or special number
information with a colon.
988 Citing Medicine

2004;Suppl:
2004;Suppl 2:
2004;Suppl A:
2004 Winter;Suppl:
- date with a part
2005;(Pt 3):
2005 Sep;(Pt 2):
2003;Spec No:
2003;Spec No 2:
2003 Jun;Spec No:
• If no volume numbers, issue numbers, supplements, parts, or special numbers are given, follow the date of
publication with a colon and the location (pagination) of the article
2004:34-7.
2005 Jun:[about 6 screens].
2001 Summer:[about 10 p.].

8. Journal article on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with volume but no issue
9. Journal article on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with issue but no volume
Issue Number for Journal Articles on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (required)


An issue will occasionally have a subdivision such as a supplement, part, or special number.

Supplement = Suppl
Part = Pt
• Place them after the issue, within the parentheses. For example:
- issue with supplement
2005;15(1 Suppl):
2005;(12 Suppl A):
2005 Mar;87(3 Suppl):
- issue with part
2004;66(1 Pt 2):
2004 Dec;124(Pt A):
- issue with special number
2003;6(2 Spec No):
following examples:
annexe part
Beilage
Erganzung
Zusatz
dopolnenie
suplemento
anejo

990 Citing Medicine


Box 40. Non-English names for issues.

used for issue (usually variations on the word number):

number, placed in parentheses.
Teyssandier MJ. Cervical rotatory manipulation: 2nd technique. Adv Common Jt Probl [disk]. 1996
Aug;(2):[about 5 p.].

61:155-88.
3:[about 7 p.].
• If no issue or volume is found, follow date information with a colon and the location (pagination)
2005 Jan:26-8.
2004:[about 6 screens].

• It is not NLM practice, but an issue number may be omitted if the journal is continuously paginated
throughout the volume. Note, however, that many libraries such as the NLM require issue numbers for
retrieval from their collections and for interlibrary loan.
Enders D, Gielen H, Breuer K. Immobilized triazolium salts as precursors to chiral carbenes:
rhodium-catalyzed asymmetric hydrosilylation as a first test reaction. Mol Online (CD-ROM Ed)
[CD-ROM]. 1998;2:105-8.

Location (Pagination) for Journal Articles on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk

(required)
• Give the inclusive page numbers on which the article appears
example: S10-8.
• If there are no page numbers, calculate the extent of the article in the best means possible, i.e., number of
paragraphs, screens, pages (see No numbers appear on the pages of the article below)
• See Chapter 23 for articles on the Internet

• If only the item to be cited has no page numbers, try to identify the location in relation to numbered
pages. For example: preceding p. 1 or following p. 503. Place such phrases in square brackets.
115(33):[preceding p. 55].
11(4):[following p. 54].
• When page numbers are absent, as often occurs with journal articles in electronic format, calculate the
extent of the article using the best means possible and place it in square brackets, such as "[10
paragraphs]", "[about 6 screens]", and "[about 5 p.]". Of course screen size, font used, and printers vary
greatly, but the purpose is to give the user of the citation an indication of the length of the item. Note that
when the number is approximated, the word "about" is used before the length indicator. End location
information or extent with a period.
Examples:
Fourman S. The office eye exam in family medicine. FPR [CD-ROM]. 1996 Feb;18(2):[about 9
screens].
992 Citing Medicine

immunohistochemical reactions of the rat brain by means of image analysis. EJPathol [disk]. 1999
Jul-Sep;5(3):[about 15 p.].
Frytak S, Mokri B. Back pain in the cancer patient: a potential impending disaster. Prime Pract [CD-
ROM]. 1996;2(3):[12 paragraphs].
Buchler MW, Knaebel HP. Partial pancreaticoduodenectomy with superior mesenteric vein
reconstruction. Real Surg [DVD]. 2004 May;1(5):[35 min.].


:345-6, 348-9, 352.
:15, 17, 19-21.
:345-346, 348-349, 352, 355-357, 360, 362. becomes :345-6, 348-9, 352 passim.
• Begin with the location (pagination) of the article. Follow it by a semicolon and a space, then the name of
the additional material and its pagination.
:145-54; discussion 155-6.
:[about 5 screens]; author reply [about 1 screen].

10. Journal article on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with location expressed as standard page numbers
11. Journal article on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with location/extent expressed as screens
12. Journal article on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with location/extent expressed as estimated number of pages
13. Journal article on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with location/extent expressed as paragraphs
14. Journal article on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with location/extent expressed as a file name
15. Journal article on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with article occupying the entire issue
Physical Description for Journal Articles on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk

(optional)
• Give information on the physical characteristics of the CD-ROM, DVD, or disc on which the article is
found. For example: 1 DVD: color, 4 3/4 in.


• Follow the pagination with information on the number of physical pieces and the type of medium on
which the article resides, such as 1 CD-ROM
• Enter a colon and a space, then enter information on the physical characteristics, such as color and size
sound
color
black & white
1 computer disk: 3 1/2 in.

16. Journal article on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with physical description
Language for Journal Articles on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (required)


994 Citing Medicine

⚬ List all languages of publication after the pagination, separated by commas
⚬ List all languages of publication after the pagination, separated by commas
publications:
⚬ Separate them with an equals sign
⚬ List the languages after the pagination, separated by commas

Notes for Journal Articles on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (optional)

• Notes is a term for any type of information given after the citation itself
• Be brief


Indicate system requirements needed to run the CD-ROM, DVD, or disk by describing the software and
hardware needed to view the article.
Example:
Bianco A, Brufani M, Ciabatti R, Melchioni C, Pasquali V. Neuraminic acid derivatives as anti-

influenza drugs. Mol Online (CD-ROM Ed) [CD-ROM]. 1998;2(10-11):129-36. System
Requirements: IBM PC or 100% compatible 486SX; 8 MB RAM; VGA (640 x 480 pixels) video card
set to 256 colors; double speed CD-ROM drive or faster; Windows 3.1 or higher.

• If the journal being cited is not a common one, give the name of a library or other archive where it may be
found. Begin with the phrase "Located at" followed by a colon and a space. Include any finding number
supplied by the library or archive.
Located at: National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; W1 PR523C.
• If the journal article includes a printed guide or other handout, indicate this following the phrase
"Accompanied by: "
Accompanied by: 1 workbook.
• If the article contains a review of the literature and this is not indicated in the title, provide the
information
Review of the literature.
Examples for Notes

17. Journal article on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with note
Examples of Citations to Journal Articles on CD-ROM, DVD, or

Disk
Kauffman CA, Bonilla HF. Trends in antibiotic resistance with emphasis on VRE. FPR [CD-ROM]. 1998
Oct;20(10):[about 5 screens].
Buchler MW, Knaebel HP. Partial pancreaticoduodenectomy with superior mesenteric vein reconstruction. Real
Surg [DVD]. 2004 May;1(5):[35 min.].
immunohistochemical reactions of the rat brain by means of image analysis. EJPathol [disk]. 1999 Jul-Sep;5(3):
[about 15 p.].
2. Journal article on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with optional full names for
authors
Kauffman, Carol A.; Bonilla, Hector F. Trends in antibiotic resistance with emphasis on VRE. FPR [CD-ROM].
1998 Oct;20(10):[about 5 screens].
996 Citing Medicine
3. Journal article on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with author affiliation

Kauffman CA (Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI), Bonilla HF (Louisiana State University, Boga
Lusa, LA). Trends in antibiotic resistance with emphasis on VRE. FPR [CD-ROM]. 1998 Oct;20(10):[about 5
screens].
Enders D (Institut fur Organische Chemie, Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen, Germany. Enders@RWTH-
Aachen.de), Gielen H, Breuer K. Immobilized triazolium salts as precursors to chiral carbenes: rhodium-
catalyzed asymmetric hydrosilylation as a first test reaction. Mol Online (CD-ROM Ed) [CD-ROM].
1998;2(7):105-8.

Conti MB, Marchesi MC, Rueca F, Fabi T. [Gastric tumors in dogs: personal reports]. Atti Soc Ital Sci Vet [CD-
ROM]. 2004;58:[about 4 screens]. Italian.
with optional original language included
Conti MB, Marchesi MC, Rueca F, Fabi T. Tumori gastrici nel cane: osservazioni personali [Gastric tumors in
dogs: personal reports]. Atti Soc Ital Sci Vet [CD-ROM]. 2004;58:[about 4 screens]. Italian.
5. Journal article on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with Greek letters or other

special characters in the title
identification of αs1- and β- caseins from ass's milk]. Atti Soc Ital Sci Vet [CD-ROM]. 2004;58:[about 4 screens].
Italian.
may become
identification of alpha(s1)- and beta- caseins from ass's milk]. Atti Soc Ital Sci Vet [CD-ROM]. 2004;58:[about 4
screens]. Italian.

Werner M, Uhlenbeck OC. The effect of base mismatches in the substrate recognition helices of hammerhead
ribozymes on binding and catalysis. Nucl Acids Res (Electron Ed) [CD-ROM]. 1995;23(12):2092-6.
7. Journal article on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with month(s) included in

date of publication
Surg [DVD]. 2004 May;1(5):[35 min.].
[about 15 p.].

Conti MB, Marchesi MC, Rueca F, Fabi T. [Gastric tumors in dogs: personal reports]. Atti Soc Ital Sci Vet [CD-
ROM]. 2004;58:[about 4 screens]. Italian.

Teyssandier MJ. Cervical rotatory manipulation: 2nd technique. Adv Common Jt Probl [disk]. 1996 Aug;(2):
[about 5 p.].
10. Journal article on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with location expressed as

standard page numbers
Sforcin JM, Novelli EL, Funari SR. Seasonal effect of Brazilian protocols on seric biochemical variations. J
Venom Anim Toxins [CD-ROM]. 2002;8(2):244-54.
11. Journal article on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with location/extent

expressed as screens
Fourman S. The office eye exam in family medicine. FPR [CD-ROM]. 1996 Feb;18(2):[about 9 screens].

expressed as estimated number of pages
[about 15 p.].

expressed as paragraphs
Frytak S, Mokri B. Back pain in the cancer patient: a potential impending disaster. Prime Pract [CD-ROM].
1996;2(3):[12 paragraphs].

expressed as a file name
Pick A, Chiuso L, Cavallo GP, Margarita E. Prognostic value of AgNORs in tumor pathology. EJPathol [disk].
1997 Mar;3(1):[971-06.txt]. 1 computer disk: 3 1/2 in.
15. Journal article on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with article occupying the
entire issue
Heald B, Moran B. Total mesorectal excision for low rectal cancer. Real Surg [DVD]. 2004;1(6):[1 DVD].
16. Journal article on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with physical description

Sforcin JM, Novelli EL, Funari SR. Seasonal effect of Brazilian protocols on seric biochemical variations. J
Venom Anim Toxins [CD-ROM]. 2002;8(2):244-54. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.
[about 15 p.]. 1 computer disk: 3 1/2 in.
17. Journal article on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with note

Bianco A, Brufani M, Ciabatti R, Melchioni C, Pasquali V. Neuraminic acid derivatives as anti-influenza drugs.
Mol Online (CD-ROM Ed) [CD-ROM]. 1998;2(10-11):129-36. System Requirements: IBM PC or 100%
998 Citing Medicine
compatible 486SX; 8 MB RAM; VGA (640 x 480 pixels) video card set to 256 colors; double speed CD-ROM
drive or faster; Windows 3.1 or higher.
Frytak S, Mokri B. Back pain in the cancer patient: a potential impending disaster. Prime Pract [CD-ROM].
1996;2(3):[12 paragraphs]. Located at: National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; W1 PR523C.
18. Part of a journal article on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk

Kauffman CA, Bonilla HF. Trends in antibiotic resistance with emphasis on VRE. FPR [CD-ROM]. 1998
Oct;20(10):[about 5 screens]. Table 1, Risk factors for VRE colonization and infection; [1 screen].
Werner M, Uhlenbeck OC. The effect of base mismatches in the substrate recognition helices of hammerhead
ribozymes on binding and catalysis. Nucl Acids Res (Electron Ed) [CD-ROM]. 1995;23(12):2092-6. Table 2,
Rates of substrate dissociation (k-1) for different substrates of HH; p. 2095.
Surg [DVD]. 2004 May;1(5):[35 min.]. [Scene 3], Posterior mobilization of the pancreatic head; [7 min.].
Fourman S. The office eye exam in family medicine. FPR [CD-ROM]. 1996 Feb;18(2):[about 9 screens]. Figure 9,
Important ophthalmoscopic findings in the patient with diabetic retinopathy are retinal hemorrhage and pallor
of the optic nerve and retina; [about 1 screen].
[about 15 p.]. [Figure], Summary of contrast measurments of all immunohistochemical methods; [993-031.pcx].
B. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Entire Journal Titles

on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk
The general format for a reference to an entire journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk, including punctuation:
- for a journal continuing to be published:
- for a journal that has ceased publication:

Examples of Citations to Entire Journal Titles on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk

Although electronic journals differ radically in physical form from print journals, the basic rules for citing them
are the same. The major difference is the required addition of the type of medium (CD-ROM, DVD, or disk) in
square brackets following the journal title. Use the opening screen(s), the face of the CD-ROM, DVD, or disk,
the jewel case (carrying case), and accompanying documentation, in that order, for authoritative information to
use in citation.
hyphen and three spaces. If a journal ceased publication, as in example two, separate beginning and ending
volume and date information with a hyphen with a space.
The authoritative source for information to use in a citation for a journal title is, in order of preference: the
opening screen(s); the face of the CD-ROM, DVD, or disk; the jewel case (carrying case); and accompanying
print documentation.
It is important to cite the journal name that was used at the time of publication. For example, EJPathol changed
title to Electronic Journal of Pathology and Histology in 2000.
EJPathol [disk]. Munich: VaW Verlag fur Angewandte Wissenschaften. Vol. 1, No. 1, Mar 1995 - Vol. 5, No.
4, Oct-Dec 1999. Continued by: Electronic Journal of Pathology and Histology.
Electronic Journal of Pathology and Histology [CD-ROM]. Amsterdam: IOS Press. Vol. 6, Mar 2000 -- ..
Continues: EJPathol.
It is not correct to cite this journal as:
Electronic Journal of Pathology and Histology [CD-ROM]. Amsterdam: IOS Press. Vol. 1, No., Mar 1995 -
.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Entire Journal Titles on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Entire Journal Titles on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk.
Citation Rules with Examples for Journal Titles on CD-ROM,

DVD, or Disk
Journal Title (R) | Edition (R) | Type of Medium (R) | Editor (O) | Place of Publication (R) | Publisher (R) |
Volume Number (R) | Issue Number (R) | Date of Publication (R) | Physical Description (O) | Language (R) |
Notes (O)
1000 Citing Medicine
Journal Title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk (required)

• Use the capitalization and punctuation found in the title
• Follow a non-English title with a translation whenever possible; place the translation in square brackets


• For non-English journal titles in the roman alphabet (French, German, Spanish, Italian, etc.), give the
Atti della Societa Italiana delle Scienze Veterinarie [CD-ROM].
Korean, or in a character-based language (Chinese, Japanese)
Novosti Lucevoj Diagnostiki [CD-ROM].
Nihon Hokan Daitai Iryo Gakkai shi [disk].
[It is not NLM practice, but you may translate journal titles in character-based languages.]
Japanese Journal of Complementary and Alternative Medicine [disk].
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
square brackets
Atti della Societa Italiana delle Scienze Veterinarie [Acts of the Italian Society for Veterinary Science]
[CD-ROM].

• For a journal title appearing in two or more equal languages, as often occurs with Canadian journals:
⚬ Begin with the title in the first language found, in order of preference: the opening screens of the
issue; the face of the CD-ROM, DVD, or disk; the carrying case; or accompanying printed material
⚬ List all languages, separated by commas, after the date of publication (and Physical Description, if
provided)
Example:
Brinkman's Cumulatieve Catalogus op CD-ROM: Nationale Bibliografie van Nederland =
Brinkman's Cumulative Catalogue on CD-ROM: Dutch National Bibliography [CD-ROM].
Munich (Germany): K.G. Saur. 1995 - . Dutch, English.
Description, if found)
Example:
Action Against Infection: a Newsletter for WHO and its Partners [CD-ROM]. Geneva: World
Health Organization, CDS Information Resource Centre. Vol. 1, No. 1, Dec 1999 - Vol. 4, No.

• Capitalize all significant words in the edition statement
• Place the edition statement in parentheses
• Separate the edition statement from the title proper by a space
• End all title information with the type of medium of the journal, placed in square brackets, followed by a
period
Example:
Nucleic Acids Research (Electronic Edition) [CD-ROM]. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press. Vol.
21, No. 1, Jan 1993 - .

1. Standard citation to a journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk that is still being published
2. Standard citation to a journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk that ceased publication
3. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with subtitle
4. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk not in English
5. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk not in English with optional translation
6. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk published in two equal languages
7. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk published in multiple languages
Edition for Journal Title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk (required)

version


⚬ Give the edition statement in the original language

⚬ Place the edition statement in parentheses
⚬ Separate the edition statement from the title proper by a space
⚬ End title and edition information with a space
Example:
Farmaco. Edizione Pratica. becomes Farmaco (Edizione Pratica)
• For an edition statement in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean, or in a character-based language such
as Chinese and Japanese:
⚬ Place the edition statement in parentheses
⚬ Separate the edition statement from the title proper by a space
⚬ End title and edition information with a space
Examples:
Pharmakeutikon Deltion. Epistemonike Ekdosis. becomes Pharmakeutikon Deltion
(Epistemonike Ekdosis)
Ban)
language
Journal of Jinan University (Natural Science and Medicine Edition)
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
Danish Oplag n.a.
Dutch Uitgave Uitg
Editie Ed
French Edition Ed
German Ausgabe Ausg
Greek Ekdosis Ekd
Italian Edizione Ed
Russian Izdanie Izd
Spanish Edicion Ed

Type of Medium for Journal Title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk (required)

• Indicate the type of medium (CD-ROM, DVD, or disk) following the title (and edition, if present)
• Place the name of the medium in square brackets, such as [DVD]
• End medium information with a period, placed outside the closing bracket
• See Chapter 16B for journal titles in audiovisual formats and Chapter 23B for titles on the Internet

1. Standard citation to a journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk that is still being published
2. Standard citation to a journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk that ceased publication
Editor for Journal Title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk (optional)

• Enter the name of the editor in natural order. For example: John A. Jones.


one letter
Iu. A. Iakontov
G. Th. Tsakalos
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
French redacteur


editeur
German redakteur
herausgeber
Italian redattore
curatore
editore
Russian redaktor
izdatel
Spanish redactor
editor
Examples for Editor

9. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with editor named
Place of Publication for Journal Title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk (required)

• Follow US and Canadian cities with the two-letter abbreviation for the state or province to avoid
confusion when citing lesser known cities or when cities in different locations have same name, such as
Palm Springs (CA) and Palm Springs (FL)
the same name, such London (ON) and London (England)

• Non-US cities

• Use the anglicized form for the name of a city, e.g., Rome for Roma and Moscow for Moskva, when
possible
Montreal (QC):
Ottawa (ON):
the name of the country, either written out or as the two-letter ISO country code (see Appendix D). Use
the anglicized form of the name, e.g., Spain for Espana. Place the country name or code in parentheses.
London:
Rome:
Paris:
Madrid:
but

• If a journal has changed publishers over the years or if the publisher has changed its location, give the
place of publication of the current (or last) publisher

• If no place of publication can be found or inferred, use the words "place unknown" in square brackets

10. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with well-known place of publication
11. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with lesser-known place of publication
Publisher for Journal Title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk (required)

• Give the name of the publisher as it appears in the journal, using the capitalization and punctuation found
there


• Romanize names presented in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean, and character-based languages
(Chinese, Japanese)
Lopez Pinero.
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
• If desired, follow a non-English name with a translation. Place all translated publisher names within
square brackets.

Appendix D)
the publisher and include distributor information as a note. Begin with the phrase "Available from"
followed by a colon and a space. Add the name of the distributor, the city and state, and the accession or
order number.
Available from: US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC; HE 20.3013/2-4.

• If a journal has changed publishers over the years, give the name of the current (or last) publisher
or set in bold
• An alternative is to use the publisher likely to be most familiar to the audience of the reference list, e.g., an
American publisher for a US audience and a London publisher for a British one
• Do not list multiple publishers. For those publications with joint or co-publishers, use the name provided
first as the publisher and include the name of the second as a note, if desired, as "Jointly published by the
Canadian Pharmacists Association".

• For those publications with joint or co-publishers, use the name provided first as the publisher
• Include the name of the second publisher as a note, if desired, as "Jointly published by the Canadian
Pharmacists Association"

• If no publisher can be determined, use the words "publisher unknown" in square brackets
Advances in Common Joint Problems [disk]. Udine (Italy): [publisher unknown]. No. 1, 1996 - No.
3, 1997. English, Italian.

12. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with publisher including subsidiary part
13. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with unknown publisher
Volume Number for Journal Title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk (required)

• Follow a volume number with a comma


of languages:

• If no volume number is present, follow the publisher with the issue number, preceded by No.
Ophthalmology on CD: the Journal of the American Academy of Ophthalmology [CD-ROM].

Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott. 1994 - .
Californian Journal of Health Promotion [CD-ROM]. Chico (CA): California State University,
Department of Health and Community Services. Mar 2003 - .
Romulus [CD-ROM]. Ottawa (ON): National Library of Canada. 1992 - 1998. English, French.

14. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with volume and number
15. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with volume, but no number
16. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with number, but no volume
17. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk without volume or number
Issue Number for Journal Title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk (required)




• If no volume number is present, follow the publisher with the issue number, preceded by No.
Romulus [CD-ROM]. Ottawa (ON): National Library of Canada. 1992-1998. English, French.

Molecules: a Journal of Synthetic Chemistry and Natural Product Chemistry [CD-ROM]. Basel
(Switzerland): Molecular Diversity Preservation International. Vol. 1, 1996 - .

Reality Surgery [DVD]. Dublin (Ireland): Reality Surgery Ltd. Vol. 1, No. 1, Jan 2004 - .
or
Reality Surgery [DVD]. Dublin (Ireland): Reality Surgery Ltd. Vol. 1, Jan 2004 - .

Date of Publication for Journal Title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk (required)

• Include the month and year the journal began publishing, such as May 2004
If the journal is still being published-
• End beginning date information with a hyphen, three spaces, and a period
If the journal ceased publication -
• End beginning date information with a space, a hyphen and a space
• Enter closing volume and issue information followed by a comma and the closing month and year
• End closing date information with a period


2002-2003
1997-1998
1999-2000
Oct 1999-Mar 2000
Dec 7, 2002-Jan 9, 2003
Mar-Apr 2005
Dec 1999-Jan 2000
Feb 1-7, 2005
Jan 25-31, 2001
them.

• Capitalize them
Examples:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

• Capitalize them
Examples:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring

or
Reality Surgery [DVD]. Dublin (Ireland): Reality Surgery Ltd. Vol. 1, No. 1, 2004 - .

18. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with months in date
19. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with multiple months included in date
20. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with season in date
Physical Description for Journal Title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk (optional)

• Enter the medium on which the journal title is issued, in plural form, followed by a colon and a space.
Example: DVDs:
• Give the physical characteristics of the CD-ROM, DVD, or disc, such as color and size. For example:
DVDs: color, 4 3/4 in.


Physical description of a journal on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk is optional in a reference but may be included to
provide useful information. For example, the size of a disk indicates what equipment is needed to view it.
Note that the words used in description are taken from ISO 832:1994 - Rules for the abbreviation of bibliographic
terms and reflect standard library practice. See Appendix C for a list of commonly used English words and their
abbreviations.
• Give the type of medium on which the journal appears, in plural form, followed by a colon and a space.
Examples: CD-ROMs: and DVDs:
• Include physical characteristics, such as color and size. Abbreviate common words for measurement, such
as in. for inches.
sound
color
black & white


DVDs: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
CD-ROMs: color, 4 3/4 in.
Computer disks: 3 1/2 in.
Computer disks: 5 1/4 in. and 3 1/2 in.

21. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with physical description
Language for Journal Title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk (required)



Description, if found)
Example:
Action Against Infection: a Newsletter for WHO and its Partners [CD-ROM]. Geneva: World
Health Organization, CDS Information Resource Centre. Vol. 1, No. 1, Dec 1999 - Vol. 4, No.
⚬ Begin with the title in the first language found, in order of preference: the opening screens of the
issue; the face of the CD-ROM, DVD, or disk; the carrying case; or accompanying printed material
⚬ List all languages, separated by commas, after the date of publication (and Physical Description, if
provided)
Example:
Brinkman's Cumulatieve Catalogus op CD-ROM: Nationale Bibliografie van Nederland =
Brinkman's Cumulative Catalogue on CD-ROM: Dutch National Bibliography [CD-ROM].
Munich (Germany): K.G. Saur. 1995 - . Dutch, English.

5. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk not in English with optional translation
6. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk published in two equal languages
Notes for Journal Title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk (optional)

• Notes is a term for any type of information about the journal
• If the journal was previously published under another title, provide the name preceded by "Continues: ",
such as Continues: EJPathol.
• If the journal continues under another title, provide the name preceded by "Continued by: ", such as
Continued by: Electronic Journal of Pathology and Histology.


The notes element may be used to provide any useful information. Begin by citing the journal title, then add the
note. Some examples of notes are:
• The name under which a journal was previously published, preceded by "Continues: "
Electronic Journal of Pathology and Histology [CD-ROM]. Amsterdam: IOS Press. Vol. 6, No. 1, Mar
2000 - . Continues: EJPathol.
EJPathol [disk]. Munich: VaW Verlag fur Angewandte Wissenschaften. Vol. 1, No. 1, Mar 1995 - Vol.
5, No. 4, Oct-Dec 1999. Computer disks: 3 1/2 in. Continued by: Electronic Journal of Pathology and
Histology.
The Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins [disk]. Botucatu (Brazil): Center for the Study of
Venoms and Venomous Animals. Vol. 1, No. 1, 1995 - Vol. 8, 2002. Computer disks: 3 1/2 in.
Continued by: Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases.
• The system requirements necessary to run the CD-ROM, DVD, or disk. Begin with the phrase "System
Requirements" followed by a colon and a space.
The AIDS Stack [disk]. Pleasant Hill (CA): Heizer Software. Oct 1987 - . Computer disks: 3 1/2 in.
System Requirements: 1 MB Macintosh with two 800K byte floppy disk drives or one hard disk drive;
Excel, Works, HyperCard or SuperCard software.
• Another format in which a journal is also available
Health Indicators [CD-ROM]. Ottawa (ON): Canadian Institute for Health Information. Vol. 2000,
No. 1, Dec 2000 - . Also available on the Internet: http://www.statcan.ca/english/freepub/82-221-
XIE/free.htm
Advanced Clinical Problems on Disk [disk]. Baltimore (MD): Williams & Wilkins. Disk 1, 1988 -
Disk 9, 1991. Computer disks: 5 1/4 in. Sponsored by the American College of Physicians and
Massachusetts General Hospital.
RNdex Professional [CD-ROM]. Pasadena (CA): Information Resources Group. Vol. 1, No, 1, 1996 -
. 3 per year.
Computer Select [CD-ROM]. New York: Ziff Communications. Feb 1991 - . ISSN: 1062-8509.
• If the journal is an unusual one, the name of a library or other archive where it may be found, preceded by
the words "Located at: "
Cyberlog: the Quarterly of Applied Medical Software [disk]. Eden Prairie (MN): Cardinal Health
Systems, Inc. Vol. 1, No. 1, Spring 1985 - No. 20, 1991. Computer disks: 5 1/4 in. Located at: National
Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; W1 CY343.
Interactions: Programs in Clinical Decision Making [disk]. Hamilton (ON): Decker Electronic Pub.
Vol. 1, No. 1, Jan-Feb 1988 - Vol. 8, No. 6, 1996. Also called ACOG Interactions.
Examples for Notes

22. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with system requirements provided
23. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk previously published under another name
24. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk continuing under another name
25. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with note on Internet availability
26. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with sponsorship note
27. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with frequency of publication note
28. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with ISSN note
29. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with note on a library where it may be located
30. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with examples of other notes
Examples of Citations to Entire Journal Titles on CD-ROM, DVD,

or Disk
1. Standard citation to a journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk that is still
being published
AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings [CD-ROM]. Bethesda (MD): American Medical Informatics
Association. 2003 - .
2. Standard citation to a journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk that

ceased publication
PrimePractice: a CD-ROM quarterly for primary care physicians [CD-ROM]. Minneapolis (MN): IVI Pub. Vol.
1, No. 1, 1994 - Vol. 2, No. 4, 1996.
Discotest [disk]. New York: Scientific American Medicine. No. 47, 1985 - No. 152, 1997.
Health Care Cost Analyzer [disk]. Lexington (MA): DRI/McGraw-Hill. 1987-1992.
3. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with subtitle

Molecules: a Journal of Synthetic Chemistry and Natural Product Chemistry [CD-ROM]. Basel (Switzerland):
Molecular Diversity Preservation International. Vol. 1, 1996 - .

Atti della Societa Italiana delle Scienze Veterinarie [CD-ROM]. Grado (Italy): Societa Italiana delle Scienze
Veterinarie. Vol. 58, 2004 - . Italian.
5. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk not in English with optional

translation
Atti della Societa Italiana delle Scienze Veterinarie [Acts of the Italian Society for Veterinary Science] [CD-
ROM]. Grado (Italy): Societa Italiana delle Scienze Veterinarie. Vol. 58, 2004 - . Italian.
6. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk published in two equal

languages
Brinkman's Cumulatieve Catalogus op CD-ROM: Nationale Bibliografie van Nederland = Brinkman's
Cumulative Catalogue on CD-ROM: Dutch National Bibliography [CD-ROM]. Munich (Germany): K.G. Saur.
1995 - . Dutch, English.

Action Against Infection: a Newsletter for WHO and its Partners [CD-ROM]. Geneva: World Health
Organization, CDS Information Resource Centre. Vol. 1, No. 1, Dec 1999 - Vol. 4, No. 5, 2004. English, French,
Spanish.

Nucleic Acids Research (Electronic Edition) [CD-ROM]. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press. Vol. 21, No. 1,
Jan 1993 - .
9. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with editor named

Molecules Online (CD-ROM Edition) [CD-ROM]. Stephen Hanessian, editor. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. Vol. 1,
1996 - Vol. 3, 1999.
10. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with well-known place of

publication
Journal of Bacteriology [CD-ROM]. Washington: American Society for Microbiology. Vol. 174, 1992 - .
11. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with lesser-known place of

publication
The AIDS Stack [disk]. Pleasant Hill (CA): Heizer Software. Oct 1987 - .
12. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with publisher including

subsidiary part
Californian Journal of Health Promotion [CD-ROM]. Chico (CA): California State University, Department of
Health and Community Services. Mar 2003 - .
13. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with unknown publisher

Advances in Common Joint Problems [disk]. Udine (Italy): [publisher unknown]. No. 1, 1996 - No. 3, 1997.
English, Italian.
Primary Care Medicine on CD [CD-ROM]. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven. Vol. 1, No. 1, 1997 - Vol. 3, No. 4,
1999.
Advances in Common Joint Problems [disk]. Udine (Italy): [publisher unknown]. No. 1, 1996 - No. 3, 1997.
English, Italian.

Californian Journal of Health Promotion [CD-ROM]. Chico (CA): California State University, Department of
Health and Community Services. Mar 2003 - .
Ophthalmology on CD: the Journal of the American Academy of Ophthalmology [CD-ROM]. Philadelphia: J.B.
Lippincott. 1994 - .
Advanced Clinical Problems on Disk [disk]. Baltimore (MD): Williams & Wilkins. Disk 1, 1988 - Disk 9, 1991.
Clinical Pharmacology [CD-ROM]. Gainesville (FL): Gold Standard Multimedia. Version 1.1, 1994 - .
18. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with months in date

Ethics Index: an Interdisciplinary Resource of Journal and Essay Information in the Field of Ethics [CD-ROM].
Evanston (IL): American Theological Library Association. Feb 1994 - .
19. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with multiple months included
in date
Interactions: Programs in Clinical Decision Making [disk]. Hamilton (ON): Decker Electronic Pub. Vol. 1, No. 1,
Jan-Feb 1988 - Vol. 8, No. 6, 1996.
20. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with season in date

Cyberlog: the Quarterly of Applied Medical Software [disk]. Eden Prairie (MN): Cardinal Health Systems, Inc.
Vol. 1, No. 1, Spring 1985 - No. 20, 1991.
21. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with physical description

Primary Care Medicine on CD [CD-ROM]. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven. Vol. 1, No. 1, 1997 - Vol. 3, No. 4,
1999. CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
Vol. 1, No. 1, Spring 1985 - No. 20, 1991. Computer disks: 5 1/4 in.
Reality Surgery [DVD]. Dublin (Ireland): Reality Surgery Ltd. Vol. 1, No. 1, Jan 2004 - . DVDs: color, 4 3/4 in.
22. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with system requirements

provided
The AIDS Stack [disk]. Pleasant Hill (CA): Heizer Software. Oct 1987 - . Computer disks: 3 1/2 in. System
Requirements: 1 MB Macintosh with two 800K byte floppy disk drives or one hard disk drive; Excel, Works,
HyperCard or SuperCard software.
23. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk previously published under

another name
Electronic Journal of Pathology and Histology [CD-ROM]. Amsterdam: IOS Press. Vol. 6, No. 1, Mar 2000 - .
Continues: EJPathol.
24. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk continuing under another

name
EJPathol [disk]. Munich: VaW Verlag fur Angewandte Wissenschaften. Vol. 1, No. 1, Mar 1995 - Vol. 5, No. 4,
Oct-Dec 1999. Computer disks: 3 1/2 in. Continued by: Electronic Journal of Pathology and Histology.
The Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins [disk]. Botucatu (Brazil): Center for the Study of Venoms and
Venomous Animals. Vol. 1, No. 1, 1995 - Vol. 8, 2002. Computer disks: 3 1/2 in. Continued by: Journal of
Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases.
25. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with note on Internet

availability
Health Indicators [CD-ROM]. Ottawa (ON): Canadian Institute for Health Information. Vol. 2000, No. 1, Dec
2000 - . Also available on the Internet: http://www.statcan.ca/english/freepub/82-221-XIE/free.htm
26. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with sponsorship note

Advanced Clinical Problems on Disk [disk]. Baltimore (MD): Williams & Wilkins. Disk 1, 1988 - Disk 9, 1991.
Computer disks: 5 1/4 in. Sponsored by the American College of Physicians and Massachusetts General
Hospital.
Jan-Feb 1988 - Vol. 8, No. 6, 1996. Sponsored by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Also
called ACOG Interactions.
27. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with frequency of publication

note
RNdex Professional [CD-ROM]. Pasadena (CA): Information Resources Group. Vol. 1, No, 1, 1996 - . 3 per
year.
Journal of Bacteriology [CD-ROM]. Washington: American Society for Microbiology. Vol. 174, 1992 - . Annual.
28. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with ISSN note

Computer Select [CD-ROM]. New York: Ziff Communications. Feb 1991 - . ISSN: 1062-8509.
29. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with note on a library where it
may be located
Vol. 1, No. 1, Spring 1985 - No. 20, 1991. Computer disks: 5 1/4 in. Located at: National Library of Medicine,
Bethesda, MD; W1 CY343.
30. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with examples of other notes
Jan-Feb 1988 - Vol. 8, No. 6, 1996. Also called ACOG Interactions.
1025
Chapter 20. Databases on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk


• Examples
See also:
Chapter 24 Databases/Retrieval Systems on the Internet
Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Databases on CD-

ROM, DVD, or Disk
The general format for a reference to a database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk, including punctuation:
- for a serial database that is open:
- for a serial database that is closed:
- for a single database:

Examples of Citations to Databases on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk

A database is a collection of individual records that are most often standardized in both format and content.
Database records are usually related by a common denominator such as subject matter or the source of the
material in them. Text-oriented databases are generally bibliographic or full-text, where each record has a
bibliographic citation to a publication or the complete text of a document. Number-oriented databases cover
many types, including statistical, time series, and transactional.
There are two broad categories of databases found on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk: serial and single. Their
publication pattern differentiates them.
Serial databases contain records or other entries that have been collected over a period of time, with new or
updated versions issued at stated intervals. Serial databases are either open or closed. Open databases continue
to have new records added to them or to have existing records updated; in closed databases no records are being
added or updated.
• To cite an open serial database, give the beginning date of the database followed by a hyphen, 3 spaces,
and a period.
• To cite a closed serial database, give the beginning and ending dates, separated by a hyphen. End date
information with a period.
The second broad category is single databases. These are collections of records published only once, usually with
no intention of updating or adding records at a future date, although minor corrections/changes may be made.
• To cite a single database, give the one date of publication as you would for a standard book.
• If you are unsure whether a database is a serial or single one, cite it as a single.
Databases frequently change titles and publishers over time. When citing a database, always provide information
on the latest title and publisher unless you are citing an earlier version. If you wish to cite all years for a database
Veterinary librarian [disk]. Littleton (CO): First Move. 1990 - 2002. Computer disks: 5 1/4 in. Continued
by: Veterinary Journal Index.
Veterinary journal index [CD-ROM]. Littleton (CO): First Move. 2003 - . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in. Continues:
Veterinary Librarian.
Do not cite this database as:
Veterinary journal index [CD-ROM]. Littleton (CO): First Move. 1990 - . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
Use the opening screen(s), the label of the CD-ROM, DVD, or disk, the jewel case (carrying case), and
accompanying documentation, in that order, for authoritative information to use in citing a database.
Databases on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk 1027
Parts of Databases and Contributions to Databases

This chapter includes citation rules for entire databases on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk. For citing a part of these
databases, such as an individual record, combine the guidelines presented in this chapter with those in Chapter
24B Parts of Databases on the Internet and Chapter 2C Parts of Books. See also example 34 below.
For citing a contribution to a database, which occurs when an author(s) submits text or data to a database,
combine the guidelines presented in this chapter with those in Chapter 24C Contributions to Databases on the
Internet and Chapter 2D Contributions to Books. See also example 35 below. Note, however, that entries for the
books and journal articles in a bibliographic database should not be cited as a contribution; the original item
should be sought when possible.
When citing a part of a database, begin with the citation to the database, then add information on the part. Do
the opposite when citing a contribution. Because a reference should start with the individual or organization
responsible for the intellectual content of the publication, begin a reference to a contribution with the author and
title of the contribution, followed by the word "In:" and the citation for the entire database.
As when citing parts and contributions to books, provide the length of the part or contribution to a database
whenever possible. If traditional page numbers are not present, calculate the extent of the part or contribution
using the best means possible, i.e., number of paragraphs, screens, or pages if printed out. Since screen size and
print fonts vary, precede the estimated number of screens and pages with the word, "about", and place extent
information in square brackets, such as [about 3 screens]. For parts and contributions that contain hyperlinks,
however, such as the second sample citation in example 35, it will not be possible to provide the length.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Databases on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Databases on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk.
Citation Rules with Examples for Databases on CD-ROM, DVD,

or Disk
Notes (O)
Author/Editor for Databases on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (required)

• List names in the order they appear on the opening screens
• Capitalize surnames and enter spaces within surnames as they appear on the assumption that the author
approved the form used. For example: Van Der Horn or van der Horn; De Wolf or de Wolf or DeWolf.
surname

(Chinese, Japanese)


Scott Parker E.]
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

particle
abbreviation.



Examples:
letter
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

always be used.
French redacteur
editeur
German redakteur
herausgeber
Italian redattore
curatore
editore
Russian redaktor


izdatel
Spanish redactor
editor

Working Group.
(see Appendix D)
• If both individuals and an organization or organizations appear on the opening screens of a database as
a note, if desired.
Bowers L, Klesius SE. Physical activity for all! Adapted physical education for students with
disabilities grades K-12 [DVD]. Cicero (NY): Program Development Associates; 2001. 1 DVD: color,
4 3/4 in. Prepared under the auspices of the University of South Florida School of Physical
Education.
brackets.
or
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

end the list of names with a comma and the specific role, that is, editor(s) or translator(s).
Jorgensen LA, Jorgensen SE, Nielsen SN, editors. ECOTOX: ecological modelling and ecotoxicology
[CD-ROM]. New York: Elsevier Science; c2000. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in.
the reference with the title of the database. Do not use anonymous.
Properties of organic solvents [CD-ROM]. Version 2.0. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press; c1996. 1 CD-
ROM: 4 3/4 in.


1. Standard citation to an open serial database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk
2. Standard citation to a closed serial database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk
3. Standard citation to a single database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk
4. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with an individual(s) as author
5. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with optional full names for author
6. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with an organization as author
7. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with editors where there is no author
8. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with no authors or editors
16. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with authors and editors or other secondary authors
Author Affiliation for Databases on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (optional)

country
PA)


Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Soc. for Society
all references.

Example:

Rebora P, Reina G.
Mandelshtam MY.
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

Wien becomes Vienna

9. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with author affiliation
Title for Databases on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (required)

• Enter the title of a database as it appears on the opening screens, in the original language


Zeitschriftendatenbank [CD-ROM + disk]. Berlin: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, Preussischer
Kulturbesitz. 1994 - . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.; Computer disk: 3 1/2 in. German.
Slovenska bibliografija [CD-ROM]. Ljubljana (Slovenia): Narodna in Univerzitetna Knjiznica. 1989 -
. CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in. Slovenian.
square brackets.
Zhong yi yao jie du wen xian zi liao ku [CD-ROM]. [Hong Kong]: Hong Kong Baptist University;
2000. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in. Chinese, English.
or
[Database on Chinese medicine for drug addiction] [CD-ROM]. [Hong Kong]: Hong Kong Baptist
University; 2000. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in. Chinese, English.
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
square brackets
Zeitschriftendatenbank [Journals databank] [CD-ROM + disk]. Berlin: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin,
Preussischer Kulturbesitz. 1994 - . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.; Computer disks: 3 1/2 in. German.

• If a database title is written in several languages:
Example:
Zhong yi yao jie du wen xian zi liao ku [CD-ROM]. [Hong Kong]: Hong Kong Baptist
University; 2000. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in. Chinese, English.
• If a database title is found in two or more equal languages, as often occurs in Canadian publications:
⚬ Give all titles in the order in which they are found on the opening screens
description
Example:
Demirjian A, Cheng R, Tanguay R. Electronic encyclopedia on maxillo-facial, dental & skeletal
development = Encyclopedie electronique du developpement maxillo-faciale, dentaire et
sqelettique [CD-ROM + disk]. [Montreal]: Demirjian; c1996. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.; 1
computer disk: 3 1/2 in. English, French.

• Most titles end in a period. Place the closing period after the type of medium.
Physical education index [CD-ROM]. Cape Girardeau (MO): Softworks USA. 1990 - . CD-ROMs: 4
3/4 in.
brackets after the title and end title information with a period.
Genusys: database of herbal remedies, aromatherapy, essential oils, vitamins, amino acids, and more!
[CD-ROM]. Version 1.4. Solebury (PA): Genusys Laboratories; 1996. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4
in.
• Capitalize the first word of a database title unless the title begins with a Greek letter, chemical formula, or
12-Lead ECG interpretation
von Willebrand disease database
• Retain special characters in titles when possible
Pharm-line®
Database of β-amino acids
may become
Database of beta-amino acids
TiO2 nanoparticles
may become

Under rare circumstances a database does not appear to have any title; the database simply begins with the
records in it. In this circumstance:
• Construct a title based on the content of the records
Examples for Title

10. Database title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with subtitle
11. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with title ending in other than a period
12. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk in a language other than English
13. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk published with two equal languages
Content Type for Databases on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (optional)

• A content type alerts the user that the reference is not to a standard book but to a database
• Begin type information with a left square bracket
• Enter the words "database on"
• End the content type with space


• Most titles end in a period. Place the closing period after the content type and type of medium.
Physical education index [database on CD-ROM]. Cape Girardeau (MO): Softworks USA. 1990 - .
CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
• If a title ends in another form of punctuation, keep that punctuation. Place the content type and type of
medium in square brackets after the title and end title information with a period.
Bowers L, Klesius SE. Physical activity for all! [database on DVD]. Cicero (NY): Program
Development Associates; 2001. 1 DVD: color, 4 3/4 in.

• If a translation of a title is provided, place it in square brackets following the original language title
• Put the content type and type of medium (CD-ROM, DVD, disk) in square brackets following the
translation
• End title information with a period
Example:
Zhong yi yao jie du wen xian zi liao ku [Database on Chinese medicine for drug addiction] [database
on CD-ROM]. [Hong Kong]: Hong Kong Baptist University; 2000. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.
Chinese, English.


Type of Medium for Databases on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (required)

• Indicate the type of medium (CD-ROM, DVD, disk) following the title (and Content Type, if present)
• See Chapter 24 for databases on the Internet

• Database in more than one type of medium

• Place the content type (database) and the word "on" before the type of medium within one set of square
brackets
The Cochrane library [database on CD-ROM]. Chichester (UK): John Wiley & Sons, Ltd..1996 - .
CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
Box 23. Database in more than one type of medium.

• If a database is presented in more than one type of medium, give both
• Separate the two types by a plus sign surrounded by a space
• Place both in square brackets
Examples:
VETCD [CD-ROM + disk]. [Wallingford (UK)]: CAB International. 1990 - . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.;
Zeitschriftendatenbank [Journals databank] [CD-ROM + disk]. Berlin: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin,
Preussischer Kulturbesitz. 1994 - . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.; Computer disks: 3 1/2 in. German.

• Most titles end in a period. Place the closing period after the type of medium.
Physical education index [CD-ROM]. Cape Girardeau (MO): Softworks USA. 1990 - . CD-ROMs: 4
3/4 in.
brackets after the title and end title information with a period.
Bowers L, Klesius SE. Physical activity for all! [DVD]. Cicero (NY): Program Development
Associates; 2001. 1 DVD: color, 4 3/4 in.

brackets
• Place the type of medium (CD-ROM, DVD, disk) in square brackets following the translation
Example:
Zhong yi yao jie du wen xian zi liao ku [Database on Chinese medicine for drug addiction] [CD-
ROM]. [Hong Kong]: Hong Kong Baptist University; 2000. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in. Chinese,
English.

11. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with title ending in other than a period
Edition for Databases on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (required)

• Indicate the edition/version being cited after the Type of Medium when a database is published in more
than one edition or version
becomes 3rd.

Word Abbreviation
edition ed.

Word Abbreviation
abbreviated abbr.
abridged abr.
American Am.
augmented augm.
English Engl.
enlarged enl.
expanded expand.
illustrated ill.
modified mod.
original orig.
reprint(ed) repr.
revised rev.
special spec.
translation transl.
translated
3rd rev. ed.
1st Engl. ed.

• First editions

Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
constructions.
Examples:
Ed. 1a.
2. ed. veneta.
Nuova ed.
Seconda ed.
constructions.
Examples:
2. dopunjeno izd.
2. ekd. epeux.
3. ekd.
Examples:
ŏ becomes o
ū becomes u
constructions.

Examples:
Shohan.
Dai 1-han.
Dai 3-pan.
Di 3 ban.
Che 6-pàn.
Danish oplag n.a.
udgave
Dutch uitgave uitg.
editie ed.
French edition ed.
Auflage Aufl.
Greek ekdosis ekd.
utgave utg.
Portuguese edicao Ed.
publikacija publ.
Spanish edicion ed.
publicacion publ.

If a database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk provides information for both an edition and a version:

• Separate the two statements with a semicolon and a space
Examples:
2nd ed.; Version 2.0.
Version 3.0; Student ed.

• If a database does not carry any statement of edition, assume it is the first or only edition
earlier one

15. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with an edition or version
Editor and other Secondary Authors for Databases on CD-ROM, DVD, or

Disk (optional)
illustrators.
• Place the names of secondary authors after the Type of Medium and any Edition statement
• Follow the last named editor with a comma and a space and the word editor or editors; the last named
illustrator with a comma and a space and the word illustrator or illustrators, etc.
reference


A database may have several types of secondary author.
• List all of them in the order they are given on: the opening screens; the label of the CD-ROM, DVD, or
disk; the jewel case (carrying case); or accompanying documentation
Examples:

Example:
Jones AB, editor and producer.

• Translate the word found for editor, translator, producer, or other secondary author into English if
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

Language Word for Editor Word for Translator Word for Producer Word for Illustrator
French redacteur traducteur producteur illustrateur
editeur
German redakteur ubersetzer produzent illustrator
herausgeber dolmetscher produzentin
Italian redattore traduttore produttore disegnatore
curatore
editore
Russian redaktor perevodchik rezhisser konstruktor
izdatel
Spanish redactor traductor productor ilustrador
editor productora

• Place a comma, space, and the word editor, producer, or other role after the organizational name
ADICAP; ICG Memoire Directe, producers.

7. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with editors where there is no author
16. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with authors and editors or other secondary authors
Place of Publication for Databases on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (required)

• Place is defined as the city where the database is published

• Non-US cities

Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
Montreal (QC):
Ottawa (ON):
Vancouver (BC):
London:
Rome:
Paris:
Madrid:
but

Two or more organizations may co-publish a database.
• Use the city of the first organization found on the opening screens (or on the label, jewel case, or in
accompanying material if no place information appears on the opening screens), as the place of
publication
• Put the name of the other organization(s) as a note at the end of the citation, if desired
Joint publication of the American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology.


• If no place of publication can be found on the opening screens (or on the label, jewel case, or in
accompanying material) but one can be found elsewhere in the publication or can be reasonably inferred
(e.g., Chicago as the place for a publication of the American Medical Association), place the city in square
brackets, such as "[Chicago]".
The pathology atlas [CD-ROM]. Version 1.0. [Princeton (NJ)]: Films for the Humanities and
Sciences. c1998 - . CD-ROMs: color, 4 3/4 in.
Certified clinical microbiology database [disk]. [place unknown]: Datachem Software/Lewis
Publishers; [1992?]. 4 computer disks: 3 1/2 in.

17. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with well known place of publication
18. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with geographic qualifier added to place of publication for clarity
19. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with place of publication inferred
20. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with unknown place of publication
Publisher for Databases on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (required)

• A publisher is defined as the individual or organization issuing the database
• Record the name of the publisher as it appears on the title page or opening screens, using whatever
capitalization and punctuation is found there
• End publisher information with a period for serial databases and a semicolon for single databases


Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Ltd. for Limited
Soc. for Society

all references.

language
Lopez Pinero;
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
brackets.
Appendix D).
issued the database as the publisher and include distributor information as a note. Begin with the phrase

Two or more organizations may co-publish a database.
• Use the first organization appearing as publisher on the opening screens (or on the label, jewel case, or in
accompanying material if no publisher information appears on the opening screens)
• Joint publication of the American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology.

• If more than one publisher is found on the opening screens (or on the label, jewel case, or in
accompanying material if no publisher information appears on the opening screens), use the first one
given or the one set in the largest type or bold type
as the publisher and include the name(s) of the other(s) as a note if desired. For example, "Jointly


21. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with publisher having subsidiary division
22. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with government agency or other national body as publisher
Date of Publication for Databases on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (required)

• Always give the year
• Include the month, if desired, after the year, such as 2004 May
• For an open serial database, give the beginning date of the database followed by a hyphen and 3 spaces
• For a closed serial database, give the beginning and ending dates, separated by a hyphen with a space
before and after
• For a single database, provide the one date of publication as you would for a standard book
• End date information for all types with a period unless a Date of Update/Revision is found, then use a
space


• For multiple years of publication, separate the first and last years of publication by a hyphen. Do not
2002-2003
1997-1998
1999-2000
1999 Oct-2000 Mar
2002 Dec-2003 Jan
2005 Jan-Feb
1999 Dec-2000 Jan

• Capitalize them
Examples:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

• Capitalize them
For example:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring


no date of publication can be found, but the database contains a date of copyright, use the date of
Clydesdale FM, editor. Food additives: toxicology, regulation, and properties [CD-ROM]. Boca
Raton (FL): CRC Press; c1997. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.

• If neither a date of publication nor a date of copyright can be found, but the date of the earliest (and latest
if closed) records in the database can be determined, place date information in square brackets
IBEDOCS: IBE Bibliographic Catalogue [CD-ROM]. Geneva: UNESCO, International Bureau of
Education. [1971] - . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
• If neither a date of publication nor a date of copyright can be found, but the date can be estimated because
of information found on accompanying material or elsewhere, follow the date(s) with a question mark and
place date information in square brackets
Certified clinical microbiology database [disk]. [place unknown]: Datachem Software/Lewis
Publishers; [1992?]. 4 computer disks: 3 1/2 in.
• If neither a date of publication nor a date of copyright can be found nor can the date be determined or
estimated, use [date unknown]

It is not NLM policy, but the date of publication may follow the author names (or type of medium if there are no
authors) in the list of references when the name-year system of in-text references is used.
• Use only the year of publication (omitting months and days) or of copyright if there is no publication date
• Keep the hyphen following the date when the database is open
• Include both the beginning and ending years if a database is closed
• Keep any square brackets surrounding a date
• Use [date unknown] if no date can be determined
• Place the year(s) or [date unknown] after the last named author (or after the type of medium if there is no
author)
• End the publisher name with a period
• Leave any date of update/revision in its usual location
NLM citation:
Houston R, Conrad P, Boyce W, Hayes R. ParasitoLog: an interactive database of veterinary parasites
[CD-ROM]. Davis (CA): University of California, School of Veterinary Medicine; 1997. 1 CD-ROM:
color, 4 3/4 in.
Current opinion in obstetrics & gynecology, with evaluated MEDLINE [CD-ROM]. Cambridge
(MA): Electronic Press, Inc. 1995 Nov - . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
Plunkett's health care industry almanac [CD-ROM]. Houston (TX): Plunkett Research, Ltd.
1999-2000 - . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
Clydesdale FM, editor. Food additives: toxicology, regulation, and properties [CD-ROM]. Boca
Raton (FL): CRC Press; c1997. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
IBEDOCS: IBE Bibliographic Catalogue [CD-ROM]. Geneva: UNESCO, International Bureau of
Education. [1971] - . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
Compact library: AIDS [CD-ROM + disk]. Version 1.55a. Boston: Massachusetts Medical Society,
Medical Publishing Group. 1980 - 1990 [updated 1990 Oct]. CD-ROMs: color, 4 3/4 in.; Computer
disks: color, 5 1/2 in.
Houston R, Conrad P, Boyce W, Hayes R. 1997. ParasitoLog: an interactive database of veterinary
parasites [CD-ROM]. Davis (CA): University of California, School of Veterinary Medicine. 1 CD-
ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.
Current opinion in obstetrics & gynecology, with evaluated MEDLINE [CD-ROM]. 1995 - .
Cambridge (MA): Electronic Press, Inc. CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
Plunkett's health care industry almanac [CD-ROM]. 1999-2000 - . Houston (TX): Plunkett
Research, Ltd. CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
Clydesdale FM, editor. c1997. Food additives: toxicology, regulation, and properties [CD-ROM].
Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
IBEDOCS: IBE Bibliographic Catalogue [CD-ROM]. [1971] - . Geneva: UNESCO, International

Bureau of Education. CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
Compact library: AIDS [CD-ROM + disk]. 1980 - 1990. Version 1.55a. Boston: Massachusetts
Medical Society, Medical Publishing Group. [updated 1990 Oct]. CD-ROMs: color, 4 3/4 in.;
Computer disks: color, 5 1/2 in.

23. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with month(s) included in date of publication
24. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with season included in date of publication
25. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with multiple years
26. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with date of copyright instead of date of publication
27. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with date obtained from earliest material in it
28. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with date estimated
29. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with update date
Date of Update/Revision for Databases on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk

(required)
• Databases may be updated or revised between editions or versions
• Use whatever word for update or revision is provided, such as updated and modified
• Always give the year of update/revision
• Include the month and day of update/revision, if provided, after the year, such as 2006 May 5
• Place update/revision information in square brackets
• End update/revision information with a period placed outside the closing bracket


• Capitalize them
Examples:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

• Capitalize them
For example:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring

Various words are used to show that the content of a database has been changed. Among them are: updated,
modified, revised, reviewed.
• Use the wording supplied in the database/retrieval system
• Give all words expressing update/revision with the dates provided, in ascending date order
• Enter dates in the format year month day
• Separate words with their dates by a semicolon and a space
updated 2006 May; modified 2006 Dec
revised 2005 Dec 5; updated 2006 Mar 30
• Place update/revision information in square brackets
• End date information with a period placed outside the closing bracket
Example:

Extent (Pagination) for Databases on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (optional)

For serial databases-
• Give the name of the medium on which the database is issued, such as CD-ROMs or Computer disks
• End extent information with a period unless Physical Description is included, then use a colon
For single databases-
• Give the total number of physical pieces on which the database appears
• End extent information with a period unless Physical Description is included, then use a colon


• If a database is presented in more than one type of medium, provide the extent for both
• Separate extent for the two types by a semicolon and a space
Examples:

30. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with extent and physical description
Physical Description for Databases on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (optional)

• Give information on the physical characteristics, such as color and size


• For serial databases, begin with the type of medium on which the database is (or was) issued, followed by
a colon and a space
DVDs:
CD-ROMs:
Computer disks:
• For single databases, begin with information on the number and type of physical pieces, followed by a
colon and a space
1 DVD:
2 CD-ROMs:
4 computer disks:
sound
color
black & white

• If a database is presented in more than one type of medium, give the physical description for both,
separated by a semicolon and a space.
Examples:

30. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with extent and physical description
Series for Databases on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (optional)

number.

• Multiple series

each surname
12

Example:
(Gottlieb C, editor. Cancer pathology; no. 5).

If a database is a part of more than one series, include information on all series if desired.
Example:
(NNA database; no. 3); (Nursing education series).
Examples for Series

31. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with a series
Language for Databases on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (required)


• Databases appearing in more than one language
Box 59. Databases appearing in more than one language.

• If a database appears in several languages:
Example:
Vieillefond A, Bastien H, Billerey C, Berger N, Bouvier R, Cochand-Priollet B, Dauge-Geffroy

MC, Fontaniere B. Urological pathology: a reference image database coded with SNOMED,
ICD 10, and ADICAP [CD-ROM]. Got C, editor. Heidelberg (Germany): Springer Electronic
Media; 1998. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in. English, French.
• If a database is in two or more equal languages, as often occurs in Canadian publications:
⚬ Give all titles in the order they are presented on the opening screens
Example:
Demirjian A, Cheng R, Tanguay R. Electronic encyclopedia on maxillo-facial, dental & skeletal
development = Encyclopedie electronique du developpement maxillo-faciale, dentaire et
sqelettique [CD-ROM + disk]. [Montreal]: Demirjian; c1996. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.; 1
computer disk: 3 1/2 in. English, French.
brackets.
Zhong yi yao jie du wen xian zi liao ku [Database on Chinese medicine for drug addiction] [CD-
ROM]. [Hong Kong]: Hong Kong Baptist University; 2000. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in. Chinese,
English.

Notes for Databases on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (optional)

• Be brief


System requirements describe the particular software and hardware needed to view the database.
• Use the publisher's wording; no standardization is needed
• Separate the types of information with a semicolon and a space
Examples:
Computer disks: 3 1/2 in. System Requirements: IBM-compatible PC; 640 K of RAM; 10 megabyte
hard disk drive; MS-DOS or PC-DOS 3.1 or higher; MS-DOS CD-ROM Extensions 2.0 or higher;
ISO 9660-compatible CD-ROM drive; standard monitor; floppy drive; parallel port for printer.
Daims M. Companion to canine & feline practice [CD-ROM]. Version 6.0. Guelph (ON): Lifelearn;
2001. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in. System Requirements: Pentium 90 MHz or better; 16 MB
RAM; Windows 3.1 or 95/98; 640x480 monitor or higher; CD-ROM drive (8x or higher
recommended).
Early American manual therapy [CD-ROM]. Version 3.0. Virginia Beach (VA): Lifeline Press; 2003. 1
CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in. System Requirements: PCs or Macs; Internet browser (such as Microsoft
Explorer); CD drive; Windows (for setup program to install this database to a hard drive).

The notes element may be used to provide any information useful to the reader. Begin by citing the database,
then add the note. Some examples of notes are:
• Information on database content
Veterinary librarian [disk]. Littleton (CO): First Move. 1990 - 2002. Computer disks: 5 1/4 in.
Covered 28 journals.
• Description of material accompanying the database. Begin with the phrase "Accompanied by" followed by
a colon and a space.
Computer disks: 3 1/2 in. Accompanied by: 1 manual and 1 quick reference card.
• The name of a library or other archive where an uncommon database may be found. Begin with the phrase
"Located at" followed by a colon and a space. Include any finding number for the item.
PDF-4/organics: relational database [CD-ROM]. Newtown Square (PA): International Centre for
Diffraction Data. 2002 - . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in. Located at: Library of Congress, Washington, DC;
QE369.X2.
• Explanations of initialisms or acronyms used in the database title
ASH slide bank database for Heme CD [disk]. MS-Windows version 2.1. Seattle: University of
Washington, Health Sciences Center for Educational Resources; c1996. 3 disks: color, 4 3/4 in. ASH is
the American Society of hematology.
• The name of the organization sponsoring the database or for which it was prepared
Bowers L, Klesius SE. Physical activity for all! Adapted physical education for students with
disabilities grades K-12 [DVD]. Cicero (NY): Program Development Associates; 2001. 1 DVD color,
4 3/4 in. Prepared under the auspices of the University of South Florida School of Physical
Education.
Examples for Notes

32. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with optional system requirements
33. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with supplemental note included
Examples of Citations to Databases on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk

The Cochrane library [CD-ROM]. Chichester (UK): John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 1996 - . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
Physical education index [CD-ROM]. Cape Girardeau (MO): Softworks USA. 1990 - . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
Science watch. Hot papers database [CD-ROM]. Philadelphia: Thompson Scientific. 1996 - . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4
in.
Chicano database [CD-ROM]. Berkeley (CA): University of California, Chicano Studies Library Publications.
1990 - . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
with optional content type
The Cochrane library [database on CD-ROM]. Chichester (UK): John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 1996 - . CD-ROMs: 4
3/4 in.
Physical education index [database on CD-ROM]. Cape Girardeau (MO): Softworks USA. 1990 - . CD-ROMs:
4 3/4 in.

Health and psychosocial instruments [CD-ROM]. Pittsburgh (PA): Behavioral Measurement Database Services.
1992 - 2003. CD-ROMs: color, 4 3/4 in.
Veterinary librarian [disk]. Littleton (CO): First Move. 1990 - 2002. Computer disks: 5 1/4 in.
Health and psychosocial instruments [database on CD-ROM]. Pittsburgh (PA): Behavioral Measurement
Database Services. 1992 - 2003. CD-ROMs: color, 4 3/4 in.
Veterinary librarian [database on disk]. Littleton (CO): First Move. 1990 - 2002. Computer disks: 5 1/4 in.

The animal motion show: a visual reference for artists [DVD]. Burbank (CA): Rhino House; 2003. 2 DVDs:
Properties of organic solvents [CD-ROM]. Version 2.0. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press; c1996. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4
in.
Houston R, Conrad P, Boyce W, Hayes R. ParasitoLog: an interactive database of veterinary parasites [CD-
ROM]. Davis (CA): University of California, School of Veterinary Medicine; 1997. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.
Comprehensive occupational health nursing preparation database [disk]. Version 1.0. [Westboro (MA)]:
Datachem Software; c1991. 2 computer disks: 3 1/2 in.
Anesthesia & critical care drug database [disk]. Version 3.1. Redondo Beach (CA): Med-Pharm Information
Systems; c1996. 2 computer disks: 3 1/2 in.
The animal motion show: a visual reference for artists [database on DVD]. Burbank (CA): Rhino House; 2003. 2
DVDs: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
Properties of organic solvents [database on CD-ROM]. Version 2.0. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press; c1996. 1 CD-
ROM: 4 3/4 in.
4. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with an individual(s) as author

Walker MM, Keith LH. EPA's Clean Air Act air toxics database [disk]. Boca Raton (FL): Lewis Publishers;
c1992-1993. 4 computer disks: 3 1/2 in.
Winter RM, Baraitser M. London dysmorphology database [CD-ROM]. IBM PC version 2.0. Oxford (England):
Oxford University Press; c1996. 2 CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
5. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with optional full names for

author
Daims, Mark. Companion to canine & feline practice [CD-ROM]. Version 6.0. Guelph (ON): Lifelearn; 2001. 1
Walker, Mary M.; Keith, Lawrence H. EPA's Clean Air Act air toxics database [disk]. Boca Raton (FL): Lewis
Publishers; c1992-1993. 4 computer disks: 3 1/2 in.
6. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with an organization as author

Federation of State Boards of Physical Therapy. Physical Therapy Practice Act/Rules database [disk]. Orem (UT):
Infobusiness, Inc. 1994 - . Computer disks: 3 1/2 in.
7. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with editors where there is no

author
Jorgensen LA, Jorgensen SE, Nielsen SN, editors. ECOTOX: ecological modelling and ecotoxicology [CD-ROM].
New York: Elsevier Science; c2000. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in.
Dollery C, editor. Therapeutic drugs [CD-ROM]. Release 1.0. Edinburgh (Scotland): Churchill Livingstone;
c1999. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.

Dictionary of commonly cited compounds [CD-ROM]. CD-ROM ed. Boca Raton (FL): Chapman & Hall/CRC.
2001 - . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
9. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with author affiliation

Ronco C (Department of Nephrology, St. Bortolo Hospital, Venice, Italy), Ghezzi PM (Department of
Nephrology, St. Croce & Carle Hospital, Cuneo, Italy), Hoenich NA (Department of Nephrology, School of
Clinical Medical Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK), Delfino P (Department of
Informatics, St. Croce & Carle Hospital, Cuneo, Italy). Membranes and filters for hemodialysis database 2001
[CD-ROM]. Basel (Switzerland): S. Karger Publishers; c2001. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.
Pickup JC (Guy's, King's, and St. Thomas' School of Medicine, Guy's Hospital, London, UK), Williams G, editors.
Slide atlas of diabetes [CD-ROM]. [Oxford (UK)]: Blackwell Publishing; c2004. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.
10. Database title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with subtitle

CBAISS: chemical and biological agents information support system [CD-ROM]. Version 1.0 for Windows.
Columbus (OH): Battelle Memorial Institute; c2001. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in.
11. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with title ending in other than a
period
Genusys: database of herbal remedies, aromatherapy, essential oils, vitamins, amino acids, and more! [CD-
ROM]. Version 1.4. Solebury (PA): Genusys Laboratories; 1996. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.

Zeitschriftendatenbank [CD-ROM + disk]. Berlin: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz. 1994 - .
CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.; Computer disks: 3 1/2 in. German.
Slovenska bibliografija [CD-ROM]. Ljubljana (Slovenia): Narodna in Univerzitetna Knjiznica. 1989 - . CD-
ROMs: 4 3/4 in. Slovenian.
Cserey L. Magyar allatorvosi bibliografia, 1990-1996 [CD-ROM]. [Budapest]: University of Veterinary Science
Central Library; 1997. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in. Hungarian.
Zhong yi yao jie du wen xian zi liao ku [CD-ROM]. [Hong Kong]: Hong Kong Baptist University; 2000. 1 CD-
ROM: color, 4 3/4 in. Chinese, English.
Zeitschriftendatenbank [Journals databank] [CD-ROM + disk]. Berlin: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, Preussischer
Kulturbesitz. 1994 - . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.; Computer disks: 3 1/2 in. German.
Zhong yi yao jie du wen xian zi liao ku [Database on Chinese medicine for drug addiction] [CD-ROM]. [Hong
Kong]: Hong Kong Baptist University; 2000. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in. Chinese, English.
13. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk published with two equal

languages
Demirjian A, Cheng R, Tanguay R. Electronic encyclopedia on maxillo-facial, dental & skeletal development =
Encyclopedie electronique du developpement maxillo-faciale, dentaire et sqelettique [CD-ROM + disk].
[Montreal]: Demirjian; c1996. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.; 1 computer disk: 3 1/2 in. English, French.
14. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with more than one type of
medium
Demirjian A, Cheng R, Tanguay R. Electronic encyclopedia on maxillo-facial, dental & skeletal development =
Encyclopedie electronique du developpement maxillo-faciale, dentaire et sqelettique [CD-ROM + disk].
[Montreal]: Demirjian; c1996. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.; 1 computer disk: 3 1/2 in. English, French.
15. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with an edition or version

Early American manual therapy [CD-ROM]. Version 3.0. Virginia Beach (VA): Lifeline Press; c2003. 1 CD-
ROM: 4 3/4 in.
Therapeutic drugs [CD-ROM]. Release 1.0. London: Harcourt Brace & Co.; c1999. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in.
TSCA chemical inventory [CD-ROM]. Version T-PRO. Sanford (FL): Solutions Software Corp.; c1995. 1 CD-
ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.
Rao Z, Chen F. Zhu jian bo shu zi liao ku [CD-ROM]. Di 2 ban. Xianggang (China): Xianggang Zhong wen da
xue Zhongguo. 1999 - . CD-ROMs: color, 4 3/4 in. Chinese.
UMLS knowledge sources [dataset on DVD]. Release 2011AA. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine
(US); 2011 May. 1 DVD: 4 3/4 in.
16. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with authors and editors or other
secondary authors
Vieillefond A, Bastien H, Billerey C, Berger N, Bouvier R, Cochand-Priollet B, Dauge-Geffroy MC, Fontaniere B.
Urological pathology: a reference image database coded with SNOMED, ICD 10, and ADICAP [CD-ROM]. Got
C, editor. Heidelberg (Germany): Springer Electronic Media; 1998. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in. English, French.
17. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with well known place of

publication
Wistat: women's indicators and statistics database [CD-ROM]. Version 4. New York: United Nations
Publications; c1999. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.
Science watch. Hot papers database [CD-ROM]. Philadelphia: Thompson Scientific. 1996 - . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4
in.
Therapeutic drugs [CD-ROM]. Release 1.0. London: Harcourt Brace & Co.; c1999. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in.
18. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with geographic qualifier added

to place of publication for clarity
ROM]. Version 1.4. Solebury (PA): Genusys Laboratories; 1996. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
Contemporary women's issues [CD-ROM]. Beachwood (OH): Responsive Database Services. 1992 - . CD-
ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
OSSREA on CD: research publications and official documents. Version 1. Addis Ababa (Ethiopia): OSSREA.
1980 - 2000. CD-ROMs: color, 4 3/4 in.
19. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with place of publication inferred

The pathology atlas [CD-ROM]. Version 1.0. [Princeton (NJ)]: Films for the Humanities and Sciences. c1998 - .
20. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with unknown place of

publication
Certified clinical microbiology database [disk]. [place unknown]: Datachem Software/Lewis Publishers; [1992?].
21. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with publisher having subsidiary

division
ASH slide bank database for Heme CD [disk]. MS-Windows version 2.1. Seattle: University of Washington,
Health Sciences Center for Educational Resources; c1996. 3 computer disks: 3 1/2 in.
CRISP: biomedical research information [CD-ROM]. Bethesda (MD): National Institutes of Health (US), Office
of Extramural Research. 1993 - 1998. CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
22. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with government agency or

other national body as publisher
CDP file [CD-ROM]. Atlanta: National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (US).
1991 Oct - . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
Marriage and divorce data [CD-ROM]. Hyattsville (MD): National Center for Health Statistics (US). 1989 - .
CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
CRISP: biomedical research information [CD-ROM]. Bethesda (MD): National Institutes of Health (US), Office
of Extramural Research. 1993 - 1998. CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
23. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with month(s) included in date of

publication
Current opinion in obstetrics & gynecology, with evaluated MEDLINE [CD-ROM]. Cambridge (MA):
Electronic Press, Inc. 1995 Nov - . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
Computer library [CD-ROM]. New York: Ziff Communications. 1988 Sep - . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
EMBASE CD. Drugs & pharmacology [CD-ROM]. [Norwood (MA)]: SilverPlatter Information. 1994 Jan-Jun -
. CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
European veterinary dissertations [CD-ROM]. Bilthoven (Netherlands): Euroscience. 2003 Jun - 2003. CD-
ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
24. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with season included in date of

publication
Scientific American surgery CD-ROM [CD-ROM]. New York: Scientific American. 1995 Fall - 2001 Summer.
CD-ROMs: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
25. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with multiple years

Plunkett's health care industry almanac [CD-ROM]. Houston (TX): Plunkett Research, Ltd. 1999-2000 - . CD-
ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
World resources [CD-ROM]. Washington: World Resources Institute. 1998-1999 - . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
26. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with date of copyright instead of

date of publication
Clydesdale FM, editor. Food additives: toxicology, regulation, and properties [CD-ROM]. Boca Raton (FL): CRC
Press; c1997. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
27. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with date obtained from earliest
material in it
IBEDOCS: IBE Bibliographic Catalogue [CD-ROM]. Geneva: UNESCO, International Bureau of Education.
[1971] - . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
28. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with date estimated

Certified clinical microbiology database [disk]. [place unknown]: Datachem Software/Lewis Publishers; [1992?].

Compact library: AIDS [CD-ROM + disk]. Version 1.55a. Boston: Massachusetts Medical Society, Medical
Publishing Group. 1980 - 1990 [updated 1990 Oct]. CD-ROMs: color, 4 3/4 in.; Computer disks: color, 5 1/2 in.
30. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with extent and physical

description
Daims M. Companion to canine & feline practice [CD-ROM]. Version 6.0. Guelph (ON): Lifelearn; 2001. 1 CD-
ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
31. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with a series

CI5VII: electronic database of cancer incidence in five continents [disk]. Lyon (France): International Agency for
Research on Cancer; c1997. 2 computer disks: 3 1/2 in. (IARC cancerbase; no. 2).
Vieillefond A, Bastien H, Billerey C, Berger N, Bouvier R, Cochand-Priollet B, Dauge-Geffroy MC, Fontaniere B.
Urological pathology: a reference image database coded with SNOMED, ICD 10, and ADICAP [CD-ROM]. Got
C, editor. Heidelberg (Germany): Springer Electronic Media; 1998. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in. (Atlas of
32. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with optional system

requirements
Pickup JC, Williams G, editors. Slide atlas of diabetes [CD-ROM]. [Oxford (UK)]: Blackwell Publishing; c2004. 1
CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in. System Requirements: Pentium II or higher; Windows 98, ME, NT4, 2000, XP; Screen
resolution of 800 x 600 or higher; 12x CD-ROM drive or higher.
VETCD [CD-ROM + disk]. [Wallingford (UK)]: CAB International. 1990 - . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.; Computer
disks: 3 1/2 in. System Requirements: IBM-compatible PC; 640 K of RAM; 10 megabyte hard disk drive; MS-
DOS or PC-DOS 3.1 or higher; MS-DOS CD-ROM Extensions 2.0 or higher; ISO 9660-compatible CD-ROM
drive; standard monitor; floppy drive; parallel port for printer.
Daims M. Companion to canine & feline practice [CD-ROM]. Version 6.0. Guelph (ON): Lifelearn; 2001. 1 CD-
ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in. System Requirements: Pentium 90 MHz or better; 16 MB RAM; Windows 3.1 or
95/98; 640x480 monitor or higher; CD-ROM drive (8x or higher recommended).
Early American manual therapy [CD-ROM]. Version 3.0. Virginia Beach (VA): Lifeline Press; 2003. 1 CD-ROM:
4 3/4 in. System Requirements: PCs or Macs; Internet browser (such as Microsoft Explorer); CD drive; Windows
(for setup program to install this database to a hard drive).
33. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with supplemental note included

The Cochrane library [CD-ROM]. Chichester (UK): John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 1996 - . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
Quarterly.
Scientific American surgery CD-ROM [CD-ROM]. New York: Scientific American. 1995 Fall - 2001 Summer.
CD-ROMs: sound, color, 4 3/4 in. Continued by: ACS Surgery CD.
Properties of organic solvents [CD-ROM]. Version 2.0. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press; c1996. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4
in. Database of information on almost 600 organic solvents used in industry, academic research, and general
commerce.
Veterinary librarian [disk]. Littleton (CO): First Move. 1990 - 2002. Computer disks: 5 1/4 in. Continued by:
Veterinary Journal Index. Covered 28 journals.
Veterinary journal index [CD-ROM]. Littleton (CO): First Move. 2003 - . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in. Continues:
Veterinary Librarian.
ASH slide bank database for Heme CD [disk]. MS-Windows version 2.1. Seattle: University of Washington,
Health Sciences Center for Educational Resources; c1996. 3 computer disks: 3 1/2 in. System Requirements: IBM
PC or compatible; Windows. ASH is the American Society of hematology.
RNdex professional [CD-ROM]. Pasadena (CA): Information Resources Group. 1996 - . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
System Requirements: 80386sx IBM-compatible PC or better; 4+MB memory; MS Windows 3.1 or higher; 7MB
hard disk space; CD-ROM drive. Three per year. Published in cooperation with American Journal of Nursing
Company.
CDP file [CD-ROM]. Atlanta: National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (US).
1991 Oct - . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in. Quarterly. Also called Chronic Disease Prevention File.
PDF-4/organics: relational database [CD-ROM]. Newtown Square (PA): International Centre for Diffraction
Data. 2002 - . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in. Located at: Library of Congress, Washington, DC; QE369.X2.
VETCD [CD-ROM + disk]. [Wallingford (UK)]: CAB International. 1990 - . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.; Computer
disks: 3 1/2 in. Accompanied by: 1 manual and 1 quick reference card.
34. Part of a database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk

with item numbers
Wistat: women's indicators and statistics database [CD-ROM]. Version 4. New York: United Nations
Publications; c1999. Topic 1.1, Estimated and projected population by age and sex, 1970-2010; [about 6 screens].
without item numbers
Pickup JC, Williams G, editors. Slide atlas of diabetes [CD-ROM]. [Oxford (UK)]: Blackwell Publishing; c2004.
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy: clinical patterns; [about 1 screen]. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.
ROM]. Version 1.4. Solebury (PA): Genusys Laboratories; 1996. Ginkgo biloba preparations; [about 1 screen]. 1
35. Contribution to a database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk

with acquisition numbers
Jacobs I, Finn J. Adrenaline and vasopressin for cardiac arrest. 2001 Jul 23. In: The Cochrane Library [CD-
ROM]. Chichester (UK): John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 1996 - . [about 8 screens]. 4 CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in. Article No.:
CD0003179.
without acquisition numbers
Denis M (Universite de Paris-Sud, Orsay, France). The place and role of psychology in cognitive science: an
international survey. In: Stevens MJ, Wedding D, editors. Psychology: IUPsyS global resource [CD-ROM].
Edition 2006. East Sussex (UK): Psychology Press Ltd; c2006. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.
with separate date for the contribution
Jacobs I, Finn J. Adrenaline and vasopressin for cardiac arrest. 2001 Jul 23. In: The Cochrane Library [CD-
ROM]. Chichester (UK): John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 1996 - . [about 8 screens]. 4 CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in. Article No.:
CD0003179.
1077
Chapter 21. Computer Programs on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk


• Examples
Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Computer Programs

on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk
The general format for a reference to a computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk, including punctuation:
Examples of Citations to Computer Programs on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk

A computer program, also known as software, is a collection or organized list of instructions for a computer to
enable it to process data, perform tasks, and/or solve problems. In medicine, computer programs are often used
to instruct on techniques and to assist in performing a variety of tasks, such as organizing patient data.
A computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk is cited in a way similar to a book, but with these exceptions:
• The type of medium (CD-ROM, DVD, disk) is placed in square brackets after the title because special
equipment is needed to view/use programs.
• Extent (pagination) is given in terms of the number and type of physical pieces, such as 1 DVD or 2 CD-
ROMs.
• Physical description such as color and size may be added after the extent.
• System requirements such as the names and versions of any required software and hardware may be
included as a note.
The authoritative source for information to use in a citation for a computer program is, in order of preference:
the opening screen(s); the face of the CD-ROM, DVD, or disk; the jewel case (carrying case); and accompanying
print documentation.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Computer Programs on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Computer Programs on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Computer Programs (Software) on the Internet.
Citation Rules with Examples for Computer Programs on CD-

ROM, DVD, or Disk
Notes (O)
Author/Editor for Computer Programs on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk

(required)
accompanying material
surname
editors; see Editor and other Secondary Authors below if there are authors and editors

(Chinese, Japanese)

Computer Programs on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk 1079

• Keep particles in surnames, such as O', D', and L'

Scott Parker E.]
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

particle
abbreviation.



Examples:
letter
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

• Translate the word found for editor into English when possible. However, the wording found on the
French redacteur
editeur
German redakteur
herausgeber
Italian redattore
curatore
editore
Russian redaktor
izdatel
Spanish redactor
editor


Working Group.
(see Appendix D)
• If both individuals and an organization or organizations appear on the title page of a program as authors,
use the names of the individuals as the author. Give the organization at the end of the reference as a note,
if desired.
Italian, Spanish, German, etc.) as they appear in the publication. Follow a non-English name with a
translation when possible. Place all translations in square brackets.
brackets.
or
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

Pearl ML, Steinmann SP, Hawkins RJ, editors. The athlete's shoulder [DVD]. Rosemont (IL):
American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; 2004. 2 DVDs: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
the reference with the title. Do not use anonymous.
Sport care [CD-ROM]. Release 1.0. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics; c2001. 1 CD-ROM: sound,
color, 4 3/4 in. Accompanied by: 1 user manual.


1. Standard citation to a computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk
2. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with many authors
3. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with optional limit to the number of authors
4. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk showing authors/editors with optional full first names
5. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with editor(s) when there is no author
6. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with organization as author/editor
7. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with no authors or editors
Author Affiliation for Computer Programs on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk

(optional)
country
PA)


Examples:
Acad. for Academy

Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Soc. for Society
all references.

Example:

(primarily European languages, such as French, German, Spanish, Italian, etc.)
Rebora P, Reina G.
Mandelshtam MY.
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

Wien becomes Vienna

8. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with author affiliation included
Title for Computer Programs on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (required)

• Enter the program title as it appears on the opening screens, in the original language


• Give the title in the original language for non-English titles in the roman alphabet (primarily European
languages, such as French, German, Spanish, Italian, etc.)
Leridon H. Pyramides animees: un programme de projections demographiques [disk]. Paris: Institut
National d'Etudes Demographiques; 1997. 1 computer disk: 3 1/2 in. Accompanied by: 1 guide.
French.
Zastosowanie modelu LIPRO do prognozowania ludnosci Polski do roku 2050 [CD-ROM].
square brackets.
Zhongguo sheng wu yi xue wen xian shu ju ku [disk].

or
[Chinese biomedical disk] [disk].
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
Nachreiner F, Grzech-Sukalo H, Hanecke K, Qin L, Dieckmann P, Eden J, Lochmann R. Arbeitszeit
ergonomisch gestalten: eine Software zur Erstellung von Schichtplanen [CD-ROM]. 2. aktualisierte
Aufl. Dortmund (Germany): Bundesanstalt fur Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin; 2000. 1 CD-
ROM: 4 3/4 in. Accompanied by: 1 handbook. German.
Leridon H. Pyramides animees: un programme de projections demographiques [Animated
population pyramids: a program of population projections] [disk]. Paris: Institut National d'Etudes
Demographiques; 1997. 1 computer disk: 3 1/2 in. Accompanied by: 1 guide. French.

• If a program title is presented with equal text in two or more languages, as often occurs in Canadian
publications:
⚬ Give all titles in the order in which they are given in the text
description
Example:
SUMA: the supply management system = SUMA: el sistema para la gestion de suministros
[CD-ROM]. Version 5.2a. FUNDESUMA, producer. Washington: Pan American Health
Organization, Regional Office of the WHO; 2004 Feb. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in. English,
Spanish.
• If a program title is written in several languages:

• Most program titles end in a period. Place the closing period after the type of medium.
DiagnosisPro: the ultimate differential diagnosis assistant [CD-ROM].
• If a title ends in another form of punctuation, keep that punctuation and end the type of medium with a
period
Critical care simulator: improve your response to emergencies! [CD-ROM].
• Capitalize the first word of a program title unless the title begins with a Greek letter, chemical formula, or
von Willebrand disease diagnosis
Techniques for synthesis of β-amino acids
may become
Techniques for synthesis of beta-amino acids
TiO2 nanoparticles
may become

Occasionally a program does not appear to have any title; the program simply begins with the text. In this
circumstance:
Examples for Title

9. Computer program title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with subtitle
10. Computer program title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with special characters
11. Computer program title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk in a language other than English
12. Computer program title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk in two equal languages
Content Type for Computer Programs on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (optional)

• A content type alerts the user that the reference is not to a standard book but to a computer program
• Begin content type information with a left square bracket
• Enter the words "computer program on"
• End content type with space and the Type of Medium (below)

Type of Medium for Computer Programs on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk

(required)
• Indicate the type of medium (CD-ROM, DVD, disc, etc.) following the title (and Content Type, if present)

• Both a content type and type of medium


• As an option, place the content type "computer program" before the type of medium
• Follow the content type with the word "on" and the type of medium
Examples:
Pearl ML, Steinmann SP, Hawkins RJ, editors. The athlete's shoulder [computer program on DVD].
Rosemont (IL): American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; 2004. 2 DVDs: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
Meader CR, Pribor HC. DiagnosisPro: the ultimate differential diagnosis assistant [computer
program on CD-ROM]. Version 6.0. Los Angeles: MedTech USA; 2002. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.
Nelson KN. Comprehensive body composition software [computer program on disk]. Release 1.0 for
DOS. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics, c1997. 1 computer disk: color, 3 1/2 in.

• If a program is presented in more than one type of medium, give both
• Separate the two types by a plus sign with a space before and after
• Place both in one set of square brackets
Example:
Signal 18 EMT-basic study helper [CD-ROM + disk]. New version 4.0. Middlebury (CT): Knightlite
Software; 2005. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.; 1 computer disk: 3 1/2 in. Accompanied by: 1
user's guide.

• Most program titles end in a period. Place [CD-ROM], [DVD], or [disk] inside the period.
DiagnosisPro: the ultimate differential diagnosis assistant [CD-ROM].
• If a title ends in another form of punctuation, keep that punctuation and follow [CD-ROM], [DVD], or
[disk] with a period
Critical care simulator: improve your response to emergencies! [CD-ROM].

• If a translation of a program title is provided, place the type of medium (CD-ROM, DVD, disk) in square
brackets after the translation.
Leridon H. Pyramides animees: un programme de projections demographiques [Animated
population pyramids: a program of population projections] [disk]. Paris: Institut National d'Etudes
Demographiques; 1997. 1 computer disk: 3 1/2 in. Accompanied by: 1 guide. French.

13. Computer program title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk in more than one medium
Edition for Computer Programs on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (required)

• Indicate the edition/version being cited when a program is published in more than one edition or version
becomes 3rd.

Word Abbreviation
edition ed.
abbreviated abbr.
abridged abr.
American Am.
augmented augm.
English Engl.
enlarged enl.
expanded expand.
illustrated ill.
modified mod.
original orig.
reprint(ed) repr.
revised rev.
special spec.
translation transl.
translated
3rd rev. ed.
1st Engl. ed.

• First editions

2. aktualisierte Aufl.
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
constructions.
Examples:
Ed. 1a.
2. ed. veneta.
Nuova ed.
Seconda ed.
constructions.
Examples:
2. dopunjeno izd.
2. ekd. epeux.
3. ekd.

Examples:
ŏ becomes o
ū becomes u
constructions.
Examples:
Shohan.
Dai 1-han.
Dai 3-pan.
Di 3 ban.
Che 6-pàn.
Danish oplag n.a.
udgave
Dutch uitgave uitg.
editie ed.
French edition ed.
Auflage Aufl.
Greek ekdosis ekd.


utgave utg.
publikacija publ.
Spanish edicion ed.
publicacion publ.

• If a program does not carry any statement of edition, assume it is the first or only edition
• Use 1st ed. only when you know that subsequent editions were published and you wish to cite the earlier
one

If a CD-ROM, DVD, or disk provides information for both an edition and a version:
Example:
MD-challenger: clinical reference & educational software for pediatric acute & emergent care [disk].
Pediatrics ed.; DOS version 2.1. Memphis (TN): Challenger Corporation; c1994. 2 computer disks: 3
1/2 in. Accompanied by: 1 guide.

14. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with an edition or version
15. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with an edition and a version
Editor and other Secondary Authors for Computer Programs on CD-ROM,

DVD, or Disk (optional)
• A secondary author modifies the work of the author. Examples include editors, producers, translators, and
illustrators.
• Place the names of secondary authors after the title, following any Content Type or Type of Medium
• Use the same rules for the format of names given in Author above


A program may have several types of secondary author.
Examples:

• List all roles in the order they are given in the publication
Example:

Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
• Below is a brief list of non-English words for secondary authors to assist in identifying them:
editeur
German redakteur Produzent ubersetzer illustrator
curatore
editore
izdatel
editor productora

An organization may be an editor or other secondary author.
• Place a comma, space, and the word editor, producer, or other role after the organization name
ADICAP, Inc.; Multimedia Interactive, producers.

4. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk showing authors/editors with optional full first names
5. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with editor(s) when there is no author
7. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with no authors or editors
16. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with secondary author(s)
Place of Publication for Computer Programs on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk

(required)
• Place is defined as the city where the program was published

• Non-US cities

Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
Montreal (QC):
Ottawa (ON):
Vancouver (BC):
London:
Rome:
Paris:
Madrid:
but

Two organizations may co-publish a program.
• Use the city of the first organization found on the opening screens (or on the face of the CD-ROM, DVD,
or disk, on the jewel case, or in accompanying material if no publisher information appears on the
opening screens) as the place of publication
Fire safety [disk]. Version 1 for Windows. Oakbrook Terrace (IL): Joint Commission on
Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations; c1997. 10 computer disks: color, 3 1/2 in. Accompanied
by: 1 manual. Joint publication of the Florida Hospital Association Information Services.
McCall RE, Tankersley CM, Behrens JA, Piper KE, Albay D, Chiang S, Matheson L, Davis D, Gratzer
M, Orkand A, Astion M. PhlebotomyTUTOR: medical educational software [CD-ROM]. Version
1.0. Hagerstown (MD): Lippincott; c1998. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in. Joint publication of the
Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington Medical Center.


• If no place of publication can be found on the opening screens (or on the face of the CD-ROM, DVD, or
disk, on the jewel case, or in accompanying material), but one can be found elsewhere in the publication
Association), place the city in square brackets, such as [Chicago]
Green chemistry expert system [CD-ROM]. Version 0.99. [Washington]: Environmental Protection
Agency (US), Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics; 1998 Nov. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in.
Physician's fee schedule software [CD-ROM]. Version 5.1. [place unknown]: Family Care Medical
Centers; 2004. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in.

17. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with well-known place of publication
18. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with geographic qualifier added to place of publication
for clarity
19. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with place of publication inferred
20. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with no place of publication found
Publisher for Computer Programs on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (required)

• Give the name of the publisher as it appears in the publication, using whatever capitalization and
punctuation is found


Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Ltd. for Limited
Soc. for Society
all references.

• Give publisher names in the roman alphabet (French, Spanish, German, Italian, etc.) in their original
language

[Note that the concept of capitalization does not exist in Chinese. In transliterating Chinese
publisher names, capitalize only the first word and proper nouns]
Lopez Pinero;
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
brackets.
Appendix D)
Agency (US), Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics; 1998 Nov. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in. Available
from: US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC; EP 1.104:C 42/CD.

Two organizations may co-publish a program.
• Use as publisher the first organization appearing on the opening screens (or on the face of the CD-ROM,
DVD, or disk, on the jewel case, or in accompanying material if no publisher information appears on the
opening screens)
Example:

or bold type
as the publisher and include the name of the second as a note if desired.
Example:


21. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk showing publisher with subsidiary department/
division
22. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with government agency or other national body as
publisher
23. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with joint publishers
Date of Publication for Computer Programs on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk

(required)
• End date of publication information with a period unless a Date of Update/Revision is included, then use
a space


2002-2003
1997-1998
1999-2000
1999 Oct-2000 Mar
2002 Dec-2003 Jan
2005 Jan-Feb
1999 Dec-2000 Jan

• Capitalize them
Examples:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

• Capitalize them
For example:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring

• Use only the date of publication unless three or more years separate it from the copyright date

Law M, King G, Russell D, Stewart D, Hurley P, Bosch E. All about outcomes: an educational
program to help you understand, evaluate, and choose adult outcome measures [CD-ROM].
Thorofare (NJ): SLACK Incorporated; c2001. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.

material in the program or in accompanying material, insert a question mark after the estimated date and
[date unknown]
Brussels (Belgium): Nauwelaerts; [date unknown].

It is not NLM policy, but the date of publication may follow the author names in the list of references when the
• Place the year after the last named author (or after the title and type of medium if there is no author),
• Keep any date of update/revision in it's usual location

NLM citation:
Pearl ML, Steinmann SP, Hawkins RJ, editors. The athlete's shoulder [DVD]. Rosemont (IL):
American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; 2004. 2 DVDs: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
Law M, King G, Russell D, Stewart D, Hurley P, Bosch E. All about outcomes: an educational
Thorofare (NJ): SLACK Incorporated; c2001. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.
Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. The total heart: the ultimate interactive
guide to heart health [CD-ROM]. PC 1.1a version. Eagan (MN): IVI Pub.; 1993. 1 CD-ROM: sound,
color, 4 3/4 in. Accompanied by: 1 manual.
Sport care [CD-ROM]. Release 1.0. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics; c2001. 1 CD-ROM: sound,
Pearl ML, Steinmann SP, Hawkins RJ, editors. 2004. The athlete's shoulder [DVD]. Rosemont (IL):
American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2 DVDs: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
Law M, King G, Russell D, Stewart D, Hurley P, Bosch E. c2001. All about outcomes: an educational
Thorofare (NJ): SLACK Incorporated. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.
Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. 1993. The total heart: the ultimate interactive
guide to heart health [CD-ROM]. PC 1.1a version. Eagan (MN): IVI Pub. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color,
4 3/4 in. Accompanied by: 1 manual.
Sport care [CD-ROM]. c2001. Release 1.0. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics. 1 CD-ROM: sound,

24. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with standard date of publication
25. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with month included in date of publication
26. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with date range
27. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with date of copyright instead of date of publication
Date of Update/Revision for Computer Programs on CD-ROM, DVD, or

Disk (required)
• A program may be updated or otherwise revised after the date of publication
• Use whatever wording for update/revision is found, such as updated, revised, or modified
• Enter date information in the format year month day, such as updated 2006 Oct 2
• Place all update/revision information in square brackets, such as [updated 2006 Oct 2]
• End date of update/revision with a period placed outside the closing bracket


• Capitalize them
Examples:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

• Capitalize them
For example:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring

• Place a date of update or revision in square brackets following the date of publication
New York: Scientific American, Inc.; 2002 [updated 2004 Sep]. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.
• If both a date of update and a date of revision are provided, give both in ascending date order
[revised 2006 Dec 4; updated 2007 Feb 12].
[updated 2005 May 6; modified 2006 Mar 10].
• Put both dates in one set of square brackets, separated by a semicolon and a space
Example:
Extent (Pagination) for Computer Programs on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk

(optional)
• Give the total number of physical pieces on which the program appears
• End extent information with a period unless physical description is included, then use a colon


• If a program is presented in more than one type of medium, provide the extent for both
• Separate extent for the two types by a semicolon and a space
Examples:
National Toxicology Program (US). National Toxicology Program's GlovES+: an expert system for
selecting protective clothing against hazardous chemicals [disk]. Boca Raton (FL): Lewis Publishers;
1992. 1 computer disk: 3 1/2; 1 computer disk: 5 1/2 in.
user's guide.

28. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with extent and physical description
Physical Description for Computer Programs on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk

(optional)
• Give information on the physical characteristics of the program, such as 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.


When a program is published on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk:
1 DVD:
2 CD-ROMs:
4 computer disks:
sound
color
black & white
2 CD-ROMs: color, 4 3/4 in.

• If a program is presented in more than one type of medium, give the physical description for both,
separated by a semicolon and a space
National Toxicology Program (US). National Toxicology Program's GlovES+: an expert system for
selecting protective clothing against hazardous chemicals [disk]. Boca Raton (FL): Lewis Publishers;
1992. 1 computer disk: 3 1/2; 1 computer disk: 5 1/2 in.
user's guide.

28. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with extent and physical description
Series for Computer Programs on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (optional)

number.

• Multiple series

each surname
12
Example:
(Jones L, editor. Medicine on CD-ROM; no. 5).

A program may be part of more than one series. Include information on all series if desired.
Example:
(Anatomy software; no. 13); (Medicine on CD-ROM education series).
Examples for Series

29. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with a series
Language for Computer Programs on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (required)


• Programs appearing in more than one language
Box 57. Programs appearing in more than one language.

• If a program is written with equal text in two or more languages, as often occurs in Canadian publications:
⚬ Separate them with an equals sign with a space before and after
⚬ List the languages, separated by commas, after the extent (pagination) and any physical description
Example:
SUMA: the supply management system = SUMA: el sistema para la gestion de suministros
[CD-ROM]. Version 5.2a. FUNDESUMA, producer. Washington: Pan American Health
Organization, Regional Office of the WHO; 2004 Feb. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in. English,
Spanish.
• If a program is written in several languages:
• If none of the languages is English, follow the title with a translation when possible. Place the translation
in square brackets.

11. Computer program title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk in a language other than English
12. Computer program title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk in two equal languages
Notes for Computer Programs on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (optional)

• Notes is a collective term for any further information given after the citation
• Be brief


The system requirements describe the software and hardware necessary to run the CD-ROM, DVD, or disk.
Examples:
Physician's fee schedule software [CD-ROM]. Version 5.1. [place unknown]: Family Care Medical
Centers; 2004. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in. System Requirements: Pentium level computer with Microsoft
Windows 98 or newer; Microsoft Excel 2000 or newer or Lotus 1-2-3 release 9/millennium edition or
newer; CD drive.
Meader CR, Pribor HC. DiagnosisPro: the ultimate differential diagnosis assistant [CD-ROM].
Version 6.0. Los Angeles: MedTech USA; 2002. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in. Accompanied by: 1 user's
manual. System Requirements: IBM-compatible PC (Pentium or higher); Windows 95, 98, NT, 2000,
and XP; CD-ROM drive; 256 color or greater display monitor; 50 MB hard drive space.

The notes element may be used to provide any further useful information after the citation. Begin by citing the
program, then add the note. Some examples of notes are:
• If the program is accompanied by additional material, describe it. Begin with the phrase "Accompanied
by" followed by a colon and a space.
DxR clinician problem-based learning software [CD-ROM]. Carbondale (IL): DxR Development
Group; 2001. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in. Accompanied by: 1 student user manual and 1
quick reference sheet.
• If the program is not a common one, give the name of a library or other archive where it may be found,
including the city and state and any finding number. Begin with the phrase "Located at" followed by a
colon and a space.
SUMA: the supply management system = SUMA: el sistema para la gestion de suministros [CD-
ROM]. Version 5.2a. FUNDESUMA, producer. Washington: Pan American Health Organization,
Regional Office of the WHO; 2004 Feb. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in. English, Spanish. Located at:
National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; 2006 AV-0611.
• If the program is available from a distributor rather than the publisher, give the name of the distributor,
including the city and state and any finding number. Begin with the phrase "Available from" followed by a
colon and a space.
Agency (US), Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics; 1998 Nov. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in. Available
from: US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC; EP 1.104:C 42/CD.
• If the program was assigned an International Standard Book Number (ISBN), give the number preceded
by "ISBN:" and a space
Reeder MM. Gamuts in radiology: an expert system for radiologists [CD-ROM]. Medical Interactive,
producer. New York: Springer-Verlag; c1997. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in. Accompanied by: 1 guide.
ISBN: 0-387-14228-2.
• If the program has information that may not be apparent from the title, describe it
A*L*S paramedic study helper [CD-ROM]. Version 2.0. Middlebury (CT): Knightlite Software; 2002.
1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in. Accompanied by: 1 user guide. Software for fire fighters, EMTs,
and paramedics.
Examples for Notes

30. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with optional system requirements
31. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with supplemental note included
Examples of Citations to Computer Programs on CD-ROM, DVD,

or Disk
Pearl ML, Steinmann SP, Hawkins RJ, editors. The athlete's shoulder [DVD]. Rosemont (IL): American Academy
of Orthopaedic Surgeons; 2004. 2 DVDs: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
Meader CR, Pribor HC. DiagnosisPro: the ultimate differential diagnosis assistant [CD-ROM]. Version 6.0. Los
Angeles: MedTech USA; 2002. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.
Nelson KN. Comprehensive body composition software [disk]. Release 1.0 for DOS. Champaign (IL): Human
Kinetics, c1997. 1 computer disk: color, 3 1/2 in.
Pearl ML, Steinmann SP, Hawkins RJ, editors. The athlete's shoulder [computer program on DVD]. Rosemont
(IL): American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; 2004. 2 DVDs: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
Meader CR, Pribor HC. DiagnosisPro: the ultimate differential diagnosis assistant [computer program on CD-
ROM]. Version 6.0. Los Angeles: MedTech USA; 2002. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.
Nelson KN. Comprehensive body composition software [computer program on disk]. Release 1.0 for DOS.
Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics, c1997. 1 computer disk: color, 3 1/2 in.
2. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with many authors

McCall RE, Tankersley CM, Behrens JA, Piper KE, Albay D, Chiang S, Matheson L, Davis D, Gratzer M, Orkand
A, Astion M. PhlebotomyTUTOR: medical educational software [CD-ROM]. Version 1.0. Hagerstown (MD):
Lippincott; c1998. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.
3. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with optional limit to the

number of authors
McCall RE, Tankersley CM, Behrens JA, et al. PhlebotomyTUTOR: medical educational software [CD-ROM].
Version 1.0. Hagerstown (MD): Lippincott; c1998. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.
or
McCall RE, Tankersley CM, Behrens JA, and others. PhlebotomyTUTOR: medical educational software [CD-
ROM]. Version 1.0. Hagerstown (MD): Lippincott; c1998. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.
4. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk showing authors/editors

with optional full first names
Schwid, Howard A. Critical care simulator 2001: improve your response to anesthetic emergencies [CD-ROM].
Issaquah (WA): Anesoft Corporation; c1995-2001. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.
Pearl, Michael L.; Steinmann, Scott P.; Hawkins, Richard J., editors. The athlete's shoulder [DVD]. Rosemont
(IL): American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; 2004. 2 DVDs: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
5. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with editor(s) when

there is no author
Pearl ML, Steinmann SP, Hawkins RJ, editors. The athlete's shoulder [DVD]. Rosemont (IL): American Academy
of Orthopaedic Surgeons; 2004. 2 DVDs: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
6. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with organization as

author/editor
Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. The total heart: the ultimate interactive guide to heart
health [CD-ROM]. PC 1.1a version. Eagan (MN): IVI Pub.; 1993. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
Accompanied by: 1 manual.
National Toxicology Program (US). National Toxicology Program's GlovES+: an expert system for selecting
protective clothing against hazardous chemicals [disk]. Boca Raton (FL): Lewis Publishers; 1992. 1 computer
disk: 3 1/2; 1 computer disk: 5 1/2 in.
7. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with no authors or

editors
Bloodborne pathogens: a sharper image [DVD]. Virginia Beach (VA): Coastal Training Technologies Corp.;
2005. 1 DVD: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
Sport care [CD-ROM]. Release 1.0. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics; c2001. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
Accompanied by: 1 user manual.
8. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with author affiliation

included
Argyle B (Cottonwood Hospital Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT). Chest pain simulator [disk]. Version 2.3.
Alpine (UT): Mad Scientist Software; 1997. 1 computer disk: 3 1/2 in. Accompanied by: 1 guide.
9. Computer program title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with subtitle

Dreher MA, Caputi L. ChartSmart II: mastering patient documentation [CD-ROM]. Windows release. Glen
Ellyn (IL): College of DuPage, Multimedia Center; c1998. 6 CD-ROMs: color, 4 3/4 in. Accompanied by: 1
manual.
10. Computer program title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with special

characters
A*L*S paramedic study helper [CD-ROM]. Version 2.0. Middlebury (CT): Knightlite Software; 2002. 1 CD-
ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in. Accompanied by: 1 user guide.
11. Computer program title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk in a language

other than English
Leridon H. Pyramides animees: un programme de projections demographiques [disk]. Paris: Institut National
d'Etudes Demographiques; 1997. 1 computer disk: 3 1/2 in. Accompanied by: 1 guide. French.
Nachreiner F, Grzech-Sukalo H, Hanecke K, Qin L, Dieckmann P, Eden J, Lochmann R. Arbeitszeit ergonomisch
gestalten: eine Software zur Erstellung von Schichtplanen [CD-ROM]. 2. aktualisierte Aufl. Dortmund
(Germany): Bundesanstalt fur Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin; 2000. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in. Accompanied by:
1 handbook. German.
Schwid HA, O'Donnell D. Simulador de terapia intensiva y medicina de urgencia [disk]. Version 1.0. [Mexico
City]: Cientifica Medica Latinoamericana; 1996. 4 computer disks: sound, color, 3 1/2 in. Accompanied by: 1
guide. Spanish.
Leridon H. Pyramides animees: un programme de projections demographiques [Animated population
pyramids: a program of population projections] [disk]. Paris: Institut National d'Etudes Demographiques; 1997.
1 computer disk: 3 1/2 in. Accompanied by: 1 guide. French.
12. Computer program title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk in two equal

languages
SUMA: the supply management system = SUMA: el sistema para la gestion de suministros [CD-ROM]. Version
5.2a. FUNDESUMA, producer. Washington: Pan American Health Organization, Regional Office of the WHO;
2004 Feb. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in. English, Spanish.
13. Computer program title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk in more than one
medium
Signal 18 EMT-basic study helper [CD-ROM + disk]. New version 4.0. Middlebury (CT): Knightlite Software;
2005. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.; 1 computer disk: 3 1/2 in. Accompanied by: 1 user's guide.
14. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with an edition or

version
Physician's fee schedule software [CD-ROM]. Version 5.1. [place unknown]: Family Care Medical Centers; 2004.
1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in.
Iliad 4.5: diagnostic and reference tool for physicians and medical professionals [CD-ROM]. Version 4.5 for
Windows. Salt Lake City (UT): Applied Medical Informatics; 1996. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in. Accompanied by:
1 guide.
Dreher MA, Caputi L. ChartSmart II: mastering patient documentation [CD-ROM]. Windows release. Glen
Ellyn (IL): College of DuPage, Multimedia Center; c1998. 6 CD-ROMs: color, 4 3/4 in. Accompanied by: 1
manual.
Fire safety [disk]. Version 1 for Windows. Oakbrook Terrace (IL): Joint Commission on Accreditation of
Healthcare Organizations; c1997. 10 computer disks: color, 3 1/2 in. Accompanied by: 1 manual.
Green chemistry expert system [CD-ROM]. Version 0.99. [Washington]: Environmental Protection Agency
(US), Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics; 1998 Nov. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in.
Sport care [CD-ROM]. Release 1.0. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics; c2001. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
Accompanied by: 1 user manual.
Nelson KN. Comprehensive body composition software [disk]. Release 1.0 for DOS. Champaign (IL): Human
Kinetics, c1997. 1 computer disk: color, 3 1/2 in. Accompanied by: 1 guide.
1 handbook. German.
15. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with an edition and a

version
MD-challenger: clinical reference & educational software for pediatric acute & emergent care [disk]. Pediatrics
ed.; DOS version 2.1. Memphis (TN): Challenger Corporation; c1994. 2 computer disks: 3 1/2 in. Accompanied
by: 1 guide.
16. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with secondary

author(s)
Reeder MM. Gamuts in radiology: an expert system for radiologists [CD-ROM]. Medical Interactive, producer.
New York: Springer-Verlag; c1997. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in. Accompanied by: 1 guide.
2004. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in. English, Spanish.
17. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with well-known place

of publication
A-ware: multilingual simulation software for anaesthesiology [CD-ROM]. New York: Springer-Verlag; 2000. 1
d'Etudes Demographiques; 1997. 1 computer disk: 3 1/2 in. Accompanied by: 1 guide. French.
18. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with geographic

qualifier added to place of publication for clarity
1 handbook. German.
Argyle B. Chest pain simulator [disk]. Version 2.3. Alpine (UT): Mad Scientist Software; 1997. 1 computer disk:
3 1/2 in. Accompanied by: 1 guide.
19. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with place of

publication inferred
Schwid HA, O'Donnell D. Simulador de terapia intensiva y medicina de urgencia [disk]. Version 1.0. [Mexico
City]: Cientifica Medica Latinoamericana; 1996. 4 computer disks: sound, color, 3 1/2 in. Accompanied by: 1
guide. Spanish.
20. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with no place of

publication found
1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in.
Bergeron BP. Heartlab: clinical cardiology ausculatory simulation [disk]. [place unknown]: B.P. Bergeron; c1988.
1 computer disk: 3 1/2 in. Accompanied by: 1 guide.
21. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk showing publisher with

subsidiary department/division
Medical statistics [disk]. Kansas City (MO): University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Evaluation
Resource Center; 1988. 4 computer disks: 3 1/2 in. Accompanied by: 1 manual.
22. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with government

agency or other national body as publisher
HAZUS-MH: FEMA's software program for estimating potential losses from disasters [DVD]. Version 1.1.
[Washington]: Federal Emergency Management Agency (US); 2005. 7 DVDs: color, 4 3/4 in.
ASISTS 2001: Automated Safety Incident Surveillance Tracking System; computer based training [CD-ROM].
[Washington]: Department of Veterans Affairs (US), OI National Training & Education Office; 2001. 1 CD-
ROM: 4 3/4 in.
23. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with joint publishers

Healthcare Organizations; c1997. 10 computer disks: color, 3 1/2 in. Accompanied by: 1 manual. Joint
publication of the Florida Hospital Association Information Services.
McCall RE, Tankersley CM, Behrens JA, Piper KE, Albay D, Chiang S, Matheson L, Davis D, Gratzer M, Orkand
A, Astion M. PhlebotomyTUTOR: medical educational software [CD-ROM]. Version 1.0. Hagerstown (MD):
Lippincott; c1998. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in. Joint publication of the Department of Laboratory Medicine,
University of Washington Medical Center.
24. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with standard date of

publication
Angeles: MedTech USA; 2002. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in. Accompanied by: 1 user's manual.
25. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with month included in

date of publication
2004 Feb. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in. English, Spanish.
26. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with date range

Starkey C. ALFIE: injury reporting system [disk]. Version 3.00. Gardner (KS): Cramer Products, Inc.; 1985-1987.
2 computer disks: 5 1/4 in. Accompanied by: 1 manual.
Schwid HA. Critical care simulator 2001: improve your response to anesthetic emergencies [CD-ROM]. Issaquah
(WA): Anesoft Corporation; c1995-2001. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.
27. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with date of copyright

instead of date of publication
Law M, King G, Russell D, Stewart D, Hurley P, Bosch E. All about outcomes: an educational program to help
you understand, evaluate, and choose adult outcome measures [CD-ROM]. Thorofare (NJ): SLACK
Incorporated; c2001. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.
28. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with extent and

physical description
A-ware: multilingual simulation software for anaesthesiology [CD-ROM]. New York: Springer-Verlag; 2000. 1
Starkey C. ALFIE: injury reporting system [disk]. Version 3.00. Gardner (KS): Cramer Products, Inc.; 1985-1987.
2 computer disks: 5 1/4 in. Accompanied by: 1 manual.
Healthcare Organizations; c1997. 10 computer disks: color, 3 1/2 in.
Signal 18 EMT-basic study helper [CD-ROM + disk]. New version 4.0. Middlebury (CT): Knightlite Software;
2005. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.; 1 computer disk: 3 1/2 in. Accompanied by: 1 user's guide.
29. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with a series

Medical statistics [disk]. Kansas City (MO): University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Evaluation
Resource Center; 1988. 4 computer disks: 3 1/2 in. (UMKC software series). Accompanied by: 1 manual.
d'Etudes Demographiques; 1997. 1 computer disk: 3 1/2 in. (Methodes et savoirs; no. 1). Accompanied by: 1
guide. French.
30. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with optional system

requirements
1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in. System Requirements: Pentium level computer with Microsoft Windows 98 or newer;
Microsoft Excel 2000 or newer or Lotus 1-2-3 release 9/millennium edition or newer; CD drive.
Angeles: MedTech USA; 2002. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in. Accompanied by: 1 user's manual. System
Requirements: IBM-compatible PC (Pentium or higher); Windows 95, 98, NT, 2000, and XP; CD-ROM drive;
256 color or greater display monitor; 50 MB hard drive space.
31. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with supplemental note

included
DxR clinician problem-based learning software [CD-ROM]. Carbondale (IL): DxR Development Group; 2001. 1
CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in. Accompanied by: 1 student user manual and 1 quick reference sheet.
(US), Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics; 1998 Nov. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in. Available from: US Government
Printing Office, Washington, DC; EP 1.104:C 42/CD.
2004 Feb. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in. English, Spanish. Located at: National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD;
2006 AV-0611.
Reeder MM. Gamuts in radiology: an expert system for radiologists [CD-ROM]. Medical Interactive, producer.
New York: Springer-Verlag; c1997. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in. Accompanied by: 1 guide. ISBN: 0-387-14228-2.
A*L*S paramedic study helper [CD-ROM]. Version 2.0. Middlebury (CT): Knightlite Software; 2002. 1 CD-
ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in. Accompanied by: 1 user guide. Software for fire fighters, EMTs, and paramedics.
1125
Citing Material on the

Internet (Online)
1127
Chapter 22. Books and Other Individual Titles on the Internet

A. Entire Books and Other Individual Titles on the Internet

• Examples
B. Parts of Books on the Internet
• Examples
C. Contributions to Books on the Internet
• Examples
See also:
Chapter 2 Books
Chapter 18 Books and Other Individual Titles on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk
A. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Entire Books and

Other Individual Titles on the Internet
The general format for a reference to an entire Internet book, including punctuation:
Examples of Citations to Entire Books and Other Individual Titles on the Internet
A monograph, commonly called a book, is any work complete in one volume or in a finite number of volumes.
Online books are often electronic versions of large printed texts, such as textbooks, manuals, or technical
reports, but may also be smaller works such as a brochure, single-page fact sheet, or brief treatise. Size is not
relevant to the definition.
Increasingly books are written directly for the Internet to enable hyperlinking, to include complex graphics, and
to run multimedia such as film clips and sound. An Internet book may be static, that is fixed in time and
unchanged since publication, or may be updated or otherwise revised over time. Some producers of Internet
books permit or otherwise welcome comments or expert opinion from readers and incorporate these comments
into the text. Major revisions may be announced as new editions, but more minor additions and changes such as
those to add comments, to correct typographical errors, or to update hypertext links may not be noted.
Although Internet books differ radically in physical form from the usual print book, the basic rules for citing
them do not differ markedly from what is required for print. There is still an author or organization with
responsibility for the item, a title, a place of "publication", a publisher, a date of publication, and the extent of the
item (i.e., number of pages or the equivalent). Anyone citing an Internet document should try to locate all of
these elements. Simply adding a Uniform Resource Locator (URL), DOI, or other electronic address to a title is
not sufficient. Internet sites disappear with great frequency, and users of a citation must be given some other
identifying information if they are to locate books on them.
Some elements, however, are more difficult to locate when citing Internet books. For example, some poorly
constructed sites do not contain dates, and authorship or publishing responsibility may be unclear or absent. It
also may be difficult to discern the title from the collage of graphics presented. The person doing the citing can
only work with the information provided.
Do not confuse the publisher with the organization that maintains the Web site for the publisher. If wording
such as "this site is maintained by XYZ Corporation for ABC Organization" appears, ABC Organization is
considered the publisher and XYZ Corporation the distributor. Publisher information is required in a citation;
distributor information may be included as a note if desired.
Some elements require expansion for an Internet citation to provide useful information to the user. For example,
the date of publication is required in any citation, but many Internet items are updated or otherwise modified
several times after the date of publication. The latest date of update/revision should therefore be included along
with the date cited, i.e., the date the person doing the citing saw the item on the Internet. This is necessary in the
volatile Internet environment, where changes can be easily made and an item seen one day may not be the same
in crucial ways when viewed the next day. Producing a print or other copy for future reference is strongly
recommended.
An Internet book is cited the same way that a print book is cited, with these exceptions:
• Use the word "Internet" in square brackets as the Type of Medium after the title.
• Include any date of update/revision and a date of citation in square brackets following the date of
publication. Use the dates for the individual book being cited, not the dates of the Internet site as a whole
unless no dates can be found for the individual item.
• When the extent (pagination) of the book is not provided, as often occurs, calculate it using the best
means possible, e.g., in terms of print pages, screens, paragraphs, or bytes. If a book is not linear, and has
many hyperlinks, it will be impossible to determine the length.
• Provide the URL or other electronic address of the item.
It is important to cite the version you saw. If you viewed a book on the Internet, do not cite it as if it were a print
one. However, it may be useful to begin a citation to a book found on the Internet by first locating all of the
information needed to cite it as if it were a print document, then add the Internet-specific items. For example:
Print information
Lefebvre P. Molecular and genetic maps of the nuclear genome. Durham (NC): Duke University,
Department of Biology; 2002.
Books and Other Individual Titles on the Internet 1129
Added Internet information (in bold)

Lefebvre P. Molecular and genetic maps of the nuclear genome [Internet]. Durham (NC): Duke
University, Department of Biology; 2002 [modified 2002 Dec 11; cited 2003 Sep 5]. Available from:
http://www.biology.duke.edu/chlamy_genome/nuclear_maps.html
If a book on the Internet does not have a formal title page, look to the opening screens, the bottom or closing
screens, links from the sidebar, and the source code (viewable through the Web browser) to locate citation
information.
While all monographs have certain elements in common for citation purposes, such as author, title, publisher
information, and date, specific types of monographs have additional elements. For example, a citation to a
technical report should include report and contract numbers. Examples of citation to reports and other types of
monographs are included in this chapter, but see also the specific chapters about these types for more detail.
Refer also to Chapter 2 Books for more examples of book citations.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Entire Books and Other Individual Titles on the Internet.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Entire Books and Other Individual Titles on the Internet.
Citation Rules with Examples for Entire Books and Other

Individual Titles on the Internet
Date of Update/Revision (R) | Date of Citation (R) | Extent (Pagination) (O) | Series (O) | Availability (R) |
Language (R) | Notes (O)
Author/Editor for Entire Books on the Internet (required)

• List names in the order they appear on the title page or opening screens
surname

• Determining the author if there is no standard title page

(Chinese, Japanese)
Box 1. Determining the author if there is no standard title page.

Some books on the Internet do not display a traditional title page that clearly states the names of the authors.
When there is no title page:
• Look at the top, bottom, or sidebar of the first screen or the bottom of the last screen of the book
• Do not assume that an individual named as Web master or contact person is the author; he or she most
probably is not, especially for sites produced by large organizations
• Some sites give a name in association with a copyright statement, such as "copyright 1997 by John A.
Smith". Do not assume that this individual is the author, either.
• If the only personal name given in a site is associated with a copyright statement, use that individual's
name as the publisher
• Many sites will display an organization's name rather than a person's name. In such cases when the
organization appears to be serving as both author and publisher, place the organization in the publisher
position.



[If you cannot determine from the title page or opening or closing screens whether a surname is
compound or a combination of a middle name and a surname, look at the table of contents, the
copyright page, or elsewhere in the text for clarification. For example, Elizabeth Scott Parker may be
interpreted to be Parker ES or Scott Parker E.]
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

particle

abbreviation.
• For non-English names that are been romanized (written in the roman alphabet), capitalize only the first


Examples:
letter
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

always be used.
• If not translated, ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in names. This rule ignores some
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
French redacteur
editeur
German redakteur
herausgeber
Italian redattore
curatore
editore
Spanish redactor
editor
Russian redaktor
izdatel


Working Group.
(see Appendix D)
desired.
brackets.
or
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

Oblinger DG, Oblinger JL, editors. Educating the net generation [Internet]. Boulder (CO):
EDUCAUSE; c2005 [cited 2006 Nov 1]. 264 p. Available from: http://www.educause.edu/ir/
library/pdf/pub7101.pdf
Making a difference: state injury and violence prevention programs [Internet]. Atlanta (GA): State
and Territorial Injury Prevention Directors Association; c2006 [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 120 p. Available
from: http://www.stipda.org/associations/5805/files/MakingADifference2006.pdf



1. Standard citation to a book on the Internet
2. Book on the Internet with optional full names for author(s)
3. Book on the Internet with optional limit to the number of authors/editors
4. Book on the Internet with author/editor surnames having a prefix or particle
5. Book on the Internet with author/editor surnames showing designations of family rank
6. Book on the Internet with author having compound surnames
7. Book on the Internet with an organization(s) as author
8. Book on the Internet with an organization as author having subsidiary division
9. Book on the Internet with more than one organization as author
10. Book on the Internet with editors where there is no author
11. Book on the Internet with no authors or editors
21. Book on the Internet with authors and editors or other secondary authors
Author Affiliation for Entire Books on the Internet (optional)

country
PA)


Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Soc. for Society
all references.

Example:

Rebora P, Reina G.
Mandelshtam MY.
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

Wien becomes Vienna

12. Book on the Internet with author affiliation
Title for Entire Books on the Internet (required)

• Enter the title of a book as it appears on the title page or opening screens, in the original language

• Determining the title if there is no standard title page
Box 16. Determining the title if there is no standard title page.

While many books on the Internet display a traditional title page and clearly state the title, some sites do not.
• Look for what is the most prominent (usually the largest) wording on the opening screen
• Look at the title bar of the Web browser (generally in the top left corner)
• Look for the title in the source code of the document

• If a title cannot be determined, construct a title by using the first series of words on the screen; place the
constructed title in square brackets
Example:
Tracey E, Lange R. [Podcast for week of November 6, 2006] [Internet]. Baltimore (MD): Johns
Hopkins Medicine; 2006 Nov 6 [cited 2006 Nov 7]. Podcast: 10 min. Available from: http://
www.hopkinsmedicine.org/mediaII/Podcasts.html
exposure limits [Internet].
von Willebrand factor and the mechanisms of platelet function [Internet].
• Retain special characters in book titles when possible
E©UP: European Copyright User Platform [Internet].
Enantioselective synthesis of β-amino acids [Internet].
may become
Enantioselective synthesis of beta-amino acids [Internet].
TiO2 nanoparticles [Internet].
may become
TiO(2) nanoparticles [Internet].

Harpes JP, Milmeister JC, editors. La recherche sur les embryons [Internet]. Luxembourg: Centre
Universitaire de Luxembourg; 2004 [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 103 p. Available from: http://www.cne.public.
lu/publications/avis/2002_2_2002_3_2003_1.pdf#search=%22%22la%20recherche%20sur%20les%20
embryons%22%20%2Bcne%22 French.
ocherki [Internet].
square brackets.
Anrakushi to keiho [Internet].
or
[Euthanasia and criminal law] [Internet].
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
Zieger K. Die Bedeutung der deutschen Arztevereine fur das wissenschaftliche Leben, die
medizinische Versorgung und soziale Belange der Stadt St. Petersburg von 1819-1914 [dissertation
on the Internet]. Leipzig (Germany): Universitat Leipzig, Karl-Sudhoff-Institut fur Geschichte der
Medizin und der Naturwissenschaften; 2000 [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 123 p. Available from: http://
www.vifaost.de/w/pdf/zieger-aerzte.pdf German.
square brackets
Harpes JP, Milmeister JC, editors. La recherche sur les embryons [Embryonic research] [Internet].
Luxembourg: Centre Universitaire de Luxembourg; 2004 [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 103 p. Available from: h
ttp://www.cne.public.lu/publications/avis/2002_2_2002_3_2003_1.pdf#search=%22%22la%20recher
che%20sur%20les%20 embryons%22%20%2Bcne%22French.
Abriendo un camino genetico: familias y cientificos se unen en la busqueda de genes defectuosos que
causan enfermedades [Blazing a genetic trial: families and scientists join in seeking the flawed genes
that cause disease] [Internet]. Chevy Chase (MD): Howard Hughes Medical Institute; c1991
[updated 2002; cited 2006 Nov 3]. Available from: http://www.hhmi.org/genetictrail-esp/. Spanish.

⚬ Give the title in the first language found on the title page or opening screens
⚬ List all languages of publication after the extent (pagination)
Example:
Principles of medical ethics relevant to the role of health personnel, particularly physicians, in
the protection of prisoners and detainees against torture and other cruel, inhuman or
degrading treatment or punishment [Internet]. Geneva: United nations, Office of the High
Commissioner for Human Rights; 1982 [cited 2006 Nov 6]. Available from: http://
www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/h_comp40.htm English, French, Spanish.
• If a book title is presented in two or more equal languages, as often occurs in Canadian publications:
⚬ Give all titles in the order in which they are found on the title page or opening screens
⚬ List the particular languages, separated by commas, after the extent (pagination)
Example:
Settle TB, compiler. La storia e la filosofia della scienza, della tecnologia e della medicina = The
history and philosophy of science, technology and medicine [Internet]. Florence (Italy): IMSS
& Polytechnic University; c1994-2006 [updated 2006 Aug 22; cited 2006 Nov 3]. [about 20 p.].
Available from: http://www.imss.fi.it/%7etsettle/index.html Italian, English.

• Most titles end in a period. Place [Internet] inside the period.
Richardson ML. Approaches to differential diagnosis in musculoskeletal imaging [Internet]. Version

2.0. Seattle (WA): University of Washington School of Medicine; c2000 [revised 2001 Oct 1; cited
2006 Nov 1]. Available from: http://www.rad.washington.edu/mskbook/index.html
• If a title ends in another form of punctuation, keep that punctuation and follow [Internet] with a period
Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured. Who needs Medicaid? [Internet]. Washington:
Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation; 2006 Apr [cited 2006 Nov 3]. Available from: http://www.kff.org/
medicaid/upload/7496.pdf

with the text. When this occurs:
Example:
Examples for Title

13. Book on the Internet with title having a subtitle
14. Book on the Internet with special characters in the title
15. Book on the Internet with title ending in other than a period
16. Book on the Internet in a language other than English
17. Book on the Internet published with equal text in two or more languages
Content Type for Entire Books on the Internet (optional)

• A content type describes the format of the Internet item being cited, such as a monograph, dissertation, or
bibliography
• Enter the words "monograph on the", "dissertation on the", etc.
• End content type with space


• Most book titles end in a period. Place [monograph on the Internet], [dissertation on the Internet],
[master's thesis on the Internet], or [bibliography on the Internet] inside the period.
Richardson ML. Approaches to differential diagnosis in musculoskeletal imaging [monograph on the
Internet]. Version 2.0. Seattle (WA): University of Washington School of Medicine; c2000 [revised
2001 Oct 1; cited 2006 Nov 1]. Available from: http://www.rad.washington.edu/mskbook/index.html
Toolkit of instruments to measure end of life [bibliography on the Internet]. Washington: George
Washington University Medical Center, Center to Improve Care of the Dying; [cited 2006 Nov 1].
Available from: http://www.gwu.edu/~cicd/toolkit/toolkit.htm
• If a title ends in another form of punctuation, keep that punctuation and follow [monograph on the
Internet], [dissertation on the Internet], [master's thesis on the Internet], or [bibliography on the Internet]
with a period
Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured. Who needs Medicaid? [monograph on the
Internet]. Washington: Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation; 2006 Apr [cited 2006 Nov 3]. Available
from: http://www.kff.org/medicaid/upload/7496.pdf

• Place [monograph on the Internet], [dissertation on the Internet], [master's thesis on the Internet], or
[bibliography on the Internet] after the square brackets for the translation
Example:
Harpes JP, Milmeister JC, editors. La recherche sur les embryons [Embryonic research] [monograph
on the Internet]. Luxembourg: Centre Universitaire de Luxembourg; 2004 [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 103 p.
Available from: http://www.cne.public.lu/publications/avis/2002_2_2002_3_2003_1.pdf#search=%22
%22la%20recherche%20sur%20les%20embryons%22%20%2Bcne%22 French.

18. Book on the Internet published with optional content type
46. Dictionary on the Internet
47. Encyclopedia on the Internet
48. Conference proceedings on the Internet
49. Technical report on the Internet
50. Dissertation on the Internet
51. Bibliography on the Internet
Type of Medium for Entire Books on the Internet (required)

• Place the word Internet in square brackets following the title (and content type, if present)
• End with a period placed outside the closing bracket
• Add location information (URL, etc) according to the instructions under Availability below
• See Chapter 18 for books on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk


• If a dissertation, master's thesis, or bibliography is on the Internet, give the content type before the type of
medium separated by "on the"
Zieger K. Die Bedeutung der deutschen Arztevereine fur das wissenschaftliche Leben, die
medizinische Versorgung und soziale Belange der Stadt St. Petersburg von 1819-1914 [dissertation
on the Internet]. Leipzig (Germany): Universitat Leipzig, Karl-Sudhoff-Institut fur Geschichte der
Medizin und der Naturwissenschaften; 2000 [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 123 p. Available from: http://
www.vifaost.de/w/pdf/zieger-aerzte.pdf German.

2.0. Seattle (WA): University of Washington School of Medicine; c2000 [revised 2001 Oct 1; cited
2006 Nov 1]. Available from: http://www.rad.washington.edu/mskbook/index.html
Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured. Who needs Medicaid? [Internet]. Washington:
Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation; 2006 Apr [cited 2006 Nov 3]. Available from: http://www.kff.org/
medicaid/upload/7496.pdf

brackets
• Place Internet in square brackets following the translation

Example:
Harpes JP, Milmeister JC, editors. La recherche sur les embryons [Embryonic research] [Internet].
Luxembourg: Centre Universitaire de Luxembourg; 2004 [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 103 p. Available from: h
ttp://www.cne.public.lu/publications/avis/2002_2_2002_3_2003_1.pdf#search=%22%22la%20recher
che%20sur%20les%20embryons%22%20%2Bcne%22French.

Edition for Entire Books on the Internet (required)

• Indicate the edition/version being cited after the Type of Medium when a book is published in more than
one edition or version
becomes 3rd.

Word Abbreviation
edition ed.
abbreviated abbr.
abridged abr.
American Am.
augmented augm.
English Engl.
enlarged enl.
expanded expand.
illustrated ill.
modified mod.
original orig.

Word Abbreviation
reprint(ed) repr.
revised rev.
special spec.
translation transl.
translated
3rd rev. ed.
1st Engl. ed.
• Do not abbreviate the following words used in Internet editions:
version
release
update
level

• First editions

Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
constructions.
Examples:
Ed. 1a.
2. ed. veneta.
Nuova ed.
Seconda ed.
• For an edition statement in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, or Korean
constructions.
Examples:
2. dopunjeno izd.
2. ekd. epeux.
3. ekd.
• For an edition statement in a character-based language such as Chinese and Japanese
Examples:
ŏ becomes o
ū becomes u
constructions.
Examples:
Shohan.
Dai 1-han.
Dai 3-pan.
Di 3 ban.
Che 6-pàn.
Danish oplag n.a.
udgave
Dutch uitgave uitg.
editie ed.
French edition ed.
Auflage Aufl.
Greek ekdosis ekd.
utgave utg.
publikacija publ.
Spanish edicion ed.
publicacion publ.

• If both an edition and a version are present, give both, in the order they are presented, separated by a
semicolon and a space
Beers MH, Fletcher AJ, Jones TV, Porter R, Berkwits R, Kaplan JL, editors. The Merck manual of
medical information [Internet]. 2nd home ed.; Online version. Whitehouse Station (NJ): Merck
Research Laboratories; c2004-2006 [cited 2006 Nov 1]. Available from: http://www.merck.com/
mmhe/index.html

earlier one

19. Book on the Internet with an edition or version
20. Book on the Internet with an edition and a version
Editor and other Secondary Authors for Entire Books on the Internet
(optional)
• A secondary author modifies the work of the author. Examples include editors, translators, and illustrators
• Place the names of secondary authors after the Type of Medium and any edition statement
reference


Examples:

Example:

Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
editeur
curatore

editore
izdatel
editor

Example:

21. Book on the Internet with authors and editors or other secondary authors
Place of Publication for Entire Books on the Internet (required)


• Locating the place of publication if there is no standard title page
• Non-US cities
Box 35. Locating the place of publication if there is no standard title page.
Some books on the Internet do not display a traditional title page that clearly states the place of publication.
• If it is not in one of these locations, try to obtain it from a link within the site, usually under a "contact us"
or similar link
• Look in the source code for the book if it is displayed by the Web browser
• If the place cannot be determined from the site itself:
⚬ Place the name in square brackets if the city can be reasonably inferred. For example, Chicago as the
place of publication of a book issued by the American Medical Association.
Temporary medicare-approved drug discount card: beneficiaries' awareness and use of
information resources [Internet]. [Washington]: Department of Health and Human Services
(US), Office of Inspector General; 2005 Oct [cited Nov 17]. 42 p. Available from: http://
www.oig.hhs.gov/oei/reports/oei-05-04-00200.pdf
⚬ Put the words "place unknown" in square brackets if it is not possible to infer or otherwise locate the
city
Suber P. Unbinding knowledge: a proposal for providing open access to past research articles,
starting with the most important [Internet]. [place unknown]: Peter Suber; 2004 May 3
[revised 2005 Nov 16; cited 2006 Nov 3]. [about 11 p.]. Available from: http://
www.earlham.edu/~peters/writing/unbind.htm

• Use the anglicized form of a city name, such as Rome for Roma and Moscow for Moskva, if possible.
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
Montreal (QC):
Ottawa (ON):
Vancouver (BC):
London:
Rome:
Paris:
Madrid:
but

• Use the city of the first organization found on the title page or on the opening screens as the place of
publication
• Put the name of the second organization as a note at the end of the citation, if desired
American Academy of Pain Medicine; American Pain Society. The use of opioids for the treatment of
chronic pain: a consensus statement [Internet]. Glenview (IL): American Academy of Pain Medicine;
c1997 [cited 2006 Nov 1]. 4 p. Available from: http://www.painmed.org/productpub/statements/pdfs/
opioids.pdf Jointly published by the American Pain Society.


• If no place of publication can be found on the title page or on the opening screens, but one can be found
elsewhere on the site or can be reasonably inferred (e.g., Chicago as the place for a publication of the
American Medical Association), place the city in square brackets, such as "[Chicago]"
Trends in tuberculosis morbidity and mortality [Internet]. [New York]: American Lung Association,
Research and Program Services, Epidemiology and Statistics Unit; 2006 Jul [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 32 p.
Available from: http://www.lungusa.org/atf/cf/{7A8D42C2-FCCA-4604-8ADE-7F5D5E762256}/TB0
6FINAL.PDF
Suber P. Unbinding knowledge: a proposal for providing open access to past research articles,
starting with the most important [Internet]. [place unknown]: Peter Suber; 2004 May 3 [revised 2005
Nov 16; cited 2006 Nov 3]. [about 11 p.]. Available from: http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/writing/
unbind.htm

22. Book on the Internet with well known place of publication
23. Book on the Internet with qualifier added to place of publication for clarity
24. Book on the Internet with place of publication inferred
25. Book on the Internet with unknown place of publication
Publisher for Entire Books on the Internet (required)

• A publisher is defined as the individual or organization issuing the book
Sons, Ltd." may become simply "Wiley"

• Determining the publisher if there is no standard title page
Box 40. Determining the publisher if there is no standard title page.

Some books on the Internet do not display a traditional title page that clearly states the name of the publisher.
• Look for the name after a copyright statement, e.g., copyright 2006 by the American Chemical Society
• Try to obtain it from a link within the site, usually under a "contact us" or similar link
• Look in the source code for the book if it is displayed by the Web browser
• If wording such as "this site is maintained by XYZ Corporation for ABC Organization" appears, consider
ABC Organization the publisher and XYZ Corporation the distributor. Publisher information is required
in a citation; distributor information may be included as a note.
• If no publisher can be identified, use "publisher unknown" in square brackets

Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Ltd. for Limited
Soc. for Society
all references.

Lopez Pinero;
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
brackets.
Appendix D)
distributors of US government agency publications are the US Government Printing Office (GPO) and the
National Technical Information Service (NTIS). Designate the agency that issued the publication as the
publisher and provide the URL of the distributor, preceded by "Available from:" and a space.
Jacobson WB. Safe from the start: taking action on children exposed to violence; summary
[Internet]. Washington: Department of Justice (US), Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile
Justice and Delinquency Prevention; 2000 Nov [cited 2006 Nov 6]. 54 p. Available from: http://
purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS41638

• Use the first organization appearing as publisher on the title page or the opening screens
Example:

or bold type
Example:


26. Book on the Internet with publisher having subsidiary division
27. Book on the Internet with government agency or other national body as publisher
28. Book on the Internet with joint publication
Date of Publication for Entire Books on the Internet (required)

• End date information with a space

• Locating the date of publication if there is no standard title page
Box 47. Locating the date of publication if there is no standard title page.
Some books on the Internet do not display a traditional title page that clearly states the date of publication.
• Look for the date at the top, bottom, or sidebar of the first screen or the bottom of the last screen of the
book
• Look for the date accompanying a copyright statement. For example: copyright 2006 by the American
Chemical Society, © 2006 American Medical Association, c2006 Medical College of Wisconsin
• Look in the source code for the book if it can be displayed by the Web browser
material in the book or elsewhere in the site, insert a question mark after the estimated date and place date
information in square brackets
Evaluation of health literacy work among libraries and community organizations in the New York
City area: report highlights [Internet]. New York: Americans for Libraries Council; [2002?] [cited
2006 Nov 1]. 4 p. Available from: http://www.lff.org/programs/hlconfeval.pdf
• If neither a date of publication nor a date of copyright can be found nor can the date be estimated, use the
date of update/revision and/or the date cited
Bibliography of numeracy resources 1980-2005 [Internet]. Ottawa (OT): Government of Canada,
Human Resources and Social Development; [modified 2006 Jan 1; cited 2006 Nov 1]. Available from:
http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/en/hip/lld/nls/Resources/07_numbib.shtml
Toolkit of instruments to measure end of life [Internet]. Washington: George Washington University
Medical Center, Center to Improve Care of the Dying; [cited 2006 Nov 1]. Available from: http://
www.gwu.edu/~cicd/toolkit/toolkit.htm

2002-2003
1997-1998
1999-2000
1999 Oct-2000 Mar
2002 Dec-2003 Jan
2005 Jan-Feb
1999 Dec-2000 Jan

• Capitalize them
Examples:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

• Capitalize them
For example:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring


Examples:
Griffiths AJ, Miller JH, Suzuki DT, Lewontin RC, Gelbart WM. Introduction to genetic analysis
[Internet]. 7th ed. New York: W. H. Freeman & Co.; c2000 [cited 2006 Nov 6]. Available from: http://
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowTOC&rid=iga.TOC
Beers MH, Fletcher AJ, Jones TV, Porter R, Berkwits R, Kaplan JL, editors. The Merck manual of
medical information [Internet]. 2nd home ed.; Online version. Whitehouse Station (NJ): Merck
Research Laboratories; c2004-2006 [cited 2006 Nov 1]. Available from: http://www.merck.com/
mmhe/index.html

material in the book or on accompanying material, insert a question mark after the estimated date and
Evaluation of health literacy work among libraries and community organizations in the New York
City area: report highlights [Internet]. New York: Americans for Libraries Council; [2002?] [cited
2006 Nov 1]. 4 p. Available from: http://www.lff.org/programs/hlconfeval.pdf
Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease [Internet]. Columbia (MD): Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease;
[updated 2005; cited 2006 Nov 3]. 115 p. Available from: http://www.goldcopd.com/
Guidelineitem.asp?l1=2&l2=1&intId=989
Toolkit of instruments to measure end of life [Internet]. Washington: George Washington University
Medical Center, Center to Improve Care of the Dying; [cited 2006 Nov 1]. Available from: http://

The date of publication may follow the author names (or title if there is no author) in the list of references when
the name-year system of in-text references is used.
• Use (1) the date of copyright, (2) the date of update/revision, or (3) the date of citation, in that order, if
there is no publication date
• Place the date followed by a period after the last named author (or title if there is no author)
• Keep the date of update/revision and/or date of citation in their usual position unless they are the only
dates available to follow the author(s) (or title)
• End the publisher name with a period if it is not followed by a date of update/revision or date of citation
NLM citation:
Barnitz L. The health care response to pandemic influenza: a position paper of the American College
of Physicians [Internet]. Philadelphia: American College of Physicians; 2006 [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 21 p.
Available from: http://www.acponline.org/college/pressroom/as06/pandemic_policy.pdf
Griffiths AJ, Miller JH, Suzuki DT, Lewontin RC, Gelbart WM. Introduction to genetic analysis
[Internet]. 7th ed. New York: W. H. Freeman & Co.; c2000 [cited 2006 Nov 6]. Available from: http://
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowTOC&rid=iga.TOC
Bashook PG, Miller SH, Parboosingh J, Horowitz SD, editors. Credentialing physician specialists: a
world perspective [Internet]. Evanston (IL): American Board of Medical Specialities, Research and
Education Foundation; [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 221 p. Available from: http://www.abms.org/
publications.asp
Barnitz L. 2006. The health care response to pandemic influenza: a position paper of the American
College of Physicians [Internet]. Philadelphia: American College of Physicians; [cited 2006 Nov 3].
21 p. Available from: http://www.acponline.org/college/pressroom/as06/pandemic_policy.pdf
Griffiths AJ, Miller JH, Suzuki DT, Lewontin RC, Gelbart WM. c2000. Introduction to genetic
analysis [Internet]. 7th ed. New York: W. H. Freeman & Co.; [cited 2006 Nov 6]. Available from: http:
//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowTOC&rid=iga.TOC
Bashook PG, Miller SH, Parboosingh J, Horowitz SD, editors. [cited 2006 Nov 3]. Credentialing
physician specialists: a world perspective [Internet]. Evanston (IL): American Board of Medical
Specialities, Research and Education Foundation. 221 p. Available from: http://www.abms.org/
publications.asp
Toolkit of instruments to measure end of life [Internet]. [cited 2006 Nov 1]. Washington: George
Washington University Medical Center, Center to Improve Care of the Dying. Available from: http://
Bibliography of numeracy resources 1980-2005 [Internet]. [modified 2006 Jan 1]. Ottawa (OT):
Government of Canada, Human Resources and Social Development; [cited 2006 Nov 1]. Available
from: http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/en/hip/lld/nls/Resources/07_numbib.shtml

29. Book on the Internet with month(s)/day(s) included in date of publication
30. Book on the Internet with season included in date of publication
31. Book on the Internet with date of copyright instead of date of publication
32. Book on the Internet with multiple years of publication or copyright
35. Book on the Internet with no date of publication or copyright
Date of Update/Revision for Entire Books on the Internet (required)

• Books may be updated or revised between editions or versions
• Begin update/revision information with a left square bracket
• End update/revision information with a semicolon and a space

• Locating the date of update/revision
Box 55. Locating the date of update/revision.

Books on the Internet are often updated or revised after publication. Look for the date accompanied by such
words as updated, modified, revised, reviewed:
• At the top, bottom, or sidebar of the first screen or the bottom of the last screen of the book
• In the source code for the book if it is displayed by the Web browser

• Capitalize them
Examples:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

• Capitalize them
For example:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring

Various words are used to show that the content of a book has been changed. Among them are: updated,
• Use the wording supplied in the book
updated 2006 May; modified 2006 Dec;
revised 2005 Dec; updated 2006 Mar;
• Add the date of citation and put all date information in square brackets
Are you worried about... cancer? [Internet]. London: Cancerbackup; c2003 [reviewed 2004 Sep 1;
modified 2006 Aug 17; cited 2006 Nov 3]. [about 5 screens]. Available from: http://www.cancerbacku
p.org.uk/Aboutcancer/Genetics/Areyouworriedabout/cancer

34. Book on the Internet with update/revision date
Date of Citation for Entire Books on the Internet (required)

General Rules for Date of Citation
• Always include the date the book was seen on the Internet
• Include the year month and day in that order, such as 2006 May 5
• If a date of update/revision is given, place the date of citation after it and follow both dates with a right
square bracket
• If no date of update/revision is given, place citation date information in square brackets
Specific Rules for Date of Citation

• Both a date of update/revision and a date of citation
Box 59. Both a date of update/revision and a date of citation.

Various words are used to show that the content of a book has been changed. Among them are: updated,
• Begin with the date(s) of update/revision in the format year month day
⚬ Use the wording for update/revision supplied in the book
⚬ Give all words with the dates provided, in ascending date order
⚬ Separate words by a semicolon and a space
⚬ End the date(s) of update/revision with a semicolon and a space
• Enter the date cited in the format year month day
• Place all dates of update/revision and date of citation information in one set of square brackets
Examples:
Rosenbaum EH, Piper BF, Dodd M, Dzubur K, Glover M, Kramer P, Kurshner RA, Manuel F. Fatigue
reduction and management for the primary side-effects of cancer therapy [Internet]. [California]:
Cancer Supportive Care; 1999 May 1 [updated 2004 Sep 9; cited 2006 Nov 1]. [about 9 p.]. Available
from: http://www.cancersupportivecare.com/fatigue.html
Are you worried about...cancer? [Internet]. London: Cancerbackup; c2003 [reviewed 2004 Sep 1;
modified 2006 Aug 17; cited 2006 Nov 3]. [about 5 screens]. Available from: http://www.cancerbacku
p.org.uk/Aboutcancer/Genetics/Areyouworriedabout/cancer
Examples for Date of Citation

Extent (Pagination) for Entire Books on the Internet (optional)

For books with standard page numbers such as those in PDF
• Provide the total number of pages on which the text of the book appears
For books without page numbers

• Give extent as the total number of screens, paragraphs, lines, or bytes, whichever is most practical; precede
the total with the word about and place it in square brackets, as [about 15 screens]
• If the book is printed out, precede the page total with the word about and place it in square brackets, as
[about 10 p.]

• Books without page numbers
• Books that are a video, videocast, or podcast

If all of the pages (not just the introductory pages) of a book in PDF (Portable Document Format) have roman
numerals instead of the usual arabic numbers:
Example: [20 p.].
Box 61. Books without page numbers.

• If all of the pages (not just the introductory pages) of a book in PDF (Portable Document Format) have no
page numbers:
⚬ Count the total numbers of pages of the text
⚬ Follow the count total by "p."
Example: [20 p.].
• If the book is in HTML, XML, or other unpaginated format:

⚬ Count the number of screens, paragraphs, lines, or bytes, whichever is most practical, or print out
the book and count the number of pages
⚬ Because screen size and type fonts vary, precede the total with the word "about" for all except the
number of paragraphs
⚬ Place the count total and the measure used in square brackets
⚬ End with a period placed outside the closing bracket
Examples:
[about 6 screens].
[about 23 p.].
[10 paragraphs].
Box 62. Books that are videocasts or podcasts.

If the entire book (not just a portion of one) is available as a videocast or podcast:
• Enter the word Videocast or Podcast followed by a colon and a space
• Give extent as the number of minutes needed to view/listen
• Abbreviate minutes to min.
Examples:
Alberts B. Spreading science throughout the world: how, why and when? [Internet]. Bethesda (MD):
National Institutes of Health (US); 2003 [cited 2006 Nov 1]. Videocast: 65 min. Available from:
http://videocast.nih.gov/launch.asp?10488

36. Book on the Internet with standard page numbers
37. Book on the Internet with extent expressed other than page numbers
38. Book on the Internet with extent estimated
39. Book on the Internet that is a video, videocast, or podcast
Series for Entire Books on the Internet (optional)

number.

• Multiple series

each surname
• See the information under Author/Editor for further name rules
12
Example:
(Jones R, editor. Cancer medicine online; no. 4).

If a book is a part of more than one series, include information on all series if desired.
Example:
Prescription drugs: abuse and addiction [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute on Drug
Abuse (US); 2001 Jul [revised 2005 Aug; cited 2006 Nov 3]. 12 p. (NIDA research report series);
(NIH publication; no. 05-4881). Available from: http://www.drugabuse.gov/PDF/RRPrescription.pdf
Examples for Series

40. Book on the Internet with a series
41. Book on the Internet with multiple series
Availability for Entire Books on the Internet (required)

• Begin with the phrase "Available from" followed by a colon and a space
• Insert the entire Uniform Resource Locator (URL); do not omit http://, www, or other beginning
components
• End with a period only if the URL ends with a slash, otherwise end with no punctuation

• Breaking long URLs
• URLs not directly addressable
• Multiple URLs
Box 65. Breaking long URLs.

Some URLs (Uniform Resource Locators) are longer than one line.
• Retain the entire string as found when possible
• Break a URL at a slash if necessary
• Do not insert a hyphen or a hard line break within a URL
Box 66. URLs not directly addressable.

The URL as displayed by the Web browser may not always be used to retrieve the book, i.e., is not directly
addressable.
• Always check to see if the URL is directly addressable
• If it is not, provide instructions for locating it from the closest addressable URL
Example:
Available from: http://www.genomic.unimelb.edu.au/mdi/ by using the Relevant Publications link.
Box 67. Multiple URLs.

If more than one URL can be used to locate a book:
• Give the URL you used in locating the book
• As an option, give all known URLs, separated by a space, a semicolon, and a space
Example:
Available from:
http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y4962t/y4962t01.htm#bm1..1.3.1 ;
http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y4962t/y4962t05.htm#bm5..1.3.1

Language for Entire Books on the Internet (required)



⚬ Give the title in the first language found on the title page or opening screens
⚬ List all languages of publication after the Availability statement (URL)
Example:
Pan-European Conference on Food Safety and Quality [Internet]. Rome: Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations; [2003?] [cited 2006 Nov 3]. Available from: http://
www.foodsafetyforum.org/paneuropean/index_en.htm English, French, Russian, Spanish.
• If a book is written in two or more equal languages, as often occurs in Canadian publications:
⚬ Give all titles in the order in which they are presented on the title page or opening screens
⚬ List the languages after the Availability statement (URL)

Example:
Settle TB, compiler. La storia e la filosofia della scienza, della tecnologia e della medicina = The
history and philosophy of science, technology and medicine [Internet]. Florence (Italy): IMSS
& Polytechnic University; c1994-2006 [updated 2006 Aug 22; cited 2006 Nov 3]. [about 20 p.].
Available from: http://www.imss.fi.it/%7etsettle/index.html Italian, English.
• If each language version has its own URL, give the URL of the language you used. As an option, give the
URLs for all languages. Separate them by a space, a semicolon, and a space.
Example:
Available from: http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y4962t/y4962t01.htm#bm1..1.3.1 ; http://
www.fao.org/docrep/006/y4962t/y4962t03.htm#bm3..1.3.1 ; http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y4962t/
y4962t05.htm#bm5..1.3.1 English, French, Spanish.
brackets.

17. Book on the Internet published with equal text in two or more languages
Notes for Entire Books on the Internet (optional)

• Be brief

• DOIs
Box 69. DOIs.

The DOI or Digital Object Identifier was developed by the International DOI Foundation to provide for
persistent identification of documents across networks. It does this using a naming convention consisting of a
prefix that contains the name of the particular DOI directory and the content owner's identifier, and a suffix that
is a numeric or alphanumeric string supplied by the publisher.
Publishers register with the International DOI Foundation to obtain their owner's identifier, then submit their
suffix to a DOI registration agency along with the URL and appropriate metadata for the particular document
being registered.
Publishers are currently assigning DOIs at both the book and chapter level. Some assign one DOI to a book
regardless of changes in edition or format, while others give a unique DOI to each version.
To find a book on the Internet using its DOI, add the prefix http://dx.doi.org/ to the number.
To use a DOI in a citation:
• Begin with doi followed by a colon and a space
• Enter the number supplied by the publisher
Example:
Schiraldi GR. Post-traumatic stress disorder sourcebook: a guide to healing, recovery, and growth
[Internet]. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2000 [cited 2006 Nov 6]. 446 p. Available from: http://books.mc
graw-hill.com/getbook.php?isbn=0071393722&template=#toc doi: 10.1036/0737302658

System requirements describe the particular software and hardware needed to view the book.
• Separate the types of information by a semicolon and a space
Examples:
Cook N. AIDS in Africa [Internet]. Washington: Library of Congress, Congressional Research
Service; 2006 [updated 2006 Mar 9; cited 2006 Nov 3]. 16 p. Available from: http://
www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/IB10050.pdf System Requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader.
Airiani S, Braunstein RE, Chang S, editors. Digital reference of ophthalmology [Internet]. New York:
Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute; c2003
[cited 2006 Nov 3]. Available from: http://dro.hs.columbia.edu/. System Requirements: Browser must
be able to handle tables, javascript, and other advanced features; Netscape Navigator (version 4.0 or
greater) or Microsoft Internet Explorer (version 4.0 or greater) is recommended.

The notes element may be used to provide any useful information. Begin by citing the book, then add the note.
Some examples of notes are:
• If the book was sponsored by or prepared for a particular organization, give the name and any relevant
numbers
Kahn CE Jr, editor. CHORUS: Collaborative Hypertext of Radiology [Internet]. [Milwaukee]:
Medical College of Wisconsin; 2004 [cited 2006 Nov 3]. Available from: http://chorus.rad.mcw.edu/.
Supported in part by USPHS grant G08 LM05705 from the National Library of Medicine.
• If the book has an International Standard Book Number assigned, give the number preceded by ISBN:
Sayers R. Principles of awareness-raising: information literacy, a case study [Internet]. Bangkok
(Thailand): UNESCO Bangkok; 2006 [cited 2006 Nov 1]. 124 p. Available from: http://
portal.unesco.org/ci/en/files/22439/11510733461
Principles_of_Awareness_Raising_19th_April_06.pdf/ Principles%2Bof
%2BAwareness_Raising_19th%2BApril%2B06.pdf ISBN: 92-9223-082-4.
• If the book has information that may not be apparent from the title, describe it
www.hopkinsmedicine.org/mediaII/Podcasts.html Subscription to the podcast series available from
the publisher.
• If the book is available in another version, describe it
Reitz JM. ODLIS: online dictionary for library and information science [Internet]. Westport (CT):
Libraries Unlimited; c2004-2006 [updated 2006 Apr 3; cited 2006 Nov 6]. Available from: http://
lu.com/odlis/odlis_c.cfm Also available as a print book from the publisher.
Examples for Notes

42. Book on the Internet with DOI included
43. Book on the Internet with optional system requirements
44. Book on the Internet with supplemental note included
Examples of Citations to Entire Books and Other Individual Titles

on the Internet
Richardson ML. Approaches to differential diagnosis in musculoskeletal imaging [Internet]. Version 2.0. Seattle
(WA): University of Washington School of Medicine; c2000 [revised 2001 Oct 1; cited 2006 Nov 1]. Available
from: http://www.rad.washington.edu/mskbook/index.html
Collins SR, Kriss JL, Davis K, Doty MM, Holmgren AL. Squeezed: why rising exposure to health care costs
threatens the health and financial well-being of American families [Internet]. New York: Commonwealth Fund;
2006 Sep [cited 2006 Nov 2]. 34 p. Available from: http://www.cmwf.org/usr_doc/
Collins_squeezedrisinghltcarecosts_953.pdf
Fact sheet: AIDS information resources [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2003
May 2 [updated 2005 Jul 14; cited 2006 Nov 15]. [about 3 screens]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/
pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
Richardson ML. Approaches to differential diagnosis in musculoskeletal imaging [monograph on the Internet].
Version 2.0. Seattle (WA): University of Washington School of Medicine; c2000 [revised 2001 Oct 1; cited 2006
Nov 1]. Available from: http://www.rad.washington.edu/mskbook/index.html
threatens the health and financial well-being of American families [monograph on the Internet]. New York:
Commonwealth Fund; 2006 Sep [cited 2006 Nov 2]. 34 p. Available from: http://www.cmwf.org/usr_doc/
Fact sheet: AIDS information resources [monograph on the Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of
Medicine (US); 2003 May 2 [updated 2005 Jul 14; cited 2006 Nov 15]. [about 3 screens]. Available from: http://
www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
2. Book on the Internet with optional full names for author(s)

Collins, Sara R.; Kriss, Jennifer L.; Davis, Karen; Doty, Michelle M.; Holmgren, Alyssa L. Squeezed: why rising
exposure to health care costs threatens the health and financial well-being of American families [Internet]. New
York: Commonwealth Fund; 2006 Sep [cited 2006 Nov 2]. 34 p. Available from: http://www.cmwf.org/usr_doc/
3. Book on the Internet with optional limit to the number of authors/

editors
Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci AS, et al., editors. Harrison's online [Internet]. 16th ed. Columbus (OH):
McGraw-Hill Companies; c2006 [cited 2006 Nov 20]. Available from: http://www.accessmedicine.com/
resourceTOC.aspx?resourceID=4
or
Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci AS, and others, editors. Harrison's online [Internet]. 16th ed. Columbus (OH):
McGraw-Hill Companies; c2006 [cited 2006 Nov 20]. Available from: http://www.accessmedicine.com/
resourceTOC.aspx?resourceID=4
4. Book on the Internet with author/editor surnames having a prefix or

particle
Irwin RJ, van Mouwerik M, Stevens L, Seese MD, Basham W, compilers and editors. Environmental
contaminants encyclopedia [Internet]. Fort Collins (CO): National Park Service (US), Water Resources
Divisions, Water Operations Branch; 1998 Feb [updated 2003 Dec 11; cited 2006 Nov 3]. Available from: http://
www.nature.nps.gov/toxic/index.html
Zubrick SR, Lawrence D, de Maio J, Biddle N. Testing the reliability of a measure of Aboriginal children's mental
health: an analysis based on the Western Australian Aboriginal child health survey [Internet]. Belconnen
(Australia): Australian Bureau of Statistics; c2006 [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 65 p. Available from: http://
www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/B9B45094C93CD3ACCA25712400156C7C/$File/
1351055011_mar%202006.pdf
De Castro P, Salinetti S. Guidelines for the production of scientific and technical reports: how to write and
distribute grey literature [Internet]. Version 1.0. Rome (Italy): Grey Literature International Steering Committee;
2006 Mar [cited 2006 Nov 3]. [about 20 p.]. Available from: http://www.glisc.info/.
McCarthy D, Blumenthal D. Committed to safety: ten case studies on reducing harm to patients [Internet]. [New
York]: Commonwealth Fund; 2006 Apr [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 83 p. Available from: http://www.cmwf.org/usr_doc/
McCarthy_safetycasestudies_923.pdf
Noel Walker J, Del Rosso JM, Karyl Held A. Nutrition and physical activity field assessment of children in rural
America [Internet]. Westport (CT): Save the Children; 2005 Mar [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 37 p. Available from: http://
www.savethechildren.org/publications/technical-resources/us-programs/Final_Field_Assessment_2005.pdf
5. Book on the Internet with author/editor surnames showing

designations of family rank
Kahn CE Jr, editor. CHORUS: Collaborative Hypertext of Radiology [Internet]. [Milwaukee]: Medical College of
Wisconsin; 2004 [cited 2006 Nov 3]. Available from: http://chorus.rad.mcw.edu/.
Kufe DW, Pollock RE, Weichselbaum RR, Bast RC Jr, Gansler TS, Holland JF, Frei E 3rd, editors. Cancer
medicine 6 [Internet]. Hamilton (ON): B.C. Decker Inc.; c2003 [cited 2006 Nov 1]. 2400 p. Available from:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowTOC&rid=cmed6.TOC&depth=2
6. Book on the Internet with author having compound surnames

Afnan-Manns S, Dorr A. E-literate: promoting 21st century literacy skills [Internet]. Los Angeles (CA): UCLA
Graduate School of Education and Information Studies; 2003 [cited 2006 Nov 1]. 8 p. Available from: http://
www.newliteracies.gseis.ucla.edu/video/E_literateSurveyReport.pdf
America [Internet]. Westport (CT): Save the Children; 2005 Mar [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 37 p. Available from: http://
www.savethechildren.org/publications/technical-resources/us-programs/Final_Field_Assessment_2005.pdf
7. Book on the Internet with an organization(s) as author

Federal Communicators Network (US). Communicators guide for federal, state, regional, and local
communicators [Internet]. [Washington]: Department of Agriculture (US); 2000 Dec [revised 2001 Dec; cited
2006 Nov 1]. [about 75 p.]. Available from: http://www.usda.gov/news/pubs/fcn/table.htm
Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured. The uninsured and their access to health care [Internet].
Washington: Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation; 2006 Oct [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 2 p. Available from: http://
www.kff.org/uninsured/upload/The-Uninsured-and-Their-Access-to-Health-Care-Oct-2004.pdf
National Center for Biotechnology Information (US). Genes and Disease [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): U.S.
National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information; 1998 - [cited 2015 Mar 11].
Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK22183/.
8. Book on the Internet with an organization as author having subsidiary

division
National Academy of Sciences (US), Institute of Medicine, Board on Health Sciences Policy, Committee on
Clinical Trial Registries. Developing a national registry of pharmacologic and biologic clinical trials: workshop
report [Internet]. Washington: National Academies Press (US); 2006 [cited 2006 Nov 3]. Available from: http://
www.nap.edu/books/030910078X/html/.
9. Book on the Internet with more than one organization as author

American Academy of Pain Medicine; American Pain Society. The use of opioids for the treatment of chronic
pain: a consensus statement [Internet]. Glenview (IL): American Academy of Pain Medicine; c1997 [cited 2006
Nov 1]. 4 p. Available from: http://www.painmed.org/productpub/statements/pdfs/opioids.pdf

Beers MH, Jones TV, Berkwits M, Kaplan JL, Porter R, editors. The Merck manual of health & aging [Internet].
Whitehouse Station (NJ): Merck Research Laboratories; c2005 [cited 2006 Nov 1]. Available from: http://
www.merck.com/pubs/mmanual_ha/contents.html
Oblinger DG, Oblinger JL, editors. Educating the Net Generation [Internet]. Boulder (CO): EDUCAUSE; c2005
[cited 2006 Nov 1]. 264 p. Available from: http://www.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/pub7101.pdf ; http://
www.educause.edu/educatingthenetgen/.

Making a difference: state injury and violence prevention programs [Internet]. Atlanta (GA): State and
Territorial Injury Prevention Directors Association; c2006 [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 120 p. Available from: http://
www.stipda.org/associations/5805/files/MakingADifference2006.pdf
Temporary Medicare-approved drug discount card: beneficiaries' awareness and use of information resources
[Internet]. [Washington]: Department of Health and Human Services (US), Office of Inspector General; 2005
Oct [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 42 p. Available from: http://www.oig.hhs.gov/oei/reports/oei-05-04-00200.pdf
The "bad bug book" [Internet]. College Park (MD): Food and Drug Administration (US), Center for Food Safety
& Applied Nutrition; 1992 [updated 2006 Apr 25; cited 2006 Nov 1]. Available from: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
~mow/intro.html
12. Book on the Internet with author affiliation

Strasburger VC (Division of Adolescent Medicine, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque,
NM). Children, adolescents, and the media: five crucial issues [Internet]. Minneapolis (MN): University of
Minnesota, Children Youth and Family Consortium; 1993 [updated 2002 Apr 27; cited 2006 Nov 1]. Available
from: http://www.cyfc.umn.edu/adolescents/research/crissues.html
Fox MK (Abt Associates Inc., Bethesda, MD), Hamilton W (Abt Associates Inc., Bethesda, MD), Lin BH
(Economics Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC). Effects of food assistance and
nutrition programs on nutrition and health. Vol. 4, Executive summary of the literature review [Internet].
Washington: Department of Agriculture (US), Economic Research Service, Food and Rural Economics Division;
2004 Nov [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 174 p. (Food assistance and nutrition research report; no. 19-4). Available from:
http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/fanrr19-4/fanrr19-4.pdf
13. Book on the Internet with title having a subtitle

D'Alessandro DM, Takle TE. Virtual pediatric patients: a digital storytelling system for teaching common
pediatric problems [Internet]. Iowa City (IA): Virtual Pediatric Hospital; 1996 Aug [revised 1997 Dec; cited 2006
Nov 3]. Available from: http://www.virtualpediatrichospital.org/providers/VirtualPedsPatients/
PedsVPHome.shtml
14. Book on the Internet with special characters in the title

(Wĕbopēdia) [Internet]. Darien (CT): Jupitermedia Corporation; c2006 [cited 2006 Nov 16]. Available from:
http://www.webopedia.com/.
15. Book on the Internet with title ending in other than a period
The "bad bug book" [Internet]. College Park (MD): Food and Drug Administration (US), Center for Food Safety
& Applied Nutrition; 1992 [updated 2006 Apr 25; cited 2006 Nov 1]. Available from: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/
~mow/intro.html
Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured. Who needs Medicaid? [Internet]. Washington: Henry J.
Kaiser Family Foundation; 2006 Apr [cited 2006 Nov 3]. Available from: http://www.kff.org/medicaid/upload/
7496.pdf

Harpes JP, Milmeister JC, editors. La recherche sur les embryons [Internet]. Luxembourg: Centre Universitaire
de Luxembourg; 2004 [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 103 p. Available from: http://www.cne.public.lu/publications/avis/
2002_2_2002_3_2003_1.pdf#search=%22%22la%20recherche%20sur%20les%20embryons%22%20%2Bcne%22
French.
Abriendo un camino genetico: familias y cientificos se unen en la busqueda de genes defectuosos que causan
enfermedades [Internet]. Chevy Chase (MD): Howard Hughes Medical Institute; c1991 [updated 2002; cited
2006 Nov 3]. Available from: http://www.hhmi.org/genetictrail-esp/. Spanish.
Le scandaleux docteur Doyen, ou, La tragedie solitaire d'un surdoue [Internet]. Paris: Bibliotheque
Interuniversitaire de Medecine et d'Odontologie; 2006 Jan [cited 2006 Nov 3]. [about 7 screens]. Available from:
http://www.bium.univ-paris5.fr/histmed/medica/doyen.htm French.
Harpes JP, Milmeister JC, editors. La recherche sur les embryons [Embryonic research] [Internet]. Luxembourg:
Centre Universitaire de Luxembourg; 2004 [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 103 p. Available from: http://www.cne.public.lu/
publications/avis/2002_2_2002_3_2003_1.pdf#search=%22%22la%20recherche%20sur%20les%20embryons
%22%20%2Bcne%22 French.
Abriendo un camino genetico: familias y cientificos se unen en la busqueda de genes defectuosos que causan
enfermedades [Blazing a genetic trial: families and scientists join in seeking the flawed genes that cause disease]
[Internet]. Chevy Chase (MD): Howard Hughes Medical Institute; c1991 [updated 2002; cited 2006 Nov 3].
Available from: http://www.hhmi.org/genetictrail-esp/. Spanish.
Le scandaleux docteur Doyen, ou, La tragedie solitaire d'un surdoue [The scandalous Dr. Doyen, or, The solitary
tragedy of a prodigy] [Internet]. Paris: Bibliotheque Interuniversitaire de Medecine et d'Odontologie; 2006 Jan
[cited 2006 Nov 3]. [about 7 screens]. Available from: http://www.bium.univ-paris5.fr/histmed/medica/
doyen.htm French.
17. Book on the Internet published with equal text in two or more
languages
Settle TB, compiler. La storia e la filosofia della scienza, della tecnologia e della medicina = The history and
philosophy of science, technology and medicine [Internet]. Florence (Italy): IMSS & Polytechnic University;
c1994-2006 [updated 2006 Aug 22; cited 2006 Nov 3]. [about 20 p.]. Available from: http://www.imss.fi.it/
%7etsettle/index.html Italian, English.
Robinson A, compiler. Veterinary public health and control of zoonoses in developing countries = Sante
publique veterinaire et controle des zoonoses dans les pays en developpement = Salud publica veterinaria y
control de zoonosis en paises en desarrollo [Internet]. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations; 2003 [cited 2006 Nov 17]. [about 110 p.]. Available from: http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y4962t/
y4962t00.htm English, French, Spanish.

Zieger K. Die Bedeutung der deutschen Arztevereine fur das wissenschaftliche Leben, die medizinische
Versorgung und soziale Belange der Stadt St. Petersburg von 1819-1914 [dissertation on the Internet]. Leipzig
(Germany): Universitat Leipzig, Karl-Sudhoff-Institut fur Geschichte der Medizin und der Naturwissenschaften;
2000 [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 123 p. Available from: http://www.vifaost.de/w/pdf/zieger-aerzte.pdf German.
Toolkit of instruments to measure end of life [bibliography on the Internet]. Washington: George Washington
University Medical Center, Center to Improve Care of the Dying; [cited 2006 Nov 1]. Available from: http://
Richardson ML. Approaches to differential diagnosis in musculoskeletal imaging [monograph on the Internet].
Version 2.0. Seattle (WA): University of Washington School of Medicine; c2000 [revised 2001 Oct 1; cited 2006
Nov 1]. Available from: http://www.rad.washington.edu/mskbook/index.html
19. Book on the Internet with an edition or version

Wilkinson R, Marmot M, editors. Social determinants of health: the solid facts [Internet]. 2nd ed. Copenhagen:
World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe; c2003 [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 31 p. Available from: http://
www.euro.who.int/document/e81384.pdf
Thomas RL. The eclectic practice of medicine [Internet]. Illus. 2nd ed. Cincinnati (OH): Scudder Brothers Co.;
1907 [cited 2006 Nov 3]. Available from: http://www.swsbm.com/EclecticMed/EclecticPractice.html
Breast cancer treatment guidelines for patients [Internet]. Version 7. Jenkintown (PA): National Comprehensive
Cancer Network (US); 2005 Aug [cited 2006 Nov 3]. Available from: http://www.nccn.org/patients/patient_gls/
_english/_breast/contents.asp
Higgins JP, Green S, editors. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions [Internet]. Version
4.2.6. Chichester (UK): John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.; 2006 [updated 2006 Sep; cited 2006 Nov 3]. 257 p. Available
from: http://www.cochrane.org/resources/handbook/handbook.pdf
20. Book on the Internet with an edition and a version

Beers MH, Fletcher AJ, Jones TV, Porter R, Berkwits R, Kaplan JL, editors. The Merck manual of medical
information [Internet]. 2nd home ed.; Online version. Whitehouse Station (NJ): Merck Research Laboratories;
c2004-2006 [cited 2006 Nov 1]. Available from: http://www.merck.com/mmhe/index.html
21. Book on the Internet with authors and editors or other secondary
authors
CENDI Copyright Working Group. Frequently asked questions about copyright: a template for the promotion of
awareness among CENDI agency staff [Internet]. Klein B, Hodge G, editors. Oak Ridge (TN): CENDI
Secretariat; 2004 Aug [modified 2006 Sep 2; cited 2006 Nov 6]. Available from: http://cendi.dtic.mil/
publications/04-8copyright.html
Hecker JF. The Black Death and the dancing mania [Internet]. Babington BG, translator. Champaign (IL):
Project Gutenberg; 1999 May 1 [cited 2006 Nov 3]. Available from: http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/1739
Baydar N, McCann M, Williams R, Vesper E (Battelle Centers for Public Health Research and Evaluation,
Seattle, WA). Final report. WIC infant feeding practices study [Internet]. Wieringa D, Sitchin K, editors.
Alexandria (VA): Department of Agriculture (US), Food and Consumer Service, Office of Analysis and
Evaluation; 1997 Nov [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 254 p. Contract No.: 53-3198-3-003. Available from: http://
Hippocrates. Aphorisms [Internet]. Adams F, translator. [place unknown]: D.C. Stevenson, Web Atomics;
c1994-2000 [cited 2006 Nov 3]. Available from: http://classics.mit.edu/Hippocrates/aphorisms.html
22. Book on the Internet with well known place of publication

Are you worried about...cancer? [Internet]. London: Cancerbackup; c2003 [reviewed 2004 Sep 1; modified 2006
Aug 17; cited 2006 Nov 3]. [about 5 screens]. Available from: http://www.cancerbackup.org.uk/Aboutcancer/
Genetics/Areyouworriedabout/cancer
Barnitz L. The health care response to pandemic influenza: a position paper of the American College of
Physicians [Internet]. Philadelphia: American College of Physicians; 2006 [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 21 p. Available
from: http://www.acponline.org/college/pressroom/as06/pandemic_policy.pdf
23. Book on the Internet with qualifier added to place of publication for
clarity
Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
[Internet]. Columbia (MD): Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; [updated 2005; cited 2006
Nov 3]. 115 p. Available from: http://www.goldcopd.com/Guidelineitem.asp?l1=2&l2=1&intId=989 Based on
April 1998 NHLBI/WHO workshop.
Matas D, Kilgour D. Report into allegations of organ harvesting of Falun Gong practitioners in China [Internet].
Edmonton (AL): David Kilgour; 2006 Jul 6 [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 66 p. Available from: http://www.david-
kilgour.com/2006/Kilgour-Matas-organ-harvesting-rpt-July6-eng.pdf
Baade PD, Fritschi L, Aitken JF. Geographical differentials in cancer incidence and survival in Queensland: 1996
to 2002 [Internet]. Brisbane (Australia): Queensland Cancer Fund, Viertel Centre for Research in Cancer
Control; 2005 [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 72 p. Available from: http://www.qldcancer.com.au/pdf/research/
Geographicalincidencereport.asp.pdf
PubMed tutorial [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): U.S. National Library of Medicine; 2013 Oct 21 - [updated 2014
Feb 26; cited 2015 Apr 28]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/disted/pubmedtutorial/.
24. Book on the Internet with place of publication inferred

Oct [cited Nov 17]. 42 p. Available from: http://www.oig.hhs.gov/oei/reports/oei-05-04-00200.pdf
Trends in tuberculosis morbidity and mortality [Internet]. [New York]: American Lung Association, Research
and Program Services, Epidemiology and Statistics Unit; 2006 Jul [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 32 p. Available from:
http://www.lungusa.org/atf/cf/{7A8D42C2-FCCA-4604-8ADE-7F5D5E762256}/TB06FINAL.PDF
Rosenbaum EH, Piper BF, Dodd M, Dzubur K, Glover M, Kramer P, Kurshner RA, Manuel F. Fatigue reduction
and management for the primary side-effects of cancer therapy [Internet]. [California]: Cancer Supportive Care;
1999 May 1 [updated 2004 Sep 9; cited 2006 Nov 1]. [about 9 p.]. Available from: http://
www.cancersupportivecare.com/fatigue.html
25. Book on the Internet with unknown place of publication

Suber P. Unbinding knowledge: a proposal for providing open access to past research articles, starting with the
most important [Internet]. [place unknown]: Peter Suber; 2004 May 3 [revised 2005 Nov 16; cited 2006 Nov 3].
[about 11 p.]. Available from: http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/writing/unbind.htm
Hippocrates. Aphorisms [Internet]. Adams F, translator. [place unknown]: D.C. Stevenson, Web Atomics;
c1994-2000 [cited 2006 Nov 3]. Available from: http://classics.mit.edu/Hippocrates/aphorisms.html
26. Book on the Internet with publisher having subsidiary division

Wilkinson R, Marmot M, editors. Social determinants of health: the solid facts [Internet]. 2nd ed. Copenhagen:
World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe; c2003 [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 31 p. Available from: http://
www.euro.who.int/document/e81384.pdf
The electronic health record in practice: why, how, and what next? Site visit report [Internet]. Washington:
George Washington University, National Health Policy Forum; 2006 Sep 26 [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 22 p. Available
from: http://www.nhpf.org/pdfs_sv/SV_EHR_09-26-06.pdf
Consultations in Medicare: coding and reimbursement [Internet]. [Washington]: Department of Health and
Human Services (US), Office of Inspector General; 2006 Mar [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 21 p. Available from: http://
www.oig.hhs.gov/oei/reports/oei-09-02-00030.pdf
27. Book on the Internet with government agency or other national body
as publisher
communicators [Internet]. [Washington]: Department of Agriculture (US); 2000 Dec [revised 2001 Dec; cited
2006 Nov 1]. [about 75 p.]. Available from: http://www.usda.gov/news/pubs/fcn/table.htm
28. Book on the Internet with joint publication

pain: a consensus statement [Internet]. Glenview (IL): American Academy of Pain Medicine; c1997 [cited 2006
Nov 1]. 4 p. Available from: http://www.painmed.org/productpub/statements/pdfs/opioids.pdf Jointly published
by the American Pain Society.
29. Book on the Internet with month(s)/day(s) included in date of

publication
Summary investigative report on allegations of possible scientific misconduct on the part of Gerald P. Schatten,
Ph.D. [Internet]. Pittsburgh (PA): University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; 2006 Feb 8 [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 9 p.
Available from: http://newsbureau.upmc.com/PDF/Final%20Public%20Report%202.08.pdf
Trends in tuberculosis morbidity and mortality [Internet]. [New York]: American Lung Association, Research
and Program Services, Epidemiology and Statistics Unit; 2006 Jul [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 32 p. Available from:
http://www.lungusa.org/atf/cf/{7A8D42C2-FCCA-4604-8ADE-7F5D5E762256}/TB06FINAL.PDF
30. Book on the Internet with season included in date of publication

Rideout VJ, Vandewater EA, Wartella E. Zero to six: electronic media in the lives of infants, toddlers and
preschoolers [Internet]. Menlo Park (CA): Kaiser Family Foundation; 2003 Fall [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 36 p.
Available from: http://www.kff.org/entmedia/loader.cfm?url=/commonspot/security/getfile.cfm&PageID=22754
Bronheim S. Infusing cultural and linguistic competence into the multiple systems encountered by families
following the sudden, unexpected death of an infant [Internet]. Washington: Georgetown University Center for
Child and Human Development, National Center for Cultural Competence; 2003 Spring-Summer [cited 2006
Nov 6]. 12 p. Available from: http://gucchd.georgetown.edu/nccc/documents/SIDS_ID_PB_Aug_03.pdf
31. Book on the Internet with date of copyright instead of date of

publication
A.D.A.M. medical encyclopedia [Internet]. Atlanta (GA): A.D.A.M., Inc.; c2005 [cited 2006 Nov 3]. Available
from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
Griffiths AJ, Miller JH, Suzuki DT, Lewontin RC, Gelbart WM. Introduction to genetic analysis [Internet]. 7th
ed. New York: W. H. Freeman & Co.; c2000 [cited 2006 Nov 6]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowTOC&rid=iga.TOC
32. Book on the Internet with multiple years of publication or copyright

American Phytopathological Society, Committee on Standardization of Common Names for Plant Diseases.
Common names of plant diseases [Internet]. St Paul (MN): The Society; 1978-2005 [cited 2006 Nov 17].
Available from: http://www.apsnet.org/online/common/.
Beers MH, Fletcher AJ, Jones TV, Porter R, Berkwits R, Kaplan JL, editors. The Merck manual of medical
information [Internet]. 2nd home ed.; Online version. Whitehouse Station (NJ): Merck Research Laboratories;
c2004-2006 [cited 2006 Nov 1]. Available from: http://www.merck.com/mmhe/index.html
Drugge R, Dunn HA, editors. The electronic textbook of dermatology [Internet]. [place unknown]: Internet
Dermatology Society, Inc.; c1995-2000 [cited 2006 Nov 3]. Available from: http://telemedicine.org/stamford.htm
33. Book on the Internet with date estimated

Evaluation of health literacy work among libraries and community organizations in the New York City area:
report highlights [Internet]. New York: Americans for Libraries Council; [2002?] [cited 2006 Nov 1]. 4 p.
Available from: http://www.lff.org/programs/hlconfeval.pdf

Rosenbaum EH, Piper BF, Dodd M, Dzubur K, Glover M, Kramer P, Kurshner RA, Manuel F. Fatigue reduction
and management for the primary side-effects of cancer therapy [Internet]. [California]: Cancer Supportive Care;
1999 May 1 [updated 2004 Sep 9; cited 2006 Nov 1]. [about 9 p.]. Available from: http://
www.cancersupportivecare.com/fatigue.html
(WA): University of Washington School of Medicine; c2000 [revised 2001 Oct 1; cited 2006 Nov 1]. Available
from: http://www.rad.washington.edu/mskbook/index.html
Are you worried about...cancer? [Internet]. London: Cancerbackup; c2003 [reviewed 2004 Sep 1; modified 2006
Aug 17; cited 2006 Nov 3]. [about 5 screens]. Available from: http://www.cancerbackup.org.uk/Aboutcancer/
Genetics/Areyouworriedabout/cancer
35. Book on the Internet with no date of publication or copyright

Atlases of the brain [Internet]. Salt Lake City (UT): University of Utah, Spencer S. Eccles Health Sciences
Library; [cited 2006 Nov 15]. Available from: http://library.med.utah.edu/kw/brain_atlas/.
Bibliography of numeracy resources 1980-2005 [Internet]. Ottawa (OT): Government of Canada, Human
Resources and Social Development; [modified 2006 Jan 1; cited 2006 Nov 1]. Available from: http://
www.hrsdc.gc.ca/en/hip/lld/nls/Resources/07_numbib.shtml
Toolkit of instruments to measure end of life [Internet]. Washington: George Washington University Medical
Center, Center to Improve Care of the Dying; [cited 2006 Nov 1]. Available from: http://www.gwu.edu/~cicd/
toolkit/toolkit.htm
36. Book on the Internet with standard page numbers

4.2.6. Chichester (UK): John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.; 2006 [updated 2006 Sep; cited 2006 Nov 3]. 257 p. Available
from: http://www.cochrane.org/resources/handbook/handbook.pdf
37. Book on the Internet with extent expressed other than page numbers
Lewis M. Governance and corruption in public health care systems [Internet]. Washington: Center for Global
Development; 2006 Jan [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 494 KB. Available from: http://www.cgdev.org/content/publications/
detail/5967
FAQ: pill identification [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2000 Jan 1 [updated 2006
Mar 15; cited 2006 Nov 6]. 3 paragraphs. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/services/drug_id.html
38. Book on the Internet with extent estimated

distribute grey literature [Internet]. Version 1.0. Rome (Italy): Grey Literature International Steering Committee;
2006 Mar [cited 2006 Nov 3]. [about 20 p.]. Available from: http://www.glisc.info/.
Le scandaleux docteur Doyen, ou, La tragedie solitaire d'un surdoue [The scandalous Dr. Doyen, or, The solitary
tragedy of a prodigy] [Internet]. Paris: Bibliotheque Interuniversitaire de Medecine et d'Odontologie; 2006 Jan
[cited 2006 Nov 3]. [about 7 screens]. Available from: http://www.bium.univ-paris5.fr/histmed/medica/
doyen.htm French.
39. Book on the Internet that is a video, videocast, or podcast

Banja J. Discussing unanticipated outcomes and disclosing medical errors [Internet]. [place unknown]: Georgia
Hospital Association; [2001?] [cited 2006 Nov 17]. Video: 55 min. Available from: http://www.gha.org/pha/
video/index.asp
Alberts B. Spreading science throughout the world: how, why and when? [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National
Institutes of Health (US); 2003 [cited 2006 Nov 1]. Videocast: 65 min. Available from: http://videocast.nih.gov/
launch.asp?10488
Tracey E, Lange R. [Podcast for week of November 6, 2006] [Internet]. Baltimore (MD): Johns Hopkins
Medicine; 2006 Nov 6 [cited 2006 Nov 7]. Podcast: 10 min. Available from: http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/
mediaII/Podcasts.html
James and the peanut allergy [Internet]. Salt Lake City (UT): University of Utah, Spencer S. Eccles Health
Sciences Library; 2011 Mar 31 [cited 2011 Jul 11]. Video: 52 sec. Available from: http://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=VoCAizDEKlM&feature=player_embedded Produced in collaboration with the Biomedical
Informatics Department.
My Bibliography: public access compliance [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): U.S. National Library of Medicine,
National Center for Biotechnology Information; 2013 Apr [cited 2015 May 5]. Video: 3:26 min. Available from:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JYODIOD_YYE
40. Book on the Internet with a series

Ziglio E, Barbosa R, Charpak Y, Turner S, editors. Health systems confront poverty [Internet]. Copenhagen:
World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe; 2003 [cited 2006 Nov 3]. (Public health case studies; no.
1). Available from: http://www.euro.who.int/document/e80225.pdf
Alberts B. Spreading science throughout the world: how, why and when? [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National
Institutes of Health (US); 2003 [cited 2006 Nov 1]. Videocast: 65 min. (David E. Barmes global health lecture; 3).
Available from: http://videocast.nih.gov/launch.asp?10488
41. Book on the Internet with multiple series

Prescription drugs: abuse and addiction [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute on Drug Abuse (US);
2001 Jul [revised 2005 Aug; cited 2006 Nov 3]. 12 p. (NIDA research report series); (NIH publication; no.
05-4881). Available from: http://www.drugabuse.gov/PDF/RRPrescription.pdf
42. Book on the Internet with DOI included

Schiraldi GR. Post-traumatic stress disorder sourcebook: a guide to healing, recovery, and growth [Internet].
New York: McGraw-Hill; 2000 [cited 2006 Nov 6]. 446 p. Available from: http://books.mcgraw-hill.com/
getbook.php?isbn=0071393722&template=#toc doi: 10.1036/0737302658
43. Book on the Internet with optional system requirements

Cook N. AIDS in Africa [Internet]. Washington: Library of Congress (US), Congressional Research Service;
2006 [updated 2006 Mar 9; cited 2006 Nov 3]. 16 p. Available from: http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/IB10050.pdf
System Requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader.
Airiani S, Braunstein RE, Chang S, editors. Digital reference of ophthalmology [Internet]. New York: Columbia
University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute; c2003 [cited 2006 Nov 3].
Available from: http://dro.hs.columbia.edu/. System Requirements: Browser must be able to handle tables,
javascript, and other advanced features; Netscape Navigator (version 4.0 or greater) or Microsoft Internet
Explorer (version 4.0 or greater) is recommended.
Banja J. Discussing unanticipated outcomes and disclosing medical errors [Internet]. [place unknown]: Georgia
Hospital Association; [2001?] [cited 2006 Nov 17]. Video: 55 min. Available from: http://www.gha.org/pha/
video/index.asp System Requirements: RealPlayer and a T1 line.
44. Book on the Internet with supplemental note included

Sayers R. Principles of awareness-raising: information literacy, a case study [Internet]. Bangkok (Thailand):
UNESCO Bangkok; 2006 [cited 2006 Nov 1]. 124 p. Available from: http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/files/
22439/11510733461Principles_of_Awareness_Raising_19th_April_06.pdf/Principles%2Bof
%2BAwareness_Raising_19th%2BApril%2B06.pdf ISBN: 92-9223-082-4.
Kahn CE Jr, editor. CHORUS: Collaborative Hypertext of Radiology [Internet]. [Milwaukee]: Medical College of
Wisconsin; 2004 [cited 2006 Nov 3]. Available from: http://chorus.rad.mcw.edu/. Supported in part by USPHS
grant G08 LM05705 from the National Library of Medicine.
Thomas RL. The eclectic practice of medicine [Internet]. Illus. 2nd ed. Cincinnati (OH): Scudder Brothers Co.;
1907 [cited 2006 Nov 3]. Available from: http://www.swsbm.com/EclecticMed/EclecticPractice.html Internet
version by the Southwest School of Botanical Medicine, Bisbee, AZ.
Reitz JM. ODLIS: online dictionary for library and information science [Internet]. Westport (CT): Libraries
Unlimited; c2004-2006 [cited 2006 Nov 6]. Available from: http://lu.com/odlis/odlis_c.cfm Also available as a
print book from the publisher.
45. One volume of a book on the Internet

Fox MK, Hamilton W, Lin BH. Effects of food assistance and nutrition programs on nutrition and health. Vol. 4,
Executive summary of the literature review [Internet]. Washington: Department of Agriculture (US), Economic
Research Service, Food and Rural Economics Division; 2004 Nov [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 174 p. Available from:
http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/fanrr19-4/fanrr19-4.pdf
46. Dictionary on the Internet

Merriam-Webster medical dictionary [Internet]. Springfield (MA): Merriam-Webster Incorporated; c2005 [cited
2006 Nov 16]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/mplusdictionary.html
Cambridge dictionaries online [Internet]. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press; c2006 [cited 2006 Nov
3]. Available from: http://dictionary.cambridge.org/.
Unlimited; c2004-2006 [cited 2006 Nov 6]. Available from: http://lu.com/odlis/odlis_c.cfm
47. Encyclopedia on the Internet

A.D.A.M. medical encyclopedia [Internet]. Atlanta (GA): A.D.A.M., Inc.; c2005 [cited 2006 Nov 3]. Available
from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
Irwin RJ, van Mouwerik M, Stevens L, Seese MD, Basham W, compilers and editors. Environmental
contaminants encyclopedia [Internet]. Fort Collins (CO): National Park Service (US), Water Resources
Divisions, Water Operations Branch; 1998 Feb [updated 2003 Dec 11; cited 2006 Nov 3]. Available from: http://
www.nature.nps.gov/toxic/index.html
48. Conference proceedings on the Internet

Include 2005 [Internet]. Proceedings of the International Conference on Inclusive Design; 2005 Apr 5-8;
London. London: Royal College of Art, Helen Hamlyn Research Centre; [cited 2006 Nov 3]. [about 130 p.].
Available from: http://www.hhrc.rca.ac.uk/programmes/include/2005/proceedings/index.html
Bashook PG, Miller SH, Parboosingh J, Horowitz SD, editors. Credentialing physician specialists: a world
perspective [Internet]. Proceedings; 2000 Jun 8-10; Chicago. Evanston (IL): American Board of Medical
Specialties, Research and Education Foundation; [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 221 p. Available from: http://
www.abms.org/publications.asp
49. Technical report on the Internet

Arkes J, Pacula RL, Paddock S, Caulkins JP, Reuter P (RAND Drug Policy Research Center, Santa Monica, CA).
Technical report for the price and purity of illicit drugs: 1981 through the second quarter of 2003 [Internet].
Washington: Executive Office of the President (US), Office of National Drug Control Policy; 2004 Nov [cited
2006 Nov 3]. 83 p. Contract No.: DHHS 282-00-0016. Report No.: NCJ 207769. Available from: http://
www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/publications/price_purity_tech_rpt/price_purity_tech_rpt.pdf
Baydar N, McCann M, Williams R, Vesper E (Battelle Centers for Public Health Research and Evaluation,
Seattle, WA). Final report. WIC infant feeding practices study [Internet]. Wieringa D, Sitchin K, editors.
Alexandria (VA): Department of Agriculture (US), Food and Consumer Service, Office of Analysis and
Evaluation; 1997 Nov [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 254 p. Contract No.: 53-3198-3-003. Available from: http://
50. Dissertation on the Internet

2000 [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 123 p. Available from: http://www.vifaost.de/w/pdf/zieger-aerzte.pdf German.
51. Bibliography on the Internet

Zorn M, Ratzan S, compilers. Health risk communication [bibliography on the Internet]. Bethesda (MD):
National Library of Medicine (US); 2000 Oct [cited 2006 Nov 14]. 59 p. (Current bibliographies in medicine; no.
2000-7). Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/cbm/health_risk_communication.pdf 847 citations from
January 1990 through October 2000, plus selected earlier citations.
Settle TB, compiler. La storia e la filosofia della scienza, della tecnologia e della medicina = The history and
philosophy of science, technology and medicine [bibliography on the Internet]. Florence (Italy): IMSS &
Polytechnic University; c1994-2006 [updated 2006 Aug 22; cited 2006 Nov 3]. [about 20 p.]. Available from:
http://www.imss.fi.it/%7etsettle/index.html Italian, English.
Toolkit of instruments to measure end of life [bibliography on the Internet]. Washington: George Washington
University Medical Center, Center to Improve Care of the Dying; [cited 2006 Nov 1]. Available from: http://
Bailey CW Jr, compiler. Scholarly electronic publishing bibliography [Internet]. Version 65. Houston (TX):
Charles W. Bailey, Jr.; c1996-2006 [updated 2006 Nov 2; cited 2006 Nov 6]. Available from: http://www.digital-
scholarship.com/sepb/sepb.html
B. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Parts of Books on

the Internet
The general format for a reference to part of an Internet book, including punctuation:
Examples of Citations to Parts of Books on the Internet

Separately identified portions of a book may be cited. Chapters, sections, tables, charts, graphs, photographs,
appendixes, and the like are considered parts of books when they are written or compiled by the authors of the
book. They are contributions when the book has an overall editor or editors and the individual chapters or other
components in the book are written by various authors, usually called contributors.
However, other names may be found for parts, including section, chart, graph, box, and photograph.
content of the publication:
• Begin a reference to a part of a book with information about the book; follow it with the information
about the part. See also Chapter 2C Parts of Books for additional examples of parts to books in print or in
microform (microfilm, microfiche).
and information about the book itself. See Chapter 22C Contributions to Books on the Internet for details.
The primary difference between citing a part of a print book and an Internet book is in expressing the location
(pagination) of the part. Unless an Internet book is in PDF (Portable Document Format), standard page
numbers are not available. For non-PDF books:
• Give location as the total extent of the part.
• Calculate extent by the best means possible, in terms of the number of print pages, screens, paragraphs, or
bytes, and place the total in square brackets. Screen size, font used, and printers vary greatly, but the
purpose is to give an indication of the length of the part.
• Use the word "about" before the length indicator when the number is calculated.
Medical texts frequently contain charts, figures, and other illustrative material reproduced with permission from
other sources. Do not cite these as parts using these instructions. Consult the original publication and cite the
particular item from there.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Parts Books on the Internet.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Parts of Books on the Internet.
Citation Rules with Examples for Parts of Books on the Internet

Entire Book (R) | Name and Number/Letter (R) | Title (R) | Date of Update/Revision (R) | Date of Citation (R) |
Location (Pagination) (R) | Availability (R) | Language (R)
Entire Book on the Internet (required)

• Cite the book according to Chapter 22A Entire Books on the Internet but omit the Date of Citation, Extent
(Pagination), and Availability (URL)
Name and Number/Letter for a Part of a Book on the Internet (required)

• Enter the name of the part as it appears in the book
• Capitalize the name, such as Chapter, Table, Figure, or Appendix

Appendix A

• Part is a video clip, videocast, or podcast
• No name appears

Tabelle 5.3,
Figura 10a,
Risunok 6,
Parartema 4,
square brackets.
Ichiran-hiyo 3, or [Table 3, ]
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
• Convert words and roman numerals used for part numbers into arabic numbers, so that the word for two
or II becomes 2
• Provide an English translation, if possible, after the original language title; place translated titles in square
brackets
Anexo, Creacion de las especialidades medicas [Appendix, Beginnings of medical specialties];
Zusatz
Sezione
Otdel
Otdelenie
Parte

following the name with a letter or number. In this case, give whatever name is used for the part and
Appendix, Timetable of human prenatal development 1 to 6 weeks;
Box 74. Part is a video clip, videocast, or podcast.

• If a video clip, videocast, or podcast is part of a book, place the word Video, Videocast, or Podcast in
square brackets followed by a comma and a space
Lodish H, Berk A, Zipursky LS, Matsudaira P, Baltimore D, Darnell J. Molecular cell biology
[Internet]. 4th ed. New York: W.H. Freeman; 2000. [Video], Immunoblot and enzyme-linked assay;
[cited 2006 Nov 15]; [3 min.]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bookres.fcgi/mcb/
ch3anim4.mov

• If the part being cited is clearly a table, figure, appendix, or similar part but it is not labeled as such, place
the name in square brackets and follow it with any identifying number or letter
[Figure], Protein binding and drug disposition;
[Photograph] 8, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Professor of Anatomy and Physiology from 1838 to 1841;
Data and calculations required for a life table;
Sialography;

3. Chapter in a book on the Internet
4. Table in a book on the Internet
5. Figure in a book on the Internet
6. Appendix in a book on the Internet
7. Photograph in a book on the Internet
11. Other named parts of books on the Internet
12. Other unnamed parts of books on the Internet
13. Parts of a book not in English
14. Parts of a book on the Internet with equal text in two or more languages
Title for a Part of a Book on the Internet (required)


• Titles for parts containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or other special character

Tabla 10, Etiologia de la esplenomegalia secundaria a procesos infecciosos;
Chapitre 4, Le virage de la jouissance;
period;
square brackets.
10 Shoyo, Anchi eijingu igaku;
[Figure 9, Annual progression of swine influenza in Seoul];
Tabelle 1, Verteilung der deutschsprachigen Bevolkerung auf die einzelnen Stadtteile von St.
Petersburg und die Gesamtentwicklung 1869-1910;
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
brackets.

markers of nutritional state];
10 Shoyo, Anchi eijingu igaku [Chapter 10, Anti-aging medicine];

If a chapter, figure, or another part is presented in two or more equal languages, as often occurs in Canadian
publications:
• Give all titles in the order in which they are found on the title page or opening screens
• List all languages, separated by commas, after the Availability (URL)
Example:
Robinson A, compiler. Veterinary public health and control of zoonoses in developing countries =
Sante publique veterinaire et controle des zoonoses dans les pays en developpement = Salud publica
veterinaria y control de zoonosis en Paises en Desarrollo [Internet]. Rome: Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations; 2003. [Part] A, Veterinary public health in the 21st century = La
sante publique veterinaire au XXIeme siecle = Salud publica veterinaria en el siglo XXI; [cited 2006
Nov 17]; [about 6 screens each]. Available from: http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y4962t/
y4962t01.htm#bm1..1.3.1 ; http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y4962t/y4962t03.htm#bm3..1.3.1 ; http://
www.fao.org/docrep/006/y4962t/y4962t05.htm#bm5..1.3.1 English, French, Spanish.
Box 78. Titles for parts containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or other special character.
CW-20M;
Chapter 3, E©UP: European Copyright User Platform;
γ-radiation;
may become
gamma-radiation;
Table 4, Glycoprotein mediated transport of NH3 into red blood cells;
may become
Table 4, Glycoprotein mediated transport of NH(3) into red blood cells;

meaningful.
Table, [Waist-hip ratio ranges and the sample sizes for women aged 40 to 59];
for Health Care Professionals"];
Examples for Title

8. Video clip in a book on the Internet
9. Dictionary entry on the Internet
10. Encyclopedia entry on the Internet
Date of Update/Revision for a Part of a Book on the Internet (required)

• Parts of books may be updated or revised between editions or versions


Parts of books on the Internet are often updated or revised after publication. Look for the date accompanied by
such words as updated, modified, revised, reviewed:
• At the top, bottom, or sidebar of the first screen for the part or the bottom of the last screen of the part
• In the source code for the part if it is displayed by the Web browser

• Capitalize them
Examples:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

• Capitalize them
For example:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring

Various words are used to show that the content of a book part has been changed. Among them are: updated,
• Use the wording supplied in the book
• Give all words with the dates provided, in ascending date order
Example:
MedlinePlus health topics [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); [updated
2006 May 11]. Alzheimer's disease; [reviewed 2006 Oct 25; updated 2006 Dec 22; cited 2006 Dec 29];
[about 8 p.]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alzheimersdisease.html

15. Parts of a book on the Internet with date of update/revision
Date of Citation for a Part of a Book on the Internet (required)

• Always include the date the part of a book was seen on the Internet
square bracket
• End date information with a semicolon placed outside the closing bracket


Various words are used to show that the content of a part of a book has been changed. Among them are:
updated, modified, revised, reviewed.
• Place all dates of update/revision and date of citation information in square brackets
• End with a semicolon placed outside the closing bracket

Examples:
2.0. Seattle (WA): University of Washington School of Medicine; c2000. [Figure], A patient with
rather dysplastic fibulas due to juvenile rheumatoid arthritis; [updated 2006 May 24; cited 2006 Nov
15]; [about 1 screen]. Available from: http://www.rad.washington.edu/mskbook/dysplasia.html

Location (Pagination) for a Part of a Book on the Internet (required)

example: p. S10-8.
• End location with a period

• Give location as the total number of screens, paragraphs, lines, or bytes of the part, whichever is most
practical; precede the total with the word about and place it in square brackets, as [about 15 screens]
• If the part is printed out, precede the page total with the word about and place it in square brackets, as
[about 10 p.]


• Unlike the practice with volume and issue numbers, keep roman numerals when they are used as page
numbers
Collins SR, Kriss JL, Davis K, Doty MM, Holmgren AL. Squeezed: why rising exposure to health care
costs threatens the health and financial well-being of American families [Internet]. New York:
Commonwealth Fund; 2006 Sep. Figure ES-1, Individual market is not an affordable option for many
people; [cited 2006 Nov 15]; p. viii. Available from: http://www.cmwf.org/usr_doc/Collins_squeezedr
isinghltcarecosts_953.pdf
Appendix 2, Common aquatic invertebrates; [cited 2006 Dec 15]; p. XXI-XXII.
Table 8, Classification of lung adenocarcinoma; [cited 2006 Dec 13]; p. xv.
• If the pagination for a part begins anew with page I or i, give the total number of pages of the part in
square brackets
Appendix, Questionnaire; [5 p.].

• A part such as an appendix or a group of tables may be given its own pagination, beginning anew with
page one. When this occurs, give the total number of pages of the part you are citing, placed in square
Appendix 3C, Description of model output tables and graphs; [cited 2006 Dec 15]; [7 p.].

• If the part of a book in PDF (Portable Document Format) has no page numbers:

Example: [20 p.].
• If the part of the book is in HTML, XML, or other unpaginated format:
the part and count the number of pages
number of paragraphs
Examples:
[about 6 screens].
[about 23 p.].
[10 paragraphs].

If a video clip, videocast , or podcast is part of a book:
• Place the word Video, Videocast, or Podcast in square brackets followed by a comma and a space
• Enter the title of the part, followed by a semicolon and a space
• Give the date of update/revision (if known) and the date of citation in square brackets, separated by a
• End date information with a semicolon and a space
• Give extent as the number of minutes needed to view/listen, placed in square brackets
Example:
Lodish H, Berk A, Zipursky LS, Matsudaira P, Baltimore D, Darnell J. Molecular cell biology
[Internet]. 4th ed. New York: W.H. Freeman; 2000. [Video], Immunoblot and enzyme-linked assay;
[cited 2006 Nov 15]; [3 min.]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bookres.fcgi/mcb/
ch3anim4.mov

1. Standard citation to a part of a book on the Internet with traditional page numbers for location
2. Part of a book on the Internet with extent calculated
Availability for a Part of a Book on the Internet (required)

• Insert the Uniform Resource Locator (URL) for the part in its entirety; do not omit http://, www, or other
beginning components
• Use the URL for the entire book if the part does not have its own URL

• Multiple URLs


The URL as displayed by the Web browser may not always be used to retrieve the part of the book, i.e., is not
directly addressable.
Example:
Marcus M, Van Aken H. Prevention of local anaesthetic toxicity. In: Gatt SP, Pybus A, editors.
Hypertextbook of regional anaesthesia for obstetrics: an international perspective [Internet]. [place
unknown]: MANBIT Technologies; [200?] [cited 2006 Nov 20]. [about 3 screens]. Available from:
http://www.manbit.com/oa/oaindex.htm by selecting Marcus from the Author Index.

If more than one URL can be used to locate a part:
• Give the URL you used in locating the part
Example:
Available from:

Language for a Part of a Book on the Internet (required)


• Parts appearing in more than one language
Box 92. Parts appearing in more than one language.

If a part of a book is written in two or more equal languages, as often occurs in Canadian publications:
• Give all titles in the order in which they are presented on the title page or on the opening screens of the
part
• Separate the titles with an equals sign with a space on either side
• List the languages after the Availability statement (URL)
• Capitalize the language names

• Separate the language names by commas
• End the list of languages with a period
Example:
Robinson A, compiler. Veterinary public health and control of zoonoses in developing countries =
Sante publique veterinaire et controle des zoonoses dans les pays en developpement = Salud publica
veterinaria y control de zoonosis en Paises en Desarrollo [Internet]. Rome: Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations; 2003. [Part] A, Veterinary public health in the 21st century = La
sante publique veterinaire au XXIeme siecle = Salud publica veterinaria en el siglo XXI; [cited 2006
Nov 17]; [about 6 screens each]. Available from: http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y4962t/
y4962t01.htm#bm1..1.3.1 ; http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y4962t/y4962t03.htm#bm3..1.3.1 ; http://
www.fao.org/docrep/006/y4962t/y4962t05.htm#bm5..1.3.1 English, French, Spanish.

Examples of Citations to Parts of Books on the Internet

1. Standard citation to a part of a book on the Internet with traditional
page numbers for location
4.2.6. Chichester (UK): John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.; 2006 [updated 2006 Sep]. Chapter 3, Guide to the contents of a
protocol and review; [cited 2006 Nov 17]; p. 37-57. Available from: http://www.cochrane.org/resources/
handbook/handbook.pdf
with optional content designator
Higgins JP, Green S, editors. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions [monograph on the
Internet]. Version 4.2.6. Chichester (UK): John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.; 2006 [updated 2006 Sep]. Chapter 3, Guide
to the contents of a protocol and review; [cited 2006 Nov 17]; p. 37-57. Available from: http://www.cochrane.org/
resources/handbook/handbook.pdf
with optional full names for authors/editors
Higgins, Julian P.; Green, Sally, editors. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions [Internet].
Version 4.2.6. Chichester (UK): John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.; 2006 [updated 2006 Sep]. Guide to the contents of a
protocol and review; [cited 2006 Nov 17]; p. 37-57. Available from: http://www.cochrane.org/resources/
handbook/handbook.pdf
2. Part of a book on the Internet with extent calculated

Berg JM, Tymoczco JL, Stryer L. Biochemistry [Internet]. 5th ed. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company;
c2002. Chapter 14.2.3, Stages in the extraction of energy from foodstuffs; [cited 2006 Nov 15]; [4 paragraphs].
Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?
cmd=Search&db=books&doptcmdl=GenBookHL&term=krebs+AND+stryer%5Bbook%5D+AND
+216023%5Buid%5D&rid=stryer.section.1954#1961
communicators [Internet]. [Washington]: Department of Agriculture (US); 2000 Dec [revised 2001 Dec].
Chapter 4, The Internet; [cited 2006 Nov 1]; [about 6 p.]. Available from: http://www.usda.gov/news/pubs/fcn/
chapter4.htm
Cooper GM. The cell: a molecular approach [Internet]. 2nd ed. Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates, Inc.;
c2000. Figure 8.28, Ribosome assembly; [cited 2006 Nov 15]; [about 1 screen]. Available from: http://
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Search&db=books&doptcmdl=GenBookHL&term=nucleolus
+AND+cooper%5Bbook%5D+AND+165606%5Buid%5D&rid=cooper.figgrp.1372

report [Internet]. Washington: National Academies Press (US); 2006. Chapter 5, Implementation issues; [cited
2006 Nov 3]; p. 35-42. Available from: http://newton.nap.edu/books/030910078X/html/35.html
communicators [Internet]. [Washington]: Department of Agriculture (US); 2000 Dec [revised 2001 Dec].
Chapter 3, Writing communication plans; [cited 2006 Nov 7]; [about 12 p.]. Available from: http://
www.usda.gov/news/pubs/fcn/chapter3.htm
The chemistry of health [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of General Medical Sciences (US); 2000
Sep. Chapter 5, The healing power of chemistry; [cited 2006 Nov 17]; [about 10 screens]. (NIH publication; no.
00-4121). Available from: http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/chemhealth/chapter5.html#

America [Internet]. Westport (CT): Save the Children; 2005 Mar. Table 1, Prevalence of overweight among rural
children in Save the Children regions; [cited 2006 Nov 7]; p. 2. Available from: http://www.savethechildren.org/
publications/technical-resources/us-programs/Final_Field_Assessment_2005.pdf
report [Internet]. Washington: National Academies Press (US); 2006. Table 4-1, Clinical trial registry data fields
discussed at IOM meetings; [cited 2006 Nov 15]; [about 1 screen]. Available from: http://newton.nap.edu/books/
030910078X/html/26.html
Zubrick SR, Lawrence D, de Maio J, Biddle N. Testing the reliability of a measure of Aboriginal children's mental
health: an analysis based on the Western Australian Aboriginal child health survey [Internet]. Belconnen
(Australia): Australian Bureau of Statistics; c2006. Table 3.5, SDQ items and variable names used in later
modelling; [cited 2006 Nov 15]; p. 17. Available from: http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/
B9B45094C93CD3ACCA25712400156C7C/$File/1351055011_mar%202006.pdf
Making a difference: state injury and violence prevention programs [Internet]. Atlanta (GA): State and
Territorial Injury Prevention Directors Association; c2006. [Table], 10 leading causes of death by age group;
[cited 2006 Nov 15]; p. 11. Available from: http://www.stipda.org/associations/5805/files/
MakingADifference2006.pdf

threatens the health and financial well-being of American families [Internet]. New York: Commonwealth Fund;
2006 Sep. Figure ES-1, Individual market is not an affordable option for many people; [cited 2006 Nov 15]; p.
viii. Available from: http://www.cmwf.org/usr_doc/Collins_squeezedrisinghltcarecosts_953.pdf
(WA): University of Washington School of Medicine; c2000. [Figure], A patient with rather dysplastic fibulas due
to juvenile rheumatoid arthritis; [updated 2006 May 24; cited 2006 Nov 15]; [about 1 screen]. Available from:
http://www.rad.washington.edu/mskbook/dysplasia.html

distribute grey literature [Internet]. Version 1.0. Rome: Grey Literature International Steering Committee; 2006
Mar. Annex, List of institutions adopting the Guidelines; [cited 2006 Nov 15]; [about 1 screen]. Available from:
http://www.glisc.info/#Annex
Whitehouse Station (NJ): Merck Research Laboratories; c2005. Appendix 2, Resources for help and information;
[cited 2006 Nov 15]; [about 22 p.]. Available from: http://www.merck.com/pubs/mmanual_ha/appends/
append2/intro.html
Oct. Appendix E, Beneficiary knowledge of drug card program; [cited 2006 Nov 15]; p. 35-6. Available from:
http://www.oig.hhs.gov/oei/reports/oei-05-04-00200.pdf

The Urbana atlas of pathology [Internet]. Urbana (IL): University of Illinois College of Medicine at Urbana-
Champaign; c1994-1997. Image No. 034, Left ventricular hypertrophy, heart; [cited 2006 Nov 15]; [about 1
screen]. Available from: http://www.med.uiuc.edu/PathAtlasf/CVAtlas034.html

Lodish H, Berk A, Zipursky LS, Matsudaira P, Baltimore D, Darnell J. Molecular cell biology [Internet]. 4th ed.
New York: W.H. Freeman; 2000. [Video], Immunoblot and enzyme-linked assay; [cited 2006 Nov 15]; [3 min.].
Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bookres.fcgi/mcb/ch3anim4.mov

Merriam-Webster medical dictionary [Internet]. Springfield (MA): Merriam-Webster Incorporated; c2005.
Cloning; [cited 2006 Nov 16]; [about 1 screen]. Available from: http://www2.merriam-webster.com/cgi-bin/
mwmednlm?book=Medical&va=cloning
Unlimited; c2004-2006. Digital Object Identifier (DOI); [cited 2006 Nov 15]; [2 paragraphs]. Available from:
http://lu.com/odlis/odlis_d.cfm#doi

A.D.A.M. medical encyclopedia [Internet]. Atlanta (GA): A.D.A.M., Inc.; c2005. Ear barotrauma; [updated 2006
Oct 20; cited 2006 Nov 16]; [about 4 screens]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/
001064.htm
(Wĕbopēdia) [Internet]. Darien (CT): Jupitermedia Corporation; c2006. Podcasting; [cited 2006 Nov 15]; [2
paragraphs]. Available from: http://www.webopedia.com/.

York]: Commonwealth Fund; 2006 Apr. Case study 3, Promoting high reliability surgery and perinatal care
through improved teamwork and communication at Kaiser Permanente; [cited 2006 Nov 7]; p. 18-26. Available
from: http://www.cmwf.org/usr_doc/McCarthy_safetycasestudies_923.pdf
Whitehouse Station (NJ): Merck Research Laboratories; c2005. Section 2, Chapter 5, Maintaining good
nutrition; [cited 2006 Nov 7]; [about 8 screens]. Available from: http://www.merck.com/pubs/mmanual_ha/sec2/
ch05/ch05a.html
pain: a consensus statement [Internet]. Glenview (IL): American Academy of Pain Medicine; c1997. Part 4,
Current information and experience suggest that many commonly held assumptions need modification; [cited
2006 Nov 7]; p. 2. Available from: http://www.painmed.org/productpub/statements/pdfs/opioids.pdf

Prescription drugs: abuse and addiction [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute on Drug Abuse (US);
2001 Jul. Trends in prescription drug abuse; [cited 2006 Nov 7]; p. 5. Available from: http://
www.drugabuse.gov/PDF/RRPrescription.pdf
York]: Commonwealth Fund; 2006 Apr. Methods; [cited 2006 Nov 15]; p. 70. Available from: http://
www.cmwf.org/usr_doc/McCarthy_safetycasestudies_923.pdf
AHFS consumer medication Information [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): American Society of Health-System
Pharmacists, Inc.; ©2008. Protriptyline; [revised 2007 Aug 1; reviewed 2007 Aug 1; cited 2008 Oct 2]; [about 5
p.]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a604025.html
PDR family guide to prescription drugs [Internet]. Montvale (NJ): Thomson Healthcare, Inc.; 2007. Tetracycline;
[2007 Jan 22; cited 2009 Apr 2]; [about 4 screens]. Available from: http://www.acquirecontent.com/titles/pdr-
family-guide-to-prescription-drugs Requires license to access.

Harpes JP, Milmeister JC, editors. La recherche sur les embryons [Internet]. Luxembourg: Centre Universitaire
de Luxembourg; 2004. Partie 3.4, Le clonage therapeutique; [cited 2006 Nov 15]; p. 9. Available from: http://
www.cne.public.lu/publications/avis/2002_2_2002_3_2003_1.pdf#search=%22%22la%20recherche%20sur
%20les%20embryons%22%20%2Bcne%22 French.
2000. Tabelle 1, Verteilung der deutschsprachigen Bevolkerung auf die einzelnen Stadtteile von St. Petersburg
und die Gesamtentwicklung 1869-1910; [cited 2006 Nov 3]; p. 18. Available from: http://www.vifaost.de/w/pdf/
zieger-aerzte.pdf German.
with translation
Harpes JP, Milmeister JC, editors. La recherche sur les embryons [Embryonic research] [Internet]. Luxembourg:
Centre Universitaire de Luxembourg; 2004. Partie 3.4, Le clonage therapeutique [Part 3.4, Therapeutic cloning];
[cited 2006 Nov 15]; p. 9. Available from: http://www.cne.public.lu/publications/avis/
2002_2_2002_3_2003_1.pdf#search=%22%22la%20recherche%20sur%20les%20embryons%22%20%2Bcne%22
French.
14. Parts of a book on the Internet with equal text in two or more
languages
Robinson A, compiler. Veterinary public health and control of zoonoses in developing countries = Sante
publique veterinaire et controle des zoonoses dans les pays en developpement = Salud publica veterinaria y
control de zoonosis en Paises en Desarrollo [Internet]. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations; 2003. [Part] A, Veterinary public health in the 21st century = La sante publique veterinaire au XXIeme
siecle = Salud publica veterinaria en el siglo XXI; [cited 2006 Nov 17]; [about 6 screens each]. Available from:
http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y4962t/y4962t01.htm#bm1..1.3.1 ; http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y4962t/
y4962t03.htm#bm3..1.3.1 ; http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y4962t/y4962t05.htm#bm5..1.3.1 English, French,
Spanish.

A.D.A.M. medical encyclopedia [Internet]. Atlanta (GA): A.D.A.M., Inc.; c2005. Ear barotrauma; [updated 2006
Oct 20; cited 2006 Nov 16]; [about 4 screens]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/
001064.htm
(WA): University of Washington School of Medicine; c2000. [Figure], A patient with rather dysplastic fibulas due
to juvenile rheumatoid arthritis; [updated 2006 May 24; cited 2006 Nov 15]; [about 1 screen]. Available from:
http://www.rad.washington.edu/mskbook/dysplasia.html
MedlinePlus health topics [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); [updated 2006 May
11]. Alzheimer's disease; [reviewed 2006 Oct 25; updated 2006 Dec 22; cited 2006 Dec 29]; [about 8 p.]. Available
from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alzheimersdisease.html
C. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Contributions to

Books on the Internet
The general format for a contribution to a book on the Internet, including punctuation:
Examples of Citations to Contributions to Books on the Internet

Contributions are found when a book has an overall editor or editors and the individual chapters or other
components of the book are written by various authors, usually called contributors. One or more of the editors
may also be contributing authors. See also Chapter 2D Contributions to Books for additional examples of
contributors to books in print or in microform (microfilm, microfiche).
Because a reference should start with the individual or organization responsible for the intellectual content of the
publication, begin a reference to a contribution with the author and title of the contribution, followed by the
word "In:" and information about the entire book.
The primary difference between citing a contribution to a print book and one on the Internet is in expressing the
location (pagination) of the contribution. Unless an Internet book is in PDF (Portable Document Format),
standard page numbers are usually not available. For non-PDF books:
• Give location as the total extent of the contribution.
Medical texts frequently contain charts, figures, and other illustrative material reproduced with permission from
other sources. Do not cite these as contributions using the instructions presented here. Consult the original
publication and cite the chart or other item from there.
Contributions to a part of a book on the Internet, such as a table or figure, may be cited as individual items. See
Chapter 22B Parts of Books on the Internet and Example 24 for instructions.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Contributions to Books on the Internet.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Contributions to Books on the Internet.
Citation Rules with Examples for Contributions to Books on the

Internet
Author (R) | Author Affiliation (O) | Title (R) | Connective Phrase (R) | Book Information (R) | Date of Citation
(R) | Location (Pagination) (R) | Availability (R) | Language (R) | Notes (O)
Author of a Contribution to a Book on the Internet (required)

surname

(Chinese, Japanese)



compound or is a combination of a middle name and a surname, look at the back of the title page
(the copyright page) or elsewhere in the text for clarification. For example, Elizabeth Scott Parker
may be interpreted to be Parker ES or Scott Parker E.]
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

particle

abbreviation.

Examples:
letter
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

author.
Working Group.
• If both individuals and an organization or organizations appear on the title page or opening or closing
screens of a contribution to a book as authors, use the names of the individuals as the author. Give the
organization at the end of the reference as a note, if desired.
brackets.
or
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

Examples for Author

1. Standard reference to a contributed chapter of an Internet book
2. Contribution to an Internet book with optional full first names for authors and editors
3. Contribution to an Internet book with optional limit to the number of authors
4. Contribution to an Internet book with authors having a family designation of rank
5. Contribution to an Internet book with author names having a particle or prefix (give as found in the
publication)
6. Contribution to an Internet book with authors having compound last names
Author Affiliation for a Contribution to a Book on the Internet (optional)

country
Pittsburgh, PA)


Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Soc. for Society
all references.

Example:

Give the affiliations of all authors or only the first author.
for the US state or Canadian province (see Appendix E), and the country if non-US. Place the affiliation in
parentheses.
Rebora P, Reina G.
Mandelshtam MY.
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
Wien and use Spain for Espana. However, the name as found on the publication may always be used.

Wien becomes Vienna

7. Contribution to an Internet book with author affiliation included
Title of a Contribution to a Book on the Internet (required)

• Enter the title of the chapter or other contribution as it appears in the original document, in the original
language


Ochoa S. Base molecular de la expresion del mensaje genetico.
• Romanize or translate titles in character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese). Surround translated titles
with square brackets.
or
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
Schmitz M. Psychopharmaka: Grundlagen, Standardtherapien und neue Konzepte.
brackets
zabolevanii: klinicheskie ocherki [Diagnosis and complex treatment of basic gastrointestinal
diseases: clinical studies].
Katsunori K. Anrakushi to keiho [Euthanasia and criminal law].

If a chapter or another contribution is presented in two or more equal languages, as often occurs in Canadian
publications:
Example:
Le genome: avancees scientifiques et therapeutiques et consequences sociales = The genome:
scientific and therapeutic developments and social consequences.
• List all the languages, separated by a comma, after the pagination
• If each language version has its own URL, give them all, separated by a space and a semicolon
• Capitalize the first word of the title of a chapter or other contribution unless the title begins with a Greek
exposure limits.
• Retain special characters in tites when possible
E©UP: European Copyright User Platform [Internet].
may become
may become
TiO2 nanoparticles.
may become
Examples for Title

8. Contribution to an Internet book with title having a subtitle
9. Contribution to an Internet book with title beginning with a lower-case letter or containing a special
symbol or character
10. Contribution to an Internet book with a non-English title
Connective Phrase for a Contribution to a Book on the Internet (required)

• Place a space and the word "In" after the title of the contribution

Book Information for a Contribution to a Book on the Internet (required)

General Rule for Book Information
• Cite the book in which the contribution appears according to Chapter 22A Entire Books and Other
Individual Titles on the Internet but omit the Extent (Pagination) and the Availability (URL)
Specific Rule for Book Information

• Contribution has a date of publication or date of update/revision that differs from the book as a whole
Box 108. Contribution has a date of publication or date of update/revision that differs from the book as a
whole.
Contributions may be published with individual dates separate from the date of the book as a whole or may be
updated or otherwise revised separately from book as a whole. When this occurs:
• Give a separate date of publication and/or date of update/revision after the title for the contribution
• Place the date of citation after the above date(s), not after the date(s) of the book
• Keep the date of publication and any dates of update/revision of the book in their usual place
Example:
Smith J, Jones C. Endoscopic management of choledochocele. 2005 Dec [updated 2007 Jan 15; cited
2007 Feb 23]. In:
Carter TY, Spence DT. Management of secondary hyperparathyroidism. [revised 2006 Mar; cited
2007 Feb 23]. In:
Examples for Book Information

11. Contribution to an Internet book with an edition statement
12. Contribution to an Internet book with a government agency as publisher
13. Contribution to an Internet book with subordinate division to publisher
14. Contribution to an Internet book with date of update/revision
17. Contribution to an Internet book that is part of a series
20. Contribution to an Internet book with system requirements included
21. Contribution to an Internet book with a supplemental note
22. Contribution to an Internet book in one volume of a multivolume set
23. Contributed paper in a conference proceedings on the Internet
Date of Citation for a Contribution to a Book on the Internet (required)

• Always include the date the contribution to a book was seen on the Internet
square bracket


Various words are used to show that the content of a contribution a book has been changed. Among them are:
Example:
; [revised 2005 Jan 3; updated 2005 Nov 4; cited 2006 Dec 13].

Location (Pagination) for a Contribution to a Book on the Internet

(required)
• Enter the page number or numbers on which the contribution appears. Examples: p. 438 and p. 663-4.
example: p. S10-8.

• Give location as the total number of screens, paragraphs, lines, or bytes on which the contribution resides,
whichever is most practical; precede the total with the word about and place it in square brackets, as
[about 15 screens]
• If the contribution is printed out, precede the page total with the word about and place it in square
brackets, as [about 10 p.]

• Contribution paginated separately
• No page numbers appear on the pages of the contribution
• Optional chapter number for a contribution
• Contribution is a video clip, videocast, or podcast

page numbers
Examples:
p. ix-xxi.
p. XIV-XVIII.
Box 111. Contribution paginated separately.

• A contribution may be given its own pagination and begin anew with page one. When this occurs, give the
total number of pages of the part you are to citing, placed in square brackets, such as [5 p.].
Box 112. No page numbers appear on the pages of the contribution.

• If the contribution to a book in PDF (Portable Document Format) has no page numbers:
Example: [20 p.].
• If the contribution to a book is in HTML, XML, or other unpaginated format has no page numbers:
number of paragraphs and bytes
Examples:
[about 6 screens].
[about 23 p.].
[10 paragraphs].
• As an option, use the chapter number of a contribution in place of the number of pages or screens
Chorba T, Tao G, Irwin KL. Sexually transmitted diseases. In: Litwin MS, Saigal CS, editors. Urologic
diseases in America [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and
Kidney Diseases (US); 2004 [cited 2006 Nov 20]. Chapter 9. Available from: http://
kidney.niddk.nih.gov/statistics/uda/UTI_STD.pdf#page=91
Box 113. Optional chapter number for a contribution.

• As an option, use the chapter number of a contribution in place of the number of pages or screens.
Chorba T, Tao G, Irwin KL. Sexually transmitted diseases. In: Litwin MS, Saigal CS, editors. Urologic
diseases in America [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and
Kidney Diseases (US); 2004 [cited 2006 Nov 20]. Chapter 9. Available from: http://
Box 114. Contribution is a video clip, videocast, or podcast.

If the entire contribution is a video clip, videocast, or podcast:
• Enter the word Video, Videocast, or Podcast followed by a colon and a space
• Place all information in square brackets
• End with a period placed outside the square brackets
Examples:
[Video: 6 min.].
[Videocast: 11 min.].
[Podcast: 3 min.].

15. Contribution to an Internet book with location (pagination) expressed as standard page numbers
16. Contribution to an Internet book with location (pagination) expressed as other than standard page
numbers
Availability for a Contribution to a Book on the Internet (required)

• Insert the Uniform Resource Locator (URL) for the contribution in its entirety; no not omit http://, www,
or other beginning components
• Use the URL for the entire book only if the contribution does not have its own URL

• Multiple URLs


The URL as displayed by the Web browser may not always be used to retrieve a contribution to a book, i.e., is not
Example:
Marcus M, Van Aken H. Prevention of local anaesthetic toxicity. In: Gatt SP, Pybus A, editors.
Hypertextbook of regional anaesthesia for obstetrics: an international perspective [Internet]. [place
unknown]: MANBIT Technologies; [200?] [cited 2006 Nov 20]. [about 3 screens]. Available from:
http://www.manbit.com/oa/oaindex.htm by selecting Marcus from the Author Index.

If more than one URL can be used to locate a contribution:
• Give the URL you used in locating the contribution
Example:
Available from:

18. Contribution to an Internet book with a URL not directly addressable
Language for a Contribution to a Book on the Internet (required)

• Give the language of contribution if not English

• Contributions appearing in more than one language
Box 118. Contributions appearing in more than one language.

If a contribution to a book is written in two or more equal languages, as often occurs in Canadian publications:
• Give all titles in the order they are presented on the title page or on the opening screens for the
contribution
• Separate them with an equals sign with a space on either side
• List all languages of publication after the Availability statement (URL)
Example:
Available from:
http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y4962t/y4962t05.htm#bm5..1.3.1 English, French, Spanish.

Notes for a Contribution to a Book on the Internet (optional)

• Be brief

• DOIs
Box 119. DOIs.

The DOI or Digital Object Identifier was developed by the International DOI Foundation to provide for
persistent identification of documents across networks. It uses a naming convention consisting of a prefix,
containing the name of the particular DOI directory and the content owner's identifier, and a suffix, a numeric
or alphanumeric string supplied by the publisher.
being registered.
Publishers currently assign DOIs at both the book and chapter level. Some assign one DOI to a book regardless
of changes in edition or format, while others give a unique DOI to each version.
To find a book on the Internet from its DOI, add the prefix http://dx.doi.org/ to the number.
Example:
Mouchawar J, Taplin S, Ichikawa L, Barlow WE, Geiger AM, Weinmann S, Gilbert J, Manos MM,
Ulcickas Yood M. Late-stage breast cancer among women with recent negative screening
mammography: do clinical encounters offer opportunity for earlier detection? In: Vogt TM, Wagner
EH, editors. Health care systems as research platforms: the cancer research network [Internet].
Bethesda (MD): Oxford University Press; 2005 [cited 2006 Nov 20]. p. 39-46. Available from: http://
jncimono.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/2005/35/39 doi: 10.1093/jncimonographs/lgi036

System requirements describe the particular software and hardware needed to view the contribution to the book.
• Separate the types of information by a semicolon
Examples:
Levin B. Colorectal cancer. In: Dale DC, Antman K, Atkinson JP, Feldman M, Gibbons RJ, Haynes
RB, Henrich JB, Henrich WL, Holtzman MJ, Lebwohl MG, Levinson W, Loriaux DL, Ruddy S,
Wolinsky JS, editors. ACP medicine [Internet]. New York: Web MD Inc.; c2005 [updated 2006 Jan].
[16 p.]. Available from: http://www.acpmedicine.com/acp_sampleChapters.htm System
Requirements: Netscape Navigator 7.0 (or later) or Microsoft Internet Explorer 5.0 (or later);
browser must be Java-enabled.

• The notes element may be used to provide any information that the compiler of the reference feels is
useful. Begin by citing the contribution and the book, then add the note. Some examples of notes are:
Neath SX. Anaphylaxis. In: Barkin RM, Rosen P, editors. Rosen & Barkin's 5-minute emergency
medicine consult [Internet]. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; c2007 [cited 2006
Nov 20]. [about 8 screens]. Available from: http://gateway.ut.ovid.com/gw1/ovidweb.cgi Subscription
required to view.
Shrader-Frechette K. Ethical issues in environmental and occupational health. In: Jennings B, Kahn J,
Mastroianni A, Parker LS, editors. Ethics and public health: model curriculum [Internet].
Washington: Association of Schools of Public Health; 2003 [cited 2006 Nov 20]. p. 159-92. Available
from: http://www.asph.org/UserFiles/EthicsCurriculum.pdf This project was supported under a
cooperative agreement from the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) through
grant number 1D-38AH10001-05.
Examples for Notes

19. Contributed chapter in a book with system requirements included
20. Contributed chapter in a book with a supplemental note
Examples of Citations to Contributions to Books on the Internet

Andreeff M, Goodrich DW, Pardee AB. Cell proliferation and differentiation. In: Kufe DW, Pollock RE,
Weichselbaum RR, Bast RC Jr, Gansler TS, Holland JF, Frei E 3rd, editors. Cancer medicine 6 [Internet].
Hamilton (ON): B.C. Decker Inc.; c2003 [cited 2006 Nov 7]. [about 41 p.]. Available from: http://
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=cmed6.chapter.590
Mastroianni A, Parker LS, editors. Ethics and public health: model curriculum [Internet]. Washington:
Association of Schools of Public Health; 2003 [cited 2006 Nov 20]. p. 159-92. Available from: http://
www.asph.org/UserFiles/EthicsCurriculum.pdf
Moore A, Moore J, Fowler S. Faculty development for the Net Generation. In: Oblinger DG, Oblinger JL, editors.
Educating the Net Generation [Internet]. Boulder (CO): EDUCAUSE; c2005 [updated 2006 Jun 15; cited 2006
Nov 17]. [about 9 p.]. Available from: http://www.educause.edu/FacultyDevelopmentfortheNetGeneration/6071
2. Contribution to an Internet book with optional full first names for

authors and editors
Andreeff, Michael; Goodrich, David W.; Pardee, Arthur B. Cell proliferation and differentiation. In: Kufe,
Donald W.; Pollock, Raphael E.; Weichselbaum, Ralph R.; Bast, Robert C., Jr.; Gansler, Ted S.; Holland, James F.;
Frei, Emil 3rd., editors. Cancer medicine 6 [Internet]. Hamilton (ON): B.C. Decker Inc.; c2003 [cited 2006 Nov
7]. [about 41 p.]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=cmed6.chapter.590
3. Contribution to an Internet book with optional limit to the number of

authors
Mouchawar J, Taplin S, Ichikawa L, et al. Late-stage breast cancer among women with recent negative screening
mammography: do clinical encounters offer opportunity for earlier detection? In: Vogt TM, Wagner EH, editors.
Health care systems as research platforms: the cancer research network [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): Oxford
University Press; 2005 [cited 2006 Nov 20]. p. 39-46. Available from: http://jncimono.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/
reprint/2005/35/39
or
Mouchawar J, Taplin S, Ichikawa L, and others. Late-stage breast cancer among women with recent negative
screening mammography: do clinical encounters offer opportunity for earlier detection? In: Vogt TM, Wagner
EH, editors. Health care systems as research platforms: the cancer research network [Internet]. Bethesda (MD):
Oxford University Press; 2005 [cited 2006 Nov 20]. p. 39-46. Available from: http://
jncimono.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/2005/35/39
4. Contribution to an Internet book with authors having a family

designation of rank
Schmeck H Jr. How genetic disorders are inherited. In: Blazing a genetic trail: families and scientists join in
seeking the flawed genes that cause disease [Internet]. Chevy Chase (MD): Howard Hughes Medical Institute;
c1991 [updated 2002 Spring; cited 2006 Nov 20]. [about 4 p.]. Available from: http://www.hhmi.org/genetictrail/
e100.html
5. Contribution to an Internet book with author names having a particle

or prefix (give as found in the publication)
de Marcas J. Aspects of serials management in Israeli academic libraries. In: 66th IFLA Council and General
Conference [Internet]; 2000 Aug 13-18; Jerusalem, Israel. The Hague (Netherlands): International Federation of
Library Associations and Institutions; [revised 2000 Jul 10; cited 2006 Nov 20]. [about 10 p.]. Available from:
http://www.ifla.org/IV/ifla66/papers/085-144e.htm
McGovern TW, Barkley TM. Botanical dermatology. In: Drugge R, Dunn HA, editors. Electronic textbook of
dermatology [Internet]. [place unknown]: International Dermatology Society, Inc.; c1995-2000 [cited 2006 Nov
3]. [about 59 p.]. Available from: http://telemedicine.org/stamford.htm
del Carmen Rios M, Morales JR. Family planning and pregnancy. In: Bartlett JG, Cheever LW, Johnson MP,
Paauw DS, editors. A guide to primary care of people with HIV/AIDS [Internet]. 2004 ed. Rockville (MD):
Department of Health and Human Services (US), Health Resources and Services Administration, HIV/AIDS
Bureau; 2004 [cited 2006 Nov 20]. p. 97-104. Available from: ftp://ftp.hrsa.gov/hab/PCARE04.pdf
Conley D, Barnes J, Lague R, O'Brien K, Nur A. Aged care and disability services. In: Condon J, Warman G,
Arnold L, editors. The health and welfare of Territorians [Internet]. Casuarina (AU): Northern Territory
Government (AU), Department of Health and Community Services, Territory Health Services, Epidemiology
Branch; c2001 [cited 2006 Nov 20]. p. 171-8. Available from: http://www.nt.gov.au/health/health_gains/
epidemiology/welfare_territorians.pdf
Marcus M, Van Aken H. Prevention of local anaesthetic toxicity. In: Gatt SP, Pybus A, editors. Hypertextbook of
regional anaesthesia for obstetrics: an international perspective [Internet]. [place unknown]: MANBIT
Technologies; [2000?] [cited 2006 Nov 20]. [about 3 screens]. Available from: http://www.manbit.com/oa/
oaindex.htm by selecting Marcus from the Author Index.
van Zyl G. Laboratory findings. In: Kamps BS, Hoffmann C, Preiser W, editors. Influenza report 2006 [Internet].
[Paris]: Flying Publisher; c2006 [cited 2006 Nov 20]. [about 12 p.]. Available from: http://
www.influenzareport.com/ir/lab.htm
6. Contribution to an Internet book with authors having compound last

names
Mouchawar J, Taplin S, Ichikawa L, Barlow WE, Geiger AM, Weinmann S, Gilbert J, Manos MM, Ulcickas Yood
M. Late-stage breast cancer among women with recent negative screening mammography: do clinical
encounters offer opportunity for earlier detection? In: Vogt TM, Wagner EH, editors. Health care systems as
research platforms: the cancer research network [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): Oxford University Press; 2005 [cited
2006 Nov 20]. p. 39-46. Available from: http://jncimono.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/2005/35/39
7. Contribution to an Internet book with author affiliation included

for all authors
Huntley A (Department of Dermatology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA), Drugge R (New York
University, New York, NY). Diabetes in skin disease. In: Drugge R, Dunn HA, editors. The electronic textbook of
dermatology [Internet]. [place unknown]: Internet Dermatology Society, Inc.; c1995-2000 [cited 2006 Nov 17].
[about 27 screens]. Available from: http://telemedicine.org/stamford.htm
for only the first author
Mouchawar J (Colorado Clinical Research Unit, Kaiser Permanente, Boulder, CO. judy.mouchawar@kp.org),
Taplin S, Ichikawa L, Barlow WE, Geiger AM, Weinmann S, Gilbert J, Manos MM, Ulcickas Yood M. Late-stage
breast cancer among women with recent negative screening mammography: do clinical encounters offer
opportunity for earlier detection? In: Vogt TM, Wagner EH, editors. Health care systems as research platforms:
the cancer research network [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): Oxford University Press; 2005 [cited 2006 Nov 20]. p.
39-46. Available from: http://jncimono.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/2005/35/39
8. Contribution to an Internet book with title having a subtitle

Mathios AD, Ippolito P. Health claims in food advertising and labeling: disseminating nutrition information to
consumers. In: Frazao E, editor. America's eating habits: changes and consequences [Internet]. Washington:
Department of Agriculture (US), Economic Research Service, Food and Rural Economics Division; 1999 May
[cited 2006 Nov 20]. [106 KB]. Available from: http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/aib750/aib750k.pdf
9. Contribution to an Internet book with title beginning with a lower-case

letter or containing a special symbol or character
Anderson P, Kimble J. mRNA and translation. In: Riddle DL, Blumenthal T, Meyer BJ, Priess JR, editors. C.
elegans 2 [Internet]. Plainview (NY): Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; c1997 [cited 2006 Nov 16]. [about 25
screens]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=ce2.chapter.266
Wortmann R. Defects in ß-oxidation. In: Koopman WJ, Moreland LW, editors. Arthritis & allied conditions
[Internet]. 15th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005 [cited 2006 Nov 20]. [2 paragraphs].
Available from: http://gateway.ut.ovid.com/gw1/ovidweb.cgi Subscription required to view.
or
Wortmann R. Defects in beta-oxidation. In: Koopman WJ, Moreland LW, editors. Arthritis & allied conditions

Cannavo G, Favati A, Mule D. Mobbing aspetti medico-legali. In: Il mobbing [Internet]. Pisa (Italy): Melchiorre
Gioia; 2001 [cited 2006 Nov 20]. [about 5 p.]. Available from: http://www.melchiorregioia.it/2006/TAGETE_file/
giurispr.%20mobbing.htm Italian.
with translation
Cannavo G, Favati A, Mule D. Mobbing aspetti medico-legali [Medical-legal aspects of mobbing]. In: Il mobbing
[Mobbing] [Internet]. Pisa (Italy): Melchiorre Gioia; 2001 [cited 2006 Nov 20]. [about 5 p.]. Available from:
http://www.melchiorregioia.it/2006/TAGETE_file/giurispr.%20mobbing.htm Italian.
11. Contribution to an Internet book with an edition statement

Neath SX. Anaphylaxis. In: Barkin RM, Rosen P, editors. Rosen & Barkin's 5-minute emergency medicine
consult [Internet]. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; c2007 [cited 2006 Nov 20]. [about 8
screens]. Available from: http://gateway.ut.ovid.com/gw1/ovidweb.cgi Subscription required to view.
Mullins M. Genetic methods: conventions for naming zebrafish genes. In: Westerfield M, editor. The zebrafish
book: a guide for the laboratory use of zebrafish Danio (Brachydanio) rerio [Internet]. 4th ed. Eugene (OR):
University of Oregon Press; 2000 [cited 2007 Feb 22]. [about 3 screens]. Available from: http://zfin.org/zf_info/
zfbook/cont.html#cont7
Hahn SM, Glatstein E. Principles of radiation therapy. In: Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci AS, Hauser SL, Longo
DL, Jameson JL, Isselbacher KJ, editors. Harrison's online [Internet]. 16th ed. Columbus (OH): McGraw-Hill
Companies; c2006 [cited 2006 Nov 20]. [about 16 p.]. Available from: http://www.accessmedicine.com/
content.aspx?aID=61705
12. Contribution to an Internet book with a government agency as

publisher
[cited 2006 Nov 20]. [106 KB]. Available from: http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/aib750/aib750k.pdf
13. Contribution to an Internet book with subordinate division to

publisher
Boychuk RB. Case 10, Drooling, stridor, and a barking cough: croup?? In: Yamamoto LG, Inaba AS, DiMauro
RM, editors. Radiology cases in pediatric emergency medicine [Internet]. Vol. 1. Honolulu (HI): University of
Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics; 1994 Nov [cited 2006 Nov 20]. [about 7
screens]. Available from: http://www.hawaii.edu/medicine/pediatrics/pemxray/v1c10.html

Moore A, Moore J, Fowler S. Faculty development for the Net Generation. In: Oblinger DG, Oblinger JL, editors.
Educating the Net Generation [Internet]. Boulder (CO): EDUCAUSE; c2005 [updated 2006 Jun 15; cited 2006
Nov 17]. [about 9 p.]. Available from: http://www.educause.edu/FacultyDevelopmentfortheNetGeneration/6071
e100.html
Library Associations and Institutions; [revised 2000 May 30; cited 2006 Nov 20]. [about 10 p.]. Available from:
15. Contribution to an Internet book with location (pagination) expressed

as standard page numbers
16. Contribution to an Internet book with location (pagination) expressed

as other than standard page numbers
e100.html
Wortmann R. Defects in ß-oxidation. In: Koopman WJ, Moreland LW, editors. Arthritis & allied conditions
Khan MK, Zhang J, Tian L. Protecting biometric data for personal identification. In: Advances in biometric
person authentication [Internet]. SINOBIOMETRICS 2004: 5th Chinese Conference on Biometric Recognition;
2004 Dec 13-14; Guangzhou, China. Berlin: Springer; 2004 [cited 2006 Nov 20]. [245 KB]. Available from: http://
springerlink.metapress.com/content/mcu60u211xf6w90w/?p=8031e82410a44d8d867641ae718de705&pi=71
Subscription required to view.
Chorba T, Tao G, Irwin KL. Sexually transmitted diseases. In: Litwin MS, Saigal CS, editors. Urologic diseases in
America [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (US);
2004 [cited 2006 Nov 20]. Chapter 9. Available from: http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/statistics/uda/
UTI_STD.pdf#page=91
17. Contribution to an Internet book that is part of a series

[cited 2006 Nov 20]. [106 KB]. (Agriculture information bulletin; no. AIB750). Available from: http://
www.ers.usda.gov/publications/aib750/aib750k.pdf
Chorba T, Tao G, Irwin KL. Sexually transmitted diseases. In: Litwin MS, Saigal CS, editors. Urologic diseases in
America [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (US);
2004 [cited 2006 Nov 20]. Chapter 9. (NIH publication; no. 04-5512). Available from: http://
18. Contribution to an Internet book with a URL not directly addressable

19. Contribution to an Internet book with a Digital Object Identifier (DOI)

Mouchawar J, Taplin S, Ichikawa L, Barlow WE, Geiger AM, Weinmann S, Gilbert J, Manos MM, Ulcickas Yood
M. Late-stage breast cancer among women with recent negative screening mammography: do clinical
encounters offer opportunity for earlier detection? In: Vogt TM, Wagner EH, editors. Health care systems as
research platforms: the cancer research network [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): Oxford University Press; 2005 [cited
2006 Nov 20]. p. 39-46. Available from: http://jncimono.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/2005/35/39 doi: 10.1093/
jncimonographs/lgi036
20. Contribution to an Internet book with system requirements included

Levin B. Colorectal cancer. In: Dale DC, Antman K, Atkinson JP, Feldman M, Gibbons RJ, Haynes RB, Henrich
JB, Henrich WL, Holtzman MJ, Lebwohl MG, Levinson W, Loriaux DL, Ruddy S, Wolinsky JS, editors. ACP
medicine [Internet]. New York: Web MD Inc.; c2005 [updated 2006 Jan; cited 2006 Nov 20]. [16 p.]. Available
from: http://www.acpmedicine.com/acp_sampleChapters.htm System Requirements: Netscape Navigator 7.0 (or
later) or Microsoft Internet Explorer 5.0 (or later); browser must be Java-enabled.
21. Contribution to an Internet book with a supplemental note

Neath SX. Anaphylaxis. In: Barkin RM, Rosen P, editors. Rosen & Barkin's 5-minute emergency medicine
consult [Internet]. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; c2007 [cited 2006 Nov 20]. [about 8
screens]. Available from: http://gateway.ut.ovid.com/gw1/ovidweb.cgi Subscription required to view.
www.asph.org/UserFiles/EthicsCurriculum.pdf This project was supported under a cooperative agreement from
the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) through grant number 1D-38AH10001-05.
22. Contribution to an Internet book in one volume of a multivolume set

Boychuk RB. Case 10, Drooling, stridor, and a barking cough: croup?? In: Yamamoto LG, Inaba AS, DiMauro
RM, editors. Radiology cases in pediatric emergency medicine [Internet]. Vol. 1. Honolulu (HI): University of
Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics; 1994 Nov [cited 2006 Nov 20]. [about 7
screens]. Available from: http://www.hawaii.edu/medicine/pediatrics/pemxray/v1c10.html
23. Contributed paper in a conference proceedings on the Internet

Khan MK, Zhang J, Tian L. Protecting biometric data for personal identification. In: Advances in biometric
person authentication [Internet]. SINOBIOMETRICS 2004: 5th Chinese Conference on Biometric Recognition;
2004 Dec 13-14; Guangzhou, China. Berlin: Springer; 2004 [cited 2006 Nov 20]. [245 KB]. Available from: http://
springerlink.metapress.com/content/mcu60u211xf6w90w/?p=8031e82410a44d8d867641ae718de705&pi=71
Library Associations and Institutions; [revised 2000 May 30; cited 2006 Nov 20]. [about 10 p.]. Available from:
24. Part of a contributed chapter on the Internet

Margolese RG, Hortobagyi GN, Buchholz TA. Neoplasms of the breast. In: Kufe DW, Pollock RE, Weichselbaum
RR, Bast RC Jr, Gansler TS, Holland JF, Frei E 3rd, editors. Cancer medicine 6 [Internet]. Hamilton (ON): B.C.
Decker Inc.; c2003. Figure 121-13, Sinus histiocytosis; [cited 2006 Nov 7]; [about 1 screen]. Available from:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=cmed6.figgrp.30804
1235
Chapter 23. Journals on the Internet

Journals are a particular type of periodical. These same rules and examples can be used for magazines and other
types of periodicals.
A. Journal Articles on the Internet
• Examples
B. Journal Titles on the Internet
• Examples
See also:
Chapter 1B Parts of Journal Articles
Chapter 11A Forthcoming Journal Articles
A. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Journal Articles on

the Internet
The general format for a reference to an article from a journal published on the Internet, including punctuation:
Examples of Citations to Journal Articles on the Internet

Many online journals are identical to their print versions. Increasingly, however, journals are written directly for
the Internet to enable hyperlinking, to include complex graphics, and to run multimedia such as film clips and
sound.
An Internet journal may be static, fixed in time and unchanged since publication, or may be updated or
otherwise revised over time. Some Internet journal producers permit or otherwise welcome comments or expert
opinion from readers and incorporate these comments into the text. Major revisions may be announced, but
more minor additions and changes such as adding comments, correcting typographical errors, or updating
hypertext links, may not be noted.
Although Internet journals differ radically in physical form from print journals, the basic rules for citing them
do not differ markedly. There is still an author or organization with responsibility for the article, an article title, a
journal title, a date of publication, and the location of the item (page numbers or the equivalent). Anyone citing
an Internet document should try to locate all of these elements. Simply adding a Uniform Resource Locator
(URL), Digital Object Identifier (DOI), or another electronic address to a title is not sufficient. Internet sites
disappear with great frequency, and users of a citation must be given some other identifying information if they
are to locate articles.
What has changed most with Internet journals, particularly those without print counterparts, is volume and
issue information. Some publishers omit volume and issue numbers, substituting an article numbering scheme
or using the date the item was placed on the Internet as an identifier. See examples 28 and 29. Many publishers
also employ an article numbering scheme in place of pagination. See example 36.
Cite an Internet journal article as you would a print article, but with these major exceptions:
• Use the word "Internet" in square brackets as the Type of Medium after the journal title.
• Include any date of update/revision and a date of citation in square brackets following the date of
publication. Use the dates for the individual journal article being cited, not the dates of the journal issue as
a whole unless no dates can be found for the individual item.
• When the location (pagination) of the article is not provided, as often occurs, calculate the length of the
article using the best means possible, e.g., in terms of print pages, screens, paragraphs, or bytes. If an
article is not linear, and has many hyperlinks, it will be impossible to determine the length.
• Provide the URL or other electronic address of the article.
It is important to cite the version you saw. If you viewed an article on the Internet, do not cite it as if it were a
print one. However, it may be useful to begin a citation to an Internet article by first locating all of the
information needed to cite it as if it were a print article, then adding the Internet-specific items. For example:
Print information
Kaul S, Diamond GA. Good enough: a primer on the analysis and interpretation of noninferiority trials.
Ann Intern Med. 2006 Jul 4;145(1):62-9.
Kaul S, Diamond GA. Good enough: a primer on the analysis and interpretation of noninferiority trials.
Ann Intern Med [Internet]. 2006 Jul 4 [cited 2007 Jan 4];145(1):62-9. Available from: http://
www.annals.org/cgi/reprint/145/1/62.pdf
If a journal on the Internet lacks a formal title page or table of contents, look for citation information on the
opening screens, the bottom or closing screens, links from the sidebar, and the source code (viewable through
the Web browser).
Every effort is made in this chapter to provide a comprehensive list of examples for journal articles on the
Internet to illustrate the rules below. If needed, consult Chapter 1A Journal Articles for more information on the
individual components of a citation.
This chapter includes citation rules for entire journal articles on the Internet. For citing parts of these articles,
combine the guidelines presented in this chapter with those in Chapter 1B Parts of Journal Articles. See also
example 43 below.
Journals on the Internet 1237
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Journal Articles on the Internet.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Journal Articles on the Internet.
Citation Rules with Examples for Journal Articles on the Internet

Author (R) | Author Affiliation (O) | Article Title (R) | Article Type (O) | Journal Title (R) | Edition (R) | Content
Type (O) | Type of Medium (R) | Date of Publication (R) | Date of Update/Revision (R) | Date of Citation (R) |
Volume Number (R) | Issue Number (R) | Location (Pagination) (R) | Availability (R) | Language (R) | Notes (O)
Author for Journal Articles on the Internet (required)

surname
See exceptions for Author in Appendix F: Notes for Citing MEDLINE® /PubMed®.

(Chinese, Japanese)

• Keep hyphens within surnames.
• Keep particles, such as O', D', and L'.

• Omit all other punctuation within surnames.

• Keep compound surnames even if no hyphen appears.
[If you cannot determine from the article whether a surname is a compound or a combination of a
middle name and a surname, look to the table of contents of the issue or an index for clarification.
For example, Elizabeth Scott Parker may be interpreted to be Parker ES or Scott Parker E.]
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

another particle
abbreviation.
when the original initial is represented by more than one letter

Captain R. C. Williams becomes Willaims RC

Examples:
one letter
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

Working Group.
(see Appendix D)
• If both individuals and an organization(s) are listed on the title page of an article as authors, give both, in
the order they appear in the article, and separate them by a semicolon
Italian, Spanish, German, Swedish, etc.) as they appear in the publication. When possible follow a
non-English name with a translation, placed in square brackets.
When possible follow a non-English name with a translation, placed in square brackets.
or
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

• If no person or organization can be found as the author but editors or translators are given, begin the

three authors or first six authors. Follow the last named author with a comma and "et al." or "and others."
• If both individuals and an organization(s) are listed on the title page of an article as authors, the
individuals may be given as the author and the organization listed at the end of the reference as a note
Authors are investigators of the Canadian Cardiovascular Outcomes Research Team.
Examples for Author

1. Standard journal article on the Internet
2. Journal article on the Internet with optional full names for authors
3. Journal article on the Internet with many authors (give all)
4. Journal article on the Internet with optional limit to the number of authors
5. Journal article on the Internet with author surnames showing designations of family rank
6. Journal article on the Internet with author surnames having a prefix, particle, or preposition (give as
found in the article)
7. Journal article on the Internet with compound author surnames
8. Journal article on the Internet with organization(s) as author
9. Journal article on the Internet with a governmental body as author
10. Journal article on the Internet with no author
Author Affiliation for Journal Articles on the Internet (optional)

country
• Place parentheses around the affiliation, such as (Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh,
Pittsburgh, PA)
See exceptions for Author Affiliation in Appendix F: Notes for Citing MEDLINE® /PubMed®


Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Soc. for Society

Example:
Bratu S (Division of Infectious Diseases, State University of New York--Downstate Medical Center,
Brooklyn, NY. sbratu@aol.com), Landman D, Gupta J, Trehan M, Panwar M, Quale J. A population-
based study examining the emergence of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus
aureus USA300 in New York City. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob [Internet]. 2006 Nov 30 [cited
2007 Jan 10];5:Article 29 [6 p.]. Available from: http://www.ann-clinmicrob.com/content/pdf/
1476-0711-5-29.pdf

• For non-English organizational names found in the roman alphabet (primarily European languages, such
as French, German, Spanish, Italian, Swedish, etc.), provide the name in the original language
Zodieru-Popa I.
Mandelshtam MY.
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

Wien becomes Vienna

11. Journal article on the Internet with author affiliation
Article Title for Journal Articles on the Internet (required)

• Enter the title of an article as it appears on the title page or opening screens
follows it
See exceptions for Article Title in Appendix F: Notes for Citing MEDLINE® /PubMed®

• Article titles containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special character

• Translate article titles not in English
• Place all translated titles in square brackets
• Indicate the language after the availability statement (URL), followed by a period
Example:
Terraza Nunez R, Vargas Lorenzo I, Vazquez Navarrete ML. [Coordination among healthcare levels:
systematization of tools and measures]. Gac Sanit [Internet]. 2006 Nov-Dec [cited 2007 Jan
9];20(6):485-95. Available from: http://db.doyma.es/cgi-bin/wdbcgi.exe/doyma/mrevista.pubmed_fu
ll?inctrl=05ZI0108&rev=138&vol=20&num=6&pag=485 Spanish.
• When possible, place the original language title or romanized title before the translation
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
⚬ In PubMed, use the TT field in the MEDLINE display to locate these for most article titles except
those in character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese)
Example:
Terraza Nunez R, Vargas Lorenzo I, Vazquez Navarrete ML. La coordinacion entre niveles
asistenciales: una sistematizacion de sus instrumentos y medidas [Coordination among
healthcare levels: systematization of tools and measures]. Gac Sanit [Internet]. 2006 Nov-Dec
[cited 2007 Jan 9];20(6):485-95. Available from: http://db.doyma.es/cgi-bin/wdbcgi.exe/doyma
/mrevista.pubmed_full?inctrl=05ZI0108&rev=138&vol=20&num=6&pag=485 Spanish.
brackets, with the closing period outside the right bracket.
Kanoh T. [IgD (kappa) myeloma with unusual manifestations: an exceptional form]. Tohoku J Exp
Med [Internet]. 1987 Aug [cited 2007 Jan 10];152(4):347-50. Available from: http://www.journalarchi
ve.jst.go.jp/jnlpdf.php?cdjournal=tjem1920&cdvol=152&noissue=4&startpage=347&lang=en&from
=jnlabstract German.
or
Kanoh T. IgD (Kappa)-Myelom mit Ungewohnlichen Manifestationen: Eine Sonderform [IgD
(kappa) myeloma with unusual manifestations: an exceptional form]. Tohoku J Exp Med [Internet].
1987 Aug [cited 2007 Jan 10];152(4):347-50. Available from: http://www.journalarchive.jst.go.jp/jnlp
df.php?cdjournal=tjem1920&cdvol=152&noissue=4&startpage=347&lang=en&from=jnlabstract
German.
• If a translated article title ends in another form of punctuation, keep that punctuation. Place it in square
Kjeken R, Bogen B, Mathiesen I. [DNA--the future in vaccine technology?]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen
[Internet]. 2006 Nov 16 [cited 2007 Jan 10];126(22):2964-8. Available from: http://www.tidsskriftet.n
o/pls/lts/pa_lt.visSeksjon?vp_SEKS_ID=1454252 Norwegian.
or
Kjeken R, Bogen B, Mathiesen I. DNA--fremtidens vaksine? [DNA--the future in vaccine
technology?]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen [Internet]. 2006 Nov 16 [cited 2007 Jan 10];126(22):2964-8.
Available from: http://www.tidsskriftet.no/pls/lts/pa_lt.visSeksjon?vp_SEKS_ID=1454252
Norwegian.

• If an article is in English and other languages:
⚬ List all languages of publication, separated by commas, after the availability statement (URL)
Example:
Monrobel A, Chicano M, Navarrese A, Martinez L, Zambrana JL. Gastrointestinal affectation
with cytomegalovirus in an immunocompetent patient. Rev Esp Enferm Dig [Internet]. 2006
Nov [cited 2007 Jan 10];98(11):881-882. Available from: http://www.grupoaran.com/mrmUpd
ate/lecturaPDFfromXML.asp?IdArt=458458&TO=RVN&Eng=0 English, Spanish.
⚬ List all languages of publication separated by commas, after the availability statement (URL)
Example:
Thom R, Sermonit G. [Darwin after 100 years. 1983]. Riv Biol [Internet]. 2002 Sep-Dec [cited
2007 Jan 10];95(3):345-52. Available from: http://www.tilgher.it/(bh4t3u55bu1b3wv2wdwghim
b)/googleframe.aspx?fle=%2fchrCorrelati%2fupload%2fdoc%2fEditeng953.pdf&lnk=%2findex
.aspx%3ftpr%3d4%26act%3dfscone%26id%3d French, Italian.
publications:
⚬ List the languages, separated by commas, after the availability statement (URL)
Example:
National Advisory Committee on Immunization (CA). Update on the recommendations for
the routine use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for infants. An Advisory Committee
Statement (ACS) = Mise a jour des recommandations relatives a l'utilisation courante du
vaccin conjugue contre le pneumocoque chez les enfants en bas age. Une Declaration d'un
Comite Consultatif (DCC). Can Commun Dis Rep. 2006 May 1;32(ACS-4):1-6. Available
from: http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/publicat/ccdr-rmtc/06vol32/acs-04/index.html English,
French.
von Willebrand factor standards for plasma and concentrate testing.

1,3-dimethylisoguanine.
Guan M, Chen Y. Aberrant expression of ΔNp73 in benign and malignant tumours of the prostate:
correlation with Gleason score. J Clin Pathol [Internet]. 2005 Nov [cited 2007 Jan 9];58(11):1175-9.
Available from: http://jcp.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/58/11/1175
may become
Guan M, Chen Y. Aberrant expression of DeltaNp73 in benign and malignant tumours of the
prostate: correlation with Gleason score. J Clin Pathol [Internet]. 2005 Nov [cited 2007 Jan
9];58(11):1175-9. Available from: http://jcp.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/58/11/1175
Langer R, Von Rahden BH, Nahrig J, Von Weyhern C, Reiter R, Feith M, Stein HJ, Siewert JR, Hofler
H, Sarbia M. Prognostic significance of expression patterns of c-erbB-2, p53, p16INK4A, p27KIP1,
cyclin D1 and epidermal growth factor receptor in oesophageal adenocarcinoma: a tissue microarray
study. J Clin Pathol [Internet]. 2006 Jun [cited 2007 Jan 9];59(6):631-4. Available from: http://
jcp.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/59/6/631
may become
Langer R, Von Rahden BH, Nahrig J, Von Weyhern C, Reiter R, Feith M, Stein HJ, Siewert JR, Hofler
H, Sarbia M. Prognostic significance of expression patterns of c-erbB-2, p53, p16(INK4A),
p27(KIP1), cyclin D1 and epidermal growth factor receptor in oesophageal adenocarcinoma: a tissue
microarray study. J Clin Pathol [Internet]. 2006 Jun [cited 2007 Jan 9];59(6):631-4. Available from:
http://jcp.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/59/6/631

page or screen to indicate a section of the issue. Do not include a header as part of the article title unless

• Occasionally a publication does not appear to have any title; the article or other short document simply
begins with the text. In this circumstance, create a title from the first few words of the text and place it in
square brackets. Use enough words to make the constructed title meaningful.

12. Journal article on the Internet not in English
13. Journal article on the Internet with equal text in two or more languages
14. Journal article on the Internet with Greek letters or other special characters in the title
15. Journal article on the Internet with optional article type
43. Part of a journal article on the Internet
Article Type for Journal Articles on the Internet (optional)

• Follow the bracketed article type with a period, placed outside the closing bracket
See exceptions for Article Type in Appendix F: Notes for Citing MEDLINE® /PubMed®


Increased cardiac Connexin45 results in uncoupling and spontaneous ventricular arrhythmias in
mice [abstract].
Eosinophilic pneumonia and arthritis [letter].
Bravo pH monitoring: should we exclude the first 6 hours? [abstract].
Moles, weights and potencies: freedom of expression! [letter].

place it in square brackets. Put (letter) or (abstract) inside the brackets.
[Study of nasal permeability in patients with operated unilateral clefts (letter)].
(abstract) inside the square brackets and end title information with a period.
[Eat less, exercise more! (letter)].
• When the original language and a translation are provided, place [letter] or [abstract] after the translation.
End title information with a period outside the closing bracket.
Etude de la permeabilite nasale dans les fentes unilaterales operees [Study of nasal permeability in
patients with operated unilateral clefts] [letter].

Journal Title for Journal Articles on the Internet (required)

See exceptions for Journal Title (Journal Title Abbreviation) in Appendix F: Notes for Citing MEDLINE® /
PubMed®

The Journal of Bacteriology becomes J Bacteriol
Annali dell'Istituto Superiore di Sanita becomes Ann Ist Super Sanita
such as Chinese and Japanese.
Ophthalmology remains Ophthalmology
Nippon Hoshasen Gijutsu Gakkai Zasshi remains Nippon Hoshasen Gijutsu Gakkai Zasshi
Prevention becomes Inj Prev
• Omit any punctuation in a title
Journal of Neuro-Oncology becomes J Neurooncol
Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod
• Some bibliographies and online databases give a place of publication after a journal title, such as Clin
Toxicol (Phila). This shows that two or more journal titles with the same name reside in a library
collection or database; the name of the city where the journal is published distinguishes the various titles.
The city is usually shown in abbreviated format following the same rules used for words in journal titles,
such as Phila for Philadelphia in the example above. If you use a bibliography or database such as PubMed
to verify your reference and a place name is included, you may keep it if you wish.

• Journal titles appearing in more than one language

• Do not abbreviate journal titles that consist of a single word, regardless of language
Ophthalmology remains Ophthalmology
Alergie remains Alergie

• For a non-English journal title in the roman alphabet (French, German, Spanish, Italian, etc.):
⚬ Provide the title in the original language
⚬ Indicate the language of the article after the availability statement (URL)
Example:
Terraza Nunez R, Vargas Lorenzo I, Vazquez Navarrete ML. [Coordination among healthcare
levels: systematization of tools and measures]. Gac Sanit [Internet]. 2006 Nov-Dec [cited 2007
Jan 9];20(6):485-95. Available from: http://db.doyma.es/cgi-bin/wdbcgi.exe/doyma/mrevista.p
ubmed_full?inctrl=05ZI0108&rev=138&vol=20&num=6&pag=485 Spanish.
• For a journal title in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, or Korean:
Example:
Petrenko VM, Cherenko SO, Tarasenko OR, Tsygankova LM, Davidenko VV, Nedlinska NM.
[Treatment and long-term results in patients with first diagnosed multiresistant destructive
lung tuberculosis]. Ukr Himioter Z [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2007 Jan 10];(3-4):5-8. Available
from: http://www.ifp.kiev.ua/doc/journals/uhj/05/pdf05-(3-4)/4.pdf Russian.
• For a journal title in a character-based language (Chinese, Japanese):
Example:
Takayanagi R, Yokoyama H, Ozeki T, Sasatsu M, Yamada Y. [Survey of the attitude of master
course students of clinical pharmacy toward clinical trials]. Yakugaku Zasshi [Internet]. 2006
Jul [cited 2007 Jan 10];126(7):515-20. Available from: http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/
yakushi/126/7/515/_pdf Chinese.
[It is not NLM practice, but you may translate journal titles in character-based languages. If
the language of the article after the availability statement (URL).]
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
Box 25. Journal titles appearing in more than one language.

• Use the title in the first language found, in order of preference: on the title page or opening screen of the
issue, the homepage for the journal, the first page of the article.

• Abbreviate and capitalize all significant words in the edition information and omit other words, such as
articles, conjunctions, and prepositions. For example: of, the, at, in, and L'.
• Use the same rules for abbreviating the words in an edition statement as for the words in journal titles (see
Abbreviation rules for journal titles)
• End edition information with a space, followed by Internet in square brackets and a period
Example:
Pattison MA, Webster TJ, Haberstroh KM. Select bladder smooth muscle cell functions were
enhanced on three-dimensional, nano-structured poly(ether urethane) scaffolds. J Biomater Sci
(Polym Ed) [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2007 Jan 8];17(11):1317-32. Available from: http://www.ingentaco
nnect.com/content/vsp/bsp/2006/00000017/00000011/art00008?token=0053155c75b2c2f653b2a2d3
a7c4e7247704f7e41225f406a532c6b67547d3f46627051fb9a634cc1dd

The following formats are not NLM practice for citing journal titles, but are acceptable options:
J Health Commun [Internet]. may become J. Health Commun. [Internet].
Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences [Internet].

An edition is considered a part of the title in journals.
and prepositions. For example: of, the, at, in, and L'. See Appendix A for a list of commonly abbreviated
⚬ the List of Journals Indexed for MEDLINE
⚬ the PubMed Journals database
• End edition information with a space, followed by Internet in square brackets and a period
Example:
Journal of Biomaterials Science. Polymer Edition. becomes J Biomater Sci (Polym Ed) [Internet].

16. Journal article on the Internet with optional full journal title
17. Journal article on the Internet with journal title having an edition
Edition for Journal Articles on the Internet (required)

version
See exceptions for Edition in Appendix F: Notes for Citing MEDLINE® /PubMed®


⚬ Give edition information in the original language
conjunctions, and prepositions. For example: de, der, y, les, and L'.
[Sources for word abbreviations are: the List of Journals Indexed for MEDLINE; the PubMed
Journals database; and Appendix B for non-NLM sources.]
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
⚬ End edition information with a space, followed by Internet in square brackets and a period
Example:
Farmaco. Edizione Practica becomes Farmaco (Ed Pract) [Internet].

Example:
Pharmakeutikon Deltion. Epistemonike Ekdosis. becomes Pharm Delt (Epistem Ekd)
[Internet].
Examples:
ŏ becomes o
ū becomes u
Example:
Ban) [Internet].
It is not NLM practice, but you may translate such journal titles and their editions. If you do,
J Jinan Univ (Nat Sci Med Ed) [Internet].

Danish oplag n.a.
udgave
Dutch uitgave uitg.
editie ed.
French edition ed.
Auflage Aufl.
Greek ekdosis ekd.
utgave utg.
publikacija publ.
Spanish edicion ed.
publicacion publ.

Content Type for Journal Articles on the Internet (optional)

• A content type describes the format of the Internet item being cited
• Enter the words "serial on the"

18. Journal article on the Internet with optional content type
Type of Medium for Journal Articles on the Internet (required)

• Place Internet in square brackets
• See Chapter 16A for journal articles in audiovisual formats and Chapter 19A for articles on CD-ROM,
DVD, or disk
See exceptions for Type of Medium in Appendix F: Notes for Citing MEDLINE® /PubMed®


medium
• Place a period outside the closing bracket for the medium
Example:
Bertino E, Milani S, Fabris C, De Curtis M. Neonatal anthropometric charts: what they are, what
they are not. Arch Dis Child (Fetal Neonatal Ed) [Internet]. 2007 Jan [cited 2007 Jan 9];92(1):F7-10.
Available from: http://fn.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/92/1/F7

• If a content type is used, place it before the type of medium and inside the square brackets for the medium
Nomura K, Nakao M, Sato M, Yano E. Regular prescriptions for benzodiazepines: a cross-sectional
study of outpatients at a university hospital. Intern Med [serial on the Internet]. 2006 [cited 2007 Jan
10];45(22):1279-83. Available from: http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/internalmedicine/45/22/1279/
_pdf

Date of Publication for Journal Articles on the Internet (required)

• Include the year, month, and day of publication in that order, such as 2004 May 5
• End date information with a semicolon unless there is no volume or issue (see No volume or issue follows
the date below), then use a colon
Box 36. No volume or issue follows the date.

• If a journal uses only an article numbering scheme instead of a volume and issue, treat the number as
location (pagination) and follow the instructions under Article numbers used for location
Aoki TT, Grecu EO, Arcangeli MA, Meisenheimer R. Effect of intensive insulin therapy on abnormal
circadian blood pressure pattern in patients with type I diabetes mellitus. Online J Curr Clin Trials
[Internet]. 1995 Dec 15 [cited 2007 Jan 4]:Doc No 199 [about 10 screens]. Available from: http://
www.oclc.org/firstsearch/. Subscription required to view.
Cunningham PJ, May JH. Medicaid patients increasingly concentrated among physicians. Tracking
Reports [Internet]. 2006 Aug [cited 2007 Mar 20]:Report 16 [5 p.]. Available from: http://
www.hschange.com/CONTENT/866/866.pdf
• If no volume, issue, or article number can be found in a journal, follow the year (and month or season if
present) with any date of update/revision and the date of citation. End with a colon and the location
(pagination).
2000 [cited 2007 Jan 10]:146-9.
2004 Jan [updated 2005 May 3; cited 2007 Jan 10]:[about 10 p.].
Box 55. Article numbers used for location.

Some Internet journal publishers use an article numbering scheme rather than pagination, or, in some cases, in
place of volume, issue, and pagination.
• Use the wording supplied by the publisher. This may be as simple as the letter "e" for electronic before the
number.
⚬ Provide the wording in the original language for non-English journals using the roman alphabet;
romanize (write in the roman alphabet) the name for journals in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, or
in character-based languages such as Chinese and Japanese
⚬ Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in wording
⚬ Use the capitalization found
⚬ Do not abbreviate words unless they are abbreviated in the journal, but "No" may be used for
Number
• If no wording is supplied, only a number, precede the number with the word Article
• Follow the wording used with the number and a space
• Calculate the extent of the article by the best means possible, such as the number of screens, paragraphs,
or bytes, or the number of pages if printed out
• Precede the total with the word "about" for all except the number of paragraphs, bytes, or PDF pages
because screen size and type fonts vary
• Place the count total and the measure used in square brackets
Examples with volume/issue:
Cipriano Silva M, Ludwick R. Is the doctor of nursing practice ethical? Online J Issues Nurs
[Internet]. 2006 Mar 20 [cited 2007 Jan 10];11(2):Ethics 1 [about 8 p.]. Available from: http://
nursingworld.org/ojin/ethicol/ethics_17.htm
Zozulya S, Echeverri F, Nguyen T. The human olfactory receptor repertoire. Genome Biol [Internet].
2001 [cited 2007 Jan 5];2(6):research0018.1-0018.12 [about 21 p.]. Available from: http://
genomebiology.com/2001/2/6/research/0018/.
Bernhardt JM, Felter EM. Online pediatric information seeking among mothers of young children:
results from a qualitative study using focus groups. J Med Internet Res [Internet]. 2004 Mar 1
[updated 2006 Dec 10; cited 2007 Jan 5];6(1):e7 [about 13 p.]. Available from: http://www.jmir.org/
2004/1/e7/.
Boutin-Foster C. In spite of good intentions: patients' perspectives on problematic social support
interactions. Health Qual Life Outcomes [Internet]. 2005 Sep 5 [cited 2007 Jan 5];3(1):Article 52
[about 12 screens]. Available from: http://www.hqlo.com/content/3/1/52
Ahmad F, Hogg-Johnson S, Skinner HA. Assessing patient attitudes to computerized screening in
primary care: psychometric properties of the computerized lifestyle assessment scale. J Med Internet
Res [Internet]. 2008 Apr 18 [cited 2008 Nov 17];10(2):e11 [about 14 p.]. Available from: http://
www.jmir.org/2008/2/e11/. Free full text article.
Lobb WB, Wilkin NE, McCaffrey DJ 3rd, Wilson MC, Bentley JP. The predictive utility of
nontraditional test scores for first-year pharmacy student academic performance. Am J Pharm Educ
[Internet]. 2006 [cited 2007 Jan 5];70(6):Article 128 [6 p.]. Available from: http://www.ajpe.org/
aj7006/aj7006128/aj7006128.pdf
Examples without volume/issue:

• No volume or issue follows the date

volume or issue.
period
Supplement = Suppl
Part = Pt
annexe part
Beilage
Erganzung
dopolnenie
suplemento
anejo
• Follow words with any number or letter found

Suppl 2
Pt A
omit other words such as articles, conjunctions, and prepositions. Use the word abbreviations lists in
Appendix A and Appendix B.
• Place only parts in parentheses
Examples:
2005 [cited 2007 Jan 10];Suppl:
2005 [cited 2007 Jan 10];Suppl 1:

2005 [cited 2007 Jan 10];Suppl A:
2005 [cited 2007 Jan 10];Abstr Suppl:
2005 [cited 2007 Jan 10];(Pt 3):
2005 [cited 2007 Jan 10];(Pt A):
2005 [cited 2007 Jan 10];Spec No:
2005 [cited 2007 Jan 10];Spec No 2:
2006 Jul [cited 2007 Jan 10];Suppl:
2006 Jul [cited 2007 Jan 10];(Pt 1):
2006 Jul [cited 2007 Jan 10];Spec No:
A journal may assign an article number to a date of publication rather than to a specific volume or issue.
• If a journal uses only an article numbering scheme instead of a volume or issue, treat the number as
location (pagination)
• Use the instructions under Article numbers used for location
Examples:

2002-2003
1997-1998
1999-2000
1999 Oct-2000 Mar
2002 Dec 7-2003 Jan 9
2005 Jan-Feb
1999 Dec-2000 Jan
2005 Feb 1-7
2004 Jan 25-31

• Capitalize them
For example:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

• Capitalize them
For example:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring

Is not NLM practice, but the following are acceptable options:
Rev Genet [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2008 Feb 19];7(9):715-27. Available from: http://
www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v7/n9/full/nrg1945.html
if also omitting the issue:
Rev Genet [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2008 Feb 19];7:715-27. Available from: http://
www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v7/n9/full/nrg1945.html
• The date of publication may follow the author names (or article title if there is no author) in the list of
references when the name-year system of in-text references is used
⚬ Enter the year after the last named author (or title if there is no author)
⚬ Follow the year with a period
⚬ Keep any date of update/revision and the date of citation in their usual location
NLM citation:
Polgreen PM, Diekema DJ, Vandeberg J, Wiblin RT, Chen YY, David S, Rasmus D, Gerdts N,
Ross A, Katz L, Herwaldt LA. Risk factors for groin wound infection after femoral artery
catheterization: a case-control study. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol [Internet]. 2006 Jan [cited
2007 Jan 5];27(1):34-7. Available from: http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/ICHE/journal/issues
/v27n1/2004069/2004069.web.pdf
Prevention strategies for asthma--secondary prevention. CMAJ [Internet]. 2005 Sep 13 [cited
2007 Jan 5];173(6 Suppl):S25-7. Available from: http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/
full/173/6_suppl/S25
Polgreen PM, Diekema DJ, Vandeberg J, Wiblin RT, Chen YY, David S, Rasmus D, Gerdts N,
Ross A, Katz L, Herwaldt LA. 2006. Risk factors for groin wound infection after femoral artery
catheterization: a case-control study. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol [Internet]. [cited 2007 Jan
5];27(1):34-7. Available from: http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/ICHE/journal/issues/v27n1/2
004069/2004069.web.pdf
Prevention strategies for asthma--secondary prevention. 2005. CMAJ [Internet]. [cited 2007
Jan 5];173(6 Suppl):S25-7. Available from: http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/
full/173/6_suppl/S25

19. Journal article on the Internet with month(s)/day(s) included in date of publication
20. Journal article on the Internet with season(s) included in date of publication
21. Journal article on the Internet updated/revised after publication

22. Journal article on the Internet with date having a supplement
Date of Update/Revision for Journal Articles on the Internet (required)

• Journal articles may be updated or revised after initial publication
• Use whatever word for update or revision is provided, such as updated or modified


Articles on the Internet are often updated or revised after publication. Look for the date accompanied by such
words as updated, modified, revised, reviewed:
• At the top, bottom, or sidebar of the first screen or the bottom of the last screen of the article
• In the source code for the article if it is displayed by the Web browser

• Capitalize them
Examples:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

• Capitalize them

For example:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring

Various words are used to show that the content of an article has been changed. Among them are: updated,
• Use the wording supplied with the article
• Give all words for update/revision with the dates provided, in ascending date order
Example:
2004 May [revised 2005 Oct 5; updated 2006 Jul 13; cited 2007 Jan 10];

Date of Citation for Journal Articles on the Internet (required)

• Give the date the article was seen on the Internet
• If a Date of Update/Revision is given, place the date of citation after it and follow both dates with a right
square bracket
• If no Date of Update/Revision is given, place citation date information in square brackets


Various words are used to show that the content of an article has been changed. Among them are: updated,
⚬ Use the wording supplied in the article
⚬ Give all words for update/revision with the dates provided, in ascending date order
Examples:
Bernhardt JM, Felter EM. Online pediatric information seeking among mothers of young children:
results from a qualitative study using focus groups. J Med Internet Res [Internet]. 2004 Mar 1
[updated 2006 Dec 10; cited 2007 Jan 5];6(1):e7 [about 13 p.]. Available from: http://www.jmir.org/
2004/1/e7/.

Volume Number for Journal Articles on the Internet (required)

• Do not follow a volume number with any punctuation unless there is no issue number or other

• Further divisions to volume other than issue
Box 43. Further divisions to a volume other than issue.

A volume will occasionally have a subdivision such as a supplement, part, or special number.
Supplement = Suppl
Part = Pt
following examples:
annexe part
Beilage
Erganzung
dopolnenie
suplemento
anejo
• Place them after the volume number. For example:

- volume with supplement
2005 [cited 2007 Jan 10];5 Suppl:
2005 [cited 2007 Jan 10];15 Suppl 1:
2005 [cited 2007 Jan 10];25 Suppl A:
2005 Mar [cited 2007 Jan 10];87 Suppl:
- volume with part
2006 [cited 2007 Jan 10];66(Pt 2):
2006 Dec [cited 2007 Jan 10];124(Pt A):
- volume with special number
2003 [cited 2007 Jan 10];6 Spec No:
2003 [cited 2007 Jan 10];24 Spec No 2:


• To help locate volumes, see the following list of non-English words and abbreviations for volume in a
variety of languages:

A volume number usually follows the date of publication. Occasionally a journal publishes a series of issues
without volumes, publishes a supplement, part, or special number to a date of publication rather than to a
volume or issue, or uses an article numbering scheme in place of a volume and issue.
• If there are issues only, no volume numbers, follow the dates of publication and citation with a semicolon
and the issue number. Place the issue number in parentheses.
Suber P. Providing open access to past research articles, starting with the most important. SPARC
Open Access Newsl [Internet]. 2004 Jun 2 [cited 2007 Jan 10];(74):[about 3 screens]. Available from:
http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/06-02-04.htm#unbind
volume or issue, follow the dates of publication and citation with a semicolon, the abbreviation for
supplement, part, or special number, and any accompanying letter or number found. End supplement,
part, or special number information with a colon.
2004 [cited 2007 Jan 10];Suppl:
2004 [cited 2007 Jan 10];Suppl 2:
2004 [cited 2007 Jan 10];Suppl A:
2004 Winter [cited 2007 Jan 10];Suppl:
- date with a part
2005 [cited 2007 Jan 10];(Pt 3):

2005 Sep [cited 2007 Jan 10];(Pt 2):
2003 [cited 2007 Jan 10];Spec No:
2003 [cited 2007 Jan 10];Spec No 2:
2003 Jun [cited 2007 Jan 10];Spec No:
(pagination).
Jacobs JL, Lee MT, Lindberg M, Kamin C. Problem-based learning, multimedia, and a paucity of
behavioral issue learning. Med Educ Online [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2007 Jan 5]:[5 p.]. Available from:
http://www.med-ed-online.org/pdf/l0000006.pdf
O'Neill M, Dupere S. Health promotion: the next generations. Rev Health Promot Educ Online
[Internet]. 2005 [cited 2007 Jan 10]:[10 paragraphs]. Available from: http://www.rhpeo.org/reviews/
2005/10/index.htm

23. Journal article on the Internet with standard volume and issue
24. Journal article on the Internet with volume having a subdivision other than an issue
25. Journal article on the Internet with volume but no issue or other subdivision
26. Journal article on the Internet with issue but no volume
28. Journal article on the Internet without standard volume or issue, but with article number
29. Journal article on the Internet without standard volume, issue, or article number
Issue Number for Journal Articles on the Internet (required)

• Use arabic numbers only. For example, convert IV or Fourth to 4.


An issue will occasionally have a subdivision such as a supplement, part, or special number.
Supplement = Suppl
Part = Pt
following examples:
annexe part
Beilage
Erganzung
dopolnenie
suplemento
anejo
• Place them after the issue, within the parentheses. For example:
- issue with supplement
2005 [cited 2007 Jan 10];15(1 Suppl):
2005 [cited 2007 Jan 10];(12 Suppl A):
2005 Mar [cited 2007 Jan 10];87(3 Suppl):
- issue with part
2004 [cited 2007 Jan 10];66(1 Pt 2):
2004 Dec [cited 2007 Jan 10];124(5 Pt A):
- issue with special number

2003 [cited 2007 Jan 10];6(2 Spec No):



• If there are issues only, no volume numbers, follow the dates of publication and citation with a semicolon
and the issue number, placed in parentheses
Suber P. Providing open access to past research articles, starting with the most important. SPARC
Open Access Newsl [Internet]. 2004 Jun 2 [cited 2007 Jan 10];(74):[about 3 screens]. Available from:
http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/06-02-04.htm#unbind
(pagination)
2005/10/index.htm

Wolfe L. America's fidelity crisis: politics, hypocrisy and family values. Electron J Hum Sex
[Internet]. 2006 Oct 25 [cited 2007 Jan 5];9:[about 8 p.]. Available from: http://www.ejhs.org/
volume9/Wolfe.htm
(pagination).
2005/10/index.htm

• It is not NLM practice, but an issue number may be omitted if the journal is continuously paginated
throughout the volume. Note, however, that many libraries such as the NLM require issue numbers for
retrieval from their collections and for interlibrary loan.
Poole KE, Compston JE. Osteoporosis and its management. BMJ [Internet]. 2006 Dec 16 [cited 2007
Jan 4];333:1251-6. Available from: http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/333/7581/1251

24. Journal article on the Internet with volume having a subdivision other than an issue
25. Journal article on the Internet with volume but no issue or other subdivision
27. Journal article on the Internet with issue having a subdivision
28. Journal article on the Internet without standard volume or issue, but with article number
29. Journal article on the Internet without standard volume, issue, or article number
Location (Pagination) for Journal Articles on the Internet (required)

For articles with standard page numbers such as those in PDF:
• Give the page numbers on which the article appears
• Include a letter (often S for Supplement or A for Appendix) when it precedes the page number, such as
S10-8
For articles without page numbers:
• Calculate the extent of the article by the best means possible, i.e., number of screens, paragraphs, or bytes
(see No numbers appear on the pages of the article below)
• Precede the total with the word about and place it in square brackets, such as [about 15 screens]
• If the article is printed out, precede the page total with the word about and place it in square brackets, as
[about 10 p.]
• See Chapter 19A for articles on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk
See exceptions for Location (Pagination or Notes) in Appendix F: Notes for Citing MEDLINE®/PubMed®

• If all of the pages of an article in PDF (Portable Document Format) have no page numbers:
⚬ Place the number and " p." in square brackets, such as [12 p.]
Example: [20 p.].
• If the article is in HTML, XML, or another unpaginated format:
the article and count the number of pages
⚬ Precede the total with the word "about" for all except the number of paragraphs and bytes because
screen size and type fonts vary
Examples:
[about 6 screens].
[about 23 p.]
[10 paragraphs].

• Article numbers used for location
• Articles that are videocasts or podcasts

• Keep roman numerals expressing location (pagination)
• Use upper or lower case, whichever appears in the publication
Examples:
Meyer G, Foster N, Christrup S, Eisenberg J. Setting a research agenda for medical errors and patient
safety. Health Serv Res [Internet]. 2001 Apr [cited 2007 Jan 9];36(1 Pt 1):x-xx. Available from: http://
www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1089210&blobtype=pdf
SIAARTI Study Group for Safety in Anesthesia and Intensive Care. Raccomandazioni per il trasporto
inter ed intra ospedaliero del paziente critico = Recommendations on the transport of critically ill
patient. Minerva Anestesiol [Internet]. 2006 Oct [cited 2007 Jan 9];72(10):XXXVII-LVII. Available
from: http://www.minervamedica.it/index2.t?show=R02Y2006N10A0768F Italian, English.

:345-6, 348-9, 352.
:15, 17, 19-21.
:345-346, 348-349, 352, 355-357, 360, 362. becomes :345-6, 348-9, 352 passim.
• Begin with the location (pagination) of the article
• Follow it by a semicolon and a space
• Add the name of the additional material and its pagination
Examples:
:145-54; discussion 155-6.
:[about 5 screens]; author reply [about 1 screen].
Box 56. Articles that are videocasts or podcasts.

If the entire article (not just a portion of one) is available as a videocast or podcast:
• Enter the word Videocast or Podcast followed by a colon and a space
• Precede the extent with the word "about" unless the time is supplied in the article
• Place the information in square brackets followed by a period outside the closing bracket
Example:
Tilson J. Commentary on Perry SB, et al., Predicting caregiver assistance required for sit-to-stand
following rehabilitation for acute stroke. J Neurol Phys Ther [Internet]. 2006 Mar [cited 2007 Jan
8];30(1):[Podcast: about 3 min.]. Available from: http://www.scienceaudio.net/jnpt/jnpt.html

30. Journal article on the Internet with location expressed as standard page numbers
31. Journal article on the Internet with a letter included in the page numbers
32. Journal article on the Internet with roman numerals for page numbers
33. Journal article on the Internet with location/extent expressed as estimated number of screens
34. Journal article on the Internet with location/extent expressed as estimated number of pages
35. Journal article on the Internet with location/extent expressed as paragraphs
36. Journal article on the Internet with location/extent expressed as an article number
37. Journal article on the Internet that is a podcast
38. Journal article on the Internet with indication that a discussion or other text follows it
Availability for Journal Articles on the Internet (required)

components

• Multiple URLs


The URL as displayed by the Web browser may not always be used to retrieve the article, i.e., it is not directly
addressable.
Example:
Available from: http://www.genomic.unimelb.edu.au/ by using the Volume 5, Issue 2, link.

If more than one URL can be used to locate an article:
• Give the URL you used in locating the article
Example:
Available from:

Language for Journal Articles on the Internet (required)

See exceptions for Language in Appendix F: Notes for Citing MEDLINE® /PubMed®


⚬ List all languages of publication, separated by commas, after the availability statement (URL)
Example:
Monrobel A, Chicano M, Navarrese A, Martinez L, Zambrana JL. Gastrointestinal affectation
with cytomegalovirus in an immunocompetent patient. Rev Esp Enferm Dig [Internet]. 2006
Nov [cited 2007 Jan 10];98(11):881-2. Available from: http://www.grupoaran.com/mrmUpdate
/lecturaPDFfromXML.asp?IdArt=458458&TO=RVN&Eng=0 English, Spanish.
• If an article is in more than one language and none of them is English:
⚬ List all languages of publication separated by commas, after the availability statement (URL)
Example:
Thom R, Sermonit G. [Darwin after 100 years. 1983]. Riv Biol [Internet]. 2002 Sep-Dec [cited
2007 Jan 10];95(3):345-52. Available from: http://www.tilgher.it/(bh4t3u55bu1b3wv2wdwghim
b)/googleframe.aspx?fle=%2fchrCorrelati%2fupload%2fdoc%2fEditeng953.pdf&lnk=%2findex
.aspx%3ftpr%3d4%26act%3dfscone%26id%3d French, Italian.
⚬ Precede the translation with the original language title when possible
Thom R, Sermonit G. Darwin, cent ans apres [Darwin after 100 years. 1983]. Riv Biol
[Internet]. 2002 Sep-Dec [cited 2007 Jan 10];95(3):345-52. Available from: http://www.tilgher.i
t/(bh4t3u55bu1b3wv2wdwghimb)/googleframe.aspx?fle=%2fchrCorrelati%2fupload%2fdoc%
2fEditeng953.pdf&lnk=%2findex.aspx%3ftpr%3d4%26act%3dfscone%26id%3d French,
Italian.
publications:
⚬ List the languages, separated by commas, after the availability statement (URL)
Example:
National Advisory Committee on Immunization (CA). Update on the recommendations for
the routine use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for infants. An Advisory Committee
Statement (ACS) = Mise a jour des recommandations relatives a l'utilisation courante du
vaccin conjugue contre le pneumocoque chez les enfants en bas age. Une Declaration d'un
Comite Consultatif (DCC). Can Commun Dis Rep [Internet]. 2006 May 1 [cited 2007 Jan
9];32(ACS-4):1-6. Available from: http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/publicat/ccdr-rmtc/06vol32/acs
-04/index.html English, French.

13. Journal article on the Internet with equal text in two or more languages
Notes for Journal Articles on the Internet (optional)

• Notes is a term for any further information given after the citation
• Be brief
See exceptions for Location (Pagination or Notes) in Appendix F: Notes for Citing MEDLINE®/PubMed®

• DOI
Box 61. DOI.

The DOI or Digital Object Identifier was developed by the International DOI Foundation (http://www.doi.org/)
to provide for persistent identification of documents across networks. It does this using a naming convention
consisting of a prefix that contains the name of the particular DOI directory and the content owner's identifier,
and a suffix that is a numeric or alphanumeric string supplied by the publisher.
being registered.
Many publishers are currently assigning DOIs at the article level. Some assign one DOI to an article regardless of
changes in edition or format, while others give a unique DOI to each version.
To find an article on the Internet using its DOI, add the prefix "http://dx.doi.org/" to the number.
Example:
Puri S, O'Brian MR. The hmuQ and hmuD genes from Bradyrhizobium japonicum encode heme-
degrading enzymes. J Bacteriol [Internet]. 2006 Sep [cited 2007 Jan 8];188(18):6476-82. Available
from: http://jb.asm.org/cgi/content/full/188/18/6476?view=long&pmid=16952937 doi: 10.1128/
JB.00737-06

The system requirements describe the software and hardware needed to view an article successfully.

Example:
Crum LA, Bailey MR, Guan J, Hilmo PR, Kargl SG, Matula TJ, Sapozhnikov OA. Monitoring bubble
growth in supersaturated blood and tissue ex vivo and the relevance to marine mammal bioeffects.
Acoust Res Lett Online [Internet]. 2005 Jul [cited 2007 Jan 10];6(3):214-20. Available from: http://scit
ation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=ARLOFJ000006000003000214000001&
idtype=cvips Accompanied by: 2 videos. System Requirements: Browser must be able to handle
javascript and other advanced features; Adobe Acrobat and QuickTime required.

The notes element may be used to provide any further information useful to the user. For example:
• If the journal article is accompanied by other material, indicate this following the phrase "Accompanied
by: "
Wolfe L. America's fidelity crisis: politics, hypocrisy and family values. Electron J Hum Sex
[Internet]. 2006 Oct 25 [cited 2007 Jan 5];9:[about 8 p.]. Available from: http://www.ejhs.org/
volume9/Wolfe.htm Accompanied by: PowerPoint slides.
• If the article contains a review of the literature and this is not indicated in the title, provide the
information
Shope JT. Influences on youthful driving behavior and their potential for guiding interventions to
reduce crashes. Inj Prev [Internet]. 2006 Jun [cited 2007 Jan 9];12 Suppl 1:i9-14. Available from:
http://ip.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/12/suppl_1/i9 Review.
• If the article was funded by a grant or another type of support, include the institution and relevant number
Crum LA, Bailey MR, Guan J, Hilmo PR, Kargl SG, Matula TJ, Sapozhnikov OA. Monitoring bubble
growth in supersaturated blood and tissue ex vivo and the relevance to marine mammal bioeffects.
Acoust Res Lett Online [Internet]. 2005 Jul [cited 2007 Jan 10];6(3):214-20. Available from: http://scit
ation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=ARLOFJ000006000003000214000001&
idtype=cvips Accompanied by: 2 videos. This work is funded in part by NIH 8RO1 EB00350-2.
• If the article was based on a paper presented at a meeting, provide information on the meeting
Pyysalo S, Salakoski T, Aubin S, Nazarenko A. Lexical adaptation of link grammar to the biomedical
sublanguage: a comparative evaluation of three approaches. BMC Bioinformatics [Internet]. 2006
[cited 2007 Jan 9];7 Suppl 3:Article S2 [9 p.]. Available from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picr
ender.fcgi?artid=1764446&blobtype=pdf From a paper presented at the 2nd International
Symposium on Semantic Mining in Biomedicine (SMBM), Jena, Germany, April 2006.
• If article is a book review or interview, or has other content for which additional information is helpful
Flegel K. Biographies of healers [book review]. CMAJ [Internet]. 2007 Jul 3 [cited 2008 Feb
19];177(1):70. Available from: http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/177/1/70 Review of: Bynum WF,
Bynum H, editors. Dictionary of Medical Biography. Westport (CT): Greenwood Press; c2007.
Prystowsky EN. A conversation about sudden unexpected death (SUDA) in "healthy" adults, adults
with known heart disease, athletes, adolescents, and infants (SIDS) [interview]. MedGenMed
[Internet]. 2007 Dec 19 [cited 2008 Feb 19];9(4):61. Available from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.g
ov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=1831141 Interview by George D. Lundberg.
• If the article has other unique identifiers, such as a Publisher Item Identifier (PII), PubMed ID (PMID) or
PubMed Central ID (PMCID)
Suk J, Lyall C, Tait J. Mapping the future dynamics of disease transmission: risk analysis in the United
Kingdom Foresight Programme on the detection and identification of infectious diseases. Euro
Surveill [Internet]. 2008 Oct 30 [cited 2008 Nov 17];13(44):[7 p.]. Available from: http://www.eurosu
rveillance.org/images/dynamic/EE/V13N44/art19021.pdf PII: 19021. Cited in: PubMed; PMID
19000560.
Chughtai T, Chiavaras MM, Sharkey P, Shulman H, Miller HA. Pericardial rupture with cardiac
herniation. Can J Surg [Internet]. 2008 Oct [cited 2008 Nov 18];51(5):E101-2. Available from: http://
www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=18841214 Free full text
article. PMCID: PMC2556525.
• If information is known regarding access to the article, such as whether a subscription is required to view
or free full text is available
Garcia RV, Kraehenmann MA, Bezerra FJ, Mendes CM, Rapp GE. Clinical analysis of the soft tissue
integration of non-submerged (ITI) and submerged (3i) implants: a prospective-controlled cohort
study. Clin Oral Implants Res [Internet]. 2008 Oct [cited 2008 Nov 17];19(10):991-6. Available from:
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/121409760/PDFSTART Subscription required to
view full text. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2007.01345.x Cited in: PubMed; PMID 18828814.
Chughtai T, Chiavaras MM, Sharkey P, Shulman H, Miller HA. Pericardial rupture with cardiac
herniation. Can J Surg [Internet]. 2008 Oct [cited 2008 Nov 18];51(5):E101-2. Available from: http://
www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=18841214 Free full text
article. PMCID: PMC2556525.
Examples for Notes

39. Journal article on the Internet with DOI provided
40. Journal article on the Internet with system requirements
41. Journal article on the Internet accompanied by other material
42. Journal article on the Internet with note
Examples of Citations to Journal Articles on the Internet

Polgreen PM, Diekema DJ, Vandeberg J, Wiblin RT, Chen YY, David S, Rasmus D, Gerdts N, Ross A, Katz L,
Herwaldt LA. Risk factors for groin wound infection after femoral artery catheterization: a case-control study.
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol [Internet]. 2006 Jan [cited 2007 Jan 5];27(1):34-7. Available from: http://
www.journals.uchicago.edu/ICHE/journal/issues/v27n1/2004069/2004069.web.pdf
Poole KE, Compston JE. Osteoporosis and its management. BMJ [Internet]. 2006 Dec 16 [cited 2007 Jan
4];333(7581):1251-6. Available from: http://www.bmj.com/cgi/reprint/333/7581/1251?
maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&andorexactfulltext=and&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0
&sortspec=relevance&volume=333&firstpage=1251&resourcetype=HWCIT
Happell B. The influence of education on the career preferences of undergraduate nursing students. Aust
Electron J Nurs Educ [Internet]. 2002 Apr [cited 2007 Jan 8];8(1):[about 12 p.]. Available from: http://
www.scu.edu.au/schools/nhcp/aejne/vol8-1/refereed/happell_max.html
2. Journal article on the Internet with optional full names for authors
Huh, Jisu; Cude, Brenda J. Is the information "fair and balanced" in direct-to-consumer prescription drug
website? J Health Commun [Internet]. 2004 Nov-Dec [cited 2007 Jan 5];9(6):529-40. Available from: http://
journals.taylorandfrancis.com/forms/hcm/9_529.pdf
3. Journal article on the Internet with many authors (give all)

Terauchi Y, Takamoto I, Kubota N, Matsui J, Suzuki R, Komeda K, Hara A, Toyoda Y, Miwa I, Aizawa S,
Tsutsumi S, Tsubamoto Y, Hashimoto S, Eto K, Nakamura A, Noda M, Tobe K, Aburatani H, Nagai R, Kadowaki
T. Glucokinase and IRS-2 are required for compensatory beta cell hyperplasia in response to high-fat diet-
induced insulin resistance. J Clin Invest [Internet]. 2007 Jan 2 [cited 2007 Jan 5];117(1):246-57. Available from:
http://www.jci.org/cgi/content/full/117/1/246 doi:10.1172/JCI17645
4. Journal article on the Internet with optional limit to the number of

authors
to the first three
Terauchi Y, Takamoto I, Kubota N, et al. Glucokinase and IRS-2 are required for compensatory beta cell
hyperplasia in response to high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance. J Clin Invest [Internet]. 2007 Jan 2 [cited
2007 Jan 5];117(1):246-57. Available from: http://www.jci.org/cgi/content/full/117/1/246
or
Terauchi Y, Takamoto I, Kubota N, and others. Glucokinase and IRS-2 are required for compensatory beta cell
hyperplasia in response to high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance. J Clin Invest [Internet]. 2007 Jan 2 [cited
2007 Jan 5];117(1):246-57. Available from: http://www.jci.org/cgi/content/full/117/1/246 doi:10.1172/JCI17645
to the first six
Terauchi Y, Takamoto I, Kubota N, Matsui J, Suzuki R, Komeda K, et al. Glucokinase and IRS-2 are required for
compensatory beta cell hyperplasia in response to high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance. J Clin Invest
[Internet]. 2007 Jan 2 [cited 2007 Jan 5];117(1):246-57. Available from: http://www.jci.org/cgi/content/
full/117/1/246
or
Terauchi Y, Takamoto I, Kubota N, Matsui J, Suzuki R, Komeda K, and others. Glucokinase and IRS-2 are
required for compensatory beta cell hyperplasia in response to high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance. J Clin
Invest [Internet]. 2007 Jan 2 [cited 2007 Jan 5];117(1):246-57. Available from: http://www.jci.org/cgi/content/
full/117/1/246 doi:10.1172/JCI17645
5. Journal article on the Internet with author surnames showing

designations of family rank
Jouyban A, Acree WE Jr. In silico prediction of drug solubility in water-ethanol mixtures using Jouyban-Acree
model. J Pharm Pharm Sci [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2007 Jan 5];9(2):262-9. Available from: http://
www.ualberta.ca/~csps/JPPS9_2/Dr_Jouyban/MS_820.htm
Seitz AR, Nanez JE Sr, Holloway S, Tsushima Y, Watanabe T. Two cases requiring external reinforcement in
perceptual learning. J Vis [Internet]. 2006 Aug 22 [cited 2007 Jan 9];6(9):966-73. Available from: http://
journalofvision.org//6/9/9/.
Lobb WB, Wilkin NE, McCaffrey DJ 3rd, Wilson MC, Bentley JP. The predictive utility of nontraditional test
scores for first-year pharmacy student academic performance. Am J Pharm Educ [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2007 Jan
5];70(6):Article 128 [6 p.]. Available from: http://www.ajpe.org/aj7006/aj7006128/aj7006128.pdf
6. Journal article on the Internet with author surnames having a prefix,

particle, or preposition (give as found in the article)
Lin SK, McPhee DJ, Muguet FF. Open access publishing policy and efficient editorial procedure. Entropy
[Internet]. 2006 [cited 2007 Jan 8];8:131-3. Available from: http://www.mdpi.org/entropy/htm/e8030131.htm
Puri S, O'Brian MR. The hmuQ and hmuD genes from Bradyrhizobium japonicum encode heme-degrading
enzymes. J Bacteriol [Internet]. 2006 Sep [cited 2007 Jan 8];188(18):6476-82. Available from: http://
jb.asm.org/cgi/content/full/188/18/6476?view=long&pmid=16952937
Weisfelt M, van de Beek D, Spanjaard L, de Gans J. Arthritis in adults with community-acquired bacterial
meningitis: a prospective cohort study. BMC Infect Dis [Internet]. 2006 Mar 29 [cited 2007 Jan 8];6:Article 64 [5
p.]. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2334/6/64
Bijvoet AG, Van Hirtum H, Kroos MA, Van de Kamp EH, Schoneveld O, Visser P, Brakenhoff JP, Weggeman M,
van Corven EJ, Van der Ploeg AT, Reuser AJ. Human acid [alpha]-glucosidase from rabbit milk has therapeutic
effect in mice with glycogen storage disease type II. Hum Mol Genet [Internet]. 1999 Nov [cited 2007 Jan
9];8(12):2145-53. Available from: http://hmg.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/8/12/2145
Bertino E, Milani S, Fabris C, De Curtis M. Neonatal anthropometric charts: what they are, what they are not.
Arch Dis Child (Fetal Neonatal Ed) [Internet]. 2007 Jan [cited 2007 Jan 9];92(1):F7-10. Available from: http://
fn.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/92/1/F7
Najim RA, Al-Waiz MM, Al-Razzuqi RA. Acetylator phenotype in Iraqi patients with atopic dermatitis.
Dermatol Online J [Internet]. 2006 Nov [cited 2007 Jan 9];12(7):Article 1 [about 11 screens]. Available from:
http://dermatology.cdlib.org/127/original/acetylator/najim.html
7. Journal article on the Internet with compound author surnames

Boutin-Foster C. In spite of good intentions: patients' perspectives on problematic social support interactions.
Health Qual Life Outcomes [Internet]. 2005 Sep 5 [cited 2007 Jan 5];3(1):Article 52 [about 12 p.]. Available
from: http://www.hqlo.com/content/3/1/52
Ahmad F, Hogg-Johnson S, Skinner HA. Assessing patient attitudes to computerized screening in primary care:
psychometric properties of the computerized lifestyle assessment scale. J Med Internet Res [Internet]. 2008 Apr
18 [cited 2008 Nov 17];10(2):e11 [about 14 p.]. Available from: http://www.jmir.org/2008/2/e11/. Free full text
article.
Rekha R, Moshahid Alam R, Jaishree P. Designing and validation of genus-specific primers for human gut flora
study. Electron J Biotechnol [Internet]. 2006 Oct 15 [cited 2007 Jan 8];9(5):505-11. Available from: http://
www.ejbiotechnology.info/content/vol9/issue5/full/2/2.pdf
systematization of tools and measures]. Gac Sanit [Internet]. 2006 Nov-Dec [cited 2007 Jan 9];20(6):485-95.
Available from: http://db.doyma.es/cgi-bin/wdbcgi.exe/doyma/mrevista.pubmed_full?
inctrl=05ZI0108&rev=138&vol=20&num=6&pag=485 Spanish.
8. Journal article on the Internet with organization(s) as author

National Osteoporosis Foundation of South Africa. Use of generic alendronate in the treatment of osteoporosis.
S Afr Med J [Internet]. 2006 Aug [cited 2007 Jan 9];96(8):696-7. Available from: http://blues.sabinet.co.za/WebZ/
Authorize?sessionid=0:autho=pubmed:password=pubmed2004&/AdvancedQuery?&format=F&next=images/
ejour/m_samj/m_samj_v96_n8_a12.pdf
American Medical Association; American Nurses Association--American Nurses Foundation; Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention (US); Food and Drug Administration (US), Center for Food Safety and Applied
Nutrition; Department of Agriculture (US), Food Safety and Inspection Service. Diagnosis and management of
foodborne illnesses: a primer for physicians and other health care professionals. MMWR Recomm Rep
[Internet]. 2004 Apr 16 [cited 2007 Jan 9];53(RR-4):1-33. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/
mmwrhtml/rr5304a1.htm
9. Journal article on the Internet with a governmental body as author

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US), National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB
Prevention. Prevention and control of tuberculosis in correctional and detention facilities: recommendations
from CDC. Endorsed by the Advisory Council for the Elimination of Tuberculosis, the National Commission on
Correctional Health Care, and the American Correctional Association. MMWR Recomm Rep [Internet]. 2006
Jul 7 [cited 2007 Jan 9];55(RR-9):1-44. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/
rr5509a1.htm
National Advisory Committee on Immunization (CA). Update on the recommendations for the routine use of
pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for infants. An Advisory Committee Statement (ACS) = Mise a jour des
recommandations relatives a l'utilisation courante du vaccin conjugue contre le pneumocoque chez les enfants
en bas age. Une Declaration d'un Comite Consultatif (DCC). Can Commun Dis Rep [Internet]. 2006 May 1
[cited 2007 Jan 9];32(ACS-4):1-6. Available from: http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/publicat/ccdr-rmtc/06vol32/
acs-04/index.html English, French.
10. Journal article on the Internet with no author

Prevention strategies for asthma--secondary prevention. CMAJ [Internet]. 2005 Sep 13 [cited 2007 Jan 5];173(6
Suppl):S25-7. Available from: http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/173/6_suppl/S25
11. Journal article on the Internet with author affiliation

Bratu S (Division of Infectious Diseases, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY.
sbratu@aol.com), Landman D, Gupta J, Trehan M, Panwar M, Quale J. A population-based study examining the
emergence of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA300 in New York City. Ann
Clin Microbiol Antimicrob [Internet]. 2006 Nov 30 [cited 2007 Jan 10];5:Article 29 [6 p.]. Available from: http://
www.ann-clinmicrob.com/content/pdf/1476-0711-5-29.pdf
Jacobs JL (Department of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Honolulu, Honolulu, HI.
jjacobs@hawaii.edu.), Lee MT (Department of Pediatrics, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of
Honolulu, Honolulu, HI), Lindberg M (Office of Medical Education, John A. Burns School of Medicine,
University of Honolulu, Honolulu, HI), Kamin C (Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Health
Sciences Center, Denver, CO). Problem-based learning, multimedia, and a paucity of behavioral issue learning.
Med Educ Online [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2007 Jan 5]:[5 p.]. Available from: http://www.med-ed-online.org/pdf/
l0000006.pdf

González-López E, Cuerda-Galindo E. [The use of corpses and organs in research and medical education.
Lessons from history]. Med Clin (Barc) [Internet]. 2012 Apr 21 [cited 2012 Aug 11];138(10):441-4. Epub 2011
Mar 21. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025775311001370 Spanish. doi:
10.1016/j.medcli.2011.01.011
Treves R. [Dupuytren's disease]. Reumatismo [Internet]. 2006 Jul-Sep [cited 2007 Jan 10];58(3):239-42. Available
from: http://www.reumatismo.org/admin/filesArticoli/58-3-239.pdf Italian.
systematization of tools and measures]. Gac Sanit [Internet]. 2006 Nov-Dec [cited 2007 Jan 9];20(6):485-95.
Available from: http://db.doyma.es/cgi-bin/wdbcgi.exe/doyma/mrevista.pubmed_full?
Kanoh T. [IgD (kappa) myeloma with unusual manifestations: an exceptional form]. Tohoku J Exp Med
[Internet]. 1987 Aug [cited 2007 Jan 10];152(4):347-50. Available from: http://www.journalarchive.jst.go.jp/
jnlpdf.php?cdjournal=tjem1920&cdvol=152&noissue=4&startpage=347&lang=en&from=jnlabstract German.
with optional original language included
Treves R. La malattia di Dupuytren [Dupuytren's disease]. Reumatismo [Internet]. 2006 Jul-Sep [cited 2007 Jan
10];58(3):239-42. Available from: http://www.reumatismo.org/admin/filesArticoli/58-3-239.pdf Italian.
Terraza Nunez R, Vargas Lorenzo I, Vazquez Navarrete ML. La coordinacion entre niveles asistenciales: una
sistematizacion de sus instrumentos y medidas [Coordination among healthcare levels: systematization of tools
and measures]. Gac Sanit [Internet]. 2006 Nov-Dec [cited 2007 Jan 9];20(6):485-95. Available from: http://
db.doyma.es/cgi-bin/wdbcgi.exe/doyma/mrevista.pubmed_full?
Kanoh T. IgD (Kappa)-Myelom mit Ungewohnlichen Manifestationen: Eine Sonderform [IgD (kappa) myeloma
with unusual manifestations: an exceptional form]. Tohoku J Exp Med [Internet]. 1987 Aug [cited 2007 Jan
10];152(4):347-50. Available from: http://www.journalarchive.jst.go.jp/jnlpdf.php?
cdjournal=tjem1920&cdvol=152&noissue=4&startpage=347&lang=en&from=jnlabstract German.
13. Journal article on the Internet with equal text in two or more
languages
National Advisory Committee on Immunization (CA). Update on the recommendations for the routine use of
pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for infants. An Advisory Committee Statement (ACS) = Mise a jour des
recommandations relatives a l'utilisation courante du vaccin conjugue contre le pneumocoque chez les enfants
en bas age. Une Declaration d'un Comite Consultatif (DCC). Can Commun Dis Rep [Internet]. 2006 May 1
[cited 2007 Jan 9];32(ACS-4):1-6. Available from: http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/publicat/ccdr-rmtc/06vol32/
acs-04/index.html English, French.
SIAARTI Study Group for Safety in Anesthesia and Intensive Care. Raccomandazioni per il trasporto inter ed
intra ospedaliero del paziente critico = Recommendations on the transport of critically ill patient. Minerva
Anestesiol [Internet]. 2006 Oct [cited 2007 Jan 9];72(10):XXXVII-LVII. Available from: http://
www.minervamedica.it/index2.t?show=R02Y2006N10A0768F Italian, English.
14. Journal article on the Internet with Greek letters or other special
characters in the title
Doukas J, Wrasidlo W, Noronha G, Dneprovskaia E, Fine R, Weis S, Hood J, Demaria A, Soll R, Cheresh D.
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase γ/δ inhibition limits infarct size after myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Proc
Natl Acad Sci U S A [Internet]. 2006 Dec 26 [cited 2007 Jan 9];103(52):19866-71. Available from: http://
www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/103/52/19866
or
Doukas J, Wrasidlo W, Noronha G, Dneprovskaia E, Fine R, Weis S, Hood J, Demaria A, Soll R, Cheresh D.
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase gamma/delta inhibition limits infarct size after myocardial ischemia/reperfusion
injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A [Internet]. 2006 Dec 26 [cited 2007 Jan 9];103(52):19866-71. Available from:
http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/103/52/19866
Guan M, Chen Y. Aberrant expression of ΔNp73 in benign and malignant tumours of the prostate: correlation
with Gleason score. J Clin Pathol [Internet]. 2005 Nov [cited 2007 Jan 9];58(11):1175-9. Available from: http://
jcp.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/58/11/1175
or
Guan M, Chen Y. Aberrant expression of DeltaNp73 in benign and malignant tumours of the prostate:
correlation with Gleason score. J Clin Pathol [Internet]. 2005 Nov [cited 2007 Jan 9];58(11):1175-9. Available
from: http://jcp.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/58/11/1175
Superscripts/subscripts may be enclosed in parentheses if fonts not available
Langer R, Von Rahden BH, Nahrig J, Von Weyhern C, Reiter R, Feith M, Stein HJ, Siewert JR, Hofler H, Sarbia
M. Prognostic significance of expression patterns of c-erbB-2, p53, p16INK4A, p27KIP1, cyclin D1 and epidermal
growth factor receptor in oesophageal adenocarcinoma: a tissue microarray study. J Clin Pathol [Internet]. 2006
Jun [cited 2007 Jan 9];59(6):631-4. Available from: http://jcp.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/59/6/631
or
Langer R, Von Rahden BH, Nahrig J, Von Weyhern C, Reiter R, Feith M, Stein HJ, Siewert JR, Hofler H, Sarbia
M. Prognostic significance of expression patterns of c-erbB-2, p53, p16(INK4A), p27(KIP1), cyclin D1 and
epidermal growth factor receptor in oesophageal adenocarcinoma: a tissue microarray study. J Clin Pathol
[Internet]. 2006 Jun [cited 2007 Jan 9];59(6):631-4. Available from: http://jcp.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/59/6/631

Davidson A. Preventing adverse drug events [letter]. CMAJ [Internet]. 2007 Jan 2 [cited 2007 Jan 9];176(1):67-8.
Available from: http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/reprint/176/1/67-a
Eglen SJ, Weeks M, Jessop M, Simonotto J, Jackson T, Sernagor E. A data repository and analysis framework for
spontaneous neural activity recordings in developing retina [dataset description]. GigaScience [Internet]. 2014
Mar 26 [cited 2014 Oct 3];3:Article 3 [12 p.]. Available from: http://www.gigasciencejournal.com/content/3/1/3
doi: 10.1186/2047-217X-3-3 PubMed PMID: 24666584; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4076503.
Flegel K. Biographies of healers [book review]. CMAJ [Internet]. 2007 Jul 3 [cited 2008 Feb 19];177(1):70.
Available from: http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/177/1/70
Xu J, Su Z, Hong H, Thierry-Mieg J, Thierry-Mieg D, Krell DP, Mason CE, Tong W, Shi L. Cross-platform
ultradeep transcriptomic profiling of human reference RNA samples by RNA-Seq [dataset description]. Sci Data
[Internet]. 2014 Aug 26 [cited 2014 Oct 3];1:Article 140020 [8 p.]. Available from: http://www.nature.com/
articles/sdata201420 doi: 10.1038/sdata.2014.20
16. Journal article on the Internet with optional full journal title
Yeung PK, Feng JD, Fice D. Exercise hemodynamic and neurohormone responses as sensitive biomarkers for
diltiazem in rats. Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2007 Jan
10];9(2):245-51. Available from: http://www.ualberta.ca/~csps/JPPS9_2/Dr_Yeung/MS_562.htm
Pattison MA, Webster TJ, Haberstroh KM. Select bladder smooth muscle cell functions were enhanced on three-
dimensional, nano-structured poly(ether urethane) scaffolds. J Biomater Sci (Polym Ed) [Internet]. 2006 [cited
2007 Jan 8];17(11):1317-32. Available from: http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/vsp/bsp/
2006/00000017/00000011/art00008?
token=0053155c75b2c2f653b2a2d3a7c4e7247704f7e41225f406a532c6b67547d3f46627051fb9a634cc1dd

Nomura K, Nakao M, Sato M, Yano E. Regular prescriptions for benzodiazepines: a cross-sectional study of
outpatients at a university hospital. Intern Med [serial on the Internet]. 2006 [cited 2007 Jan 10];45(22):1279-83.
Available from: http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/internalmedicine/45/22/1279/_pdf
19. Journal article on the Internet with month(s)/day(s) included in date

of publication
Oseni S, Misztal I, Tsuruta S, Rekaya R. Genetic components of days open under heat stress. J Dairy Sci
[Internet]. 2004 Sep [cited 2007 Jan 9];87(9):3022-8. Available from: http://jds.fass.org/cgi/content/
full/87/9/3022
Finall AI, McIntosh SA, Thompson WD. Subcutaneous inflammation mimicking metastatic malignancy induced
by injection of mistletoe extract. BMJ [Internet]. 2006 Dec 23 [cited 2007 Jan 9];333(7582):1293-4. Available
from: http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/333/7582/1293
Huh J, Cude BJ. Is the information "fair and balanced" in direct-to-consumer prescription drug website? J Health
Commun [Internet]. 2004 Nov-Dec [cited 2007 Jan 5];9(6):529-40. Available from: http://
journals.taylorandfrancis.com/forms/hcm/9_529.pdf
20. Journal article on the Internet with season(s) included in date of

publication
Withers R, Casson R, Shrimplin A. Narrowcasting to faculty and students: creating an efficient "research by
subject" page. Electron J Acad Spec Librariansh [Internet]. 2005 Winter [cited 2005 Dec 28];6(3):[about 11 p.].
Available from: http://southernlibrarianship.icaap.org/content/v06n03/withers_r01.htm
Ipp M, Cohen E, Goldbach M, Macarthur C. Pain response to M-M-R vaccination in 4-6 year old children. Can J
Clin Pharmacol [Internet]. 2006 Fall [cited 2007 Jan 9];13(3):e296-9. Available from: http://www.cjcp.ca/pdf/
CJCP06-022_e296-e299F.pdf

Bernhardt JM, Felter EM. Online pediatric information seeking among mothers of young children: results from
a qualitative study using focus groups. J Med Internet Res [Internet]. 2004 Mar 1 [updated 2006 Dec 10; cited
2007 Jan 5];6(1):e7 [about 13 p.]. Available from: http://www.jmir.org/2004/1/e7/.
Burke KJ, Paton D. Well-being in protective services personnel: organisational influences. Australas J Disaster
Trauma Stud [Internet]. 2006 [changed 2006 Sep 26; cited 2007 Jan 8];2006(2):[about 17 p.]. Available from:
http://www.massey.ac.nz/%7Etrauma/issues/2006-2/burke.htm
Le L, Lee E, Schulten K, Truong TN. Molecular modeling of swine influenza A/H1N1, Spanish H1N1, and avian
H5N1 flu N1 neuraminidases bound to Tamiflu and Relenza. Version 4. PLoS Curr [Internet]. 2009 Aug 27
[revised 2011 Mar 14; cited 2011 Jun 8];3:RRN1015. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/
PMC2762416/?tool=pubmed PubMed PMID: 20029609; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2762416.
22. Journal article on the Internet with date having a supplement

Gaal P. Benefits and entitlements in the Hungarian health care system. Eur J Health Econ [Internet]. 2005 Dec
[cited 2007 Jan 10];Suppl:37-45. Available from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?
tool=pubmed&pubmedid=16267656
Garg RK, Tandon S. Smoking habits of adolescents and the role of dentists. J Contemp Dent Pract [Internet].
2006 May 1 [cited 2007 Jan 9];7(2):120-9. Available from: http://www.thejcdp.com/issue026/pdfs_web/garg.pdf
24. Journal article on the Internet with volume having a subdivision

other than an issue
sublanguage: a comparative evaluation of three approaches. BMC Bioinformatics [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2007 Jan
9];7 Suppl 3:Article S2 [9 p.]. Available from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?
artid=1764446&blobtype=pdf
Duong CA, Sepulveda CA, Graham JB, Dickson KA. Mitochondrial proton leak rates in the slow, oxidative
myotomal muscle and liver of the endothermic shortfin mako shark (Isurus oxyrinchus) and the ectothermic
blue shark (Prionace glauca) and leopard shark (Triakis semifasciata). J Exp Biol [Internet]. 2006 Jul [cited 2007
Jan 9];209(Pt 14):2678-85. Available from: http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/content/full/209/14/2678
Wilcox LS. Health education from 1775 to 2005. Prev Chronic Dis [Internet]. 2005 Nov [cited 2007 Jan 5];2 Spec
No:[about 5 screens]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2005/nov/05_0134.htm
25. Journal article on the Internet with volume but no issue or other
subdivision
Wolfe L. America's fidelity crisis: politics, hypocrisy and family values. Electron J Hum Sex [Internet]. 2006 Oct
25 [cited 2007 Jan 5];9:[about 8 p.]. Available from: http://www.ejhs.org/volume9/Wolfe.htm

Suber P. Providing open access to past research articles, starting with the most important. SPARC Open Access
Newsl [Internet]. 2004 Jun 2 [cited 2007 Jan 10];(74):[about 3 screens]. Available from: http://www.earlham.edu/
~peters/fos/newsletter/06-02-04.htm#unbind
27. Journal article on the Internet with issue having a subdivision

Hsueh YS, Lee SY, Huang YT. Effects of global budgeting on the distribution of dentists and use of dental care in
Taiwan. Health Serv Res [Internet]. 2004 Dec [cited 2007 Jan 9];39(6 Pt 2):2135-53. Available from: http://
www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=15544648
Brain tumor registry of Japan. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) [Internet]. 1992 [cited 2007 Jan 9];32(7 Spec
No):381-547. Available from: http://www.journalarchive.jst.go.jp/english/jnltoc_en.php?
cdjournal=nmc1959&cdvol=32&noissue=7
28. Journal article on the Internet without standard volume or issue, but
with article number
Cunningham PJ, May JH. Medicaid patients increasingly concentrated among physicians. Tracking Reports
[Internet]. 2006 Aug [cited 2007 Mar 20]:Report 16 [5 p.]. Available from: http://www.hschange.com/
CONTENT/866/866.pdf
Aoki TT, Grecu EO, Arcangeli MA, Meisenheimer R. Effect of intensive insulin therapy on abnormal circadian
blood pressure pattern in patients with type I diabetes mellitus. Online J Curr Clin Trials [Internet]. 1995 Dec 15
[cited 2007 Jan 4]:Doc No 199 [about 10 screens]. Available from: http://www.oclc.org/firstsearch/. Subscription
required to view.
29. Journal article on the Internet without standard volume, issue, or

article number
Jacobs JL, Lee MT, Lindberg M, Kamin C. Problem-based learning, multimedia, and a paucity of behavioral
issue learning. Med Educ Online [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2007 Jan 5]:[5 p.]. Available from: http://www.med-ed-
online.org/pdf/l0000006.pdf
O'Neill M, Dupere S. Health promotion: the next generations. Rev Health Promot Educ Online [Internet]. 2005
[cited 2007 Jan 10]:[10 paragraphs]. Available from: http://www.rhpeo.org/reviews/2005/10/index.htm
30. Journal article on the Internet with location expressed as standard

page numbers
Blair SN, Haskell WL. Objectively measured physical activity and mortality in older adults. JAMA [Internet].
2006 Jul 12 [cited 2007 Jan 9];296(2):216-8. Available from: http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/296/2/216
Kim J, Lee D, Jung U, Kim C. Photoacoustic imaging platforms for multimodal imaging. Ultrasonography
[Internet]. 2015 Apr [cited 2015 Apr 28];34(2):88-97. Epub 2015 Feb 16. Available from: http://
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4372714/.
31. Journal article on the Internet with a letter included in the page
numbers
with letter before the numbers
with letter after the numbers
Goodacre R. Metabolomics of a superorganism. J Nutr [Internet]. 2007 Jan [cited 2007 Jan 9];137(1):259S-266S.
Available from: http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/137/1/259S
32. Journal article on the Internet with roman numerals for page
numbers
Meyer G, Foster N, Christrup S, Eisenberg J. Setting a research agenda for medical errors and patient safety.
Health Serv Res [Internet]. 2001 Apr [cited 2007 Jan 9];36(1 Pt 1):x-xx. Available from: http://
www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1089210&blobtype=pdf
SIAARTI Study Group for Safety in Anesthesia and Intensive Care. Raccomandazioni per il trasporto inter ed
intra ospedaliero del paziente critico = Recommendations on the transport of critically ill patient. Minerva
Anestesiol [Internet]. 2006 Oct [cited 2007 Jan 9];72(10):XXXVII-LVII. Available from: http://
www.minervamedica.it/index2.t?show=R02Y2006N10A0768F Italian, English.
33. Journal article on the Internet with location/extent expressed as

estimated number of screens
Wilcox LS. Health education from 1775 to 2005. Prev Chronic Dis [Internet]. 2005 Nov [cited 2007 Jan 5];2 Spec
No:[about 5 screens]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2005/nov/05_0134.htm
Bagheri A, Ferdosi A, Bottros A, Hunter D. Unilateral superior rectus aplasia without craniofacial anomaly. Digit
J Ophthalmol [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2007 Jan 5];11(5):[about 4 screens]. Available from: http://
www.djo.harvard.edu/site.php?url=/physicians/oa/883

estimated number of pages
Withers R, Casson R, Shrimplin A. Narrowcasting to faculty and students: creating an efficient "research by
subject" page. Electron J Acad Spec Librariansh [Internet]. 2005 Winter [cited 2005 Dec 28];6(3):[about 11 p.].
Available from: http://southernlibrarianship.icaap.org/content/v06n03/withers_r01.htm
Delwiche A. Agenda-setting, opinion leadership, and the world of Web logs. First Monday [Internet] 2005 [cited
2007 Jan 10];10(12):[about 17 p.]. Available from: http://firstmonday.org/issues/issue10_12/delwiche/index.html
Chillemi G, De Santis S, Falconi M, Mancini G, Migliorati V, Battistoni A, Pacello F, Desideri A, D'Angelo P.
Carbon monoxide binding to the heme group at the dimeric interface modulates structure and copper
accessibility in the Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase from Haemophilus ducreyi: in silico and in vitro evidences. J
Biomol Struct Dyn [Internet]. 2012 Jun 11 [cited 2012 Jun 14]:[about 11 p.]. Available from: http://
www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07391102.2012.680028 Epub ahead of print. PubMed PMID: 22686457.

paragraphs
Steinberg K. Wellness in every stage of life: a new paradigm for public health programs. Prev Chronic Dis
[Internet]. 2007 Jan [cited 2007 Jan 10];4(1):[12 paragraphs]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/
2007/jan/06_0120.htm
Maher-Brisen P. Letter to the editor on "Nurse Safety: Have We Addressed the Risks?" Online J Issues Nurs
[Internet]. 2006 Mar 27 [cited 2007 Jan 10];11(2):Letter 1 [4 paragraphs]. Available from: http://
www.nursingworld.org/ojin/letters/t22e6.htm
36. Journal article on the Internet with location/extent expressed as an

article number
Baud A, Guryev V, Hummel O, Johannesson M, Flint J. Genomes and phenomes of a population of outbred rats
and its progenitors [dataset description]. Sci Data [Internet]. 2014 Jun 10 [cited 2014 Jun 27];1:Article 140011
[14 p.]. Available from: http://www.nature.com/articles/sdata201411 doi: 10.1038/sdata.2014.11
Boutin-Foster C. In spite of good intentions: patients' perspectives on problematic social support interactions.
Health Qual Life Outcomes [Internet]. 2005 Sep 5 [cited 2007 Jan 5];3(1):Article 52 [about 12 screens]. Available
from: http://www.hqlo.com/content/3/1/52
Cipriano Silva M, Ludwick R. Is the doctor of nursing practice ethical? Online J Issues Nurs [Internet]. 2006 Mar
20 [cited 2007 Jan 10];11(2):Ethics 1 [about 8 p.]. Available from: http://nursingworld.org/ojin/ethicol/
ethics_17.htm
Zozulya S, Echeverri F, Nguyen T. The human olfactory receptor repertoire. Genome Biol [Internet]. 2001 [cited
2007 Jan 5];2(6):research0018.1-0018.12 [about 21 p.]. Available from: http://genomebiology.com/2001/2/6/
research/0018/.
Bernhardt JM, Felter EM. Online pediatric information seeking among mothers of young children: results from
a qualitative study using focus groups. J Med Internet Res [Internet]. 2004 Mar 1 [updated 2006 Dec 10; cited
2007 Jan 5];6(1):e7 [about 13 p.]. Available from: http://www.jmir.org/2004/1/e7/.
Ahmad F, Hogg-Johnson S, Skinner HA. Assessing patient attitudes to computerized screening in primary care:
psychometric properties of the computerized lifestyle assessment scale. J Med Internet Res [Internet]. 2008 Apr
18 [cited 2008 Nov 17];10(2):e11 [about 14 p.]. Available from: http://www.jmir.org/2008/2/e11/. Free full text
article.
Lobb WB, Wilkin NE, McCaffrey DJ 3rd, Wilson MC, Bentley JP. The predictive utility of nontraditional test
scores for first-year pharmacy student academic performance. Am J Pharm Educ [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2007 Jan
5];70(6):Article 128 [6 p.]. Available from: http://www.ajpe.org/aj7006/aj7006128/aj7006128.pdf
Pasanen K, Parkkari J, Pasanen M, Hiilloskorpi H, Mäkinen T, Järvinen M, Kannus P. Neuromuscular training
and the risk of leg injuries in female floorball players: cluster randomised controlled study. BMJ [Internet]. 2008
Jul 1 [cited 2008 Nov 17];337:a295 [7 p.]. Available from: http://www.bmj.com/cgi/reprint/337/jul01_2/a295 Free
full text article. doi: 10.1136/bmj.a295
37. Journal article on the Internet that is a podcast

Tilson J. Commentary on Perry SB, et al., Predicting caregiver assistance required for sit-to-stand following
rehabilitation for acute stroke. J Neurol Phys Ther [Internet]. 2006 Mar [cited 2007 Jan 8];30(1):[Podcast: about 3
min.]. Available from: http://www.scienceaudio.net/jnpt/jnpt.html
38. Journal article on the Internet with indication that a discussion or

other text follows it
Splawinski J, Fox R, Hall H, Fisher CG, Dvorak M. Imaging for spinal surgery. Can J Surg [Internet]. 2006 Oct
[cited 2007 Jan 10];49(5):311-2; discussion 313. Available from: http://www.cma.ca/multimedia/staticContent/
HTML/N0/l2/cjs/vol-49/issue-5/pdf/pg311.pdf
Kritsaneepaiboon S, Jaruratanasirikul S, Dissaneevate S. Clinics in diagnostic imaging (112). Perinatal lethal
hypophosphatasia (PLH). Singapore Med J [Internet]. 2006 Nov [cited 2007 Jan 10];47(11):987-92; quiz 993.
Available from: http://www.sma.org.sg/smj/4711/4711me1.pdf
Vos E. Multitherapy for diabetes. CMAJ [Internet]. 2006 Nov 7 [cited 2007 Jan 10];175(10):1246-7; author reply
1247. Available from: http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/reprint/175/10/1246-a
39. Journal article on the Internet with DOI provided

Harrison JJ, Ceri H, Yerly J, Stremick CA, Hu Y, Martinuzzi R, Turner RJ. The use of microscopy and three-
dimensional visualization to evaluate the structure of microbial biofilms cultivated in the Calgary Biofilm
Device. Biol Proc Online [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2007 Jan 8];8(1):194-215. Available from: http://
www.biologicalprocedures.com/bpo/arts/1/127/m127.pdf doi: 10.1251/bpo127
Puri S, O'Brian MR. The hmuQ and hmuD genes from Bradyrhizobium japonicum encode heme-degrading
enzymes. J Bacteriol [Internet]. 2006 Sep [cited 2007 Jan 8];188(18):6476-82. Available from: http://
jb.asm.org/cgi/content/full/188/18/6476?view=long&pmid=16952937 doi: 10.1128/JB.00737-06
Pasanen K, Parkkari J, Pasanen M, Hiilloskorpi H, Mäkinen T, Järvinen M, Kannus P. Neuromuscular training
and the risk of leg injuries in female floorball players: cluster randomised controlled study. BMJ [Internet]. 2008
Jul 1 [cited 2008 Nov 17];337:a295 [7 p.]. Available from: http://www.bmj.com/cgi/reprint/337/jul01_2/a295 Free
full text article. doi: 10.1136/bmj.a295
40. Journal article on the Internet with system requirements

Crum LA, Bailey MR, Guan J, Hilmo PR, Kargl SG, Matula TJ, Sapozhnikov OA. Monitoring bubble growth in
supersaturated blood and tissue ex vivo and the relevance to marine mammal bioeffects. Acoust Res Lett Online
[Internet]. 2005 Jul [cited 2007 Jan 10];6(3):214-20. Available from: http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/
GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=ARLOFJ000006000003000214000001&idtype=cvips Accompanied by: 2
videos. System Requirements: Browser must be able to handle javascript and other advanced features; Adobe
Acrobat and QuickTime required.
41. Journal article on the Internet accompanied by other material

Wolfe L. America's fidelity crisis: politics, hypocrisy and family values. Electron J Hum Sex [Internet]. 2006 Oct
25 [cited 2007 Jan 5];9:[about 8 p.]. Available from: http://www.ejhs.org/volume9/Wolfe.htm Accompanied by:
PowerPoint slides.
Grohmann DG, Hathaway BA. 1-Nitro-3-[(phenylsulfonyl)methyl]benzene. Molbank [Internet]. 2006 Sep [cited
2007 Jan 5];2006:M500 [about 2 screens]. Available from: http://www.mdpi.org/molbank/molbank2006/
m500.htm Accompanied by: MOL file available from: http://www.mdpi.org/molbank/molbank2006.htm#new
Crum LA, Bailey MR, Guan J, Hilmo PR, Kargl SG, Matula TJ, Sapozhnikov OA. Monitoring bubble growth in
supersaturated blood and tissue ex vivo and the relevance to marine mammal bioeffects. Acoust Res Lett Online
[Internet]. 2005 Jul [cited 2007 Jan 10];6(3):214-20. Available from: http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/
GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=ARLOFJ000006000003000214000001&idtype=cvips Accompanied by: 2
videos.
42. Journal article on the Internet with note

Shope JT. Influences on youthful driving behavior and their potential for guiding interventions to reduce
crashes. Inj Prev [Internet]. 2006 Jun [cited 2007 Jan 9];12 Suppl 1:i9-14. Available from: http://ip.bmj.com/cgi/
content/full/12/suppl_1/i9 Review.
sublanguage: a comparative evaluation of three approaches. BMC Bioinformatics [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2007 Jan
9];7 Suppl 3:Article S2 [9 p.]. Available from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?
artid=1764446&blobtype=pdf From a paper presented at the 2nd International Symposium on Semantic Mining
in Biomedicine (SMBM), Jena, Germany, April 2006.
Heppner HJ, Bauer JM, Sieber CC, Bertsch T. Laboratory aspects relating to the detection and prevention of
frailty. Int J Prev Med [Internet]. 2010 Summer [cited 2011 Jul 1];1(3):149-57. Available from: http://
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3075524/?tool=pubmed PubMed PMID: 21566784; PubMed Central
PMCID: PMC3075524. Authorship note: Heppner HJ and Bauer JM contributed equally.
Flegel K. Biographies of healers [book review]. CMAJ [Internet]. 2007 Jul 3 [cited 2008 Feb 19];177(1):70.
Available from: http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/177/1/70 Review of: Bynum WF, Bynum H, editors.
Dictionary of Medical Biography. Westport (CT): Greenwood Press; c2007.
Prystowsky EN. A conversation about sudden unexpected death (SUDA) in "healthy" adults, adults with known
heart disease, athletes, adolescents, and infants (SIDS) [interview]. MedGenMed [Internet]. 2007 Dec 19 [cited
2008 Feb 19];9(4):61. Available from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?
tool=pubmed&pubmedid=1831141 Interview by George D. Lundberg.
Chughtai T, Chiavaras MM, Sharkey P, Shulman H, Miller HA. Pericardial rupture with cardiac herniation. Can
J Surg [Internet]. 2008 Oct [cited 2008 Nov 18];51(5):E101-2. Available from: http://
www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=18841214 Free full text article.
PMCID: PMC2556525.
Suk J, Lyall C, Tait J. Mapping the future dynamics of disease transmission: risk analysis in the United Kingdom
Foresight Programme on the detection and identification of infectious diseases. Euro Surveill [Internet]. 2008
Oct 30 [cited 2008 Nov 17];13(44):[7 p.]. Available from: http://www.eurosurveillance.org/images/dynamic/EE/
V13N44/art19021.pdf PII: 19021. Cited in: PubMed; PMID 19000560.
Garcia RV, Kraehenmann MA, Bezerra FJ, Mendes CM, Rapp GE. Clinical analysis of the soft tissue integration
of non-submerged (ITI) and submerged (3i) implants: a prospective-controlled cohort study. Clin Oral Implants
Res [Internet]. 2008 Oct [cited 2008 Nov 17];19(10):991-6. Available from: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/
cgi-bin/fulltext/121409760/PDFSTART Subscription required to view full text. doi: 10.1111/
j.1600-0501.2007.01345.x Cited in: PubMed; PMID 18828814.
43. Part of a journal article on the Internet

Burke KJ, Paton D. Well-being in protective services personnel: organisational influences. Australas J Disaster
Trauma Stud [Internet]. 2006;2006(2):[about 17 p.]. Figure 3, The overall structural model, showing the relative
strength of each pathway examined; [cited 2007 Jan 8]; [about 1 screen]. Available from: http://
www.massey.ac.nz/%7Etrauma/issues/2006-2/burke.htm
Happell B. The Influence of education on the career preferences of undergraduate nursing students. Aust
Electron J Nurs Educ [Internet]. 2002 Apr;8(1):[about 12 p.]. Table 2, The relative popularity of nursing career
choices (Post-test); [cited 2007 Jan 8]; [about 1 screen]. Available from: http://www.scu.edu.au/schools/nhcp/
aejne/vol8-1/refereed/happell_max.html
Petretti C, Savoian M, Montembault E, Glover DM, Prigent C, Giet R. The PITSLRE/CDK11p58 protein kinase
promotes centrosome maturation and bipolar spindle formation. EMBO Rep [Internet]. 2006 Apr;7(4):418-24.
Epub 2006 Feb 3. Figure 3, Cyclin-dependent kinase 11 depletion prevents efficient bipolar spindle formation,
microtubule nucleation and centrosomal recruitment of Aurora A and Plk1 proteins; [cited 2010 Oct 25]; p. 421.
Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1456919/pdf/7400639.pdf PubMed PMID:
16462731; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC1456919.
B. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Entire Journal Titles

on the Internet
The general format for a reference to an entire Internet journal title, including punctuation:
Examples of Citations to Entire Journal Titles on the Internet

hyphen and three spaces. If a journal has ceased publication, as in example two, separate the beginning and
ending volume and date information with a hyphen surrounded by a space. See also Chapter 1C Entire Journal
Titles for additional examples of the specific parts of a citation.
Journal titles on the Internet are often electronic versions of print journal titles or have migrated from
videocassette, audiocassette, or CD-ROM form. Increasingly journals are published directly for the Internet to
enable hyperlinking, to include complex graphics, and to run multimedia such as film clips and sound. Volume
and issue information has changed the most with Internet journals, particularly those without print
counterparts. Many publishers omit volume and issue numbers, substituting an article numbering scheme or
simply using the date the item was placed on the Internet as an identifier. See examples 29 and 30.
A journal title on the Internet is cited similar to journals in print, but with these major exceptions:
• Use the word "Internet" in square brackets as the Type of Medium after the journal title.
• Include a date of citation in square brackets following the beginning date of publication for a open journal
and the ending date of a closed one.
• Provide the URL or other electronic address of the title.
It is important to cite the version you saw. Many journal titles with both print and Internet versions do not carry
the same exact content. If you viewed a journal title on the Internet, do not cite it as if it were a print one.
However, it may be useful to begin a citation to an Internet journal by first locating all of the information needed
to cite it as if it were a print publication, then add the Internet-specific items. For example:
Print information
Family Practice. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press.
Vol. 1, No. 1, Mar 1984 - .
Family Practice [Internet]. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press. Vol. 1, No. 1, Mar 1984 - [cited 2007
Jan 25]. Available from: http://fampra.oupjournals.org/.
the latest title and publisher unless you are citing an earlier version.
To cite all volumes for an Internet journal that changed title, provide a separate citation for each title. For
example:
European Journal of Biochemistry [Internet]. Oxford (UK): Blackwell Science Ltd. Vol. 259, No. 1-2, Jan
1999 - Vol. 271, No. 23-24, Dec 2004 [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://content.febsjournal.org/.
Print version began in 1967. Continues: Biochemische Zeitschrift. Continued by: FEBS Journal.
The FEBS Journal [Internet]. Oxford (UK): Blackwell Publishing, Inc. Vol. 272, No. 1, Jan 2005 - [cited
2007 Jan 29]. Available from: http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/servlet/useragent?
func=showIssues&code=ejb Continues: European Journal of Biochemistry.
Journals that have migrated to the Internet from other formats or that maintain both print and online versions
may not change titles, but may only have recent volumes available online. When citing the Internet version, give
volume and date information for only those that are online accessible. You may include information on other
volumes as a note. For example:
American Journal of Kidney Diseases: the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation [Internet].
Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. Vol. 31, No. 1, Jan 1998 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://
www.ajkd.org/issues Print version began with Vol. 1, 1981.
Do not confuse the publisher with the organization that maintains the Web site for the publisher. If wording
such as "this site is maintained by XYZ Corporation for ABC Organization" appears, use ABC Organization as
the publisher and XYZ Corporation as the distributor. Publisher information is required in a citation; distributor
information may be included as a note if desired.
If a journal on the Internet does not have a formal title page or table of contents, look to the opening screens, the
bottom or closing screens, links from the sidebar, and the source code (viewable through the Web browser) to
locate citation information.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Entire Journal Titles on the Internet.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Entire Journal Titles on the Internet.
Citation Rules with Examples for Entire Journal Titles on the

Internet
Number (R) | Issue Number (R) | Date of Publication (R) | Date of Citation (R) | Availability (R) | Language (R) |
Notes (O)
Title for Journal Titles on the Internet (required)

• Use whatever capitalization and punctuation are found in the title
• Follow a non-English title with a translation when possible; place the translation in square brackets


Deutsche Zeitschrift fur Sportmedizin [Internet].

⚬ Romanize (write in the roman alphabet) the title if it is in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean,
or in a character-based language (Chinese, Japanese)
Pernatyie Khishchniki [Internet].
Zhongguo hua xue kuai bao [Internet].
⚬ It is not NLM practice, but you may translate journal titles in character-based languages.
Chinese Chemical Letters [Internet].
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
square brackets
Deutsche Zeitschrift fur Sportmedizin [Internet]. Koln (Germany): Deutscher Arzte-Verlag. Vol. 49,
No. 1, 1998 - [cited 2007 Jan 29]. Available from: http://www.zeitschrift-sportmedizin.de/
zeitschr.htm German.

• For a journal appearing in two or more equal languages, as often occurs with Canadian journals:
⚬ Begin with the title in the first language found, in order of preference: on the opening screens, the
bottom or closing screens, links from the sidebar, and the source code
⚬ List all the languages, separated by commas, after the availability statement
Example:
Actualites en Bref pour Maladies Infectieuses = Infectious Diseases News Brief [Internet].
Ottawa (ON): Public Health Agency of Canada. Jan 7, 2000 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available
from: http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/bid-bmi/dsd-dsm/nb-ab/index.html ; http://www.phac-
aspc.gc.ca/bid-bmi/dsd-dsm/nb-ab/index_f.html French, English.
⚬ Give the title in the first language found, in order of preference: on the opening screens, the bottom
or closing screens, links from the sidebar, and the source code
Examples:
Action Against Infection: a Newsletter for WHO and Its Partners [Internet]. Geneva: World
Health Organization, CDS Information Resource Centre. No. 1, Dec 1999 - Vol. 4, No. 5, 2nd
Semester 2004 [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.who.int/infectious-disease-
news/newsletter/. English, French, Spanish.
Alasbimn Journal: Revista de Medicina Nuclear [Internet]. Santiago (Chile): Universidad de
Chile. Year 1, No. 1, Sep 1998 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://
www2.alasbimnjournal.cl/alasbimn/CDA/CDA_Journal_Index/. Spanish, English.

• End all title information with the medium of the journal, placed in square brackets, followed by a period
Example:
Physician's Weekly (Surgery Edition) [Internet]. Englishtown (NJ): Physician's Weekly, LLC. Vol. 1,
No. 1, Jan 12, 2004 - [cited 2007 Jan 29]. Available from: http://www.physiciansweekly.com/
index_se.asp
Examples for Title

1. Standard Internet journal title that is still being published
2. Standard Internet journal title that has ceased publication
3. Internet journal title with subtitle
4. Internet journal title with lowercase or capital letters/special characters
5. Internet journal title with section or part
6. Internet journal title with edition
7. Internet journal title not in English
8. Internet journal title not in English, with optional translation
9. Internet journal title published in multiple languages
10. Internet journal title published in two or more equal languages
36. Internet journal title previously published under another name
37. Internet journal title continuing to be published under another name
Edition for Journal Titles on the Internet (required)

version


⚬ Follow the title and edition information with the medium of the journal, placed in square brackets
Example:
Rivista Italiana di Gastroenterologia (Edizione Endoscopia Digestiva) [Internet].
• For an edition statement in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean, or in a character-based language such
as Chinese and Japanese:
⚬ Follow the title and edition information with the medium of the journal, placed in square brackets
Example:
Deltio Nosokomeiakes Pharmakeutikes (Epistemonike Ekdosis) [Internet].
language
▪ Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in titles. This rule ignores some conventions
used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications.
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
⚬ To help identify editions in other languages, below is a brief list of Non-English words for editions
with their abbreviations, if any (n.a. = not abbreviated):
Danish Oplag n.a.
Dutch Uitgave Uitg
Editie Ed


French Edition Ed
German Ausgabe Ausg
Greek Ekdosis Ekd
Italian Edizione Ed
Russian Izdanie Izd
Spanish Edicion Ed

Type of Medium for Journal Titles on the Internet (required)

• Place the word Internet in square brackets following the title (and Edition, if present)
• See Chapter 19B for journal titles on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk; see Chapter 16B for journals in audiovisual
formats

Editor for Journal Titles on the Internet (optional)

• Enter the editor's name in natural order, such as John A. Jones


one letter
Iu. A. Iakontov
G. Th. Tsakalos
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
French redacteur
editeur
German redakteur
herausgeber
Italian redattore
curatore


editore
Russian redaktor
izdatel
Spanish redactor
editor
Examples for Editor

11. Internet journal title with current editor name provided
Place of Publication for Journal Titles on the Internet (required)

to avoid confusion when citing lesser known cities or when cities in different locations have same name,
such as Palm Springs (CA) and Palm Springs (FL)

• Non-US cities
Some journals on the Internet do not display a traditional title page that clearly states the place of publication.
• Look for the place at the top, bottom, or sidebar of the first screen or the bottom of the last screen of the
journal site
or similar link
• Look in the source code for the journal if it is displayed by the Web browser
⚬ Place the name in square brackets if the city can be reasonably inferred; for example, Chicago as the
place of publication of a journal issued by the American Medical Association
NCI Cancer Bulletin [Internet]. [Bethesda (MD)]: National Cancer Institute (US). Vol. 1, No.
1, Jan 6, 2004 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://cancer.gov/ncicancerbulletin
⚬ Use [place unknown] if it is not possible to infer or otherwise locate the city
Thoracic Surgical Science [Internet]. [place unknown]: GMS. Vol. 1, 2004 - [cited 2007 Jan
25]. Available from: http://www.egms.de/en/journals/tss/index.shtml

• Use the anglicized form for the name of a city, such as Rome for Roma and Moscow for Moskva, when
possible
Montreal (QC):
Ottawa (ON):
name of the country, either written out or as the two-letter ISO country code (see Appendix D). Use the
anglicized form of the name, such as Spain for Espana. Place the country name or code in parentheses.
London:
Rome:
Paris:
Madrid:
but

• If a journal changed publishers over the years or if the publisher changed its location, give the place of
publication of the current (or last) publisher
• If more than one place of publication is found for the publisher, use the first one or the one set in the
largest type or in bold type. Do not give multiple places of publication.

Nurse-zine [Internet]. [Minneapolis (MN)]: allnurses.com. Vol. 1, No. 1, Aug. 29, 1997 - [cited 2007
Jan 25]. Available from: http://allnurses.com/Nurse-zine/.
Thoracic Surgical Science [Internet]. [place unknown]: GMS. Vol. 1, 2004 - [cited 2007 Jan 25].
Available from: http://www.egms.de/en/journals/tss/index.shtml

12. Internet journal title with well-known place of publication
13. Internet journal title with geographic qualifier added to place of publication for clarity
14. Internet journal title with place of publication inferred
15. Internet journal title with unknown place of publication
21. Internet journal title with unknown place of publication and publisher
Publisher for Journal Titles on the Internet (required)



Some journals on the Internet do not display a traditional title page that clearly states the name of the publisher.
• Look for the publisher at the top, bottom, or sidebar of the first screen or the bottom of the last screen of
the journal's site
• Look in the source code for the journal if it is displayed by the Web browser
• If wording such as "this site is maintained by XYZ Corporation for ABC Organization" appears, use ABC
Organization as the publisher and XYZ Corporation as the distributor. Publisher information is required
• If no publisher can be identified, use [publisher unknown]
The International Journal of Forensic Psychology [Internet]. [Australia]: [publisher unknown]. Vol.
1, No. 1, May 2003 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://pandora.nla.gov.au/tep/35811

Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Ltd. for Limited
Soc. for Society
all references.

• Give publisher names in the roman alphabet (French, Spanish, Italian, etc.) in their original languages
• Romanize names in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean, and character-based languages (Chinese,
Japanese)
Botucatu (Brazil): Universidade Estadual Paulista, Centro de Estudos de Venenos e Animais
Peconhentos.
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
brackets.
• As an option, you may translate all publisher names not in English. Place the name in square brackets
unless it is given in the publication.
Appendix D)
the publisher and include distributor information as a note, if desired.

• If a journal changed publishers over the years, give the name of the current (or last) publisher
• If more than one publisher is found for a journal, use the first one given or the one set in the largest type or
set in bold
• An alternative is to use the publisher likely to be most familiar to the audience of the reference list, such as
an American publisher for a US audience and a London publisher for a British one
• Do not list multiple publishers. For journals with joint or co-publishers, use the name provided first as the
publisher. Include the name of the other publisher(s) as a note, if desired.
Example:
Neurosurgical Focus [Internet]. Charlottesville (VA): American Association of Neurological
Surgeons. Vol. 1, No. 1, Jul 1996 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.aans.org/
education/journal/neurosurgical/default.asp Jointly published by the Journal of Neurosurgery.

• For journals with joint or co-publishers, use the name provided first as the publisher found, in order of
preference: on the opening screens, the bottom or closing screens, links from the sidebar, and the source
code
• Include the name of the other publisher(s) as a note, if desired
Example:
Neurosurgical Focus [Internet]. Charlottesville (VA): American Association of Neurological

Surgeons. Vol. 1, No. 1, Jul 1996 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.aans.org/
education/journal/neurosurgical/default.asp Jointly published by the Journal of Neurosurgery.

• If no publisher can be determined, use [publisher unknown]
The International Journal of Forensic Psychology [Internet]. [Australia]: [publisher unknown]. Vol.
1, No. 1, May 2003 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://pandora.nla.gov.au/tep/35811

16. Internet journal title with publisher having subsidiary part
17. Internet journal title with government agency as publisher
18. Internet journal title with joint publishers
19. Internet journal title with publisher name translated
20. Internet journal title with unknown publisher
21. Internet journal title with unknown place of publication and publisher
Volume Number for Journal Titles on the Internet (required)



of languages:

Veterinary Sciences Tomorrow [Internet]. Utrecht (Netherlands): VetScite. No. 1, Jan 2001 - [cited
2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.vetscite.org/.
• If no volume number or issue number is present, but the journal uses an article numbering scheme,
precede the date with the name and number used in the scheme. See Article numbers used for location in
Chapter 23A for details.
The Online Journal of Current Clinical Trials [Internet]. London: Chapman & Hall. Document No. 1,
1992 - Document No. 200-201, 1996 [cited 2007 Mar 20]. Available from: http://firstsearch.oclc.org/
journal=1059-2725;screen=info;ECOIP by subscription only.
Tracking Reports [Internet]. Washington: Center for Studying Health System Change. Report No. 1,
Mar 2002 - [cited 2007 Mar 20]. Available from: http://www.hschange.com/index.cgi?
func=pubs&what=15
• If no volume number, issue number, or article number is present, follow the publisher with the beginning
year of publication. Precede the year with the name and day of the month or season, if provided.
Molecular Systems Biology [Internet]. London: Nature Publishing Group. Mar 2005 - [cited 2007
Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.nature.com/msb/index.html
Addictions: an International Research Journal [Internet]. Woodbridge (ON): Vitanova Foundation.
1996 - 2002 [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.vitanova.on.ca/.

22. Internet journal title with standard volume and issue number
23. Internet journal title with volume having another name
24. Internet journal title with volumes viewable for online version different from print version
25. Internet journal title with volume number and year the same
26. Internet journal title with volume number but no issue
27. Internet journal title with issue number, but no volume
29. Internet journal with article numbering in place of volume and issue
30. Internet journal title with date only, no volume, issue, or article numbers
Issue Number for Journal Titles on the Internet (required)




• If no volume number is present, follow the publisher with the issue number:
Veterinary Sciences Tomorrow [Internet]. Utrecht (Netherlands): VetScite. No. 1, Jan 2001 - [cited
2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.vetscite.org/.
The Online Journal of Current Clinical Trials [Internet]. London: Chapman & Hall. Document no. 1,
1992 - Document no. 200-201, 1996 [cited 2007 Mar 20]. Available from: http://firstsearch.oclc.org/
journal=1059-2725;screen=info;ECOIP by subscription only.
func=pubs&what=15

Enformatika: Transactions on Engineering, Computing and Technology [Internet]. [place

unknown]: World Enformatika Society. Vol. 1, 2004 - [cited 2007 Jan 29]. Available from: http://
www.enformatika.org/data/.
The Online Journal of Current Clinical Trials [Internet]. London: Chapman & Hall. Document no. 1,
1992 - Document no. 200-201, 1996 [cited 2007 Mar 20]. Available from: http://firstsearch.oclc.org/
journal=1059-2725;screen=info;ECOIP By subscription only.
func=pubs&what=15
Actualites en Bref pour Maladies Infectieuses = Infectious Diseases News Brief [Internet]. Ottawa
(ON): Public Health Agency of Canada. Jan 7, 2000 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://
www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/bid-bmi/dsd-dsm/nb-ab/index.html ; http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/bid-bmi/
dsd-dsm/nb-ab/index_f.html French, English.
Health Hazards of Smoke [Internet]. Missoula (MT): Forest Service (US), Missoula Technology &
Development Center. Summer 1990 - Spring 2001 [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://

European Respiratory Journal [Internet]. Lausanne (Switzerland): European Respiratory Society. Vol.
1, No. 1, Jan 1988 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://erj.ersjournals.com/.
or
1, Jan 1988 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://erj.ersjournals.com/.


28. Internet journal title with multiple issue numbers
Date of Publication for Journal Titles on the Internet (required)

• End beginning date information with a hyphen and three spaces if the journal is still being published
• End beginning date information with a hyphen preceded and followed by a space if the journal ceased
publication. Enter closing volume and issue information followed by a comma and the closing date. End
closing date information with a space.


2002-2003
1997-1998
1999-2000
Example:
International Journal of Human Sciences [Internet]. [Turkey]: Uluslararasý Insan Bilimleri
Dergisi. Vol. 1, No. 1, 2002-2004 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://
insanbilimleri.com/en/.
Oct 1999
Mar 1, 2002
Jan 1, 2005-Feb 31, 2005
Example:
AIDScience [Internet]. Washington: American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Vol. 1, No. 1, Jun 15, 2001 - Vol. 3, No. 23, Dec 5, 2003 [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from:
http://aidscience.com/Backissues.asp
Mar-Apr 2005
Dec 1999-Jan 2000
Feb 1-7, 2005
Jan 25-31, 2001
Examples:
Anestesia Pediatrica e Neonatale [Internet]. Foggia (Italy): Anestesia Pediatrica e Neonatale.
Vol. 1, No. 1, Mar-Apr 2003 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://
www.anestesiapediatrica.it
The World Wide Web Journal of Biology [Internet]. Plymouth (MN): Epress Inc. Vol. 1, Oct
1995-Nov 1996 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.epress.com/w3jbio/.
them.
Spring-Summer 2004

• Capitalize them
Examples:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

• Capitalize them

Examples:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring

It is not NLM policy, but the following are acceptable options:
or
1, No. 1, 1988 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://erj.ersjournals.com/.
• If a journal began with issue number one of a volume or ended with the customary last issue of a volume,
you may omit the issue number
or
1, Jan 1988 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://erj.ersjournals.com/.
European Journal of Biochemistry [Internet]. Oxford (UK): Blackwell Science Ltd. Vol. 259, No. 1-2,
Jan 1999 - Vol. 271, No. 23-24, Dec 2004 [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://
content.febsjournal.org/.
or
European Journal of Biochemistry [Internet]. Oxford (UK): Blackwell Science Ltd. Vol. 259, Jan 1999
- Vol. 271, Dec 2004 [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://content.febsjournal.org/.

31. Internet journal title with multiple month(s) or years in date
32. Internet journal title with days of the month included in date
33. Internet journal title with season in date
34. Internet journal title with other division to date than month or season
Date of Citation for Journal Titles on the Internet (required)

• Give the date the journal was seen on the Internet
• Place citation date information in square brackets

Availability for Journal Titles on the Internet (required)

• Give the entire Uniform Resource Locator (URL); do not omit http://, www, or other beginning
components

• Multiple URLs


The URL as displayed by the Web browser may not always be used to retrieve the journal, i.e., it is not directly
addressable.
Example:
Available from: http://www.genomic.unimelb.edu.au/ by using the Publications link.

If more than one URL can be used to locate a journal:
• Give the URL you used in locating the journal
Examples:
Emerging Infectious Diseases [Internet]. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(US), National Center for Infectious Diseases. Vol. 3, No. 1, Jan-Mar 1997 - [cited 2007 Jan 29].
Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/index.html ; http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/
LPS2039 Print version from Vol. 1, 1995.
Actualites en Bref pour Maladies Infectieuses = Infectious Diseases News Brief [Internet]. Ottawa
(ON): Public Health Agency of Canada. Jan 7, 2000 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://
www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/bid-bmi/dsd-dsm/nb-ab/index.html ; http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/bid-bmi/
dsd-dsm/nb-ab/index_f.html English, French.

35. Internet journal title with multiple URLs
Language for Journal Titles on the Internet (required)



⚬ Give the title in the first language found, in order of preference: on the opening screens, the bottom
or closing screens, links from the sidebar, and the source code
Examples:
Action Against Infection: a Newsletter for WHO and Its Partners [Internet]. Geneva: World
Health Organization, CDS Information Resource Centre. No. 1, Dec 1999 - Vol. 4, No. 5, 2nd
Semester 2004 [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.who.int/infectious-disease-
news/newsletter/. English, French, Spanish.
Alasbimn Journal: Revista de Medicina Nuclear [Internet]. Santiago (Chile): Universidad de
Chile. Year 1, No. 1, Sep 1998 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://
www2.alasbimnjournal.cl/alasbimn/CDA/CDA_Journal_Index/. Spanish, English.
⚬ Begin with the title in the first language found, in order of preference: on the opening screens, the
bottom or closing screens, links from the sidebar, and the source code
Example:
Actualites en Bref pour Maladies Infectieuses = Infectious Diseases News Brief [Internet].
Ottawa (ON): Public Health Agency of Canada. Jan 7, 2000 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available
from: http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/bid-bmi/dsd-dsm/nb-ab/index.html ; http://www.phac-
aspc.gc.ca/bid-bmi/dsd-dsm/nb-ab/index_f.html French, English.

Notes for Journal Titles on the Internet (optional)

• Notes is a collective term for further useful information about the journal
• If a journal was published under another title, provide the name preceded by "Continues: ", such as
Continues: Journal of Contemporary Neurology.
• If a journal continues publication under another title, provide the name preceded by "Continued by: ",
such as Continued by: FEBS Journal.


System requirements describe the particular software and hardware needed to view the journal.
• Use the wording as supplied by the publisher; no standardization is needed
Examples:
The World Wide Web Journal of Biology [Internet]. Plymouth (MN): Epress Inc. Vol. 1, Oct 1995-
Nov 1996 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.epress.com/w3jbio/. System
Requirements: This site is best viewed with Netscape Navigator 3.0 or Microsoft Internet Explorer 3.0
or higher.
Shi yong jun xue bao [Internet]. Beijing: Zhongguo xue shu qi kan (guang pan ban) dian zi za zhi
she. Vol. 7, No. 1, 2000 - [cited 2007 Jan 29]. Available from: http://cjn.lib.hku.hk Chinese. System
Requirements: CAJ viewer is required to view full text.

• The name under which a journal was previously published, preceded by. "Continues: "
The Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases [Internet]. Botucatu
(Brazil): Universidade Estadual Paulista. Centro de Estudos de Venenos e Animais Peconhentos. Vol.
9, No. 1, 2003 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci%5Fse
rial&pid=1678-9199&lng=en&nrm=iso Continues: The Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins
[CD-ROM].
Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology [Internet]. Cambridge (MA): MIT Press. Apr 2000 - Dec
16, 2005 [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://bibpurl.oclc.org/web/10279 Continues: Journal of
Contemporary Neurology. Continued by: Neurology, Neurophysiology, and Neuroscience.
• If a journal is also available in another format
Problems in General Surgery [Internet]. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Williams & Wilkins. Vol. 18, No. 1,
Mar 2001 - Vol. 20, No. 4, Dec 2003 [cited 2007 Jan 24]. Available from: http://gateway.ovid.com/ovi
dweb.cgi?T=JS&MODE=ovid&NEWS=n&PAGE=toc&D=ovft&AN=00013452-000000000-00000
The print version began with Vol. 1 in 1984.
Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.nature.com/msb/index.html Published on behalf of European
Molecular Biology Organization.
The Virtual Mentor: American Medical Association Journal of Ethics [Internet]. Chicago: American
Medical Association. Sep 1999 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.ama-
assn.org/ama/pub/category/3040.html Monthly.
Medical Education Online [Internet]. [place unknown]: Medical Education Online. Vol. 1, 1996 -
[cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.med-ed-online.org/. ISSN: 1087-2981.
Eukaryotic Cell [Internet]. Washington: American Society for Microbiology. Vol. 1, No. 1, Feb 2002 -
[cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://ec.asm.org/. Subscription required for latest issues. After
one year, articles available free from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/tocrender.fcgi?journal=86
Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research Newsletter [Internet]. Geneva: Alliance for Health
Policy and Systems Research. No. 1, Sep 2000 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://
www.alliance-hpsr.org/jahia/Jahia/lang/en/pid/20 Also issued in French, Spanish, and Chinese.
PISTES: Perspectives Interdisciplinaires Sur le Travail et la Sante [Internet]. Montreal (QC): IRSST.
Vol 1, No 1, Nov 1999 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.unites.uqam.ca/pistes/
French. IRSST is the Institut de Recherche Robert-Sauve en Sante et en Securite du Travail.
Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology [Internet]. Cambridge (MA): MIT Press. Apr 2000 - Dec
16, 2005 [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://bibpurl.oclc.org/web/10279 Also called NCN.
Japanese Journal of Complementary and Alternative Medicine [Internet]. Kanazawa-shi Ishikawa
(Japan): Japanese Society for Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Vol. 1, No. 1, 2004 - [cited
2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://bibpurl.oclc.org/web/8553 Japanese version has title: Nihon
Hokan Daitai Iryo Gakkaishi.
Examples for Notes

38. Internet journal title with sponsorship note
39. Internet journal title with frequency of publication note
40. Internet journal title with ISSN note
41. Internet journal title with note on the print version
42. Internet journal title with system requirements
43. Internet journal title with examples of other notes
Examples of Citations to Entire Journal Titles on the Internet

European Respiratory Journal [Internet]. Lausanne (Switzerland): European Respiratory Society. Vol. 1, No. 1,
Jan 1988 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://erj.ersjournals.com/.
Neurosurgical Focus [Internet]. Charlottesville (VA): American Association of Neurological Surgeons. Vol. 1,
No. 1, Jul 1996 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.aans.org/education/journal/neurosurgical/
default.asp
Structure and Dynamics: ejournal of Anthropological and Related Sciences [Internet]. Irvine (CA): University of
California. Vol. 1, No. 1, 2005 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://repositories.cdlib.org/imbs/socdyn/
sdeas/.
Access Management Journal [Internet]. Washington: National Association of Healthcare Access Management.
Vol. 28, No. 3, Jun 2003 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: https://www.naham.org/custom/journal/
backissues.cfm Continues: NAHAM Access Management Journal.

Actinomycetes [Internet]. Udine (Italy): University of Udine, Mycology Department. Vol. 1, No. 1, 1990 - Vol. 10,
No. 1, 2000 [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.bioline.org.br/ac
Graduate Research in Nursing [Internet]. Tucson (AZ): Graduate Research, LLC. Vol. 1, No. 1, Aug 1999 - Vol. 3,
No. 1, Jun 2001 [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.graduateresearch.com/.
Acoustics Research Letters Online [Internet]. Melville (NY): Acoustical Society of America. Vol. 1, No. 1, Jul
2000 - Vol. 6, No. 4, Oct 2005 [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://scitation.aip.org/arlo/.
3. Internet journal title with subtitle

The Virtual Mentor: American Medical Association Journal of Ethics [Internet]. Chicago: American Medical
Association. Sep 1999 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/
3040.html
AHRQ WebM&M: Morbidity & Mortality Rounds on the Web [Internet]. Rockville (MD: Agency for Healthcare
Research and Quality (US). Feb 2003 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://webmm.ahrq.gov/.
4. Internet journal title with lowercase or capital letters/special

characters
eCOMMUNITY: International Journal of Mental Health & Addiction [Internet]. [Morgantown (WV)]: West
Virginia University, Department of Behavioral Medicine & Psychiatry, Professional Advanced Services. Vol. 1,
No. 1, Sep 15, 2003 - Vol. 3, No. 2, Nov 21, 2005 [cited 2007 Jan 29]. Available from: http://www.ijma-
journal.com/issues.php Continued by: International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction.
Forest@ [Internet]. [place unknown]: Societa Italiana di Selvicoltura ed Ecologia Forestale. Vol. 1, No. 1, Oct
2004 - [cited 2007 Jan 29]. Available from: http://www.sisef.it/forest@/index.php Italian, English.
PLoS Clinical Trials [Internet]. Cambridge (UK): Public Library of Science. Vol. 1, No. 1, Apr 21, 2006 - [cited
2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.plosclinicaltrials.org/.
ACS Chemical Biology [Internet]. Washington: American Chemical Society. Vol. 1, No. 1, Feb 2006 - [cited
2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://pubs.acs.org/journals/acbcct/index.html
5. Internet journal title with section or part

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online [Internet]. Chester (England): International Union
of Crystallography. Vol. E57, Pt 1, Jan 1, 2001 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://journals.iucr.org/e/
contents/backissues.html
Estimates. Part 3, Report on Plans and Priorities [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): Canadian Institutes of Health
Research. 2001-2002 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://dsp-psd.pwgsc.gc.ca/Collection/BT31-2-2002-
III-30E.pdf

Physician's Weekly (Surgery Edition) [Internet]. Englishtown (NJ): Physician's Weekly, LLC. Vol. 1, No. 1, Jan 12,
2004 - [cited 2007 Jan 29]. Available from: http://www.physiciansweekly.com/index_se.asp
Parasitology Today (Personal Edition) [Internet]. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. Vol. 1, No. 1, Jul
1985 - Vol. 16, No. 12, Dec 2000 [cited 2007 Jan 30]. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/
journal/01694758 Continued by: Trends in Parasitology.

Deutsche Zeitschrift fur Sportmedizin [Internet]. Koln (Germany): Deutscher Arzte-Verlag. Vol. 49, No. 1, 1998
- [cited 2007 Jan 29]. Available from: http://www.zeitschrift-sportmedizin.de/zeitschr.htm German. Print
publication began in 1978.
PISTES: Perspectives Interdisciplinaires Sur le Travail Et la Sante [Internet]. Montreal (QC): IRSST. Vol 1, No 1,
Nov 1999 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.unites.uqam.ca/pistes/. French.
Anestesia Pediatrica e Neonatale [Internet]. Foggia (Italy): Anestesia Pediatrica e Neonatale. Vol. 1, No. 1, Mar-
Apr 2003 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.anestesiapediatrica.it Italian, with some articles in
English and Spanish.

Deutsche Zeitschrift fur Sportmedizin [German Journal for Sports Medicine] [Internet]. Koln (Germany):
Deutscher Arzte-Verlag. Vol. 49, No. 1, 1998 - [cited 2007 Jan 29]. Available from: http://www.zeitschrift-
sportmedizin.de/zeitschr.htm German. Print publication began in 1978.
PISTES: Perspectives Interdisciplinaires Sur le Travail Et la Sante [PISTES: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on
Work and Health] [Internet]. Montreal (QC): IRSST. Vol. 1, No. 1, Nov 1999 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available
from: http://www.unites.uqam.ca/pistes/. French.
Anestesia Pediatrica e Neonatale [Pediatric and Neonatal Anesthesia] [Internet]. Foggia (Italy): Anestesia
Pediatrica e Neonatale. Vol. 1, No. 1, Mar-Apr 2003 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://
www.anestesiapediatrica.it Italian, with some articles in English and Spanish.

Action Against Infection: a Newsletter for WHO and Its Partners [Internet]. Geneva: World Health
Organization, CDS Information Resource Centre. No. 1, Dec 1999 - Vol. 4, No. 5, 2nd Semester 2004 [cited 2007
Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.who.int/infectious-disease-news/newsletter/. English, French, Spanish.
Alasbimn Journal: Revista de Medicina Nuclear [Internet]. Santiago (Chile): Universidad de Chile. Year 1, No. 1,
Sep 1998 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www2.alasbimnjournal.cl/alasbimn/CDA/
CDA_Journal_Index/. Spanish, English.

Actualites en Bref pour Maladies Infectieuses = Infectious Diseases News Brief [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): Public
Health Agency of Canada. Jan 7, 2000 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/bid-
bmi/dsd-dsm/nb-ab/index.html ; http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/bid-bmi/dsd-dsm/nb-ab/index_f.html French,
English.
Pernatyie Khishchniki = Raptors Conservation [Internet]. Novosibirsk (Russia): [Siberian Environmental
Center]. No. 1, 2005 - [cited 2007 Jan 29]. Available from: http://ecoclub.nsu.ru/raptors/RC Russian, English.
11. Internet journal title with current editor name provided

Neurosurgical Focus [Internet]. John Anthony Jane, editor. Charlottesville (VA): American Association of
Neurological Surgeons. Vol. 1, No. 1, Jul 1996 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.aans.org/
education/journal/neurosurgical/default.asp
Visible Human Journal of Endosonography [Internet]. John C. Deutsch, editor. Aurora (CO): University of
Colorado Health Sciences Center, Center for Human Simulation. Vol. 1, 2002 - [cited 2007 Mar 2]. Available
from: http://www.vhjoe.org/.
12. Internet journal title with well-known place of publication

The amfAR treatment insider [Internet]. New York: American Foundation for AIDS Research. Vol. 1, No. 1, Feb
2000 - Vol. 5, No. 8, Dec 2004 [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://web.amfar.org/treatment/TI/
insidermenu.asp
Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal = La Revue de Sante de la Mediterranee Orientale = al-Majallah al-
Aihhiyah li-Sharq al-Mutawassit [Internet]. Cairo: World Health Organization, Eastern Mediterranean Regional
Office. Vol. 1, No. 1, 1995 - [cited 2007 Jan 29]. Available from: http://www.emro.who.int/EMHJ.htm English,
French, Arabic.
13. Internet journal title with geographic qualifier added to place of

publication for clarity
The Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases [Internet]. Botucatu (Brazil):
Universidade Estadual Paulista, Centro de Estudos de Venenos e Animais Peconhentos. Vol. 9, No. 1, 2003 -
[cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci
%5Fserial&pid=1678-9199&lng=en&nrm=iso Continues: The Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins [CD-
ROM].
The Internet Journal of Anesthesiology [Internet]. Sugar Land (TX): Internet Scientific Publications. Vol. 1, No.
1, Jan-Mar 1997 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.ispub.com/journals/ija.htm
Journal of Pediatric Neurosciences [Internet]. Mumbai (India): Medknow Publications. Vol. 1, No. 1, Jan 2006 -
[cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.pediatricneurosciences.com/.
14. Internet journal title with place of publication inferred

NCI Cancer Bulletin [Internet]. [Bethesda (MD)]: National Cancer Institute (US). Vol. 1, No. 1, Jan 6, 2004 -
[cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://cancer.gov/ncicancerbulletin
Nurse-zine [Internet]. [Minneapolis (MN)]: allnurses.com. Vol. 1, No. 1, Aug 29, 1997 - [cited 2007 Jan 25].
Available from: http://allnurses.com/Nurse-zine/.
RHP&EO [Internet]. [France]: International Union for Health Promotion and Education. 2000 - [cited 2007 Jan
25]. Available from: http://www.rhpeo.org/.
Advances in Disease Surveillance [Internet]. [Boston]: International Society for Disease Surveillance. Vol. 1,
2006 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.isdsjournal.org/.
15. Internet journal title with unknown place of publication

Thoracic Surgical Science [Internet]. [place unknown]: GMS. Vol. 1, 2004 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from:
http://www.egms.de/en/journals/tss/index.shtml
Medical Education Online [Internet]. [place unknown]: Medical Education Online. Vol. 1, 1996 - [cited 2007
Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.med-ed-online.org/.
16. Internet journal title with publisher having subsidiary part

WHO Policy Perspectives on Medicine [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization, Essential Drugs and
Medicines Policy Department. No. 1, Dec 2000 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.who.int/
medicines/publications/policyperspectives/en/.
The Journal of Philosophy, Science & Law [Internet]. Atlanta (GA): Georgia Institute of Technology, School of
Public Policy. Vol. 1, Nov 1, 2001 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://bibpurl.oclc.org/web/10599
17. Internet journal title with government agency as publisher

Amber Waves: the Economics of Food, Farming, Natural Resources, and Rural America [Internet]. Washington:
Department of Agriculture (US), Economic Research Service. Vol. 1, No. 1, Feb 2003 - [cited 2007 Jan 25].
Available from: http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS27344
Preventing Chronic Disease [Internet]. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US), National
Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Vol. 1, No. 1, Jan 2004 - [cited 2007 Jan 25].
Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/pcd
18. Internet journal title with joint publishers

Neurosurgical Focus [Internet]. Charlottesville (VA): American Association of Neurological Surgeons. Vol. 1,
No. 1, Jul 1996 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.aans.org/education/journal/neurosurgical/
default.asp Jointly published by the Journal of Neurosurgery.
19. Internet journal title with publisher name translated

Pernatyie Khishchniki = Raptors Conservation [Internet]. Novosibirsk (Russia): [Siberian Environmental
Center]. No. 1, 2005 - [cited 2007 Jan 29]. Available from: http://ecoclub.nsu.ru/raptors/RC Russian, English.
20. Internet journal title with unknown publisher

The International Journal of Forensic Psychology [Internet]. [Australia]: [publisher unknown]. Vol. 1, No. 1, May
2003 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://pandora.nla.gov.au/tep/35811
21. Internet journal title with unknown place of publication and

publisher
Haptics-e: the Electronic Journal of Haptics [Internet]. [place unknown: publisher unknown]. Vol. 1, No. 1, Oct.
7, 1999 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.haptics-e.org/.
Journal of Pediatric Neurosciences [Internet]. Mumbai (India): Medknow Publications. Vol. 1, No. 1, Jan 2006 -
[cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.pediatricneurosciences.com/.
23. Internet journal title with volume having another name

Alasbimn Journal: Revista de Medicina Nuclear [Internet]. Santiago (Chile): Universidad de Chile. Year 1, No. 1,
Sep 1998 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www2.alasbimnjournal.cl/alasbimn/CDA/
CDA_Journal_Index/. Spanish, English.
Digest of Neurology and Psychiatry: Abstracts and Reviews of Selected Literature in Psychiatry, Neurology, and
their Allied Fields [Internet]. Hartford (CT): Hartford Hospital, Institute of Living. Series 69, Winter 2001 -
[cited 2007 Jan 29]. Available from: http://www.instituteofliving.org/Education/Digest/digest.htm Print
available from Series 12, Nov 1944.
24. Internet journal title with volumes viewable for online version
different from print version
American Journal of Kidney Diseases: the Official Journal of the National Kidney Foundation [Internet].
Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. Vol. 31, No. 1, Jan 1998 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.ajkd.org/
issues Print version from Vol. 1, 1981.
European Journal of Biochemistry [Internet]. Oxford (UK): Blackwell Science Ltd. Vol. 259, No. 1-2, Jan 1999 -
Vol. 271, No. 23-24, Dec 2004 [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://content.febsjournal.org/. Print version
began with Vol. 1, 1967.
25. Internet journal title with volume number and year the same
Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology [Internet]. Cambridge (MA): MIT Press. Vol. 2000, Apr 2000 - Vol.
2005, Dec 16, 2005 [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://bibpurl.oclc.org/web/10279 Continues: Journal of
Contemporary Neurology. Continued by: Neurology, Neurophysiology, and Neuroscience.

Enformatika: Transactions on Engineering, Computing and Technology [Internet]. [place unknown]: World
Enformatika Society. Vol. 1, 2004 - [cited 2007 Jan 29]. Available from: http://www.enformatika.org/data/.

Veterinary Sciences Tomorrow [Internet]. Utrecht (Netherlands): VetScite. No. 1, Jan 2001 - [cited 2007 Jan 25].
Available from: http://www.vetscite.org/.
Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research Newsletter [Internet]. Geneva: Alliance for Health Policy and
Systems Research. No. 1, Sep 2000 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.alliance-hpsr.org/jahia/
Jahia/lang/en/pid/20
28. Internet journal title with multiple issue numbers

Vol. 271, No. 23-24, Dec 2004 [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://content.febsjournal.org/.
Electronic Transactions on Artificial Intelligence [Internet]. Linkoping (Sweden): Linkopings Universitet,
Institutionen for Datavetenskap. Vol. 1, No. 1-3, Jan-Sep 1997 - Vol. 5, No. B2, 2001 [cited 2007 Jan 29].
Available from: http://www.ida.liu.se/ext/etai/.
The Online Journal of Current Clinical Trials [Internet]. London: Chapman & Hall. Document No. 1, 1992 -
Document No. 200-201, 1996 [cited 2007 Mar 20]. Available from: http://firstsearch.oclc.org/
journal=1059-2725;screen=info;ECOIP By subscription only.
Tracking Reports [Internet]. Washington: Center for Studying Health System Change. Report No. 1, Mar 2002 -
[cited 2007 Mar 20]. Available from: http://www.hschange.com/index.cgi?func=pubs&what=15
30. Internet journal title with date only, no volume, issue, or article
numbers
Molecular Systems Biology [Internet]. London: Nature Publishing Group. Mar 2005 - [cited 2007 Jan 25].
Available from: http://www.nature.com/msb/index.html
English.
Health Hazards of Smoke [Internet]. Missoula (MT): Forest Service (US), Missoula Technology & Development
Center. Summer 1990 - Spring 2001 [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/
LPS49349
Addictions: an International Research Journal [Internet]. Woodbridge (ON): Vitanova Foundation. 1996 - 2002
[cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.vitanova.on.ca/.
Estimates. Part 3, Report on Plans and Priorities [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): Canadian Institutes of Health
Research. 2001-2002 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://dsp-psd.pwgsc.gc.ca/Collection/BT31-2-2002-
III-30E.pdf
31. Internet journal title with multiple month(s) or years in date

AAPS PharmSci [Internet]. Alexandria (VA): American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists. Vol. 1, No. 1,
Jan-Mar 1999 - Vol. 6, No. 2, 2004 [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.aapsj.org/.
The World Wide Web Journal of Biology [Internet]. Plymouth (MN): Epress Inc. Vol. 1, Oct 1995-Nov 1996 -
[cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.epress.com/w3jbio/.
International Journal of Human Sciences [Internet]. [Turkey]: Uluslararasý Insan Bilimleri Dergisi. Vol. 1, No. 1,
2002-2004 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://insanbilimleri.com/en/.
32. Internet journal title with days of the month included in date
PLoS Clinical Trials [Internet]. Cambridge (UK): Public Library of Science. Vol. 1, No. 1, Apr 21, 2006 - [cited
2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.plosclinicaltrials.org/.
AIDScience [Internet]. Washington: American Association for the Advancement of Science. Vol. 1, No. 1, Jun
15, 2001 - Vol. 3, No. 23, Dec 5, 2003 [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://aidscience.com/Backissues.asp
33. Internet journal title with season in date

The Journal of Genetic Genealogy [Internet]. [place unknown]: Journal of Genetic Genealogy. Vol. 1, No. 1,
Spring 2005 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.jogg.info/.
Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics [Internet]. Louisville (KY): Multimed Inc. Vol. 1, No. 1, Winter 2000
- [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.jacmp.org/.
Health Hazards of Smoke [Internet]. Missoula (MT): Forest Service (US), Missoula Technology & Development
Center. Summer 1990 - Spring 2001 [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/
LPS49349
34. Internet journal title with other division to date than month or season
Action Against Infection: a Newsletter for WHO and Its Partners [Internet]. Geneva: World Health
Organization, CDS Information Resource Centre. No. 1, Dec 1999 - Vol. 4, No. 5, 2nd Semester 2004 [cited 2007
Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.who.int/infectious-disease-news/newsletter/. English, French, Spanish.
35. Internet journal title with multiple URLs

Emerging Infectious Diseases [Internet]. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US),
National Center for Infectious Diseases. Vol. 3, No. 1, Jan-Mar 1997 - [cited 2007 Jan 29]. Available from: http://
www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/index.html ; http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS2039 Print version from Vol. 1, 1995.
English.
African Journal of Biotechnology [Internet]. Nairobi (Kenya): Academic Journals. Vol. 1, No.1, Nov 2002 -
[cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://bibpurl.oclc.org/web/6038 ; http://bibpurl.oclc.org/web/6018 ; http://
www.ajol.info/journal_index.php?jid=82&ab=ajb ; http://www.bioline.org.br/jb/.

The Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases [Internet]. Botucatu (Brazil):
Universidade Estadual Paulista, Centro de Estudos de Venenos e Animais Peconhentos. Vol. 9, No. 1, 2003 -
[cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci
%5Fserial&pid=1678-9199&lng=en&nrm=iso Continues: The Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins [CD-
ROM].
Access Management Journal [Internet]. Washington: National Association of Healthcare Access Management.
Vol. 28, No. 3, Jun 2003 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: https://www.naham.org/custom/journal/
backissues.cfm Continues: NAHAM Access Management Journal.
Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology [Internet]. Cambridge (MA): MIT Press. Apr 2000 - Dec 16, 2005
[cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://bibpurl.oclc.org/web/10279 Continues: Journal of Contemporary
Neurology. Continued by: Neurology, Neurophysiology, and Neuroscience.

[cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://bibpurl.oclc.org/web/10279 Continues: Journal of Contemporary
Neurology. Continued by: Neurology, Neurophysiology, and Neuroscience.
Vol. 271, No. 23-24, Dec 2004 [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://content.febsjournal.org/. Print version
began in 1967. Continues: Biochemische Zeitschrift. Continued by: FEBS Journal.
38. Internet journal title with sponsorship note

Sleep Research Online [Internet]. Los Angeles: WebSciences. Vol. 1, No. 1, 1998 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available
from: http://www.sro.org/. Published on behalf of the World Federation of Sleep Research Societies.
Molecular Systems Biology [Internet]. London: Nature Publishing Group. Mar 2005 - [cited 2007 Jan 25].
Available from: http://www.nature.com/msb/index.html Published on behalf of European Molecular Biology
Organization.
39. Internet journal title with frequency of publication note

The Virtual Mentor: American Medical Association Journal of Ethics [Internet]. Chicago: American Medical
Association. Sep 1999 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/
3040.html Monthly.
Homeopathy Online: a Journal of Homeopathic Medicine [Internet]. [place unknown]: Homeopathy Mailing
List. Vol. 1, No. 1, Mar-Apr 1996 - No. 6, 2000 [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.lyghtforce.com/
HomeopathyOnline/. Irregular.
40. Internet journal title with ISSN note

Medical Education Online [Internet]. [place unknown]: Medical Education Online. Vol. 1, 1996 - [cited 2007
Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.med-ed-online.org/. ISSN: 1087-2981.
41. Internet journal title with note on the print version

Problems in General Surgery [Internet]. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Williams & Wilkins. Vol. 18, No. 1, Mar 2001 -
Vol. 20, No. 4, Dec 2003 [cited 2007 Jan 24]. Available from: http://gateway.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?
T=JS&MODE=ovid&NEWS=n&PAGE=toc&D=ovft&AN=00013452-000000000-00000 The print version began
with Vol. 1 in 1984.
42. Internet journal title with system requirements

The World Wide Web Journal of Biology [Internet]. Plymouth (MN): Epress Inc. Vol. 1, Oct 1995-Nov 1996 -
[cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.epress.com/w3jbio/. System Requirements: This site is best
viewed with Netscape Navigator 3.0 or Microsoft Internet Explorer 3.0 or higher.
Shi yong jun xue bao [Internet]. Beijing: Zhongguo xue shu qi kan (guang pan ban) dian zi za zhi she. Vol. 7, No.
1, 2000 - [cited 2007 Jan 29]. Available from: http://cjn.lib.hku.hk Chinese. System Requirements: CAJ viewer is
required to view full text.
43. Internet journal title with examples of other notes

Eukaryotic Cell [Internet]. Washington: American Society for Microbiology. Vol. 1, No. 1, Feb 2002 - [cited
2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://ec.asm.org/. Subscription required for latest issues. After one year, articles
available free from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/tocrender.fcgi?journal=86
Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research Newsletter [Internet]. Geneva: Alliance for Health Policy and
Systems Research. No. 1, Sep 2000 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.alliance-hpsr.org/jahia/
Jahia/lang/en/pid/20 Also issued in French, Spanish, and Chinese.
PISTES: Perspectives Interdisciplinaires Sur le Travail Et la Sante [Internet]. Montreal (QC): IRSST. Vol 1, No 1,
Nov 1999 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.unites.uqam.ca/pistes/. French. IRSST is the Institut
de Recherche Robert-Sauve en Sante et en Securite du Travail.
[cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://bibpurl.oclc.org/web/10279 Also called NCN.
Japanese Journal of Complementary and Alternative Medicine [Internet]. Kanazawa-shi Ishikawa (Japan):
Japanese Society for Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Vol. 1, No. 1, 2004 - [cited 2007 Jan 25].
Available from: http://bibpurl.oclc.org/web/8553 Japanese version has title: Nihon Hokan Daitai Iryo Gakkaishi.
1333
Chapter 24. Databases/Retrieval Systems/Datasets on the

Internet
A. Entire Databases/Retrieval Systems/Datasets on the Internet

• Examples
B. Parts of Databases/Datasets on the Internet
• Examples
C. Contributions to Databases/Datasets on the Internet
• Examples
See also:
Chapter 20 Databases on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk
A. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Entire Databases/

Retrieval Systems/Datasets on the Internet
The general format for a reference to a database/retrieval system on the Internet, including punctuation:
- for a serial database that is open:
- for a serial database that is closed:

- for a single database:
- for a retrieval system:
Examples of Citations to Entire Databases/Retrieval Systems/Datasets on the Internet

A database is a collection of individual records that are most often standardized in both format and content.
Database records are usually related by a common denominator such as subject matter or the source of the
material in them. Text-oriented databases are generally bibliographic or full-text, where each record has a
bibliographic citation to a publication or the complete text of a document. Number-oriented databases cover
many types, including statistical, time series, and transactional.
There are two broad categories of databases found on the Internet: serial and single. Their publication pattern
differentiates them.
Databases/Retrieval Systems/Datasets on the Internet 1335
Serial databases contain records or other entries that have been collected over a period of time, with new or
updated versions issued at stated intervals. Serial databases are either open or closed. Open databases continue
to add new records and to update existing records. Closed databases add no records nor update existing ones.
• To cite an open serial database, give the beginning date of the database followed by a hyphen, 3 spaces,
and a period.
• To cite a closed serial database, give the beginning and ending dates, separated by a hyphen. End date
information with a period.
The second broad category is single databases. These are collections of records published only once, usually with
no intent to update or add records, although minor corrections/changes may be made.
• To cite a single database, give the one date of publication as you would for a standard book.
• If you are unsure whether a database is a serial or single one, cite it as a single.
A retrieval system is "An online or Internet based system which provides access to the contents of multiple
databases or files, usually with a common search mechanism or command language across the databases or files"
(NISO Z39.29). Examples include the NLM Entrez system, OVID, and DIALOG.
System providers may allow users to select an individual database for access or to select all or subsets of all of the
databases to be searched in one operation. Updates and revisions to Internet retrieval systems and datasets may
be labeled as new versions, releases, or editions. This is particularly true of commercial systems which carry
copyright dates, but may not be true for government-sponsored or other noncommercial systems. Citations to
databases, retrieval systems, and datasets have been combined in this chapter because they are cited the same
way.
For all types of databases, retrieval systems, and datasets on the Internet, reproduce the title for citation purposes
as closely as possible to the wording that appears on the screen, duplicating capitalization, spacing, and
punctuation. This may include all capital letters or all lower case letters, capital letters within words, run-together
words, and symbols. Some examples are: bioProtocol, GReTA, and PDQ®.
Databases frequently change titles and publishers over time. When citing a database, always provide information
on the latest title and publisher unless you are citing an earlier version.
Look to the opening screen(s), the bottom or closing screens, sidebar, and the source code (viewable through the
Web browser), in that order, for authoritative information to use in citing a database or retrieval system.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Entire Databases/Retrieval Systems/Datasets on the Internet.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Entire Databases/Retrieval Systems/Datasets on the Internet.
Citation Rules with Examples for Entire Databases/Retrieval

Systems/Datasets on the Internet
Date of Update/Revision (R) | Date of Citation (R) | Availability (R) | Language (R) | Notes (O)
Author/Editor for Databases/Retrieval Systems/Datasets on the Internet

(required)
• If there are no authors or editors, as is often the case, see No author can be found below
surname

end the list of names with a comma and the specific role, that is, editor(s) or translator(s).
Rotchford JK, editor. Acubriefs.com [Internet]. Port Townsend (WA): Best of Both Worlds
Foundation. [date unknown] - [modified 2006 Jul; cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://
www.acubriefs.com/.
the reference with the title of the database/retrieval system. Do not use anonymous.
Rat Atlas [Internet]. Los Angeles: University of California, Los Angeles, Laboratory of Neuro
Imaging. c2007 - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.loni.ucla.edu/Atlases/
Atlas_Detail.jsp?atlas_id=1

• Determining the author if there is no standard title page
(Chinese, Japanese)
Box 1. Determining the author if there is no standard title page.

Some Databases/Retrieval Systems/Datasets on the Internet do not display a traditional title page that clearly
states the names of the authors. When there is no title page:
• Look at the top, bottom, or sidebar of the first screen or the bottom of the last screen of the site
• Do not assume that a name in a copyright statement, such as "copyright 1997 by John A. Smith", is the
author
• If the only personal name given in a site is associated with a copyright statement, use that individual's
name as the publisher
• Many sites will display an organization's name rather than a person's name. Place the organization in the
publisher position when the organization appears to be serving as both author and publisher.


combination of a middle name and a surname, look elsewhere in the site for clarification. For
example, Elizabeth Scott Parker may be interpreted to be Parker ES or Scott Parker E.]
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

particle
abbreviation.


Examples:
letter

Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

always be used.
• If not translated, ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in names. This rule ignores some
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
French redacteur
editeur
German redakteur
herausgeber
Italian redattore
curatore
editore
Russian redaktor
izdatel
Spanish redactor
editor

Working Group.
(see Appendix D)

• If both individuals and an organization or organizations appear on the opening screens of a database/
retrieval system as authors, use the names of the individuals as the author. Give the organization at the end
of the reference as a note, if desired. For example:
Authors are members of the Washington Genetics Database Team.
brackets.
or
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe


1. Standard citation to an open serial database on the Internet
2. Standard citation to a closed serial database on the Internet
3. Standard citation to a single database on the Internet
4. Standard citation to a retrieval system on the Internet
5. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with an individual(s) as author
6. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with optional full names for author
7. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with an organization as author
8. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with editors where there is no author
9. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with no authors or editors
Author Affiliation for Databases/Retrieval Systems/Datasets on the

Internet (optional)
country
PA)


Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Soc. for Society
all references.

Example:

Rebora P, Reina G.
Mandelshtam MY.
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

Wien becomes Vienna

10. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with author affiliation
Title for Databases/Retrieval Systems/Datasets on the Internet (required)

• Reproduce the title of a database/retrieval system as closely as possible to the wording that appears on the
screen, duplicating capitalization, spacing, and punctuation

• Determining the title if there is no standard title page
Box 16. Determining the title if there is no standard title page.

While many Databases/Retrieval Systems/Datasets on the Internet display a traditional title page and clearly
state the title, some sites do not. When there is no title page:
• Look for the most prominent (usually the largest) wording on the opening screen
• Look for the title in the source code of the database/retrieval system if it is displayed by the Web browser

Sistema Informativo Sanitario [Internet]. Rome: Ministero della Salute, Direzione General del
Sistema Informativo e Statistico. 1997 - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://
www.ministerosalute.it/servizio/datisis.jsp Italian.
TSitokhrom Baza Dannykh [Internet].
square brackets.
Zhong yi yao jie du wen xian zi liao ku [Internet].
or
[Database on Chinese Medicine for Drug Addiction] [Internet].
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
• Reproduce the title as closely as possible to the wording that appears on the screen, duplicating
capitalization, spacing, and punctuation
Sistema Informativo Sanitario [Health Information System] [Internet]. Rome: Ministero della Salute,
Direzione General del Sistema Informativo e Statistico. 1997 - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from:
http://www.ministerosalute.it/servizio/datisis.jsp Italian.

• If a database/retrieval system title is written in several languages:
⚬ List all languages of publication after the availability statement
Example:
ORPHANET: Maladies Rares Medicaments Orphelins [Internet]. Paris: INSERM. 1997 -
[cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.orpha.net/. French, German, Spanish,
English, Italian, Portuguese.
• If a database/retrieval system has equal text in two or more languages, as often occurs in Canadian
publications:
⚬ List the particular languages, separated by commas, after the availability statement
Example:
Cardiovascular Disease Surveillance On-line = Surveillance des Maladies Cardio-vasculaires
en Direct [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): Public Health Agency of Canada. [1950] - [updated 2002
Jul 30; cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://dsol-smed.phac-aspc.gc.ca/dsol-smed/cvd/
index%5Fe.html English, French.

• Most titles end in a period. Place [Internet] inside period.
Is Your Doctor Certified? [Internet]. Evanston (IL): American Board of Medical Specialties. c2006 -
[updated 2006 Mar 17; cited 2007 Jan 31]. Available from: http://www.abms.org/newsearch.asp
• Reproduce the title of a database/retrieval system as closely as possible to the wording that appears on the
screen, duplicating capitalization, spacing, and punctuation
arXiv.org e-Print archive
CD40Lbase: Mutation registry for X-linked Hyper-IgM syndrome
dbGaP
HbVar
eSkeletons Project
NCI DIS 3D Database
von Willebrand Disease Database
ERGO™
PDQ®: NCI's Comprehensive Cancer Database
Database of β-Amino Acids
may become
Database of Beta-Amino Acids
TiO2 Nanoparticles
may become
TiO(2) Nanoparticles

• Under rare circumstances a database does not appear to have any title; the database simply begins with the
records in it. In this unusual circumstance:
⚬ Construct a title based on the content of the records
⚬ Use enough words to make the constructed title meaningful
⚬ Place the constructed title in square brackets
Examples for Title

11. Database/retrieval system on the Internet title with subtitle
12. Database/retrieval system on the Internet title with sections
13. Database/retrieval system on the Internet title with upper/lowercase letters and symbols
14. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with title ending in other than a period
15. Database/retrieval system on the Internet in a language other than English
16. Database/retrieval system on the Internet in multiple languages
17. Database/retrieval system on the Internet published with equal text in two languages
Content Type for Databases/Retrieval Systems/Datasets on the Internet

(optional)
• A content type alerts the user that the reference is not to a standard book but to a database or retrieval
system
• Enter the words "database on" or "retrieval system on"
• End the content type with a space


Rat Atlas [database on the Internet]. Los Angeles: University of California, Los Angeles, Laboratory
of Neuro Imaging. c2007 - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.loni.ucla.edu/Atlases/
Is Your Doctor Certified? [database on the Internet]. Evanston (IL): American Board of Medical
Specialties. c2006 - [updated 2006 Mar 17; cited 2007 Jan 31]. Available from: http://www.abms.org/
newsearch.asp

• If a translation of a title is provided, put it in square brackets
• Place the content type and type of medium (Internet) in square brackets after the translation
Sistema Informativo Sanitario [Health Information System] [database on the Internet]. Rome:
Ministero della Salute, Direzione General del Sistema Informativo e Statistico. 1997 - [cited 2007
Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.ministerosalute.it/servizio/datisis.jsp Italian.

Type of Medium for Databases/Retrieval Systems/Datasets on the

Internet (required)
• Place the word Internet in square brackets following the title (and Content Type, if present)
• End with a period, placed outside the closing bracket
• Add location information (the URL, etc.) according to the instructions under Availability below
• See Chapter 20 for databases on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk


• Give the content type (database or retrieval system) and the word "on" before the type of medium
(Internet) in the same square brackets
EARSS: the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System [database on the Internet].
Bilthoven (Netherlands): RIVM. 2001 - 2005 [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.rivm.nl/
earss/.
DialogWeb [retrieval system on the Internet]. Version 2.5. Cary (NC): The Dialog Corporation.
c1997 - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.dialogweb.com/.

Is Your Doctor Certified? [Internet]. Evanston (IL): American Board of Medical Specialties. c2006 -
[updated 2006 Mar 17; cited 2007 Jan 31]. Available from: http://www.abms.org/newsearch.asp

• If a translation of a title is provided, give the translation in square brackets after the original language or
romanized title
Example:
Sistema Informativo Sanitario [Health Information System] [Internet]. Rome: Ministero della Salute,
Direzione General del Sistema Informativo e Statistico. 1997 - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from:
http://www.ministerosalute.it/servizio/datisis.jsp Italian.

14. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with title ending in other than a period
Edition for Databases/Retrieval Systems/Datasets on the Internet

(required)
• Indicate the edition/version being cited after the Type of Medium when a database/retrieval system is
published in more than one edition or version
• Express words and numbers representing editions in arabic ordinals. For example: second becomes 2nd
and III becomes 3rd.

Word Abbreviation
edition ed.
abbreviated abbr.
abridged abr.
American Am.
augmented augm.
English Engl.
enlarged enl.
expanded expand.
illustrated ill.
modified mod.
original orig.
reprint(ed) repr.
revised rev.
special spec.
translation transl.
translated
3rd rev. ed.
1st Engl. ed.
version
release
update
level

• First editions

Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
constructions.
Examples:
Ed. 1a.
2. ed. veneta.
Nuova ed.
Seconda ed.
constructions.
Examples:
2. dopunjeno izd.
2. ekd. epeux.
3. ekd.
Examples:
ŏ becomes o
ū becomes u
constructions.
Examples:
Shohan.
Dai 1-han.
Dai 3-pan.
Di 3 ban.
Che 6-p'an.
Danish oplag n.a.
udgave


Dutch uitgave uitg.
editie ed.
French edition ed.
Auflage Aufl.
Greek ekdosis ekd.
utgave utg.
publikacija publ.
Spanish edicion ed.
publicacion publ.

If a database/retrieval system on the Internet provides information for both an edition and a version:
• Separate the two statements with a semicolon and a space
Examples:
2nd ed.; Version 2.0.
Version 3.0; Student ed.

• If a database/retrieval system does not carry an edition statement, assume it is the first or only edition
earlier one

18. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with an edition or version
Editor and other Secondary Authors for Databases/Retrieval Systems/

Datasets on the Internet (optional)
illustrators.
reference


A database/retrieval system may have several types of secondary author.
• List all of them in the order they are given on the opening screens
Examples:

Example:

Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
Language Word for Editor Word for Translator Word for Producer Word for Illustrator
French redacteur traducteur producteur illustrateur
editeur
German redakteur ubersetzer produzent illustrator
herausgeber dolmetscher produzentin
Italian redattore traduttore produttore disegnatore
curatore
editore
Russian redaktor perevodchik rezhisser konstruktor
izdatel
Spanish redactor traductor productor ilustrador
editor productora

ADICAP; ICG Memoire Directe, producers.

8. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with editors where there is no author
Place of Publication for Databases/Retrieval Systems/Datasets on the

Internet (required)
• Place is defined as the city where the database/retrieval system is published

• Non-US cities
When Databases/Retrieval Systems/Datasets on the Internet do not display a traditional title page that clearly
states the place of publication:
or similar link
• Look in the source code for the database/retrieval system if it is displayed by the Web browser

place of publication of a database/retrieval system issued by the American Medical Association.
Cohen BA, Lehmann CU. dermatlas.org: Dermatology Image Atlas [Internet]. [Baltimore
(MD)]: Johns Hopkins University. c2000 - [updated 2007 Jan 29; cited 2007 Feb 2]. Available
from: http://dermatlas.med.jhmi.edu/derm/.
city
Pfam [Internet]. Version 21.0. [place unknown]: Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. [date
unknown] - [updated Nov 2006; cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.sanger.ac.uk/
Software/Pfam/.

Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
Montreal (QC):
Ottawa (ON):
Vancouver (BC):
London:
Rome:
Paris:
Madrid:
but

Two or more organizations may co-publish a database/retrieval system.
• Use the city of the first organization found on the opening screens (or on "contact us" or other links if no
place information appears on the opening screens), as the place of publication
WormBase: the Biology and Genome of C. elegans [Internet]. Release WS170. [Pasadena (CA)]:
California Institute of Technology. c1999 - [updated 2007 Jan 19; cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from:
http://www.wormbase.org/. Jointly published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Washington
University at St. Louis, and The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.


• If no place of publication can be found on the opening screens or elsewhere on the site but the place can
be reasonably inferred (e.g., Chicago as the place for a publication of the American Medical Association),
place the city in square brackets, such as "[Chicago]"
Cohen BA, Lehmann CU. dermatlas.org: Dermatology Image Atlas [Internet]. [Baltimore (MD)]:
Johns Hopkins University. c2000 - [updated 2007 Jan 29; cited 2007 Feb 2]. Available from: http://
dermatlas.med.jhmi.edu/derm/.
Pfam [Internet]. Version 21.0. [place unknown]: Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. [date unknown] -
[updated Nov 2006; cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Software/Pfam/.

19. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with well known place of publication
20. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with geographic qualifier added to place of publication for
clarity
21. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with place of publication inferred
22. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with unknown place of publication
Publisher for Databases/Retrieval Systems/Datasets on the Internet

(required)
• A publisher is defined as the individual or organization issuing the database/retrieval system
• End publisher information with a period for serial databases, retrieval systems, or datasets, and a
semicolon for single databases


states the name of the publisher:
• Look in the source code for the database/retrieval system if it is displayed by the Web browser

Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Ltd. for Limited
Soc. for Society
all references.

Rome: Societa Editrice Universo
Lisbon: Imprensa Medica

Sofia (Bulgaria): Sofia Medizina i Fizkultura
Tokyo: Medikaru Rebyusha
Beijing (China): [Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Population Research Institute]
Taiyuan (China): Shanxi ke xue ji she chu ban she
Lopez Pinero
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
brackets.
Aarhus (Denmark): Aarhus-Universitetsforlag [Aarhus University Press]
Aarhus (Denmark): [Aarhus University Press]
Appendix D).
database/retrieval system as the publisher; include distributor information as a note, if desired.

Two or more organizations may co-publish a database/retrieval system.
• Use the name of the first organization found on the opening screens (or on "contact us" or other links if no
publisher information appears on the opening screens), as the publisher
Example:

• If more than one publisher is found on the opening screens, use the first one given or the one set in the
largest type or bold type
as the publisher and include the name(s) of the other(s) as a note if desired.

Hong Kong: [publisher unknown]. 2000.

23. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with publisher having subsidiary division
24. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with government agency or other national body as publisher
25. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with joint publication
Date of Publication for Databases/Retrieval Systems/Datasets on the

Internet (required)
• For an open serial database or retrieval system, give the beginning date of the database/system followed by
a hyphen and 3 spaces
• For a closed serial database/system, give the beginning and ending dates, separated by a hyphen with a
space before and after
• If the beginning (and ending) date are not provided, see No date is provided below
• For a single database, give the date as you would for a book
• End date information for all types with a space
Box 53. No date is provided.

• If the date(s) of coverage cannot be determined but the date of the earliest (and latest if closed) records in
the database can be determined, place date information in square brackets
REHABDATA [Internet]. Lanham (MD): National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation
Research (US), National Rehabilitation Information Center. [1956] - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available
from http://www.naric.com/research/rehab/default.cfm
• If the neither the date(s) of coverage nor the dates of the records in the database can be determined but the
database contains a copyright date or date range, (for example: copyright 2006 by the American Chemical
Society, © 2003-2007 American Medical Association, c2006 Medical College of Wisconsin), use that date
preceded by "c", as c2007.
bioProtocol: a Bio Online Site [Internet]. Emeryville (CA): Bio.Com. c1992 - [cited 2007 Feb 1].
Available from: http://bioprotocol.bio.com/protocolstools/index.jhtml
• If the neither the date(s) of coverage nor the dates of the records in the database can be determined nor is
there a copyright date or date range, but the date can be estimated because of information found
elsewhere, follow the date(s) with a question mark and place date information in square brackets
Nederlands Trialregister [Internet]. Amsterdam (Netherlands): Dutch Cochrane Centre. [2005?] -
[cited 2007 Feb 23]. Available from: http://www.trialregister.nl/. Dutch.
The Digital Database for Screening Mammography [Internet]. Tampa (FL): University of South
Florida. [1999 - 2000?] [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://marathon.csee.usf.edu/
Mammography/Database.html
• If none of the above can be found, use "date unknown" in square brackets
Prevention Communication Research Database [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Department of Health
and Human Services (US), Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. [date unknown] -
[cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.health.gov/communication/default.asp

• Locating the date of publication if there is no standard title page
• No date is provided
Box 47. Locating the date of publication if there is no standard title page.
states the dates of coverage, i.e. the date the database began (and closed):
• Look for a link titled "About", "History", etc., at the top or on the sidebar of the first screen
• If the date(s) of coverage cannot be determined but the date of the earliest (and latest if closed) records in
the database can be determined, place date information in square brackets
REHABDATA [Internet]. Lanham (MD): National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation
Research (US), National Rehabilitation Information Center. [1956] - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available
from http://www.naric.com/research/rehab/default.cfm
• If the neither the date(s) of coverage nor the dates of the records in the database can be determined but the
database contains a copyright date or date range, (for example: copyright 2006 by the American Chemical
Society, © 2003-2007 American Medical Association, c2006 Medical College of Wisconsin), use that date
preceded by "c", as c2007.
bioProtocol: a Bio Online Site [Internet]. Emeryville (CA): Bio.Com. c1992 - [cited 2007 Feb 1].
Available from: http://bioprotocol.bio.com/protocolstools/index.jhtml
• If the neither the date(s) of coverage nor the dates of the records in the database can be determined nor is
there a copyright date or date range, but the date can be estimated because of information found
elsewhere, follow the date(s) with a question mark and place date information in square brackets
The Digital Database for Screening Mammography [Internet]. Tampa (FL): University of South
Florida. [1999 - 2000?] [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://marathon.csee.usf.edu/
Mammography/Database.html
• If none of the above can be found, use "date unknown" in square brackets
Prevention Communication Research Database [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Department of Health
and Human Services (US), Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. [date unknown] -
[cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.health.gov/communication/default.asp

2002-2003
1997-1998
1999-2000
1999 Oct-2000 Mar
2002 Dec-2003 Jan
2005 Jan-Feb
1999 Dec-2000 Jan


• Capitalize them
Examples:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

• Capitalize them
For example:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring

This convention alerts a user that the information is older than the date of publication implies.

no date(s) of publication can be found, but the publication contains a date of copyright, use the date of
Biozon [Internet]. Release 2.4. Ithaca (NY): Cornell University. c2005 - [updated 2006 Aug; cited
2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.biozon.org/.
ProQolid: Patient-Reported Outcome and Quality of Life Instruments Database [Internet]. Lyon
(France): Mapi Research Institute. c2001 - [updated 2005 Nov; cited 2007 Jan 31]. Available from:
http://www.proqolid.org/.
DocFinder [Internet]. [place unknown]: Administrators in Medicine. c1997 - c2005 [cited 2007 Feb
2]. Available from: http://www.docboard.org/docfinder.html

It is not NLM policy, but the date of publication may follow the author names (or title and type of medium if
there are no authors) in the list of references when the name-year system of in-text references is used.
• Keep the hyphen following the date when the database is open
• Include both the beginning and ending years if a database is closed
• Place the year(s) or [date unknown] after the last named author (or after the title and type of medium if
there is no author)
• End the publisher name with a period
• Leave any date of update/revision and the date of citation in their usual locations
NLM citation:
Jablonski S. Online Multiple Congenital Anomaly/Mental Retardation (MCA/MR) Syndromes
[Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US), Medical Subject Headings Section;
2001 Apr [updated 2001 Nov 20; cited 2007 Jan 31]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/archive/
/20061212/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_db.html
Online Archive of American Folk Medicine [Internet]. Los Angeles: Regents of the University of
California. 1996 - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.folkmed.ucla.edu/.
EARSS: the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System [Internet]. Bilthoven
(Netherlands): RIVM. 2001 - 2005 [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.rivm.nl/earss/.
Database of Human Disease Causing Gene Homologues in Dictyostelium Discoideum [Internet]. San
Diego (CA): San Diego Supercomputer Center; 2003 [modified 2003 Mar 30; cited 2007 Feb 2].
Available from: http://dictyworkbench.sdsc.edu/HDGDD/.
DialogWeb [Internet]. Version 2.5. Cary (NC): The Dialog Corporation. c1997 - [cited 2007 Feb 1].
Available from: http://www.dialogweb.com/. Subscription required.
Blaxter M. BaNG: Nematode and Neglected Genomics [Internet]. Version 2.03. Edinburgh (UK):
University of Edinburgh, Institute of Evolutionary Biology. [date unknown] - [updated 2006 Jun 22;
cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.nematodes.org/.
Jablonski S. 2001. Online Multiple Congenital Anomaly/Mental Retardation (MCA/MR) Syndromes
[Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US), Medical Subject Headings Section.
[updated 2001 Nov 20; cited 2007 Jan 31]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/archive//2006121
2/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_db.html
Online Archive of American Folk Medicine [Internet]. 1996 - . Los Angeles: Regents of the
University of California. [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.folkmed.ucla.edu/.
EARSS: the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System [Internet]. 2001 - 2005.
Bilthoven (Netherlands): RIVM. [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.rivm.nl/earss/.
Database of Human Disease Causing Gene Homologues in Dictyostelium Discoideum [Internet].
2003. San Diego (CA): San Diego Supercomputer Center. [modified 2003 Mar 30; cited 2007 Feb 2].
DialogWeb [Internet]. c1997 - . Version 2.5. Cary (NC): The Dialog Corporation. [cited 2007 Feb 1].
Available from: http://www.dialogweb.com/. Subscription required.
Blaxter M. [date unknown] - . BaNG: Nematode and Neglected Genomics [Internet]. Version 2.03.
Edinburgh (UK): University of Edinburgh, Institute of Evolutionary Biology. [updated 2006 Jun 22;
cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.nematodes.org/.

26. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with standard date of publication
27. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with month/day included in date of publication
28. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with multiple years
29. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with date of copyright instead of date of publication
30. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with date obtained from earliest material in it
31. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with date estimated
32. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with unknown date
Date of Update/Revision for Databases/Retrieval Systems/Datasets on

the Internet (required)
• Databases/retrieval systems/datasets may be updated or revised between editions or versions



• Databases/Retrieval Systems/Datasets on the Internet are often updated or revised after initial
presentation. Look for the date accompanied by such words as updated, modified, revised, reviewed:
⚬ At the top, bottom, or sidebar of the first screen or the bottom of the last screen of the site
⚬ In the source code for the database/retrieval system if it is displayed by the Web browser

• Capitalize them
Examples:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

• Capitalize them
For example:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring

Various words are used to show that the content of a database/retrieval system has been changed. Among them
are: updated, modified, revised, reviewed.
• Use the wording supplied in the database/retrieval system
revised 2005 Dec 5; updated 2006 Mar 30;
• Add the date of citation and place all types of date in one set of square brackets
Example:
New York: Longworth Publishing. 2006 - [reviewed 2006 Sep; updated 2006 Dec; cited 2007 Feb 1].

33. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with update/revision date
Date of Citation for Databases/Retrieval Systems/Datasets on the

Internet (required)
• Always include the date the database/retrieval system was seen on the Internet
square bracket


Various words are used to show that the content of a database/retrieval system has been changed. Among them
are: updated, modified, revised, reviewed.
⚬ Use the wording for update/revision supplied in the database/retrieval system
⚬ Give all words with the dates provided, in ascending date order. For example:
reviewed 2004 Sep 1; modified 2006 Aug 17;
• Place all dates of update/revision and the date of citation in one set of square brackets
Examples:
Health Library for Disasters [Internet]. Version 3.0. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2003 -
[updated 2006 May; cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.helid.desastres.net/.
Rotchford JK, editor. Acubriefs.com [Internet]. Port Townsend (WA): Best of Both Worlds
Foundation. [date unknown] - [modified 2006 Jul; cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://
www.acubriefs.com/.
Database of Human Disease Causing Gene Homologues in Dictyostelium Discoideum [Internet]. San
Diego (CA): San Diego Supercomputer Center; 2003 [modified 2003 Mar 30; cited 2007 Feb 2].
Cornell University Poisonous Plants Informational Database [Internet]. Ithaca (NY): Cornell
University, Department of Animal Science. [date unknown] - [updated 2006 Oct 27; cited 2007 Feb
1]. Available from: http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/index.html

Availability for Databases/Retrieval Systems/Datasets on the Internet

(required)
components

• Multiple URLs

• Some URLs (Uniform Resource Locators) are longer than one line.
⚬ Retain the entire string as found when possible
⚬ Break a URL at a slash if necessary
⚬ Do not insert a hyphen or a hard line break into a URL

The URL as displayed by the Web browser may not always be used to retrieve the database/retrieval system, i.e.,
it is not directly addressable.
Example:
Available from: http://www.unimelb.edu.au/adi/ by using the Database link.

If more than one URL can be used to locate a database/retrieval system:
• Give the URL you used in locating the database/retrieval system
Example:
WHOSIS: WHO Statistical Information System [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization.
c2007 - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.who.int/whosis/en/ ; http://www.who.int/
whosis/fr/index.html English, French.

34. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with multiple URLs
Language for Databases/Retrieval Systems/Datasets on the Internet

(required)

• Databases/retrieval systems/datasets appearing in more than one language
Box 63. Databases/retrieval systems/datasets in more than one language.

• If the contents of a database/retrieval system appear in several languages:
⚬ List all languages of publication after the Availability statement
Example:
ORPHANET: Maladies Rares, Medicaments Orphelins [Internet]. Paris: INSERM. 1997 - .
Available from: http://www.orpha.net/. French, German, Spanish, English, Italian, Portuguese.
• If a database/retrieval system has equal text in two or more languages, as often occurs in Canadian
publications:
⚬ Separate them with an equals with a space before and after
Example:
Cardiovascular Disease Surveillance On-line = Surveillance des Maladies Cardio-vasculaires
en Direct [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): Public Health Agency of Canada. [1950] - [updated 2002
Jul 30; cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://dsol-smed.phac-aspc.gc.ca/dsol-smed/cvd/
index%5Fe.html English, French.
c2007 - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.who.int/whosis/en/ ; http://www.who.int/
whosis/fr/index.html English, French.
• If no title is in English, follow with a translation when possible. Place the translation in square brackets.
ORPHANET: Maladies Rares, Medicaments Orphelins [ORPHANET: Rare Diseases, Orphan Drugs]
[Internet]. Paris: INSERM. 1997 - . Available from: http://www.orpha.net/. French, German,
Spanish, English, Italian, Portuguese.

15. Database/retrieval system on the Internet in a language other than English
17. Database/retrieval system on the Internet published with equal text in two languages
Notes for Databases/Retrieval Systems/Datasets on the Internet

(optional)
• Be brief


System requirements describe the software and hardware needed to view the database/retrieval system.
• Separate the types of information with semicolons
Example:
MEDMARX [Internet]. Version 6.5. Rockville (MD): United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc.
c2007 - [updated 1999 Aug 6; cited 2007 Jan 31]. Available from: https://www.medmarx.com/.
System Requirements: Windows 95 or higher; 200-megaHertz Pentium or higher; Random Access
Memory 128-megabytes or higher; Modem Speed 56 Kilobits per second or higher; 20-MB hard disk
space; 17-inch video graphics array; 800 x 600 pixels/high with color; Adobe Acrobat Reader 5.0;
Internet Explorer 6.0 or higher.

The notes element may be used to provide any further information. Begin by citing the database/retrieval
system, then add the note. Examples of notes are:
• Information on the database/retrieval system content
BELIT: Bioethics Literature Database [Internet]. Bonn (Germany): German Reference Centre for
Ethics in the Life Sciences. [date unknown] - [updated 2006 Sep 9; cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available
from: http://www.drze.de/BELIT?la=en Provides access to about 320,000 records from the integrated
German, American, and French databases.
Reinhardt V, Reinhardt A. Environmental Enrichment for Primates: Annotated Database on
Environmental Enrichment and Refinement of Husbandry for Nonhuman Primates [Internet].
Washington: Animal Welfare Institute. 1998 Jul 1 - [updated 2006 Dec 8; cited 2007 Feb 1].
Available from: http://www.awionline.org/Lab_animals/biblio/enrich.htm Comprises published
articles, abstracts, book chapters, books, as well as published photographs, slide sets, videotapes, and
selected web site information.
• Update frequency of the database
Federal Research in Progress Database (FEDRIP) [Internet]. Springfield (VA): Department of
Commerce (US), National Technical Information Service. [date unknown] - [cited 2005 Dec 1].
Available from: http://grc.ntis.gov/fedrip.htm Updated monthly.
• Names of any previous titles for the database/retrieval system. Give the former name following
"Continues:"
BOND: the Biomolecular Object Network Databank [Internet]. Toronto (ON): Unleashed
Informatics. [date unknown] - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://
bond.unleashedinformatics.com/. Continues: DogBox.
• Information on any access requirements/limitations
Federal Research in Progress Database (FEDRIP) [Internet]. Springfield (VA): Department of
Commerce (US), National Technical Information Service. [date unknown] - [cited 2005 Dec 1].
Available from: http://grc.ntis.gov/fedrip.htm Subscription required, but free trials are available.
• Explanations of initialisms or acronyms used in the title or publisher name of the database/retrieval
system
PDQ®: NCI's Comprehensive Cancer Database [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute
(US). [date unknown] - [cited 2005 Dec 1]. Available from: http://www.cancer.gov/
cancertopics/pdq/cancerdatabase PDQ stands for Physician Data Query.
RIVM is the Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu.
• The name of the organization(s) sponsoring or supporting the database/retrieval system
http://www.wormbase.org/. Supported by a grant from the National Human Genome Research

Institute at the US National Institutes of Health # P41 HG02223 and the British Medical Research
Council.
Examples for Notes

35. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with optional system requirements
36. Database/retrieval system on the Internet that continues another database
37. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with supplemental note included
Examples of Citations to Entire Databases/Retrieval Systems/

Datasets on the Internet
Dryad Digital Repository [Internet]. Durham (NC): Dryad. 2008 Jan - [cited 2014 Oct 3]. Available from:
http://www.datadryad.org/.
MeSH Browser (2011 MeSH) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US), Medical Subject
Headings Section; [1999] - [updated 2010 Aug 28; cited 2011 Jul 8]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/
mesh/MBrowser.html Files are updated every week on Sunday.
MeSH Database [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US). 2003 Apr - [cited 2011 Jul 8].
Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh
Online Archive of American Folk Medicine [Internet]. Los Angeles: Regents of the University of California. 1996
- [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.folkmed.ucla.edu/.
PeriStats [Internet]. White Plains (NY): March of Dimes Perinatal Data Center. c2007 - [cited 2007 Feb 1].
Available from: http://www.marchofdimes.com/peristats/.
TrialSearch [Internet]. New York: AIDS Community Research Initiative of America. c2003 - [cited 2007 Feb 1].
Available from: http://www.acria.org/clinical_trials/.
TrialSearch [database on the Internet]. New York: AIDS Community Research Initiative of America. c2003 -
[cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.acria.org/clinical_trials/.

EARSS: the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System [Internet]. Bilthoven (Netherlands): RIVM.
2001 - 2005 [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.rivm.nl/earss/.
DocFinder [Internet]. [place unknown]: Administrators in Medicine. c1997 - c2005 [cited 2007 Feb 2]. Available
from: http://www.docboard.org/docfinder.html
EARSS: the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System [database on the Internet]. Bilthoven

Jablonski S. Online Multiple Congenital Anomaly/Mental Retardation (MCA/MR) Syndromes [Internet].
Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US), Medical Subject Headings Section; 2001 Apr [updated 2001
Nov 20; cited 2007 Jan 31]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/archive//20061212/mesh/jablonski/
syndrome_db.html
Database of Human Disease Causing Gene Homologues in Dictyostelium Discoideum [Internet]. San Diego
(CA): San Diego Supercomputer Center; 2003 [modified 2003 Mar 30; cited 2007 Feb 2]. Available from: http://
dictyworkbench.sdsc.edu/HDGDD/.
Jablonski S. Online Multiple Congenital Anomaly/Mental Retardation (MCA/MR) Syndromes [database on the
Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US), Medical Subject Headings Section; 2001 Apr
[updated 2001 Nov 20; cited 2007 Jan 31]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/archive//20061212/mesh/
jablonski/syndrome_db.html

DialogWeb [Internet]. Version 2.5. Cary (NC): The Dialog Corporation. c1997 - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available
from: http://www.dialogweb.com/.
Ovid [Internet]. New York: Ovid Technologies, Inc. c2000 - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://
gateway.ovid.com/.
WHOSIS: WHO Statistical Information System [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization. c2007 - [cited
2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.who.int/whosis/en/.
DialogWeb [retrieval system on the Internet]. Version 2.5. Cary (NC): The Dialog Corporation. c1997 - [cited
2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.dialogweb.com/.
Patient UK [retrieval system on the Internet]. Horsforth (UK): EMIS; c1997 [cited 2007 Feb 23]. Available from:
http://www.patient.co.uk/.
5. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with an individual(s) as

author
Blaxter M. BaNG: Nematode and Neglected Genomics [Internet]. Version 2.03. Edinburgh (UK): University of
Edinburgh, Institute of Evolutionary Biology. [date unknown] - [updated 2006 Jun 22; cited 2007 Feb 1].
Available from: http://www.nematodes.org/.
Gilliland G, Tung M, Ladner J. BMCD: Biological Macromolecule Crystallization Database [Internet]. Test ed.
4.0. Gaithersburg (MD): National Institute of Standards and Technology (US). c1995 - [cited 2007 Feb 1].
Available from: http://xpdb.nist.gov:8060/BMCD4/.
Bota M. The Brain Architecture Management System [Internet]. Los Angeles: University of Southern California.
c2002 - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://brancusi.usc.edu/bkms/.
syndrome_db.html
Nicholas F. OMIA - Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals [Internet]. Sydney (Australia): University of
Sydney, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. 2011 Aug - [updated 2013 Feb 20; cited 2013 Feb 26]. Available from:
http://omia.angis.org.au/.
6. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with optional full names for

author
Jablonski, Stanley. Online Multiple Congenital Anomaly/Mental Retardation (MCA/MR) Syndromes [Internet].
syndrome_db.html
Gilliland, Gary; Tung, Michael; Ladner, Jane. BMCD: Biological Macromolecule Crystallization Database
[Internet]. Test ed. 4.0. Gaithersburg (MD): National Institute of Standards and Technology. c1995 - [cited 2007
Feb 1]. Available from: http://xpdb.nist.gov:8060/BMCD4/.
Cohen, Bernard A.; Lehmann, Christoph U. dermatlas.org: Dermatology Image Atlas [Internet]. [Baltimore
(MD)]: Johns Hopkins University. c2000 - [updated 2007 Jan 29; cited 2007 Feb 2]. Available from: http://
dermatlas.med.jhmi.edu/derm/.
Blaxter, Mark. BaNG: Nematode and Neglected Genomics [Internet]. Version 2.03. Edinburgh (UK): University
of Edinburgh, Institute of Evolutionary Biology. [date unknown] - [updated 2006 Jun 22; cited 2007 Feb 1].
Available from: http://www.nematodes.org/.
7. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with an organization as

author
American Diabetes Association. Genetics of Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes: the GENNID Study [Internet].
Version 3.0.927. Camden (NJ): Coriell Institute for Medical Research. c1977 - [updated 2005 Jun 1; cited 2007
Feb 1]. Available from: http://ccr.coriell.org/ada/.
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (US), Liver Diseases Research Branch; U.S.
National Library of Medicine, Division of Specialized Information Services. LiverTox [Internet]. Bethesda (MD):
U.S. National Library of Medicine. [2012 Apr] - [last updated 2015 Jan 28; cited 2015 Apr 24]. Available from:
http://livertox.nih.gov/.
8. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with editors where there is

no author
Hamosh A, editor. OMIM®: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man® [Internet]. Baltimore (MD): Johns Hopkins
University, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine. 1995 - , c1966 - 2013 [updated 2013 Feb 22; cited
2013 Feb 26]. Available from: http://omim.org/.
Rotchford JK, editor. Acubriefs.com [Internet]. Port Townsend (WA): Best of Both Worlds Foundation. [date
unknown] - [modified 2006 Jul; cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.acubriefs.com/.

Rat Atlas [Internet]. Los Angeles: University of California, Los Angeles, Laboratory of Neuro Imaging. c2007 -
[cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.loni.ucla.edu/Atlases/Atlas_Detail.jsp?atlas_id=1
10. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with author affiliation

Allender S (British Heart Foundation Health Promotion Research Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK),
Peto V, Rayner M, Scarborough P, Boxer A. heartstats: British Heart Foundation Statistics Database [Internet].
London: British Heart Foundation. c2003 - [updated 2006 Nov 3; cited 2007 Feb 2]. Available from: http://
www.heartstats.org/.
11. Database/retrieval system on the Internet title with subtitle

BELIT: Bioethics Literature Database [Internet]. Bonn (Germany): German Reference Centre for Ethics in the
Life Sciences. [date unknown] - [updated 2006 Sep 9; cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.drze.de/
BELIT?la=en
ALTBIB: Bibliography on Alternatives to Animal Testing [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of
Medicine (US), Division of Specialized Information Services. 2002 - [modified 2011 Feb 4; cited 2011 Jul 14].
Available from: http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/altbib.html
12. Database/retrieval system on the Internet title with sections

Faculty of 1000. Medicine [Internet]. London: Medicine Reports Ltd. c2007 - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from:
http://www.f1000medicine.com/.
Faculty of 1000. Biology [Internet]. London: Biology Reports Ltd. c1999 - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from:
http://www.f1000biology.com/.
13. Database/retrieval system on the Internet title with upper/lowercase

letters and symbols
bioProtocol: a Bio Online Site [Internet]. Emeryville (CA): Bio.Com. c1992 - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from:
http://bioprotocol.bio.com/protocolstools/index.jhtml
PDQ®: NCI's Comprehensive Cancer Database [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US). [date
unknown] - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/cancerdatabase
GReTA [Internet]. Berlin: Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Zentrum fur transdisziplinare Geschlechterstudien.
1989 - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://141.20.150.23:2200/start.fau?prj=ifaust German.
MEDMARX [Internet]. Version 6.5. Rockville (MD): United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. c2007 -
[updated 1999 Aug 6; cited 2007 Jan 31]. Available from: https://www.medmarx.com/.
Aspergillus nidulans Database [Internet]. Cambridge (MA): Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Broad
Institute, Center for Genome Research. 2003 - [updated 2007 Jan 10; cited 2007 Feb 21]. Available from: http://
www.broad.mit.edu/annoitation/fungi/aspergillus/.
ClinicalTrials.gov [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): U.S. National Library of Medicine. 2000 Feb - [cited 2015 Apr 25].
Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/.
intute: health & life sciences [Internet]. Nottingham (UK): University of Nottingham. c2006 - [cited 2007 Feb
23]. Available from: http://www.intute.ac.uk/healthandlifesciences/.
14. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with title ending in other

than a period
Is Your Doctor Certified? [Internet]. Evanston (IL): American Board of Medical Specialties. c2006 - [updated
2006 Mar 17; cited 2007 Jan 31]. Available from: http://www.abms.org/newsearch.asp
15. Database/retrieval system on the Internet in a language other than

English
Sistema Informativo Sanitario [Internet]. Rome: Ministero della Salute, Direzione General del Sistema
Informativo e Statistico. 1997 - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.ministerosalute.it/servizio/
datisis.jsp Italian.
Nederlands Trialregister [Internet]. Amsterdam (Netherlands): Dutch Cochrane Centre. [2005?] - [cited 2007
Feb 23]. Available from: http://www.trialregister.nl/. Dutch.
1989 - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://141.20.150.23:2200/start.fau?prj=ifaust German.
Bases de Datos de Tesis Doctorales (TESEO) [Internet]. Madrid: Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia. [1976] -
[cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.mcu.es/TESEO/teseo.html Spanish.
Sistema Informativo Sanitario [Health Information System] [Internet]. Rome: Ministero della Salute, Direzione
General del Sistema Informativo e Statistico. 1997 - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://
www.ministerosalute.it/servizio/datisis.jsp Italian.

ORPHANET: Maladies Rares, Medicaments Orphelins [Internet]. Paris: INSERM. 1997 - [cited 2007 Feb 23].
Available from: http://www.orpha.net/. French, German, Spanish, English, Italian, Portuguese.
17. Database/retrieval system on the Internet published with equal text

in two languages
Cardiovascular Disease Surveillance On-line = Surveillance des Maladies Cardio-vasculaires en Direct
[Internet]. Ottawa (ON): Public Health Agency of Canada. [1950] - [updated 2002 Jul 30; cited 2007 Feb 1].
Available from: http://dsol-smed.phac-aspc.gc.ca/dsol-smed/cvd/index%5Fe.html English, French.
18. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with an edition or version

Dietary Supplement Label Database [Internet]. Version 6.0.0. Bethesda (MD): U.S. National Library of Medicine.
[2013 Jun] - [updated 2015 Apr; cited 2015 May 1]. Available from: http://www.dsld.nlm.nih.gov/. Joint project
of the National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements (US) and U.S. National Library of Medicine,
Specialized Information Services.
[updated 1999 Aug 6; cited 2007 Jan 31]. Available from: https://www.medmarx.com/.
FlyBase: a Database of Drosophila Genes & Genomes [Internet]. Version FB2006_01. Bloomington (IN): Indiana
University. 2006 Dec 8 - [cited 2007 Feb 21]. Available from: http://flybase.bio.indiana.edu/.
Biozon [Internet]. Release 2.4. Ithaca (NY): Cornell University. c2005 - [updated 2006 Aug; cited 2007 Feb 1].
Available from: http://www.biozon.org/.
WormBase: the Biology and Genome of C. elegans [Internet]. Release WS170. [Pasadena (CA)]: California
Institute of Technology. c1999 - [updated 2007 Jan 19; cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://
www.wormbase.org/.
AnAge: the Animal Ageing Database [Internet]. Build 9. [Boston (MA)]: Joao Pedro de Magalhaes. c2002 -
[updated 2006 Feb 26; cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://genomics.senescence.info/species/.
Gilliland G, Tung M, Ladner J. BMCD: Biological Macromolecule Crystallization Database [Internet]. Test ed.
4.0. Gaithersburg (MD): National Institute of Standards and Technology (US). c1995 - [cited 2007 Feb 1].
Available from: http://xpdb.nist.gov:8060/BMCD4/.
The Comprehensive Microbial Resource [Internet]. Date release 20.0; Website release 3.0. [place unknown]:
Institute for Genomic Research. 2000 - [updated 2006 Sep 27; cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://
cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/CmrHomePage.cgi
IMGT/HLA Database [Internet]. Release 2.16.0. Cambridge (England): European Bioinformatics Institute. 1998
- [updated 2007 Jan 12; cited 2007 Feb 6]. Available from: http://www.ebi.ac.uk/imgt/hla/.
Health Library for Disasters [Internet]. Version 3.0. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2003 - [updated 2006
May; cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.helid.desastres.net/.
RxNorm [dataset on the Internet]. Release META2011AA Full Update 2011_07_05. Bethesda (MD): National
Library of Medicine (US); 2011 Jul 5 [cited 2011 Jul 14]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/umls/
rxnorm/docs/rxnormfiles.html
UMLS Knowledge Sources [dataset on the Internet]. Release 2011AA. Bethesda (MD): National Library of
Medicine (US); 2011 May 5 [cited 2011 Jul 14]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/umls/
licensedcontent/umlsknowledgesources.html
SNOMED CT [dataset on the Internet]. Release January 2011 International. Copenhagen: International Health
Terminology Standards Development Organization; 2011 Jan 31 [cited 2011 Jul 14]. Available from: http://
www.nlm.nih.gov/research/umls/licensedcontent/snomedctfiles.html
Hayes B, Tesar B, Zurow K. OTSoft: Optimality Theory Software. Version 2.3.2 [software]. 2013 Jan 14 [cited
2015 Feb 14]. Available from: http://www.linguistics.ucla.edu/people/hayes/otsoft
Golda TG, Hough PD, Gay G. APPSPACK (Asynchronous Parallel Pattern Search). Version 5.0.1 [software].
Sandia National Laboratories. 2007 Feb 16 [cited 2016 Apr 4; downloaded 2010 Jan 5]. Available from: https://
software.sandia.gov/appspack/version5.0/index.html Note: homepage advises as of 2010 May 17 to switch to
HOPSPACK; available from: https://software.sandia.gov/trac/hopspack/wiki
19. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with well known place of

publication
Current Controlled Trials [Internet]. London: BioMed Central. [date unknown] - [cited 2007 Jan 31]. Available
from: http://www.controlled-trials.com/.
Resource Guide for Public Health Preparedness [Internet]. New York: New York Academy of Medicine. c2003 -
[cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.phpreparedness.info/rgdatabase.php
20. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with geographic qualifier

added to place of publication for clarity
The Cochrane Library [Internet]. Hoboken (NJ): Wiley InterScience. c1999 - [cited 2007 Jan 31]. Available
from: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/mrwhome/106568753/HOME?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0
The Alberta Atlas of Human Pathology: a Resource for Teachers and Learners in the Health Sciences [Internet].
Edmonton (AB): University of Alberta, Museums and Collections Services. 1999 Sep - [cited 2007 Feb 1].
Available from: http://project.lse.ualberta.ca/pathology/.
BELIT?la=enintute: health & life sciences [Internet]. Nottingham (UK): University of Nottingham. c2006 -
[cited 2007 Feb 23]. Available from: http://www.intute.ac.uk/healthandlifesciences/.
The PILOTS Database: an Electronic Index to the Traumatic Stress Literature [Internet]. White River Junction
(VT): Department of Veterans Affairs (US), National Center for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. [date unknown]
- [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.ncptsd.va.gov/ncmain/publications/pilots/index.html
21. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with place of publication

inferred
www.wormbase.org/.
Cohen BA, Lehmann CU. dermatlas.org: Dermatology Image Atlas [Internet]. [Baltimore (MD)]: Johns Hopkins
University. c2000 - [updated 2007 Jan 29; cited 2007 Feb 2]. Available from: http://dermatlas.med.jhmi.edu/
derm/.
The GDB Human Genome Database [Internet]. [Research Triangle Park (NC)]: RTI International. 1998 - [cited
2007 Feb 22]. Available from: http://www.gdb.org/.
Patrocles: the database of polymorphic miRNA-target interactions [Internet]. Version 1.0. [Liege (Belgium)]:
Unit Animal Genomics. [date unknown] - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.patrocles.org/
Patrocles.htm
22. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with unknown place of

publication
Pfam [Internet]. Version 21.0. [place unknown]: Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. [date unknown] - [updated
Nov 2006; cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Software/Pfam/.
The Comprehensive Microbial Resource [Internet]. Date release 20.0; Website release 3.0. [place unknown]:
Institute for Genomic Research. 2000 - [updated 2006 Sep 27; cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://
cmr.tigr.org/.
23. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with publisher having

subsidiary division
Nutrition Education for Diverse Audiences [Internet]. Urbana (IL): University of Illinois, College of
Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences. [date unknown] - [cited 2007 Jan 31]. Available from:
http://necd.aces.uiuc.edu/.
Antimicrobial Resistance Information Bank [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization, Department of
Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response, Anti-infective Drug Resistance and Containment Team.
1999 - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://rhone.b3e.jussieu.fr/arinfobank/ResistanceDataSearch.php
24. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with government agency

or other national body as publisher
REHABDATA [Internet]. Lanham (MD): National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research (US),
National Rehabilitation Information Center. [1956] - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.naric.com/
research/rehab/default.cfm
Entrez: the Life Sciences Search Engine [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US), National
Center for Biotechnology Information. 1991 - [cited 2007 Jan 31]. Available from: http://
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gquery/gquery.fcgi
ERIC: the Education Resources Information Center [Internet]. Washington: Department of Education (US),
Institute of Education Sciences. [1966] - [cited 2007 Jan 31]. Available from: http://eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/
Home.portal
Genetics Home Reference [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): U.S. National Library of Medicine, Lister Hill National
Center for Biomedical Communications. [2003] - [last updated 2015 Apr 28; cited 2015 May 1]. Available from:
http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/.
Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): U.S. National Library of Medicine,
Division of Specialized Information Services. [1985] - [cited 2015 Jan 9]. Available from: http://
toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen?HSDB
25. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with joint publication

www.wormbase.org/. Jointly published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Washington University at St. Louis,
and The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.
26. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with standard date of

publication
1999 - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://rhone.b3e.jussieu.fr/arinfobank/ResistanceDataSearch.php
27. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with month/day included

in date of publication
NLM Classification [Internet]. 2015 ed. Bethesda (MD): U.S. National Library of Medicine. 2002 Oct -
[updated 2015 Apr 29; cited 2015 Apr 29]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/class/.
Swiss Life Sciences Database [Internet]. Zurich (Switzerland): Venture Valuation AG. 2003 Mar - [cited 2007
Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.swisslifesciences.ch/page/index.html
Ribosomal Database Project II [Internet]. Release 9.47. East Lansing (MI): Michigan State University. 2002 Sep
13 - [updated 2007 Feb 1; cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://rdp.cme.msu.edu
University. 2006 Dec 8 - [cited 2007 Feb 21]. Available from: http://flybase.bio.indiana.edu/.
The Alberta Atlas of Human Pathology: a Resource for Teachers and Learners in the Health Sciences [Internet].
Edmonton (AL): University of Alberta, Museums and Collections Services. 1999 Sep - [cited 2007 Feb 1].
Available from: http://project.lse.ualberta.ca/pathology/.
Reinhardt V, Reinhardt A. Environmental Enrichment for Primates: Annotated Database on Environmental
Enrichment and Refinement of Husbandry for Nonhuman Primates [Internet]. Washington: Animal Welfare
Institute. 1998 Jul 1 - [updated 2006 Dec 8; cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.awionline.org/
Lab_animals/biblio/enrich.htm
PubMed Central (PMC) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US), National Center for
Biotechnology Information; 2000 Feb - [cited 2011 Jun 23]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/.
28. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with multiple years

2001 - 2005 [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.rivm.nl/earss/.
29. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with date of copyright

instead of date of publication
Biozon [Internet]. Release 2.4. Ithaca (NY): Cornell University. c2005 - [updated 2006 Aug; cited 2007 Feb 1].
Available from: http://www.biozon.org/.
ProQolid: Patient-Reported Outcome and Quality of Life Instruments Database [Internet]. Lyon (France): Mapi
Research Institute. c2001 - [updated 2005 Nov; cited 2007 Jan 31]. Available from: http://www.proqolid.org/.
30. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with date obtained from

earliest material in it
PubMed [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US). [1946] - [cited 2011 Jan 31]. Available
from: http://pubmed.gov/.
CINAHL [Internet]. Glendale (CA): Cinahl Information Systems. [1982] - [cited 2007 Jan 31]. Available from:
http://www.cinahl.com/prodsvcs/prodsvcs.htm
31. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with date estimated

NLM Catalog [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology
Information. [2004] - [cited 2015 Apr 30]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/catalog
Nederlands Trialregister [Internet]. Amsterdam (Netherlands): Dutch Cochrane Centre. [2005?] - [cited 2007
Feb 23]. Available from: http://www.trialregister.nl/. Dutch.
The Digital Database for Screening Mammography [Internet]. Tampa (FL): University of South Florida. [1999 -
2000?] [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://marathon.csee.usf.edu/Mammography/Database.html
32. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with unknown date

The Internet Acronym Server [Internet]. Cork (Ireland): Simaril Information Management Consultants. [date
unknown] - [cited 2007 Jan 31]. Available from: http://silmaril.ie/cgi-bin/uncgi/acronyms
Prevention Communication Research Database [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Department of Health and Human
Services (US), Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. [date unknown] - [cited 2007 Feb 1].
Available from: http://www.health.gov/communication/default.asp

Health Library for Disasters [Internet]. Version 3.0. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2003 - [updated 2006
May; cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.helid.desastres.net/.
Household Products Database [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): U.S. National Library of Medicine, Division of
Specialized Information Services. [2003 Jun] - [updated 2014 Aug; cited 2015 May 1]. Available from: http://
hpd.nlm.nih.gov/.
Images from the History of Medicine (IHM) [Internet]. U.S. National Library of Medicine, History of Medicine
Division. 2009 Apr 20 - [updated 2015 Apr 24; cited 2015 May 1]. Available from: http://
www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/ihm/index.html
Rotchford JK, editor. Acubriefs.com [Internet]. Port Townsend (WA): Best of Both Worlds Foundation. [date
unknown] - [modified 2006 Jul; cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.acubriefs.com/.
Cornell University Poisonous Plants Informational Database [Internet]. Ithaca (NY): Cornell University,
Department of Animal Science. [date unknown] - [updated 2006 Oct 27; cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from:
http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/index.html
34. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with multiple URLs

WHOSIS: WHO Statistical Information System [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization. c2007 - [cited
2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.who.int/whosis/en/ ; http://www.who.int/whosis/fr/index.html English,
French.
35. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with optional system

requirements
[updated 1999 Aug 6; cited 2007 Jan 31]. Available from: https://www.medmarx.com/. System Requirements:
Windows 95 or higher; 200-megaHertz Pentium or higher; Random Access Memory 128-megabytes or higher;
Modem Speed 56 Kilobits per second or higher; 20-MB hard disk space; 17-inch video graphics array; 800 x 600
pixels/high with color; Adobe Acrobat Reader 5.0; Internet Explorer 6.0 or higher.
University. 2006 Dec 8 - [cited 2007 Feb 21]. Available from: http://flybase.bio.indiana.edu/. System
Requirements: Compatible with Internet Explorer Mac 5.2 and Internet Explorer 6; Internet Explorer 7 is
incompatible.
36. Database/retrieval system on the Internet that continues another

database
BOND: the Biomolecular Object Network Databank [Internet]. Toronto (ON): Unleashed Informatics. 2006 Oct
- [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from:http://bond.unleashedinformatics.com/. Continues: DogBox.
37. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with supplemental note

included
Is Your Doctor Certified? [Internet]. Evanston (IL): American Board of Medical Specialties. c2006 - [updated
2006 Mar 17; cited 2007 Jan 31]. Available from: http://www.abms.org/newsearch.asp Registration and login
required.
unknown] - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/cancerdatabase PDQ
stands for Physician Data Query.
2001 - 2005 [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.rivm.nl/earss/. RIVM is the Rijksinstituut voor
Volksgezondheid en Milieu.
BELIT?la=en Provides access to about 320,000 records from the integrated German, American, and French
databases.
Institute. 1998 Jul 1 - [updated 2006 Dec 8; cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.awionline.org/
Lab_animals/biblio/enrich.htm Comprises published articles, abstracts, book chapters, books, as well as
published photographs, slide sets, videotapes, and selected Web site information.
Federal Research in Progress Database (FEDRIP) [Internet]. Springfield (VA): Department of Commerce (US),
National Technical Information Service. [date unknown] - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://
grc.ntis.gov/fedrip.htm Updated monthly. Subscription required, but free trials are available.
1989 - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://141.20.150.23:2200/start.fau?prj=ifaust German. Database of
German women's studies.
Pfam [Internet]. Version 21.0. [place unknown]: Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. [date unknown] - [updated
Nov 2006; cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Software/Pfam/. Pfam is a large collection
of multiple sequence alignments and hidden Markov models covering many common protein domains and
families.
www.wormbase.org/. Supported by a grant from the National Human Genome Research Institute at the US
National Institutes of Health # P41 HG02223 and the British Medical Research Council.
bioProtocol: a Bio Online Site [Internet]. Emeryville (CA): Bio.Com. c1992 - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from:
http://bioprotocol.bio.com/protocolstools/index.jhtml Protocols contributed by scientists from over 125
academic laboratories.
- [cited 2008 Aug 20]. Available from: http://www.folkmed.ucla.edu/. Institutional repository of the University
of California Libraries intended to provide comparative and historical information about traditional medical
beliefs.
DailyMed [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): U.S. National Library of Medicine. [2005] - [cited 2018 May 18].
Available from: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/. Drug labeling on this Web site is as submitted to the
Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology Database (DART) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): U.S. National
Library of Medicine, Specialized Information Services Division. [1994] - [cited 2015 Mar 11]. Available from:
http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/. Funded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the National Institute of
Environmental Health Sciences, the National Center for Toxicological Research of the Food and Drug
Administration, and the NLM.
Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): U.S. National Library of Medicine. [2006] -
[cited 2015 Mar 11]. Available from: http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen?LACT Part of the
Toxicology Data Network (TOXNET).
TOXNET [Mobile] [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): U.S. National Library of Medicine. [2012] - [cited 2015 Mar 11].
Available from: http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/pda/. Mobile-optimized Web interface to the TOXNET databases,
covering toxicology, hazardous chemicals, environmental health and related areas.

Databases/Datasets on the Internet
The general format for a reference to a part of a database on the Internet, including punctuation:
Examples of Citations to Parts of Databases/Datasets on the Internet

Rather than citing a whole database, portions of a database may be cited. Individual records, tables, datasets, and
the like are considered parts of databases/datasets when they do not have individual authorship, i.e., they are
written or compiled by the authors of the database. They are contributions when the database has individual
records or other components written by various authors, usually called contributors.
A reference should start with the individual or organization with responsibility for the intellectual content of the
publication:
• Begin a reference to a part of a database with a citation to the database itself, followed by information
about the part.
and information about the database. See Chapter 24C Contributions to Databases/Datasets on the
Internet for details.
Provide the length of the part to a database when possible. Calculate the extent of the part using the best means
possible, i.e., number of paragraphs, screens, bytes, or pages if printed. Since screen size and print fonts vary,
precede the estimated number of screens and pages with the word about and place extent information in square
brackets, such as [about 3 screens]. For parts that contain hyperlinks, however, such as those shown in example
11, it will not be possible to provide the length.
See also Chapter 22B Parts of Books on the Internet for further examples of the types of parts.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Parts of Databases/Datasets on the Internet.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Parts of Databases/Datasets on the Internet.
Citation Rules with Examples for Parts of Databases/Datasets

on the Internet
Database (R) | Name and Number/Letter (R) | Title (R) | Date of Publication (R) | Date of Update/Revision (R) |
Date of Citation (R) | Location (Pagination) (R) | Availability (R) | Language (R) | Notes (O)
Database (required)
General Rules for Database
• For all components except Date of Citation, Location (Pagination), and the Availability (URL), cite the
database according to Chapter 24A Entire Databases/Datasets on the Internet.
Name and Number/Letter of the Part of a Database on the Internet

(required)
• Enter the name of the part as it appears in the database
• Capitalize the name, such as Record, Table, Chart
• You may abbreviate Number to No., but do not abbreviate other names. For example: convert Rec. to
Record.
• Follow the name with any accompanying number or letter, such as Record 122678 and Accession No.
PF03061


• No name appears

Tabelle 5.3
Otdel 6
square brackets.
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
⚬ - Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they are two letters
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
• Convert words and roman numerals used for part numbers into Arabic numbers, so that the word for two
or II becomes 2
possible
Depenses en Medicaments au Canada: base de donnees sur les depenses nationales de sante
[Canadian Drug Expenditures: database of national health expenditures] [Internet]. Ottawa (ON):
Institut Canadien d'Information sur la Sante. 1985 - 2005. Tableau A.2, Partie 1, Depenses en
medicaments par type, source de financement et en tant que part des depenses publiques, privees et
totales de sante, Canada, de 1985 a 2005 [Table A.2, Part 1, Drug expenditures by type, source of
financing, and how much was public expenditure, private expenditure, and totals for health, Canada,
1985-2005]; [cited 2007 Mar 8]; [about 3 screens]. Available from: http://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/201/3
00/cdn_institute_for_health/depenses_medicaments/1985-2005.pdf French.
Language Record Acquisition Number Table Figure Section
French Record Numero de catalogue Tableau Figure Section
Document
German Aufzeichnung Abnahmezahl Tabelle Abbildung Sektion
Datensatz Aktenzeichen Figur Abteilung
Italian Record Numero di accessione Tabella Figura Parte
Numero di aquisizione Sezione
Russian Plastinka Shifr po postuplenie Tablitsa Risunok Sekcija
Rekord Otdel
Otdelenie
Spanish Documento Numero de adquisicion Tabla Figura Seccion
Registo Parte

• Occasionally, a database will label a part as simply "Table", "Chart," "Figure", or another name without
following the name with a letter or number. In this case, give the name used for the part and follow it with
a comma and the title.
Chart, Incidence of AIDS in Uganda, 2000-2005;
• If the part being cited is clearly a table, figure, chart, or similar part but it is not labeled as such, place the
name in square brackets and follow it with any identifying number or letter. If there is no number or letter,
follow the name with a comma and the title of the part.
c2007 - . [Table], GBD 2000: deaths by age, sex and cause for the year 2002; [cited 2007 Feb 16];
1.19Mb. Available from: http://www.who.int/healthinfo/statistics/gbd1990regionmortality2002.xls

• If the database part being cited has an identifying number or letter but has no name accompanying it, such
as Record No. or Accession No., use the words "Acquisition No." followed by the number or letter
• If the part being cited is clearly a table, figure, chart, or similar part but it is not labeled as such, place the
name in square brackets and follow it with any identifying number or letter. If there is no number or letter,
follow the name with a comma and the title of the part.
c2007 - . [Table], GBD 2000: deaths by age, sex and cause for the year 2002; [cited 2007 Feb 16];
1.19Mb. Available from: http://www.who.int/healthinfo/statistics/gbd1990regionmortality2002.xls
• If the part being cited has no number, is not a table, figure, or chart, and has no other identifying name
such as "section", begin with the title of the part
Data and calculations required for a life table;
Sialography;

1. Standard part of a database on the Internet with name and number/letter
3. Part of a database on the Internet with a name inferred
Title of the Part of a Database on the Internet (required)

• Enter the title of the part as it appears in the database


• Give the title in the original language for non-English titles in the roman alphabet (primarily European
⚬ Tabla 10, Etiologia de la esplenomegalia secundaria a procesos infecciosos;
period;
square brackets.
10 Shoyo, Anchi eijingu igaku;
[Figure 9, Annual progression of swine influenza in Seoul];
Tabelle 1, Verteilung der deutschsprachigen Bevolkerung auf die einzelnen Stadtteile von St.
Petersburg und die Gesamtentwicklung 1869-1910;
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
• Provide an English translation, if possible, after the original language or romanized title. Place the
markers of nutritional state];
10 Shoyo, Anchi eijingu igaku [Chapter 10, Anti-aging medicine];

• If the title for a part of a database is written in several languages:

• If the title for a part of a database is found with equal text in two or more languages, as often occurs in
• Capitalize the first word of the title of a part of a database unless the title begins with a Greek letter,
chemical formula, or another special character that might lose its meaning if capitalized
eSkeletons Project;
von Willebrand disease;
ISRCTN13256080, A phase II study to investigate the effect of Glivec® (imatinib mesylate, formerly
known as STI571) in patients with inoperable medullary thyroid carcinoma;
β-amino acids
may become
beta-amino acids
TiO2 nanoparticles
may become
Examples for Title

2. Standard part of a database on the Internet without a name or number/letter
4. Part of a database on the Internet with title containing special scripts/characters
5. Part of a database on the Internet with a title in a language other than English
Date of Publication for a Part of a Database on the Internet (required)

• Enter the date of publication if it differs from the date of the database as a whole


• Locating the date of publication
Box 72. Locating the date of publication.

The location of the date of publication for a part of a database may be found:
• At the top of the part
• Below the author name(s) or title
• At the bottom of the part
• In a specific date field

2002-2003
1997-1998
1999-2000
1999 Oct-2000 Mar
2002 Dec-2003 Jan
2005 Jan-Feb
1999 Dec-2000 Jan


• Capitalize them
Examples:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

• Capitalize them
For example:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring


Record 2398879, Reactivity of acid fluoride-terminated self-assembled monolayers; c2006 [cited
2007 Mar 9]; [about 3 screens].

• If no date of publication or of copyright for the part can be found, use any date of update/revision for the
part and the date of citation.
Cornell University Poisonous Plants Informational Database [Internet]. Ithaca (NY): Cornell
University, Department of Animal Science. [date unknown] - . Pyridine alkaloids; [updated 2001
Oct 4; cited 2007 Feb 16]; [about 2 screens]. Available from: http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/
toxicagents/pyridine.html
Online Archive of American Folk Medicine [Internet]. Los Angeles: Regents of the University of
California. 1996 - . Record No. 1928, Cataracts; [cited 2007 Feb 27]; [about 1 screen]. Available
from: http://www.folkmed.ucla.edu/FMDetail.cfm?UID=1_928

6. Part of a database on the Internet with a date of publication separate from the date of the database as a
whole
7. Part of a database on the Internet with a date of update/revision
Date of Update/Revision for a Part of a Database on the Internet

(required)
• Parts of databases/datasets may be updated or revised separately from the database as a whole


• Parts of databases/datasets on the Internet may be updated or revised after initial presentation. Look for
the date accompanied by such words as updated, modified, revised, reviewed:
⚬ At the top or bottom of the first screen or the bottom of the last screen of the part
⚬ Below the author name(s) or title
⚬ In a specific field if the part is subdivided into fields
⚬ In the source code for the database if it is displayed by the Web browser

• Capitalize them
Examples:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

• Capitalize them
For example:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring

Various words are used to show that the content of a part of a database has been changed. Among them are:
• Use the wording supplied in the database
Example:
Record ID AS9376, Vaccines cross reactivity against SARS-CoV; [reviewed 2006 Sep; updated 2006
Dec; cited 2007 Feb 1]; [about 3 p.].

Date of Citation for Part of a Database on the Internet (required)

• Include the date the part of a database was seen on the Internet
• Give the year month and day in that order, such as 2006 May 5
square bracket


Various words are used to show that the content of a part of a database has been changed. Among them are:
⚬ Use the wording for update/revision supplied in the database
Example:
Record ID AS9376, Vaccines cross reactivity against SARS-CoV; [reviewed 2006 Sep; updated 2006
Dec; cited 2007 Feb 1]; [about 3 p.].

4. Part of a database on the Internet with title containing special scripts/characters
6. Part of a database on the Internet with a date of publication separate from the date of the database as a
whole
Location (Pagination) of the Part of a Database on the Internet (required)

practical
• Precede the total with the word about and place it in square brackets, such as [about 5 screens]
• If the part is printed, precede the page total with the word about and place it in square brackets, such as
[about 10 p.]

8. Part of a Database on the Internet with location (pagination) expressed as number of screens
9. Part of a Database on the Internet with location (pagination) expressed as number of pages
10. Part of a Database on the Internet with location (pagination) expressed as number of bytes
11. Part of a Database on the Internet with hyperlinks so that the pagination (extent) cannot be provided
Availability for a Part of a Database on the Internet (required)

• Use the URL for the entire book if the part does not have its own URL

• Multiple URLs

• Some URLs (Uniform Resource Locators) are longer than one line.
⚬ Retain the entire string as found when possible
⚬ Break a URL at a slash if necessary
⚬ Do not insert a hyphen or a hard line break into a URL

The URL as displayed by the Web browser may not always be used to retrieve the part of the database, i.e., it is
not directly addressable.
Examples:
Reinhardt V, Reinhardt A. Environmental Enrichment for Primates: Annotated Database on
Environmental Enrichment and Refinement of Husbandry for Nonhuman Primates [Internet].
Washington: Animal Welfare Institute. 1998 Jul 1 - . Case 1896, Acute staphylococcal endocarditis;
[cited 2007 Feb 16]; [about 1 screen]. Available from: http://project.lse.ualberta.ca/pathology/ by
clicking on Keyword Search and entering the case number under Fast Find.
Cohen BA, Lehmann CU. dermatlas.org: Dermatology Image Atlas [Internet]. [Baltimore (MD)]:
Johns Hopkins University. c2000 - . Pellagra_1_031007; [updated 2007 Feb 19; cited 2007 Feb 27];
[about 1 screen]. Available from: http://dermatlas.med.jhmi.edu/derm/ by entering pellagra in the
Quick Search box.
(Netherlands): RIVM. 2001 - 2005. Susceptibility results for E. coli isolates in Denmark (DK) in
2005; [cited 2007 Feb 16]; [about 1 screen]. Available from: http://www.rivm.nl/earss/database/ by
selecting Denmark, 2005, E. coli, Aminoglycosides, Table.

If more than one URL can be used to locate a part of a database:
Example:
Available from: http://www.who.int/whosis/299576/en/ ; http://www.who.int/whosis/299567/fr/
index.html

12. Part of a Database on the Internet with a URL not directly addressable
Language of the Part of a Database on the Internet (required)



• If the title for a part of a database is in several languages:
• If the title for a part of a database is found with equal text in two or more languages, as often occurs in
• If each language has its own URL, give the URL of the language you used. As an option, give the URLs for
all languages. Separate them by a space, a semicolon, and a space.
Available from: http://www.who.int/whosis/en/ ; http://www.who.int/whosis/fr/index.html English,
French.

Notes for a Part of a Database on the Internet (optional)

• Notes is a collective term for any further useful information given after the citation itself
• Be brief


System requirements describe the software and hardware needed to view the database.

Example:
FlyBase: a Database of Drosophila Genes & Genomes [Internet]. Version FB2006_01. Bloomington
(IN): Indiana University. 2006 Dec 8 - . Aberration Dmel\Ab(1;?)wm4000; [cited 2007 Feb 27].
Available from: http://flybase.bio.indiana.edu/reports/FBab0023371.html System Requirements:
Compatible with Internet Explorer Mac 5.2 and Internet Explorer 6; Internet Explorer 7 is
incompatible.

The notes element may be used to provide any further information. Begin by citing the database/retrieval
system, then add the note. Some examples of notes are:
Subscription required to view.
• The name of the organization(s) sponsoring or supporting the database
WormBase is supported by a grant from the National Human Genome Research Institute at the US
National Institutes of Health # P41 HG02223 and the British Medical Research Council.
Examples for Notes

13. Part of a Database on the Internet with a note
Examples of Citations to Parts of Databases/Datasets on the

Internet
1. Standard part of a database on the Internet with name and number/
letter
- . Record No. 1928, Cataracts; [cited 2007 Feb 27]; [about 1 screen]. Available from: http://
www.folkmed.ucla.edu/FMDetail.cfm?UID=1_928
Pfam [Internet]. Version 21.0. [place unknown]: Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. [date unknown] - . Accession
No. PF03061, 4HBT; [cited 2007 Feb 16]. Available from: http://www.sanger.ac.uk/cgi-bin/Pfam/getacc?PF03061
2. Standard part of a database on the Internet without a name or

number/letter
Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US), Medical Subject Headings Section; 2001 Apr. Tariverdian
syndrome; [cited 2007 Mar 13]; [about 1 screen]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/archive/20061212/
mesh/jablonski/cgi/jablonski/syndrome_cgi87d6.html?term=Tariverdian+syndrome&field=name
Department of Animal Science. [date unknown] - . Pyridine alkaloids; [updated 2001 Oct 4; cited 2007 Feb 16];
[about 2 screens]. Available from: http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/toxicagents/pyridine.html
MeSH Browser (2011 MeSH) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US), Medical Subject
Headings Section. [1999] - . Heart failure, systolic; [cited 2011 Jul 8]; [about 1 screen]. Available from: http://
www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2011/MB_cgi?mode=&index=24306
PubMed [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US). [1950] - . Single citation matcher;
[cited 2007 Feb 27]; [about 1 screen]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query/static/
citmatch.html

WHOSIS: WHO Statistical Information System [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization. c2007 - .
[Table], GBD 2000: deaths by age, sex and cause for the year 2002; [cited 2007 Feb 16]; 1.19Mb. Available from:
http://www.who.int/healthinfo/statistics/gbd1990regionmortality2002.xls
4. Part of a database on the Internet with title containing special scripts/

characters
Current Controlled Trials [Internet]. London: BioMed Central. [date unknown] - . ISRCTN13256080, A phase
II study to investigate the effect of Glivec® (imatinib mesylate, formerly known as STI571) in patients with
inoperable medullary thyroid carcinoma; 2007 Feb 23 [cited 2007 Feb 27]; [about 3 p.]. Available from: http://
www.controlled-trials.com/ISRCTN13256080/.
Gene [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US), National Center for Biotechnology
Information. [2004] - . ADRA2A adrenergic, alpha-2A-, receptor [Homo sapiens]; [updated 2011 Jul 31; cited
2011 Aug 1]; [about 5 p.]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?term=150 Gene ID:150
University. 2006 Dec 8 - . Aberration Dmel\Ab(1;?)wm4000; [cited 2007 Feb 27]. Available from: http://
flybase.bio.indiana.edu/reports/FBab0023371.html
or
University. 2006 Dec 8 - . Aberration Dmel\Ab(1;?)w(m4000); [cited 2007 Feb 27]. Available from: http://
flybase.bio.indiana.edu/reports/FBab0023371.html
5. Part of a database on the Internet with a title in a language other

than English
Depenses en Medicaments au Canada: base de donnees sur les depenses nationales de sante [Internet]. Ottawa
(ON): Institut Canadien d'Information sur la Sante. 1985 - 2005. Tableau A.2, Partie 1, Depenses en
medicaments par type, source de financement et en tant que part des depenses publiques, privees et totales de
sante, Canada, de 1985 a 2005; [cited 2007 Mar 8]; [about 3 screens]. Available from: http://epe.lac-
bac.gc.ca/100/201/300/cdn_institute_for_health/depenses_medicaments/1985-2005.pdf French.
with translation
Depenses en Medicaments au Canada: base de donnees sur les depenses nationales de sante [Canadian Drug
Expenditures: database of national health expenditures] [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): Institut Canadien
d'Information sur la Sante. 1985 - 2005. Tableau A.2, Partie 1, Depenses en medicaments par type, source de
financement et en tant que part des depenses publiques, privees et totales de sante, Canada, de 1985 a 2005
[Table A.2, Part 1, Drug expenditures by type, source of financing, and how much was public expenditure,
private expenditure, and totals for health, Canada, 1985-2005]; [cited 2007 Mar 8]; [about 3 screens]. Available
from: http://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/201/300/cdn_institute_for_health/depenses_medicaments/1985-2005.pdf
French.
6. Part of a database on the Internet with a date of publication separate

from the date of the database as a whole

Department of Animal Science. [date unknown] - . Pyridine alkaloids; [updated 2001 Oct 4; cited 2007 Feb 16];
[about 2 screens]. Available from: http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/toxicagents/pyridine.html
Genetics Home Reference [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US). [2003] - . Alzheimer
disease; [updated 2008 Oct 20; reviewed 2006 Oct; cited 2008 Oct 22]; [about 6 screens]. Available from: http://
ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition=alzheimerdisease
ProQolid: Patient-Reported Outcome and Quality of Life Instruments Database [Internet]. Lyon (France): Mapi
Research Institute. c2001 - . QUAlity of Life questionnaire In OSTeoporosis (QUALIOST®); [updated 2007 Jan;
cited 2007 Feb 16]; [about 2 screens]. Available from: http://www.proqolid.org/instruments/
quality_of_life_questionnaire_in_osteoporosis_qualiost_sup_r_sup
unknown] - . Childhood cerebral astrocytoma/malignant glioma (PDQ®): treatment; [modified 2006 Jul 21;
cited 2007 Feb 16]. Available from: http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/child-cerebral-
astrocytoma/healthprofessional/.
8. Part of a Database on the Internet with location (pagination)

expressed as number of screens
IMGT/HLA Database [Internet]. Release 2.16.0. Cambridge (England): European Bioinformatics Institute. 2007
Jan 12 - . Alleles with aberrant splice sites; [cited 2007 Feb 27]; [about 2 screens]. Available from: http://
www.ebi.ac.uk/imgt/hla/help/splice_help.html

expressed as number of pages
1999 - . Network Identifier INTssp-spn-sau, European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System -EARSS;
1999 Jul 2 [cited 2007 Feb 27]; [about 2 p.]. Available from: http://rhone.b3e.jussieu.fr/arinfobank/
NetworkDisplay.php?id_network=85

expressed as number of bytes
WHOSIS: WHO Statistical Information System [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization. c2007 - .
[Table], GBD 2000: deaths by age, sex and cause for the year 2002; [cited 2007 Feb 16]; 1.19Mb. Available from:
http://www.who.int/healthinfo/statistics/gbd1990regionmortality2002.xls
11. Part of a Database on the Internet with hyperlinks so that the

pagination (extent) cannot be provided
Institute of Technology. c1999 - . Pedigree browser for MSaa; [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://
www.wormbase.org/db/searches/pedigree?name=MSaa
Entrez Genome [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US), National Center for
Biotechnology Information. [date unknown] - . Haloarcula marismortui ATCC 43049 plasmid pNG200,
complete sequence; [cited 2007 Feb 27]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?
db=genome&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=18013
12. Part of a Database on the Internet with a URL not directly

addressable
Institute. 1998 Jul 1 - . Case 1896, Acute staphylococcal endocarditis; [cited 2007 Feb 16]; [about 1 screen].
Available from: http://project.lse.ualberta.ca/pathology/ by clicking on Keyword Search and entering the case
number under Fast Find.
Cohen BA, Lehmann CU. dermatlas.org: Dermatology Image Atlas [Internet]. [Baltimore (MD)]: Johns Hopkins
University. c2000 - . Pellagra_1_031007; [updated 2007 Feb 19; cited 2007 Feb 27]; [about 1 screen]. Available
from: http://dermatlas.med.jhmi.edu/derm/ by entering pellagra in the Quick Search box.
2001 - 2005. Susceptibility results for E. coli isolates in Denmark (DK) in 2005; [cited 2007 Feb 16]; [about 1
screen]. Available from: http://www.rivm.nl/earss/database/ by selecting Denmark, 2005, E. coli,
Aminoglycosides, Table.
Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US). [2006]
- . LactMed record number 323, Fluoxetine; [rev. 2007 Dec 27; cited 2009 Apr 2]; [about 3 p.]. Available from:
http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen?LACT by entering fluoxetine in the Search box. CASRN:
54910-89-3.
Drugs@FDA [Internet]. Silver Spring (MD): Food and Drug Administration (US), Center for Drug Evaluation
and Research; [2004] - . Demerol; [cited 2009 Apr 3]. Available from: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/
cder/drugsatfda/index.cfm by entering demerol in the Search box and then selecting from the list of drug names
retrieved.
13. Part of a Database on the Internet with a note

University. 2006 Dec 8 - . Aberration Dmel\Ab(1;?)wm4000; [cited 2007 Feb 27]. Available from: http://
flybase.bio.indiana.edu/reports/FBab0023371.html System Requirements: Compatible with Internet Explorer
Mac 5.2 and Internet Explorer 6; Internet Explorer 7 is incompatible.
Institute of Technology. c1999 - . Pedigree browser for MSaa; [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://
www.wormbase.org/db/searches/pedigree?name=MSaa WormBase is supported by a grant from the National
Human Genome Research Institute at the US National Institutes of Health # P41 HG02223 and the British
Medical Research Council.
C. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Contributions to

Databases/Datasets on the Internet
The general format for a reference to a contribution to a database on the Internet, including punctuation:
- without a separate date of publication for the contribution:
- with a separate date of publication for the contribution:

- with complete publication information for the contribution (see text below for clarification):
Examples of Citations to Contributions to Databases/Datasets on the Internet

Contributions are separately identified records, sections, or other portions of Internet databases/datasets that are
provided by individuals or organizations other than the database builders. They thus have distinct authorship.
There are two types of contributions: those written expressly for the database, such as a review produced for the
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and those written for a primary publication such as a journal or book
that is cited in the database. A journal article in a bibliographic database such as PubMed is an example of the
latter. The first type of contribution contains only an author and title, and sometimes a date of publication; it has
no place of publication, publisher, or other publication information separate from the database. The second type,
however, contains full publication information.
A reference should start with the individual or organization with responsibility for the intellectual content of the
publication. Begin a reference to a contribution with information about the contribution, followed by the word
"In:" and information about the database. Use date of citation and the availability (URL) for the contribution, not
the database.
Although directions are provided here for creating citations to items published elsewhere and cited in a database,
this format for contributions should rarely be used in a reference list. Unless only information found in the
database record is used, articles, books, and other publications should be located directly and cited as their
original form. This will also assure that any possible errors introduced in creating the database record will not be
continued.
In large bibliographies it is usually not practical to identify the source for each citation, but the overall sources
used should be identified in introductory text.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Contributions to Databases/Datasets on the Internet.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Contributions to Databases/Datasets on the Internet.
Citation Rules with Examples for Contributions to Databases/

Datasets on the Internet
Author (R) | Author Affiliation (O) | Title (R) | Publication Information (R) | Date of Update/Revision (R) | Date
of Citation (R) | Connective Phrase (R) | Database (R) | Extent (Pagination) (R) | Availability (R) | Acquisition
Number (O) | Language (R) | Notes (O)
Author of a Contribution to a Database on the Internet (required)

surname

(Chinese, Japanese)



compound or is a combination of a middle name and a surname, look at the back of the title page
(the copyright page) or elsewhere in the text for clarification. For example, Elizabeth Scott Parker
may be interpreted to be Parker ES or Scott Parker E.]
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

particle
abbreviation.

Examples:
letter
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

Working Group.
• If both individuals and an organization or organizations appear on the title page or opening or closing
screens of a contribution to a database as authors, use the names of the individuals as the author. Give the
organization at the end of the reference as a note, if desired.
brackets.
or

Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

Examples for Author

1. Standard contribution to a database on the Internet without a separate date for the item
2. Standard contribution to a database on the Internet with a separate date for the item
3. Standard contribution to a database on the Internet with complete publication information for the item
4. Contribution to a database on the Internet with organization as author
Author Affiliation for a Contribution to a Database on the Internet

(optional)
country
Pittsburgh, PA)


Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Soc. for Society
all references.

Example:

Give the affiliations of all authors or only the first author.
for the US state or Canadian province (see Appendix E), and the country if non-US. Place the affiliation in
parentheses.
Rebora P, Reina G.

Mandelshtam MY.
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
Wien and use Spain for Espana. However, the name as found on the publication may always be used.

Wien becomes Vienna

5. Contribution to a database on the Internet with author affiliation
Title of a Contribution to a Database on the Internet (required)

• Enter the title of the contribution as it appears in the database, in the original language


• Translate non-English titles of contributions that are journal articles into English regardless of the original
language. Place the translation in square brackets.
Piccot-Crezollet C, Casamatta JM, Lepage OM. [Digital semiological anesthesia in horses: technique
and elements of interpretation]. Can Vet J. 2005 Sep [cited 2007 Mar 9];46(9):807-13. In: Agricola
[Internet]. Beltsville (MD): National Agricultural Library (US). [date unknown] - . [about 3
screens]. Available from: http://agricola.nal.usda.gov/cgibin/Pwebrecon.cgi?DB=local&CNT=20&C
MD=horse&SL=Submit&DATE=2000&DTBL=G%7C&LANG= FRE%7C&STARTDB=AGRIDB
Call No.: 41.8 R3224. French.
Kukushkina MN, Korovin SI. [Cases of primary multiple metachronous skin melanoma]. Lik Sprava.
2006 Oct-Nov [cited 2007 Mar 13];(7):29-31. In: PubMed [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National
Library of Medicine (US). [1950] - . [about 1 screen]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=17312883&query_hl=
1&itool=pubmed_DocSum PMID: 17312883. Russian.
• For non-English titles of contributions in the roman alphabet (primarily European languages, such as
French, German, Spanish, Italian, Swedish, etc.) that are not journal articles, provide them in the original
language
Loyber I, Varela SB. Bases neurofisiologicas del dolor: dolor referido. Cordoba (Argentina):
Universitas; c2002 [cited 2007 Mar 9]. 94 p. In: LocatorPlus [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National
Library of Medicine (US). [date unknown] - . [about 1 screen]. Available from: http://locatorplusv2.
nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?Search_Arg=101178678&Search_Code=FT*&PID=t@ODl%3C
OIo@ODm@%3EHs@%3EIm@NIo@%3F%3C&SEQ=20070312150312&CNT=25&HIST=1 NLM
Unique ID: 101178678. Spanish.
• For non-English titles of contributions in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, or Korean that are not journal
articles, romanize (write in the roman alphabet) them. A good authority for romanization is the ALA-LC
Tsimmerman IA S. Diagnostika i kompleksnoe lechenie osnovnykh gastroenterologicheskikh
• For non-English titles of contributions in character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese) that are not
journal articles, romanize (write in the roman alphabet) or translate them. Place translated titles in square
brackets.
or
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
Schmitz M. Psychopharmaka: Grundlagen, Standardtherapien und neue Konzepte.
• When possible, provide the original language or romanized title for journal articles before the English
translation; for all other titles provide an English translation after the original language title. Place all
Piccot-Crezollet C, Casamatta JM, Lepage OM. Anesthesies semiologiques digitales chez le cheval:
technique et elements d'interpretation [Digital semiological anesthesia in horses: technique and
elements of interpretation]. Can Vet J. 2005 Sep [cited 2007 Mar 9];46(9):807-13. In: Agricola
[Internet]. Beltsville (MD): National Agricultural Library (US). [date unknown] - . [about 3
screens]. Available from: http://agricola.nal.usda.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?DB=local&CNT=20&C
MD=horse&SL=Submit&DATE=2000&DTBL=G%7C&LANG=FRE%7C&STARTDB=AGRIDB
French .
Loyber I, Varela SB. Bases neurofisiologicas del dolor: dolor referido [Neurophysiological basis of
pain: referred pain]. Cordoba (Argentina): Universitas; c2002. 94 p. In: LocatorPlus [Internet].
Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US). [date unknown] - . [about 1 screen]. Available
from: http://locatorplusv2.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?Search_Arg=101178678&Search_Cod
e=FT*&PID=t@ODl%3COIo@ODm@%3EHs@%3EIm@NIo@%3 F
%3C&SEQ=20070312150312&CNT=25&HIST=1 NLM Unique ID: 101178678. Spanish.

If a record or another contribution is written with equal text in two or more languages, as often occurs in
• Give all titles in the order they are presented on the title page or opening screens
• Place an equals sign surrounded by a space between the titles
• List the languages after the availability statement (URL) and any acquisition number
Example:
Brodkin E, Lindegger M, Kassam S, Gustafson R. Possible transmission of hepatitis A in a school
setting = Possible transmission de l'hepatite A en milieu scolaire. Can Commun Dis Rep. 2007 Feb
15;33(4):49-51. In: PubMed [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US). [1950] -
. [about 1 screen]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cm
d=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=17352054&query_hl=2&itool =pubmed_docsum PMID:
17352054. English, French.
brackets.
Available from:
• Capitalize the first word of the title of a record or other contribution unless the title begins with a Greek

exposure limits.
E©UP: European Copyright User Platform
may become
may become
TiO2 nanoparticles.
may become
Examples for Title

6. Contribution to a database on the Internet with title in a language other than English
Publication Information for a Contribution to a Database on the Internet

(required)
General Rules for Publication Information
• If the contribution is an item published elsewhere and cited in the database, provide complete publication
information according to the other chapters in this guide, i.e. Chapter 1A for journal articles, Chapter 2
for books, etc.
• If the contribution was written for the database, enter the date of publication (when provided) if it differs
from the date of the database as a whole
• Include the month and day of publication, if desired, after the year, such as 2004 May 13


• The location of the date of publication for a contribution that was written for the database may be found:
⚬ At the top of the contribution
⚬ Below the author name(s) or the title
⚬ At the bottom of the contribution
⚬ In a specific date field

2002-2003
1997-1998
1999-2000
1999 Oct-2000 Mar
2002 Dec-2003 Jan
2005 Jan-Feb
1999 Dec-2000 Jan


• Capitalize them
Examples:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

• Capitalize them
For example:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring


Carter H, Winstead GA. Study protocol for measuring the effects of work-site exercise on the
physical fitness of older workers. c2006 [cited 2007 Mar 9]. In:

material in the record, insert a question mark after the estimated date and place date information in
square brackets
Bagley TR. Genomic studies of digestive cancers. [2004?] [cited 2007 Mar 9]. In:
Collins YE, Perkins JT. Current status of non-Hodgkins lymphoma therapy. [modified 2006 Jan 1;
cited 2007 Mar 9]. In:
Stern AH, Petersen PF. Global strategy for the prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
[cited 2006 Nov 3]. In:

The date of publication of the contribution may follow the author names in the list of references when the name-
• Use (1) the year of copyright, (2) the date of update/revision, or (3) the date of citation, in that order, if
• Place the date followed by a period after the last named author
dates available to follow the author(s)
• End the publisher name with a period for contributed books if the date of citation is the only date
available to follow the author(s)
NLM citation:
Bunyavejchevin S, Phupong V. Laparoscopic surgery for presumed benign ovarian tumor during
pregnancy. 2006 Oct 18 [amended 2007 Jun 14; cited 2007 Feb 20]. In: The Cochrane Database of
Systematic Reviews [Internet]. Hoboken (NJ): John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. c1999 - . 129K. Available
from: http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD005459/pdf_fs.html
Record No.: CD005459.
Frank CD, Adler DG. Post-ERCP pancreatitis and its prevention. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol
Hepatol. 2006 Dec [cited 2007 Mar 9];3(12):680-8. In: PubMed [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National
Library of Medicine (US). [1950] - . Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?
db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=17130878&query_hl=2&itool=pubmed_
docsum PMID: 17130878.
Loyber I, Varela SB. Bases neurofisiologicas del dolor: dolor referido. Cordoba (Argentina):
Universitas; c2002 [cited 2007 Mar 9]. 94 p. In: LocatorPlus [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National
Library of Medicine (US). [date unknown] - . [about 1 screen]. Available from: http://locatorplusv2.
nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?Search_Arg=101178678&Search_Code=FT*&PID=t@ODl%3C
OIo@ODm@%3EHs@%3EIm@NIo@%3F%3C&SEQ=20070312150312&CNT=25&HIST=1 NLM
Unique ID: 101178678. Spanish.
Kadonaga J. Preparation of a highly efficient transcription extract from Drosophila embryos. [cited
2007 Feb 1]. In: bioProtocol: a Bio Online Site [Internet]. Emeryville (CA): Bio.Com. c1992 - .
[about 5 p.]. Available from: http://bioprotocol.bio.com/protocolstools/protocol.jhtml?id=p9052
Bunyavejchevin S, Phupong V. 2006. Laparoscopic surgery for presumed benign ovarian tumor
during pregnancy. [amended 2007 Jun 14; cited 2007 Feb 20]. In: The Cochrane Database of
from: http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD005459 /pdf_fs.html
Frank CD, Adler DG. 2006. Post-ERCP pancreatitis and its prevention. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol
Hepatol. [cited 2007 Mar 9];3(12):680-8. In: PubMed [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of
Medicine (US). [1950] - . Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubm
ed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=17130878&query_hl=2&itool=pubmed_docsumP
MID:17130878.
Loyber I, Varela SB. c2002. Bases neurofisiologicas del dolor: dolor referido. Cordoba (Argentina):
Universitas; [cited 2007 Mar 9]. 94 p. In: LocatorPlus [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of
Medicine (US). [date unknown] - . [about 1 screen]. Available from: http://locatorplusv2.nlm.nih.g
ov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?Search_Arg=101178678&Search_Code=FT*&PID=t@ODl%3COIo@OD
m@%3EHs@%3EIm@NIo@%3F%3C&SEQ=20070312150312&CNT=25&HIST=1 NLM Unique ID:
101178678. Spanish.
Kadonaga J. [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Preparation of a highly efficient transcription extract from Drosophila
embryos. In: bioProtocol: a Bio Online Site [Internet]. Emeryville (CA): Bio.Com. c1992 - . [about 5
p.] Available from: http://bioprotocol.bio.com/protocolstools/protocol.jhtml?id=p9052

Date of Update/Revision for a Contribution to a Database on the Internet

(required)
• Contributions to databases/datasets may be updated or revised separately from the database as a whole

• Database also has a date of update/revision

• Contributions to databases/datasets on the Internet may be updated or revised after publication. Look for
the date accompanied by such words as updated, modified, revised, reviewed:
⚬ At the top or bottom of the first screen or the bottom of the last screen of the contribution
⚬ In a specific field if the contribution is subdivided into fields
⚬ In the source code for the contribution if it is displayed by the Web browser

• Capitalize them
Examples:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

• Capitalize them
For example:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring

Various words are used to show that the content of a contribution has changed. Among them are: updated,
• Use the wording supplied in the contribution
Example:
Box 117. Database also has a date of update/revision.

• Contributions to databases/datasets may be updated or revised separately from the database as a whole. If
the database also has a date of update/revision, retain it.

7. Contribution to a database on the Internet with date of update/revision
Date of Citation for a Contribution to a Database on the Internet

(required)
• Give the date the contribution was seen on the Internet
• If a Date of Update/Revision is given, place the date of citation after it and follow both dates with a right
square bracket


Various words are used to show that the content of a contribution has been changed. Among them are: updated,
⚬ Use the wording for update/revision supplied in the contribution
Example:

Connective Phrase for a Contribution to a Database on the Internet

(required)
• Place a space and the word "In" after the title (and any dates) of the contribution

Database on the Internet (required)

General Rules for a Database on the Internet
• For all components except Date of Citation and the Availability (URL), cite according to Chapter 24A
Entire Databases/Retrieval Systems/Datasets on the Internet. For these components elements use the
instructions below.
Extent (Pagination) (required)

• If the extent is not provided by the database, calculate the extent as the total number of screens,
paragraphs, lines, or bytes of the database record or other contribution, whichever is most practical
• If the extent is calculated, precede the total with the word about and place it in square brackets, such as
[about 15 screens]
• If the contribution is printed, precede the page total with the word about and place it in square brackets,
such as [about 10 p.]
• If the contribution contains hyperlinks, it is not possible to provide the extent

• Extent for items published elsewhere and cited in the database
Box 119. Extent for items published elsewhere and cited in the database.
If the contribution is a journal article or book that was published elsewhere and cited in the database:
• Give the pagination for the item, i.e., the page numbers on which a journal article appears or the total
number of pages of a book, as a part of Publication Information
• Use for extent the length of the record for the item as it appears in the database. For example, in the
following citation:
Frank CD, Adler DG. Post-ERCP pancreatitis and its prevention. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol
Hepatol. 2006 Dec [cited 2007 Mar 9];3(12):680-8. In: PubMed [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National
Library of Medicine (US). [1950] - . [about 1 screen]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=17130878&query_hl=
2&itool=pubmed_docsum PMID: 17130878.
[The article occupies pages 680 through 688 in the journal, but the record for this article in the
database takes about 1 screen to display.]

8. Contribution to a database on the Internet with extent provided by the database
9. Contribution to a database on the Internet with extent calculated
Availability for a Contribution to a Database on the Internet (required)

components

• Multiple URLs

• Do not insert a hyphen or a hard line break into a URL

The URL as displayed by the Web browser may not always be used to retrieve the record or other item, i.e., is not
Example:
Available from: http://www.genomic.melb.edu/mdi/ by searching for record number 9934872.

If more than one URL can be used to locate a contribution:
• Give the URL you used in locating the contribution
Example:
Available from:
http://www.fao.org/nutrdb/006/y4962t/y4962t01.htm#bm1..1.3.1 ;
http://www.fao.org/nutrdb/006/y4962t/y4962t03.htm#bm3..1.3.1 ;
http://www.fao.org/nutrdb/006/y4962t/y4962t05.htm#bm5..1.3.1

Acquisition Number for a Contribution to a Database (optional)

General Rules for Acquisition Number
• Give the record number or other acquisition number assigned to the contribution by the database
• Precede the number with the identifying wording used by the database, such as Record No. or PMID
• Use Acquisition No. if the database does not identify the number
• Follow the wording with a colon and a space, then add the number, such as PMID: 17236284
• End number information with a period
Examples for Acquisition Number

10. Contribution to a database on the Internet with an acquisition number
Language for a Contribution to a Database on the Internet (required)

• Give the language of publication of the contribution if not English

• Contributions appearing in more than one language
Box 123. Contributions appearing in more than one language.

If a record or another contribution is written with equal text in two or more languages, as often occurs in
• Give all titles in the order they are presented on the title page or opening screens
• Place an equals sign with a space before and after between the titles
• List the languages after the availability statement (URL) and any acquisition number
Example:
Brodkin E, Lindegger M, Kassam S, Gustafson R. Possible transmission of hepatitis A in a school
setting = Possible transmission de l'hepatite A en milieu scolaire. Can Commun Dis Rep. 2007 Feb
15;33(4):49-51. In: PubMed [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US). [1950] -
. [about 1 screen]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?
db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve
&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=17352054&query_hl=2&itool=pubmed_docsum PMID: 17352054.
English, French.
brackets.
Available from:

6. Contribution to a database on the Internet with title in a language other than English
Notes for a Contribution to a Database on the Internet (optional)

• Notes is a collective term for any further useful information given after the citation itself
• Be brief


System requirements describe the software and hardware needed to view the contribution on the database.
Example:
space; 17-inch video graphics array; 800 x 600 pixels/high with color 800;Adobe Acrobat Reader 5.0;

The notes element may be used to provide any further information. Begin by citing the contribution and the
database, then add the note. Examples of notes are:

Beaver BV. The veterinarian's encyclopedia of animal behavior. Ames (IA): Iowa State University
Press; 1994 [cited 2007 Mar 9]. 307 p. In: WorldCat [Internet]. Dublin (OH): OCLC Online
Computer Library Center, Inc. 1971 - . [about 2 screens]. Available from: http://firstsearch.oclc.org/
WebZ/FSFETCH?fetchtype=fullrecord:sessionid=fsapp4-50507-ez31hdf6-76zk93:entitypagenum=15
:0:recno=1:resultset=3:format=FI:next=html/record.html:bad=error/badfetch.html:entitytoprecno=1
:entitycurrecno=1: numrecs=1 Accession No: OCLC: 30700481. Subscription required to view.
• The name of the organization(s) sponsoring or supporting the database
Rotchford JK. Single-use acupuncture needles: scanning electron-microscopy of needle-tips [review].
2002 Apr [cited 2007 Mar 9]. In: Rotchford JK, editor. Acubriefs.com [Internet]. Port Townsend
(WA): Best of Both Worlds Foundation. [date unknown] - . [about 3 screens]. Available from: http:/
/www.acubriefs.com/wkstone/webkeystone.py?Profile=ABarticles/search_whole_review.prof&Revie
wID=146&UserID=biz_acubriefs Review ID: 146. Acubriefs was established by a grant from the
Medical Acupuncture Research Foundation (MARF).
Examples for Notes

11. Contribution to a database on the Internet with a note
Examples of Citations to Contributions to Databases/Datasets

on the Internet
1. Standard contribution to a database on the Internet without a
separate date for the item
Kadonaga J. Preparation of a highly efficient transcription extract from Drosophila embryos. [cited 2007 Feb 1].
In: bioProtocol: a Bio Online Site [Internet]. Emeryville (CA): Bio.Com. c1992 - . [about 5 p.]. Available from:
http://bioprotocol.bio.com/protocolstools/protocol.jhtml?id=p9052
2. Standard contribution to a database on the Internet with a separate

date for the item
Bunyavejchevin S, Phupong V. Laparoscopic surgery for presumed benign ovarian tumor during pregnancy.
2006 Oct 18 [amended 2007 Jun 14; cited 2007 Feb 20]. In: The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
[Internet]. Hoboken (NJ): John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. c1999 - . 129K. Available from: http://
www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD005459/pdf_fs.html Record No.: CD005459.
Cannon R. Rilonacept to improve artery function in patients with atherosclerosis. 2006 Dec 29 [last updated
2012 Apr 25; results first received 2009 Sep 14; cited 2015 Apr 25]. In: ClinicalTrials.gov [Internet]. Bethesda
(MD): U.S. National Library of Medicine. 2000 - . Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00417417
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00417417.
Cannon R. Rilonacept to improve artery function in patients with atherosclerosis. 2006 Dec 29 [last updated
2012 Apr 25]. In: ClinicalTrials.gov [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): U.S. National Library of Medicine. 2000 - .
Study results [results first received 2009 Sep 14; cited 2015 Apr 25]. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/
show/results/NCT00417417 ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00417417 Study Results tab.
Jordan S, Schnepf M, Boeckner L. Hispanic food frequency. 1996 Sep 20 [cited 2007 Feb 16]. In: Nutrition
Education for Diverse Audiences [Internet]. Urbana (IL): University of Illinois, College of Agricultural,
Consumer and Environmental Sciences. [date unknown] - . [about 1 screen]. Available from: http://
necd.aces.uiuc.edu/inter2_search.cgi?ind=853868171
Rotchford JK. Single-use acupuncture needles: scanning electron-microscopy of needle-tips [review]. 2002 Apr
[cited 2007 Mar 9]. In: Rotchford JK, editor. Acubriefs.com [Internet]. Port Townsend (WA): Best of Both
Worlds Foundation. [date unknown] - . [about 3 screens]. Available from: http://www.acubriefs.com/wkstone/
webkeystone.py?Profile=ABarticles/search_whole_review.prof&ReviewID=146&UserID=biz_acubriefs Review
ID: 146.
British Cardiovascular Intervention Society. Number of coronary bypass operations and percutaneous coronary
interventions per year 1980-2004, United Kingdom. 2005 [cited 2007 Mar 9]. In: Allender S, Peto V, Rayner M,
Scarborough P, Boxer A. heartstats: British Heart Foundation Statistics Database [Internet]. London: British
Heart Foundation. c2003 - [updated 2006 Nov 3]. [about 2 screens]. Available from: http://www.heartstats.org/
temp/Figsp3.3spweb06.xls
Sanofi-Aventis U.S. LLC. Ambien cr (zolpidem tartrate) tablet, coated. 2007 [rev. 2007 Sep; cited 2018 May]. In:
DailyMed [Internet]. [2005] - . [about 20 p.]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US). Available
from: https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=404c858c-89ac-4c9d-8a96-8702a28e6e76
3. Standard contribution to a database on the Internet with complete

publication information for the item
Frank CD, Adler DG. Post-ERCP pancreatitis and its prevention. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006
Dec [cited 2007 Mar 9];3(12):680-8. In: PubMed [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US).
[1950] - . [about 1 screen]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?
db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=17130878&query_hl=2&itool=pubmed_docsum
PMID: 17130878.
Beaver BV. The veterinarian's encyclopedia of animal behavior. Ames (IA): Iowa State University Press; 1994
[cited 2007 Mar 9]. 307 p. In: WorldCat [Internet]. Dublin (OH): OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc.
1971 - . [about 2 screens]. Available from: http://firstsearch.oclc.org/WebZ/FSFETCH?
fetchtype=fullrecord:sessionid=fsappd-50507-
ez31hdf6-76zk93:entitypagenum=15:0:recno=1:resultset=3:format=FI:next=html/record.html:bad=error/
badfetch.html:entitytoprecno=1:entitycurrecno=1:numrecs=1 Accession No: OCLC: 30700481.
4. Contribution to a database on the Internet with organization as author

British Cardiovascular Intervention Society. Number of coronary bypass operations and percutaneous coronary
interventions per year 1980-2004, United Kingdom. 2005 [cited 2007 Mar 9]. In: Allender S, Peto V, Rayner M,
Scarborough P, Boxer A. heartstats: British Heart Foundation Statistics Database [Internet]. London: British
Heart Foundation. c2003 - [updated 2006 Nov 3]. [about 2 screens]. Available from: http://www.heartstats.org/
temp/Figsp3.3spweb06.xls
5. Contribution to a database on the Internet with author affiliation

Kadonaga J (University of California, San Diego, CA). Preparation of a highly efficient transcription extract from
Drosophila embryos. [cited 2007 Feb 1]. In: bioProtocol: a Bio Online Site [Internet]. Emeryville (CA): Bio.Com.
c1992 - . [about 5 p.]. Available from: http://bioprotocol.bio.com/protocolstools/protocol.jhtml?id=p9052
6. Contribution to a database on the Internet with title in a language

other than English
Stegenga B, de Bont LG. [Diagnosis and classification of orofacial pain by dental and general practitioners]. Ned
Tijdschr Tandheelkd. 2006 Nov [cited 2007 Mar 9];113(11):437-41. In: PubMed [Internet]. Bethesda (MD):
National Library of Medicine (US). [1950] - . Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?
PMID: 17147024. Dutch.
Piccot-Crezollet C, Casamatta JM, Lepage OM. [Digital semiological anesthesia in horses: technique and
elements of interpretation]. Can Vet J. 2005 Sep [cited 2007 Mar 9];46(9):807-13. In: Agricola [Internet].
Beltsville (MD): National Agricultural Library (US). [date unknown] - . [about 3 screens]. Available from:
http://agricola.nal.usda.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?
DB=local&CNT=20&CMD=horse&SL=Submit&DATE=2000&DTBL=G%7C&LANG=FRE
%7C&STARTDB=AGRIDB Call No.: 41.8 R3224. French.
Loyber I, Varela SB. Bases neurofisiologicas del dolor: dolor referido. Cordoba (Argentina): Universitas; c2002
[cited 2007 Mar 9]. 94 p. In: LocatorPlus [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US). [date
unknown] - . [about 1 screen]. Available from: http://locatorplusv2.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?
Search_Arg=101178678&Search_Code=FT*&PID=t@ODl%3COIo@ODm@%3EHs@%3EIm@NIo@%3F
%3C&SEQ=20070312150312&CNT=25&HIST=1 NLM Unique ID: 101178678. Spanish.
with translation of original language provided
Stegenga B, de Bont LG. Diagnostiek en classificatie van orofaciale pijnen in de eerste lijn [Diagnosis and
classification of orofacial pain by dental and general practitioners]. Ned Tijdschr Tandheelkd. 2006 Nov [cited
2007 Mar 9];113(11):437-41. In: PubMed [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US). [1950]
- . Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?
PMID: 17147024. Dutch.
Piccot-Crezollet C, Casamatta JM, Lepage OM. Anesthesies semiologiques digitales chez le cheval: technique et
elements d'interpretation [Digital semiological anesthesia in horses: technique and elements of interpretation].
Can Vet J. 2005 Sep [cited 2007 Mar 9];46(9):807-13. In: Agricola [Internet]. Beltsville (MD): National
Agricultural Library (US). [date unknown] - . [about 3 screens]. Available from: http://agricola.nal.usda.gov/
cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?DB=local&CNT=20&CMD=horse&SL=Submit&DATE=2000&DTBL=G
%7C&LANG=FRE%7C&STARTDB=AGRIDB French.
Loyber I, Varela SB. Bases neurofisiologicas del dolor: dolor referido [Neurophysiological basis of pain: referred
pain]. Cordoba (Argentina): Universitas; c2002. 94 p. In: LocatorPlus [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National
Library of Medicine (US). [date unknown] - . [about 1 screen]. Available from: http://
locatorplusv2.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?Search_Arg=101178678&Search_Code=FT*&PID=t@ODl
%3COIo@ODm@%3EHs@%3EIm@NIo@%3F%3C&SEQ=20070312150312&CNT=25&HIST=1 NLM Unique
ID: 101178678. Spanish.
7. Contribution to a database on the Internet with date of update/

revision
8. Contribution to a database on the Internet with extent provided by the

database
Di Stefano B, Collombet S, Graf T. Time-resolved gene expression profiling during reprogramming of C/EBPα-
pulsed B cells into iPS cells [dataset]. 2014 May 22 [cited 2014 Oct 6]. In: figshare [Internet]. London: Digital
Science. 2011 Jan - . 53.76 MB. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.939408 Referenced in doi:
10.1038/sdata.2014.8
Silver D, Macinko J. State health policy research dataset (SHEPRD): 1980-2010 (ICPSR 34789) [dataset]. 2013
Oct 3 [revised 2014 Sep 24; cited 2014 Oct 29]. In: Health and Medical Care Archive [Internet]. Ann Arbor (MI):
University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social
Research. [date unknown] - . 3.1 MB. Available from: http://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR34789.v3 Related article in
PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3482037.
9. Contribution to a database on the Internet with extent calculated

Jordan S, Schnepf M, Boeckner L. Hispanic food frequency. 1996 Sep 20 [cited 2007 Mar 9]. In: Nutrition
Education for Diverse Audiences [Internet]. Urbana (IL): University of Illinois, College of Agricultural,
Consumer and Environmental Sciences. [date unknown] - . [about 1 screen]. Available from: http://
necd.aces.uiuc.edu/inter2_search.cgi?ind=853868171
Phillips JA 3rd. Cortisone reductase deficiency. 2000 May [updated 2007 May 22; cited 2009 Jun 15]. In: Hamosh
A, editor. Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, OMIM™ [Internet]. Baltimore (MD): Johns Hopkins University,
McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine. c1966-2009. [about 3 p.]. Available from: http://
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=604931
Van Marck VL, Bracke ME. Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions in human cancer. [2003?] [cited 2010 Jun 9]. In:
Madame Curie Bioscience Database [Internet]. Austin (TX): Landes Bioscience. 2000 - . [about 26 p.]. Available
from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=eurekah&part=A32382
10. Contribution to a database on the Internet with an acquisition

number
Couzos S, Murray RB, editors. Aboriginal primary health care: an evidence-based approach. 2nd ed. New York:
Oxford University Press; 2003 [cited 2007 Mar 9]. 658 p. In: LocatorPlus [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National
Library of Medicine (US). [date unknown] - . [about 1 screen]. Available from: http://
locatorplusv2.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?Search_Arg=101195240&Search_Code=FT*&PID=lPoRW
%3D_IlHOHp@oRqXoRm@oRo%3C%3C%3C&SEQ=20070309151319&CNT=25&HIST=1 NLM Unique ID:
101195240.
11. Contribution to a database on the Internet with a note

Beaver BV. The veterinarian's encyclopedia of animal behavior. Ames (IA): Iowa State University Press; 1994
[cited 2007 Mar 9]. 307 p. In: WorldCat [Internet]. Dublin (OH): OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc.
1971 - . [about 2 screens]. Available from: http://firstsearch.oclc.org/WebZ/FSFETCH?
fetchtype=fullrecord:sessionid=fsappd-50507-
ez31hdf6-76zk93:entitypagenum=15:0:recno=1:resultset=3:format=FI:next=html/record.html:bad=error/
badfetch.html:entitytoprecno=1:entitycurrecno=1:numrecs=1 Accession No: OCLC: 30700481. Subscription
required to view.
Dubuis JO, Samanta R, Gregor T. Accurate measurements of dynamics and reproducibility in small genetic
networks [dataset]. 2013 Jan 22 [cited 2014 Oct 2]. In: Dryad Digital Repository [Internet]. Durham (NC):
Dryad. 2008 Jan - . Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.5061/dryad.35h8v Referenced in PubMed PMID:
2334085.
[Jacobs B]. NeuroMorpho.Org ID: NMO_03472; neuron name: 1-10-10 [dataset]. 2008 May 16 [cited 2015 Jun
3]. In: NeuroMorpho.Org [Internet]. Fairfax (VA): George Mason University. c2006-2015. Available from: http://
neuromorpho.org/neuroMorpho/neuron_info.jsp?neuron_name=1-10-10 Related article reference in PubMed
PMID: 11375917.
Rotchford JK. Single-use acupuncture needles: scanning electron-microscopy of needle-tips [review]. 2002 Apr
[cited 2007 Mar 9]. In: Rotchford JK, editor. Acubriefs.com [Internet]. Port Townsend (WA): Best of Both
Worlds Foundation. [date unknown] - . [about 3 screens]. Available from: http://www.acubriefs.com/wkstone/
webkeystone.py?Profile=ABarticles/search_whole_review.prof&ReviewID=146&UserID=biz_acubriefs Review
ID: 146. Acubriefs was established by a grant from the Medical Acupuncture Research Foundation (MARF).
Zheng LY, Guo XS, He B, Sun LJ, Peng Y, Dong SS, Liu TF, Jiang S, Ramachandran S, Liu CM, Jing HC. Genome
data from sweet and grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) [dataset]. 2011 Nov 12 [cited 2014 Oct 3]. In: GigaDB
[Internet]. [London: BioMed Central]. [2011?] - . Available from: http://gigadb.org/dataset/100012 doi:
10.5524/100012 Referenced in PubMed PMID: 22104744.
1441
Chapter 25. Web Sites

A. Homepages
• Examples
B. Parts of Web Sites
• Examples
A. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Homepages

The general format for a reference to a homepage, including punctuation:
Examples of Citations to Homepages

A homepage is the first or introductory page of a Web site (NISO Z39.29). It usually provides a table of contents
or index to the contents of the site. Homepages are placed on the Internet by both organizations and individuals
for purposes ranging from an effort to provide information about a government agency, a company, an
association, or a specific subject, to a means of providing a forum for a personal point of view. Homepages vary
greatly in size and complexity, reflecting the Web site which they introduce. A citation to a Web site is made
primarily from the information found on a homepage.
The rules for citing homepages are similar to those for Internet books. Locate the author or organization with
responsibility for the homepage, a title, a place of publication, a publisher, and a date of publication. Simply
adding a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) or other electronic address to a title is not sufficient. Internet sites
disappear with great frequency, and users of a citation must be given some other identifying information if they
are to locate sites in the future.
Some elements, however, are more difficult to locate when citing homepages. For example, some poorly
constructed sites do not contain dates, and authorship or publishing responsibility may be unclear or absent. The
title may also be difficult to discern from a collage of graphics. The person doing the citing can only work with
the information provided.
Some elements require expansion for an Internet citation to provide needed information. For example, the date
of publication is required in a citation, but most homepages are updated or otherwise modified numerous times
after the date of publication, i.e., the date the homepage was first placed on the Internet. The latest date of
update/revision should therefore be included along with the date cited, i.e., the date the person doing the citing
saw the homepage on the Internet. This is necessary in the volatile Internet environment, where changes can be
easily made and a site seen one day may not be the same when viewed the next day. Producing a print or other
copy of crucial pages for future reference is strongly recommended.
Note also that it is possible to have Web sites within Web sites. For example, the National Institute on Aging
(NIA) is organizationally a part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Each of these bodies has its own Web
site with a homepage; the NIA site is not considered a part of the NIH site. Similarly, the PubMed database on
the NLM site stands alone and is cited as a database, not a part of the NLM site. A URL only reflects server
location and should not necessarily be used to indicate hierarchy or subordinate relationships for citation
purposes. The basic rule is to cite the most specific identifiable site used.
To cite an entire Web site from the homepage, use the instructions below. To cite only one component of a Web
site, such as a specific page or pages, first determine whether or not the component can stand alone and be cited
separately. A book or other monograph, a journal, or a database on a Web site should be cited according to the
instructions for the particular type of format. Cite a book on a Web site according to Chapter 22, a journal
according to Chapter 23, and a database according to Chapter 24.
To use the NLM Web site as an example of components that can be cited separately:
• A book and similar items on the NLM Web site:
Metagenomics: sequences from the environment [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of
Medicine (US), National Center for Biomedical Information; 2006 [cited 2007 Apr 20]. Available
from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=metagenomics.TOC
Fact sheet: AIDS information resources [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine
(US); 2003 May 2 [updated 2007 Feb 20; cited 2007 Mar 26]. [about 3 screens]. Available from:
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
• An NLM database:
ChemIDplus Lite [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US), Specialized
Information Services Division. [2003] - [cited 2007 Mar 26]. Available from: http://
chem.sis.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/chemidlite.jsp
• A publication produced by another organization that resides on the NLM site:
A.D.A.M. medical encyclopedia [Internet]. Atlanta: A.D.A.M., Inc.; c2005 [cited 2007 Mar 26].
Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
Cite components of Web sites that cannot stand alone according to Chapter 25B Parts of Web Sites. Examples of
these include a disease page from the MedlinePlus site and a press release from the AMA site. Never cite as parts
those components with authorship distinct from the authors of the site as a whole. If in doubt about the status of
a component, cite it separately using the instructions in the appropriate chapter.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Homepages.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Homepages.
Web Sites 1443
Citation Rules with Examples for Homepages

Author (R) | Author Affiliation (O) | Title (R) | Content Type (O) | Type of Medium (R) | Edition (R) | Editor
and other Secondary Authors (O) | Place of Publication (R) | Publisher (R) | Date of Publication (R) | Date of
Update/Revision (R) | Date of Citation (R) | Availability (R) | Language (R) | Notes (O)
Author for Homepages (required)

• List names in the order they appear on the site
surname
• See Editor and other Secondary Authors below if there are no authors but editors are named

• Determining the author
(Chinese, Japanese)
Box 1. Determining the author.

Some homepages clearly state the names of the authors of the Web site. When they do not:
• Look at the top, bottom, or sidebar of the first screen or the bottom of the last screen of the homepage
• Do not assume that an individual named in association with a copyright statement, such as "copyright
1997 by John A. Smith" is the author, either
• If the only personal name given in a site is associated with a copyright statement, use that name as the
publisher
• Many sites will display an organization's name rather than a person's name. In such cases when the
organization appears to be serving as both author and publisher, place the organization in the publisher
position.


[If you cannot determine from the homepage or other screens whether a surname is compound or a
combination of a middle name and a surname, look elsewhere in the text for clarification. For
Å treated as A
Web Sites 1445
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

particle
• Disregard traditional abbreviations of given names. Some non-US publishers use abbreviations of
abbreviation.
• For non-English names that are been romanized (written in the roman alphabet), capitalize only the first


Examples:
letter
Web Sites 1447
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

author.
• If a division or another part of an organization is included on the homepage, give the parts of the name in
Working Group.
(see Appendix D)
• If both individuals and an organization or organizations appear on the homepage as authors, use the
names of the individuals as the author. Give the organization at the end of the reference as a note, if
desired.
Italian, Spanish, German, Swedish, etc.) as they appear on the homepage. Follow a non-English
brackets.
or
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
Web Sites 1449
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

• If no person or organization can be identified as the author, begin the reference with the title of the
homepage
• Do not use anonymous
Example:
Mesothelioma.com: the web's most trusted source on mesothelioma [Internet]. New York: Early,
Ludwick, Sweeney & Strauss; c2005 [cited 2007 Feb 21]. Available from: http://
www.mesothelioma.com/.

Examples for Author

1. Standard citation to a homepage
2. Homepage with author(s)
3. Homepage with full author name(s)
4. Homepage with author role indicated
5. Homepage with an organization(s) as author
6. Homepage with no authors or editors
24. Homepage with author and publisher the same
Author Affiliation for Homepages (optional)

country
PA)


Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Soc. for Society
Web Sites 1451
all references.

• Insert the e-mail address as it appears on the homepage
Example:
Uijtdehaage S (David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA.
bas@mednet.ucla.edu), Dennis S (Spencer S. Eccles Health Sciences Library, University of Utah, Salt
Lake City, UT. sdennis@lib.med.utah.edu). HEAL: Health Education Assets Library [Internet].
Oakland (CA): Regents of the University of California; c2000-2005 [cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available
from: http://www.healcentral.org/.

Rebora P, Reina G.
Mandelshtam MY.
• Translate organizational names in character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese, etc.)

Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
Spain for Espana. However, the name found on the Web site may always be used.

• Use the English form for names of cities and countries if possible. However, the name as found on the Web
site may always be used.
Wien becomes Vienna

7. Homepage with author affiliation
Title for Homepages (required)

• Reproduce the title of a homepage as closely as possible to the wording on the screen, duplicating
capitalization, spacing, punctuation, and special characters when possible
Web Sites 1453

• Determining the title
Box 15. Determining the title.

While many homepages clearly state the title of the Web site, some sites do not. When there is no clear title:
• Look for the title in the source code of the document
E@UP: European Copyright Focal Point [Internet].
OncoLink™: the Web's first cancer resource [Internet].
MedConnect: an online resource for medical professionals [Internet].
Synthesis of β-amino acids [Internet].
may become
Synthesis of beta-Amino Acids [Internet].
OncoLink™: the Web's first cancer resource [Internet].
may become
OncoLink(TM): the Web's first cancer resource [Internet].

Societe Francaise de Mycologie Medicale [Internet].
Institut istorii nauki i tekhniki [Internet].
• Romanize or translate titles in character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese, etc.). Place translated titles
in square brackets.
or
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
• Use the capitalization found
Senovida [Breast life] [Internet]. [place unknown]: Sociedad Ecuatoriana de Oncologia; [2007; cited
2007 Mar 28]. Available from: http://www.senovida.org/. Spanish.
Societe Francaise de Mycologie Medicale [French Society of Medical Mycology] [Internet]. Paris: The
Society; [2007; cited 2007 Feb 22]. Available from: http://mycolmed.chez-alice.fr/. French.
Web Sites 1455

• If a homepage title is written in several languages:
Example:
World Health Organization [Internet]. Geneva (Switzerland): The Organization; c2007 [cited
2007 Mar 26]. Available from: http://www.who.int/en/index.html English, Arabic, Chinese,
French, Russian, Spanish.
• If a homepage title is presented with equal text in two or more languages, as often occurs in Canadian
publications:
Example:
Health Canada = Sante Canada [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): Health Canada; [updated 2007 Feb 8;
cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/. English, French.

• Most titles end in a period. Place [Internet] or [homepage on the Internet] inside the period.
AMA: helping doctors help patients [Internet]. Chicago: American Medical Association; c1995-2007
[cited 2007 Feb 22]. Available from: http://www.ama-assn.org/.
AMA: helping doctors help patients [homepage on the Internet]. Chicago: American Medical
Association; c1995-2007 [cited 2007 Feb 22]. Available from: http://www.ama-assn.org/.
Shape Up America! [Internet]. Clyde Park (MT): Shape Up America!; c2005-2006 [cited 2007 Feb
23]. Available from: http://www.shapeup.org/.

Occasionally a homepage does not appear to have any title; it simply begins with the text. When this occurs:
Examples for Title

8. Homepage with title having a subtitle
9. Homepage with upper/lower case/special characters in the title
10. Homepage with title ending in punctuation other than a period
11. Homepage in a language other than English
12. Homepage published with parallel text in two or more languages
13. Homepage published with optional content type
22. Homepage with title and publisher the same
23. Homepage with title and publisher the same, with publisher name abbreviated
Content Type for Homepages (optional)

• Use a content type to tell the user the format of the Internet item being cited
• Enter the words "homepage on the"


• Most titles end in a period. Place [homepage on the Internet] inside the period.
• If a title ends in another form of punctuation, keep that punctuation and follow [homepage on the
Internet] with a period
Shape Up America! [homepage on the Internet]. Clyde Park (MT): Shape Up America!; c2005-2006
[cited 2007 Feb 23]. Available from: http://www.shapeup.org/.

• Place [homepage on the Internet] after the square brackets for the translation
Example:
Societe Francaise de Mycologie Medicale [French Society of Medical Mycology] [homepage on the
Internet]. Paris: The Society; [2007; cited 2007 Feb 22]. Available from: http://mycolmed.chez-
alice.fr/. French.
Web Sites 1457

Type of Medium for Homepages (required)

• Place the word Internet in square brackets following the title (and Content Type, if present)


• Give the content type (homepage) before the type of medium (Internet)
• Separate them with "on the"
• Place both the content type and type of medium in square brackets
Examples:

• Most titles end in a period. Place [Internet] or [homepage on the Internet] inside the period.
AMA: helping doctors help patients [Internet]. Chicago: American Medical Association; c1995-2007
[cited 2007 Feb 22]. Available from: http://www.ama-assn.org/.
• If a title ends in another form of punctuation, keep that punctuation and follow [Internet] or [homepage
on the Internet] with a period
Shape Up America! [Internet]. Clyde Park (MT): Shape Up America!; c2005-2006 [cited 2007 Feb
23]. Available from: http://www.shapeup.org/.

• If a translation of a title is provided, give the translation after the original language or romanized title and
place it in square brackets
Example:
Societe Francaise de Mycologie Medicale [French Society of Medical Mycology] [Internet]. Paris: The
Society; [2007; cited 2007 Feb 22]. Available from: http://mycolmed.chez-alice.fr/. French.

Edition for Homepages (required)

• Indicate the edition/version being cited after the Type of Medium (and Content Type, if present) when a
homepage is published in more than one edition or version
becomes 3rd.

Word Abbreviation
edition ed.
abbreviated abbr.
abridged abr.
American Am.
augmented augm.
English Engl.
enlarged enl.
expanded expand.
illustrated ill.
modified mod.
original orig.

Web Sites 1459
Word Abbreviation
reprint(ed) repr.
revised rev.
special spec.
translation transl.
translated
3rd rev. ed.
1st Engl. ed.
version
release
update
level


Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
constructions.
Examples:
Ed. 1a.
2. ed. veneta.
Nuova ed.
Seconda ed.
Web Sites 1461
constructions.
Examples:
2. dopunjeno izd.
2. ekd. epeux.
3. ekd.
Examples:
ŏ becomes o
ū becomes u
constructions.
Examples:
Shohan.
Dai 1-han.
Dai 3-pan.
Di 3 ban.
Che 6-p'an.
Danish oplag n.a.
udgave
Dutch uitgave uitg.
editie ed.
French edition ed.
Auflage Aufl.
Greek ekdosis ekd.
utgave utg.
publikacija publ.
Spanish edicion ed.
publicacion publ.

• If an edition and a version are present, give both, in the order they are presented, separated by a semicolon
and a space
Professional ed.; Rev. version.
Windows version; Office ed.
Web Sites 1463

14. Homepage with an edition or version
Editor and other Secondary Authors for Homepages (optional)

• A secondary author modifies the work of the author. Examples include editors, translators, producers, and
illustrators.


A Web site may have several types of secondary author.
• List all of them in the order they are given in the site
Examples:

• List all of them in the order they are given on the Web site
Example:

possible. However, the wording found on the Web site may always be used.
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
editeur
German redakteur produzent ubersetzer illustrator
curatore
editore
izdatel
editor productora

On rare occasions an organization may be listed as the editor.
Web Sites 1465
Example:

15. Homepage with editor(s)
Place of Publication for Homepages (required)

• Place is defined as the city where the homepage is published
confusion when citing lesser known cities or when cities in different locations have the same name, such
as Palm Springs (CA) and Palm Springs (FL)

• Locating the place of publication
• Non-US cities
Box 33. Locating the place of publication.

When a homepage does not clearly state the place of publication of the Web site:
or similar link
• Look in the source code for the homepage if it is displayed by the Web browser
place of publication of a homepage issued by the American Medical Association.
National Library for Health [Internet]. [London]: NHS; c2005 [cited 2007 Jun 11]. Available
from: http://www.library.nhs.uk/.
D'Alessandro DM, D'Alessandro MP. Virtual Pediatric Hospital™: a digital library of pediatric
information [Internet]. [Iowa City (IA)]: Donna M. D'Alessandro; c1992-2007 [revised 2006
Jul 20; cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.virtualpediatrichospital.org/.
city
Dunn S. The CancerGuide Page [Internet]. [place unknown]: Steve Dunn; c1995-2004
[updated 2004 Aug 9; cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.cancerguide.org/.
Doctor's Guide [Internet]. Global ed. [place unknown]: Doctor's Guide Publishing Limited;
c1995-2007 [updated 2007 Feb 21; cited 2007 Feb 21]. Available from: http://
www.cancerguide.org/.
Huckstep RL, Sherry E. World Ortho [Internet]. [place unknown: publisher unknown];
[updated 2007 Mar 23; cited 2007 Mar 23]. Available from: http://www.worldortho.com/.

However, the name as found on the Web site may always be used.
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
Web Sites 1467
Montreal (QC):
Ottawa (ON):
Vancouver (BC):
London:
Rome:
Paris:
Madrid:
but

Two or more organizations may co-publish a Web site.
• Use the city of the first organization found on the opening screens as the place of publication
Uijtdehaage S, Dennis S. HEAL: Health Education Assets Library [Internet]. Oakland (CA): Regents
of the University of California; c2000-2005 [cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://
www.healcentral.org/. Joint publication with the University of Utah and the University of Oklahoma.
Hooper JF. Psychiatry & the Law: Forensic Psychiatric Resource Page [Internet]. Tuscaloosa (AL):
University of Alabama, Department of Psychiatry and Neurology; 1999 Jan 1 [updated 2006 Jul 8;
cited 2007 Feb 23]. Available from: http://bama.ua.edu/~jhooper/. Jointly published by the University
of Alabama School of Law and the Alabama Department of Mental Health & Mental Retardation.


• If no place of publication can be found on the opening screens, but one can be found elsewhere on the site
Association), place the city in square brackets, such as "[Chicago]"
National Library for Health [Internet]. [London]: NHS; c2005 [cited 2007 Jun 11]. Available from:
http://www.library.nhs.uk/.
D'Alessandro DM, D'Alessandro MP. Virtual Pediatric Hospital™: a digital library of pediatric
information [Internet]. [Iowa City (IA)]: Donna M. D'Alessandro; c1992-2007 [revised 2006 Jul 20;
cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.virtualpediatrichospital.org/.
Dunn S. The CancerGuide Page [Internet]. [place unknown]: Steve Dunn; c1995-2004 [updated 2004
Aug 9; cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.cancerguide.org/.
Doctor's Guide [Internet]. Global ed. [place unknown]: Doctor's Guide Publishing Limited;
c1995-2007 [updated 2007 Feb 21; cited 2007 Feb 21]. Available from: http://www.cancerguide.org/.
Huckstep RL, Sherry E. World Ortho [Internet]. [place unknown: publisher unknown]; [updated
2007 Mar 23; cited 2007 Mar 23]. Available from: http://www.worldortho.com/.

16. Homepage with well known place of publication
17. Homepage with geographic qualifier added to place of publication for clarity
18. Homepage with place of publication inferred
19. Homepage with unknown place of publication
Publisher for Homepages (required)

• A publisher is defined as the individual or organization issuing the homepage
• Record the name of the publisher as it appears on the homepage or opening screens, using whatever
Sons, Ltd." may become simply "Wiley"
Web Sites 1469

• Determining the publisher
Box 38. Determining the publisher.

When a homepage does not clearly state the name of the publisher:
• If wording such as "this site is maintained by XYZ Corporation for ABC Organization" appears, use ABC
Organization as the publisher and XYZ Corporation as the distributor. Publisher information is required
Huckstep RL, Sherry E. World Ortho [Internet]. [place unknown: publisher unknown]; [updated
2007 Mar 23; cited 2007 Mar 23]. Available from: http://www.worldortho.com/.

Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Ltd. for Limited
Soc. for Society

all references.

publisher names in square brackets unless the translation is given on the Web site.
Lopez Pinero;
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
Web Sites 1471
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
brackets.
square brackets unless the translation is given on the Web site.
Appendix D)

Two or more organizations may co-publish a Web site.
• Use the first organization appearing as publisher on the opening screens
Examples:

or bold type
• Do not list multiple publishers. For publications with joint or co-publishers, use the name given first as the
publisher and include the name of the other(s) as a note if desired.
Examples:


20. Homepage with publisher having subsidiary division
21. Homepage with government agency or other national body as publisher
23. Homepage with title and publisher the same, with publisher name abbreviated
25. Homepage with joint publication
26. Homepage with unknown publisher
Web Sites 1473
Date of Publication for Homepages (required)

• Use the date the homepage was first placed on the Internet


Some homepages clearly state the date that the site was placed on the Internet, using such phrases as "first
published", "created", and "began". When they do not:
• Look for the date at the top, bottom, or sidebar of the first screen or the bottom of the homepage
Chemical Society, © 2006 American Medical Association, c2006 Medical College of Wisconsin,
c2000-2007 National Rural Health Association.
• Look for a date in the text of a link labeled "About this site", "History", or similar wording
• If neither a date of publication nor a date of copyright can be found, use the date of update/revision and/or
the date cited
The Kennedy Institute of Ethics [Internet]. Washington: The Institute; [updated 2007 Mar 16; cited
2007 Mar 22]. Available from: http://kennedyinstitute.georgetown.edu/.
National Center for Infectious Diseases [Internet]. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (US); [reviewed 2007 Feb 15; cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/
ncidod/index.htm
Double D. Critical Psychiatry Website [Internet]. Norwich (UK): Duncan Double; [cited 2007 Feb
23]. Available from: http://www.critpsynet.freeuk.com/antipsychiatry.htm

2002-2003
1997-1998
1999-2000
1999 Oct-2000 Mar
2002 Dec-2003 Jan
2005 Jan-Feb
1999 Dec-2000 Jan

• Capitalize them
Examples:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

• Capitalize them
For example:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
Web Sites 1475
pomlad = Spring

Some homepages display both a date of publication and a date of copyright. A copyright date is identified by the

no date of publication can be found, but the homepage contains a date of copyright, use the date of
Examples:
NursingWorld: Official Web site of the American Nurses Association [Internet]. Silver Spring (MD):
American Nurses Association, Inc.; c2007 [updated 2007 Feb 20; cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from:
http://www.ana.org/.
APSnet: Plant Pathology Online [Internet]. St Paul (MN): American Phytopathological Association;
c1994-2006 [cited 2006 Dec 4]. Available from: http://www.apsnet.org/.

the date cited
The Kennedy Institute of Ethics [Internet]. Washington: The Institute; [updated 2007 Mar 16; cited
2007 Mar 22]. Available from: http://kennedyinstitute.georgetown.edu/.
National Center for Infectious Diseases [Internet]. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (US); [reviewed 2007 Feb 15; cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/
ncidod/index.htm
Double D. Critical Psychiatry Website [Internet]. Norwich (UK): Duncan Double; [cited 2007 Feb
23]. Available from: http://www.critpsynet.freeuk.com/antipsychiatry.htm

The date of publication may follow the author names (or type of medium if there is no author) in the list of
• Use (1) the date of copyright, (2) the date of update/revision, or (3) the date of citation, in that order, if
• Place the date followed by a period after the last named author (or type of medium if there is no author)
dates available to follow the author(s) (or type of medium)
• End the publisher name with a period if it is not followed by a date of update/revision or date of citation
NLM citation:
cited 2007 Feb 23]. Available from: http://bama.ua.edu/~jhooper/.
Fugh-Berman A. PharmedOUT [Internet]. Washington: Georgetown University, Department of
Physiology and Biophysics; c2006 [cited 2007 Mar 23]. Available from: http://www.pharmedout.org/.
Gene Ontology Consortium. the Gene Ontology [Internet]. [place unknown]: the Gene Ontology;
c1999-2007 [cited 2007 Feb 22]. Available from: http://www.geneontology.org/.
Mesothelioma.com: the web's most trusted source on mesothelioma [Internet]. New York: Early,
Ludwick, Sweeney & Strauss; c2005 [cited 2007 Feb 21]. Available from: http://
Food and Nutrition Information Center [Internet]. Beltsville (MD): National Agricultural Library
(US); [modified 2007 Jan 30; cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://grande.nal.usda.gov/nal_displ
ay/index.php?tax_level=1&info_center=4
StatePublicHealth.org [Internet]. Washington: ASTHO; [cited 2007 Feb 23]. Available from: http://
statepublichealth.org/.
Hooper JF. 1999. Psychiatry & the Law: Forensic Psychiatric Resource Page [Internet]. Tuscaloosa
(AL): University of Alabama, Department of Psychiatry and Neurology; [updated 2006 Jul 8; cited
2007 Feb 23]. Available from: http://bama.ua.edu/~jhooper/.
Fugh-Berman A. c2006. PharmedOUT [Internet]. Washington: Georgetown University, Department
of Physiology and Biophysics; [cited 2007 Mar 23]. Available from: http://www.pharmedout.org/.
Gene Ontology Consortium. c1999-2007. the Gene Ontology [Internet]. [place unknown]: the Gene
Ontology; [cited 2007 Feb 22]. Available from: http://www.geneontology.org/.
Mesothelioma.com: the web's most trusted source on mesothelioma [Internet]. c2005. New York:
Early, Ludwick, Sweeney & Strauss; [cited 2007 Feb 21]. Available from: http://
Web Sites 1477
Food and Nutrition Information Center [Internet]. [modified 2007 Jan 30]. Beltsville (MD): National
Agricultural Library (US); [cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://grande.nal.usda.gov/nal_displa
y/index.php?tax_level=1&info_center=4
StatePublicHealth.org [Internet]. [cited 2007 Feb 23]. Washington: ASTHO. Available from: http://

27. Homepage with month(s)/day(s) included in date of publication
28. Homepage with date of copyright instead of date of publication
29. Homepage with multiple years of publication
32. Homepage with no date of publication or copyright
Date of Update/Revision for Homepages (required)

• Homepages are frequently updated or revised after publication dates or copyright dates
• Use whatever word for update or revision is provided, such as updated, modified


Homepages on the Internet are often updated or revised after first publication. Look for the date accompanied by
• At the top, bottom, or sidebar of the first screen or the bottom of the last screen of the homepage
• In the source code for the homepage if it is displayed by the Web browser

• Capitalize them
Examples:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

• Capitalize them
For example:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring

Various words are used to show that the content of a Web site has changed. Among them are: updated, modified,
revised, reviewed.
• Use the wording supplied on the site
revised 2005 Dec; updated 2006 Mar;
Example:
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): The Institute;
[updated 2007 Mar 23; modified 2007 Mar 26; cited 2007 Mar 27]. Available from: http://
www3.niaid.nih.gov/.
Web Sites 1479

30. Homepage with update/revision date
31. Homepage with a date of update and a date of revision
Date of Citation for Homepages (required)

• Always include the date the homepage was seen on the Internet
square bracket


Various words are used to show that the content of a homepage has changed. Among them are: updated,
⚬ Use the wording for update/revision supplied on the site
Example:
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): The Institute;
[updated 2007 Mar 23; modified 2007 Mar 26; cited 2007 Mar 27]. Available from: http://
www3.niaid.nih.gov/.

Availability for Homepages (required)

• Insert the Uniform Resource Locator (URL) in its entirety; do not omit http://, www, or other beginning
components

• Multiple URLs


If more than one URL can be used to locate a homepage:
• Give the URL you used in locating the site
Neonatology on the Web [Internet]. [place unknown]: Neonatology on the Web; 1995 Aug 1 [updated
2006 Dec 22; cited 2007 Mar 23]. Available from: http://www.neonatology.org/ ;
www.neonatology.net ; www.neonatology.com

The URL as displayed by the Web browser may not always be used to retrieve the homepage, i.e., it is not directly
addressable.
Example:
Available from: http://www.unimelb.edu.au/mdi/ by using the Related Homepages link.

33. Homepage with multiple URLs
Web Sites 1481
Language for Homepages (required)


• Homepages appearing in more than one language
Box 61. Homepages appearing in more than one language.

• If a homepage is written in several languages:
⚬ Give the title in the first language found on the homepage
⚬ List all languages of publication after the Availability statement (URL)
Example:
World Health Organization [Internet]. Geneva (Switzerland): The Organization; c2007 [cited
2007 Mar 26]. Available from: http://www.who.int/en/index.html English, Arabic, Chinese,
French, Russian, Spanish.
• If a homepage is written with equal text in two or more languages, as often occurs in Canadian
publications:
⚬ Give all titles in the order they are presented on the homepage
⚬ List the languages after the Availability statement (URL)
Example:
Mange Bien, Mange Saintaire = Eat Well, Eat Safe [Internet]. [Guelph (ON)]: Doug Powell;
c2003-2007 [cited 2007 Feb 22]. Available from: http://www.eatwelleatsafe.ca/frfiles/
frindex.htm French, English.
Available from: http://www.who.int/en/index.html ; http://www.who.int/ar/index.html ; http://

www.who.int/zh/index.html ; http://www.who.int/fr/index.html ; http://www.who.int/ru/index.html ;
http://www.who.int/es/index.html English, Arabic, Chinese, French, Russian, Spanish.
brackets.

Notes for Homepages (optional)

• Be brief

• Web master name

System requirements describe the particular software and hardware needed to view the Web site.
Examples:
Care2Learn.com: continuing education for healthcare [Internet]. Bradenton (FL): HealthNow, Inc.;
[updated 2007 Feb 22; cited 2007 Feb 23]. Available from: http://care2learn.com/. System
Requirements: Netscape Navigator 3.x or higher or Microsoft Internet Explorer 3.02 or higher.
PHA: Pulmonary Hypertension Association [Internet]. Silver Spring (MD): The Association; c2007
[cited 2007 Feb 22]. Available from: http://www.phassociation.org/. System Requirements: PC
Windows running Internet Explorer 5.5 or higher or Macintosh Internet Explorer 5.2 or higher;
Macromedia Flash Player; Adobe Acrobat Reader 4.0 or higher.
Web Sites 1483
Box 63. Web master name.

• If a Web master is given, place the name in natural word after the Availability statement and any language
of publication, if desired
Neonatology on the Web [Internet]. [place unknown]: Neonatology on the Web; 1995 Aug 1 [updated
2006 Dec 22; cited 2007 Mar 23]. Available from: http://www.neonatology.org/. Ray Duncan, Web
master.

The notes element may be used to provide any further information useful. Begin by citing the homepage, then
add the note. Some examples of notes are:
• Information not provided for in the citation rules
Complementary/Integrative Medicine [Internet]. Houston: University of Texas, M. D. Anderson
Cancer Center; c2007 [cited 2007 Feb 21]. Available from: http://www.mdanderson.org/
departments/CIMER/. Some content available in Spanish and Chinese.
• Information on supporting grants or sponsorship
www.healcentral.org/. This project made possible by grants from the National Science Foundation,
DUE-0085660 and DUE-0226314, and from the National Library of Medicine, 1 G08 LM007877-01
and 1 G08 LM008054-01.
statepublichealth.org/. Sponsored by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, National Governors
Association, and the Association of State and Territorial Health Officials.
Examples for Notes

34. Homepage with optional system requirements
35. Homepage with Web master named
36. Homepage with supplemental note included
Examples of Citations to Homepages

Complementary/Integrative Medicine [Internet]. Houston: University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center;
c2007 [cited 2007 Feb 21]. Available from: http://www.mdanderson.org/departments/CIMER/.
AMA: helping doctors help patients [Internet]. Chicago: American Medical Association; c1995-2007 [cited 2007
Feb 22]. Available from: http://www.ama-assn.org/.
AMA: helping doctors help patients [homepage on the Internet]. Chicago: American Medical Association;
c1995-2007 [cited 2007 Feb 22]. Available from: http://www.ama-assn.org/.
2. Homepage with author(s)

Hooper JF. Psychiatry & the Law: Forensic Psychiatric Resource Page [Internet]. Tuscaloosa (AL): University of
Alabama, Department of Psychiatry and Neurology; 1999 Jan 1 [updated 2006 Jul 8; cited 2007 Feb 23].
Available from: http://bama.ua.edu/~jhooper/.
D'Alessandro DM, D'Alessandro MP. Virtual Pediatric Hospital™: a digital library of pediatric information
[Internet]. [Iowa City (IA)]: Donna M. D'Alessandro; c1992-2007 [revised 2006 Jul 20; cited 2007 Feb 20].
Available from: http://www.virtualpediatrichospital.org/.
Huckstep RL, Sherry E. World Ortho [Internet]. [place unknown: publisher unknown]; [updated 2007 Mar 23;
cited 2007 Mar 23]. Available from: http://www.worldortho.com/.
Fugh-Berman A. PharmedOUT [Internet]. Washington: Georgetown University, Department of Physiology and
Biophysics; c2006 [cited 2007 Mar 23]. Available from: http://www.pharmedout.org/.
3. Homepage with full author name(s)

D'Alessandro, Donna M.; D'Alessandro, Michael P. Virtual Pediatric Hospital™: a digital library of pediatric
information [Internet]. [Iowa City (IA)]: Donna M. D'Alessandro; c1992-2007 [revised 2006 Jul 20; cited 2007
Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.virtualpediatrichospital.org/.
4. Homepage with author role indicated

Clutterbuck J, compiler. The Aspergillus nidulans Linkage Map [Internet]. Glasgow (Scotland): University of
Glasgow, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Division of Molecular Genetics; [updated 2006 Nov; cited
2007 Feb 21]. Available from: http://www.pharmedout.org/.
5. Homepage with an organization(s) as author

Gene Ontology Consortium. the Gene Ontology [Internet]. [place unknown]: the Gene Ontology; c1999-2007
[cited 2007 Feb 22]. Available from: http://www.geneontology.org/.
International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Recommendations on Biochemical & Organic
Nomenclature, Symbols & Terminology etc. [Internet]. London: University of London, Queen Mary,
Department of Chemistry; [updated 2006 Jul 24; cited 2007 Feb 22]. Available from: http://
www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iubmb/.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and
Response, Tactical Programs Division, Office of Emergency Management. Chemical Hazards Emergency
Medical Management: CHEMM [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): U.S. National Library of Medicine; [2011] - [cited
2015 Apr 2]. Available from: http://chemm.nlm.nih.gov Produced in cooperation with the National Library of
Medicine Division of Specialized Information Services and many medical, emergency response, toxicology, and
other types of experts.
6. Homepage with no authors or editors

Mesothelioma.com: the web's most trusted source on mesothelioma [Internet]. New York: Early, Ludwick,
Sweeney & Strauss; c2005 [cited 2007 Feb 21]. Available from: http://www.mesothelioma.com/.
Web Sites 1485
Profiles in Science [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 1998 - [cited 2011 Jul 8].
Available from: http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov
American Indian Health [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US), Division of Specialized
Information Services, Outreach and Special Populations Branch; 2004 - [updated 2011 Jul 8; cited 2011 Jul 29].
Available from: http://americanindianhealth.nlm.nih.gov/.
7. Homepage with author affiliation

Uijtdehaage S (David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA.
bas@mednet.ucla.edu), Dennis S (Spencer S. Eccles Health Sciences Library, University of Utah, Salt Lake City,
UT. sdennis@lib.med.utah.edu). HEAL: Health Education Assets Library [Internet]. Oakland (CA): Regents of
the University of California; c2000-2005 [cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.healcentral.org/.
8. Homepage with title having a subtitle

NursingWorld: Official Web site of the American Nurses Association [Internet]. Silver Spring (MD): American
Nurses Association, Inc.; c2007 [updated 2007 Feb 20; cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.ana.org/.
Care2Learn.com: continuing education for healthcare [Internet]. Bradenton (FL): HealthNow, Inc.; [updated
2007 Feb 22; cited 2007 Feb 23]. Available from: http://care2learn.com/. System Requirements: Netscape
Navigator 3.x or higher or Microsoft Internet Explorer 3.02 or higher.
growthhouse.org: improving care for the dying [Internet]. San Francisco: Growth House, Inc.; [cited 2007 Feb
20]. Available from: http://www.growthhouse.org/.
American Academy of Pain Medicine: The Physician's Voice in Pain Medicine [Internet]. Glenview (IL): The
Academy; c2007 [cited 2007 Feb 22]. Available from: http://www.painmed.org/.
Women's Health Resources: Women's Health Research from NIH [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of
Medicine (US), Division of Specialized Information Services, Office of Outreach and Special Populations; 2009
May 1 - [updated 2010 Sep 1; cited 2011 Jul 13]. Available from: http://
www.womenshealthresources.nlm.nih.gov/. Created in partnership with the National Institutes of Health, Office
of the Director, Office of Research on Women's Health.
9. Homepage with upper/lower case/special characters in the title

familydoctor.org [Internet]. Leawood (KS): American Academy of Family Physicians; c2007 [cited 2007 Feb 20].
Available from: http://familydoctor.org/.
BIRDNET [Internet]. Washington: Ornithological Council; c1999-2006 [updated 2006 Dec 8; cited 2007 Feb 20].
Available from: http://www.nmnh.si.edu/BIRDNET/.
National Library for Health [Internet]. [London]: NHS; c2005 [cited 2007 Jun 11]. Available from: http://
www.library.nhs.uk/.
E@UP: European Copyright Focal Point [Internet]. The Hague (Netherlands): EBLIDA Secretariat; c2000 [cited
2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.eblida.org/ecup/.
OncoLink™: the Web's first cancer resource [Internet]. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, Abramson
Cancer Center; c1994-2007 [cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.oncolink.com/.
MedConnect: an online resource for medical professionals [Internet]. Monmouth Junction (NJ): Medical
Network Inc.; c1995-2006 [cited 2007 Mar 23]. Available from: http://www.medconnect.com/.
Chlamy Center: an Online Informatics Resource for Chlamydomonas [Internet]. Durham (NC): Duke
University, Department of Biology; [modified 2007 Mar 8; cited 2007 Mar 22]. Available from: http://
jupiter.biology.duke.edu/.
10. Homepage with title ending in punctuation other than a period

Shape Up America! [Internet]. Clyde Park (MT): Shape Up America!; c2005-2006 [cited 2007 Feb 23]. Available
from: http://www.shapeup.org/.

Societe Francaise de Mycologie Medicale [Internet]. Paris: The Society; [2007; cited 2007 Feb 22]. Available
from: http://mycolmed.chez-alice.fr/. French.
Senovida [Internet]. [place unknown]: Sociedad Ecuatoriana de Oncologia; [2007; cited 2007 Mar 28]. Available
from: http://www.senovida.org/. Spanish.
Max-Planck-Institut fur Experimentelle Medizin [Internet]. Gottingen (Germany): Max-Planck-Gesellschaft;
c2006 [cited 2007 Mar 23]. Available from: http://www.em.mpg.de/site/. German.
MedlinePlus®: Informacion de Salud para Usted [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US);
[updated 2007 Feb 20; cited 2007 Feb 21]. Available from: http://medlineplus.gov/spanish/. Spanish.
Senovida [Breast life] [Internet]. [place unknown]: Sociedad Ecuatoriana de Oncologia; [2007; cited 2007 Mar
28]. Available from: http://www.senovida.org/. Spanish.
Societe Francaise de Mycologie Medicale [French Society of Medical Mycology] [Internet]. Paris: The Society;
[2007; cited 2007 Feb 22]. Available from: http://mycolmed.chez-alice.fr/. French.

Health Canada = Sante Canada [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): Health Canada; [updated 2007 Feb 8; cited 2007 Feb
20]. Available from: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/. English, French.
Mange Bien, Mange Saintaire = Eat Well, Eat Safe [Internet]. [Guelph (ON)]: Doug Powell; c2003-2007 [cited
2007 Feb 22]. Available from: http://www.eatwelleatsafe.ca/frfiles/frindex.htm French, English.
The Virtual Body = El Cuerpo Virtual [Internet]. [place unknown]: HCA; c2001 [cited 2007 Feb 22]. Available
from: http://www.medtropolis.com/vbody.asp English, Spanish.

Frankenstein: Penetrating the Secrets of Nature [exhibit on the Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of
Medicine (US), History of Medicine Division; 1998 Feb 13 [updated 2010 Oct 29; cited 2011 Feb 11]. Available
from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/frankenstein/index.html
National Jewish Medical and Research Center [homepage on the Internet]. Denver: The Center; c2007 [cited
2007 Feb 22]. Available from: http://www.njc.org/.
14. Homepage with an edition or version

Doctor's Guide [Internet]. Global ed. [place unknown]: Doctor's Guide Publishing Limited; c1995-2007
[updated 2007 Feb 21; cited 2007 Feb 21]. Available from: http://www.cancerguide.org/.
Web Sites 1487
15. Homepage with editor(s)

Alternative Nature Online Herbal [Internet]. Bergeron K, editor. Erin (TN): Alternative Nature; 1997 [cited 2007
Mar 23]. Available from: http://altnature.com/.
PedsCCM.org: The Pediatric Critical Care Website [Internet]. Markovitz B, Weigle C, Pon S, editors. [place
unknown]: PedsCCM; 1995 [updated 2007 Mar 9; cited 2007 Mar 22]. Available from: http://pedsccm.org/.
16. Homepage with well known place of publication

Psychology in the News [Internet]. Washington: American Psychological Association; c2007 [cited 2007 Feb 20].
Available from: http://psycport.apa.org/.
17. Homepage with geographic qualifier added to place of publication

for clarity
HDCN: Hypertension, Dialysis & Clinical Nephrology [Internet]. Hinsdale (IL): Medtext, Inc.; c1995-2006
[cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.medtext.com/hdcn.htm
c2006 [cited 2007 Mar 23]. Available from: http://www.em.mpg.de/site/. German.
18. Homepage with place of publication inferred

National Library for Health [Internet]. [London]: NHS; c2005 [cited 2007 Jun 11]. Available from: http://
www.library.nhs.uk/.
19. Homepage with unknown place of publication

Dunn S. The CancerGuide Page [Internet]. [place unknown]: Steve Dunn; c1995-2004 [updated 2004 Aug 9;
cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.cancerguide.org/.
Doctor's Guide [Internet]. Global ed. [place unknown]: Doctor's Guide Publishing Limited; c1995-2007
[updated 2007 Feb 21; cited 2007 Feb 21]. Available from: http://www.cancerguide.org/.
20. Homepage with publisher having subsidiary division

ToxMystery [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): U.S. National Library of Medicine, Division of Specialized Information
Services; 2006 - [updated 2011 Feb 1; cited 2015 Jan 26]. Available from: http://toxmystery.nlm.nih.gov/ ; http://
toxmystery.nlm.nih.gov/espanol.html English, Spanish.
21. Homepage with government agency or other national body as

publisher
CDE Working Group of the Trans-NIH BioMedical Informatics Coordinating Committee (BMIC). Common
Data Element (CDE) Resource Portal [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): U.S. National Library of Medicine; 2012 Jun 18
[updated 2013 Jan 3; cited 2015 Apr 28]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cde/.
MedlinePlus [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): U.S. National Library of Medicine; [1998 Oct] - [updated 2015 May 6;
cited 2015 May 6]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/. English, Spanish.
National Center for Infectious Diseases [Internet]. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US);
[reviewed 2007 Feb 15; cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/index.htm
Healthy People [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Department of Health and Human Services (US), Office of Disease
Prevention and Health Promotion; [cited 2007 Feb 23]. Available from: http://www.healthypeople.gov/.

PhysOrg.com [Internet]. [place unknown]: PhysOrg.com; c2003 [cited 2007 Feb 22]. Available from: http://
www.physorg.com
cancerbackup: informing, understanding, supporting [Internet]. London: Cancerbackup; c2003 [cited 2007 Feb
22]. Available from: http://www.cancerbackup.org.uk/.
23. Homepage with title and publisher the same, with publisher name
abbreviated
United States National Library of Medicine [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): The Library; 1993 Oct 10 [updated 2007
Feb 20; cited 2007 Feb 21]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/.
Johns Hopkins University [Internet]. Baltimore (MD): The University; [cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from:
http://www.jhu.edu/.
International HIV/AIDS Alliance [Internet]. Brighton (UK): The Alliance; [cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from:
http://www.aidsalliance.org/.
The Kennedy Institute of Ethics [Internet]. Washington: The Institute; [updated 2007 Mar 16; cited 2007 Mar
22]. Available from: http://kennedyinstitute.georgetown.edu/.

Double D. Critical Psychiatry Website [Internet]. Norwich (UK): Duncan Double; [cited 2007 Feb 23]. Available
from: http://www.critpsynet.freeuk.com/antipsychiatry.htm
25. Homepage with joint publication

Uijtdehaage S, Dennis S. HEAL: Health Education Assets Library [Internet]. Oakland (CA): Regents of the
University of California; c2000-2005 [cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.healcentral.org/. Joint
publication with the University of Utah and the University of Oklahoma.
Available from: http://bama.ua.edu/~jhooper/. Jointly published by the University of Alabama School of Law
and the Alabama Department of Mental Health & Mental Retardation.
Web Sites 1489
26. Homepage with unknown publisher

27. Homepage with month(s)/day(s) included in date of publication

Digital Collections [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): U.S. National Library of Medicine; [2010 Sep 27] - [cited 2013
Jan 25]. Available from: http://collections.nlm.nih.gov/. All of the content in Digital Collections is freely
available worldwide and, unless otherwise indicated, in the public domain.
Available from: http://bama.ua.edu/~jhooper/.
28. Homepage with date of copyright instead of date of publication

E@UP: European Copyright Focal Point [Internet]. The Hague (Netherlands): EBLIDA Secretariat; c2000 [cited
2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.eblida.org/ecup/.
enc: egg nutrition center [Internet]. Washington: The Center; c2004 [cited 2007 Feb 23]. Available from: http://
www.enc-online.org/.
29. Homepage with multiple years of publication

APSnet: Plant Pathology Online [Internet]. St Paul (MN): American Phytopathological Association; c1994-2006
[cited 2006 Dec 4]. Available from: http://www.apsnet.org/.
Lab Tests Online® [Internet]. Washington: American Association for Clinical Chemistry; c2001-2007 [cited
2007 Feb 23]. Available from: http://www.labtestsonline.org/index.html

United States National Library of Medicine [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): The Library; 1993 Oct 10 [updated 2007
Mar 22; cited 2007 Mar 23]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/.
Nurses Association, Inc.; c2007 [updated 2007 Feb 20; cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.ana.org/.
Food and Nutrition Information Center [Internet]. Beltsville (MD): National Agricultural Library (US);
[modified 2007 Jan 30; cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://grande.nal.usda.gov/nal_display/index.php?
tax_level=1&info_center=4

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): The Institute; [updated 2007
Mar 23; modified 2007 Mar 26; cited 2007 Mar 27]. Available from: http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/.
32. Homepage with no date of publication or copyright

EPERC: End of Life / Palliative Education Resource Center [Internet]. Milwaukee (WI): Medical College of
Wisconsin; [updated 2007 Feb; cited 2007 Feb 21]. Available from: http://www.eperc.mcw.edu/.
growthhouse.org: improving care for the dying [Internet]. San Francisco: Growth House, Inc.; [cited 2007 Feb
20]. Available from: http://www.growthhouse.org/.
33. Homepage with multiple URLs

Neonatology on the Web [Internet]. [place unknown]: Neonatology on the Web; 1995 Aug 1 [updated 2006 Dec
22; cited 2007 Mar 23]. Available from: http://www.neonatology.org/ ; www.neonatology.net ;
www.neonatology.com
34. Homepage with optional system requirements

Care2Learn.com: continuing education for healthcare [Internet]. Bradenton (FL): HealthNow, Inc.; [updated
2007 Feb 22; cited 2007 Feb 23]. Available from: http://care2learn.com/. System Requirements: Netscape
Navigator 3.x or higher or Microsoft Internet Explorer 3.02 or higher.
PHA: Pulmonary Hypertension Association [Internet]. Silver Spring (MD): The Association; c2007 [cited 2007
Feb 22]. Available from: http://www.phassociation.org/. System Requirements: PC Windows running Internet
Explorer 5.5 or higher or Macintosh Internet Explorer 5.2 or higher; Macromedia Flash Player; Adobe Acrobat
Reader 4.0 or higher.
Tox Town [Internet]. U.S. National Library of Medicine, Specialized Information Services Division,
Environmental Health and Toxicology; [2002 Oct] - [updated 2013 May 10; cited 2015 Jan 26]. Available from:
http://toxtown.nlm.nih.gov/. English, Spanish. System requirements: Windows Media Player or Apple
QuickTime to view multimedia files, Adobe Flash Player to view Flash content, and Adobe Acrobat Reader to
view PDF files.
35. Homepage with Web master named

Neonatology on the Web [Internet]. [place unknown]: Neonatology on the Web; 1995 Aug 1 [updated 2006 Dec
22; cited 2007 Mar 23]. Available from: http://www.neonatology.org/. Ray Duncan, Web master.
36. Homepage with supplemental note included

Arctic Health [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): U.S. National Library of Medicine, Division of Specialized Information
Services; 2002 Jul 12 - [last updated 2015 Jan 16; cited 2015 Jan 26]. Available from: http://
www.arctichealth.org/. Maintained by the University of Alaska Anchorage’s Alaska Medical Library.
Asian American Health [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): U.S. National Library of Medicine, Division of Specialized
Information Services, Office of Outreach and Special Populations; [2003] - [updated 2013 Sep 30; cited 2015
Jan 26]. Available from: http://asianamericanhealth.nlm.nih.gov/. Web site is a collaborative effort between the
Division of Specialized Information Services and the Association of Asian Pacific Community Health
Organizations (AAPCHO) to identify and provide specific resources for the Asian American Community.
Uijtdehaage S, Dennis S. HEAL: Health Education Assets Library [Internet]. Oakland (CA): Regents of the
University of California; c2000-2005 [cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.healcentral.org/. This
project made possible by grants from the National Science Foundation, DUE-0085660 and DUE-0226314, and
from the National Library of Medicine, 1 G08 LM007877-01 and 1 G08 LM008054-01.
Web Sites 1491

c2007 [cited 2007 Feb 21]. Available from: http://www.mdanderson.org/departments/CIMER/. Some content
available in Spanish and Chinese.
statepublichealth.org/. Sponsored by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, National Governors Association,
and the Association of State and Territorial Health Officials.
B. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Parts of Web Sites

The general format for a reference to part of a Web site, including punctuation:
Examples of Citations to Parts of Web Sites

To cite an entire Web site from the homepage, use the instructions in Chapter 25A. To cite only one component
of a Web site, such as a specific page or pages, first determine whether or not the component can stand alone and
be cited separately. A book or other monograph, a journal, or a database on a Web site should be cited according
to the instructions for the particular type of format. Cite a book on a Web site according to Chapter 22, a journal
according to Chapter 23, and a database according to Chapter 24.
To use the NLM Web site as an example of components that can be cited separately:
• A book and similar items on the NLM Web site:
Metagenomics: sequences from the environment [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of
Medicine (US), National Center for Biomedical Information; 2006 [cited 2007 Apr 20]. Available
from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=metagenomics.TOC
Fact sheet: AIDS information resources [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine
(US); 2003 May 2 [updated 2007 Feb 20; cited 2007 Mar 26]. [about 3 screens]. Available from:
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
• An NLM database:
ChemIDplus Lite [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US), Specialized
Information Services Division. [2003] - [cited 2007 Mar 26]. Available from: http://
chem.sis.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/chemidlite.jsp
• A publication produced by another organization that resides on the NLM site:
A.D.A.M. medical encyclopedia [Internet]. Atlanta: A.D.A.M., Inc.; c2005 [cited 2007 Mar 26].
Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
Components of Web sites that cannot stand alone should be cited according to the instructions presented here.
Examples include a disease page from the MedlinePlus site and a press release from the AMA site. Never cite as
parts components with authorship distinct from the authors of the site as a whole. Also, be sure that the part is to
the Web site as a whole and not to a book or other separately citable component on a site. If in doubt about the
status of a component, cite it separately using the instructions in the appropriate chapter.
Note also that it is possible to have Web sites within Web sites. For example, the National Institute on Aging
(NIA) is organizationally a part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Each of these bodies has its own Web
site with a homepage; the NIA site is not considered a part of the NIH site. Similarly, the PubMed database on
the NLM site stands alone and is cited as a database, not a part of the NLM site. A URL in reality only reflects
server location and should not necessarily be used to indicate hierarchy or subordinate relationships for citation
purposes. The basic rule is to cite the most specific identifiable site used.
content of the publication, begin a reference to a part of a Web site with information about the entire site; follow
it with the information about the part.
When citing a part of a print book, the location (pagination) of the part is shown as the numbers of the pages on
which the part resides, such as p. 34-6. When citing a part of a Web site, unless the part is in PDF (Portable
Document Format), standard page numbers are not available. For non-PDF parts:
• Give location as the total extent of the part.
Web sites frequently contain charts, figures, and other illustrative material reproduced with permission from
other sources. Do not cite these as parts using these instructions. Consult the original publication and cite the
particular item from there.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Parts of Web Sites.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Parts of Web Sites.
Citation Rules with Examples for Parts of Web Sites

Homepage (R) | Title (R) | Date of Publication (R) | Date of Update/Revision (R) | Date of Citation (R) |
Location (Pagination) (R) | Availability (R) | Language (R) | Notes (O)
Homepage on the Internet (required)

• Cite the homepage according to Chapter 25A Homepages but omit the Date of Citation (unless there is no
Date of Publication or Date of Update/Revision) and the Availability (URL)
Web Sites 1493
Title for a Part of a Web Site (required)

• Enter the title of the part as it appears on the Web site

• Titles for parts containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special character
• Titles preceded by a name and number

Senovida [Internet]. [place unknown]: Sociedad Ecuatoriana de Oncologia; [2007]. Que tipos de
cancer de mama hay?; [cited 2007 Mar 28]; [about 1 screen]. Available from: http://
www.senovida.org/site/info_general/info_02.htm Spanish.
Sotsial'naia rabota v rossii v kontse XIX-nachale XX veka;
• Romanize or translate titles in character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese, etc.). Place the translation in
square brackets.
Anchi eijingu igaku;
[Annual progression of swine influenza in Seoul];
Presseinformation 2006 (159), Wenn Nervenzellen kontaktscheu sind;
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
• Provide an English translation, if possible, after the original language or romanized title. Place the
Principaux marqueurs biologiques de l'etat nutritionnel [Principal biological markers of nutritional
state];
Anchi eijingu igaku [Anti-aging medicine];

If the title of the part is presented with equal text in two or more languages, as often occurs in Canadian
publications:
• Place an equals sign with a space before and after between the titles
• List all languages, separated by commas, after the Availability (URL)
Example:
Health Canada = Sante Canada [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): Health Canada; [updated 2007 Mar 28].
Information update 2007-31, Health Canada's revised assessment of mercury in fish enhances
protection while reflecting advice in Canada's Food Guide = Mise a jour 2007-31, Les normes
revisees de Sante Canada sur le mercure dans le poisson assurent une meilleure protection et
refletent les conseils du Guide alimentaire canadien; 2007 Mar 28 [cited 2007 Mar 29]; [about 3
screens]. Available from: http://hc-sc.gc.ca/ahc-asc/media/advisories-avis/2007/2007_31_e.html ;
http://hc-sc.gc.ca/ahc-asc/media/advisories-avis/2007/2007_31_f.html English, French.
Web Sites 1495
Box 67. Titles for parts containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special character.
n-alkenes on capillary columns with stationary phases of C87 hydrocarbon;
von Willebrand factor;
E©UP: European Copyright User Platform;
Mice exposed to different doses of γ-radiation;
may become
Mice exposed to different doses of gamma-radiation;
Glycoprotein mediated transport of NH3 into red blood cells;
may become
Glycoprotein mediated transport of NH(3) into red blood cells;
Box 68. Title proceeded by a name and number.

Parts of Web sites may have a name and number in addition to a title. For example, a name such as Table or
Figure may precede the title of an illustration, or Press release precede the text of an announcement.
• Provide any name and accompanying number before the title of the part
• Capitalize the first word of the name
• For names of parts not in English, follow the same rules provided under Titles for parts not in English and
Titles for parts in more than one language
Language Table Figure Chart Section
French Tableau Figure Graphique Section
Schema
German Tabelle Abbildung Schaubild Sektion
Figur Diagramm Abteilung
Italian Tabella Figura Diagramma Parte
Grafico Sezione

Language Table Figure Chart Section

Russian Tablitsa Risunok Grafik Sekcija
Skhema Otdel
Otdelenie
Spanish Tabla Figura Grafico Seccion
Cuadro Parte

• Follow the name and any accompanying number with a comma and a space
Examples:
AAMC: Association of American Medical Colleges [Internet]. Washington: The Association;
c1995-2007. Press release, U.S. medical school enrollment projected to increase by 17 percent; 2007
Feb 12 [cited 2007 Mar 28]; [about 2 screens]. Available from: http://www.aamc.org/newsroom/
pressrel/2007/070212.htm
Max-Planck-Institut fur Experimentelle Medizin [Internet]. Gottingen (Germany): Max-Planck-
Gesellschaft; c2006. Presseinformation 2006 (159), Wenn Nervenzellen kontaktscheu sind; 2006 Sep
21 [cited 2007 Mar 28]; [174 KB]. Available from: http://www.mpg.de/bilderBerichteDokumente/dok
umentation/pressemitteilungen/2006/pressemitteilung20060920/. German.
• If the part being cited is clearly a table, figure, or similar part but it is not labeled as such, place the name
in square brackets and follow it with any identifying number or letter
fruits & veggies - more matters™ [Internet]. [place unknown]: Produce for Better Health Foundation;
c2007. [Chart], Ways to get more; [cited 2007 Mar 27]; [about 3 screens]. Available from: http://
www.fruitsandveggiesmorematters.org/?page_id=113&iCat=22
NIAAA: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism of the National Institutes of Health
[Internet]. Bethesda (MD): The Institute; 2004 Jun 10 [modified 2007 Feb 28]. [Table], Percent who
drink beverage alcohol, by gender, 1939-2003; [updated 2004 Mar; cited 2007 Mar 28]; [about 2
screens]. Available from: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/Resources/DatabaseResources/QuickFacts/Alcoh
olConsumption/PercentAlcoholGender.htm
NIH SeniorHealth [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute on Aging (US); 2002 Mar 19
[reviewed 2007 Feb 16]. [Video], Diagnosing Alzheimer's disease; 2002 Mar 19 [reviewed 2007 Mar
12; cited 2007 Mar 28]; [2 min., 31 sec]. Available from: http://nihseniorhealth.gov/
alzheimersdisease/symptoms/08.html

If a video clip, videocast, or podcast is part of a Web site:
• Place the word Video, Videocast, or Podcast in square brackets before the title
• Follow it with a comma and a space
Web Sites 1497
• Enter the length of the item (number of minutes needed to view/listen) in square brackets after the date of
citation
Examples:
12; cited 2007 Mar 28]; [2 min., 31 sec]. Available from: http://nihseniorhealth.gov/
The Virtual Body = El Cuerpo Virtual [Internet]. [place unknown]: HCA; c2001. [Video], Animated
heart; [cited 2007 Feb 21]; [about 5 sec.]. Available from: http://www.medtropolis.com/vbody.asp by
selecting heart from the menu. English, Spanish.

Occasionally a part of a Web site does not appear to have a formal title. When this occurs:
meaningful.
[Waist-hip ratio ranges and sizes for women aged 40 to 59];
[Excerpts from "Prescription Pain Medications: Frequently Asked Questions and Answers for Health
Care Professionals"];
Examples for Title

1. Standard part of a Web site
2. Part of a Web site with name and number
3. Part of a Web site with name added
4. Part of a Web site with title ending in punctuation other than a period
5. Part of a Web site not in English
6. Part of a Web site with equal text in two or more languages
Date of Publication for Parts of Web Sites (required)

• Include if the date differs from the date of the Web site as it appears on the homepage

• Date of copyright

Some Web sites clearly state the date that the part of the site was placed on the Internet, using such phrases as
"first published", "created", and "began". When they do not:
• Look for the date at the top, bottom, or sidebar of the first screen of the part or the bottom of the last
screen of the part
Chemical Society, © 2006 American Medical Association, c2006 Medical College of Wisconsin,
c2000-2007 National Rural Health Association. Be sure, however, that this is the copyright date of the part
and not the copyright date of the entire Web site. Many sites place a copyright statement at the bottom of
every page.
• Look in the source code for the part if it is displayed by the Web browser
the date cited
AMA: helping doctors help patients [Internet]. Chicago: American Medical Association; c1995-2007.
Medical liability crisis map; [updated 2006 Dec 20; cited 2007 Mar 28]. [about 2 screens]. Available
from: http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/noindex/category/11871.html
Lab Tests Online® [Internet]. Washington: American Association for Clinical Chemistry;
c2001-2007. ACT; [reviewed 2004 Dec 7; cited 2007 Mar 27]; [about 8 screens]. Available from:
http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/act/glance.html
cancerbackup: informing, understanding, supporting [Internet]. London: Cancerbackup; c2003.
Treating ovarian cancer with chemotherapy; [reviewed 2006 Jul 1; modified 2006 Aug 31; cited 2007
Feb 21]; [about 4 screens]. Available from: http://www.cancerbackup.org.uk/Cancertype/Ovary/Treat
ment/Chemotherapy
Cancer Center; c2007. Bladder cancer; [cited 2007 Mar 27]. Available from: http://
www.mdanderson.org/diseases/bladder/.

2002-2003
Web Sites 1499
1997-1998
1999-2000
1999 Oct-2000 Mar
2002 Dec-2003 Jan
2005 Jan-Feb
1999 Dec-2000 Jan

• Capitalize them
Examples:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

• Capitalize them
For example:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring
Box 75. Date of copyright.

Some parts of Web sites display a date of copyright. A copyright date is identified by the symbol ©, the letter "c",
or the word copyright preceding the date. Be sure, however, that this is the copyright date of the part and not the
copyright date of the entire Web site. Many sites place a copyright statement at the bottom of every page.
• If no date of publication for the part can be found, but the part contains a copyright date, use the date of
• If the part contains a date of publication and a date of copyright
⚬ Use only the date of publication unless three or more years separate the two dates. This alerts a user
that the information in the publication is older than the date of publication implies.
⚬ In this situation, use both dates, beginning with the year of publication
⚬ Precede the date of copyright by the letter "c"
⚬ Separate the dates by a comma and a space. For example, "2002, c1997".

• If neither a date of publication nor a date of copyright can be found for the part of a Web site, use the date
of update/revision and/or the date cited
AMA: helping doctors help patients [Internet]. Chicago: American Medical Association; c1995-2007.
Medical liability crisis map; [updated 2006 Dec 20; cited 2007 Mar 28]; [about 2 screens]. Available
from: http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/noindex/category/11871.html
Lab Tests Online® [Internet]. Washington: American Association for Clinical Chemistry;
c2001-2007. ACT; [reviewed 2004 Dec 7; cited 2007 Mar 27]; [about 8 screens]. Available from:
http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/act/glance.html
cancerbackup: informing, understanding, supporting [Internet]. London: Cancerbackup; c2003.
Treating ovarian cancer with chemotherapy; [reviewed 2006 Jul 1; modified 2006 Aug 31; cited 2007
Feb 21]; [about 4 screens]. Available from: http://www.cancerbackup.org.uk/Cancertype/Ovary/Treat
ment/Chemotherapy
Cancer Center; c2007. Bladder cancer; [cited 2007 Mar 27]. Available from: http://
www.mdanderson.org/diseases/bladder/.

7. Part of a Web site with a date of publication separate from the date of the Web site
Date of Update/Revision for a Part of a Web Site (required)

• Parts of Web sites may be updated or revised after initial publication
Web Sites 1501


Parts of Web sites on the Internet are often updated or revised after publication. Look for the date accompanied
by such words as updated, modified, revised, reviewed:
• At the top, bottom, or sidebar of the first screen for the part or the bottom of the last screen of the part
• In the source code for the part if it is displayed by the Web browser

• Capitalize them
Examples:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

• Capitalize them
For example:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring

Various words are used to show that the content of a part of a Web site has changed. Among them are: updated,
• Use the wording on the site

• Give all words with the dates provided, in ascending date order
• Enter dates in year month day format
Example:

8. Part of a Web site with date(s) of update/revision
Date of Citation for a Part of a Web Site (required)

• Always include the date the part of a Web site was seen on the Internet
square bracket


Various words are used to show that the content of a part of a Web site has changed. Among them are: updated,
• Begin with the date(s) of update/revision in the year month day format
⚬ Use the wording for update/revision supplied in the site
• Enter the date cited in year month day format
Examples:
Web Sites 1503

9. Part of a Web site with date of citation only
Location (Pagination) for a Part of a Web Site (required)

For parts with standard page numbers such as those in PDF:
example: p. S10-8.
• End location with a period
For parts without page numbers:
practical; precede the total with the word about and place it in square brackets, as [about 15 screens]
• If the part is printed out, precede the page total with the word about and place it in square brackets, as
[about 10 p.]


• Keep roman numerals when they are used as page numbers
Examples:
Common aquatic invertebrates; [cited 2006 Dec 15]; p. XXI-XXII.
Classification of lung adenocarcinoma; [cited 2006 Dec 13]; p. xv.

• If the part of a Web site in PDF (Portable Document Format) has no page numbers:
Example: [20 p.].
• If the part of a Web site is in HTML, XML, or other unpaginated format:
number of paragraphs and bytes
Examples:
[about 6 screens].
[about 23 p.].
[10 paragraphs].
[174 KB].

If a video clip, videocast, or podcast is part of a Web site:
• Place the word Video, Videocast, or Podcast in square brackets followed by a comma and a space
• Enter the title of the part, followed by a semicolon and a space
• Give the date of update/revision (if known) and the date of citation in square brackets, separated by a
• End date information with a semicolon and a space
• Give extent as the number of minutes needed to view/listen, placed in square brackets
• If the number is not supplied on the site, precede the number with the word "about"
• Abbreviate minutes to min. and seconds to sec.
Example:
Web Sites 1505
12; cited 2007 Mar 28]; [2 min., 31 sec.]. Available from: http://nihseniorhealth.gov/

10. Part of a Web site with traditional page numbers for location (pagination)
11. Part of a Web site with location (pagination) estimated as page numbers
12. Part of a Web site with location (pagination) estimated as number of screens
13. Part of a Web site with location (pagination) shown as number of paragraphs
14. Part of a Web site with location (pagination) shown as number of bytes
15. Part of a Web site with hyperlinks so location (pagination) cannot be provided
16. Part of a Web site that is a video clip
Availability for a Part of a Web Site (required)

• Use the URL for the homepage if the part does not have its own URL; check HTML file properties to be
sure

• Multiple URLs


The URL as displayed by the Web browser may not always retrieve the part of the Web site, i.e., the part is not
Example:

If more than one URL can be used to locate a part:
Example:

17. Part of a Web site with URL not directly addressable
18. Part of a Web site with multiple URLs
Language for a Part of a Web Site (required)


Web Sites 1507

If a part of a Web site is written with equal text in two or more languages, as often occurs in Canadian
publications:
• Give all titles in the order they are presented on the title page or on the opening screens of the part
• Separate the titles with an equals sign with a space before and after
• List the languages after the Availability statement (URL)
Example:

Notes for a Part of a Web Site (optional)

• Be brief


System requirements describe the particular software and hardware needed to view the Web site.

Examples:
12; cited 2007 Mar 28]; [2 min., 31 sec.]. Available from: http://nihseniorhealth.gov/
alzheimersdisease/symptoms/08.html System Requirements: Windows Media Player for PC or
QuickTime Player for MAC.

The notes element may be used to provide any further information useful. Begin by citing the homepage, then
add the note. Some examples of notes are:
• Information not provided for in the citation rules
the American Academy of Pain Medicine: The Physician's Voice in Pain Medicine [Internet].
Glenview (IL): The Academy; c2007. Consent for chronic opioid therapy; 1999 [cited 2007 Feb 21];
[2 p.]. Available from: http://www.painmed.org/productpub/statements/pdfs/opioid_consent_form.p
df Approved by the AAPM Executive Committee on January 14, 1999.
• Information on sponsorship
StatePublicHealth.org [Internet]. Washington: ASTHO; [cited 2007 Feb 23]. Hurricanes and your
health; 2005 Fall [cited 2007 Mar 27]; [about 2 screens]. Available from: http://statepublichealth.org/?
template=view_story.php&fs_id=20 Sponsored by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, National
Governors Association, and the Association of State and Territorial Health Officials.
Examples for Notes

19. Part of a Web site with optional system requirements
20. Part of a Web site with supplemental note included
Examples of Citations to Parts of Web Sites

AMA: helping doctors help patients [Internet]. Chicago: American Medical Association; c1995-2007. AMA
launches exclusive partnership with the ReachMD Channel for medical professionals; 2007 Mar 26 [cited 2007
Mar 28]; [about 2 screens]. Available from: http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/17469.html
University, Department of Biology; [modified 2007 Mar 8]. Core collections; [modified 2006 Jan 25; cited 2007
Mar 27]; [about 3 screens]. Available from: http://jupiter.biology.duke.edu/strains.html
Web Sites 1509
U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Index to drug-specific
information [Internet]. Silver Spring (MD): U.S. Food and Drug Administration; [updated 2009 Jun 4]. Sleep
disorder (sedative-hypnotic) drug information; [updated 2009 May 21; cited 2009 Jun 10]; [about 2 screens].
Available from: http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/
PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/ucm101557.htm
2. Part of a Web site with name and number

Health Canada = Sante Canada [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): Health Canada; [updated 2007 Mar 28]. Information
update 2007-31, Health Canada's revised assessment of mercury in fish enhances protection while reflecting
advice in Canada's Food Guide = Mise a jour 2007-31, Les normes revisees de Sante Canada sur le mercure dans
le poisson assurent une meilleure protection et refletent les conseils du Guide alimentaire canadien; 2007 Mar 28
[cited 2007 Mar 29]; [about 3 screens]. Available from: http://hc-sc.gc.ca/ahc-asc/media/advisories-avis/
2007/2007_31_e.html ; http://hc-sc.gc.ca/ahc-asc/media/advisories-avis/2007/2007_31_f.html English, French.
c2006. Presseinformation 2006 (159), Wenn Nervenzellen kontaktscheu sind; 2006 Sep 21 [cited 2007 Mar 28];
[174 KB]. Available from: http://www.mpg.de/bilderBerichteDokumente/dokumentation/pressemitteilungen/
2006/pressemitteilung20060920/. German.
3. Part of a Web site with name added

fruits & veggies - more matters™ [Internet]. [place unknown]: Produce for Better Health Foundation; c2007.
[Chart], Ways to get more; [cited 2007 Mar 27]; [about 3 screens]. Available from: http://
www.fruitsandveggiesmorematters.org/?page_id=113&iCat=22
NIAAA: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism of the National Institutes of Health [Internet].
Bethesda (MD): The Institute; 2004 Jun 10 [modified 2007 Feb 28]. [Table], Percent who drink beverage alcohol,
by gender, 1939-2003; [updated 2004 Mar; cited 2007 Mar 28]; [about 2 screens]. Available from: http://
www.niaaa.nih.gov/Resources/DatabaseResources/QuickFacts/AlcoholConsumption/
PercentAlcoholGender.htm
NIH SeniorHealth [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute on Aging (US); 2002 Mar 19 [reviewed 2007
Feb 16]. [Video], Diagnosing Alzheimer's disease; 2002 Mar 19 [reviewed 2007 Mar 12; cited 2007 Mar 28]; [2
min., 31 sec.]. Available from: http://nihseniorhealth.gov/alzheimersdisease/symptoms/08.html
4. Part of a Web site with title ending in punctuation other than a period
NCCAM: National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): The
Center; [modified 2007 Mar 22]. What is CAM?; [modified 2007 Feb 12; cited 2007 Mar 29]; [about 5 p.].
Available from: http://nccam.nih.gov/health/whatiscam/.
Senovida [Internet]. [place unknown]: Sociedad Ecuatoriana de Oncologia; [2007]. Que tipos de cancer de
mama hay?; [cited 2007 Mar 28]; [about 1 screen]. Available from: http://www.senovida.org/site/info_general/
info_02.htm Spanish.

Senovida [Internet]. [place unknown]: Sociedad Ecuatoriana de Oncologia; [2007]. Que tipos de cancer de
mama hay?; [cited 2007 Mar 28]; [about 1 screen]. Available from: http://www.senovida.org/site/info_general/
info_02.htm Spanish.

with translation
Senovida [Breast life] [Internet]. [place unknown]: Sociedad Ecuatoriana de Oncologia; [2007]. Que tipos de
cancer de mama hay? [What types of breast cancer are there?]; [cited 2007 Mar 28]; [about 1 screen]. Available
from: http://www.senovida.org/site/info_general/info_02.htm Spanish.
c2006. Presseinformation 2006 (159), Wenn Nervenzellen kontaktscheu sind [Press release 2006 (159), When
nerve cells can't make contact]; 2006 Sep 21 [cited 2007 Mar 28]; [174 KB]. Available from: http://www.mpg.de/
bilderBerichteDokumente/dokumentation/pressemitteilungen/2006/pressemitteilung20060920/. German.

7. Part of a Web site with a date of publication separate from the date of
the Web site
CDE Working Group of the Trans-NIH BioMedical Informatics Coordinating Committee (BMIC). Common
Data Element (CDE) Resource Portal [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): U.S. National Library of Medicine; 2012 Jun 18
[updated 2013 Jan 3]. Summary Table for NIH CDE Initiatives; 2012 Nov 21 [updated 2015 Feb 5; cited 2015
Apr 28]; [about 2 screens]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cde/summary_table_1.html
Neonatology on the Web [Internet]. [place unknown]: Neonatology on the Web; 1995 Aug 1 [updated 2007 Mar
25]. Clinical resources for neonatology and perinatology: information about sick newborns for professionals and
families; 1995 Oct 31 [modified 2006 Jul 1; cited 2007 Mar 27]. Available from: http://www.neonatology.org/
neo.clinical.html
AMA: helping doctors help patients [Internet]. Chicago: American Medical Association; c1995-2007. AMA
launches exclusive partnership with the ReachMD Channel for medical professionals; 2007 Mar 26 [cited 2007
Mar 28]; [about 2 screens]. Available from: http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/17469.html
StatePublicHealth.org [Internet]. Washington: ASTHO; [cited 2007 Mar 27]. Hurricanes and your health; 2005
Fall [cited 2007 Mar 27]; [about 2 screens]. Available from: http://statepublichealth.org/?
template=view_story.php&fs_id=20

University, Department of Biology; [modified 2007 Mar 8]. Core collections; [modified 2006 Jan 25; cited 2007
Mar 27]; [about 3 screens]. Available from: http://jupiter.biology.duke.edu/strains.html
Web Sites 1511
AMA: helping doctors help patients [Internet]. Chicago: American Medical Association; c1995-2007. Medical
liability crisis map; [updated 2006 Dec 20; cited 2007 Mar 28]; [about 2 screens]. Available from: http://
www.ama-assn.org/ama/noindex/category/11871.html
Lab Tests Online® [Internet]. Washington: American Association for Clinical Chemistry; c2001-2007. ACT;
[reviewed 2004 Dec 7; cited 2007 Mar 27]; [about 8 screens]. Available from: http://www.labtestsonline.org/
understanding/analytes/act/glance.html
cancerbackup: informing, understanding, supporting [Internet]. London: Cancerbackup; c2003. Treating
ovarian cancer with chemotherapy; [reviewed 2006 Jul 1; modified 2006 Aug 31; cited 2007 Feb 21]; [about 4
screens]. Available from: http://www.cancerbackup.org.uk/Cancertype/Ovary/Treatment/Chemotherapy
9. Part of a Web site with date of citation only

c2007. Bladder cancer; [cited 2007 Mar 27]. Available from: http://www.mdanderson.org/diseases/bladder/.
Profiles in Science [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 1998 - . Visual Culture and
Health Posters; [cited 2011 Jul 8]. Available from: http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/VC/.
10. Part of a Web site with traditional page numbers for location
(pagination)
the American Academy of Pain Medicine: The Physician's Voice in Pain Medicine [Internet]. Glenview (IL): The
Academy; c2007. Consent for chronic opioid therapy; 1999 [cited 2007 Feb 21]; [2 p.]. Available from: http://
www.painmed.org/productpub/statements/pdfs/opioid_consent_form.pdf
11. Part of a Web site with location (pagination) estimated as page

numbers
MedlinePlus [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): U.S. National Library of Medicine; [1988 Oct] - . Heart attack;
[updated 2015 May 4; cited 2015 May 6]; [about 20 p.]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/
heartattack.html
NCCAM: National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): The
Center; [modified 2007 Mar 22]. What is CAM?; [modified 2007 Feb 12; cited 2007 Mar 29]; [about 5 p.].
Available from: http://nccam.nih.gov/health/whatiscam/.
12. Part of a Web site with location (pagination) estimated as number of

screens
Nurses Association, Inc.; c2007. American Nurse Today; [cited 2007 Mar 27]; [about 3 screens]. Available from:
http://www.ana.org/anajournal/.
Lab Tests Online® [Internet]. Washington: American Association for Clinical Chemistry; c2001-2007. ACT;
[reviewed 2004 Dec 7; cited 2007 Mar 27]; [about 8 screens]. Available from: http://www.labtestsonline.org/
understanding/analytes/act/glance.html
AAMC: Association of American Medical Colleges [Internet]. Washington: The Association; c1995-2007. Press
release, U.S. medical school enrollment projected to increase by 17 percent; 2007 Feb 12 [cited 2007 Mar 28];
[about 2 screens]. Available from: http://www.aamc.org/newsroom/pressrel/2007/070212.htm
13. Part of a Web site with location (pagination) shown as number of

paragraphs
c2007. Energy therapies; [cited 2007 Feb 21]; [3 paragraphs]. Available from: http://www.mdanderson.org/
departments/cimer/dIndex.cfm?pn=7B632E4A-56B2-11D5-812100508B603A14
14. Part of a Web site with location (pagination) shown as number of

bytes
15. Part of a Web site with hyperlinks so location (pagination) cannot be

provided
MedlinePlus: Trusted Health Information for You [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine
(US); [updated 2007 Mar 26]. E. coli infections; [reviewed 2007 Feb 12; updated 2007 Mar 26; cited 2007 Mar
28]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ecoliinfections.html
NHS in England [Internet]. London: NHS Connecting for Health; [updated 2007 Mar 27]. History of the NHS;
[cited 2007 Mar 28]. Available from: http://www.nhs.uk/england/aboutTheNHS/history/default.cmsx
Cancer Center; c1994-2007. Caregivers; [cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.oncolink.com/coping/
coping.cfm?c=1
BIRDNET [Internet]. Washington: Ornithological Council; c1997-2006 [updated 2007 Mar 19]. Avian influenza;
[updated 2005 Dec 30; cited 2007 Mar 28]. Available from: http://www.nmnh.si.edu/BIRDNET/OC/
avianinfluenza.html
16. Part of a Web site that is a video clip

min., 31 sec.]. Available from: http://nihseniorhealth.gov/alzheimersdisease/symptoms/08.html
The Virtual Body = El Cuerpo Virtual [Internet]. [place unknown]: HCA; c2001. [Video], Animated heart; [cited
2007 Feb 21]; [about 5 sec.]. Available from: http://www.medtropolis.com/vbody.asp by selecting heart from the
menu. English, Spanish.
17. Part of a Web site with URL not directly addressable

The Virtual Body = El Cuerpo Virtual [Internet]. [place unknown]: HCA; c2001. [Video], Animated heart; [cited
2007 Feb 21]; [about 5 sec.]. Available from: http://www.medtropolis.com/vbody.asp by selecting heart from the
menu. English, Spanish.
18. Part of a Web site with multiple URLs

Web Sites 1513
19. Part of a Web site with optional system requirements

min., 31 sec.]. Available from: http://nihseniorhealth.gov/alzheimersdisease/symptoms/08.html System
Requirements: Windows Media Player for PC or QuickTime Player for MAC.
20. Part of a Web site with supplemental note included

The American Academy of Pain Medicine: the Physician's Voice in Pain Medicine [Internet]. Glenview (IL): The
Academy; c2007. Consent for chronic opioid therapy; 1999 [cited 2007 Feb 21]; [2 p.]. Available from: http://
www.painmed.org/productpub/statements/pdfs/opioid_consent_form.pdf Approved by the AAPM Executive
Committee on January 14, 1999.
StatePublicHealth.org [Internet]. Washington: ASTHO; [cited 2007 Mar 27]. Hurricanes and your health; 2005
Fall [cited 2007 Mar 27]; [about 2 screens]. Available from: http://statepublichealth.org/?
template=view_story.php&fs_id=20 Sponsored by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, National Governors
Association, and the Association of State and Territorial Health Officials.
1515
Chapter 26. Electronic Mail and Discussion Forums

A. Electronic Mail
• Examples
B. LISTSERVs and Similar Discussion Lists
• Examples
C. Blogs
• Examples
D. Wikis
• Examples
See also:
Chapter 13 Letters and Other Personal Communication
A. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Electronic Mail

The general format for a reference to an electronic mail message, including punctuation:
Examples of Citations to Electronic Mail

Electronic mail or e-mail is a written message sent over communication networks to a single address or to
multiple addressees. E-mail systems are maintained by most computer networks, and virtually all online services
and Internet service providers have them.
E-mail is a form of personal communication and is not often accepted by editors and others for inclusion in a
reference list. Most authorities recommend placing references to e-mail communications within the running
text, not as formal end references. The nature and source of the cited information should be identified by an
appropriate statement. Place the source information in parentheses, using a term or terms to indicate clearly that
the citation is not in the reference list. For example:
…and most of these meningiomas proved to be inoperable (Mar 22, 2007 e-mail from RS Grant to me;
unreferenced, see "Notes") while a few….
The author must provide written permission to the publisher from the cited person (if living) or from the cited
organization if the message is not accessible to scholars via the e-mail server's archive. The permission should be
a statement in an "Acknowledgments" or a "Notes" section following the text of an article or placed at the end of
a book's main text. These statements may include additional details, such as the reason for the communication.
It is highly recommended that any message being considered for future citation be saved to disk or in print
because not all e-mail systems use a standard method of saving or archiving messages.
The rules below apply when an e-mail message is included in a reference list rather than within the text as
described above. References to e-mail messages have a formal structure to clearly identify the author (initiator)
and the recipient (receiver) of the communication. Because of the lack of other information to include in a
citation to an e-mail message, providing the full names for both author and recipient is recommended as well as
clarifying notes on content.
For information on citing letters, see Chapter 13. For further examples of formats for author names and titles,
see Chapter 1.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Electronic Mail.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Electronic Mail.
Citation Rules with Examples for Electronic Mail

Author (R) | Author Affiliation (O) | Title of Message (R) | Content Type (O) | Type of Medium (R) | Connective
Phrase (R) | Recipient (R) | Recipient Affiliation (O) | Date (R) | Date of Citation (R) | Extent (Pagination) (O) |
Availability (O) | Language (R) | Notes (O)
Author for Electronic Mail (required)


Electronic Mail and Discussion Forums 1517

(Chinese, Japanese)


Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

W. St. John Patterson becomes Patterson, William St. John


• End initials and Jr or Sr with periods
Examples:
James G. Jones II becomes Jones, James G. 2nd
letter
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

Working Group.
(see Appendix D)
brackets.
or
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

Leavitt, Michael O. (Secretary, Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC).

The following format is not NLM practice for citing authors of messages, but is an acceptable option:
Takagi Y.
Moskowitz MA.
Examples for Author

1. Standard citation to an electronic mail message
2. Electronic mail message with optional initials for author and recipient
3. Electronic mail message with organization as author
Author Affiliation for Electronic Mail (optional)

country
PA)
• Follow the affiliation with a comma placed outside the parentheses

• Titles in Affiliations

Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College

Div. for Division
Soc. for Society
all references.

• Insert the e-mail address as it appears in the message
Example:

Leavitt, Michael O. (Secretary, Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC).

Italy).
• Romanize (write in the roman alphabet) or translate organization names in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic,
Takamatsu, Japan).
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

Wien becomes Vienna

message or from knowledge of the writer, put the place name in square brackets
Wolf, Michael R. (University of Southern California, [Los Angeles], CA).
Gonzales, Roberto ([Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA]).

7. Electronic mail message with affiliations for author and recipient
8. Electronic mail message with position titles for author and recipient included in affiliation
9. Electronic mail message with e-mail addresses included in affiliation
Title of Message for Electronic Mail (required)

• Enter the title of the subject line of a message as it appears on the screen, in the original language

• Capitalize the first word of a message title unless the title begins with a Greek letter, chemical formula, or
c-jun/AP-1 activation and the antiproliferative activity of phenethyl isothiocyanate
p53 and its downstream proteins as molecular targets of cancer
Microglial α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
or
Microglial alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
Phospholipase C/IP3 pathway
or
Phospholipase C/IP(3) pathway

• Provide the message title in the original language for non-English titles in the roman alphabet (primarily
La recherche sur les embryons [Internet].
ocherki [Internet].
square brackets.
or
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
Die Bedeutung der deutschen Arztevereine fur das wissenschaftliche Leben [Internet].
Perez-Corrazon R. Consideraciones sobre la regulacion de medicamentos vigente en la Argentina
[Issues regarding the legal regulation of drugs in Argentina] [Internet].

• Most message titles end in a period. Place the closing period after the type of medium.
Backus J. Physician Internet search behavior: detailed study [Internet].
• If a message title ends in another form of punctuation, keep that punctuation and end the type of medium
with a period
Joshua P. AAPC announces a new partnertship! [Internet].

Occasionally an author will leave the subject line blank; the message simply begins with the text. When this
occurs:
Examples for Title

Content Type for Electronic Mail (optional)

• Use a content type to describe the format of the item being cited
• Enter the words "electronic mail on the"


• Most message titles end in a period. Place the closing period after the content type and type of medium.
Backus J. Physician Internet search behavior: detailed study [electronic mail on the Internet].
• If a message title ends in another form of punctuation, keep that punctuation and end the content type
and type of medium with a period
Joshua PA. AAPC announces a new partnership! [electronic mail on the Internet].

• If a translation of a title is provided, give the translation after the original or romanized title and place it in
square brackets
• Put "electronic mail on the Internet" in square brackets following the translation
Example:
[Issues regarding the legal regulation of drugs in Argentina] [electronic mail on the Internet].

4. Electronic mail message with optional content type
Type of Medium for Electronic Mail (required)

• Place the type of medium in square brackets following the title (and Content Type, if present)


• Give the content type "electronic mail" before the type of medium separated by "on the"
Carlyle RC. Stem-cell-based therapies for heart disease [electronic mail on the Internet].

• Most message titles end in a period. Place the closing period after the type of medium.
Backus J. Physician Internet search behavior: detailed study [Internet].

• If a message title ends in another form of punctuation, keep that punctuation and end the type of medium
with a period
Joshua PA. AAPC announces a new partnership! [Internet].

• If a translation of a title is provided, give the translation after the original or romanized title and place it in
square brackets
• Put Internet in square brackets following the translation
Example:
[Issues regarding the legal regulation of drugs in Argentina] [Internet].

Connective Phrase for Electronic Mail (required)

• Use the phrase "Message to" after the title of the message and the Type of Medium
• Follow the phrase with a colon and a space

Recipient for Electronic Mail (required)

General Rules for Recipient
• Begin with the given (first) name and any middle name or initials of the person receiving the
communication; follow initials with periods
• Give the surname (family or last name)
• Capitalize surnames and enter spaces in surnames as they appear in the message. For example: Van Der
Horn or van der Horn; De Wolf or de Wolf or DeWolf.
• Separate multiple recipients with a semicolon and a space
• End recipient information with a period unless the Recipient Affiliation is given, then use a space
Specific Rules for Recipient


(Chinese, Japanese)
• Titles in recipient names
• Organization as recipient
• Options for recipient names

Jean-Louis Lagrot
• Keep prefixes, prepositions, or other particles
D'Arcy Hart
W. St. John Patterson
De la Broquerie Fortier
Craig McC. Brooks
Ch. Wunderly
Charles Fr. Erdman
• For non-English names that are (written in the roman alphabet), capitalize only the first letter if an initial
is represented by more than one letter
Iu. A. Iakontov

Estelle Palmer-Canton
Ahmed El-Assmy
Alan D. O'Brien
James O. L'Esperance
U. S'adeh

Charles A. St. James

Lama Al Bassit
Jiddeke M. van de Kamp
Gerard de Pouvourville
Sergio Lopez Moreno
Jaime Mier y Teran
Virginie Halley des Fontaines
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
James A. Reed, M.D., F.R.C.S. becomes James A. Reed
Kristine Schmidt, Ph.D. becomes Kristine Schmidt

Robert V. Lang, Major, US Army becomes Robert V. Lang
Sir Frances Hildebrand becomes Frances Hildebrand
Dr. Jane Eberhard becomes Jane Eberhard
Captain R.C. Williams becomes R.C. Williams

• Place family designations of rank after the surname
• Omit any commas between the surname and the designation
• Follow Jr or Sr with a period
Examples:
Vincent T. DeVita, Jr. becomes Vincent T. DeVita Jr.
James G. Jones, II becomes James G. Jones 2nd
John A. Adams III becomes John A. Adams 3rd
Henry B. Cooper IV becomes Henry B. Cooper 4th
letter
Iu. A. Iakontov
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
Box 31. Titles in recipient names.

• If the recipient's title is given, place it at the beginning of the affiliation, if desired
Message to: Kenneth P. Moritsugu (Acting Surgeon General, Department of Health and Human
Services, Washington, DC).
Box 32. Organization as recipient.

An organization such as a university, society, association, corporation, or governmental body is the recipient of a
message.
• If a division or another part of an organization is included, give the parts of the name in hierarchical order,
separated by commas
Committee on Ethics, American Medical Association.
Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry Division, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
(see Appendix D)

brackets.
or
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
Box 33. Options for recipient names.

The following format is not NLM practice for citing recipients, but is an acceptable option:
• Given (first) and middle names of recipients may be reduced to initials. See Chapter 1 for instructions on
converting names to initials.
Y Takagi
MA Moskowitz
Examples for Recipient

5. Electronic mail message with multiple recipients
6. Electronic mail message with group as recipient
Recipient Affiliation for Electronic Mail (optional)

General Rules for Recipient Affiliation
country
PA)
• Follow the affiliation with a semicolon placed outside the closing parenthesis, unless the affiliation is for
the last or only recipient, then use a period
Specific Rules for Recipient Affiliation


Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College

Div. for Division
Soc. for Society
all references.

• Follow the US state, Canadian province, or country of the recipient with a period and a space
• Place the e-mail address within the closing parenthesis for the affiliation
Example:
Message to: Karen Patrias (Public Services Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda MD.
Box 36. Title in affiliations.

• If the recipient's title is given, place it at the beginning of the affiliation if desired
Message to: Kenneth P. Moritsugu (Acting Surgeon General, Department of Health and Human
Services, Washington, DC).

Appendix D) if non-US. Surround the affiliation with parentheses.
Message to: Antoine F. Carpentier (Service de Neurologie, Hopital de la Salpetriere, Paris, France).
Message to: Mihai Barbulescu (Clinica Chirurgicala, Spitalul Clinic Coltea, Bucarest, Romania).
Message to: Kanako Susaki (First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa
University, Takamatsu, Japan).
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

Wien becomes Vienna

• If no affiliation for the recipient is found or the affiliation is incomplete but it can be determined from
elsewhere in the message or from knowledge of the recipient, put the place name in square brackets
Message to: John G. Grant (University of Utah Health Sciences Center, [Salt Lake City], UT).
Message to: Roberto Gonzales ([Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA]).
Examples for Recipient Affiliation

8. Electronic mail message with position titles for author and recipient included in affiliation
Date for Electronic Mail (required)

• Begin with the year the message was sent
• Convert roman numerals to arabic numbers. For example: MMVII to 2007.
• Include the month and day after the year, such as 2007 Apr 30

• Time of the message included
• Formats for dates
• Optional date location
Box 40. Time of the message included.

• Follow the date of the message with a comma and a space
• Give the time in the format hour:minutes, such as 10:15, and a space
• Enter the time as AM or PM
• End with a space
Example:
Harris, Pat (National Information Standards Organization, Bethesda, MD). ISO standards on
bibliographic references to be revised [Internet]. Message to: Karen Patrias (National Library of
Medicine, Bethesda, MD). 2005 Jul 07, 4:19 PM [cited 2005 Jul 8]. [about 1 screen].
Box 41. Formats for dates.

• Dates in US messages usually appear in the format month day, year. For example: 5/1/2007 or April 23,
2007.
2004/12/02
30.07.2004
2004-10-02
14 June 2004
15/06/2005
5/1/2007 becomes 2007 May 1
2004/12/02 becomes 2004 Dec 2
30.07.2004 becomes 2004 Jul 30
2004-10-02 becomes 2004 Oct 2
15/06/2005 becomes 2005 Jun 15
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar
Example:

• Capitalize them
Examples:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar
Box 43. Optional date location.

The date for the message may follow the author name in the list of references when the name-year system of in-
• Place the date after the author and any author affiliation, followed by a period and a space
• Keep the date of citation in its standard place
NLM citation:
Harris, Pat (National Information Standards Organization, Bethesda, MD). ISO standards on
bibliographic references to be revised. Message to: Karen Patrias (National Library of Medicine,
Bethesda, MD). 2005 Jul 07 [cited 2005 Jul 8]. [about 1 screen].
Harris, Pat (National Information Standards Organization, Bethesda, MD). 2005 Jul 7. ISO standards
on bibliographic references to be revised. Message to: Karen Patrias (National Library of Medicine,
Bethesda, MD). [cited 2005 Jul 8]. [about 1 screen].
Examples for Date

10. Electronic mail message with time included in date
Date of Citation for Electronic Mail (required)

• Give the date the message was first seen
• End citation date information with a period placed outside the closing bracket

• Messages not in English
Box 44. Messages not in English.

• Use English names for months and abbreviate them using the first three letters
• Enter the year first, then the month and the day, regardless of the format used in the country of origin
5/1/2007 becomes 2007 May 1
2004/12/02 becomes 2004 Dec 2
30.07.2004 becomes 2004 Jul 30

2004-10-02 becomes 2004 Oct 2
15/06/2005 becomes 2005 Jun 15

Extent (Pagination) for Electronic Mail (optional)

• Give extent as the total number of screens, paragraphs, lines, or bytes, whichever is most practical
• Precede the total with the word "about" for all except the number of paragraphs and place it in square
brackets, as [about 5 screens]
• If the message is printed, precede the page total with the word "about" and place it in square brackets, as
[about 3 p.]
• End extent information with a period placed outside the closing bracket

• Messages containing an attachment
Box 45. Messages containing an attachment.

If the message contains an attachment in the form of a file or a video, videocast, or podcast:
• Give the number and type of items
2 Word files
1 PowerPoint file
1 videocast
• Place accompaniment information after the date of citation and any extent provided
Example:
Patrias, Karen. Presentation for May meeting [Internet]. Message to: Mary Silco. 2007 Feb 7, 1:05 pm
[cited 2007 Apr 6]. [about 1 screen]. Accompanied by: 1 PowerPoint file.

11. Electronic mail message with extent provided
Availability for Electronic Mail (optional)

• Provide the access address of the archive if the message is archived by the mail server
• Insert the entire Uniform Resource Locator (URL); do not omit FTP, http://, www, or other beginning
components



The URL as displayed may not always be used to retrieve the message, i.e., it is not directly addressable.
Example:
Available from: http://www.genomic.unimelb.edu.au/mdi/ by using the Archives link.
Language for Electronic Mail (required)

• Give the language of the message if not English
Notes for Electronic Mail (optional)

• Be brief


2 Word files
1 PowerPoint file
1 videocast
• Place accompaniment information after the date of citation and any extent provided
Example:
Patrias, Karen. Presentation for May meeting [Internet]. Message to: Mary Silco. 2007 Feb 7, 1:05 pm
[cited 2007 Apr 6]. [about 1 screen]. Accompanied by: 1 PowerPoint file.

System requirements describe the particular software and hardware needed to view the message and/or its
attachments.
• Use the wording supplied by the author; no standardization is needed
Example:
System Requirements: Internet Explorer version 4.0 or greater; Adobe Reader 7.0.

Notes is a collective term for any type of information given after the citation itself. Examples include:
• Any restrictions on use of the archived message
Messages restricted to members.
• Explanatory information on the content of the message
Protein Lounge (San Diego, CA). Pathway illustration tool and database [Internet]. Message to:
Karen Patrias (National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD). 2007 May 1, 2:53 pm [cited 2007 May
2]. [about 2 screens]. Describes ePath3D, a software tool for creating and managing illustrated 3D
pathways for publications and presentations.
Examples for Notes

12. Electronic mail message with a note
Examples of Citations to Electronic Mail

Note: The examples below are derived from actual e-mail messages, but the names and addresses have been
changed in most cases to preserve privacy.

Backus, Joyce. Physician Internet search behavior: detailed study [Internet]. Message to: Karen Patrias. 2007 Mar
27 [cited 2007 Mar 28]. [2 paragraphs].
Backus J. Physician Internet search behavior: detailed study [Internet]. Message to: K. Patrias. 2007 Mar 27 [cited
2007 Mar 28]. [2 paragraphs].
3. Electronic mail message with organization as author

Protein Lounge (San Diego, CA). Pathway illustration tool and database [Internet]. Message to: Karen Patrias
(National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD). 2007 May 1 [cited 2007 May 2]. [about 2 screens].

Protein Lounge (San Diego, CA). Pathway illustration tool and database [electronic mail on the Internet].
Message to: Karen Patrias (National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD). 2007 May 1 [cited 2007 May 2]. [about
2 screens].
5. Electronic mail message with multiple recipients

Garner, Patricia. DSL and cable modem costs [Internet]. Message to: Phillip S. Chu; Margaret Lyons. 2006 Apr
23 [cited 2006 Apr 24]. [about 1 screen].
6. Electronic mail message with group as recipient

Zerhouni, Elias A. (Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD). NIH Roadmap [Internet]. Message
to: NIH staff. 2007 Feb 15 [cited 2007 Feb 15]. [about 3 p.].

Harris, Pat (National Information Standards Organization, Bethesda, MD). ISO standards on bibliographic
references to be revised [Internet]. Message to: Karen Patrias (Public Services Division, National Library of
Medicine, Bethesda, MD). 2005 Jul 07 [cited 2005 Jul 8]. [about 1 screen].
8. Electronic mail message with position titles for author and recipient
included in affiliation
Garner, Patricia (Administrative Officer, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD). DSL and cable modem
costs [Internet]. Message to: Phillip S. Chu (Chief, Behavioral and Social Research Program, National Institute
on Aging, Bethesda, MD); Margaret Lyons (Chief, Neuroscience and Neuropsychology and Aging Program,
Bethesda, MD). 2006 Apr 23 [cited 2006 Apr 24]. [about 1 screen].
Patrias, Karen (Senior Resource Specialist, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD). Dates in tables
[Internet]. Message to: Lenore Roberts (Editor, Data-Tech, Inc., Ottawa, ON). 2006 Feb 8 [cited 2006 Feb 9]. [2
paragraphs].

Patrias, Karen (National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD. patrias@nlm.nih.gov). Presentation for May
meeting [Internet]. Message to: Mary Silco (Food and Drug Administration, White Oak, MD.
Mary.Silco@fda.hhs.gov). 2007 Feb 7 [cited 2007 Feb 8]. [about 1 screen].

references to be revised [Internet]. Message to: Karen Patrias (Public Services Division, National Library of
Medicine, Bethesda, MD). 2005 Jul 07, 4:19 PM [cited 2005 Jul 8]. [about 1 screen].
11. Electronic mail message with extent provided

Patrias, Karen (National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD). Dates in tables [Internet]. Message to: Lenore
Roberts (Data-Tech, Inc., Ottawa, ON). 2006 Feb 8 [cited 2006 Feb 9]. [2 paragraphs].
references to be revised [Internet]. Message to: Karen Patrias (National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD).
2005 Jul 07 [cited 2005 Jul 8]. [about 1 screen].
Zerhouni, Elias A. (Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD). NIH Roadmap [Internet]. Message
to: NIH staff. 2007 Feb 15 [cited 2007 Feb 15]. [about 3 p.].
12. Electronic mail message with a note

Patrias, Karen. Presentation for May meeting [Internet]. Message to: Mary Silco. 2007 Feb 7 [cited 2007 Feb 8].
[about 1 screen]. Accompanied by: 1 PowerPoint file.
B. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing LISTSERVs and

Similar Discussion Lists
The general format for a reference to a message from a LISTSERV or similar discussion list, including
punctuation:
Examples of Citations to LISTSERVs and Similar Discussion Lists

LISTSERV is a proprietary name for mailing list software that is a registered trademark of L-Soft International,
Inc. However, the term is commonly used as a generic for all mailing list applications.
Mailing lists are usually subject-oriented and provide a forum for member discussion. Individuals join a list and
post messages that are sent out to all the list members and receive messages sent by others. Lists may be
moderated, i.e., content is filtered before broadcast, or unmoderated.
Like e-mail in general, messages posted to discussion lists are a form of personal communication and are not
often accepted by editors and others for inclusion in a reference list. Most authorities recommend placing
references to e-mail communications within the running text, not as formal end references. The nature and
source of the cited information should be identified by an appropriate statement. Place the source information in
parentheses, using a term or terms to indicate that the citation is not represented in the reference list. For
example:
…and many nurses involved with such cases (Mar 22, 2007 posting by RS Grant to the ANPACC Listserv;
unreferenced, see "Notes") report…
When a reference to a discussion list message is included in a reference list, the author must provide written
permission to the publisher from the cited person (if living) or from the cited organization if the message is not
accessible to scholars via the list server's archive. The permission should be stated in an "Acknowledgments" or
"Notes" section that follows the text of an article or is placed at the end of a book's main text. These statements
may include additional details, such as the reason for the communication.
Because all discussion lists do not employ a standard method of saving or archiving messages, it is highly
recommended that any message being considered for future citation be saved to disk or in print.
The rules below apply when a posting to a discussion list is included in a reference list rather than within the text
as described above. Because of the lack of other information to include in a citation to an e-mail message,
providing the full name for the author is recommended as well as clarifying notes on content.
Some discussion lists post messages consisting entirely of referrals to publications for their members. Do not cite
these as messages on the list, but locate the original publication and cite it.
To cite an entire LISTSERV or other discussion list rather than a message from one, use the instructions from
Chapter 24A for citing an open serial database. See also example 24.
For information on citing letters, see Chapter 13. For further examples of formats for author names, titles, place
of publication, and publisher see Chapter 1.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for LISTSERVs and Similar Discussion Lists.
Continue to Examples of Citations to LISTSERVs and Similar Discussion Lists.
Citation Rules with Examples for LISTSERVs and Similar

Discussion Lists
Author (R) | Author Affiliation (O) | Title for Message (R) | Connective Phrase (R) | Title (R) | Address (O) |
Content Type (O) | Type of Medium (R) | Place of Publication (R) | Publisher (R) | Date (R) | Date of Citation
(R) | Extent (Pagination) (O) | Availability (O) | Language (R) | Notes (O)
Author of Message for Lists (required)

surname

(Chinese, Japanese)

• Omit other punctuation in surnames
Charles A. St. James becomes St James CA.


Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

• Use only the first letter of given names and middle names if they contain a prefix, preposition, or particle
Charles Fr. Erdman becomes Erdman CF

Georgios Th. Tsakalos becomes Tsakalos GTh

Examples:
letter
• Georgios Th. Tsakalos becomes Tsakalos GTh
Treat letters marked with diacritics or accents as if they are not marked
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

Working Group.
(see Appendix D)

brackets.
or
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

Leavitt MO (Secretary, Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC).

The following format is not NLM practice for citing authors of messages, but is an acceptable option:
• Full first names of authors may be given
⚬ Separate the surname from the given name or initials by a comma and a space
⚬ Follow initials with a period
Examples:
Takagi, Yasushi.
Chiarugi, Alberto M.
Examples for Author

1. Standard citation to a message from a LISTSERV or similar discussion list
2. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with optional full name for author
3. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with organization as author
4. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with e-mail address only for author
Author Affiliation for Lists (optional)

country
PA)
• Follow the affiliation with a comma placed outside the closing parenthesis



Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Soc. for Society
all references.

Example:
Patrias K (Public Services Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda MD.


Takamatsu, Japan).
⚬ Treat letters marked with diacritics or accents as if they are not marked.
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
⚬ Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they are two letters.
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

Wien becomes Vienna

• If no affiliation is found or the affiliation is incomplete but it can be determined from the message content
or from knowledge of the writer, put the place name or other information in square brackets
Wolf MR (University of Southern California, [Los Angeles], CA).
Gonzales R ([Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA]).

5. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with author affiliation
6. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with position title for author in affiliation
7. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with e-mail address of author included in affiliation
Title of Message for Lists (required)

• Enter the title of the subject line of a message as it appears on the screen, in the original language

• Titles with required prefix
• Translated titles ending in punctuation other than a period
Box 66. Titles with required prefix.

• Some discussion lists require that a message title begin with a specified subject designation or a category
for the type of message, often placed in all capital letters. Retain such prefixes in the title.
KCarlson@penn.edu. GLAUCOMA: Early vs late intraocular pressure following trabeculectomy. In:
OPHTHAL [Internet]. [place unknown]: Internet Ophthalmology; 2007 Apr 27 [cited 2007 May 3].
[about 2 screens].
• Capitalize the first word of a message title unless the title begins with a Greek letter, chemical formula, or
c-jun/AP-1 activation and the antiproliferative activity of phenethyl isothiocyanate.
Microglial α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.
or
Microglial alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.
Phospholipase C/IP3 pathway.
or
Phospholipase C/IP(3) pathway.

• Provide the message title in the original language for non-English titles in the roman alphabet (primarily
La recherche sur les embryons. In:
ocherki. In:
square brackets.
Anrakushi to keiho. In:
or
[Euthanasia and criminal law]. In:
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
Die Bedeutung der deutschen Arztevereine fur das wissenschaftliche Leben. In:
[Issues regarding the legal regulation of drugs in Argentina]. In:
Box 69. Translated titles ending in punctuation other than a period.

• Give a translation after the original or romanized title
• If a translated message title ends in another form of punctuation, keep that punctuation
• Place the translated title in the square brackets
• End title information with a period.
Example:
Michel D. Peut-on se fier aux statistiques fournies par les banques de donnees emanant du ministere
de la sante? [Can we trust clinical statistics from data banks of the National Health Service (NHS)?].
In: archivistes hospitaliers [hospital archivists] (archivistes_hospitaliers@listes.univ-lyon1.fr)
[Internet]. Lyon (FR): CISR; 2007 May 2 [cited 2007 May 3]. [about 3 p.]. French.
Examples for Title

8. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with message title having a subtitle
9. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with required subject preceding message title
10. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with list title not in English
Connective Phrase for Lists (required)

• Use the word "In" after the title of the message
• Follow the word with a colon and a space

Title for Lists (required)

• Enter the title of the list as it appears on screen, in the original language
• Use the capitalization and punctuation found
• End the title with a space

• Titles containing special characters
Box 70. Titles containing special characters.

• Retain underlines and other special characters in list titles
RC_WORLD [Internet].
HEALTH_2_0 [Internet].

• Provide the list title in the original language for non-English titles in the roman alphabet (primarily
DEUTSCHE-LISTE [Internet].
archivistes hospitaliers [Internet].
square brackets.
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
archivistes hospitaliers [hospital archivists] [Internet].
Examples for Title

11. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with optional address for list
Address for List (optional)

General Rules for Address
• Give the e-mail address for the list as provided in the message
• Use the capitalization and punctuation found
• Separate the address from the Title by a space
• Place the address in parenthesis

• Follow the address with a space
Examples for Address

11. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with optional address for list
Content Type for Lists (optional)

• Use a content type to describe the format of the item being cited
• Enter the words "discussion list on the"


• If a translation of a list title is provided, give the translation after the original or romanized title and place
it in square brackets
• Put "discussion list on the Internet" in square brackets following the translation
Example:
In: archivistes hospitaliers [hospital archivists] [discussion list on the Internet]. Lyon (FR): CISR;
2007 May 2 [cited 2007 May 3]. [about 3 p.]. French.

12. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with optional content type
Type of Medium for Lists (required)

• Place the type of medium in square brackets following the title (and Content Type, if present)


• Give the content type "discussion list" before the type of medium separated by "on the"
Ramirez AG. NPM1 gene mutation in AML. In: AML-Listserv [discussion list on the Internet]. New
York: Association of Cancer Online Resources; 2007 Jan 12 [cited 2007 Jan 14]. [about 3 screens].

• If a translation of a list title is provided, give the translation after the original or romanized title and place
it in square brackets
• Put Internet in square brackets following the translation
Example:
In: archivistes hospitaliers [hospital archivists] [Internet]. Lyon (FR): CISR; 2007 May 2 [cited 2007
May 3]. [about 3 p.]. French.

Place of Publication for Lists (required)

• Use for place the city of the individual or organization responsible for the list

• Non-US cities

• Use the Web site of the list to determine place of publication and publisher
Messages often do not contain information about the place of publication. The e-mail address for the list
only reflects server location, which may or may not be the location of the list publisher. For example, the
MEDLIB-L list currently resides on a server at the University of Vermont:
MEDLIB-L@LIST.UVM.EDU
but the list is published by the Medical Library Association in Chicago.

Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
Montreal (QC):
Ottawa (ON):
Vancouver (BC):
London:
Rome:
Paris:
Madrid:
but

• If no place of publication can be found for the list but one can be reasonably inferred (e.g., Chicago as the
place for a list of the American Medical Association), place the city in square brackets, such as "[Chicago]"
[New York]: American Lung Association;
KCarlson@penn.edu. GLAUCOMA: Early vs late intraocular pressure following trabeculectomy. In:
OPHTHAL [Internet]. [place unknown]: Internet Ophthalmology; 2007 Apr 27 [cited 2007 May 3].
[about 2 screens].

13. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with well-known place of publication
14. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with geographic qualifier added to place of publication for
clarity
15. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with unknown place of publication
Publisher for Lists (required)

• The publisher is the individual or organization responsible for the list
• Record the name of the publisher as it is found on the screen, using whatever capitalization and
punctuation appears
• Abbreviate well-known words in publisher names if desired
• When a division or another subsidiary part of a publisher is provided, enter the publisher name first. For
example: University of Texas, Comprehensive Cancer Center.



• Use the Web site of the list to determine the publisher
Actual messages often do not contain publishing information. The e-mail address for the list only reflects
server location, which may or may not be the location of the list publisher. For example, the MEDLIB-L
list currently resides on a server at the University of Vermont:
MEDLIB-L@LIST.UVM.EDU
but the list is published by the Medical Library Association in Chicago.

Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Ltd. for Limited
Soc. for Society
all references.


Lopez Pinero;
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
brackets.
Appendix D)


16. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with publisher having subsidiary division
17. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list published by a government agency
Date for Lists (required)

• Begin with the year the message was sent
• Include the month and day after the year, such as 2007 Apr 30

• Time of the message included
• Formats for dates
• Optional date location
Box 83. Time of the message included.

• Follow the date of the message with a comma and a space
• Give the time in the format hour:minutes using 12-hour time, such as 10:15, and a space
• Enter the time as AM or PM
• End with a space

Example:
Murray GC. A diagram of the UMLS Semantic Network. In: UMLSUSERS-L [Internet]. Bethesda
(MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2007 Apr 23, 11:33 AM [cited 2007 May 2]. [60 lines].
Box 84. Formats for dates.

• Dates in US messages usually appear in the format month day year. For example: 5/1/2007 or April 23,
2007.
2004/12/02
30.07.2004
2004-10-02
14 June 2004
15/06/2005
5/1/2007 becomes 2007 May 1
2004/12/02 becomes 2004 Dec 2
30.07.2004 becomes 2004 Jul 30
2004-10-02 becomes 2004 Oct 2
15/06/2005 becomes 2005 Jun 15
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar
Example:

• Capitalize them
Examples:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar
Box 86. Optional date location.

The date for the message may follow the author name in the list of references when the name-year system of in-
• Place the date after the author and any author affiliation, followed by a period
• Keep the date of citation in its standard place
NLM citation:
Davis BF. Albuterol versus levalbuterol for treatment of acute asthma. In: RC_WORLD [Internet].
Indianapolis (IN): IUPUI; 2007 Mar 2 [cited 2007 Mar 2]. [5 paragraphs].
Davis BF. 2007 Mar 2. Albuterol versus levalbuterol for treatment of acute asthma. In: RC_WORLD
[Internet]. Indianapolis (IN): IUPUI; [cited 2007 Mar 2]. [5 paragraphs].
Examples for Date

18. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with time included in date
Date of Citation for Lists (required)

• Give the date the message was first seen

Extent (Pagination) for Lists (optional)

• Give extent as the total number of screens, paragraphs, lines, or bytes, whichever is most practical
• Precede the total with the word "about" for all except the number of paragraphs and place it in square
brackets, as [about 5 screens]
• If the message is printed out, precede the page total with the word "about" and place it in square brackets,
as [about 3 p.]
• End extent information with a period placed outside the closing bracket


2 Word files
1 PowerPoint file
1 videocast
• Follow the number and type with a comma and the extent of the attachment, if desired
Accompanied by: 1 GIF file, 20KB.
Accompanied by: 1 PDF file, 5 p.
Accompanied by: 1 videocast, 3 min.
• Place accompanying information after the date of citation and any extent provided
Example:
Karns M. Africa goes into negative food balance. In: AFRO-NETS [Internet]. Watertown (MA):
AED-SATELLIFE; 2003 May 4 [cited 2007 Apr 25]. 19.55 KB. Accompanied by: 1 GIF file, 20KB.
Available from: http://www.afronets.org/docs-related.php

19. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with extent provided
20. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with accompanying file
Availability for Lists (optional)

• If the message is archived by the mail server, the access address of the archive may be provided
• Insert the entire Uniform Resource Locator (URL); do not omit FTP, http://, www, or other beginning
components



The URL as displayed may not always be used to retrieve the message, i.e., it is not directly addressable.
Example:
GPO Customer Contact Center. Cessation of the FDA Consumer in print. In: FDLP Listserv
[Internet]. Washington: Government Printing Office (US); 2007 Apr 27 [cited 2007 Apr 27]. [13
lines]. Available from: http://listserv.access.gpo.gov/ by clicking on Online mailing list archives.

21. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with archive URL provided
22. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with archive not directly addressable
Language for Lists (required)

• Give the language of the message if not English

Notes for Lists (optional)

• Notes is a collective term for information given after the citation itself

• Be brief

• Message containing an attachment

2 Word files
1 PowerPoint file
1 videocast
• Follow the number and type with a comma and the extent of the attachment, if desired
Accompanied by: 1 GIF file, 20KB.
Accompanied by: 1 PDF file, 5 p.
Accompanied by: 1 videocast, 3 min.
• Place accompanying information after the date of citation and any extent provided
Example:
Karns M. Africa goes into negative food balance. In: AFRO-NETS [Internet]. Watertown (MA):
AED-SATELLIFE; 2003 May 4 [cited 2007 Apr 25]. 19.55 KB. Accompanied by: 1 GIF file, 20KB.
Available from: http://www.afronets.org/docs-related.php

System requirements describe the software and hardware needed to view the message and/or its attachments.
• Use the wording supplied by the author; no standardization is needed
Example:
System Requirements: Internet Explorer version 4 or greater; Adobe Reader 7.0.

Notes is a collective term for any type of information given after the citation itself. Examples include:
• Any restrictions on use of the archived message
Messages are restricted to members and may not be shared without written permission of the author
of the message.
• Explanatory information on the content of the message
Ramirez AG. NPM1 gene mutation in AML. In: AML-Listserv [Internet]. New York: Association of
Cancer Online Resources; 2007 Jan 12 [cited 2007 Jan 14]. [about 3 screens]. List for acute
myelocytic leukemia.
Davis BF. Albuterol versus levalbuterol for treatment of acute asthma. In: RC_WORLD [Internet].
Indianapolis (IN): IUPUI; 2007 May 2 [cited 2007 Sep 17]. [5 paragraphs]. IUPUI is Indiana
University-Purdue University Indianapolis.
Examples for Notes

23. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with a note
Examples of Citations to LISTSERVs and Similar Discussion Lists

Note: The examples below are derived from actual lists, but the names and other components have been changed
in most cases to preserve privacy.
1. Standard citation to a message from a LISTSERV or similar discussion

list
Ramirez AG. NPM1 gene mutation in AML. In: AML-Listserv [Internet]. New York: Association of Cancer
Online Resources; 2007 Jan 12 [cited 2007 Jan 14]. [about 3 screens].
Ramirez AG. NPM1 gene mutation in AML. In: AML-Listserv [discussion list on the Internet]. New York:
Association of Cancer Online Resources; 2007 Jan 12 [cited 2007 Jan 14]. [about 3 screens].
2. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with optional full name for
author
Davis, Blake F. Albuterol versus levalbuterol for treatment of acute asthma. In: RC_WORLD [Internet].
Indianapolis (IN): IUPUI; 2007 Mar 2 [cited 2007 Mar 2]. [5 paragraphs].
3. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with organization as author

GPO Customer Contact Center. Cessation of the FDA Consumer in print. In: FDLP Listserv [Internet].
Washington: Government Printing Office (US); 2007 Apr 27 [cited 2007 Apr 27]. [13 lines].
4. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with e-mail address only for
author
CarrieOlson@aol.com. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and nephrology. In: PEDNEFRO-L [Internet]. Prague (Czech
Republic): Univerzity Karlovy, Lekarska Fakulta; 1998 Jan 4, 10:01 PM [cited 2007 May 3]. [about 3 p.].
5. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with author affiliation

Slack HT (TMD and Orofacial Pain Clinic, College of Dentistry, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Lincoln,
NE). Orthodontics for TMD therapy. In: OANDP-L [Internet]. Gainesville (FL): O & P digital Technologies;
2007 Apr 20 [cited 2007 Apr 22]. [about 4 screens].
Ramirez AG (Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular del Cancer, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca,
Spain). NPM1 gene mutation in AML. In: AML-Listserv [Internet]. New York: Association of Cancer Online
Resources; 2007 Jan 12 [cited 2007 Jan 14]. [about 3 screens].
6. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with position title for author
in affiliation
Slack HT (Clinical Administrator, TMD and Orofacial Pain Clinic, College of Dentistry, University of Nebraska
Medical Center, Lincoln, NE). Orthodontics for TMD therapy. In: OANDP-L [Internet]. Gainesville (FL): O & P
digital Technologies; 2007 Apr 20 [cited 2007 Apr 22]. [about 4 screens].
7. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with e-mail address of

author included in affiliation
Theron M (Hopital Marmottan, Paris, FR. marie.theron@marmottan.fr). WHO revised global disease standards.
In: MEDLIB-L [Internet]. Chicago: Medical Library Association; 2007 Mar 18 [cited 2007 Apr 1]. [1 paragraph].
8. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with message title having a

subtitle
Blake M. Summary: librarian handbooks and guidelines. In: MEDLIB-L [Internet]. Chicago: Medical Library
Association; 2007 Apr 27 [cited 2007 Apr 28]. [about 2 screens].
9. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with required subject

preceding message title
KCarlson@penn.edu. GLAUCOMA: Early vs late intraocular pressure following trabeculectomy. In: OPHTHAL
[Internet]. [place unknown]: Internet Ophthalmology; 2007 Apr 27 [cited 2007 May 3]. [about 2 screens].
Michel D. Peut-on se fier aux statistiques fournies par les banques de donnees emanant du ministere de la sante?
In: archivistes hospitaliers [Internet]. Lyon (FR): CISR; 2007 May 2 [cited 2007 May 3]. [about 3 p.]. French.
[Could we trust clinical statistics from data banks of the National Health Service (NHS)?]. In: archivistes
hospitaliers [hospital archivists] [Internet]. Lyon (FR): CISR; 2007 May 2 [cited 2007 May 3]. [about 3 p.].
French.
11. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with optional address for
list
Davis BF. Albuterol versus levalbuterol for treatment of acute asthma. In: RC_WORLD
(LISTSERV@LISTSERV.iupui.edu) [Internet]. Indianapolis (IN): IUPUI; 2007 May 2 [cited 2007 Sep 17]. [5
paragraphs].
Blake M. Summary: librarian handbooks and guidelines. In: MEDLIB-L (MEDLIB-
L@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU) [Internet]. Chicago: Medical Library Association; 2007 Apr 27 [cited 2007 Apr
28]. [about 2 screens].
[Could we trust clinical statistics from data banks of the National Health Service (NHS)?]. In: archivistes
hospitaliers [hospital archivists] (archivistes_hospitaliers@listes.univ-lyon1.fr) [Internet]. Lyon (FR): CISR; 2007
May 2 [cited 2007 May 3]. [about 3 p.]. French.
Davis BF. Albuterol versus levalbuterol for treatment of acute asthma. In: RC_WORLD [discussion list on the
Internet]. Indianapolis (IN): IUPUI; 2007 May 2 [cited 2007 Sep 17]. [5 paragraphs].
13. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with well-known place of

publication
Blake M. Summary: librarian handbooks and guidelines. In: MEDLIB-L [Internet]. Chicago: Medical Library
Association; 2007 Apr 27 [cited 2007 Apr 28]. [about 2 screens].
14. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with geographic qualifier

added to place of publication for clarity
King M. Africa goes into negative food balance. In: AFRO-NETS [Internet]. Watertown (MA): AED-
SATELLIFE; 2003 May 4 [cited 2007 Apr 25]. 19.55 KB.
15. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with unknown place of

publication
KCarlson@penn.edu. GLAUCOMA: Early vs late intraocular pressure following trabeculectomy. In: OPHTHAL
[Internet]. [place unknown]: Internet Ophthalmology; 2007 Apr 27 [cited 2007 May 3]. [about 2 screens].
16. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with publisher having

subsidiary division
Keller CD. Public health training for rural primary care physicians. In: RURALNET-L [Internet]. Huntington
(WV): Marshall University School of Medicine, Department of Academic Computing; 2007 Apr 15 [cited 2007
Apr 16]. [about 3 screens].
17. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list published by a government

agency
Murray GC. A diagram of the UMLS Semantic Network. In: UMLSUSERS-L [Internet]. Bethesda (MD):
National Library of Medicine (US); 2007 Apr 23, 11:33 AM [cited 2007 May 2]. [60 lines].
18. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with time included in date
Murray GC. A diagram of the UMLS Semantic Network. In: UMLSUSERS-L [Internet]. Bethesda (MD):
National Library of Medicine (US); 2007 Apr 23, 11:33 AM [cited 2007 May 2]. [60 lines].
19. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with extent provided

Davis BF. Albuterol versus levalbuterol for treatment of acute asthma. In: RC_WORLD [Internet]. Indianapolis
(IN): IUPUI; 2007 May 2 [cited 2007 Sep 17]. [5 paragraphs].
Washington: Government Printing Office (US); 2007 Apr 27 [cited 2007 Apr 27]. [13 lines].
Karns M. Africa goes into negative food balance. In: AFRO-NETS [Internet]. Watertown (MA): AED-
SATELLIFE; 2003 May 4 [cited 2007 Apr 25]. 19.55 KB. Accompanied by: 1 GIF file, 20KB.
Republic): Univerzity Karlovy, Lekarska Fakulta; 1998 Jan 4, 10:01 PM [cited 2007 May 3]. [about 3 p.].
Online Resources; 2007 Jan 12 [cited 2007 Jan 14]. [about 3 screens].

Karns M. Africa goes into negative food balance. In: AFRO-NETS [Internet]. Watertown (MA): AED-
SATELLIFE; 2003 May 4 [cited 2007 Apr 25]. 19.55 KB. Accompanied by: 1 GIF file, 20KB. Available from:
http://www.afronets.org/docs-related.php
21. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with archive URL provided
Theron M. WHO revised global disease standards. In: MEDLIB-L [Internet]. Chicago: Medical Library
Association; 2007 Mar 18 [cited 2007 Apr 1]. [1 paragraph]. Available from: http://listserv.buffalo.edu/archives/
medlib-l.html
Republic): Univerzity Karlovy, Lekarska Fakulta; 1998 Jan 4, 10:01 PM [cited 2007 May 3]. [about 3 p.]. Available
from: http://www.lf2.cuni.cz/cgi-bin/wilma_hiliter/pednefro-l/199806/msg00000.html?line=80#
22. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with archive not directly
addressable
Washington: Government Printing Office (US); 2007 Apr 27 [cited 2007 Apr 27]. [13 lines]. Available from:
http://listserv.access.gpo.gov/ by clicking on Online mailing list archives.
23. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with a note

Online Resources; 2007 Jan 12 [cited 2007 Jan 14]. [about 3 screens]. List for acute myelocytic leukemia.
Davis BF. Albuterol versus levalbuterol for treatment of acute asthma. In: RC_WORLD [Internet]. Indianapolis
(IN): IUPUI; 2007 May 2 [cited 2007 Sep 17]. [5 paragraphs]. IUPUI is Indiana University-Purdue University
Indianapolis.
24. Entire LISTSERV or similar list

AML-Listserv [Internet]. New York: Association of Cancer Online Resources. 1997 Nov 12 - [cited 2007 May
11]. Available from: AML-request@LISTSERV.ACOR.ORG
MEDLIB-L [Internet]. Chicago: Medical Library Association. 1995 Aug 16 - [cited 2007 May 11]. Available
from: MEDLIB-L@LIST.UVM.EDU
C. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Blogs

The general format for a reference to a blog on the Internet, including punctuation:
The general format for a reference to a contribution to a blog, when the contribution is written by someone other
than the blog owner, including punctuation:
Examples of Citations to Blogs

Blog is a contraction of Web log. A blog is a publicly available Web site that serves as a personal journal or
sounding board for an individual or as an information tool for an organization. The blog owner posts messages
and invites comments from readers. Entries or messages are displayed in reverse chronological order and the site
is usually updated daily.
In citing a blog, note that:
• The word blog may or may not be a part of the title. If it is not, using the content type "blog" is strongly
recommended.
• Many blogs are self-published, with the author and the publisher the same individual.
• Place of publication may be absent. Use the author's city as the place if one is not provided.
• Blogs often omit giving the date the blog began. If no beginning date is found, use the date of the earliest
message posted (usually found under Archive) and place it in square brackets.
• Many blogs have new content added daily or very frequently. A date of update/revision is therefore not
useful and is omitted from a citation.
Look at the opening screen(s), the bottom or closing screens, sidebar, and the source code (viewable through the
Web browser), in that order, for authoritative information to use in citing a blog.
Contributions to a Blog
To cite an entire blog, use the instructions below. To cite a part of, or a contribution to a blog, examples are
provided. For more details, combine the instructions in this chapter with those in Chapter 24B Parts of
Databases on the Internet if the item was posted by the blog owner or in Chapter 24C Contributions to
Databases on the Internet if the item was written by someone other than the blog owner. See examples 29-30.
Be aware that the message content of many blogs is not moderated. Many blogs also post articles or other
documents that were initially published elsewhere. Do not cite these as contributions to a blog. Locate the
original and cite that item.
Messages posted to discussion lists like a blog are considered a form of personal communication and are not
often accepted by editors or others for inclusion in a reference list. Most authorities recommend placing
references to such communications within the running text, not as formal end references. The nature and source
of the cited information should be identified by an appropriate statement. Place the source information in
example:
…and many nurses involved with such cases (Mar 22, 2007 posting by RS Grant to Nurse Studio Blog;
When a reference to a blog posting is included in a reference list, the author must provide written permission to
the publisher from the cited person (if living) or from the cited organization. The permission should be a
statement in an "Acknowledgments" or a "Notes" section that follows the text of an article or is placed at the end
of a book's main text. Such statements may include additional details, such as the reason for the posting.
It is highly recommended that any message being considered for future citation be saved to disk or in print
because blogs may not save or archive messages for retrieval or may withdraw individual messages.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Blogs
Continue to Examples of Citations to Blogs
Citation Rules with Examples for Blogs

Author/Editor (R) | Author Affiliation (O) | Title (R) | Content Type (O) | Type of Medium (R) | Editor and
other Secondary Authors (O) | Place of Publication (R) | Publisher (R) | Date of Publication (R) | Date of
Citation (R) | Availability (R) | Language (R) | Notes (O)
Author/Editor for Blogs (required)

• List names in the order they appear on the opening screens
surname

• Determining the author
(Chinese, Japanese)
Box 93. Determining the author.

• Look first for the author at the top, bottom, or sidebar of the opening screen(s) of the blog
• Try links such as "About", "Contact", and "My Profile" to find the author
• Look at the messages posted by the blog owner
• Do not assume that an individual named as Web master or Web designer is the author; he or she most
probably is not
• Do not assume that an individual named in association with a copyright statement, such as "copyright
1997 by John A. Smith" is the author
• If the only personal name given in a site is associated with a copyright statement, use that name as the
publisher



[If you cannot determine whether a surname is compound or a combination of a middle name and a
surname, look elsewhere in the site for clarification such as an "About" or "My Profile" link. For
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

particle
abbreviation.

Examples:
letter
Georgios Th. Tsakalos becomes Tsakalos GTh
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

• Translate the word found for editor into English when possible. However, the wording found on the
French redacteur
editeur
German redakteur
herausgeber
Italian redattore
curatore
editore
Russian redaktor
izdatel
Spanish redactor
editor

Working Group.
(see Appendix D)
brackets.
or
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

• If no person or organization can be found as the author but editors are present, begin the reference with
the names of the editors. Follow the same rules used for author names, but end the list of names with a
comma and editor or editors.
Ostrovsky M, Genes N, Odell T, Ostrovsky G, editors. medGadget [blog on the Internet]. El Granada
(CA): Medgadget LLC. [2004 Dec] - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://
www.medgadget.com/.
• If no person or organization can be identified as the author and no editors are given, begin the reference
with the title of the blog. Do not use anonymous.
KidneyNotes.com [blog on the Internet]. New York: KidneyNotes. c2006 - [cited 2007 May 16].
Available from: http://www.kidneynotes.com/.

Takagi, Yasushi; Chiarugi, Alberto M.

1. Standard citation to a blog
2. Blog with an individual(s) as author
3. Blog with optional full names for authors/editors
4. Blog with only first name provided for author
5. Blog with only blog name provided for author
6. Blog with an organization as author
7. Blog with editors where there is no author
8. Blog with no authors
29. Part of a blog on the Internet from the blog owner
30. Contribution to a blog on the Internet by someone other than the blog owner
Author Affiliation for Blogs (optional)

country
PA)


Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Soc. for Society
all references.

Example:
Patrias K (Public Services Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda MD.

• If the author's title is given, place it at the beginning of the affiliation if desired

Carpentier AF. (Service de Neurologie, Hopital de la Salpetriere, Paris, France).
Takamatsu, Japan).
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe

Wien becomes Vienna

• If no affiliation is found or the affiliation is incomplete but it can be determined from the message content
or from knowledge of the writer, put the place name or other information in square brackets
Wolf MR (University of Southern California, [Los Angeles], CA).
Gonzales R ([Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA]).

9. Blog with author affiliation
Title for Blogs (required)

• Reproduce the title of a blog as closely as possible to the wording that appears on the screen, duplicating


Some blogs do not clearly state the title. Use the following sources in the order given:
• Use the "About" or similar link
• Look for the title in the source code of the blog if it is displayed by the Web browser

Fresquet Febrer JL. Blog de Historia de la medicina [Internet]. Valencia (Spain): Universidad de
Valencia. [2005 Dec] - [cited 2007 May 17]. Available from: http://www.historiadelamedicina.org/
blog/. Spanish.
Endotoksikoza Blog [Internet].
square brackets.
Chokaku shogai [blog on the Internet].
or
[Hearing impairments] [blog on the Internet].

Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
Fresquet Febrer JL. Blog de Historia de la medicina [Blog of the history of medicine] [Internet].
Valencia (Spain): Universidad de Valencia. [2005 Dec] - [cited 2007 May 17]. Available from: http://
www.historiadelamedicina.org/blog/. Spanish.

• If a blog is written in several languages:
• If a blog has equal text in two or more languages, as may occur on Canadian sites:
⚬ List the languages, separated by commas, after the availability statement

Example:
Kikanshi kunai choonpa dansoho = Endobronchial ultrasonography [blog on the Internet]

• Most titles end in a period. Place [Internet] inside period.
Bernstein M. Bioethics Discussion Blog [Internet]. Los Angeles: Maurice Bernstein. 2004 Jul - [cited
2007 May 16]. Available from: http://bioethicsdiscussion.blogspot.com/.
Scalpel or Sword? [Internet]. [Texas]: [publisher unknown]. [2006 Aug] - [cited 2007 May 17].
Available from: http://scalpelorsword.blogspot.com/.
Box 114. Titles containing a Greek letter or another special character.

• Reproduce the title of a blog as closely as possible to the wording that appears on the screen, duplicating
eHealth: a blog devoted to ehealth and healthcare information technology [Internet].
PHARMALOT
A*L*S Blog
Emergiblog
β-Amino Acids
may become
beta-Amino Acids
TiO2 Nanoparticles
may become
Examples for Title

10. Blog title with a subtitle
11. Blog title with upper/lowercase letters, special characters

12. Blog with title ending in punctuation other than a period
13. Blog in a language other than English
Content Type for Blogs (optional)

• Use a content type to alert the user that the reference is to a blog, not to a standard book or Web site
• Enter the words "blog on"


Silverman E. PHARMALOT [blog on the Internet]. [Newark (NJ)]: Star-Ledger. 2007 Jan - [cited
2007 May 16]. Available from: http://pharmalot.com/.
Scalpel or Sword? [blog on the Internet]. [Texas]: [publisher unknown]. [2006 Aug] - [cited 2007
May 17]. Available from: http://scalpelorsword.blogspot.com/.

• If a translation of a title is provided, put the translation in square brackets
• Place the content type and type of medium in square brackets after the translation
Endotoksikoza [Endotoxicosis] [blog on the Internet].

14. Blog published with content type given
Type of Medium for Blogs (required)

• Place the word "Internet" in square brackets after the title (and Content Type, if present)


• Give the content type (blog) and the phrase "on the" before the type of medium (Internet) in one set of
square brackets.

• Most titles end in a period. Place [Internet] before the period.
Cohen MH. CAMLAW: complementary and alternative medicine law blog [Internet]. Cambridge
(MA): Michael H. Cohen, Esq. c2007 - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://
www.camlawblog.com/.
Scalpel or Sword? [Internet]. [Texas]: [publisher unknown]. [2006 Aug] - [cited 2007 May 17].

romanized title
Example:
Fresquet Febrer JL. Blog de Historia de la medicina [Blog of the history of medicine] [Internet].
Valencia (Spain): Universidad de Valencia. [2005 Dec] - [cited 2007 May 17]. Available from: http://

Editor and other Secondary Authors for Blogs (optional)

• A secondary author modifies the work of the author. Examples include editors, translators, and producers.
• Place the names of secondary authors after the Type of Medium
reference


A blog may have several types of secondary author.
Examples:
Graber AF, Longstreet RG, editors; Johnson CT, Marks C, Huston MA, illustrators.

Example:
Jones AB, editor and illustrator.

Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
Word for Word for
Language Word for Moderator Word for Editor Translator Word for Producer Illustrator
French animateur redacteur traducteur producteur illustrateur
moderateur editeur
German diskussionsleiter redakteur ubersetzer produzent illustrator
koodinator herausgeber dolmetscher produzentin
moderator
Italian moderatore redattore traduttore produttore disegnatore
curatore
editore
Russian arbitr redaktor perevodchik rezhisser konstruktor
posryedneek izdatel
Spanish moderador redactor traductor productor ilustrador
editor productora


International Kidney Society; European Renal Organization, curators.

15. Blog with secondary authors
Place of Publication for Blogs (required)

• Use for place of publication the city where the blog is published
confusion when citing lesser known cities or when cities in different locations have the same name, such
country code, when citing lesser known cities or when cities in different locations have the same name,
such as Cambridge (MA) and Cambridge (England)

• Non-US cities

• Look at the top, bottom, or sidebar of the opening screens
• If it is not in one of these locations, try to obtain it from a link within the site, usually a "contact us",
"about", or similar link
• Look in the source code for the blog if it is displayed by the Web browser
• If the blog is self-published, look for "My Profile" and similar links to determine the location of the author
and use that location as the place of publication
place of publication of a blog issued by the American Medical Association.
Silverman E. PHARMALOT [blog on the Internet]. [Newark (NJ)]: Star-Ledger. 2007 Jan -
[cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://pharmalot.com/.
city
Reider J. Family Medicine Notes [blog on the Internet]. [place unknown]: Jacob Reider. 1999 -
[cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://www.docnotes.net/.

Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
Montreal (QC):
Ottawa (ON):
Vancouver (BC):
London:
Rome:
Paris:
Madrid:
but

• If no place of publication can be found on the opening screens or elsewhere on the blog site but the place
can be reasonably inferred (e.g., Chicago as the place for a blog of the American Medical Association),
• If the blog is self-published, use the location of the author as the place of publication
Reider J. Family Medicine Notes [blog on the Internet]. [place unknown]: Jacob Reider. 1999 -
[cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://www.docnotes.net/.

16. Blog with well known place of publication
17. Blog with geographic qualifier added to place of publication for clarity
18. Blog with place of publication inferred
19. Blog with unknown place of publication
Publisher for Blogs (required)

• Use for publisher the individual or organization issuing the blog
• Record the name of the publisher as it is found on the title page or opening screens, using whatever
capitalization and punctuation appears
• When a division or another subsidiary part of a publisher appears in the publication, enter the publisher



• Look for the name after a copyright statement, e.g., copyright 2006 by the American Chemical Society or
© John Jones
• Try to obtain it from a link within the site, usually under a "contact us", "history", or similar link
• Look in the source code for the blog if it is displayed by the Web browser
• If the blog is self-published:
⚬ use the full author's name as the publisher
Bernstein M. Bioethics Discussion Blog [Internet]. Los Angeles: Maurice Bernstein. 2004 Jul -
[cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://bioethicsdiscussion.blogspot.com/.
⚬ if the full author's name cannot be obtained from the site but can be located elsewhere, place the
name in square brackets
Doctor CBB. CodeBlueBlog [Internet]. [Florida]: [Thomas Boyle]. [2004 May] - [cited 2007
May 17]. Available from: http://codeblueblog.blogs.com/.

Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Ltd. for Limited

Soc. for Society
all references.

Lopez Pinero
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
brackets.
Appendix D)

• If the blog is self-published:
⚬ use the full author's name as the publisher
Bernstein M. Bioethics Discussion Blog [Internet]. Los Angeles: Maurice Bernstein. 2004 Jul -
⚬ if the full author's name cannot be obtained from the site but can be located elsewhere, place the
name in square brackets
Doctor CBB. CodeBlueBlog [Internet]. [Florida]: [Thomas Boyle]. [2004 May] - [cited 2007
May 17]. Available from: http://codeblueblog.blogs.com/.

20. Blog with publisher having subsidiary division
21. Blog with government agency or other national body as publisher
22. Blog with publisher inferred
23. Blog with unknown publisher
Date of Publication for Blogs (required)

• Give the beginning date, i.e., the date the blog was created
• For an open blog, give the beginning date of the blog followed by a hyphen and 3 spaces
• For a closed blog, give the beginning and ending dates, separated by a hyphen with a space before and
after
• If the beginning date is not provided, see No beginning date is provided below
Box 137. No beginning date is provided.

• If the date the blog began cannot be found but the date of the earliest (and latest if closed) postings to the
blog can be determined, place date information in square brackets
Bernhardt JM. Director's Blog [Internet]. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US),
National Center for Health Marketing. [2006 Jul 13] - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://
www.cdc.gov/healthmarketing/blog.htm
Mik T. Nursing Studio [blog on the Internet]. Seattle: Akon. [2002 May] - [cited 2007 May 16].
Available from: http://www.nursingstudio.net
• If the neither the beginning date nor the dates of the earliest postings to the blog can be determined, but
the blog contains a copyright date or date range, use that date preceded by "c", as c2007
KidneyNotes.com [blog on the Internet]. Viklund A, CSSCreator, illustrators. New York:
KidneyNotes. c2006 - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://www.kidneynotes.com/.
Kim. Emergiblog: The Life & Times of an ER Nurse [Internet]. Ask Shane, producer. San Francisco:
Emergiblog. c2005-2007 - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://www.emergiblog.com/.
• If the date cannot be determined by any of the methods listed above, but the date can be estimated
because of information found elsewhere, follow the date with a question mark and place date information
in square brackets
• If none of the above can locate a date, use "date unknown" in square brackets

• No beginning date is provided
• Blog is no longer updated

When a blog does not clearly state the date the blog began (and closed):
• Look for the beginning date in a link titled "About", "My Profile", etc., at the top, bottom, or on the sidebar
of the opening screens
• If the beginning date is not stated but the date of the earliest (and latest if closed) postings to the blog can
be determined, place date information in square brackets
Bernhardt JM. Director's Blog [Internet]. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US),
National Center for Health Marketing. [2006 Jul 13] - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://
www.cdc.gov/healthmarketing/blog.htm
Mik T. Nursing Studio [blog on the Internet]. Seattle: Akon. [2002 May] - [cited 2007 May 16].
Available from: http://www.nursingstudio.net
• If the neither the beginning date of the blog nor the earliest dates of the postings in the blog can be
determined, but the blog contains a copyright date or date range, use that date preceded by "c", as c2007
• If the beginning date cannot be determined by any of the methods listed above, but the date can be
estimated because of information found elsewhere, follow the date with a question mark and place date

2002-2003
1997-1998
1999-2000
1999 Oct-2000 Mar
2002 Dec-2003 Jan
2005 Jan-Feb
1999 Dec-2000 Jan

• Capitalize them
Examples:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar


• If no beginning date of publication can be found, use the earliest date of messages posted to the blog,
usually found under "Archive"
• If the neither the beginning date of the blog nor the dates of the earliest messages in the blog can be
determined but the blog contains a copyright date or date range, use that date preceded by "c", as c2007
Kim. Emergiblog: The Life & Times of an ER Nurse [Internet]. Ask Shane, producer. San Francisco:
Emergiblog. c2005-2007 - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://www.emergiblog.com/.
Box 138. Blog is no longer updated.

If a blog is closed, i.e., it is no longer posting or receiving comments:
• Give the beginning and ending dates of the blog
• Separate the two dates with a space, hyphen, space
Examples:
2005 - 2006
2004 Jan - 2007 Feb
2005 Feb 3 - 2006 Dec 31

It is not NLM policy, but the date of publication may follow the author(s) (or title and type of medium if there is
no author) in the list of references when the name-year system of in-text references is used.
• Use the date of the earliest messages or of copyright if there is no publication date
• Keep the hyphen following the date when the blog is open
• Include both the beginning and ending years if a blog is closed
• Place the date unknown after the author(s) (or title and type of medium if there is no author)
• Leave the date of citation in its usual location
NLM citation:
Ostrovsky M, Genes N, Odell T, Ostrovsky G, editors. medGadget [blog on the Internet]. El Granada
(CA): Medgadget LLC. [2004 Dec] - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://
www.medgadget.com/.
Wall Street Journal. HEALTH BLOG: WSJ's blog on health and the business of health [Internet].
Hensley S, editor. New York: Dow Jones & Company, Inc. c2007 - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available
from: http://blogs.wsj.com/health/.
Bernstein M. 2004 Jul - . Bioethics Discussion Blog [Internet]. Los Angeles: Maurice Bernstein.
Ostrovsky M, Genes N, Odell T, Ostrovsky G, editors. [2004 Dec] - . medGadget [blog on the
Internet]. El Granada (CA): Medgadget LLC. [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://
www.medgadget.com/.
Wall Street Journal. c2007 - . HEALTH BLOG: WSJ's blog on health and the business of health
[Internet]. Hensley S, editor. New York: Dow Jones & Company, Inc. [cited 2007 May 16]. Available
from: http://blogs.wsj.com/health/.
KidneyNotes.com [blog on the Internet]. c2006 - . Viklund A, CSSCreator, illustrators. New York:
KidneyNotes. [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://www.kidneynotes.com/.

24. Blog with month/day included in date of publication
25. Blog with multiple years
26. Blog with date of copyright instead of date of publication
27. Blog with date obtained from earliest material in it
Date of Citation for Blogs (required)

• Always include the date the blog was seen on the Internet
square bracket

Availability for Blogs (required)

components
• Provide the specific URL or Permalink for the content if available



The URL as displayed by the Web browser may not always be used to retrieve the blog, i.e., it is not directly
addressable.
Example:
Available from: http://www.unimelb.edu.au/adi/ by using the blog link.

30. Contribution to a blog on the Internet by someone other than the blog owner
Language for Blogs (required)


• Blogs appearing in more than one language
Box 142. Blogs appearing in more than one language.

• If the contents of a blog appear in several languages:
• If the first title is not English, follow with a translation when possible. Place the translation in square
brackets.

Notes for Blogs (optional)

• Be brief


The notes element may be used to provide any further information. Begin by citing the blog, then add the note.
Examples of notes are:
• System requirements, such the specific software and hardware needed to view and interact with the blog
• Information on access requirements/limitations
Comments accepted from physicians only.
• Explanations of initialisms or acronyms used in the title or publisher name of the blog
Tripathi M. MAeHC Blog [Internet]. Waltham (MA): Micky Tripathi. [2006] - [cited 2007 May 17].
Available from: http://maehc.blogspot.com/. MAeHC is the Massachusetts eHealth Collaborative.
• The name of the organization(s) sponsoring or supporting the blog
Current support from the National Science Foundation Biological Databases & Informatics Program
and MIT's Cell Decision Process Center.
Examples for Notes

28. Blog with supplemental note included
Examples of Citations to Blogs

Bernstein M. Bioethics Discussion Blog [Internet]. Los Angeles: Maurice Bernstein. 2004 Jul - [cited 2007 May
16]. Available from: http://bioethicsdiscussion.blogspot.com/.
Holt M. The Health Care Blog [Internet]. San Francisco: Matthew Holt. 2003 Oct - [cited 2007 May 16].
Available from: http://www.thehealthcareblog.com/the_health_care_blog/.
KidneyNotes.com [blog on the Internet]. New York: KidneyNotes. c2006 - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from:
http://www.kidneynotes.com/.
2. Blog with an individual(s) as author

Cohen MH. CAMLAW: complementary and alternative medicine law blog [Internet]. Cambridge (MA): Michael
H. Cohen, Esq. c2007 - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://www.camlawblog.com/.
Mik T. Nursing Studio [blog on the Internet]. Seattle: Akon. [2002 May] - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from:
http://www.nursingstudio.net
3. Blog with optional full names for authors/editors

Cohen, Michael H. CAMLAW: complementary and alternative medicine law blog [Internet]. Cambridge (MA):
Michael H. Cohen, Esq. c2007 - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://www.camlawblog.com/.
Ostrovsky, Michael; Genes, Nicholas; Odell, Timothy; Ostrovsky, Gene, editors. medGadget [blog on the
Internet]. El Granada (CA): Medgadget LLC. [2004 Dec] - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://
www.medgadget.com/.
4. Blog with only first name provided for author

Kim. Emergiblog: The Life & Times of an ER Nurse [Internet]. Ask Shane, producer. San Francisco: Emergiblog.
c2005-2007 - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://www.emergiblog.com/.
5. Blog with only blog name provided for author

Doctor CBB. CodeBlueBlog [Internet]. [Florida]: [Thomas Boyle]. [2004 May] - [cited 2007 May 17]. Available
from: http://codeblueblog.blogs.com/.
6. Blog with an organization as author

Wall Street Journal. HEALTH BLOG: WSJ's blog on health and the business of health [Internet]. Hensley S,
editor. New York: Dow Jones & Company, Inc. c2007 - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://
blogs.wsj.com/health/.
AARP Issues Blog Team. AARP Issues Blog [Internet]. Washington: AARP. [2005 Jan] - [cited 2007 May 17].
Available from: http://aarp.typepad.com/.
7. Blog with editors where there is no author

Ostrovsky M, Genes N, Odell T, Ostrovsky G, editors. medGadget [blog on the Internet]. El Granada (CA):
Medgadget LLC. [2004 Dec] - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://www.medgadget.com/.
8. Blog with no authors

KidneyNotes.com [blog on the Internet]. Viklund A, CSSCreator, illustrators. New York: KidneyNotes. c2006 -
[cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://www.kidneynotes.com/.
HealthNex: IBMers and friends on networked, patient-centric healthcare [Internet]. [place unknown]: IBM.
[2006 Sep] - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://healthnex.typepad.com/web_log/.
9. Blog with author affiliation

Myers PZ (University of Minnesota, Morris, MN). Pharyngula [blog on the Internet]. New York: ScienceBlogs
LLC. [2006 Jan] - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/.
Schwitzer G (University of Minnesota, School of Journalism & Mass Communication, Minneapolis, MN).
Schwitzer health news blog [Internet]. Minneapolis (MN): HealthNewsReview.org. [2004 Sep] - [cited 2007
May 17]. Available from: http://blog.lib.umn.edu/schwitz/healthnews/.
10. Blog title with a subtitle

Tenderich A. Diabetes Mine: a gold mine of straight talk and encouragement for people living with diabetes
[blog on the Internet]. San Francisco: Amy Tenderich. [2005 Feb] - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from:http://
www.diabetesmine.com/.
11. Blog title with upper/lowercase letters, special characters

Silverman E. PHARMALOT [blog on the Internet]. [Newark (NJ)]: Star-Ledger. 2007 Jan - [cited 2007 May 16].
Available from: http://pharmalot.com/.
Genes N. blogborygmi: a digest of developments in the life of an emergency medicine resident [Internet]. [place
unknown]: Nicholas Genes. [2003 Jun] - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://
blogborygmi.blogspot.com/.
Sharp J. eHealth: a blog devoted to ehealth and healthcare information technology [Internet]. Cleveland (OH):
EHEALTH.JOHNWSHARP.COM. [2006 Sep] - [cited 2007 May 17]. Available from: http://
ehealth.johnwsharp.com/.
12. Blog with title ending in punctuation other than a period

Scalpel or Sword? [blog on the Internet]. [Texas]: [publisher unknown]. [2006 Aug] - [cited 2007 May 17].

Arrington M, Ohayon O. TechCrunch: explorons le Web 2.0 [blog on the Internet]. Arrington M, editor. Paris:
Pulpmedia. 2005 Jun 11 - [cited 2007 May 17]. Available from: http://fr.techcrunch.com/. French.
Martins G. O INTERNO: technologia e anesthesia [blog on the Internet]. Porto (Portugal): Gustavo Martins.
[2006 Jun] - [cited 2007 May 17]. Available from: http://ointerno.blogspot.com/. Portuguese.
Fresquet Febrer JL. Blog de Historia de la medicina [Internet]. Valencia (Spain): Universidad de Valencia. [2005
Dec] - [cited 2007 May 17]. Available from: http://www.historiadelamedicina.org/blog/. Spanish.
Fresquet Febrer JL. Blog de Historia de la medicina [Blog of the history of medicine] [Internet]. Valencia (Spain):
Universidad de Valencia. [2005 Dec] - [cited 2007 May 17]. Available from: http://

Tenderich A. Diabetes Mine: a gold mine of straight talk and encouragement for people living with diabetes
[blog on the Internet]. San Francisco: Amy Tenderich. [2005 Feb] - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from:http://
www.diabetesmine.com/.
Levy P. RUNNING A HOSPITAL [blog on the Internet]. Boston: Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. [2006
Aug] - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://runningahospital.blogspot.com/.
15. Blog with secondary authors

16. Blog with well known place of publication

Levy P. RUNNING A HOSPITAL [blog on the Internet]. Boston: Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. [2006
Aug] - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://runningahospital.blogspot.com/.
17. Blog with geographic qualifier added to place of publication for

clarity
Ostrovsky M, Genes N, Odell T, Ostrovsky G, editors. medGadget [blog on the Internet]. El Granada (CA):
Medgadget LLC. [2004 Dec] - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://www.medgadget.com/.
Schwab S. Surgeonsblog [Internet]. Puget Sound (WA): Sid Schwab. [2006] - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available
from: http://surgeonsblog.blogspot.com/.
Pho K. Kevin, M.D.: medical Weblog [Internet]. Nashua (NH): Kevin Pho. [2004 May] - [cited 2007 May 16].
Available from: http://kevinmd.com/blog/.
Martins G. O INTERNO: technologia e anesthesia [blog on the Internet]. Porto (Portugal): Gustavo Martins.
[2006 Jun] - [cited 2007 May 17]. Available from: http://ointerno.blogspot.com/. Portuguese.
18. Blog with place of publication inferred

Silverman E. PHARMALOT [blog on the Internet]. [Newark (NJ)]: Star-Ledger. 2007 Jan - [cited 2007 May 16].
Available from: http://pharmalot.com/.
Hunscher D. Future Scenarios for Health IT [blog on the Internet]. [Ann Arbor (MI)]: Dale Hunscher. [2006
Aug] - [cited 2007 May 17]. Available from: http://hunscher.typepad.com/futurehit/.
19. Blog with unknown place of publication

Reider J. Family Medicine Notes [blog on the Internet]. [place unknown]: Jacob Reider. 1999 - [cited 2007 May
16]. Available from: http://www.docnotes.net/.
Genes N. blogborygmi: a digest of developments in the life of an emergency medicine resident [Internet]. [place
unknown]: Nicholas Genes. [2003 Jun] - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://
blogborygmi.blogspot.com/.
20. Blog with publisher having subsidiary division

Gottesman MM The DDIR's COI Blog [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institutes of Health (US), Office of
the Director, Office of Intramural Research. 2005 Mar 25 - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://
www.nih.gov/ddir/COIBlog/COIBlog.htm
21. Blog with government agency or other national body as publisher

Bernhardt JM. Director's Blog [Internet]. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US), National
Center for Health Marketing. [2006 Jul 13] - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/
healthmarketing/blog.htm
22. Blog with publisher inferred

Doctor CBB. CodeBlueBlog [Internet]. [Florida]: [Thomas Boyle]. [2004 May] - [cited 2007 May 17]. Available
from: http://codeblueblog.blogs.com/.

24. Blog with month/day included in date of publication

Holt M. The Health Care Blog [Internet]. San Francisco: Matthew Holt. 2003 Oct - [cited 2007 May 16].
Available from: http://www.thehealthcareblog.com/the_health_care_blog/.
Gottesman MM The DDIR's COI Blog [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institutes of Health (US), Office of
the Director, Office of Intramural Research. 2005 Mar 25 - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://
www.nih.gov/ddir/COIBlog/COIBlog.htm
25. Blog with multiple years

26. Blog with date of copyright instead of date of publication

27. Blog with date obtained from earliest material in it

Bernhardt JM. Director's Blog [Internet]. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US), National
Center for Health Marketing. [2006 Jul 13] - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/
healthmarketing/blog.htm
Mik T. Nursing Studio [blog on the Internet]. Seattle: Akon. [2002 May] - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from:
http://www.nursingstudio.net
28. Blog with supplemental note included

Available from: http://scalpelorsword.blogspot.com/. Topic is emergency medicine.
Tripathi M. MAeHC Blog [Internet]. Waltham (MA): Micky Tripathi. [2006] - [cited 2007 May 17]. Available
from: http://maehc.blogspot.com/. MAeHC is the Massachusetts eHealth Collaborative.

Reider J. Family Medicine Notes [blog on the Internet]. [place unknown]: Jacob Reider. 1999 - . CRP again ...;
2004 Apr 2 [cited 2007 May 23]; [about 1 screen]. Available from: http://www.docnotes.net/001763.html
Doctor CBB. CodeBlueBlog [Internet]. [Florida]: [Thomas Boyle]. [2004 May] - . i-Mammo part II: breasts, lies
and videotapes; 2005 Apr 15 [cited 2007 May 23]; [about 4 screens]. Available from: http://
codeblueblog.blogs.com/codeblueblog/2005/04/part_ii_and_the.html
Kraft M. The Krafty Librarian [blog on the Internet]. [Cleveland (OH)]: Michelle Kraft. [2004 Jun] - .
Collaborative technologies and science: more tools or more risk? 2008 Jan 21 [cited 2008 Apr 28]; [about 1
screen]. Available from: http://kraftylibrarian.com/2008/01/collaborative-technologies-and-science.html
with author affiliation
Leavitt M (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC). Secretary Mike Leavitt's Blog
[Internet]. [Washington]: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2007 Aug 13 - . Health information
technology; 2008 Jan 24 [cited 2008 Apr 28]; [about 1 screen]. Available from: http://secretarysblog.hhs.gov/
my_weblog/2008/01/health-informat.html
30. Contribution to a blog on the Internet by someone other than the

blog owner
Mantone J. Head trauma haunts many, researchers say. 2008 Jan 29 [cited 2008 Apr 28]. In: Wall Street Journal.
HEALTH BLOG [Internet]. New York: Dow Jones & Company, Inc. c2008 - . [about 1 screen]. Available from:
http://blogs.wsj.com/health/2008/01/29/head-trauma-haunts-many-researchers-say/.
Teresa. Comment on: "Flo's pledge: deal or no deal?" 2007 May 12 [cited 2007 May 16]. In: Kim. Emergiblog: The
Life & Times of an ER Nurse [Internet]. San Francisco: Emergiblog. c2005-2007 - . [about 1 screen]. Available
from: http://www.emergiblog.com/2007/05/flos-pledge-deal-or-no-deal.html scroll down to comments.
Lanard J (Western Pacific Regional Office of the World Health Organization, Manila, Philippines). Comment on:
"This blog can save your life!" and "Health Communication: Science and Art." 2006 Oct 15 [cited 2007 May 17].
In: Bernhardt JM. Director's Blog [Internet]. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US), National
Center for Health Marketing. [2006 Jul 13] - . [about 2 screens]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/
healthmarketing/blog_101106.htm scroll down to locate comment.
Campbell A (Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA). Diabetes and alcohol: do the two mix? (Part 2). 2008 Jan 28
[cited 2008 Apr 28]. In: Diabetes Self-Management Blog [Internet]. New York: Diabetes Self-Management. [2006
Aug 14] - . 2 p. Available from: http://www.diabetesselfmanagement.com/blog/Amy_Campbell/
Diabetes_and_Alcohol_Do_the_Two_Mix_Part_2
D. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Wikis

The general format for a reference to a wiki on the Internet, including punctuation:
Examples of Citations to Wikis

A wiki is a multi-authored or collaborative Web site that permits users to create additional content for the site
and to edit existing content. Users may also add comments to content, ask questions, and reply to questions
posed by others. The term wiki is derived from the Hawaiian "wiki wiki", which means quick. Wikipedia is
perhaps the most widely known general wiki. Most other wikis are devoted to a particular subject, like AIDS
Wiki or WIKISURGERY.
To cite a wiki:
• Always begin with the title. If the word wiki is not included, using the content type "wiki" is strongly
recommended.
• Enter as secondary authors those named as editors, curators, moderators, and other similar roles.
• Look to the opening screen(s), the sidebar, links from the site, and the source code (viewable through the
Web browser), in that order, for authoritative information to use in citing a wiki.
• If publication facts are absent from these sources, look for a link labeled "About this site", "History", or
similar wording.
Contributions to a Wiki
To cite an entire wiki, use the instructions below. To cite a contribution to a wiki, combine the instructions in
this chapter with those in Chapter 24C Contributions to Databases on the Internet if the contribution has an
author named or with Chapter 24B Parts of Databases on the Internet if the contribution has no author named.
See also examples 25-26.
Be aware, however, that many wikis are not moderated. Since anyone can post text to most wikis, the validity of
the content may be questionable. Even for moderated sites, the content is generally only reviewed after posting
and the content may remain online for some time before review. Note also that many wikis post articles or other
documents that were initially published elsewhere. Do not cite these as contributions to a wiki. Locate the
original and cite that item.
Messages or other content posted to discussion lists including wikis are a form of personal communication and
not often accepted by editors or others for inclusion in a reference list. Most authorities recommend placing
references to such communications within the running text, not as formal end references. The nature and source
of the cited information should be identified by an appropriate statement. Place the source information in
example:
…and many nurses involved with such cases (Mar 22, 2007 posting by RS Grant to Nurse Wiki;
When a reference to a wiki posting is included in a reference list, the author must provide written permission to
the publisher from the cited person (if living) or from the cited organization. The permission should be a
statement in an "Acknowledgments" or a "Notes" section that follows the text of an article or is placed at the end
of a book's main text. These statements may include additional details, such as the reason for the posting.
It is highly recommended that any message/content considered for future citation be saved to disk or in print
because all wikis may not save or archive message content for retrieval or may withdraw some content.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Wikis.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Wikis.
Citation Rules with Examples for Wikis

Title (R) | Content Type (O) | Type of Medium (R) | Editor and other Secondary Authors (O) | Place of
Publication (R) | Publisher (R) | Date of Publication (R) | Date of Update/Revision (R) | Date of Citation (R) |
Availability (R) | Language (R) | Notes (O)
Title for a Wiki (required)

• Reproduce the title of a wiki as closely as possible to the wording that appears on the screen, duplicating

• Titles containing a Greek letter or another special character

Some wikis do not clearly state the title. Use the following sources in the order given:
• Use the "About" or similar link
• Look for the title in the source code of the wiki if it is displayed by the Web browser

PflegeWiki [Internet]. Gelsenkirchen (Germany): Verein zur Forderung Freier Informationen fur die
Pflege e.V. 2004 Aug - [cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://de.nursingwiki.org/. German.
Endotoksikoza [Internet].
square brackets.
Chokaku shogai [Internet].
or
[Hearing impairments] [Internet].
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
PflegeWiki [Nursing Wiki] [Internet]. Gelsenkirchen (Germany): Verein zur Forderung Freier
Informationen fur die Pflege e.V. 2004 Aug - [cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://
de.nursingwiki.org/. German.

• If a wiki is written in several languages:
Example:
Wikipedia: the free encyclopedia [Internet]. St. Petersburg (FL): Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.
2001 - [cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://www.wikipedia.org/. English, French,
Japanese, Italian, Spanish, German, Polish, Dutch, Portuguese, Swedish, and others.
• If a wiki has equal text in two or more languages, as often occurs in Canadian publications:
Example:
Kikanshi kunai choonpa dansoho = Endobronchial ultrasonography [Internet]

• Most titles end in a period. Place [Internet] before the period.
The RHIO Wiki [Internet]. Washington: Center for Health Transformation. 2006 Aug 21 - [cited
2007 May 5]. Available from: http://www.socialtext.net/rhiowiki/index.cgi
Interns Wiki! [Internet].
Box 148. Titles containing a Greek letter or another special character.

• Reproduce the title of a wiki as closely as possible to the wording that appears on the screen, duplicating
xanthusBase
RxWiki
WIKISURGERY
A*L*S Wiki
β-amino acids
may become
beta-amino acids
TiO2 Nanoparticles
may become
Examples for Title

1. Standard citation to a Wiki
2. Wiki title with subtitle
3. Wiki title with upper/lowercase letters and symbols
4. Wiki title in a language other than English
5. Wiki in multiple languages
Content Type for a Wiki (optional)

• Use a content type to alert the user that the reference is to a wiki, not to a standard book or Web site
• Enter the phrase "wiki on the"


OpenWetWare [wiki on the Internet]. Cambridge (MA): Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Biological Engineering Division. 2005 May - [modified 2007 Mar 4; cited 2007 May 4]. Available
from: http://openwetware.org/.
Health for You! [wiki on the Internet].

• If a translation of a title is provided, put it in square brackets
• Place the content type and type of medium in square brackets after the translation
Endotoksikoza [Endotoxicosis] [wiki on the Internet].

6. Wiki with optional content type
Type of Medium for a Wiki (required)

• Place the word "Internet" in square brackets after the title (and Content Type, if present)



• Give the content type (wiki) and the phrase "on the" before the type of medium (Internet) in one set of
square brackets

• Most titles end in a period. Place [Internet] before the period
WIKISURGERY [Internet]. London: Surgical Associates Ltd. 2006 Sep - [modified 2007 Jan 30;
cited 2007 May 3]. Available from: http://www.wikisurgery.com/.
Health for You! [Internet].

romanized title
Example:
PflegeWiki [Nursing Wiki] [Internet]. Gelsenkirchen (Germany): Verein zur Forderung Freier
Informationen fur die Pflege e.V. 2004 Aug - [cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://
de.nursingwiki.org/. German.

Editor and other Secondary Authors a Wiki (optional)

• Place the names of secondary authors, such as editors, curators, and moderators, after the Type of
Medium
• Follow the last named editor with a comma and the word editor or editors; the last named curator with a
comma and the word curator or curators, etc.

• Role not named
Box 154. Role not named.

• If a name or names are given for the individuals clearly responsible for the wiki's content but the specific
role such as editor or curator is not provided, use the term "moderator" or "moderators"
Jones J, moderator.
Phillips SA, Sanger RG, moderators.
• If the same name(s) are given as publisher, do not also give them here as a secondary author

A wiki may have several types of secondary author.
Examples:
Smith BC, editor; Carson HT, moderator.
Graber AF, Longstreet RG, moderators; Johnson CT, Marks C, Huston MA, editors.


Example:
Jones AB, editor and moderator.

Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
Word for Word for
French animateur redacteur traducteur producteur illustrateur
moderateur editeur
German diskussionsleiter redakteur ubersetzer produzent illustrator
koodinator herausgeber dolmetscher produzentin
moderator
Italian moderatore redattore traduttore produttore disegnatore
curatore
editore

Word for Word for

Russian arbitr redaktor perevodchik rezhisser konstruktor
posryedneek izdatel
Spanish moderador redactor traductor productor ilustrador
editor productora

International Kidney Society; European Renal Organization, curators.

7. Wiki with editors or curators named
Place of Publication for a Wiki (required)

• Use for place of publication the city where the wiki is published
confusion when citing lesser known cities, or when cities in different locations have the same name, such
country code, when citing lesser known cities or when cities in different locations have the same name,
such as Cambridge (MA) and Cambridge (England)

• Non-US cities

• If it is not in one of these locations, try to obtain it from a link within the site, usually under a "contact us",
"history", or similar link
• Look in the source code for the wiki if it is displayed by the Web browser
place of publication of a wiki issued by the American Medical Association.
Clinfowiki [Internet]. [Portland (OR)]: Dean F. Sittig. 2005 Jul 25 - [cited 2007 May 4].
Available from: http://www.informatics-review.com/wiki/index.php/Main_Page
city
WikiOmics: open bioinformatics [Internet]. [place unknown]: Wikiomics. 2005 Nov - [cited
2007 May 4]. Available from: http://wikiomics.org/.

Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
Montreal (QC):
Ottawa (ON):
Vancouver (BC):
London:
Rome:
Paris:
Madrid:
but

Two or more organizations may co-publish a wiki.
• Use the city of the first organization found on the opening screens (or on "contact us", "history", or other
links if no place information appears on the opening screens), as the place of publication
2007 May 5]. Available from: http://www.socialtext.net/rhiowiki/index.cgi Jointly published by
eHealth Initiative and CHIME.


• If no place of publication can be found on the opening screens or elsewhere on the site but the place can
be reasonably inferred (e.g., Chicago as the place for a publication of the American Medical Association),
Clinfowiki [Internet]. [Portland (OR)]: Dean F. Sittig. 2005 Jul 25 - [cited 2007 May 4]. Available
from: http://www.informatics-review.com/wiki/index.php/Main_Page.
WikiOmics: open bioinformatics [Internet]. [place unknown]: Wikiomics. 2005 Nov - [cited 2007
May 4]. Available from: http://wikiomics.org/.

8. Wiki with well known place of publication
9. Wiki with geographic qualifier added to place of publication for clarity
10. Wiki with place of publication inferred
11. Wiki with unknown place of publication
Publisher for a Wiki (required)

• Use for publisher the individual or organization issuing the wiki
• Record the name of the publisher as it is found on the title page or opening screens, using whatever
capitalization and punctuation appears


• Look for the name after a copyright statement, e.g., copyright 2006 by the American Chemical Society or
© Coastal Research Group
• Try to obtain it from a link within the site, usually under a "contact us", "history", or similar link
• Look in the source code for the wiki if it is displayed by the Web browser

Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Ltd. for Limited
Soc. for Society
all references.

Lopez Pinero
Å treated as A
Ø treated as O
Ç treated as C
Ł treated as L
à treated as a
ĝ treated as g
ñ treated as n
ü treated as u
æ treated as ae
œ treated as oe
brackets.
Appendix D)
• Do not confuse the publisher with the distributor of documents for the publisher. If wording such as "this
site is maintained by XYZ Corporation for ABC Agency" appears, consider ABC Agency the publisher and
XYZ Corporation the distributor. Publisher information is required in a citation; distributor information
may be included as a note.

Two or more organizations may co-publish a wiki.
• Use the name of the first organization found on the opening screens (or on "contact us", "history", or other
links if no publisher information appears on the opening screens), as the publisher
Example:

• If more than one publisher is found on the opening screens, use the first one given or the one set in the
largest type or bold type
as the publisher and include the name(s) of the other(s) as a note if desired.

ganfyd [wiki on the Internet]. [United Kingdom]: [publisher unknown]. [date unknown] -
[modified 2007 May 4; cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://www.ganfyd.org/.

12. Wiki with publisher having subsidiary division
13. Wiki with government agency or other national body as publisher
14. Wiki with individual as publisher
15. Wiki with joint publishers
16. Wiki with publisher inferred
17. Wiki with unknown publisher
Date of Publication for a Wiki (required)

• Give the beginning date, i.e., the date the wiki was created
• Include the month and day, if desired, after the year, such as 2004 May 6

• No date of creation is provided
• Wiki is no longer accepting contributions

When wikis do not clearly state the date the wiki began (and closed):
• Look for a link titled "About", "History", etc., at the top, bottom, or on the sidebar of the opening screens
• If the beginning date cannot be found but the date of the earliest (and latest if closed) content posted to
the wiki can be determined, place date information in square brackets
HLWiki [Internet]. Giustini D, Barsky E, Rowell G, Saunders J, Cho A, Stibravy R, curators.

[Vancouver (BC)]: University of British Columbia. [2006 Aug] - [cited 2007 May 5]. Available from:
http://hlwiki.slais.ubc.ca/.
• If the neither the beginning date nor the dates of the earliest content posted to the wiki can be determined
but the wiki contains a copyright date or date range, use that date preceded by "c", as c2007
xanthusBase [wiki on the Internet]. [Syracuse (NY): Syracuse University, Welch Laboratory]. c2006 -
[modified 2007 Mar 2; cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://www.xanthusbase.org/.
• If the date cannot be determined by any of the methods listed above, but the date can be estimated
because of information found elsewhere, follow the date with a question mark and place date information
in square brackets
Wikikidney.org [Internet]. Fadem SZ, curator. [Houston (TX)]: Nephron Information Center.
[2002?] - [modified 2007 Apr 25; cited 2007 May 4]. Available from: http://wikikidney.org/.
HealthGrid [Internet]. [place unknown]: HealthGrid.org. [date unknown] - [updated 2007 May 4;
cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://wiki.healthgrid.org/.

2002-2003
1997-1998
1999-2000
1999 Oct-2000 Mar
2002 Dec-2003 Jan
2005 Jan-Feb
1999 Dec-2000 Jan


• Capitalize them
Examples:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar


• If no beginning date of publication can be found, use the earliest date of content/messages posted to the
wiki
• If the neither the beginning date of the wiki nor the dates of the earliest content posted to the wiki can be
determined, but the publication contains a date of copyright, use the date of copyright preceded by the
letter "c"; for example c2005
xanthusBase [wiki on the Internet]. [Syracuse (NY): Syracuse University, Welch Laboratory]. c2006 -
Student Doctor Network Wiki [Internet]. [Granite Bay (CA)]: Coastal Research Group. c1999-2007 -
[cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://studentdoctor.net/wiki//index.php/Main_Page
Box 176. No date of creation is provided.

• If the date the wiki began cannot be determined but the date of the earliest (and latest if closed) messages/
content posted to the wiki can be determined, place date information in square brackets
• If the neither the beginning date nor the earliest dates of the content posted to the wiki can be determined
but the wiki contains a copyright date or date range, use that date preceded by "c", as c2007
xanthusBase [Internet]. [Syracuse (NY): Syracuse University, Welch Laboratory]. c2006 - [modified
2007 Mar 2; cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://www.xanthusbase.org/.
• If the date cannot be determined by any of the methods listed above, but the beginning date can be
estimated because of information found elsewhere, follow the date(s) with a question mark and place date
Wikikidney.org [Internet]. Fadem SZ, curator. [Houston (TX)]: Nephron Information Center.
[2002?] - [modified 2007 Apr 25; cited 2007 May 4]. Available from: http://wikikidney.org/.
HealthGrid [Internet]. [place unknown]: HealthGrid.org. [date unknown] - [updated 2007 May 4;
cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://wiki.healthgrid.org/.
Box 177. Wiki is no longer accepting contributions.

If a wiki is closed, i.e., it is no longer accepting comments or contributions:
• Give the beginning and ending dates of the wiki
• Separate the two dates with a space, hyphen, space
Examples:
2005 - 2006
2004 Jan - 2007 Feb
2005 Feb 3 - 2006 Dec 31

It is not NLM policy, but the date of publication may follow the title and type of medium in the list of references
• Keep the hyphen following the date when the wiki is open
• Include both the beginning and ending years if a wiki is closed
• Place the year(s) or [date unknown] after the title and type of medium
• Leave any date of update/revision and the date of citation in their usual locations
NLM citation:
Wikipedia: the free encyclopedia [Internet]. St. Petersburg (FL): Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 2001 -
[cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/.
Clinfowiki [Internet]. [Portland (OR)]: Dean F. Sittig. 2005 Jul 25 - [cited 2007 May 4]. Available
from: http://www.informatics-review.com/wiki/index.php/Main_Page
xanthusBase [Internet]. [Syracuse (NY): Syracuse University, Welch Laboratory]. c2006 - [modified
Wikipedia: the free encyclopedia [Internet]. 2001 - . St. Petersburg (FL): Wikimedia Foundation,
Inc. [cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/.
Clinfowiki [Internet]. 2005 - . [Portland (OR)]: Dean F. Sittig. [cited 2007 May 4]. Available from:
http://www.informatics-review.com/wiki/index.php/Main_Page
xanthusBase [Internet]. c2006 - . [Syracuse (NY): Syracuse University, Welch Laboratory].
Student Doctor Network Wiki [Internet]. c1999-2007 - . [Granite Bay (CA)]: Coastal Research
Group. [cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://studentdoctor.net/wiki//index.php/Main_Page
HLWiki [Internet]. [2006 Aug] - . Giustini D, Barsky E, Rowell G, Saunders J, Cho A, Stibravy R,
curators. [Vancouver (BC)]: University of British Columbia. [cited 2007 May 5]. Available from:

18. Wiki with month/day included in date of publication
19. Wiki with date of copyright instead of date of publication
20. Wiki with date obtained from earliest additions
21. Wiki with date estimated
22. Wiki with unknown beginning date of publication
Date of Update/Revision for a Wiki (required)

• Use the word for update or revision provided, such as updated or modified


Wikis on the Internet are often updated or revised after initial presentation. Look for the date accompanied by
• At the top, bottom, or sidebar of the opening screens
• In the source code for the wiki if it is displayed by the Web browser

• Capitalize them
Examples:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

Various words are used to show that the content of a wiki has been changed, including updated, modified,
revised, reviewed.
• Use the wording supplied in the wiki
Example:
New York: Longworth. 2006 - [reviewed 2006 Sep; updated 2006 Dec; cited 2007 Feb 1].

23. Wiki with update/revision date
Date of Citation for a Wiki (required)

• Always include the date the wiki was seen on the Internet
square bracket


Various words are used to show that the content of a wiki has been changed, including updated, modified,
revised, reviewed.
⚬ Use the wording for update/revision supplied in the wiki
Example:


Availability for a Wiki (required)

components

• Multiple URLs


The URL as displayed by the Web browser may not always be used to retrieve the wiki, i.e., it is not directly
addressable.
Example:
Available from: http://www.unimelb.edu.au/adi/ by using the wiki link.

If more than one URL can be used to locate a wiki:
• Give the URL you used in locating the wiki

Example:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page ; http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accueil ; http://
de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauptseite ; http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagina_principale ; http://
es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portada

Language for a Wiki (required)


• Wikis appearing in more than one language
Box 186. Wikis appearing in more than one language.

• If the contents of a wiki appear in several languages:
Example:
Wikipedia: the free encyclopedia [Internet]. St. Petersburg (FL): Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.
2001 - [cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://www.wikipedia.org/. English, French,
Japanese, Italian, Spanish, German, Polish, Dutch, Portuguese, Swedish.
• If a wiki has equal text in two or more languages, as often occurs in Canadian publications:
Wikipedia: the free encyclopedia [Internet]. St. Petersburg (FL): Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 2001 -
[cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page ; http://
fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accueil ; http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauptseite ; http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Pagina_principale ; http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portada English, French, German, Italian, Spanish
• If no title is in English, follow with a translation when possible. Place the translation in square brackets.

Notes for a Wiki (optional)

• Notes is a collective term for any further information given after the citation itself
• Be brief


System requirements describe the software and hardware needed to view and interact with the wiki.
Example:

The notes element may be used to provide any further information. Begin by citing the wiki, then add the note.
Examples of notes are:
• Names of any previous titles for the wiki

Radiopaedia.org [Internet]. [place unknown: publisher unknown]. 2005 Dec 6 - [cited 2007 May 5].
Available from: http://www.radiopaedia.org/. Formerly called Wikiradiology.
ganfyd [wiki on the Internet]. [United Kingdom]: [publisher unknown]. [date unknown] -
[modified 2007 May 4; cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://www.ganfyd.org/. Content/
comments accepted from physicians only.
• Explanations of initialisms or acronyms used in the title or publisher name of the wiki
2007 May 5]. Available from: http://www.socialtext.net/rhiowiki/index.cgi RHIO = Regional Health
Information Organizations.
• The name of the organization(s) sponsoring or supporting the wiki
WikiOmics: open bioinformatics [Internet]. [place unknown]: Wikiomics. 2005 Nov - [cited 2007
May 4]. Available from: http://wikiomics.org/. Funded by the Godzik lab at the Burnham Institute
for Medical Research in San Diego, CA.
from: http://openwetware.org/. Current support from the National Science Foundation Biological
Databases & Informatics Program and MIT's Cell Decision Process Center.
Examples for Notes

24. Wiki with supplemental note included
Examples of Citations to Wikis

WIKISURGERY [Internet]. London: Surgical Associates Ltd. 2006 Sep - [modified 2007 Jan 30; cited 2007 May
3]. Available from: http://www.wikisurgery.com/.
Wikipedia: the free encyclopedia [Internet]. St. Petersburg (FL): Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 2001 - [cited 2007
May 5]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/.
OpenWetWare [wiki on the Internet]. Cambridge (MA): Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Biological
Engineering Division. 2005 May - [modified 2007 Mar 4; cited 2007 May 4]. Available from: http://
openwetware.org/.
2. Wiki title with subtitle

May 5]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/.
WikiOmics: open bioinformatics [Internet]. [place unknown]: Wikiomics. 2005 Nov - [cited 2007 May 4].
Available from: http://wikiomics.org/.
3. Wiki title with upper/lowercase letters and symbols

OpenWetWare [Internet]. Cambridge (MA): Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Biological Engineering
Division. 2005 May - [modified 2007 Mar 4; cited 2007 May 4]. Available from: http://openwetware.org/.
xanthusBase [Internet]. [Syracuse (NY): Syracuse University, Welch Laboratory]. c2006 - [modified 2007 Mar 2;
cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://www.xanthusbase.org/.
ganfyd [Internet]. [United Kingdom]: [publisher unknown]. [date unknown] - [modified 2007 May 4; cited
2007 May 5]. Available from: http://www.ganfyd.org/.

PflegeWiki [Internet]. Gelsenkirchen (Germany): Verein zur Forderung Freier Informationen fur die Pflege e.V.
2004 Aug - [cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://de.nursingwiki.org/. German.
PflegeWiki [Nursing Wiki] [Internet]. Gelsenkirchen (Germany): Verein zur Forderung Freier Informationen
fur die Pflege e.V. 2004 Aug - [cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://de.nursingwiki.org/. German.

May 5]. Available from: http://www.wikipedia.org/. English, French, Japanese, Italian, Spanish, German, Polish,
Dutch, Portuguese, Swedish.

openwetware.org/.
ganfyd [wiki on the Internet]. [United Kingdom]: [publisher unknown]. [date unknown] - [modified 2007 May
4; cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://www.ganfyd.org/.
PubDrug [wiki on the Internet]. [place unknown: publisher unknown]. 2006 Nov 8 - [cited 2007 May 5].
Available from: http://www.pubdrug.org/.
7. Wiki with editors or curators named

RxWiki [Internet]. Proctor KA, Staffa E, Roberts B, editors. Alexandria (VA): Community MTM Services, Inc.
[2007?] - [cited 2007 May 23]. Available from: http://www.rxwiki.com/.
Wikikidney.org [Internet]. Fadem SZ, curator. [Houston (TX)]: Nephron Information Center. [2002?] -
[modified 2007 Apr 25; cited 2007 May 4]. Available from: http://wikikidney.org/.
AskDrWiki: a medical Wiki with the goal of creating a collective online memory for physicians, nurses, and
medical students [Internet]. Civello K, Jefferson B, Bailey S, McWilliams M, editors. [place unknown]: Open
Access Medical Informatics Group. 2006 Nov - [modified 2007 May 3; cited 2007 May 4]. Available from:
http://www.askdrwiki.com/.
HLWiki [Internet]. Giustini D, Barsky E, Rowell G, Saunders J, Cho A, Stibravy R, curators. [Vancouver (BC)]:
University of British Columbia. [2006 Aug] - [cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://hlwiki.slais.ubc.ca/.
8. Wiki with well known place of publication

The RHIO Wiki [Internet]. Washington: Center for Health Transformation. 2006 Aug 21 - [cited 2007 May 5].
Available from: http://www.socialtext.net/rhiowiki/index.cgi
9. Wiki with geographic qualifier added to place of publication for clarity

PflegeWiki [Internet]. Gelsenkirchen (Germany): Verein zur Forderung Freier Informationen fur die Pflege e.V.
2004 Aug - [cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://de.nursingwiki.org/. German.
10. Wiki with place of publication inferred

Clinfowiki [Internet]. [Portland (OR)]: Dean F. Sittig. 2005 Jul 25 - [cited 2007 May 4]. Available from: http://
www.informatics-review.com/wiki/index.php/Main_Page
Student Doctor Network Wiki [Internet]. [Granite Bay (CA)]: Coastal Research Group. c1999-2007 - [cited
2007 May 5]. Available from: http://studentdoctor.net/wiki//index.php/Main_Page
Flu Wiki [Internet]. [Virginia]: Melanie Mattson. 2005 Jun - [modified 2007 Feb 21; cited 2007 May 4].
Available from: http://www.fluwikie.com/.
11. Wiki with unknown place of publication

Available from: http://wikiomics.org/.
AIDS Wiki [Internet]. [place unknown: publisher unknown]. 2006 Jan - [modified 2007 Apr 26; cited 2007 May
4]. Available from: http://www.reviewingaids.org/awiki/.
12. Wiki with publisher having subsidiary division

COLAB: an open Collaborative Work Environment (CWE) to support networking among Communities of
Practice [Internet]. Washington: General Services Administration (US), Intergovernmental Solutions Division.
[date unknown] - [edited 2007 May 1; cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://colab.cim3.net/cgi-bin/wiki.pl?
WikiHomePage#nid35OA
13. Wiki with government agency or other national body as publisher

14. Wiki with individual as publisher

Flu Wiki [Internet]. [Virginia]: Melanie Mattson. 2005 Jun - [modified 2007 Feb 21; cited 2007 May 4].
Available from: http://www.fluwikie.com/.
15. Wiki with joint publishers

Available from: http://www.socialtext.net/rhiowiki/index.cgi Jointly published by eHealth Initiative and CHIME.
16. Wiki with publisher inferred

xanthusBase [wiki on the Internet]. [Syracuse (NY): Syracuse University, Welch Laboratory]. c2006 - [modified
17. Wiki with unknown publisher

AIDS Wiki [Internet]. [place unknown: publisher unknown]. 2006 Jan - [modified 2007 Apr 26; cited 2007 May
4]. Available from: http://www.reviewingaids.org/awiki/.
18. Wiki with month/day included in date of publication

19. Wiki with date of copyright instead of date of publication

xanthusBase [wiki on the Internet]. [Syracuse (NY): Syracuse University, Welch Laboratory]. c2006 - [modified
Student Doctor Network Wiki [Internet]. [Granite Bay (CA)]: Coastal Research Group. c1999-2007 - [cited
2007 May 5]. Available from: http://studentdoctor.net/wiki//index.php/Main_Page
20. Wiki with date obtained from earliest additions

WikiMD [Internet]. Philadephia: Prab R. Tumpati. [2004] - [cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://
69.60.110.99/wikimd/index.php?title=Main_Page
HLWiki [Internet]. Giustini D, Barsky E, Rowell G, Saunders J, Cho A, Stibravy R, curators. [Vancouver (BC)]:
University of British Columbia. [2006 Aug] - [cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://hlwiki.slais.ubc.ca/.
21. Wiki with date estimated

Wikikidney.org [Internet]. Fadem SZ, curator. [Houston (TX)]: Nephron Information Center. [2002?] -
[modified 2007 Apr 25; cited 2007 May 4]. Available from: http://wikikidney.org/.
[2007?] - [cited 2007 May 23]. Available from: http://www.rxwiki.com/.
22. Wiki with unknown beginning date of publication

HealthGrid [Internet]. [place unknown]: HealthGrid.org. [date unknown] - [updated 2007 May 4; cited 2007
May 5]. Available from: http://wiki.healthgrid.org/.

HealthGrid [Internet]. [place unknown]: HealthGrid.org. [date unknown] - [updated 2007 May 4; cited 2007
May 5]. Available from: http://wiki.healthgrid.org/.
24. Wiki with supplemental note included

Available from: http://www.socialtext.net/rhiowiki/index.cgi RHIO = Regional Health Information
Organizations.
4; cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://www.ganfyd.org/. GANFYD stands for Get A Note From Your
Doctor.
Available from: http://wikiomics.org/. Funded by the Godzik lab at the Burnham Institute for Medical Research
in San Diego, CA.
openwetware.org/. Current support from the National Science Foundation Biological Databases & Informatics
Program and MIT's Cell Decision Process Center.
[2007?] - [cited 2007 May 23]. Available from: http://www.rxwiki.com/. Content accepted only from licensed
pharmacists.
Radiopaedia.org [Internet]. [place unknown: publisher unknown]. 2005 Dec 6 - [cited 2007 May 5]. Available
from: http://www.radiopaedia.org/. Formerly called Wikiradiology.
25. A contribution to a wiki with authorship given

McEvoy D. The symptoms of IBS. c2006 [cited 2007 May 14]. In: WIKISURGERY [Internet]. London: Surgical
Associates Ltd. 2006 - . [5 paragraphs]. Available from: http://www.wikisurgery.com/index.php?
title=The_symptoms_of_IBS
Gardner PP (Molecular Evolution Group, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Copenhagen,
Copenhagen, Denmark). RNA phylogenetics. 2006 Sep 11 [modified 2006 Oct 4; cited 2007 May 14]. In:
WikiOmics: open bioinformatics [Internet]. [place unknown]: Wikiomics. 2005 Nov - . [about 2 screens].
Available from: http://wikiomics.org/wiki/RNA_phylogenetics
26. A contribution to a wiki without authorship given

[2007?] - . Celecoxib; [modified 2007 May 9; cited 2007 May 23]; [about 5 p.]. Available from: http://
www.rxwiki.com/~medicati/index.php?title=Celebrex
1645
Appendixes
1647
Appendix A. Abbreviations for Commonly Used English Words

in Journal Titles
Created: October 10, 2007; Updated: October 2, 2015.
For a comprehensive list of title word abbreviations in many languages, or to search for an abbreviation, use the
ISSN International Centre's LTWA (LTWA stands for List of Title Word Abbreviations, go to Access to the
LTWA). The Centre updates this list annually.
When NLM created Citing Medicine, access to the LTWA source was only by subscription. The Centre adds new
words and their abbreviations and changes abbreviations of some words over time. Because we do not regularly
update the listing here (it was only updated once in 2009) and the LTWA is now free online to search or
download, we have decided to remove this list from our publication.
Two general rules originally provided still apply, so we are retaining them here. The first is that you never
abbreviate journal titles consisting of a single word, and the second is that you do not abbreviate journal titles in
character-based languages.
1649
Appendix B. Additional Sources for Journal Title Abbreviations

Created: October 10, 2007; Updated: October 2, 2015.
ISO 4 (International Organization for Standardization. Information and documentation - rules for the
abbreviation of title words and titles of publications. Geneva (Switzerland): The Organization; 1997.) is the
recognized authority for abbreviating words in journal titles. The LTWA (List of Title Word Abbreviations) for
this standard is maintained by and available as a service from the ISSN International Centre in Paris.
The Source List below is selected alternative sources for journal title abbreviations for titles not found in the
NLM Catalog in the Journals referenced in the NCBI databases list. These sources are considered authoritative
within their specific area or discipline. Be aware that some do not use the ISO standard as their basis. For
example, ISO does not permit abbreviations of the romanized words from titles appearing in character-based
languages but some of these sources do permit it.
For abbreviations of individual words in a journal title, see Appendix A: Abbreviations for Commonly Used
English Words in Journal Titles. Please note that you may see contradictory abbreviations for some words in
titles because journal title abbreviations do not usually change when rules for specific words change.
Source List
Abbreviations of names of serials [Internet]. Providence (RI): American Mathematical Society; [revised 2015
Apr 1; cited 2015 May 5]. [30 p.]. Available from: http://www.ams.org/msnhtml/serials.pdf List gives the form of
references used in Mathematical Reviews.
Alkire LG Jr., editor. Periodical title abbreviations: by title. 17th ed. Detroit (MI): Thompson Gale; c2007. 2 vol.
Vol. 1, By abbreviation; vol. 2, By title. For the Kindle there is an 18th ed., c2013 published by Expedient
Solutions (Spokane, WA).
All That JAS: Journal Abbreviation Sources [Internet]. [Fair Lawn (NJ)]: Stands4 LLC.; [200?] - [cited 2015 May
5]. Available from: http://www.abbreviations.com/jas.php Originally compiled by Gerry McKiernan, Science and
Technology Librarian and Bibliographer, Science and Technology Department, Iowa State University Library,
Ames, IA.
Authors' guide [Internet]. 4th ed. Version 20081103. Boston (MA): American Meteorological Society; c2008.
Appendix C: Standard journal abbreviations; [cited 2015 April 27]; p. 77-82. Available from: https://
wiki.ucar.edu/download/attachments/52003891/authguide.pdf
BIOSIS serial sources. Vol. 2004. Philadelphia (PA): Thomson; 2004. 612 p.
CAS: a division of the American Chemical Society [Internet]. Columbus (OH): Chemical Abstracts Service;
c2015. CAplus Core Journal Coverage List; [last updated 2014 Mar; cited 2015 April 27]; [about 65 p.]. Available
from: http://www.cas.org/content/references/corejournals
Coghill AM, Garson LR, editors. The ACS style guide: effective communication of scientific information. 3rd ed.
Washington (DC): American Chemical Society; 2006. CASSI abbreviations for the 1000+ most commonly cited
journals; p.328-39.
EMBASE list of journals indexed. St. Louis (MO): Elsevier; 2006? Current online search tool available at http://
www.embase.com/#journalsSearch/default
Genamics JournalSeek [Internet]. Hamilton (New Zealand): Genamics; [date unknown] - [updated 2015 Feb
26; cited 2015 May 5]. Available from: http://journalseek.net/index.htm
HCMR Library. List of journal titles abbreviations [Internet]. Anavyssos (Greece): Hellenic Centre for Marine
Research (GR), Library, Documentation & Information Centre; c2008-2010 [cited 2015 April 27]. [about 65 p.].
Available from: http://www.hcmr.gr/gr/listview3.php?id=703
Inspec list of journals. London (England): Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET); 2007. 550 p. Later
versions are available for purchase and download in XML format through the IET shop
ISI journal title abbreviations [Internet]. Pasadena (CA): Caltech Library System; c2008 [cited 2008 Oct 21].
Available from: http://library.caltech.edu/reference/abbreviations/.
Journal Citation Reports® [Internet]. Sci. ed. New York: Thomson Reuters; 1998 - [updated 2008 Jun 23; cited
2008 Oct 24]. Available from: http://www.thomsonreuters.com/products_services/scientific/
Journal_Citation_Reports By subscription only, updated annually.
Journal titles and abbreviations (BIOSIS format) [Internet]. Gainesville (FL): University of Florida, Institute of
Food and Agricultural Sciences, Entomology and Nematology Department; [cited 2015 April 27]. [about 39 p.].
Available from: http://entnemdept.ifas.ufl.edu/pubs/all_journals.htm
Lindstrom K, editor. Science and Engineering Journal Abbreviations [Internet]. Vancouver (CA): University of
British Columbia, Woodward Library; [updated 2015 May 11; cited 2015 May 18]. Available from: http://
woodward.library.ubc.ca/research-help/journal-abbreviations/.
List of Serials Indexed for Online Users [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): U.S. National Library of Medicine. 1983 -
[cited 2015 May 20]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/tsd/serials/lsiou.html Need to first read the
Terms and Conditions, then can follow directions to download the current file. Updated annually.
Patton G (National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD), editor. Biological journals and abbreviations
[Internet]. Frederick (MD): [publisher unknown]; c1996-2013 [cited 2015 May 18]. Available from: http://
home.ncifcrf.gov/research/bja/.
1651
Appendix C. Abbreviations for Commonly Used English Words

in Bibliographic Description
Created: October 10, 2007.
A F P
abridged = abr. facsimile = facs. pamphlet = pamph.
abstract = abstr. faculty = fac. paperback = pbk.
academy = acad. figure = fig. part = pt.
adaptation = adapt. foundation = found. periodical = period.
American = Amer. frontispiece = front. photography = phot.
and others = et al. picture = pict.
annotation = annot. G portrait = portr.
annual = annu. gazette = gaz. posthumous = posth.
association = assoc. government = gov. preface = pref.
augmented = augm. preliminary = prelim.
authorized = authoriz. H preparation = prep
handbook = handb. preprint = prepr.
B printed = print.
biannual = biannu. I proceedings = proc.
bibliography = bibliogr.
illustration = ill. professor = prof.
bimonthly = bimonth. illustrator = ill. program = progr.
biography = biogr. impression = impr. pseudonym = pseud.
brochure = broch. inch = in. publication = publ.
bulletin = bull. inclusive = incl. publisher = publ.
incomplete = incompl.
C index = ind. Q
catalog = cat. information = inform. quarterly = quart.
centimeter = cm. institute = inst.
chapter = chap. international = intern. R
commission = commiss. introduction = introd. reference = ref.
company = co. invariable = invar. reprint = repr.
compiler = comp. reproduction = reprod.
conference = conf. L responsible = resp.
column = col. laboratory = lab. revised = rev.
corporation = corp. library = libr.
literature = lit. S
D scientific = sci.
department = dept. M section = sect.
diagram = diagr. manual = man. separate = sep.
dictionary = dict. manuscript = ms. series = ser.
director = dir. meeting = meet. session = sess.
directory = dir. microfiche = mfiche. society = soc.
dissertation = diss. microfilm = mf. special = spec.
distribution = dist. millimeter = mm. successor = success.
division = div. miscellaneous = misc. summary = summ.
Doctor = Dr. modified = mod. supplement = suppl.
document = doc. monograph = monogr. symposium = symp.
monthly = month.
E T
edition = ed. N table = tab.
editor = ed. national = nat. translation = transl.
encyclopedia = encycl. new series = n.s. translator = transl.
English = Engl. newspaper = newsp. transliteration = translit.
enlarged = enl. notice = not.
European = Europ. number = no. U
executive = exec. university = univ.
O
Table continued from previous page.

explanation = expl. observation = observ. V
extract = extr. original = orig. volume = vol.
Y
year = y.
yearbook = yb.
1653
Appendix D. ISO Country Codes for Selected Countries

Source: International Organization for Standardization. Codes for the representation of names of countries and
their subdivisions. Part 1: Country codes. Geneva (Switzerland): The Organization; 1997. (ISO 3166-1: 1997).
Country Two-letter Abbreviation Country Two-letter Abbreviation
Afghanistan AF Laos LA
Albania AL Latvia LV
Algeria DZ Lebanon LB
Andorra AD Lesotho LS
Angola AO Liberia LR
Antigua and Barbuda AG Libya LY
Argentina AR Liechtenstein LI
Armenia AM Lithuania LT
Australia AU Luxembourg LU
Austria AT Macedonia MK
Azerbaijan AZ Madagascar MG
Bahamas BS Malawi MW
Bahrain BH Malaysia MY
Bangladesh BD Maldives MV
Barbados BB Mali ML
Belarus BY Malta MT
Belgium BE Marshall Islands MH
Belize BZ Mauritania MR
Benin BJ Mauritius MU
Bhutan BT Mexico MX
Bolivia BO Micronesia FM
Bosnia and Herzegowina BA Moldova MD
Botswana BW Monaco MC
Brazil BR Mongolia MN
Brunei Darussalam BN Morocco MA
Bulgaria BG Mozambique MZ
Burkina Faso BF Myanmar MM
Burundi BI Namibia NA
Cambodia KH Nauru NR
Cameroon CM Nepal NP
Canada CA Netherlands NL
Cape Verde CV New Zealand NZ
Central African Republic CF Nicaragua NI

Chad TD Niger NE
Chile CL Nigeria NG
China CN Norway NO
Colombia CO Oman OM
Comoros KM Pakistan PK
Congo, Democratic Republic CD Palau PW
Congo, People’s Republic CG Panama PA
Costa Rica CR Papua New Guinea PG
Cote d'Ivoire CI Paraguay PY
Croatia (Local Name: Hrvatska) HR Peru PE
Cuba CU Philippines PH
Cyprus CY Poland PL
Czech Republic CZ Portugal PT
Denmark DK Qatar QA
Djibouti DJ Puerto Rico PR
Dominica DM Romania RO
Dominican Republic DO Russian Federation RU
East Timor TL Rwanda RW
Ecuador EC Saint Kitts and Nevis KN
El Salvador SV Saint Lucia LC
Equatorial Guinea GQ Saint Vincent and the Grenadines VC
Eritrea ER Samoa WS
Estonia EE San Marino SM
Ethiopia ET Sao Tome and Príncipe ST
Fiji FJ Saudi Arabia SA
Finland FI Senegal SN
France FR Serbia and Montenegro CS
Gabon GA Seychelles SC
Gambia GM Sierra Leone SL
Georgia GE Singapore SG
Germany DE Slovakia (Slovak Republic) SK
Ghana GH Slovenia SI
Greece GR Solomon Islands SB
Grenada GD Somalia SO
Greenland GL South Africa ZA
Guatemala GT Spain ES
Guinea GN Sri Lanka LK
ISO Country Codes for Selected Countries 1655

Guinea-Bissau GW Sudan SD
Guyana GY Suriname SR
Haiti HT Swaziland SZ
Honduras HN Sweden SE
Hong Kong HK Switzerland CH
Hungary HU Syrian Arab Republic SY
Iceland IS Tajikistan TJ
India IN Tanzania TZ
Indonesia ID Taiwan TW
Iran IR Tanzania TZ
Iraq IQ Thailand TH
Ireland IE Togo TG
Israel IL Tonga TO
Italy IT Trinidad and Tobago TT
Jamaica JM Tunisia TN
Japan JP Turkey TR
Jordan JO Turkmenistan TM
Kazakhstan KZ Tuvalu TV
Kenya KE Uganda UG
Kiribati KI Ukraine UA
Korea, Democratic People's Republic KP United Arab Emirates AE
Korea, Republic KR United Kingdom GB
Kuwait KW United States US
Kyrgyzstan KG Uruguay UY
1657
Appendix E. Two-Letter Abbreviations for Canadian Provinces

and Territories and U.S. States and Territories
Canadian Provinces and Territories Two-Letter Abbreviation

Alberta AB
British Columbia BC
Manitoba MB
New Brunswick NB
Newfoundland and Labrador NL
Northwest Territories NT
Nova Scotia NS
Nunavut NU
Ontario ON
Prince Edward Island PE
Quebec QC
Saskatchewan SK
Yukon YT
U.S. States and Territories Two-Letter Abbreviation

Alabama AL
Alaska AK
American Samoa AS
Arizona AZ
Arkansas AR
California CA
Colorado CO
Connecticut CT
Delaware DE
District of Columbia DC
Federated States of Micronesia FM
Florida FL
Georgia GA
Guam GU
Hawaii HI
Idaho ID
Illinois IL
Indiana IN
Iowa IA
Kansas KS

Kentucky KY
Louisiana LA
Maine ME
Marshall Islands MH
Maryland MD
Massachusetts MA
Michigan MI
Minnesota MN
Mississippi MS
Missouri MO
Montana MT
Nebraska NE
Nevada NV
New Hampshire NH
New Jersey NJ
New Mexico NM
New York NY
North Carolina NC
North Dakota ND
Northern Mariana Islands MP
Ohio OH
Oklahoma OK
Oregon OR
Palau PW
Pennsylvania PA
Puerto Rico PR
Rhode Island RI
South Carolina SC
South Dakota SD
Tennessee TN
Texas TX
Utah UT
Vermont VT
Virgin Islands VI
Virginia VA
Washington WA
West Virginia WV
Two-Letter Abbreviations for Canadian Provinces and Territories and U.S. States and Territories 1659

Wisconsin WI
Wyoming WY
1661
Appendix F. Notes for Citing MEDLINE® /PubMed®

Citing Medicine rules follow the National Information Standards Organization (NISO) recommendations. NLM
practice does not always follow NISO standards in MEDLINE/PubMed citations for a variety of reasons.
The following are exceptions to NISO standards and Citing Medicine for ten citation elements found in Chapter
1A Journal Articles and Chapter 23A Journal Articles on the Internet.
1. For Author
MEDLINE/PubMed:
• also shows the full names of authors, when available, in MEDLINE and XML displays (since 2002)
• records the organization names as given in the journal article. There are no standardization rules
• places editor or translator names in the author position of a citation when an author name can't be found.
However, the role of "editor" or "translator" does not follow the name
• makes a distinction between authorship and investigators (also known as collaborators). The latter were
implemented in journal citations created in late March 2008 forward; they are individuals who
contributed to the research study but are not necessarily authors.
MEDLINE/PubMed does not:
• display ISO country codes following organization names of national bodies that don't include nationality
in the name
• translate non-English organizational names
Return to Chapter 1. Journals / A. Journal Articles / Author, or
Chapter 23. Journals on the Internet / A. Journal Articles on the Internet / Author
2. For Author Affiliation

MEDLINE/PubMed:
• includes the affiliation of the first author only; took the affiliation as given in the article (1988-2013)
• includes "USA" at the end of the affiliation for all US authors (1995-2013)
• includes affiliation for each author if supplied by publisher (December 2013 - )
• includes multiple affiliations for each author or contributor if supplied by publisher (December 2014 - )
MEDLINE/PubMed does not:
• standardize the author affiliation field
• add information about the city, state or country of an organization
• change the order of the organization and department. The order is as the publisher gives it in the article.
Return to Chapter 1. Journals / A. Journal Articles / Author Affiliation, or
Chapter 23. Journals on the Internet / A. Journal Articles on the Internet / Author Affiliation
3. For Article Title

MEDLINE/PubMed:
• displays only the English language title for two or more equal languages, but indicates all languages of
publication. Displays the transliterated or vernacular title submitted by the publisher in place of an English
translation provided by the human indexer when that English translation is not yet available.
• omits the fonts of superscripts and subscripts when they cannot be reproduced and the meaning is not
compromised. For example, H20 is commonly recognized as water; however, 106 will be displayed as
10(6).
• displays the article title in the case style used by the journal itself, effective June 15, 2015. Prior to this date,
NLM edited the journal article title case to be sentence style (capitalize only the first word of a title, proper
nouns, proper adjectives, acronyms, and initialisms) for citations dating from about 1966 forward.
Pre-1966 citations were converted from the original print indexes (Cumulated Index Medicus and Current
List of Medical Literature) and use the case from the print index.
Return to Chapter 1. Journals / A. Journal Articles / Article Title, or
Chapter 23. Journals on the Internet / A. Journal Articles on the Internet / Article Title
4. For Article Type

• MEDLINE/PubMed does not index individual meeting abstracts or book reviews
• Letters to the editor and editorials are indicated only under publication type in the Abstract display, and in
the PT field in the MEDLINE view
• Interviews are indicated by publication type in the Abstract display, and in the PT field in the MEDLINE
view
• The interviewer’s name was included after the article title and introduced with the phrase "Interview by"
through 2014. Effective 2015, the interviewee is the first author and the interviewer is the second author.
Return to Chapter 1. Journals / A. Journal Articles / Article Type, or
Chapter 23. Journals on the Internet / A. Journal Articles on the Internet / Article Type
5. For Journal Title (Journal Title Abbreviation)

After NLM establishes an abbreviation for a title, it usually stays that way in MEDLINE/PubMed, even if the
rules change. You may see contradictory abbreviations for some words in titles; for example:
Academy of Management Journal abbreviated as Acad Manage J in 1963
but
Access Management Journal abbreviated as Access Manag J in 2003
Return to Chapter 1. Journals / A. Journal Articles / Journal Title, or
Chapter 23. Journals on the Internet / A. Journal Articles on the Internet / Journal Title
6. For Edition
After NLM establishes an abbreviation for a title with an edition, the abbreviation usually stays that way in
MEDLINE/PubMed, even if the rules change. You may see contradictory abbreviations for some titles with
editions; for example:
Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition. was established as
Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed
Notes for Citing MEDLINE® /PubMed® 1663
not
Arch Dis Child (Fetal Neonatal Ed)
but
British Medical Journal. Clinical Research Edition. was established as Br Med J (Clin Res Ed)
Return to Chapter 1. Journals / A. Journal Articles / Edition, or
Chapter 23. Journals on the Internet / A. Journal Articles on the Internet / Edition
7. For Type of Medium

• NLM indexes Internet journals, but does not currently display a type of medium for them in most
PubMed displays; however, users may determine the type of medium that NLM used for creating the
citation and indexing the article by viewing the PubMed XML format display. The version used is in the
XML element <Journal Issue CitedMedium=>. Valid values after the equals sign are Print for the hard
copy of a journal, and Internet for the Web-based version.
• NLM does not currently index journals in microform, CD-ROM, DVD, or audiovisual format
Return to Chapter 1. Journals / A. Journal Articles / Type of Medium, or
Chapter 23. Journals on the Internet / A. Journal Articles on the Internet / Type of Medium
8. For Physical Description

• NLM does not currently index journals in microform, CD-ROM, DVD, or audiovisual format
Return to Chapter 1. Journals / A. Journal Articles / Physical Description
9. For Language
• MEDLINE/PubMed displays citation information only in English, but indicates all languages of
publication. Translated article titles are shown in brackets to indicate a translation.
Return to Chapter 1. Journals / A. Journal Articles / Language, or
Chapter 23. Journals on the Internet / A. Journal Articles on the Internet / Language
10. For Location (Pagination or Notes)

• MEDLINE/PubMed permits publishers to choose between using traditional pagination or electronic
article numbers, or using both. In cases where publishers supply article numbers as electronic location
data only (not as pagination), these numbers appear as notes and pagination is absent. The unique
identifiers for a citation may also appear as notes.
⚬ MEDLINE/PubMed example, a publisher-supplied article number for pagination:
J Med Internet Res. 2008 Apr 18;10(2):e11. PubMed PMID: 18440918; PubMed Central
PMCID: PMC2483923.
⚬ MEDLINE/PubMed example, publisher-supplied article number as a locator without calling it
pagination, no pagination (pii means Publisher Item Identifier):
Euro Surveill. 2008 May 8;13(19). pii: 18863. PubMed PMID: 18761981.
⚬ MEDLINE/PubMed example showing the use of article number as both pagination and a note (doi
means Digital Object Identifier):
BMJ. 2008 Jul 1;337:a295. doi: 10.1136/bmj.a295. PubMed PMID: 18595903; PubMed Central
PMCID: PMC2453298.
Return to Chapter 23. Journals on the Internet / A. Journal Articles on the Internet / Location (Pagination), or
Chapter 23. Journals on the Internet / A. Journal Articles on the Internet / Notes.
1665
Appendix. Content Updates

Created: December 21, 2009; Updated: August 5, 2020.
The Content Updates Appendix includes an inventory of the publication’s updates and corrections since its
publication in October 2007. The most recent updates and corrections appear at the top of the page.
The updates and corrections are organized by:
• Update – Highlights updates to the Citing Medicine user interface, content delivery, and the NCBI
Bookshelf, the internal management system.
• Change Log – Identifies the location of the content updates and corrections within the Citing Medicine
chapter sections and appendixes.
Change Log for August 5, 2020

Chapter/Appendix Section Updated Update/Correction
Chapter 3: Conference Publications Part B, Conference Papers – New example at 16. Paper for a Cancelled
Examples of Citations Conference
Chapter 12: Papers and Poster Sessions Examples of Citations New example at 18. Paper/Poster for a Cancelled
Presented at Meetings Conference
Change Log for May 18, 2018

Chapter 1A: Journal Articles Citation Rules with Added punctuation in Box 22
Examples
Multiple chapters Citation Rules with In Chapters 1, 11, 19, and 23, in the box called “Abbreviation rules for
Examples journal titles,” in the item “Other sources for title-word abbreviations,”
updated hyperlinks
Chapter 24: Databases/Retrieval Examples of Citations Updated two mentions of DailyMed to match the current hyperlink
Systems/Datasets on the syntax
Internet

Chapter/Appendix Section Update/Correction
Updated
Chapter 24: Databases/Retrieval Systems/ Updated chapter title and sections to include datasets (was "Chapter
Datasets on the Internet 24: Databases/Retrieval Systems on the Internet")
Change Log for March 17, 2017

Chapter 13: Letters and Other Personal Introduction Updated Chapter 13 “See Also” reference for the newly
Communication renamed Chapter 14: Manuscripts and Preprints
Chapter 14: Manuscripts and Preprints C. Preprints: Introduction Added new section. Updated chapter title (was
and Examples "Manuscripts")

Chapter 24A: Entire Databases/Retrieval Systems Examples of Added two new citations to end of section
on the Internet Citations
Chapter 21: Additional Sources for Journal Title Added link to the above as "Examples of Citations to
Abbreviations Computer Programs (Software) on the Internet"
Change Log for October 2, 2015

Chapter/Appendix Section Update/Correction
Updated
Appendix A: Abbreviations for Commonly Replaced list of abbreviations for commonly used English words in
Used English Words in Journal Titles journal titles with link to the ISSN International Centre's LTWA
Appendix B: Additional Sources for Journal Updated information about the ISSN International Centre's LTWA’s
Title Abbreviations online availability in first paragraph

Multiple Chapters Citation Rules with Minor changes for consistency for using “doi” rather than “DOI” when not used
Examples as a heading or as part of a name in multiple examples
Multiple Chapters Citation Rules with Minor changes for consistency of “Korean” for “Names in non-roman alphabets
Examples (Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean) or character-based languages
(Chinese, Japanese)” and “Romanize names in Cyrillic (Russian, Bulgarian,
etc.), Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean, or character-based languages, such as
Chinese and Japanese”
Multiple Chapters Citation Rules with Corrected “jaargan g” to “jaargang” in all instances for “Non-English names for
Examples volume”
Multiple Chapters Citation Rules with Changed “sostavityel” to “sostavitel” in all instances of “Non-English names for
Examples secondary authors” for consistency
2015 Foreword Added new forward commenting on ANSI/NISO Z39.29 Bibliographic
References
Chapter 1A: Journal Articles Citation Rules with Corrected information about citing BMJ or British Medical Journal based on
Examples publication date in “General Rules for Journal Title”
Chapter 2A: Entire Books Citation Rules with Added example to “39. Book with date of publication and date of copyright”
Examples
Chapter 3A: Conference Citation Rules with Corrected “2003 Apr 30-Mar 2” to “2003 Apr 30-May 2” for “Dates cross
Proceedings Examples months” for “Specific Rules for Date of Conference”
Chapter 3B: Conference Citation Rules with Corrected subscripted characters in citation examples for “Titles of papers
Papers Examples containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special character” to
“Specific Rules for Title”
Chapter 3C: Parts of Citation Rules with Corrected citation in “9. Part of a paper with no page number provided”
Conference Papers Examples
Chapter 4A: Entire Reports Citation Rules with Corrected citation for “1. Standard report written and published by the
Examples sponsoring organization”
Chapter 5. Dissertations and Citation Rules with Added citation in “Titles not in English”
Theses Examples
Content Updates 1667
Chapter 6A: Entire Citation Rules with Corrected punctuation in heading for “5. Bibliography with organization as
Bibliographies Examples compiler”
Chapter 8: Newspaper Introduction Corrected punctuation in citation diagram
Articles
Chapter 8: Newspaper Citation Rules with Minor clarification of volume and issue information in “Date of Publication for
Articles Examples Newspaper Articles” and “Optional volume and issue numbers used instead of
section information”
Chapter 16B: Journal Titles Citation Rules with Removed an example from “No volume number present” in “Specific Rules for
in Audiovisual Formats Examples Volume Number” and “No issue number present” in “Specific Rules for Issue
Number”
Chapter 17A: Individual Citation Rules with Removed link to Chapter 16 in “Type of Medium for Individual Prints and
Prints and Photographs Examples Photographs”
Chapter 18: Books and Citation Rules with Added link to “36. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk in more than one
Other Individual Titles on Examples medium” to “Extent (Pagination)” and “Physical Description”
Chapter 20: Databases on Citation Rules with Corrected example in “22. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with
CD-ROM, DVD or Disk Examples government agency or other national body as publisher”
Chapter 21: Computer Citation Rules with Corrected title from “Non-English names for programs” to “Non-English
Programs on CD-ROM, Examples names for months” in “Date of Update/Revision”
DVD, or Disk
Chapter 22A: Entire Books Citation Rules with Added examples to “7. Book on the Internet with an organization as author,”
and Other Individual Titles Examples “23. Book on the Internet with qualifier added to place of publication for
on the Internet clarity,” and “39. Book on the Internet that is a video, videocast, or podcast”
Chapter 22B: Parts of Books Citation Rules with Corrected “End with a semicolon placed outside the closing bracket” in “Both a
on the Internet Examples date of update/revision and a date of citation” in “Specific Rules for Date of
Citation” and “Part is a video clip, videocast, or podcast” in “Specific Rules for
Name and Number/Letter” and “Specific Rules for Location (Pagination)”
Chapter 22C: Contributions Citation Rules with Corrected example in “Both a date of update/revision and a date of citation” in
to Books on the Internet Examples “Specific Rules for Date of Citation”
Chapter 23A: Journal Citation Rules with Added examples to “12. Journal article on the Internet not in English,” “15.
Articles on the Internet Examples Journal article on the Internet with optional article type,” “30. Journal article on
the Internet with location expressed as standard page numbers,” “34. Journal
article on the Internet with location/extent expressed as estimated number of
pages,” and “36. Journal article on the Internet with location/extent expressed as
an article number”
Chapter 23B: Journal Titles Citation Rules with Corrected examples for “Journals appearing in more than one language” in
on the Internet Examples “Specific Rules for Title” and “Specific Rules for Language” and “No issue
number present” in “Specific Rules for Issue Number”
Chapter 24A: Entire Citation Rules with Corrected acronym for BOND in example for “Other types of material to
Databases/Retrieval Systems Examples include in notes” in “Specific Rules for Notes”
on the Internet
Chapter 24A: Entire Citation Rules with Added examples to “1. Standard citation to an open serial database,” “5.
Databases/Retrieval Systems Examples Database/retrieval system on the Internet with an individual as author,” “7.
on the Internet Database/retrieval system on the Internet with an organization as author,” “8.
Database/retrieval system on the Internet with editors where there is no
author,” “18. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with an edition or
version,” “24. Database/retrieval system on the Internet title with government
agency or other national body as publisher,” “27. Database/retrieval system on
the Internet title with month/day included in date of publication,” “31.
Database/retrieval system on the Internet with date estimated,” “33. Database/
retrieval system on the Internet with update/revision date” and “37. Database/
retrieval system on the Internet with supplemental note included.” Modified
example in “13. Database/retrieval system on the Internet title with upper/
lowercase letters and symbols” for consistency.
Chapters 24B: Part of a Citation Rules with Corrected “date known” to “date unknown” in “Locating the date of
Database on the Internet Examples publication” and “Locating the date of publication if there is no standard title
page”
Chapter 24B: Parts of Citation Rules with Removed an example from “6. Part of a database on the Internet with a date of
Databases on the Internet Examples publication separate from the date of the database as a whole”
Chapter 24C: Contributions Citation Rules with Added examples to “2. Standard contribution to a database on the Internet with
to Databases on the Internet Examples a separate date for the item,” “8. Contribution to a database on the Internet with
extent provided by the database,” and “11. Contribution to a database on the
Internet with a note”
Chapter 24C: Contributions Citation Rules with Corrected example for “9. Contribution to a database on the Internet with
to Databases on the Internet Examples extent calculated”
Chapter 25A: Homepages Citation Rules with Added examples to “5. Homepage with an organization(s) as author,” “20.
Examples Homepage published with publisher having subsidiary division,” “21.
Homepage with government agency or other national body as publisher,” “27.
Homepage with months/days included in date of publication,” “34. Homepage
with optional system requirements,” and “36. Homepage with supplemental
note included”
Chapter 25B: Parts of Web Citation Rules with Corrected example for “No date of publication or copyright can be found” in
Sites Examples “Specific Rules for Date of Publication”
Chapter 25B: Parts of Web Citation Rules with Corrected placement of semicolon in rule for “Both a date of update/revision
Sites Examples and a date of citation” in “Specific Rules for Date of Citation”
Chapter 25B: Parts of Web Citation Rules with Corrected example in “8. Part of a Web site with date(s) of update/revision”
Sites Examples
Chapter 25B: Parts of Web Citation Rules with Added examples to “7. Part of a Web site with a date of publication separate
Sites Examples from the date of the Web site” and “11. Part of a Web site with location
(pagination) estimated as page numbers”
Chapter 26C: Blogs Citation Rules with Corrected “date known” to “date unknown” in “No beginning date is provided”
Examples and “Locating the date of publication”
Chapter 26D: Wikis Citation Rules with Corrected “date known” to “date unknown” in “Locating the date of
Examples publication” and “No date of creation is provided”
Appendix B: Additional Revised introduction and updated all of the resources in the “Source List”
Sources for Journal Title
Abbreviations
Appendix F: Notes for Revised “2. For Author Affiliation,” “3. For Article Title,” and “4. For Article
Citing MEDLINE® / Type.” Changed nine to ten citation elements in introduction.
PubMed®
Change Log for September 15, 2011

Chapter 1A: Journal Articles Citation Rules with Minor changes for consistency to “Names in non-roman alphabets (Cyrillic,
Examples Greek, Arabic, Hebrew) or character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese,
Korean)” in “Specific Rules for Authors,” and “Discontinuous page numbers” in
“Specific Rules for Location (Pagination)”
Chapter 1A: Journal Articles Examples of Modified citation and added citation to “75. Other types of notes for journal
Citations articles”
Chapter 2D: Contributions to Citation Rules with Minor changes for consistency to “Other surname rules” in “Specific Rules for
Books Examples Author/Editor”
Chapter 4A: Entire Reports Citation Rules with Minor changes for consistency to “Other surname rules” in “Specific Rules for
Examples Author/Editor”
Chapter 8: Newspaper Citation Rules with Minor changes for consistency to “Designations of rank in a family, such as Jr
Articles Examples and III” and “Names in non-roman alphabets (Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew)
or character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese, Korean)” in “Specific Rules
for Authors”
Chapter 12: Papers and Citation Rules with Minor changes for consistency to “Designations of rank in a family, such as Jr
Poster Sessions Presented at Examples and III” and “Names in non-roman alphabets (Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew)
Meetings or character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese, Korean)” in “Specific Rules
for Authors”
Chapter 14A: Individual Examples of Added citation to “27. Manuscript with supplemental note included”
Manuscripts Citations
Chapter 16A; Journal Articles Citation Rules with Minor changes for consistency to “Names in non-roman alphabets (Cyrillic,
in Audiovisual Formats Examples Greek, Arabic, Hebrew) or character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese,
Korean)” in “Specific Rules for Authors”
Chapter 19A: Journal Articles Citation Rules with Minor changes for consistency to “Names in non-roman alphabets (Cyrillic,
on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk Examples Greek, Arabic, Hebrew) or character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese,
Korean)” in “Specific Rules for Authors”
Chapter 20: Databases on Examples of Added citation to “15. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with an edition or
CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk Citations version”
Chapter 22: Books and Other Introduction Revised first paragraph in the introduction.
Individual Titles on the
Internet
Chapter 22A: Entire Books Examples of Added citation to “39. Book on the Internet that is a video, videocast, or
and Other Individual Titles Citations podcast”
on the Internet
Chapter 22C: Contributions Citation Rules with Changed semicolon to period in last rule in “General Rules for Date of
to Books on the Internet Examples Citation”
Chapter 23: Journals on the Table of Contents Changed link from “Chapter 1C: Entire Journal Titles” to “Chapter 1B Parts of
Internet Journal Articles”
Chapter 23: Journals on the Introduction Revised first paragraph in the introduction
Internet
Chapter 23A: Journal Articles Citation Rules with Minor changes for consistency to “Designations of rank in a family, such as Jr
on the Internet Examples and III” and “Names in non-roman alphabets (Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew)
or character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese, Korean)” in “Specific Rules
for Authors.” Added link to “43. Part of journal article on the Internet” in
“Examples for Article Title.” Removed link to “43. Part of journal article on the
Internet” in “Examples for Notes.” Minor correction to the “Non-English
journal titles.”
Chapter 23A: Journals on the Examples of Added citations to “21. Journal article on the Internet updated/revised after
Internet Citations publication,” “42. Journal article on the Internet with note,” and “43. Part of a
journal article on the Internet”
Chapter 24A: Entire Examples of Added citations to “1. Standard citation to an open serial database on the
Databases/Retrieval Systems Citations Internet,” “11. Database/retrieval system on the Internet title with subtitle,” “18.
on the Internet Database/retrieval system on the Internet with an edition or version,” and “27.
Database/retrieval system on the Internet with month/day included in date of
publication.” Updated citation in “30. Database/retrieval system on the Internet
with date obtained from earliest material in it.”
Chapter 24B: Parts of Examples of Added citations to “2. Standard part of a database on the Internet without a
Databases on the Internet Citations name or number/letter” and “4. Part of a database on the Internet with title
containing special scripts/characters”
Chapter 24C: Contributions Examples of Added citations to “9. Contribution to a database on the Internet with extent
to Databases on the Internet Citations calculated”
Chapter 25A: Homepages Examples of Added citations to “6. Homepage with no authors or editors,” “8. Homepage
Citations with title having a subtitle,” and “13. Homepage published with optional
content type.” Minor correction to citations in “11. Homepage in a language
other than English.”
Chapter 25A: Homepages Citation Rules with Minor corrections to citation in “Titles not in English”
Examples
Chapter 25B: Parts of Web Citation Rules with Minor correction to citation in “Titles for parts not in English”
Sites Examples
Chapter 25B: Parts of Web Examples of Minor corrections to citations in “1. Standard part of a Web site,” “4. Part of a
Sites Citations Web site with title ending in punctuation other than a period,” “5. Part of a Web
site not in English,” and “11. Part of a Web site with location (pagination)
estimated as page numbers.” Added citation to “9. Part of a Web site with date
of citation only.”
Table of Contents Part Title Updated title from “Citing Material on the Internet” to “Citing Material on the
Internet (Online)”
Update for May 2010

A zip file containing the PDF versions of all of the chapters and appendixes was added to Citing Medicine. It is
available from the “All Chapters” link under the “Download” section on every page of the Web site.
Update for December 2009

The Content Updates Appendix was added to Citing Medicine.
Change Log for October 21, 2009

Chapter 1: Journals Introduction Added paragraph with explanation about journals and magazines as type
of periodical.
Chapter 2C: Parts of Books Examples of Citations Added notes to the citation examples in “21. Unnamed parts in a book
without numbers or letters” and “55. Book with other note included.”
Chapter 22B: Parts of Books on Citation Rules with Added link to citation example for “12. Other unnamed parts of books
the Internet Examples on the Internet” in “Specific Rules for Name and Number/Letter.”
Chapter 22B: Parts of Books on Examples of Citations Added citation examples to “12. Other unnamed parts of books on the
the Internet Internet.”
Chapter 23: Journals on the Introduction Added paragraph with explanation about journals and magazines as type
Internet of periodical.
Chapter 23A: Journal Articles on Examples of Citations Corrected DOI information in “3. Journal article on the Internet with
the Internet many authors (give all).”
Chapter 24B: Parts of Databases Examples of Citations Added citation examples to “12. Part of a Database on the Internet with a
on the Internet URL not directly addressable.”
Chapter 24C: Contributions to Examples of Citations Added citation example to “2. Standard contribution to a database on
Databases on the Internet the Internet with a separate date for the item.”
Chapter 25B: Parts of Web Sites Examples of Citations Updated citation example for “1. Standard part of a Web site.”
Appendix A Revised introduction and updated URLs for “LTWA on-line”.
Appendix B Revised a resource in the “Source List.”
Appendix F 10. For Location Added information about unique identifiers appearing in notes to the
(Pagination or Notes) rule and included examples of unique identifiers in the citation examples
in “10. For Location (Pagination or Notes)”.
Update for August 2009

The Citing Medicine XML was migrated from the NLM PubMed Central Book DTD to the DTD version of the
NCBI Book Tag Set, part of the NLM Journal Archiving and Interchange Tag Suite. An updated version of the
Citing Medicine user interface – based on the XML changes – was also released.
Change Log for January 14, 2009

Chapter 1A: Journal Articles Examples of Citations Corrected citation examples in “65. Journal article that is a retraction
notice” and “71. Journal article with DOI provided.”
Chapter 2C: Parts of Books Examples of Citations Added citation example to “1. Standard chapter in a book.”
Chapter 2D: Contributions to Books Examples of Citations Added citation example to “1. Standard reference to a contributed
chapter.”
Chapter 5A: Entire Dissertations and Citation Rules with Corrected “General Rules for Place of Publication.”
Theses Examples
Chapter 8: Newspaper Articles Sample Citations and Added paragraph on citing a newspaper article on the Internet.
Introduction
Chapter 8: Newspaper Articles Citation Rules with Updated rules regarding the Internet in “General Rules for Type of
Examples Medium.”
Chapter 8: Newspaper Articles Examples of Citations Added citation example to “23. Newspaper article on the Internet.”
Chapter 10: Legal Documents Code of Federal Corrected citation example in “Code of Federal Regulations.”
Regulations
Chapter 11A: Forthcoming Journal Citation Rules with Added new rule and citation example about electronic version of
Articles Examples author’s manuscript to “36. Other types of material to include in
notes in Specific Rules for Notes.”
Chapter 11A: Forthcoming Journal Examples of Citations Added new citation example to “18. Forthcoming article with other
Articles types of note.”
Chapter 22A: Entire Books and Examples of Citations Corrected a citation example in “8. Book on the Internet with an
Other Individual Titles on the organization as author having subsidiary division.”
Internet
Chapter 23A: Journal Articles on the Citation Rules with Added links from “General Rules for Location (Pagination)” and
Internet Examples “General Rules for Notes” to the exceptions in “Location (Pagination
or Notes)” in “Appendix F: Notes for Citing MEDLINE®/PubMed®.”
Chapter 23A: Journal Articles on the Citation Rules with Added two rules and citation examples about unique identifiers and
Internet Examples article access to “Other types of material to include in notes” in
“Specific Rules for Notes.”
Chapter 23A: Journal Articles on the Citation Rules with Updated citation example for “Article numbers used for location” in
Internet Examples “Specific Rules for Location (Pagination).”
Chapter 23A: Journal Articles on the Example Citations Updated author names for citation examples in “7. Journal article on
Internet the Internet with compound author surnames.”
Chapter 23A: Journal Articles on the Example Citations Updated citation example with location/pagination information for
Internet “36. Journal article on the Internet with location/extent expressed as
an article number.”
Chapter 23A: Journal Articles on the Example Citations Added notes to citation examples for “39. Journal article on the
Internet Internet with DOI provided” and “42. Journal article on the Internet
with note.”
Chapter 24A: Entire Databases/ Citation Rules with Added rule about no authors or editors found to “General Rules for
Retrieval Systems on the Internet Examples Author/Editor.”
Chapter 24A: Entire Databases/ Examples of Citations Added date information to citation example “37. Database/retrieval
Retrieval Systems on the Internet system on the Internet with supplemental note included.”
Chapter 24B: Parts of Database/ Examples of Citations Added citation example to “7. Part of a database on the Internet with
Retrieval system on the Internet a date of update/revision.”
Chapter 26C: Blogs Examples of Citations Minor correction to citation example for “30. Contribution to a blog
on the Internet by someone other than the blog owner.”
Appendix A: Abbreviations for Minor corrections.
Commonly Used English Words in
Journal Titles
Appendix B: Additional Sources for Revised the resources for the “Source List.”
Journal Title Abbreviations
Appendix F: Notes for Citing 1. For Author Added rule about distinguishing authorship from contributor to
MEDLINE® /PubMed® “MEDLINE/PubMed” in “1. For Author.”
Appendix F: Notes for Citing 5. For Journal Title Added information to clarify type of medium to “MEDLINE/
MEDLINE® /PubMed® PubMed” in “1. For Author” and “5. For Journal Title (Journal Title
Abbreviation).”
Appendix F: Notes for Citing 10. For Location Added new section “10. For Location (Pagination or Notes).”
MEDLINE® /PubMed®
Change Log for May 7, 2008

Chapter 1A: Journal Articles Citation Rules with Added information about content designator and other article types to the
Examples “General Rules for Article Type.”
Chapter 1A: Journal Articles Citation Rules with Added citation examples to “Options for issues” in “Specific Rules for Issue
Examples Number.”
Chapter 1A: Journal Articles Citation Rules with Added rule and citation examples to “Other types of material to include in
Examples notes” in “Specific Rules for Notes.”
Chapter 1A: Journal Articles Examples of Citations Added citation examples to “24. Journal article with type of article
indicated” and “75. Other types of notes for journal articles.”
Chapter 3C: Parts of Conference Sample Citation and Updated introduction with information about the conference titles for
Papers Introduction conference proceedings and added an additional citation diagram for a
title for the book of proceedings as well as a conference title.
Chapter 3C: Parts of Conference Examples of Citations Updated citation example for “7. Part of a paper with a constructed title.”
Papers
Chapter 12: Papers and Poster Citation Rules with Added citation examples to “Conference Proceedings for Paper or Poster
Sessions Presented at Meetings Examples Presented” for “1. Standard paper presented with a separate name for the
conference;” “2. Standard paper presented without a separate name for the
conference;” “3. Standard poster presented with a separate name for the
conference;” “4. Standard poster presented without a separate name for
the conference;” and “15. Paper/poster with optional specific location of
the conference.”
Chapter 15: Books and Other Citation Rules with Changed [videorecording] to [videocassette] in citation example for
Individual Titles in Audiovisual Examples “Audiovisual titles not in English” in the “Specific Rules for Title.”
Formats
Chapter 15: Books and Other Examples of Citations Changed [videorecording] to [videocassette] in citation example for “24.
Individual Titles in Audiovisual Audiovisuals with editors when there is no author.”
Formats
on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk Examples “General Rules for Article Type.”
Chapter 19A: Journal Articles Citation Rules with Added citation examples to “Options for dates” in “Specific Rules for Date
on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk Examples of Publication,” and “Options for issues” in “Specific Rules for Issue
Number.”
Chapter 20: Databases on CD- Citation Rules with Added rules and examples to “Titles containing a Greek letter, chemical
ROM, DVD, or Disk Examples formula, or another special character” in “Specific Rules for Title.”
on the Internet Examples “General Rules for Article Type.”
Chapter 23A: Journal Articles Citation Rules with Added citation examples to “Options for dates” in “Specific Rules for Date
on the Internet Examples of Publication,” “Options for issues” in “Specific Rules for Issue Number,”
and “Other types of material to include in notes” in “Specific Rules for
Notes.”
Chapter 23A: Journal Articles Examples of Citations Corrected citations for “15. Journal article on the Internet with optional
on the Internet article type” and “42. Journal article on the Internet with note.”
Chapter 24A: Entire Databases/ Citation Rules with Added links to Appendixes D and E to “Organizations as author” in
Retrieval Systems on the Examples “Specific Rules for Author/Editor.”
Internet
Chapter 24C: Contributions to Citation Rules with Changed “Extent (Pagination)” from optional to required.
Databases on the Internet Examples
Chapter 26C: Blogs Sample Citation and Added citation example and information about citing parts of a blog.
Introduction
Chapter 26C: Blogs Citation Rules with Added links to citation examples to “Author/Editor for Blogs” for “29. Part
Examples of a blog on the Internet from the blog owner” and “30. Contribution to a
blog on the Internet by someone other than the blog owner.”
Chapter 26C: Blogs Citation Rules with Added rule to “General Rules for Date of Publication” about a closed blog.
Examples
Chapter 26C: Blogs Citation Rules with Added rule to “General Rules for Availability for Blogs” about providing a
Examples specific URL and a link to the citation example for “1. Standard citation to
a blog.”
Chapter 26C: Blogs Citation Rules with Added rules to “General Rules for Date of Publication” and “General Rules
Examples for Availability.”
Chapter 26C: Blogs Examples of Citations Added citation examples “29. Part of a blog on the Internet from the blog
owner,” and “30. Contribution to a blog on the Internet by someone other
than the blog owner.”
Appendix A: Abbreviations for Sample Citation and Added information and link for the ISSN International Centre’s “LTWA
Commonly Used English Words Introduction on-line – Index.”
in Journal Titles
Appendix B: Additional Sources Sample Citation and Added information about abbreviations and linked to Appendix A.
for Journal Title Abbreviations Introduction
Appendix F: Notes for Citing For Article Title Corrected citation example in “For Article Title.”
MEDLINE® /PubMed®
Appendix F: Notes for Citing For Article Type Added information about book reviews, editorials, and interviews in “For
MEDLINE® /PubMed® Article Type.”
Update for February 2008

Individual PDFs were released for all chapters and appendixes of Citing Medicine. Links to the PDF appear next
to the chapter title on the Table of Contents page, or to the right of the title in the chapter or appendix.
Update for October 2007

Citing Medicine was published on the NCBI Bookshelf.

Bookshelf NBK7256

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Bookshelf NBK7256

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Karen Patrias • Dan Wendling

Last Updated: August 5, 2020

National Library of Medicine (US)

2015 Foreword ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... xiii

Citing Published Print Documents .......................................................................................................................................... 1

Chapter 1 Journals .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 3

Chapter 3 Conference Publications .............................................................................................................................................................239

Chapter 4 Scientific and Technical Reports................................................................................................................................................319

Chapter 5 Dissertations and Theses.............................................................................................................................................................375

Chapter 6 Bibliographies ...............................................................................................................................................................................407

Chapter 8 Newspaper Articles .....................................................................................................................................................................493

Chapter 9 Maps ...............................................................................................................................................................................................517

Chapter 10 Legal Documents...........................................................................................................................................................................557

Citing Unpublished Material ........................................................................................................................................................ 559

Chapter 12 Papers and Poster Sessions Presented at Meetings ..............................................................................................................625

Chapter 13 Letters and Other Personal Communication...........................................................................................................................643

Chapter 14 Manuscripts and Preprints..........................................................................................................................................................673

Citing Audio and Visual Media (audiocassettes, videocassettes, slides,

Chapter 16 Journals in Audiovisual Formats...............................................................................................................................................789

Chapter 17 Prints and Photographs...............................................................................................................................................................855

Citing Material on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk .................................................................................................................... 909

Chapter 19 Journals on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk .......................................................................................................................................961

Chapter 20 Databases on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk ...................................................................................................................................1025

Chapter 21 Computer Programs on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk..................................................................................................................1077

Citing Material on the Internet (Online) ..........................................................................................................................1125

Chapter 22 Books and Other Individual Titles on the Internet .................................................................................................................1127

Chapter 23 Journals on the Internet...............................................................................................................................................................1235

Chapter 24 Databases/Retrieval Systems/Datasets on the Internet .......................................................................................................1333

Chapter 25 Web Sites .......................................................................................................................................................................................1441

Chapter 26 Electronic Mail and Discussion Forums ...................................................................................................................................1515

Appendix B Additional Sources for Journal Title Abbreviations ..............................................................................................................1649

Appendix C Abbreviations for Commonly Used English Words in Bibliographic Description..........................................................1651

Appendix D ISO Country Codes for Selected Countries ............................................................................................................................1653

Appendix F Notes for Citing MEDLINE® /PubMed®................................................................................................................................1661

Appendix Content Updates ...........................................................................................................................................................................1665

About this Book

Citing Published Print

A. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Journal Articles

Examples of Citations to Journal Articles

Citation Rules with Examples for Journal Articles

Author for Journal Articles (required)

Specific Rules for Author

Box 1. Surnames with hyphens and other punctuation in them.

Box 2. Other surname rules.

Box 2 continued from previous page.

Box 3. Given names containing punctuation, a prefix, a preposition, or particle.

Box 3 continued from previous page.

Iu. A. Iakontov becomes Iakontov IuA

Box 4. Degrees, titles, and honors before or after a personal name.

Box 5. Designations of rank in a family, such as Jr and III.

Box 6 continued from previous page.

Box 7. Organizations as author.

Box 7 continued from previous page.

Canadian Association of Orthodontists; Canadian Dental Association.

Box 7 continued from previous page.

Box 8. No author can be found.

Box 9. Options for author names.

Box 9 continued from previous page.

Examples for Author

Author Affiliation for Journal Articles (optional)

Specific Rules for Author Affiliation

Box 10. Abbreviations in affiliations.

Box 11. E-mail address included.

Box 11 continued from previous page.