Latin Notes

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1.07

Latin I Souvenirs 

Root  Meaning  Derivatives 

do, drive, discuss, live,
Ag (eg, act)  Agent, agile, transaction 
spend time 
Aud  hear  Audible, auditory, inaudible 
Cap (cep,
take  Captivity, inception 
capt) 
Ced (cess)  move, retreat, yield  Cessation, accede 
Duc (Duct)  lead, conduct, draw  Abduct, induction 
Fac (fec, fact)  do, make  Facility, effect 
Grat  pleasant, thank, favor  Gratify, gratuity, ingrate 
Ject  throw  Inject, abject, eject 
Mand
order, command, commit  reprimand, mandate 
(Mandat) 
Mitt (mit, mis,
send  Dismissive, emit, submission 
miss) 
Mon (monit)  warn  Premonitory, admonish, monitor 
Mov (mot)  move  Motion, movement 
Denounce, annunciation,
Nunt  tell, report, announce 
pronouncement 
Pon (pos)  put, place  Postpone, repose, imposition 
Port  carry  Portable, import 
Reg (rex)  guide, rule  Interregnum, regent, regency 
Scrib (script)  write  Inscribe, proscription, manuscript 
Serv  save, guard, protect  Conservancy, preservation 
Respectively, circumspect,
Spect  see, watch 
introspection 
Ten (tin, tent)  hold, keep  Attentive, contention
Attraction, extract, tractor,
Tract  draw, drag 
protracted 

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 Ven (vent)  come  Intervene, convent, circumvention 
Avocation, invocation, evoke,
Voc  call 
provocation

1.08
Latin Word  Pronunciation  Definition  Derivatives 

4
 avus, i, m.  grandfather  avuncular 
spouse, wife,
coniunx, coniugis   
husband 
Dux, ducis, m.  leader, general  conductor 
man, mankind,
homo, hominis, m.  homicide, homicidal 
human being 
lex, legis, f.  law  legal, legislator 
miles, militis, m.  soldier  military, militia 
manner, method, mode, modality,
modus, i, m. 
mode  modus vivendi 
pax, pacis, f.  peace  pacifist, pacific 
pompa, ae, f.  parade  pomp, pompous 
salus, salutis, f.  health, safety  salutary, salubrious 
saxum, i, n.  rock   
spatium, i, n.  space, time  spacious, spatial 
haughtiness,
superbia, ae, f.   
pride, arrogance 
tempestas, tempest,
storm 
tempestatis, f.  tempestuous 
qui, quae, quod  who, which, that   
quis, quid  who, what   
certus, a, um  fixed, sure  certainty, certain 
mutate, mutation,
mutatus, a, um  changed 
commute 
omniscient,
omnis, omne  all, every 
omnivorous 
haughty, proud,
superbus, a, um   
snobbish 
cerno, cernere, crevi, discrete, discretion,
discern, see 
cretus  discretionary 
colo, colere, colui, till, cultivate,
cult, culture, occult 
cultus  inhabit, worship 
consulo, consulere, consultant,
consult 
consului, consultus  consultation 
do, dare, dedi, datus  give  datum, data 
puto, putare, putavi, reputation, compute,
think 
putatus  impute 

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 relinquish,
relinquo, relinquere, abandon, leave
relinquishment,
reliqui, relictus  behind 
reliquary 
sto, stare, steti,
stand, stand up  station, stationary 
staturus 
ante (adverb and antebellum,
before 
preposition)  antecedent 
benediction,
bene  well 
benevolent 
fortasse  perhaps   
and so, and as a
itaque   
result 
tamen  nevertheless   
inter (+acc)  between, among  interact, intercede 
on account of,
ob (+acc)  obese, object 
because of, for 
ac  and   
nam  for   

1.09
To Review ... 

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 What is a declension? It is a group of nouns that have the same genitive singular
ending and use the same set of case endings. 

What is a dictionary entry for a noun? Each of our "prop" lists will use what we
call "dictionary entries". For nouns, that means they will be listed in this
order: puella, -ae, f. - girl; carrus, -i, m. - cart; verbum, -i, n. - word. 

1. the nominative singular: puella, carrus, verbum 

2. the genitive singular ending: -ae, -i, -i 

3. the gender: f. , m., n. 

4. definition: girl, cart, word 

At this point, review the endings for the First and Second Declension Nouns in
the Appendix /Noun/Case Endings. 

Third Declension   

You will recall that nouns of the first and second declensions drop the genitive
singular ending to find the noun stem. 

Examples: 

puell-

carr-

verb-

The same rules apply for Third Declension

Examples:

Dictionary Entries: 

 homo, hominis, m. - man 

 pax, pacis, f. - peace
 flumen, fluminis, n. - river

Noun Stem:

 homin-
 pac-

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  flumin

Third Declension Endings

Case  Masculine and Feminine  Neuter 
   Singular  Plural  Singular  Plural 
Nominative  --- (varied)  -ES  --- (varied)  -A (-IA) 
Genitive  -IS  -UM   -IS  -UM (-IUM) 
Dative  -I  -IBUS  -I  -IBUS 
Accusative  -EM  -ES  --- (varied)  -A (-IA) 
Ablative  -E  -IBUS  -E (-I)  -IBUS 

pax, pacis, f. - peace flumen, fluminis, n. river 

Case 
(stem = genitive singular minus (stem = genitive singular minus
the endings, pac-)  the endings, flumin-) 
   Singular  Plural  Singular  Plural 
Nominative  pax paces flumen flumina
Genitive  pacis pacum fluminis fluminum
Dative  paci pacibus flumini fluminibus
Accusative  pacem paces flumen flumina
Ablative  pace pacibus flumine fluminibus

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1.10
1.10 Noun-Adjective Agreement 
Remember the Golden Rule: 
Adjectives must agree in gender, number, and case (GNC) with the nouns
they modify; but not necessarily in ending. 

N.B.  There is NOTHING in the rule that says they must look alike or be in the
same declension!  Adjectives you have already learned STAY in the first and
second declensions! 

puella bona  agricola bonus  dux bonus  lex bona 

Singular  Singular              Singular  Singular 
puella bona  agricola bonus  dux bonus  lex bona 
puellae bonae  agricolae boni  ducis boni  legis bonae 
puellae bonae  agricolae bono  duci bono  legi bonae 
puellam bonam  agricolam bonum  ducem bonum  legem bonam 
puella bona  agricola bono  duce bono  lege bona 
Plural  Plural  Plural  Plural 
puellae bonae  agricolae boni  duces boni  leges bonae 
puellarum agricolarum bonorum  ducum bonorum  legum bonarum 
bonarum 
puellis bonis  agricolis bonis  ducibus bonis  legibus bonis 
puellas bonas  agricolas bonos  duces bonos  leges bonas 
puellis bonis  agricolis bonis  ducibus bonis  legibus bonis 

Nota Bene (NB): 

puella bona: both the noun and the adjective belong to first declension, so
the endings agree and match. 

agricola bonus: agricola belongs to first declension, but is masculine, so the

endings agree, but do not match. 

dux bonus: dux (masculine) belongs to third declension, bonus to first and
second, so the endings agree, but do not match. 

lex bona: lex (feminine) belongs to third declension, bona to first and

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 second, so the endings agree, but do not match. 

Making Translation Choices. 

Bonus agricola pueris pecuniam in casa dedit. 

1. The good farmer gave money to the boy in the house.

2. The boys gave money to the good farmer in the house.
3. The good farmer gave money to the boys in the house.
4. The good farmers gave money to the boys in the house.

Step one, look for things that are the same; they clearly don’t matter. So all 4 have
‘gave money’ and ‘in the house’.

Step two, look at what is different. Some sentences have the ‘good farmer’ and
some have the ‘good farmers’. Since ‘Bonus agricola’ is singular, you can
eliminate some choices. You are now left with:

1. The good farmer gave money to the boy in the house.

2. The boys gave money to the good farmer in the house.
3. The good farmer gave money to the boys in the house.

Some have ‘boy’ and some have ‘boys’. ‘pueris’ is plural, so you are left with:

2. The boys gave money to the good farmer in the house.

3. The good farmer gave money to the boys in the house.

Only one of these has ‘Bonus agricola’ as the nominative subject so the correct
answer is #3.

Let’s look at another:

Multae leges a hominibus in Roma scriptae sunt.

1. Many laws will be written by men in Rome.

2. Many laws were written by men in Rome.
3. Many laws will be written by the man in Rome.
4. Many laws were written by the man in Rome .

You notice that half of the sentences have man and half have
men. Since hominibus is plural, you have narrowed it down to two choices. 

1. Many laws will be written by men in Rome.

2. Many laws were written by men in Rome.

Now, we look at what’s different between them. Its either ‘were written’ or ‘will be

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 written’. Since scriptae sunt is perfect, #2 has to be the right answer.

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1.13
Latin Word  Pronunciation  Definition  Derivatives 
bracelet,
bracchium, i, n.  arm 
embrace 
incola, ae, m.  inhabitant   
cado, cadere, cecidi, cadence,
fall 
casus  casualty 
claim, clamor,
clamo -are -avi -atus  shout, cry out 
declamation 
gusto, gustare,
enjoy, eat  gusto 
gustavi, gustatus 
expel,
pello, pellere, pepuli,
drive  propulsion,
pulsus
repel 
possum posse potui
can, be able  potentiality
- 
premo premere
press, press hard  pressure 
pressi pressus 
redeo, redire, redii,
return   
rediturus 
loosen, but with ship is
solvo, solvere, solvi,
an idiom that means to solution, solute 
solutus 
set sail 
amoenus, a, um  pleasant   
fessus, a, um  wearied   
incognitus, a, um  unknown  incognito 
benigne  kindly   
statim  immediately   
ut  so that

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1.14
Relative Pronoun

Singular Plural
  MASC.  FEM.  NEUTER  MASC.  FEM.  NEUTER 
NOM.  qui  quae  quod  qui  quae  quae 
GEN.  cuius  cuius  cuius  quorum  quarum  quorum 
DAT.  cui  cui  cui  quibus  quibus  quibus 
ACC.  quem  quam  quod  quos  quas  quae 
ABL.  quo  qua  quo  quibus  quibus  quibus 

Neuter
(singular

Masculine and Feminine

   (singular and plural) 

and plural) 
Nominative  who, which, that  which, that, what 
Genitive  of whom, whose, of which  of which, whose 
Dative  to whom, to which  to which 
Accusative  whom, which which, that what 
Ablative  by,etc., whom, which  by, etc., which 

The Relative Pronoun as Used in Latin 

When a sentence contains two or more subjects and predicates, the separate
parts are called clauses. A relative clause is introduced by a relative pronoun. 

To find out more about how the relative pronoun is used in English, please
view the Relative Pronoun video.

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 In the following sentences, the antecedent is bolded and relative
pronouns are in red. 

Study the following sentences. Can you determine the gender and number for the
antecedent? What is the gender and number for the relative pronoun? 

1. Read the lesson in its entirety.

2. Click on Specta   to see a visual representation of the

clauses in the sentence.

Example 1:

  Latin English
Marcum qui est meus I loved Marcus who is my
 
amicus amavi. friend.
Independent
Marcum amavi. I loved Marcus.
clause:
Dependent
qui est meus amicus who is my friend
clause:

Example 2:

  Latin English
Puella cuius pecuniam The girl whose money I
 
habeo est Marcia. have is Marcia.
Independent
Puella est Marcia. The girl is Marcia.
clause:
Dependent
cuius pecuniam habeo whose money I have
clause:

Example 3:

  Latin English
  Liberi quibus auxilium The children to
donavimus erant grati. whom we gave help

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 were grateful.
Independent The children were
Liberi erant grati. 
clause: grateful. 
Dependent
quibus auxilium donavimus  to whom we gave help 
clause:

Example 4:

  Latin English
Vir quem amavi erat The man whom I loved
 
Marcus. was Marcus.
Independent
Vir erat Marcus.  The man was Marcus. 
clause:
Dependent
quem amavi whom I loved
clause:

Example 5:

  Latin English
Oppidum ex quo venit The town from which he
 
erat Roma. came was Rome.
Independent
Oppidum erat Roma.  The town was Rome. 
clause:
Dependent
ex quo venit  from which he came 
clause:

Now compare the case of the relative pronoun and its antecedent in these same

sentences. You will see that the relative pronoun agrees with its antecedent in
gender and number, but its case depends upon its use in its own clause. 

Hint: If you will mentally or physically put parentheses around the dependent
clause, it helps to make an involved sentence simple. A rough "rule of thumb":
start with the relative pronoun and go to the next verb: Liberi (quibus auxilium
donavimus) erat grati. This does two things: simplifies the sentence (just translate
everything outside the parentheses first) and shows the correlation of the two
clauses and the correlation of the pronoun with its antecedent. However, this does

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 not always work: Marcum (qui est) meus amicus amavi. Meus amicus is left out of
the dependent clause [ Marcum (qui est meus amicus) amavi ], BUT once you get
the hang of it, this will be easy. 

Finally, check each one of the sentences once more. What function does the
relative clause serve? What does it do for the antecedent? To what part of speech
would you compare the relative clause? If you answered adjective, you are right.
Example: In the sentence," The boy, whose book I have, is a friend." The clause
describes the boy

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1.15
Definition of an Epic Poem

An epic poem is a long narrative poem in

elevated style presenting characters of high
position in a series of adventures which
form a whole through their relation to a
central figure of heroic proportions and
through their division of episodes important
to the history of a nation or race. 

 
 

Image:  © www.vroma.org

Characteristics of an Epic Poem 

1. Hero is a figure of imposing stature, who is of national or international
importance and of great historical or legendary significance. 
2. The setting is vast in scope - nations, world, or universe.
3. Action consists of deeds of great valor and super human courage. 
4. Supernatural forces involve themselves in the action. 
5. Style of sustained elevation and grand simplicity 
6. Deeds of hero recounted with objectivity. 
7. Statement of theme 
8. Invocation of the Muses (The artist, whether author, musician, or painter, calls
upon his "Muse" - the one who inspires him - to do just that. The muse of epic
poetry is Calliope.) 
9. Begins "in medias res"  ("in the middle of things" - The epic begins with a
shipwreck. When the hero finds help, he relates his adventures to the queen, thus
filling in the history for the reader.) 
10. Catalog of warriors, ships armies. 
(That is why we know of the "face that launched a 1000 ships." The poet tells us of

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 the ships and whom they carried.) 
11. Extended formal speeches. 
12. Epic simile, extended comparisons - involved, ornate, conscious imitation of
Homer. 
13. Epic Epithets (Hera of the "milky arms"; Athena, the "grey-eyed goddess";
"windy" Ilium ; the Aegean, the "wine dark sea";"faithful Penelope" - short (two-
three words), descriptive terms that fit the meter of the poem and are quite handy
for the poet.) 
14. Patronymics (an alternate name for a character that shows his paternal
lineage) 
15. Apostrophes (addressing someone who is not present - talking to your
deceased mother) 
16. Battle games (single combats) 
17. Descent into the Underworld 
18. Digressions 
19. Repetitions

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1.16
Lotophagi 
Troia ceciderat. Ulixes, fessus, cum sociis Graecis ad Ithacam navem
solverat. Sed magna tempestas navem propulsit; post novem dies ad terram
incognitam venerunt. Pauci nautae nunc ab Ulixe emissi sunt; eos (them)
naturam terrae explorare iussit.

1. Graeci accipiuntur ab incolis, quorum cibus est bonus.

2. Illi (Those men), quibus lotophagi cibum donant, semper in terra manere cupiunt.

3. Viri, qui lotum edunt, neque patriam neque familias memoria tenent.

4. Viri ad navem, qua ad terram lotophagorum navigaverunt, non redeunt.

Alii nautae in regionem ut amicos inveniant mittuntur; sed Graeci qui lotos ederunt
clamant, "Non cum te navigabimus!

Statim Ulixes ad eos (them) maturat, bracchia ligat, et eos (them) ad navem
reportat. Tum a terra Africa navigant. 
Hints: 
navem solvo=set sail 
novem vs. navem vs. novum: be careful! 
iussit comes from iubeo 
memoria teneo is an idiom 
in+accusative=into 
ut=so that 
break reportat into its parts and translate literally 
be careful of aversus ad 
For this and all subsequent translations, use the following declension of
Ulixes: 
Nom: Ulixes 
Gen: Ulixis 
Dat: Ulixi 
Acc: Ulixem 
Abl: Ulixe 

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1.17
Interrogative pronouns and adjectives are used to ask questions. 
 In English, the interrogative pronoun who refers to persons, and what refers
to things. 
 In Latin, the interrogative pronoun corresponding
to who and what is quis and quid respectively, declined as follows. 
 Notice the similarities to the relative pronoun qui, quae, quod. 
 Notice that the interrogative adjectives are identical to the relative pronouns.

Interrogative Pronouns 
CASE  SINGULAR SINGULAR PLURAL PLURAL PLURAL
Masculine and Neuter  Masculine  Feminine  Neuter 
Feminine 
NOM.  quis  quid  qui  quae  quae 
GEN.  cuius  cuius  quorum  quarum  quorum 
DAT.  cui  cui  quibus  quibus  quibus 
ACC.  quem  quid  quos  quas  quae 
ABL.  quo  quo  quibus  quibus  quibus 

Interrogative Adjectives 
SINGULAR  PLURAL 
   Masc.  Fem.  Neuter Masc.  Fem.  Neuter
NOM.  qui quae quod  qui  quae  quae 
GEN.  cuius  cuius  cuius  quorum  quarum  quorum 
DAT.  cui  cui  cui  quibus  quibus  quibus 
ACC.  quem  quam  quod  quos  quas  quae 
ABL.  quo  qua  quo  quibus  quibus  quibus 
Denotes the ones that differ from the interrogative pronouns.

In English, who is not used as an adjective: We cannot say: Who man?

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 But what may be used as an adjective, referring to either persons or things: 

What man? What book? 

Hint: Here are the 3 simple rules for distinguishing among interrogative adjectives,
interrogative pronouns and relative pronouns:

1.    If there is no question mark, it is relative.

2.    If it has a question mark and the "q" word agrees with a noun(usually next to
it), it is an interrogative adjective.

3.    If none of those fit, it is the interrogative pronoun.

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1.19
Lord Raglan's Characteristics 
Hercules  Perseus  Theseus  Jason 
of the Classic Hero 
1. The hero's mother is a royal virgin.   No No Yes Yes
2. His father is a king, and   No No Yes Yes
3. often a near relative of his mother, but   No No Yes no
4. the circumstances of his conception are
 Yes Yes No no
unusual, and 
5. he is also reputed to be the son of a
 Yes Yes Yes yes
god. 
6. At birth, an attempt is made, usually by
his father or maternal grandfather, to kill  Yes Yes Yes Yes
him, but 
7. he is spirited away and       
8. reared by foster parents in a far country.         
9. We are told nothing of his childhood, but         
10. on reaching manhood, he returns or
       
goes to his future kingdom. 
11. After a victory over the king and/or a
       
giant, dragon, or wild beast, 
12. he marries a princess, often the
       
daughter of his predecessor and 
13. becomes king.         
14.  For a time he reigns uneventfully and         
15. prescribes laws, but         
16. later he loses favor with the gods
       
and/or his subjects, and 
17. is driven from the throne and city, after
       
which 
18. he meets with a mysterious death,         
19. often at the top of a hill.         

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 20. His children, if any, do not succeed
       
him. 
21. His body is not buried, but
       
nevertheless 
22. he has one or more holy sepulchres.         

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2.03

Latin Word  Pronunciation  Definition  Derivatives 

caper, capri , m.  goat   
dolus , i, m.  trick   
gigas, gigantis , m.  giant  gigantic 
graecus, -i, m.  greek (person)   
herba, ae , f.  herb, plant, herbal, herbivore 
grass 
Impedimentum , i, hindrance; (pl. impediment,
n.  baggage)  impede 
nihil , n. nothing  nihilism, nihilistic,
(indeclinable noun)  nihilist 
oculus, i, m.  eye  oculus, binocular,
monocle 
ovis, ovis, f.  sheep   
palus, pali , m.  stake, stick  impale 
pes, pedis , m.  foot  pedestrian,
pedestal 
porta, ae, f.  door, gate  portal 
regnum , i, n.  kingdom  (rego) 
rex, regis , m.  king  (rego) 
saccus , i, m.  sack, bag  saccate 
saxum, i, n  rock 
somnus, i, m.  sleep  insomniac,
somnambulist 
spelunca, ae , f.  cave  speluncking 
vinum, vini , n.  wine  vine, vineyard 
devoro, -are, -avi, swallow up, gulp  

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 -atus  down, devour
edo, -ere, edi, esus  eat edible
excedo, -ere, go out, go away, exceed, excessive 
-cessi, -cessurus  go from 
ligo, -are, -avi, -atus bind, tie  ligament

2.04

https://quizlet.com/108414713/cyclopes-latin-flash-cards/

25
2.05

Latin Word  Pronunciation  Definition  Derivatives 

caput, capitis, n.  head  capital, decapitate,
chief 
carmen, carminis, n.  song   
cera, ae, f.  wax  cerate, sincere 
clamor, clamoris, m.  noise, shouting  clamor, clamorous 
corpus, corporis, n.  body  corpulent, corporeal,
Corpus Christi,
corpse 
flumen, fluminis, n.  river  fluid, flume 
imperium, i, n.  command, order  imperious 
mensis, mensis, m.  month   
nomen, nominis, n.  name  nomenclature,
nomination,
nominative 
ordo, ordinis, n.  order, rank, row  Inordinate, ordinary 
pila, ae, f.  ball  pill, pillar 
regia, ae, f.  palace   
sus, suis m./f.  sow, swine, pig   
tempus, temporis, n.  time  (con)temporary,
temporal 
vulnus, vulneris, n.  wound  (in)vulnerability 
cano, canere, cecini, sing  cantor, chant,
cantus  chanteuse 
claudo, claudere, close  clause, include,
clausi, clausus  conclude, preclude,
seclude, exclude,
clausura, closure 
frango, frangere, fregi, break, shatter  fraction, fracture,

26
 fractus  fragment, refraction,
fragile, fragility 
iacio, iacere, ieci, throw, hurl  project, eject, subject,
iactus  reject, inject,
conjecture, abject,
dejected, interject,
object 
iacto, iactare, iactavi, throw, cast, fling  
iactatus  away 
lavo, lavare, lavi, wash, bathe  lavage, lavatory 
lautus 
muto, mutare, mutavi, change  mutation,
mutatus  permutation 
plico, plicare, plicavi, fold  application, apply 
plicatus 
ignotus, a, um unknown  
suus, a, um  his, hers, its, their   

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2.06

Golden Rule for Neuters

Whatever the nominative is, the accusative is. 

Declension of 
corpus, corporis, N. - body (stem: corporis - is = corpor-) 

Singular Plural

Case Endings Case Endings

Nominative corpus Nominative corpora
Genitive corporis Genitive corporum
Dative corpori Dative corporibus
Accusative corpus Accusative corpora
Ablative corpore Ablative corporibus

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2.07

Latin Word  Pronunciation  Definition  Derivatives 

auris, auris, f.  ear  aural 
civis, civis, m.  citizen  civic, civilian, civilize,
civilization, civility 
civitas, civitatis, f.  citizenship, state   
cupiditas, cupiditatis, f.  desire  cupidity, Cupid 
finis, finis, m.  end, (pl. borders, final, finite, finale,
territory)  finalize 
hostis, hostis, m.  enemy (usually hostile, hostility,
plural)  hostage 
iter, itineris, n.  journey, road, itinerant, itinerary 
march 
labor, laboris, m.  work, hardship  labor, laborious,
elaborate 
mare, maris, n.  sea  marine, submarine,
mariner 
mons, montis, m.  mountain  mount 
navis, navis, f.  ship  naval, navy 
pastor, pastoris, m.  shepherd  pastor, pastorale 
uxor, uxoris, f.  wife  uxorial, uxorious 
vestis, vestis, f.  garment, clothes  vest, vestments,
investiture 
conficio, conficere, complete, confection 
confeci, confectus exhaust 
(facio) 
texo, texere, texui, weave  text, textile 
textus 
tutus, a, um  safe   
The CIVILLIANs in the town were all concerned
about this one PORTAL. All any outsiders knew was

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that it was a gift from CUPID but nothing else. Only
one person knew the how FRAGILE it was and knew
the VULNERABILITIES of the portal. The portal was
supposed to be TEMPORARY however when the
GIGANTIC HERBIVORE of a beast came through. Not
even the NAVY could get the beast back through to
the other side. The monster decided to set up camp
in the VINEYARD.

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2.08

The group of nouns which have - ium instead of -um in the genitive plural are

called i-stem nouns. In addition to this difference, the neuters ending in -e have
an -i instead of -e in the ablative singular and -ia in the nominative
and accusative plural.

There are two classes of masculine and feminine nouns which follow these rules:

1. Nouns ending in -is having no more syllables in the genitive than the in the
nominative: Civis, civis. 

2. Nouns of one syllable whose base ends in two consonants: pars, partis or nox,
noctis. 

Third Declension "i" Stem Endings 

Singular Plural
Case Ending Case Ending
Nominative --- Nominative -ia
Genitive -is Genitive -ium
Dative -i Dative -ibus
Accusative --- Accusative -ia
Ablative -e, -i Ablative -ibus

Third Declension "i" Stem Examples 

civis, civis, m. - citizen  mare, maris, n. - sea 
(stem: civis - is = civ-)  (stem: maris - is = mar-) 
Case Singular Plural Case Singular Plural
Nominative civis cives Nominative mare maria
Genitive civis civium Genitive maris marium
Dative civi civibus Dative mari maribus
Accusative civem cives Accusative mare maria
Ablative cive civibus Ablative mari maribus

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 The chart below gives you a summary of third declension endings. Make sure that
you memorize this chart. The endings in red are used on i-stem nouns. 

Third Declension Endings 

Singular Plural
"i"
"i" Stem
Endings Endings Stem
Case Endings Case
m.f. / n.  m.f./ n.  Ending
m.f. / n. 
m.f. / n.
Nominative --- ---- Nominative -es / -a  -es / -ia
Genitive -is -is Genitive -um -ium
Dative -i -i Dative -ibus -ibus
- es / -
Accusative -em / ---  -em / --- Accusative -es / -a 
ia
Ablative -e -e, -i Ablative -ibus -ibus

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2.11

POSSUM , POSSE, POTUI, -- 

TO BE ABLE, CAN 

Present System 
Present Tense  Imperfect Tense  Future Tense 
Possum I am able  Poteram  I was able  Potero  I will be
able 
Potes  You are Poteras  You were Poteris  You will be
able  able  able 
Potest  He is able  Poterat  He was Poterit  He will be
able  able 
Possumus  We are Poteramus  We were Poterimus  We will be
able  able  able 
Potestis  You are Poteratis  You were Poteritis  You will be
able  able  able 
Possunt  They are Poterant  They were Poterunt  They will be
able  able  able 

POSSUM, POSSE, POTUI --

to be able, can

Perfect System 
Perfect Tense  Pluperfect Tense  Future Perfect Tense
Potui    I have Potueram  I had been Potuero  I will have
been able  able  been able 
Potuisti  You have Potueras  You had Potueris  You will have
been able  been able  been able 
Potuit  He has Potuerat  He had Potuerit  He will have
been able  been able  been able 
Potuimus  We have Potueramus  We had Potuerimus  We will have
been able  been able  been able 
Potuistis  You have Potueratis  You had Potueritis  You will have
been able  been able  been able 

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 potuerunt  They have potuerant  They had Potuerint  They will
been able  been able  have been
able 

Look closely at the differences in the following examples.  Can you translate
them correctly? 
Poteratis  You were able.  Imperfect tense 
Potueratis  You had been able.  Past perfect tense 
Poterit   He will be able.  Future tense 
Potuerit    He will have been able.  Future perfect tense 
The -u makes a big difference.  That is in the third principal part, so you are in the
perfect system. 

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3.03
Latin Word  Pronunciation  Definition  Derivatives 
avis, avis, f.  bird aviary, avian 
dens, dentis, m.  tooth  dental, dentition 
libertas, libertatis, f.  freedom, liberty  liberty, liberation 
monstrum, i, n.  monster  monstrosity 
ordo, ordinis, m.  a series, line,  
row, order 
pes, pedis, m.  foot  pedestrian, pedestal,
impediment 
ratis, ratis, f.  ship, boat,  
vessel 
scopulus, i, m.  rock   
vertex, verticis, m.  whirlpool  vortex 
amitto, -ere, -misi,- lose amiss
missus 
evoco, -are, -avi, call forth evoke
-atus 
propulso, drive back  propulsion 
propulsare,
propulsavi,
propulsatus 
acer, acris, acre  sharp, fierce acrid
audax, audacis brave, bold  audacious
(gen.) 
brevis, breve  short, brief  brevity, abbreviate 
celer, celeris, celere swift, fast  accelerate, celerity,
excel 
communis, common commune, community
commune 
crudelis, crudele cruel  
demens, dementis crazy demented
(gen.) 

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 difficilis, difficile  difficult, hard  difficult
divis, -is (gen.) rich, wealthy   
dulcis, dulce  sweet dulcimer, dulcet
facilis, facile  easy  facilitate, facility, facile 
fortis, forte  strong, brave  fort, fortitude, forte 
immortalis, immortal  
immortale 
omnis, omne  all, every  omniscient, omnipotent,
omnipresent,
omnivorous 
par, paris (gen.)  equal  parity, peer, par 
similis, simile  like, alike, similar  simile, assimilate,
dissimilar, simulate,
simultaneous 
duodecim  twelve   
quicumque  whoever,  
whichever,
whatever 
quisque, quaeque, each, every,
quidque  everyone,
everything

36