PROBLEM:

A HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT IS USED TO

MEET THE DEMAND FOR ELECTRICITY OF
SELECTED COMMUNITIES. THE DEMAND PER
MONTH IS SHOWN BELOW. THE HEAD WATER
LEVEL IS 600m. WHILE THE TAILWATER LEVEL IS
500m. THE HEAD LOSS IS ABOUT 5% OF THE NET
HEAD. THE GENERATOR EFFICIENCY
IS 93%. WHILE THE TURBINE HAS AN EFFICIENCY
OF 86%.
 MONTH KW MONTH KW
JANUARY 5000 JULY 6500
FEBRUAR 5500 AUGUST 5000
Y
MARCH 7000 SEPTEMBER 4000
APRIL 9500 OCTOBER 4500
MAY 8500 NOVEMBER 6000
JUNE 6000 DECEMBER 5500
ILLUSTRATION: 2. HYDROGRAPH

MEPPLANTLAB / TK51
PLATE NO. 2 : HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT -1
DEL PILAR , KATHLEEN A. 201610322
3. MEAN DISCHARGE

GIVEN:
HHW = 600m ηTURBO = 86%
HTW = 500 m ηGENERATOR = 93%
HLOSS = ( 5 % ) HNET

FIND : FLOWRATE ( m3 / MONTH )

SOLUTION:
 P = Q * γ * HNET * η
WHERE: HNET = HG - HL ;
HG = HHW - HTW
HNET = [ 600m - 500m ] - HL
HNET = [ 100m ] - 0.05 HNET
HNET = 95.2381 meters

A. JANUARY:

P = Q * γ * HNET * η
5000 KW =(Q)(9.81KN/m3) (95.2381m ) (0.93) (0.86)
Q = 6.6913 m3/s (3600 s/Hr) ( 720 Hrs/MONTH)
Q = 17343849 m3 / MONTHS

DEL PILAR , KATHLEEN A. 201610322

 4000 KW =(Q)(9.81KN/m3) (95.2381m ) (0.93) (0.86)

F. JUNE:
Q = 5.3530 m3/s (3600 s/Hr) ( 720 Hrs/MONTH)
P = Q * γ * HNET * η Q = 13874976 m3 / MONTHS
6000 KW =(Q)(9.81KN/m3) (95.2381m ) (0.93) (0.86)
Q = 8.0295m3/s (3600 s/Hr) ( 720 Hrs/MONTH) J. OCTOBER
Q = 20812464 m3 / MONTHS
P = Q * γ * HNET * η
G. JULY: 4500 KW =(Q)(9.81KN/m3) (95.2381m ) (0.93) (0.86)
Q = 6.0222 m3/s (3600 s/Hr) ( 720 Hrs/MONTH)
P = Q * γ * HNET * η Q = 15609542 m3 / MONTHS
6500 KW =(Q)(9.81KN/m3) (95.2381m ) (0.93) (0.86)
Q = 8.6987 m3/s (3600 s/Hr) ( 720 Hrs/MONTH) K. NOVEMBER
Q = 22547030 m3 / MONTHS
P = Q * γ * HNET * η
H. AUGUST: 6000 KW =(Q)(9.81KN/m3) (95.2381m ) (0.93) (0.86)
P = Q * γ * HNET * η Q = 8.0295 m3/s (3600 s/Hr) ( 720 Hrs/MONTH)
5000 KW =(Q)(9.81KN/m3) (95.2381m ) (0.93) (0.86) Q = 20812464 m3 / MONTHS
Q = 6.6913 m3/s (3600 s/Hr) ( 720 Hrs/MONTH)
Q = 17343849 m3 / MONTHS L. DECEMBER
P = Q * γ * HNET * η
I. SEPTEMBER 5500 KW =(Q)(9.81KN/m3) (95.2381m ) (0.93) (0.86)
P = Q * γ * HNET * η Q = 7.3604 m3/s (3600 s/Hr) ( 720 Hrs/MONTH)
Q = 19078156m3 / MONTHS
 DEL PILAR , KATHLEEN A. 201610322

Ʃ Q TOTAL = 253219473 m3 / month

QMEAN = Q TOTAL / 12
QMEAN = 253219473 m3 / month / 12
QMEAN = 21101622 m3 / month

PERCENT TIME OF USAGE:

MONTH KW DISCHARGE NO. OF MONTHS % TIME
JANUARY 5000 17343849 10
FEBRUARY 5500 19078156 8
MARCH 7000 24281337 3
APRIL 9500 32953132
MAY 8500 29484518
JUNE 6000 20812464
JULY 6500 22847030
AUGUST 5000 17343849
SEPTEMBER 4000 13874976
OCTOBER 4500 15609542
NOVEMBER 6000 20812464
DECEMBER 3500 19078156
PROBLEM:
IN A STEAM POWER PLANT, STEAM ENTERS THE HIGH-PRESSURE TURBINE AT 150 BAR ANS 550 °C.
THE
CONDENSER PRESSURE IS 0.075 BAR. THE STEAM FLOW RATE IS 300 TONS/HR, IT HAS THREE CLOSE FEED
WATER HEATERS OPERATING AT 50 BAR, 10 BAR AND 3 BAR, RESPECTIVELY. THE SATURATED LIQUID
ENTERING THE THREE CLOSED FEET WATER HEATERS ARE THROTTLED. PERFORM ENERGY BALANCE TO
CHECK THE WORK NET.

WHAT TO DO:

1. SKETCH THE T-S AND SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM. DETERMINE THE THERMAL EFFICIENCT AND THE
POWER GENERATED.
2. RESOLVE ITEM: (a) IF STEAM IS REHEATEAD AT 20 BAR AND 500 TONS. ALSO, DRAW THE NEW T-S AND
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAMS.
3. RESOLVE THE ITEM: (b) IF TWO OPEN FEED WATER HEATERS WILL BE ADDED TO THE SYSTEM
OPERATING AT 5 BAR AND 1.5 BAR, RESPECTIVELY. ALSO, SKETCH THE NEW T-S AND SCHEMATIC
DIAGRAMS.
 MEPPLANTLAB / TK51
PLATE NO. 3: STEAM POWER PLANT -1
DEL PILAR , KATHLEEN A. 201610322

DEL PILAR , KATHLEEN A. 201610322

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM T-S DIAGRAM
GIVEN: X8 = 0.98604
P1 = 0.0075 BAR = 7.5 KPa H8 = hf + X8 (hfg) @Pt. 15: SATURATED LIQUID
P6 = 150 BAR = 15 KPa H8 = 762.51 + 0.98604(2014.6) h15 = hf @ P15 = 300 KPa
T6 = 550 °C H8 = 2748.99 KJ/Kg h15 = 561.43 KJ/Kg
P7 = 50 BAR = 5 MPa
P8 = 10 BAR = 1 MPa @Pt. 9: S6 = S9 @Pt. 16: AFTER TRAPPED STEAM
P9 = 3 BAR = 300 KPa S9 = Sf + X9 ( Sf9 ) h15 = h16 = 561.43 KJ/Kg
m = 300 TONS/HR = 83.33 Kg/s 6.5230 = 1.6717+ X9 (5.3200)
X9 = 0.91189 @ Pt. 5: COMPRESSED LIQUID
SOLUTION: H9 = hf + X8 (hfg) T5 = T11 = TSAT @ 5 MPa
@ Pt. 1: SATURATED LIQUID H9 = 561.43 + 0.91189(2163.5) T11 = T5 = 263.94 °C
h1 = hf @ P1 = 7.5 KPa H9 = 2534.30 KJ/Kg h5 = h @ P5 & T5
h1 = 168.75 KJ/Kg h5 = 1153.503 KJ/Kg
V1 = 0.001008 m3 / Kg @Pt. 10: S6 = S10
S10 = Sf + X10 ( Sf10 ) @ Pt. 4: COMPRESSED LIQUID
@ Pt. 2: COMPRESSED LIQUID 6.5230 = 0.5763 + X10 (7.6738) T4 = T13 = TSAT @ 1 MPa
h2 = h1 + V1 ( P2 - P1 ) X10 = 0. 77494 T13 = T4 = 179.88 °C
h2 = 168.75 + 0.001008 ( 15000-7.5 ) h10= hf + X8 () h4 = h @ P4 & T4
h2 = 183.86 KJ/Kg h10 = 168.75 + 0.77494(2405.3) h4 = 769.802 KJ/Kg
h10 = 2032.71 KJ/Kg
@ Pt. 3: COMPRESSED LIQUID
@ Pt. 6: SUPERHEATED @Pt. 11: SATURATED LIQUID T3 = T15 = TSAT @ 300 KPa
h6 = h @ P6 AND T6 h11 = h @ P11 T15 = T3 = 133.52 °C
h6 = 3450.4 KJ/Kg h11 = 115.5 KJ/Kg h3 = h @ P3 & T3
S6 = 6.5230 KJ/Kg h3 = 571.38 KJ/Kg
@ Pt. 12: AFTER TRAPPED STEAM
h11 = h12 = 1154.5 KJ/Kg
@ Pt. 7: S6 = S7
h7 = 3115.54 KJ/Kg
@Pt. 13: SATURATED LIQUID
h13 = hf @ P13 = 1 MPa
@Pt. 8: S6 = S8 h13 = 762.51 KJ/Kg
S8 = Sf + X8 ( Sf6 ) @Pt. 14: AFTER TRAPPED STEAM
6.5230 = 2.1381 + X8 (4.4470) h13 = h14 = 762.51 KJ/Kg

DEL PILAR , KATHLEEN A. 201610322

@ CFWH: 50 BAR = 5 MPa
WP = h2 - h1b= 183.86 KJ/Kg - 168.75 KJ/Kg
WP = 15.11 KJ/ Kg

WT = [3450.4 - 3115.54] + [1 - 0.19566] [3115.54 - 2748.99] +

[1 - 0.19566 - 0.06128] [2748.99 - 2534.304] + [1 - 0.195
EIN = EOUT 66 - 0.01628 - 0.17024] [2534.304 - 2032071]
m1 ( h7 ) + h4 = m1 ( h11 ) + h5 WT = 1076.54 KJ/Kg
m1 (3115.54) + 769.802 = m1 (1154.5) + 1153.503
m1 = 0.19566 QIN = h6 - h5 = 3430.4 KJ/Kg - 1153.503 KJ/Kg
QIN = 2296.897 KJ/Kg
@ CFWH: 10 BAR = 1 MPa
QOUT = [1 - m1 - m2 - m3][h10] + [ m1 + m2 + m3][h1]
QOUT = [1 - 0.19566 - 0.06128 - 0.17024][2032.71] + [0.19566 +
0.06128 + 0.17024][168.75]
QOUT =1236.464 KJ/Kg
EIN = EOUT
m2 (h8) + m1 (h12 ) + h3 = (m1 + m2) h13 + h4 WNET = [WT - WP]
m2 (2748.99) + 0.19566 (1154.5 ) + 571.38 = (0.19566 + m2) 762.51 + WNET = [1076.54 - 15.11]
769.802 WNET = 1061.43 KJ/Kg
m2 =0.06128
WNET = [QIN - QOUT]
WNET = [2296.897 - 1236.464]
WNET = 1061.43 KJ/Kg
@ CFWH: 3 BAR = 300 KPa
%TH = [WNET / QIN] x 100
%TH = [1061.43 / 2296.897] x 100
%TH = 46.21 %

PNET = Ms [ WNET ]
EIN = EOUT PNET = 83.33 Kg/s [ 1061.43 KJ/Kg ]
m3 (h9) + (m1 + m2) h14 + h3 = (m1 + m2 + m3) h15 PNET = 88448.96 KW
m3 = 0.17024 PNET = 88.45 MW

DEL PILAR , KATHLEEN A. 201610322

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM T-S DIAGRAM

DEL PILAR , KATHLEEN A. 201610322

PROBLEM:

A FLASH GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT EXTRACTS 300 Kg/s OF SATURATED LIQUID AT 6 MPa. THE
CONDENSER PRESSURE IS 10 KPa. THE ISENTROPIC EFFICIENCY FOR THE TURBINE IS 90%. THE SEPARATOR
OPERATES AT 1.7 MPa AND THE VAPOR EXITING THE SEPARATOREXPANDS TO THE CONDENSER PRESSURE.

1. SKETCH THE SHEMATIC AND T-S DIAGRAMS. DETERMINE THE OVERALL EFFICIENCY.
2. RESOLVE ITEM (a) BY ADDING 2ND SEPARATOR THAT OPERATES AT 0.75 MPa. THE VAPOR EXITING THE 2 ND SEPARATOR
EXPANDS TO THE NEXT LOWER PRESSURE. ALSO, DRAW THE NEW SCHEMATIC AND T-S DIAGRAMS.
3. RESOLVE ITEM (b) ADDING A 3RD SEPARATOR THAT OPERATED AT 0.2 MPa. THE VAPOR EXISTING THE 3 RD SEPARATOR
MIXES WITH THE MASS LEAVING THE 2ND TURBINE BEFORE THE MIXTURE EXPANDS TO THE CONDENSER PRESSURE.
ALSO, SKETCH THE NEW SCHEMATIC AND T-S DIAGRAMS.

FOR 1. SCHAMTIC DIAGRAM AND T-S DIAGRAM:

MEPPLANTLAB / TK51
PLATE NO. 4: GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT -1
DEL PILAR , KATHLEEN A. 201610322
SOLUTION:
@ Pt. 1: SATURATED LIQUID
h1 = hf @ [P = 6 MPa]
h1 = 1213.8 KJ/Kg

@ Pt. 2
h1 = h2 = 1213.8 KJ/Kg

h2 = hf + X2 (hfg)
1213.8 = 871.438 + X2 (1922.96)
X2 = 0.178039

X2 = m3 / mT
0.178039 = m3 / 300
m3 = 53.4117 Kg/s

m6 = mT - m3
m6 = 300 - 53.4117
m6 = 246.583

@ Pt. 3
h3 = hf @ [P = 1.7 MPa]
h3 = 2794.36 KJ/Kg
S3 = 6.39876

@ Pt. 4
S3 = S4 - 10 Kpa
S4 = 6.39876
S4 = Sf + X4 ( Sfg )
6.3987 = 0.6492 + X4 (7.4916)
X4 = 0.766648
 DEL PILAR , KATHLEEN A. 201610322
h4 = 2102.5738 KJ/Kg
h4 = hf + X4 ( hfg )
h4 = 191.81 + 0.766648 (2392.1) WT = m3 [h3 - h4]
h4 = 2025.71 KJ/Kg WT = 53.4117 [2794.36 - 2102.5738]
WT = 102057.1436
@ Pt. 5: SATURATED LIQUID
h5 = hf @ [P = 10 KPa]
h5 = 191.81 kj/kG %TH = WT / MT [h1 - h0] X 100
%TH = WT / MT [h1 - (@25°C)]
@ Pt. 6 %TH = 36949.4726 / 300 [1213.8 - 104.89] x 100
h6 = hf @ [P = 1.7 MPa] %TH = 11.11 %
h6 = 871.438 KJ/Kg

EFFICIENCY:

0.90 = h3 - h4 / h3 - h4
0.90 = 2794.36 - h4 / 27974.36 - 2025.71
GIVEN: m3 = 53.4117 Kg/s

DEL PILAR , KATHLEEN A. 201610322

m6 = 246.583 Kg/s
h1 = 1213.8 KJ/Kg
mT = 300 Kg/s
h2 = 1213.8 KJ/Kg
h3 = 2794.36 KJ/Kg
h4 = 2025.7086 KJ/Kg
h4 = 2102.5738 KJ/Kg
h5 = 191.31 KJ/Kg SOLUTION:
h6 = 871.438 KJ/Kg
@ Pt. 7
h7 = hf @ [P = 0.75 MPa]
h7 = 871.438 KJ/Kg
871.438 = 709.24 + X7 (2056.4)
X7 = 0.078747
X7 = m8/m6
0.078747 = m8/246.583
m8 = 19.44916 Kg/s
@ Pt. 8
h8 = hg @ [P = 0.75 MPa]
h8 = 2765.7 KJ/Kg
S8 = S9 = 6.6837
S8 = Sf + X9 (Sfg)
6.6837 = 0.6492 + X9 (7.4996)
X9 = 0.8046429
@Pt. 9
hg @ [P=10 KPa]
h9 = 191.81 + 0.8046 (2392.1)
FOR 2. SCHAMTIC DIAGRAM AND T-S DIAGRAM:
h9 = 2116.5962 KJ/Kg
%TH = WT / MT [h1 - h0] X 100
@ Pt. 10 %TH = 48294.04192 / 300 [1213.8 -
hf @ [P = 0.75 MPa] 104.89]x 100
h10 = 709.24 KJ/Kg %TH = 14.52 %
EFFICIENCY:
η = h8 - h9 / h8 - h9
0.90 = 276537 - h9 / 2765.7 - 2116.5963]
h9 = 2182.4067 KJ/Kg
WT = m3 [h3 - h4] + m8 [h8 - h9]
WT = 48294.0419 KW
QOUT = m8[h9] + m3[h4] - [m5 +m3]h5
QOUT = 140772.5764 KW
 DEL PILAR , KATHLEEN A. 201610322

FOR 3. SCHAMTIC DIAGRAM AND T-S DIAGRAM:

 DEL PILAR , KATHLEEN A.
GIVEN:
h1 = 1213.8 KJ/Kg
h2 = 1213.8 KJ/Kg
h3 = 2794.36 KJ/Kg
h4 = 2025.7086 KJ/Kg
h4 = 2102.5738 KJ/K
h5 = 191.81 KJ/Kg
h6 = 871.438 KJ/Kg
h7 = 871.438 KJ/Kg
h8 = 2765.7 KJ/Kg
h10 = 709.24 KJ/Kg
m3 = 53.4117 Kg/s
201610322
m6 = 246.583 Kg/s h10 = h11 = 709.24 @ 0.2 MPa
m8 = 19.4492 Kg/s h11 = hf @ [P=2.0 MPa] + X11 (hfg)
mT = 300 Kg/s 709.24 = 504.7 + X10 (2201.6)
X11 = 0.0929006177
SOLUTION:
@Pt. 9
S8 = S9 - 0.2 MPa
S9 = 6.6837
6.6837 = 1.5301 + X9 (5.5968)
X9 = 0.9207
h9 = 504.71 + 0.9207(2201.6)
h9 = 2531.9301 KJ/Kg
@ Pt. 11
 h13 = 2633.878672 KJ/Kg h15 = hf @ [P= 0.2 MPa]
h13 = hf + X13 (hfg) h15 = 504.71 KJ/Kg

DEL PILAR , KATHLEEN A. 201610322

EFFICIENCY: 2633.8786 = 504.71 + X13 (2201.6)
η = h8 - h9 / h8 - h9 X13 = 0.967100596 WT = m3 [h3 - h4] + m8 [h8-h9] +
0.90 = 2765.7 - h9 / 2765.7 - 2531.93007 [m8 + m12][h13 -h14 ]
h9 = 2555.30709 KJ/Kg S13 = Sf + X13 (Sfg) @ [P=0.2MPa] WT = 53.4117[2794. 3 - 2102. 5738] +
S13 = 1.5802 + (0.967100596)(5.5968) 19.94916[2765. 7 - 2555.3 07] +
S13 = 6.942868 [19.44916 + 21. 10087] [2633.8786 -
m10 = m11
m11 = m6 - m8 = 246.583 - 19.44916 ; Kg/s 2242.723]
@ Pt. 14 WT = 56902.8154 KW
m11 = 227.13384 Kg/s
S13 = S14
6.942868 = 0.6492 + X14(7.4996) QT= [m8 + m12] [h14 ] + [m3] [h4 ]
X11 = m12/m11 X14 = 0.83920049
0.0929006177 = m12 / 227.13384 - [m8 + m12 ] [h5]
m12 = 21.10087 Kg/s QT = [19.44916 + 21.10087][2242.723] +
h14 = hf + X14 (hfg) 53.4117[2102.5738] - [19.44916 +
h14 = 191.81 + 0.83920049(2392.1) 21.10078][191.81]
@ Pt. 12 h14 = 2199.26149 KJ/Kg
h12 = hg @ [P = 0.2 MPa] QT = 195466.642 KW
h12 = 2706.3 KJ/Kg EFFICIENCY: %TH = WT / MT [h1 - h0] X 100
η = h13 - h14 / h13 - h14 %TH = 56902.8154 / 300 [1213.8 -
@ Pt. 13: FOR MIXING CHAMBER 0.90 = 2633.8786 - h14 / 2633.8786 - 2199.26149
m8 [h9] + m12[h12] = h13[m8 + m12] 104.89]x 100
h14 = 2242.7232 KJ/Kg %TH = 17.10 %
19.44916[2555.307] + 21.10087[ 2706.3] = h13
[ 19.44916 + 21.10087]
@ Pt. 15
PROBLEM:

A FOUR-CYLINDER, FOUR-STROKE DIESEL ENGINE IS USED TO GENERATE AN OUTPUT OF 200A AT 210V.

THE GENERATOR AND MECHANICAL EFFICIENCIES ARE 90% AMD 87%, RESPECTIVELY. THE QUANTITY OF
FUEL SUPPLIED TO THE ENGINE IS 10 KG/Hr WITH A MASS ANALYSIS OF 86.2% CARBON AND 13.8%
HYDROGEN. THE MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF THE FUEL IS 167.9 g/mol. ASSUME THAT THE PRODUCTS OF
COMBUSTION ARE CO2, H2O AND N2 WITH 20% EXCESS AIR. THE SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF THE FUEL USED IS
0.84 AND THE FORMULA FOR THE HIGHER HEATING BALUE FROM THE BUREAU OF STANDARD IS [HUV =
22,230 - 3,780 (S.G.2) BTU/lb. THE JACKET COOLING WATER FOR THE DIESEL ELECTRIC POWER PLANT FLOWS
AT 0.25 Kg/s WHICH IS FIRST USED TO LOWER THE TEMPERATURE OF THE LUBRIVATION OIL THROUGH AN
INDIRECT OIL COOLER. THE JACKET COOLING TOWER ENTERS THE OIL COOLER AT 29 °C AND LEAVES AT
32 °C IN WHICH IT WILL BE THEN USED TO COOL THE DIESEL ENGINE. THE JACKET COOLING WATER
LEABES THE ENGINE AT 60 °C. THE EXHAUST GAS TEMPERATURE IS 300 °C AND ABOUT 1.2 Kg OF STEAM IS
FORMED PER Kg OF FUEL. THE EXHAUST GAS IS COMPOSED OF STEAM AND DRY GAS WITH SPECIFIC
HEATS OF 2.1 KJ/Kg-K AND 1.02 KJ/Kg-K, RESPECTIVELY. THE AMBIENT TEMPERATURE IS 28°C.

WHAT TO DO:

1. DRAW THE SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF THE DIESEL ELECTRIC POWER PLANT.

2. DETERMINE AND CALCULATE ALL OF THE ENERGIES INVOLVED.
3. TABULATE AN ENERGY BALANCE SHEET.

MEPPLANTLAB / TK51
PLATE NO. 5: DIESEL ELECTRIC POWER PLANT -1
DEL PILAR , KATHLEEN A. 201610322
PLATE NO. 3: STEEL MANUFACTURING PROCESS MEINPROLAB / TK065 -1

DEL PILAR , KATHLEEN A. 201610322

DEL PILAR , KATHLEEN A. 201610322
GIVEN:

h1 = 1213.8 KJ/Kg
 h2 = 1213.8 KJ/Kg
h3 = 2794.36 KJ/Kg
h4 = 2025.7086 KJ/Kg
h4 = 2102.5738 KJ/Kg
h5 = 191.81 KJ/Kg
h6 = 871.438 KJ/Kg
h7 = 871.438 KJ/Kg
h8 = 2765.7 KJ/Kg
h10 = 709.24 KJ/Kg
m3 = 53.4117 Kg/s
m6 = 246.583 Kg/s
m8 = 19.4492 Kg/s
mT = 300 Kg/s

SOLUTION:
@Pt. 9
S8 = S9 - 0.2 MPa
S9 = 6.6837
6.6837 = 1.5301 + X9 (5.5968)
X9 = 0.9207

h9 = 504.71 + 0.9207(2201.6)
h9 = 2531.9301 KJ/Kg

DEL PILAR , KATHLEEN A. 201610322

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