discourse markers 1: linkers result 1 Ie was freezing cold, so I wore a thick coat 2 Trsnowed hand all night, Asa result the airport was dosed the following morning. ‘We regret that you do not have the necessary qualifications, and therefore / consequently wo are tnable to offer you the job. TT So isthe most common way of introducing a dause of resul. 2 Asa result, therefore, and consequently (more formal than so) are often used at the beginning of a sentence or clause. + When the mare sat the beginning of» clause, itis usually receded by a + Therefore and consequently can also be used before a main verb, eg. We have therefore | consequently decided not wo offer you the job 1 Thave stopped weiting to her, because / as / since she never answers me, 2 The plane was late hecause of the fog. Flight 341 has been delayed due to / owing to adverse weather conditions. 1 Because, as, and since (more formal) are used to introduce clauses giving. reason and are synonyms. Asis often used at the beginning of a sentence, eg. AS the weather is o awful, weve decided not to go out. 2 Because of due to, and owing 0 also express the reason for something. They are usually followed by a noun. + Due to and owing fo are more formal than because of purpose 1 Tid language course to in order to 0 as to improve my English 2 She closed the door quietly so as not to / in order not to wake the babs: 3 They moved to London so (that) they could see their grandchildren more often 44 Tm not going to tell Ann in case she tells everyone else, 1 To, i order fo and so as to Introduce a clause of purpose and are al followed by an infinitive, So as fo and in order to are more formal. 2. For negative purpose use in order not to or so as not to, NOT She closed the door o 3 Moucan also uses (an) con could + verb or will woud + ver o express purpose, You can eve out hat n informal spesch and wrlng « Rimustweso (hat) when tera change of sje inthe rest aus, gS pur arg over te bby 0 ha) he woul be co. 4 Ge incase + cluse when edo something inorder tobe ready fr Future Suton / problem orto aval hem contrast T We enjoyed the concer at we dda have very god seas Agnes as traced t the stranger, yet someting in bet head wa ling | firma to get cose wo bm. {We enjoyed the concert However, we dd hae ery god sa [gseus attracted to thestranger Nevertheless, someting in ber Bead vas eng er aot get close to i 2 Weenjored the concer although / ven though hough wedi have very aod ah 3 Imapt of being arated tothe stranger, something In Agnes head was telng her nor gt close him, Despite her atraction othe strange Despite the ft that she as atraced tothe trang 1 Butis the most common and informal way of introducing contrast, and is ‘normally used to link two contrasting points within a sentence Yer is used in the same way, but is more formal literary “However and nevertheless are normally used a the beginning ofa sentence, to connect it to the previous one. They are usually followed by a comma, + Nevertheless (or nonetheless is more formal j literary than however. 2 Bret though is more emphatic than clthough. Though s more common in informal spc. ‘A. Though can also be used at the end of a phrase as a comment adverb, eg, Hes very friendly ~ a bil mean, though. J 5 After inspite ofand despite you must use a gerund, a noun, or dhe act that > aus. Cirle the ight connector in each sentence Gren though) Despite shes working relly hard, don think shel be abl a calch up swith the est of he cats, 1 We cart afford to havea holiday tis year 1s /so weve got an overdraft at the bank 2 Gould ve rearrange my tietable so hat inense| dont have so many classes ona Friday afternoon? 3. ALthe meeting Cara stuck to her gun de fo / inspite ofthe fact that everybody was agaist he 4 The restaurant chain has had a very difelt year Nevertilse/ Axa rel they have Fro clove any of thelr eestarants, 5. He gets a good salary though since the job itelfis quite monotonous Circle the correct option according to register. ‘on any new stall 1 Tve been off work for the last three days because of/ owing to this nasty cough I've got 2 Jane texted me to say shes going to bea bit Tate so f consequently let's start without her 3 The company has reported declining sales this year, Nevertheless / But they have so far managed to avoid any staff cuts, 4 stopped at a service station to / in order to All up with perl. 5 [thought it was an amazing film, It was quite lopressing, though / however. 6 We sincerely apologize forthe delay, which was due to / because ofthe late arival of the incoming aircraft, Combine the two sentences using the bold ‘word(), making any necessary changes. We always switch off the TV at night. We doit swant to waste dectiiy, so as Weatways switch ofthe TV.at night sons nt owes electricity (Oui seats were a long way feom the stage. ‘We enjoyed the play. In spite ‘We took ages to get there, The taffie was heavy. because of 3 took the price off the bag. I didn’ want her to know how much ithad cost. so that 4. Keep the receipt for the sweater. Your dad might not like it, in case 5 Susanna isan only child, She ist at all spoilt. Even though 6 Prices have increased because production costs have risen, due to ‘MultiROM wawwoup.com/elt/englishfle/advanceda aetna 1 You can learn a language faster ifyou goto live in a country where itis spoken. 2 One should never erticize without being sure ofthe facts. 5 When we tak about an aecent, we must not confuse this with pronunciation, 4 They alvays say that it never too late to learm a new language. ‘They should make it compulsory for people to learn two foreign languages at school 5 If someone goes to live in a foreign country, they will have to get used to aadifferent way of life, Could the person who left their bag in the library please come end see me? “We offen use you to mean people in general, ‘We can also use one + 3rd person singular ofthe verb to mean people in general ‘One is more formal than you and is rarely used in spoken English. 3 We can also be used to make a general statement which includes the reader / listener. 4 In informal English, we also often use they to talk about other people in general, or people in authority, eg They always say... (they = people in general), They should make it compulsory... (they = the government). 5 Weooften use they, them, and their to refer to one person who may be male or female, instead or using he or she, his or her etc. reflexive and reciprocal pronouns 1 You need to look after yourself with that cold Hes very egocentric. He always talks about himself 2. managed to complete the crasswvord! I was realy pleased with myself, 5 We decorated the house ourselves. ‘Theres no way I'm going to do it for you. Do it yourself? 4 | dor’t feel very comfortable going to the cinema by myself 5 My ex-husband and I dorit talk to each other any more My miother and sister dorit understand one another at all 1 Weeden we eeciv pronouns when the subject and ajo fa verb re these peson Wecdor usually use reflexive pronouns wih wash, shave fel relax, concentrate NOt rex youre 2 Wealso we reflexive pronouns ater most prepositions when the complements hesameas these ‘A. Ait prepositions of plac, we wse object pronouns, not ellexve pronouns Sp th bget toa test NOP ent tera. 5 Ween ao we exe pronouns to capi eect cg We dered the house ourselves (= we did it, not professional decorators). 4 By + reflexive pronoun = alone, on your own 5 We use each eter or one another for reciprocal action, ie. A does the action to Band B does the action to A. + Compare They bout theses sme new shoes bought sme for 3) The bough eah other ome ne does (= Abought some oe B and B bought some fr A). itand there A bought some for A, and B 1 Its five miles to London. Its 10 odlock 2 Te-was great to hear that you and Martina are getting married! It used to be dificult to buy fresh pasta in the UK, but now you cam get it ‘everywhere. 3 There's a big crowd of people in the toven centre ‘There used to bea cinema in that street, but there ist one any more. | ‘There are three meetings this week 1 We use it + be to talk about time, temperature, and distance. 2 Wealso use it + be asa ‘preparatory’ subject before adjectives. It was great to hear from you is more natural than To hear from you was great. 3. Weise there + be + noun to say if people and things are present or exist (or not. You cannot use It. here. NOT fewsed-to be a cinemur it that street. Circle the right pronoun. Tick if you think both are possible “They hurt one another {hams quite badly when they fll off their motorbike 1 One You can often tell where people are fiom bythe way they dress 2 Can you put my case on the rack above ‘yourself you? 43 Marga and her sister look incredibly like eel other | ome another. Are they twins? 4 Anna is very unselfish ~ she never puts her herself fist. 5 Ether Suzie or Mark has left her their bag ‘behind, because theres only one in the back ofthe car. 6 When a person goes to live abroad it may take thems [him awhile wo pick up the language 7 They f One ay that eating tomatoes can help protect the body against certain diseases. Complete the sentence witha pronoun where necessary J most circumstances you should address people by their tile and surname 1 Tfanyone has not yet paid course Fes, should goto fegstration immediatly 2. Isabel very quick tempered. She finds it very hard to control 3. I wouldnt stayin that hotel __ say the rooms are tiny and the service is awful 4 There is a total lack of communication. They dont understand atl. 5 Mila gts distracted 10 easly. She doesnt concentrate very well 6 Are you going to have the flat repainted or will you doit? ‘There are ead of bookshelves in the la, which isgreatas—— can ever have too many! © Complete the sentences with itor there There wa a very intresting atc about inoern Isle in The Tis ester 1 Nowadays ‘ileal to text rom your ble wiley ditag hae Deen a lot of acidents aud by his 2 Look ba spelling mistake inthis word, shotld be not 3 How many miles isto Manchester from beret 3 corching ody. inst 35 degrees, ‘need to hurry The tn dest ice fr apes ‘snot worth buying the paper today ssc nothing interesting must be at EXITELD muttinom wwoup.com/elyengishfe/advanceddistancing seen | appear 1 Itseems / appears (that) there isa direct relation between your position in the family and your personality. ‘The new head of department seems / appears to be quite friendly. Excuse me. There seems to bea mistake with the bill. 2 Itwould seem / appear (that) Mr Young bad been using the ‘company’s assets to pay off his private debts. 1 We often use seem and appear to give information without stating that we definitely know itis true, and inthis way distancing ‘ourselves from the information ‘We can use It seems / appears + that + clause, or subject + seem / appear + infinitive. 2. We use It would seem / appear + that + clause to distance us even farther from the information, and to make it sound less sure. This is more formal than It seems / appears. ‘The passive with verbs of saying and reporting 1 Ttis said that using a washing machine saves people on average 47 miputesa day Ithas been announced by a White House spokesman that the President has been taken to hospital 2 The company director is expected to resign inthe next few days. ‘The missing couple are understood to have been living in Panama for the last five years. 13 There are thought to be over a thousand species in danger of extinction “Another way of distancing ourselves from the facts, expecially in formal seritten English, isto use the passive form of verbs lke say, think, ete, to introduce them. We ean use: 1 t+ passive vech + that + clause + Verbs commonly used in this pattern are: agree, announce, believe, expect, hope, report, say, suggest think, and derstand. 2 subject + passive vet + to + infinitive Verbs commonly used in this pattern are believe, expect report, say, think, and derstand. 3 There can also be used + passive verb 4-0 + infinitive, Compare: Tis said that there are more than five million people living in poverty in this country “There are said to be more than five milion people living in poverty in his country other distancing expressions: apparently, according fo, may / might 1 Apparently, Maurice and Wette have separated. 2 According to new researc, the idea that we have to drink two litres of water a day isa myth 3 Dinosaurs may have died out due wo extremely rapid climate change. There are rumours that the band, who disbanded in the late 80s, | __might be planing to reform and record anew album. 1 We can use apparently (usualy ether at the beginning or the end cof a phrase) to mean that we have heard / read something, but that it may not be true, This is very common In informal conversation. 2. We ean use according to to specify where information bas ‘come from. We use il to attribute opinions to somebody else (NOT According tome) 3. Using may / might also suggests that something is a possibility, but not necessarily true ‘a Complete the sentences with one word to distance the speaker from the information. Sometimes there is more than one passibility ‘Apparently, Lisa and Dani are going to get married. Have {you heard anything? 1 tt thatthe less children sk are to behave badly 20 appear that someone has been stealing personal items from the changing rooms 3 Mark to have aged alot over the last year. 4 He may not look i, but he is robe one of the ‘wealthiest people in the country te some sources, the latest research is seriously the more likely they awed. 6 Despite the fact that there will be an autopsy; his death have been from natural causes. are thought to be several reasons why the species died out, 8 The missing couple are believed financial difficulties 9 tis understood the near future. have had, the minister will be resigning in bb Rewrite the second sentence so that it means the same as the first People say that eating garlic stops you catching colds. Tt s said tht gating garlic stops you canching colds. 1 Apparently, people who work night shifts die younger, would —__ 2 Itis possible that the prisoners escaped to France “The prisoners may — = == 3. We expect that the Prime Minister will make a statement this afternoon, ‘The Prime Minister is 4 The company has announced that the new drug will go on sale shorty. h 5 People believe that impovernents in diet and lifestyle are responsible for the rise in life expectancy. Improvements in diet and lifestyle — {6 The manual says you have to charge the phone for at least 12 hours, According It appears that the government is intending to lower snterest rates "The government ——_____ 8 People have suggested that the painting isa fake. 2 9. It seems that there are more eyclists around than there used to be. There MultiROM_ wwww.oup.comy/elt/englshfile/advancedBee Oem (aC) modal verbs: must / may / might / must | can't! should 1 Mel and Trudy must be very well olf ~ they've got an enormous house ‘You must have seen him ~ he was standing right in front of you! 2 They can't be playing very well - they're losing 0-3. ‘You can / couldn't have spent very long on this essay ~ you've only written 100 words | 5 havent seen the sales manager today. He may / might / could be off ic The keys ofthe store cupboard have disappeared. Do you think someone may / might could have taken them? | He may / might not have heard the message [left on his voicemail 4 IL post the letter today, t should arrive on Frid: posted the leter a week ago. It should have arrived by now TAs well as fr obligation, we also use must + infinitive to say that we ae almost sre something is true about the present, and must have + past participle to ‘ay that we are almost sure something was true or happened in the past. 2 We use can't and car? fcouldvit + perfect infinitive (NOT mmastritf mmustr't ‘have) to say that we are almost sure that something, isnt true in the present ‘or did't happen / wasnt true in the past. 3 We use may / might could and may / might could + perfect infinitive to say that we think its possible that something is true in the present or was true / happened in the past. + Compare: ‘He might not have done it, (= Maybe he didn't doit.) He couldn't have done it. (= Iti impossible that he did it.) 4 Use should + infinitive or sould have + participle) to describe a situation you expect to happen (or would expect to have happened in the past). [A Compare the use of the infinitive and the continuous infinitive after these modals, ‘He must work relly hard. He never gets home before 9.00 p.m. = deduction about a habitual action ‘There’ a light on in his office. He must still be working. |_____=deduetion about an action in progress at the moment of speaking. adjectives and adverbs for speculation 1 He’s bound / sure to be here in a minute. He left an hour ago. She's sure to know, She’ an expert oa the subject, 2 I think she's likely to agree to our proposal ~ we've given her some very good reasons. ‘The doctors say that at his age he’s unlikely to recover. I think it’s very likely that the meeting will be over by 6.00. es unlikely that the government will raise interest rates this year 5 She'll definitely pass the exam, She's worked realy hard She definitely won't pass the exam. She hasrit done any work at all, He'll probably be here around 8,00. He usually leaves work at 7.30. He probably won't be here until about 8.15, He’ stuck ina traffic jam, 1 Bound and sure ae adjectives, We use be bound or be sure + infinitive tay that you think something Is certain tobe true oto happen. 2 Likely / unlikely are also adjectives (not adverbs). We can se subject + belie unlikely + nitive ors key [ely + that + clause. 2 Dainty an probaly ae avers They s0 eae mln verb and afte the auxiary (if there i one) n= sentences and before the ausiary verb in [Elsentences, + With be they go after the verb in sentences and before tin =Isentences tg Hes probably British, The painting definitely ft gerne ‘A. be Fikly to and will probably are very smile in meaning, bat be key to is more formal. Compare: | The new coach i iely tobe appointed tdey. | The new coach will probably be appointed ray. Right (7) or wrong (X)? Correct the mistakes in the highlighted phrases. "A. When’ fim ariving? B rs not sure, bathe work likely be here before 7.00. X tit likely tobe here 1 My glasses ret in their usual place. Someone must move them 2 A Do youknow where Ann is? B She should be inthe library. Thats where she said she was going 3A Whats that noise in the garage? BT think i canbe the neighbour eat. 4 Tim sure Barcelona will win tonight. They‘ u tolose three times running 1 dont think we should use that photo of Tina in the brochure. She wont definitely ike it 6 Julian is bound be até he awaysis No one’ answering the phone atthe shop. They've probably gone home. 8 I dont think Marta has gone to bed yet I think she rst stil study. 9 Its quite likely that the boss wll retire ina year or two. key Rewrite the sentences using the bold word. Perhaps Luke has got lost. He has no sense of direction, MIGHT Lake might have got lost. He has no sense of direction. 1 [dont think hell have time to callin and see us. Hes got a very tight schedule. PROBABLY — He has a very tight schedule 'm not sure she'l ever get aver the break-up. MAY she the break-up. 43 They will probably have heard the news by now SHOULD They ______now. 4 Tim sure I didn’t leave my credit card in the restaurant. [remember putting it in my wallet. CANT remember putting it in my wallet. 5 Tim sue your sister wil lke the scar, I just her style. BOUND Your sister Its just her style 6 The company decor probably wort resign, despite the disastrous sles gates. UNLIKELY The company diector dlsgstrou sales gures. Tm sue he was i love with her otherwise he ‘would have marcel he, Must He marred et 8 Are you sure you locked the back door? DEFINITELY Did the back door? 4 According to press reports, the couple wll probably gu divorced soon. = LIKELY According to pes reports its despite the ‘otherwise he wouldnt have END muitizom wwoup.comyetyengishfile/advancedTike your shirt. Has Harry got one just like it? B Talking of Harry, did he yet the job he applied for? So let's meet at five oelock then. By the ‘way / Incidentally, could you possibly Jend me some money until the weekend? ‘To change the direction of a conversation, but making a link with what has just been said. [istauodace someting yor fave fun thougitof oo change the mit complete. DT CP aero eT Tani Rv Crestt cd ‘A’ Did you see the match lst night? B NoI didnt, Actually / In fact / Asa matter of fact I dant really like football We diditt go away at the weekend because I had too much werk. Ia any ease / Anyway the weather was awful, so we didhit miss anything. information, a digression, Yes, it was aba nobody was killed, though. ‘Toms coming to the meeting, or at least he said he was wying, if Mark gets the job swell have to reorganize the department less definite, after you have been prefer the one nest othe ih [Think we shoud buy tet, After al well never find them anywhere cheaper than this, az [dont think Ft come wo Nic part Japan unless you can speak the language. ‘oing to have to clean the kitchen again, “To introduce a positive point after some negative information. ‘To make what you have just said ‘To introduce additional surprising or unexpected "To introduce the idea that what you said before is less important than what you are going to say. ‘To return to the main topic after ‘To eum to a previous subject ofen errupted. On the whole [think ht omen) T generalize mb bette eunalts tin en like both flats but all in all, think [To say that youare taking irl, __| everything into consideration, ‘To introduce a strong argument that the other person may not hhave taken into consideration, | To add additional information twill finish very ate. Besides, ! won't | or arguments. know many people there, ly, my job involves computer | To introduce the most Important skills and people skills or fundamental point. Obrousy you cart grade clisin | T imtoduce afc hat avery clear to see or understand She’ very selfish. Tmean, she never | To make things clearer or give thinks about other people at all. more details. | Tot of people booed and some people | To say something again in ven [sean other word eal | anotber won complete dsc ease iy not ome ase when | To oy wha the eat woald be Youmake the ake Otherwisetin | sorting di nt happen ifthe situation were different, ‘That’ all you need to know about the travel arrangements. As far as accommodation is concerned, As regards / ling accommodation, the options are living with a family or living in a hall of residence. [The government are going to help first. | To introduce an exp ‘time buyers. That is to say, they are going to make mortgages more easily available (On (the) one hand, more young people today carry knives. On (the) other hand, the total number of violent crimes has dropped. just made. To introduce a new topie or to announce a change of subject. tion oF clarification of a point you have ‘To balance contrasting facts ‘or points. On the other hand is also used alone to introduce a ‘contrasting fact or point, MulfiROM wawwoup.com/etlengiishfile/advanced CCU SUL a. Girele the appropriate discourse markers in the dialogue. ‘A What a good film! [really enjoyed it. Didnt you? B Actually) Diidentay, 1 did't like it very ouch, A Why not? B ‘Basia /Afer al {thought it was incredibly far-fetched [couldn believe in the characters tall and the plot was totally implausible ‘A T wouldnt call it far-fetched. 24¢ least /n any case it wast supposed to bea true story B [ know, butit was st in a very specific historical period. Otherwise | Obviously you cant expect the dialogue to be totally authentic, 1 mean / on the other hand nobody knows exactly how people spoke inthe 17th century, but 5at east / anyway the period details should be right There vasa clock inthe king’ palace and they didnt ave clocks tnt the eighteeath century alin all? That ito say thought it was «pretty awl fl, [A Well have to agre to disagree then, By the way / Asa matter of fact do you know what tine the lst ain leaves? dont want to miss Otherwise / Tn any ease I have to t worry, we've got plenty of time, In fact / Besides, I think seve even got time to have something io eat. Do ‘you fancy a quick pizza? There's a good Ialian restaurant just round the corner. A Yes lets go, Ws Iwas saying / Talking of Italian food 1 ‘made a wonderful risotto with mushrooms lastnight. 'b Complete the sentences with appropriate discourse markers. Sometimes more than one answer may be possible. The food was delicious and the service was excellent. Allimall the meal was a great sucess Jason isan excellent teacher, although 1 think female teachers are usally beter with four-andi five-year-old ‘A Did you buy the shoes in the end B No, they were too expensive. And that I drt really like them that much, {really think you ought to apply forthe post of head of department. —___~_ youve got nothing o lose, and you might just gett, wha knows? 4A T've just read a brilliant book shat Simon lent me. B ____ Simon, dd you know hes moving o New York? [A How seas your day B Fine. [finished work a bit earlier than usual, did you remember Teas a very grey over decided A Do your wife’ parents live near you then? B » they live in the flat below us. It not ideal but it does have some advantages. 8 They've employed me asa kind of troubleshooter ~ ____ somebody who sorts out problems whenever they occur. 9 —__ salary _. you il pido the 3th or Sistofeach ment, witha bonus in December and in uly 10 Youll better hurry up with your homework you wont beable to watch TV tonight. 1 Tats nt ibe slaton s—_—_ buying our ‘oon pce would men so hang to ast mor et but Fmt sre we can really aon or agess] can, must, should, ought to, had better T Teouldnit take any photos in the gallery so bought some postcards ofthe paintings. Passengers on the bus musta distract the driver, We should / ought to go home on the motorway ~ its much quicker. 2 We should have / ought to have gone home on the motorway ~ it would Ihave been quicker, 3 You'd better post the parcels today or they wont get therein time, "The most common modal verbs for talking about permission and obligetion are can / could, mus, and should ought to. 2 We ean use should have or ought to have + past participle to talk about past events which did not happen and which we regret. 3 Had betteris stronger and more urgent than should | ought to and is often used to give strong advice or a warning, It normally refers to the immediate future. + The negative Is had better not NOT hadh't beter. hhave to / have got to 1 All passengers will have to fill in an immigration form on arrival ‘You don’t have to tip here unless you think the service was especially good. 2 ve got to buy a birthday present for my brother, Pe CMC CLC DTCs tity 4 Complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first. We couldn't go out at night when we were at boarding school We werent allowed tag uta nih when we were at boarding schoo! 1 Officially you musts park ere ~but everyone does. You arent here, Put that cigarette out. This is a no-smoking area. You'd 3 —Thisisa no-smoking area 5 Tregret losing my temper lastnight 1 shouldt —__ —___ last night. 4 You can't take flash photographs in this museum. Flash photography is a in this museum, 5 Wearing a seat belt in the back seat ofthe car is 5 Wencedi't have booked / didn’t need to book a table. The restaurants empty! 4 We had plenty of petrol so we didn't need to stop, which saved time. ‘We use need / dort need + to + infinitive to say that something Is necessary / unnecessary, You can use these forms for habitual, general, and specificnecesiy. 2 When we want to say that something is unnecessary on a specific occasion, swe can also use needtt + infinitive without to «+ We use donit need to (NOT need) for habitual or general necessity ‘eg, I dont need to wear glasses. My eyesight stil good. NOT i need 3 When something was not necessary, but you did it, we can use either needn't hhave + past participle or didn’ need to + infinitive. “4 When something was not necessary, so you did not doit, you must use didnt need to, NOT He hand plenty of petrot-so we needa . be able to, be allowed to, be permitted to, be supposed to T From tomorrow we won't be able to park in this street. ‘You're not allowed to smoke in any public buildings in our country, 2 It is not permitted to take mobiles into the exam room. 3 We are supposed to check in at 330, Whats the time now? You aren't supposed to park here — its @ hospital entrance. T We often use be able to or be allowed fo + infinitive to talk about what is possible or permitted instead of can, particularly when we want to use a form ‘which can does not have. 2 be permitted to + infinitive is used in formal situations, e.g. notices and ‘announcements, to say what can / can't be done according to the law or to rules and regulations. A. We do not use it followed by be allowed fo NOT itr allowed to-take mobiles inte the exam: room: 3 We can alo use be supposed fo + afative to say what people should or Tous do, often because of rules Tete isften a suggestion that the rules sree ecearly obeyed eg Students ae not supposed fo have quests efter 1200, but everyone does 1) We also use have to to express obligations, It ean be used in any tense. igaenntltony heb 2 Weean also use have got foto expres obligation, bt itis normally used for Ye re specific occasions rather than repeated or general obligations. ea 6 Swimming inthe lke tity prohibited. need ‘You arent — =i in the lake. T You usally need to check nat least two hours before a fight leaves, PWecheakeh pmatanenemnsn Tdoatt need to take a jacket. ts going tobe hot today Fee a i 2 You needett lock the car. Nobody will steal it inthis vlge. a 8 The best thing to do would be to get specialist advice. You really —___ specialist advice. 9 I must finish the sales report by Friday. Te by Friday, 10 You dorithave to bring your ear ~ we can go in mine. mie = we can go) ‘Complete the sentences with three words, If you don't finish your homework, you won't be able to watch TV. 1 You dont _to go into the at gallery. Entrance is free 2 Smoking —__ anywhere om the aircraft. Anyone caught smoking will be severely punished. 3 Youd —___late - you know what Jane is like about punctuality! 4 You back before next month. I'm in no hurry forthe money. 5 You you didnt like the pasta, You know how sensitive he is about his cooking. 6 twas a diffieule journey because we —_—_ trains three times. ‘Alot of people think that governments SIO ESS ore to protect young peoples health. 8 You arent ___ your mobile phone when. you are driving 9 We sweaters afterall ~ it really warm! 10 Am ‘a suit to the wedding or is it {uite informal? MultiROM_ viwwoup.com/elt/englshfile/advanced