WlтH AUDlo CDs b'.

*,q
Contents
1 Wе arе all friends now 4

2 Tесhnology_nowandthen 12

3 Thrill seеkегs 20
4 Global problеms and oppor[unitiеs 28
5 The futurе з6
6 Fruits and sеeds 44
7 Thе world of work and training 52
8 Thе history of gеography 60
9 What is bеauty? 68
10 Is it art? 76
11 Psyсhology and soсiology 84
12 Tiavеlling around the world 92
13 Thе importanсе of infrastгuсturе 100

14 Мonеy and happiness 108

Listеning sсripts 116

Wordlist 125
Answеr kеy 1,29

3
 Voсabulary 1

Wordlist on рagе 217 of thе сoursеЬook.

Desсribing people

1 Usе thе dеfinitions to hеlp you сhoosе an appгopгiatе adjесtir-е tl.oп-r thе сoursеbook
to сomplеtе thе grid. Whеn you havе finishеd' you r,vill find that 1] dorvn spеlls out
anothеr adjесtivе to dеsсriЬе a pеrson.

1 Someone who likes eХciting aсtivities 7 Someone who finds it diffiсu|t to be ouiel
2 Someone who сan make sensible when with other people
deсisions and give good adviсe beсause I Someone who has a Iot of ideas and
of their experienсe and knowledge enthusiasm for their work
3 Someone who puts a lot of effort into their 9 Someone who others сan depend on
WOTK
'10 Someone who stands by their friends
4 Someone who enjoys physiсaIaсtivity
11 Someone who prefers to be with other
5 Someone who likes making thrngs or people than alone
inventing new ideas
6 Someone who does not |ose сontroI of
their emotions easily

Hеrе is what thrее studеnts said about pеoplе thеy admirе. Сomplеtе thе sеntеnсеs with
a suitablе adjесtivе from thе boх Ьеlow. Thеrе arе two that vou rr.il] not usе.

сhatty advеnturous сrеativе сaring talеntеd

supportivе hard-working punсtual

a 'l really admire artrsts of all kinds. As well as being 1 and artistiс, they are
often very 2 but don't neсessari|y get reсognition for their work.'
b ,I
have a Iot of respeсt for nurses. They often need to work Iong shifts, so they have to
be3 . However, as they |ook after the most vulnerable peopIe in soсiety,
they should also have a 4 nature.'
с .My grandmother
is the person I admire the most. She is a|waУs 5 of what
l want to do. Еven though she worries about me when I go off trave||ing to new plaсes,
she thinks it's good that I'm 6 and enоourages me to try new things.,
4
 We are all friends now с
Rеading

аding Passаge You should spеnd about 20 minutеs on Quеstions 1_13, whiсh aге basеd on thе rеading
pasSagе bеlow.

Questions 1-6
Thе rеading passagе has sеvеn sесtions, A_G.
Сhoosе thе сorrесt hеading for еaсh sесtion fгom thе list of hеadings bеlow.

List of Headings Ехample Аnswer

i Why сhi|dren do not a|ways trust pets Seсtion A ix
ii Using pets to he|p with psyсho|ogiсa| сonditions 1 Seсtion B
iii The physiсa| and soсial benefits of having pets C
2 Seсtion
iv Providing homes for pets in need
3 Seсtion D
v Choosing the right pet 4 Seсtion Е
vi A statistiсa| analysis of hea|th benefits
5 Seсtion F
vii How pets сan he|p сhi|dren
6 Seсtion G
viii Different types of pet-owner relationships
ix Тhe origins of a Iong-|asting reIationship
x Advantages of pets for the siсk and those in
soeсial homes

*-
--::.iaлs havе bееn kееping pеts fоr almost as long as wе havе bееn liЙng in
:. ..lsеs. Еvеn in thе Grееk lеgеnd of odyssеus' his dog Argus gеts a mеntion _
.-..:
lЫthful hound is thе only onе who rесognizеs him аftеr his lеngthy voyagе.
..l .: аnimals wеrе oгiginally brought into housеholds to work, as huntirrg dogs
- . .-:sing сats to сatсh miсе foг ехamplе. But thе advantages of kееping a pet go
-'...-
эеl'ond simply using thеm as labour. Pеts aге widеly aссеptеd as haЙng a
:.::^.:tjсial еffeсt on your hеa.lth, but animals сan also havе a positivе impaсt on
. .: еmotional and mеntal wеll-being' too.

: .'395 thе Australian National Peoplе and Pеts survеy disсovеrеd that pеt
. ].егs r.isitеd thеir doсtors lеss oftеn than thеir pеt-lеss fгiеnds, and wеrе at
'.

: : s rsk of suffегing hеart attaсks and stгokеs. Нowеvеr, thе major rеason givеn

: :еt ownеrs'bеttеr physiсal hеalth was that thеу arе morе aсtivе thаn thе
. :: эf thе population. Dog ownеrs in partiсular takе morе reсrеational walks,

..:. h impгovеs thеir ovеrall fitnеss lеvels. But thе survеy also unсoverеd thе
.' '. .al bеnеfits of having a pеt, saying: .Ovеr 60 pеr сеnt of pеt оwnеrs say that
" .1.']:-lg a pеt aгound whеn pеoplе visit makеs it еasiеr to gеt into convеrsation
-.. ггеatе a fгiеndly atmosphеге.'
,
:оеs it mattеr what typе of pеt you havе? Do diffеrеnt pеts havе diffеrеnt health bеnеfits? Dr МсNiсholas says
.human'фpе of relationship.
::pеnds what kind of rеlationship you want tо havе w.it}r your pеt' Thе first is thе
..s is ц.hеn pеts providе сompaniоnship and a supportive rolе. Dogs or сats would fа]l into this сatеgory. Тhе
1: -:.rd is kееping a pеt for soсial теasons' Dog walkеrs always mееt оthеr dog walkеrs, for ехampiе. Thе third

..:iоnship is whеn your pеt is alsо your hoLrby _ suсh as kееping eхotiс animals. In this сatеgory, you bеnеfit
:: thе сalming еffесt of watсhing thе animals but also gain from thе soсial aspесt of.ioining сlubs oг soсiеtiеs.
 We arе all friеnds noW

of pеts havе bесomе so w.idely aссeptеd that many animals afe now usеd in
:::
p"1 i:il:.:_".Tfits
patients' гесovrry programmes. Тhе сhariф Pets as Thегapy {PaT) has 3,500 dogs and 9o сats
hospitals as
:* сuттentlv
wееklyvisits to nеarly 5.OOO hospitаl waтds. гesiJеntia] сaте homеs or "
:-.]:g i1T:* :1. ч'T'"smakе
bid to boost patiеnts'w.еll-bеing. Thе animals may bе usеd to hеIp slтoke viсtims
:::::i:Т..::Y:]".:
t,ле usе ot tfiеir limbs.-.Patientswant
геgain
to strokе thе arrimals so *ris еnсouragеs thеm to movе thеir aтms or hands
again.' says Maurеen HеnnЬ, сhiеf еxесutive of PaT. Both thе .^i сog" and
сats arе takеn .;;;;;;;^-"
геsidеnts. Manу of thеm may havе givеn up rьЪrr own pets bеfоrе going into h"*.;.
l:::i:"-"1,"-1fo1thе
aлrmals nеIp bгing a sеnsе oГ noгmaliф to thеiг livеs.
.ь.
"o
pеoplе suf|епnчГromdеpгеssion. .Thеy сan somеtimes get thгough the baггiеrs
::::':*:.*:y::nчth
put:p' whегe humans havе tailеd in thе past.. says Maurееn. PaT is сuггеntly working w.ith
:T's^".l'1ч::чlrom Sundеrland а
psyсhologist Royal Hospital treatiлg сhildгеn w.ith anima] phobias. Thе rеsults so far havе bеen
very enсоuraging'. .Wе are еnabling thеsе сhildrеn to rejoin the сommunity,; says Мaurееn.
Тhey сan ,,o- -Jt .o
sсhool oг go to the paгk when prеЙously they wеrе too fгightenеd to do so.i
SеeSaw, a bеrеavеrnеnt сhагity set up еspeсially foг сhildrеn, also usеs animals
to build еmotional bгidgеs. Kathy
Моoге, a сounsеllor and рrojесt со-oгdinatoг for Мaсmillan Canсеr Rеliеf,
takеs hеr doд оo.сй*il;;*;;"
shе mееts сhildrеn who har'e a paгеnt or sibling who is dying fгom a tегminal
illnеss. MЪst сhildrе; ;.;;;.й
tо opеn up to a strangег, Llut Kathy says Do-Good hеlps thеm lеarn to
tгust heг. .}Iе сan pгovid.e suсh a goo***,
into my first сontaсtw.ittr a сhiid,'shе says. .Еvеn if thеy are a litflе wary
оf mе, most сhifoгеn сan't.."i".t oo-cooс
- hе,s gоt suсh a gгeat peтsonа1iф аrrd we аJl go on rvalks togеther.'
G Dеspitе the grorr:.ing body of еrtdеnсе t}tat pеts arе bеnеfiсial foг our hеа-lth,
sсiеntists havе nоt bеen ablе to
аnswеr onе сгuсial quеstion _ aте dogs bеttеr than сats? Dг МсNiсholas saYs it dоеs
not mattеr what фpе оf pеt
you havе, as lоng as it fits iлto youг lifеstvlе. .If vou hatе long rr.a-lks but .bounсy'
har,е dogs that neеd walkиg,
that is going to push your strеss lеvеls wa!'up.. shе saуs' .}Ъu nееd tо dо уouг
hоmеrvork bеfoгеhand, boй yo.,
and your pet bеnеfit fгom thе relationship. Аrrima-ls rеallr'сaтr gir-е vou unсondidona-l "o
lol.e. Тhey don.t сaгe lf you
аrе haЙng a bad hair day - yоu сan just bе vouгsеlf'.

Questions 7-10
Сompletе thе sеntеnсеs bеloц..
Сhoosе No NIORЕ THAN TIIRЕЕ WoRDs f1.om rhе paSsagе Ioт.сJ.h ans\Vеt:
7 Wa|king a dog genera|ly inсreases people's
8 Some owners find that their pets provide botn and support.
9 PaT uses cats and dogs to in a varietу of locations'
10 Children can be helped to ............... with the use of pets when dealing with
bereavement.

Questions 11-13
Do thе following Statеmеnts agrее with thе infoгmation
.sil-еn rn thе геading passagе?
Writе:
TRUЕ if thе statеmеnt agrееs with thе infornation
FALsЕ if thе statеmеnt сontгadiсts thе infoгmatiorr
NoT GIVЕN if thеrе no information on this
11 Humans have been keeping pets sinсe peop|e started Iiving in houses.
12 Many patients notiсe an improvement in their mobiIity after stroking animals.
13 Chi|dren's fear of anima|s is being suссessfu||y overcome in one PaТ programme.

6
 Yтe аrе аll frlеnos nor.^.,
G
Sсan thе reading passagе quiсkly and find words in thе tеxt that mеan:
1 a synonym for dog (Seсtion A) (n)

2 done for enjoyment (Seоtion B) (adi)

3 unusuaI, often from a distant p|aсe (Seсtion C) (adi)

4 re|ated to where peop|e |ive or stay (Seсtion D) (adi)

5 when someone does not Want to do something (Seсtion F) (adi)

6 when someone does not trust or is cautious (Seсtion F) (adi)

7 something that has a good effeсt (Seсtion G) (adi)

.l
Lаnguage foсus

G} Grammar rеfеrеnсе on pagе 2\9 ofthе сoursеbook.

Present simple, present сontinuous and past simple

Look at thе еxtraсts fгom thе теading passagе and undеrlinе thе main vеrb. Мatсh thе
main vегЬ to its usagе Гrom thе list a-d Ьеlorv.
1 Most animals were originally brought into households to work ...
2 PaT is сurrently working with a psyсhologist ...
3 Kathy Moore takes her dog Do-Good with her when she meets сhi|dren .. '

4 ... oets are benef iсiaI for our hea|th ...

a Тhe aсtion happens/doesn't happen reguIar|y/routine|y.

b Тhis desсribes a state rather than an aсtion.
c The action happened in the past. d The aсtion is sti|l happening now'

Сomplеtе thе postings lеft Ьу pеoplе looking for fтiеnds on thе Intеrnеt by transforming
thе vеrb in bгaсkеts into thе сorтесt tеnsе. You should also support thе rеason for your
сhoiсе Ьy sеlесting from thе list a-d in еxеrсisе 1. Thе first onе has Ьееn donе for you as
an ехamnlе.

1 |tt'. t аr'rLvеd (аrrive)[c] in Sydnеy last week so | 2 (|ook)[ ] for

othеr young ovеrseas students Who 3 (wаnt)[ ] to praсtisе theiг
Еng|ish. | 4 (bе)t ] happy to сhаt to рeоple on|ine or
5 (mееt up)[ ] faсe.to-fасе on thе weekends when I

(not have to)[ ] аttend с|ass'

6 -
-
Anyоnе Who- 7 (be)t ] interеsted in gaгdening and
8 - (want)[ ] to swар tiрs, pIеase get in touсh l | 9
- usе)[ ]the |nternet muсh during the daУ but I 10
(not (|ikе)[ ]to
go on|ine in thе evenings. l 11 (have)[ ] геa| рroblems growing
tomatoes |ast уеar аnd I 12 -
(nееd)[ l sоme аdviсe. Тhanks l

-
|13-(searсh)[]fora||musiсfansfromaI|сountries.
|14-(go)t]on|inеeverynightfoгaсoup|eofhoursаnd
15 hеаring new musiс f гom diffегеnt сu|tures. My
(|ove)[ ]
nеWеst f riеnd 16 (be)t ] fгom Ghana and 17
(havе)t ] |ots of originа| musiс. Wе 18 (|istеn) [ l to eасh оthеrs
аlbums and thеn 19 (сhаt)[ ] аbout it aftеr. Wе 20
(wаit)[ ] for Уou to join usl
-

-
 all friends now

ryweare Listеning

@D G 1.1 sEсТloN 1 Questions 1_10

Questions 1-4
Choosе thе сorrесt lеttеr, A, B or C.

ЕxampIe
When Julie phones, Mike is
/-:\
(9on his |unсh break.
B on his tea break.
C in a meeting.
1 Which type of policy do they сhoose?
A bronze
B silver
C gold
2 How muсh does the po|iсy сost for group cover?
A t50
B t20
с t40
3 Нow wi|| they pay?
A сredit сard
B debit сard
C сash
4 How much did the сamera сost?
A $1000
в t1000
с $600

Questions 5-10
Сomplеtе thе form Ьеlow.
Writе No MoRЕ THAN TI{RЕЕ WoRDs AND/OR A NIUMBЕR Гor. еaсh alrswеr.

Name(s) Mikе Wood

Addгess 5 ....,... .

D.O.B. 6
Еmeгgenсy сontасt numbег 7....
Mаin po|iсy ho|dег lulie 8
Date of dеparture 9
Dаte of rеturn 10

8
 We arе alI friends noW

Language foсus 2

@ Grammar геfеrеnсe on pagе 2I9 ofthе сoursеЬook.

Likes and dislikеs

Usе thе table bеlow to сomplete thе sentеnсеs using thе appropriate form of thе vеrЬ in
Ьraсkets. Thеrе may bе morе than onе possiЬlе answer.

vеrb (+ oЬjесt) vеrЬ (+ oЬjесt) vеrЬ + (+ сomparrng:

+ -ing + infinitivе with oЬject) -ing l
to infinitive with
to
dislikе wouldlikе likе vеrb + -ing rаthеr
епjoу wouldprфr hаtе thап -ing
сaп't stсLnd like + oЬjeсt + lovе
OR
infinitivе with /o
vеrb + infinitivе
with /o + rаthеr
thаn + infinitivе
without /o

1 I like early on Sunday mornings when it's quiet outside. (get up)
2 My sister hates people as she's slow at typing. (email)
3 l сan't stand peop|e loudly on their mobiles on the bus. (talk)

4 I'd prefer a few good friends than many acquaintanсes. (have)

5 Joanna would like living abroad for a year. (try)

6 He dislikes to the gym. (go)

7 Many people love for others. (сook)

8 Тhomas enjoys the сentre of attention. (be)

9 Young сhiIdren Iike aduIts with them. (play)
10 Friends who Iive in different сountries often prefer emai|s rather than
on the phone as it's сheaper. (write/speak)

Praсtisе eхprеssing your likеs and dislikеs by using thе prompts bеlow. You maу nееd to
makе thе vеrЬ nеgativе by adding nor.
Ехample:
dislikelread I dislike reading on the bus as it makes me feel sick.

1 would prefer/live
2 like/eat
3 enjoy/exerсise
4 would like/go
5 hate/listen
6 like people/be
7 сan't stand/watсh
8 love/swim/sea
9 prefer/rather than
'10 dislike people/tell

9
 We are аll friends noW

Voсabulary 2

Wordlist on page 21 1 of thе сourseЬook.

Verbs of movement

Сopy thе vеrb forms in thе boх bеlow into thе сorrесt сolumn in thе tab]е aссording
to
thеir mеaning.

low faП
hit a lеvеl off rеmain flat plummеt гisr Soar
dip fluсtuatе hit a pеak rеaсh a pеak drop rеaсh a high
plunge stabilizе bе еrratiс rеaсh thе ]owest point roсkеt
grow inсrеasе dесгеasе

\* r\f\nt
rLsс

Undеrline al] thе vеrbs that dеsсгibе an еxtгеmе. Thеsе сannot bе сombinеd with
advеrbs.

Copy thе advеrbs in thе Ьox bеlow into onе of thе two сolumns in the tablе сlassifуing
thе speеd of сhangе.

gradually quiсkly slightly swiftly slowly Ьut surеly

steadilу drastiсa]lv slowly rapidly radiсally

A small change over a longer period A fast сhange over a shorter period
qrndиаllи

4 Мatсh thе advегbs in ехerсisе 3 to thе rеlevant сolumn in ехеrсisе 1.

5 Rеwritе thesе sеntеnсеs сontaining noun phгases so that thеr.соntain l.егb + advеrb
сomЬinations.
Ехample:
There was a significant rise in the use of social nёtwcrк.-g s:эs in 2О05.
Иsngе оfsoc[nl nеtwоrking sitrs rоs! s',;.:----' -:, .,. .'. :-- :5
1 Тhe data reveaIs that the 9Os saw a dramatiс inсrеasе . :.е ..тber of people using
the Internet.
2 Тhere is a steady growth in the popularitу o{ .еaэ . .. /.s: aэiъ onIine each year.
]
3 We are witnessing a graduaIdeс|ine in tt.е а-:-.: :.: -: s:€-i seeing friends
faсe-to-faсe'

10
 We are all friends now

Writing

L]5 тask 1 1 Read thе Task 1 quеstion Ьеlow.

WRITING TASK 1

You should spеnd about 20 minutеs on this task.

Thе graph bе|ow shows the popu|aritу of soсia| nеtworking sitеs сompared to two
lnternеt searсh еngines in the USA from Januarу 2ОО4 tр June 20О6'

Summarisе the information bу selесting and reporting the main features, and make
сom pa ri so ns wh e re rel еva nt.

Writе at lеast 150 words.

Visitors in millions
144

120
Yаhoo
't
00
#* ф*
*€**d

Gooole

Тop 10 Soсiаl Netwоrks (аggregаted*)

Jаn 04 Jan 05 ]аn 06 ]un 06

(* Aggrеgаted _ put together ln а group)

Now сomplеtе thе modеl answеr by сhoosing an appropriatе form of the vеrb in braсkеts.

Тhе grаph 1 (ilIustrаte) how oftеn soсiаI nеtworking sitеs Wеге aссessеd tn сomparison to

thе sеаrсh еngines Yаhoo and Goog|e ovеr two аnd a hаlf yеаrs еnding in June 2006'

It is сIеar that a|though visits to both sеаrсh еnginJs аnd soсiaI networking sitеs 2 (inсrеаsе),

visits to thе |аttеr 3 (grow) аt а fаster pасе. In .lаnuаry 2004, Yаhoo 4 (bе)by
,l00
far thе most popuIar site with ovеr mi||ion visitors. Howevе1 аlthough this figure graduа||y
,120
(risе) to а|most milIion by Junе 2006, this 6 (bе) not а signifiсаnt

inсrеasе. Sесondly, Goog|е 7 (rесеivе) аbout haIf the numbеr of visitors сomDared to Yahoo

in2ОО4, around 60 milIion. lts popuIarity 8 (grow) more rаpidly, so thаt by June 2006 it
almost 9 (hаve) the same number of visitors аs Yahoo had two аnd а hаIf r/еаrs eаr|iеr,
.l0 (reсеivе) the lеast visitors
аn inсrеаsе of nеаrly doublе. Lаst|y, soсiаl nеtworking sitеs
tn 2004. In сontrаst, thеy 1.l (experienсe) thе 9reаtest inсrеаsе аs numbеrs
12 (soar) from аround 40 to over 80 mi|Iion by thе еnd of thе pеriod of study.

How is thе data arтangеd in thе modеl answеr?

a smallest to largest number or largest to smallest number
b biggest inсrease to smalIest inсrease or sma||est inсrease to biggest inсrease

Undеrlinе thе linking words in the modеl usеd to сomparе and сontгast data.
't 1
 Voсabulary 1

Wordlist on pagе 212 of the сoursеbook.

Verbs of сause and effeсt

Complеtе the сrosswoгd with a vеrЬ from thе сouгsеЬook that mеans thе samе as 1_8
lr
DеloW.

Down Aсross
1 to form something in a partiсu|ar way 3 make someone interested in somethino
2 to beсome Worse 6 to improve something or make it more attraсtil
4 to he|p something deve|op over time 7 to suссeed ln vour aim
5 to have a negative effect I to support something
Сomplеtе thе sentеnсes using thе noun form of thе vеrb in bгaсkеts.
Тhere was a lot of media interest in the new invention, whiсh was part
of its
(attraсt).
2 There was a rapid (deteriorate) in the sales of biсvс|es after the
widespread avai|abiIity of сars.
Тhe (promote) of new inventrons in the media is the best way of |etting
peopIe know of their existenсe.

4 It is important to try and timit the (destroy) done to the environment.

5 Тhe invention of the te|ephone Was one of the greatest (aсhieve) of its
time.
6 Тhe (shape) of our future depends on our aсtions in the present.
7
-
New researсh links the use of teсhno|ogy to the (fosteф of knowledge in
оhlIdren.
Significant (enhance) have been made to the proсessing speed of the
Iatest PC.

12
 Тeсhnology-now and thеn q
Listening

G} 1.2 sEстloN 2 Questions.l1_20

Questions 11-'15
Choоsе thе сorrесt lеttеЦ A, B or C.

11 Humans have long been using the stars to

A navigate rivers.
B draw sea maps.
c isai| |ong distanсes'

12 The bui|ding сonstruсted by the first Еuropeans at the observatory was

A a village.

B'.a windmill.

C a fort.

13 In the с|oakroom, people are advised not to |eave

A оoats.
B-expensive items.
C bags.
14 Тhe museum does not a||ow visitors to stay after
A;5.30.
в 5..15.

с 4.30.
15 The fami|y ticket aIlows entranсe to
A four adults only.
B three adu|ts and three сhiIdren.
CЙwo adu|ts and two сhildren.

Questions 16-20
Whiсh attraсtion matches the ouestions?
Choosе FIVЕ answеrs fтom thе Ьox and writе thе сorrесt lеttеЦ A-F, nехt to quеstions
t6-20.
AттRAстloNs
A Powerhouse
в Soundhouse
с Disсovery Centre
D Laсe Study Centre
Е Veсtor |ab
F Observatory

16 Whiсh of the tiсkets gives people a disсount?

17 Whiсh of the venues is |oсated near the reсreation area for сhi|dren?
.18.Whiсh part shou|d people visit if they are interested in оlothes?

19 Whiсh part offers an unusuaI serviсe for a museum?

20 Whiсh plaсe houses alI of the attraсtions mentioned?

13
 Тeсhnology-noW and then
Reading
IELTS Reading Pаssаge You should spеnd aЬout 20 minutеs on Questions 1;13, whiсh arе Ьasеd on thе rеadiг
passagе bеlow.
Rotyl man,s first stеps tо thе yеar ,0,
Was a pеriоd likе nо оthеr in thе histоry
оf invеntion. Nеvеr again wouId mаn,s
survivai bе so dеpеndеnt on his ability tо
invеnt Ways to solvе fundamеntal p.oblе-'.
And nеvеr again wоuld man,s tесhnolоgiсаl
сrеativity bе thе most signiiiсant faсtоr in his
еvоlution and thе еstabtishing оf сivilizаtiоn.
By thе timе пodеrn man (hоmo saDiеIts
or,mаn -thе-wisе' ) аppеаrеd, рrobJbly
sоmеwhеrе in Afriсa bеtwееn l00,000 and
25О,000 yеars ago, his forеfathеrs, thе еarly
hominids, had alrеady invеntеd stоnе tоolJ.
It is possiblе thаt thеy had also manufaсturеd
сrudе сanoеs and shеltеrs. Hоwеvеr, it would
takе many morе yеals and a suссеssion of vital
invеntions fоr man to еvolvе from a primitivе,
nomadiс huntеr-gаthеrеr to thе highiy
tесhnolоgiсally litеratе сitizеn of thе timе of
thе Romaп Еmpirе.
Wе likе to think that wе aIе сuшеntlу living
thrоugh a pеriod whеn tесhnology has an
unparallеlеd hold on soсiеty, but it is nоthins
соmparеd with that of thе anсiеnt world,
whеn invеntion and tесhnоlоgy wеrе thе
most powеrful fоrсеs shaping сivilization.
Throughоut thе anсiеnt world, tесhnоlogy
was thе оnе faсtоr that madе all thе othеr
сhangеs _ soсial, pоlitiсal and сultural -
possiblе. Without thе invеntiоns оf ink аnd
papyrus, many of man,s idеas wоuld nоt havе
sprеad as fast nor as widеly. Without wеapons
and, latеr, thе whееl, armiеs wоuld nоt hivе
соnquеrеd nеw tеrritoriеs as quiсkly.
Thе singlе largеst stеp in еarly man,s soсial
еvоlution сamе around 10,000 yеars ago
with thе invеntion of animal husbandry and
agriсulturе. This еnablеd him to progrеis from
living in nоmadiс сommunitiеs to Sеttling in
villagеs and smalltowns. Thе progrеss Was
brоught abоut by a сombination оf сlimatiс
сhangе and man,s invеntion of morе еffiсiеnt
hunting tools, оf a mеans оf сontrolling and
utilising firе tо сlеar undеrglowth and оf ways
оf building lasting shеltеrs. It lеd to a massivе
grоwth in pоpulatiоn, whiсh in turn triggеrеd
а furthеr rapid inсrеasе in tесhnologiсаl
innovаtiоn.
Мost of this сhangе toоk plaсе in thе еastеrn
Меditеrrаnеan, whеrе thе сlimatе and thе
аnnuаI flооding of fеrtilе soils favоurеd
thе dеvеlopmеnt of agriсulturе and latеr of
14
сitiеs suсh as Babylоn' By arоund 6500 BсЕ,
Jеriсho is bеliеvеd to havе bееn thе largеsr
сitу in thе wоrld, with Ь populatiоn ot1,эoa.
Fоur thousand yеars latет, thЬ urban
rеvоlution had brought about a momеntous
сultural transitiоn that in turn gеnеratеd
nеw nееds. Thеsе Wеrе mеt by a quantum
lеар in tесhnolоgiсal innоvatiЬn and thе
еstab1ishmеnt of сraftsmеn and sсiеntists.
For thе first timе, manufaсturing bесarnе
еstablishеd as man invеntеd ways of
making tехtilеs, firing сеramiсs, prоduсing
mеtalwork and рrосеssing fоodstuffs. This
prоmptеd bartеr Пеthods tо еvolvе into
morе sоphistiсatеd trаding arrangеmеnts,
сulпrinating in thе inl'еniion of tokеns or
еаrly monеr.
With thеsе tесhnolоgiса1 сhаngеs сamе a
соrrеspоnding inсrеаsе in thе сomplехity
оf thе sосial and politrсal оrganization оf
human grouрs, lr'hiсh in turn nесеssitatеd
thе invеntion of rr,rittеn languagе, first to
kееp traсk of trаding аrrangеmеnts, thеn to
сommuniсatе and rесord еvеnts, proсеssеs,
philosоphiеs and, of ссlursе, invеntions'
Thе history of inr еllтirln is ]ittеrеd with
invеntions that hаd littlе or nо purposе and
nеvеr сaught on, but this rvas still a pеriod
оf invеntiоn for nесеssrt1.,s sakе. It wоuld
bе somе timе bеforе аn inr.еntion wоuld bе
grееtеd with quеstions as to its rоlе * and еvеn
lоngеr until }4iсhае1 Faraday wоuld rеtort,
,What usе
is a bаbr'?, rr'hеn askеd what usе his
dynamo hаd.
It was also a реriоd ll'hеn sсiеnсе and
tесhnology,s sуmbiotiс rеiationshiр Was
rеvеrsеd. Tесhnolоgr', no\v оftеn thе
appliсation of sсiеnti{iс disсovеry and
оbsеrvation, рrеdatеd sсiеnсе and in this
pетiоd was еmрiriсаl and hаndеd dоwn
through thе gеnеrations. B1.thе timе thе сitу
statеs wеrе flowеring in thе еar1y сеnturiеs
BСЕ, sсiеntist-invепtors bеgan to еmеrgе. !
Figurеs suсh as Hеrо, Strato, Сtеsibius and
Philоn usеd obsеrvations and mеasurеmеnts
:
оf thе physiсal аnd natural world to dеvisе
invеntions. Hоwеvеr, thеy wеrе all minnows
whеn сomparеd with Arсhimеdеs. Hеrе was
a man оf thе саlibrе that thе world wоuld not
I
sее again until Sir Isaaс Nеwton in thе 17th I
сеntury. Thе invеntor hаd truly arrivеd.
Ч
Ц
 Teсhnology_noW and then

Questions 1-7
Do the tbtlowing statеmеnts agree with thе infoгmation givеn in thе rЪading passagе?
Writе:
TRUE if thе statement agreеs with thе information
FALSE, if thе statеmеnt сontradiсts thе infоrmation
NoT GIVЕN if thеre is no infoгmation on this

1 MЬn Was more сreative when сivi|izations were grow|ng'

2 Before the arrival of modern man there were no tools.
3 Тeсhno|ogy nowadays does not drive our soсiety as muсh as it did in anсient сivilizations.
4 lf ink and papyrus had not been invented, ideas wouldn't have been disseminated easily.

5 The сu|tivation of сrops and the rearing of animaIs was by far the biggest aсhievement of
early man.
6 An inсrease in popu|ation Ied to more advances in the teсhno|ogy of ear|y man.
7 Jeriсho was the wor|d's first |arge сity.

Questions 8-t 2
Classifу thе following еvеnts aссording to whеthеr thе rеader statеs that they oссurтеd
during
A thе earlу еvolution of nomadiс man
B thе earlу urban pеriod
C thе pеriod of thе urban rеvolution

8 Тhe reсording of a wide range of human aсtivity.

9 Тhe possib|e produсtion of the first boats.
10 Food produсtion as a proсess.
11 The abiIity to оonstruсt stronger bui|dings.
12 The use of tokens.

Question 13
Choosе thе сorrесt lеttеr A, B, C or D.
Whiсh of the following is the most suitable titIe for the reading passage?
A Тhe importanсe of sсienсe and teсhno|ogy
B Why man evolved from the apes
C How teсhno|ogy made сiviIization possib|e
D How philosophers сhanged the worId

15
Тeсhnology-noW and thеn

Language foсus 1

G} Grammar rеfеrеnсе on pagе 220 ottheсoursеЬook.

Past simple and present perfeсt

Transform thе vеrЬ in Ьraсkеts into thе сorrесt form of past simplе or
рrеSеnt pеrfесt.
Put it into thе aсtivе or рassivе form.
1 Armies (not be ab|e) to travel long distanсes before the invention of the
wheel.
2 Man's evolutton (be) a |ong and сompIiсated proсess.
3 Sir Isaaс Newton (invent) the ref|eсting te|esсope in 1672'
4 Sсience (teaсh) in sсhools now for many years.
5 Many inventions in the past (have) no partiсular use at a|l.
6 Man (think) that the Еarth was f|at in ear|y Mesopotamian times.
7 The discovery of peniсillin (help) to end many preventable deaths.
8 Teоhno|ogy and invention (have) a massive impaсt on our lives.

2 Look at thе following teхt about how a familyЪ lifе has сhangеd sinсе thеy bought
a
сomputеr. Find and сorТесt thе mistakеs. Thе first has bееn donе fo.
уou. Thе.Ъ u." ,".,
moге.

I
t.
Uur l|vеs|Иnvе сhanged сomp|ete|y sinсеwе bought с сomputrr. I beсome used
I

to doing еvеrуthing
on it f гom our weеk|у shop to сontoсting friends ond fomi|y.
For exomple, r speok to my best friend
who lives in Vietnom ot leost oncе aweеkf or the post yeoг; it,s on
oppointment r don,t miss. lyty
wife didn.t used it os muсh os r hove, olthough she wos hod some сlosses.
lowеvеr,our сhildren hod
rеcеived the most Ьеnеfit from being сble to Цse thе Internet foг their homewoгk.
Thеу arеgеtiing
o|der now so if,s gеttlng morе diff IсUlt to he|p. Тoke |ost wеek{or ехаmp|е'thеy
hove osked me who
invent the сomputeг ond when. I,m sure r hсven,t |eorned suсh things
when I hаvеЬееnot sсhoo|! By
the woy, it wos o swiss mon сolled Konrod Zusе,though it wosn,t unti| 1941 thсt
it hos beсome fu|ly
funсtiono| ond reody for progromming. Who wou|d hove guеssеd? Not me, thot's
for suгe!

Word building

QuaIifying adjeсtives
1 Rеad thе sеntеnсеs bеlow and undеrlinе thе most suitaЬlе option.
1 |f you miss a phone сa|l, it's better if it is about something importanVunimportant.
2 I find his musiс very inspiring/uninspiring.
3 It сan be safe/dangerous if you don't keep a сopy of important doсuments.
4 lf you have a problem, it's better if it's a major/minor one.
5 Not finding a job сan be motlvating/demotivating
6 Working together is often more construоtive/destruсtive than working alone'
7 Young peop|e find new teсhno|ogy very appеaling unaррealing'
I Еduсation teaches us worthIess/invaIuable skilIs.
9 Abstraсt art is often |abel|ed as ordinaryibizarre'
10 Leaving parts of the environment untouсhed is detrimental bеnef iсial for
wildlife.
 Teсhnology-now and then Е
2 Сomplеtе thе sеntеnсеs bеlow using an appropriatе adjесtive from еxerсisе 1. Thеre
may Ье morе than onе possiblе answеr.

Еailу man used basic tools to catch d.аwqеrоv,.s animals.

1 ldeas written down on paper were for later generations
2 It's diffiсult to imagine why some inventions Were ever сreated'
3 Some teсhno|ogies, Iike the use of asbestos in bui|dings, are simp|y to
our health.
4 Тhe thought of not having aссess to the lnternet is тo me.
5 By far the most invention of the 19th сentury was eIeсtriсity.
6 peop|e someti mes aсh ieve extraordinary thi n gs.
7 Critiсisms оan be very if they are listened to.
8 Past inventors have played a role in shaping our present.
9 It rs important for lessons to be so that сhiIdren want to learn more
10 Hearing about suссess stories from the past can be for the young.

Language foсus 2

@ Grammar rеfеrеnсе on pagе 220 ofthе соursеbook.

Hаbit the past

1 Rеad thе sеntеnсеs bеlow about how a pеrson spеnt thеiг Summеrs. Dесidе whiсh of
thеm сan usewould instеad of usеd ro by adding a tiсk |,/1if itis possible and a сross if
not [X].
1 My brothers and I used to go to our grandparent's in the summer.
2 Тhey used to have a farm out in the сountryside.
3 Тhey used to piоk us up at the station.
4 We used to play in their big garden.
5 | used to enjoy сhasing rabbits.
6 My grandmother used to сook de|iсious meals for us every night.
7 My grandfather used to teaсh us how to fish.
8 | used to hate it when it was time to |eave so I used to сrv.

Adverbs of frequenсy

2 Rеwritе thе sеntеnсеs aЬout a pеrsonЪ timе at sсhool so that thе mеaning stays the samе.
Usе thе advеrЬ and vеrЬ givеn in braсkеts with цsеd to or inthе past simplе.

l never missed mу favouriteTV programme. (atwaуslwatch)

t аLwаgs цsеd tо 'ltаtch,1wаtchеd vv.и f л'vоzrLtе тv РragrаVwмLе
1 l hated sсienсe с|asses. (hard|y ever/enjoy)
2 ldid my homework. (always/do)
3 I seldom went to sports lessons. (never/attend)
4 lfrequently had my lunch outdoors. (often/eat)
5 I didn't spend a lot of time in the library. (seldom/go)

17
 Teсhnology-now and then

Voсabulary 2

Changе thе u,ords in thе list to thе сorгесt form to fill thе gaрs. An еxamplе
has Ьееn
donе roг vol-l.

a mob wrld
Тhe use of mobile phones has now overtaken the use ot ..\г?.4у!'L'c.rl.L..
|andlines. Example: tradition
' '..
Whi|e most people see the benefits of 1 . in mobi|e сommuniсation, 1 advanсement
not everyone is happy about therr inоreasing 2
' ' ' ' '. '.. '... .,. ' For exampIe' some 2 popular
people believe that they intrude on the 3 . . . ... . ... of those who do not wish to
3 private
Iisten to other people's сonversations whi|e travel|ing on public
transport. However, 4 сontaсt
others сomp|ain that if you have one, bosses expeсt employees to be
5 available
4 '...
.. at all times of day and night. rn spite of this, their widespread
6 сonvenienсe
5 ...'.. '..' and fa||ing сost means that not only are they 6 .'..''....., Dut 7 fashionable
inсreasing|ytheyareseen as a7 .....' item.Тhe8.....' ... of mobi|e 8 sophisticated
teсhnology has a|so led to funсtions suоh as 9 . ..
'. .. text, whiсh saves users 9 prediсtion
the time and energy of putting in letters individual|y. In addition,
a new reduсed form 10 literate
.teхt
of 10 ... '. ' has led to the сreation of word forms suсh
as .l8r'for,|ater, 't1 revolve
and,BТW'for,by the waylWhateveryour opinion, the mobile 11 .'...........,...
looks
set to сontinue'

Writing t
.l Rеad thе following Task 2 quеstion and undеrlinе thе kеr rt'oгds and phrasеs

WRITING TASK2
You should spеnd about 40 minutеs on this task.
Wгitе about thе followins toоiс:

А'dvanсеs in tесhno|ogу havе meant that maсhinеs аrl i.Сr:;s .LQ ц5gj
;t to do jobs
that wеrе prеvious|у donе bу humans. Thе bеnеf its f ar с
-. ',' э ЭI :nе disadvantaqеs.
To what ехtеnt do уou agrее or disagrее?

Givе геasons for your answеr and inс]udе anr геlеr-ant ехatllplеs ft.om your
own
kn.owlеdgе oг ехpегiеnсе.

Writе at lеast 250 words.

Dесidе if еaсh оf thе following argumеnts aге an aсh antag.. t _) oг a disadvantagе (-).
Add somе еxamplеs of 3zour own.

EхampIes
Тhey save us time whiсh we can use to do
other things.
PeopIe are becoming Iess and |ess aсtive
whiсh leads to hea|th problems suсh as
obesity.
They take jobs away from real people

Тhey also сreate jobs both on the side of

inventing and design, to manufaсturing and
sales.
18
 Тeсhnology-noW and thеn

Rеad thе samplе answеr Ьеlоw and find thе words whiсh arе usеd to intгoduсе a-f
bеlow.
a examples
b reasons
с resU|ts

d additional information
e purpose
f сontrast

Weare living in an cgeof fost-poсed development. Тhonks to teсhnologiсol

odvonсements, new inventions оге сonstant|y bein9 pгoduсed thоt огe suрposed to
help us. Нow еv er,moсhines arе naw often сhose n over humons os they oгe moгe
сost-еff еctive' rn spite of this, r сompletely agrееthat there oremorеodvontoges
thon disodvontсges.
Тhe moin orgument ogoinst using moсhines is thot they toke owсy jobs fгom humons'
Еxсmp|es inс|ude more сosh maсhines ond less stoff in bonks.In foсtories,f ewеr
peap|е are rеquirеd оs the produсtion line bесomes more meсhonised. Businesses
t ake thеsе meosuгes Ь еcausе u |t mately maс h nes sove сomponiеs money. In
i i

oddition, not on|y do inсreosed teсhnology ond mесhanizotion rеp|acеjobs in the

woгkploсe but o|so in ouг doi|y lives. For instonсe, in the Post We would visit our
neighbours and fгiends ,whеrеas nowсdoys pеop|e еithеrjump in their сoг or simp|y
piсk up the phone. Аs o result, we hove bеcome less oсtive and prob|ems |inkеd to
this, suсh as obesity, ore on the inсrеose.
Howevеr, it hos not o|l been nеgotivе, Fiгst of o||,wе hove moгe frееtimе сvoiloble
fгom household сhores thonks to inventions Iike woshin9 moсhines, voсuum сIеoners
ond dishwosheгs. Тhis meons we shou|d hovе moгe time avoilob|e f or lеisurе
oсtivities ond seeing friends ond fomily. gorеovеr, teсhnology does not on|y toke
jobs owoy frompеop|ebut the who|еprocеss from dеsignto pгoduсtion and so|es
oсtuolly crеotеsjobs. rn oгder to do these jobs, people need troining whiсh leods to
moгe jobs in eduсotion ond people having moгe high|y spеcia|ized сaГeers.

To сonс|udе, o|though We moy do |ess thon in the post, teсhno|ogy hos given us the
potentio| to reqсh new heights thot would not hove pгeviously been possib|е.Wе
сqnnot tцrn boсk time so we shoutd сonсentrote our efforts on ensuring thсt we o|l
rесеiveo higher |еvе| of speсiolizotion in the workploсe whilst not letting ourse|ves
beсome Iess heo|thy ond oсtive.

Arе thе еxamplеs usеd diffеrеnt oг thе Samе as yours? RеmеmbеЦ thеrе is nеvеr just onе
гisht wav to answеr an еSSaY quеstion.

19
 Voсabulary 1

Woгdlist on pagе 2\3 of thе соursеbook.

Sport

1 Rеarrange thе lеttеrs to сomplеtе thе сolloсations геГt.ll. :... Тhеn dесidе what а
pеrson who doеs this sport is сallеd. An ехamрlе has Ьс.:. .i ,Ll .

CoIloсation Pеrson
1 GXOINB gloves
2 UNINGRN snoes
3 TALLBOOF
4 DАDSЕL
5 HIGFSNI
6 LOPO
7 FOGL
8 NЕN|sт
9 BASсU ......... diving

10 TILIGNF weight E...З. Ч

2 Dесidе whiсh ехtгеmе sport is bеing dеsсгibеd Ьr r:

1 2
I /ovе 1oa)n3 Jozоn Samе ре::
lhе 2istes аl /iqftniщ-fаst it's boring, b-:
яvеed. Il'sjust /;k skЙ.l.а7Jin3 thе season.s cг
<,n/у zl7 )n the mс>ztnlа'n5. TV watсhtng tгс ,''
makers and d: ' э

3 .t
!

]: .
I love the thrill of ..: ':;l.tlаlеrl fоr
sPeeding alongbehind o boat .i] .: lltlt that Сou]dn't
,l \. '.-',.'
with the wind rushingthrough mу hoir. llt'Iu:l'..-: ::- :] :i'' lГUth,It'S a]l about
The woter sproying in mу foсe from mу skis
rlist.iуili:.-г '. :-' ,,:i' ' i] al](l balanСo. Thеrе
doеsnt bother me ot oll: п odds to the ]1ilr\ ii :l,'t-r-'tltt Сontaсtis madе
i1l.t'II]с1,!:\
thrill of a real odrenalin rush!

5 6
rlу.'ъсr lз оitеw l t+,а'c iltt:аzе,/ l,+,hеи /
frst
азsоcLаiеа' ','L|a ihе rLcл аз Lt,s е'хуеtl"эLvе, of u,а/Ь
sаt,uуоnи1 bо2,s rиии|и'1 ttисl1"'иptи1
V)'L| thеYе аrе v|a'zЗ QrОJ.V"d tkаi LLkzе hе|лLwg aшt.
dесilеl tt а
Ln thе, sLn'оLeз. Fоr п-е, woihi.л'a bеаts |''ле {ее|Lи2 cf tikе thry hаd spr|и1s t|и thеtr feеt, so / to
/re
l'i cr|zLtl'q |0gеtrАеr v|L.]А ,'U,r зtа|LLОw to 0'Jеrc|v\Lе thе /,tи иоt аs jool аs thе асtors аиl асtrеsses уot,t sеe |и
3о,
'ua'
тbзtЙLLеs gaшr pа|И. the пov|еs, bиt,иу Ьа(аисе hаs rеаllу irиprovеl.

20
 Thrill seekers

Word building

Adjeсtives ending -ing / ed

1 For sеntеnсes 1-8 Ьеlow, сhangе thе vеrb to an adjeсtivе so that thе mеaning staуs thе
Samе. Bеgin your sеntеnсеs with I find ... + -ing or I gеt/сLm + -еd ... aссording to thе
word in braсkеts.
Eхample:

Watсhing sport on TV bores me. (get) t gеt bоrеc rvntсhing spоrt оn тu.
1 People doing parkour thrills me. (find)
2 Travel|ing exсites me. (find)
3 Sports fans annoy me. (get)
4 Watсhing сirсus peгformers e|eсtrifies me. (find)
5 Еxtreme sports сhallenge me. (find)
6 Peop|e doing martiaI arts fasсinates me. (be)
7 Going for a long run refreshes me. (find)
8 Exerсising every day exhausts me. (get)
Changе thе word in braсkеts to thе appropriatе form (noun, vеrb or adjесtivе).
1 Hearing about peop|e who have broken world reсords real|y (motivation)
me to push myself to try new things.
2 Тaking part in sport is far more (entertainment) than simp|y watсhing it.

3 Peop|e of a|| ages get .............'.... (eхсiting) about the idea of the o|ympiсs.
4 | was (thrill) to hear my friend is going to trek to Everest Base Camp next
yеar!

5 Parkour is the extreme sport that ......'....'..'... (fasсination) me most.

6 Тhe new ..............'..' {interesting) in extreme sports has Ied to the creation of many
new websites.
7 l was supposed to try orbing |ast weekend, but the weather was bad whiсh was real|y
(irritate).
r в My |atest ..........'....... (chalIenging) is to try the new extreme sport сa||ed.jumping
stiltsl

Listening

1 Bеforе you listеn to thе rесording, listеn to thе instrrrсtions and answеr thеsе quеstions:
1 How many speakers will you hear?
2 Will the сontext be aсademiс or non-academiс?

2 €} 1.3 Listеn and paу attеntion to the information givеn at thе bеginning of the
rесoгding about who you arе listеning to and what thеy arе talking about. This will
hеlp vou undеrstand thе quеstions.

21
 Thrill seekеrs

sЕсТlON 3 Quest]ons 21-30

Questions 21-22
Сhoosе thе сorrесt lеttеr A, B or C.
21 What is Simon worried аbout?

A Professor Franсisсo

B a headaсhe

C an essay

22 WhaI does Therese not like about Simon's notes?

A Тhey're in a list.

B Тhey,re in a spidergram.

C Тhey're in a spidergraph.

Questions 2з_26
Сomplеtе thе notеs bеlow.
Wгitе No ]\{oRЕ THAN oNЕ WORD for еaсh ans\\Iеr.

Мotivation for participating in extreme sports

External influences:

-23... attention
* 24 modern

Interna] inf luenсes:

- adrenalin rush
- wanting to push themselves - 25 .. ... . need

- element of 26

Questions 27_з0
Complеtе thе tablе bеlow.
Writе No МoRЕ TI{AN TIIRЕЕ WoRDs AND/OR A NUМBЕR for еaсh answеr.

Sources for essay

Author тitle Content i

Hans German 27 researсh pro1eсt on about 28 i

|n extгeme sDorts
--- -* - '
Riсhard BeIl 29 ;;;;"i.- ; tr.'..irl
"""кi';
Unknown 30 theories and prinсipIes

22
 ТhriIl seekers

Language foсus 1

G Grammar rеfеrеnсе on pagе 220 of theсoursеbook.

Comparison
-1 Сomplеtе thе gaps in thе tablе using thе appгopriatе form of thе word shown.

noun adjeсtive сomparative superlative

popularity

risky
easter
the most important
diffiсuIty

stressful
more experienсed
the most adventurous

2 Сorгесt thе mistakеs in the following sentеnсеs.

1 Skiing is more easy than snowboarding.
2 Bungee jumping is most exсiting extreme sport.
3 Skydiving is thri||ing than sсuba diving.
4 Hot air ballooning is the safe sport in the air.
5 Combat sports are dangerous of all sports.
6 Extreme sports are often least harmfu| than other add.юtions.
7 o|ympiс athletes are the most fit sports peopIe.
8 Kite-boarding is the most new сraze in extreme sports.
9 Deep sea fishing is most exсiting than |ake fishing.
10 To be able to hold their breath for several minutes, free divers
need to have the bigger lung сapaсity.

3 Foгm SеntеnсеS from thе prompts using сomparativе nouns withшore,/ess (for
unсountablе nouns) orfеwеr (for сountaЬlе nouns).
Ехample:
older peopleltakelrisklthe уoung aLd'еrъеоvLеtао'е f еvtеr'rLsёsthсlwtlле gau-wg.

1 peopIe/have/diff iсu|ty with extreme sports

2 divers/have/fearldrowni n g/people th ink

3 boxers/feel/pai n/most people
4 сhi Idren/|earn/su rflease/adu Its

5 extreme sports/experienсe/popu Iarity/ever before

6 active peopIe/be/stress/non-aсtive peopIe
7 generally, people/need/adventu relin thei r I ives
8 bal et/req
I u i relstre n gth/m any peop e realize
I

9 men/have/interesVсombat sports/women
10 athletes/have/heaIth issues/peopIe who do not exerсise
2з
 Тhrill seekers

Rеading

lELTS Reаding Pаssage You should spеnd about 20 minutеs on Questions 1-13' whiсh arе Ьasеd on thе rеadin.
paSSagе bеlow.

his уеаr,s Summrr gаrnеs rпаrk thе first

timе biqlс|е motoсross wilt bе |lеld аs ап
ОIуmpiс еvеnt.
By Lou Dziеrzak
A Сhina.s first-еvеr olympiс sumlnеI gamеs also
marks thе first timе biсyсlе motoсross (BlVIx)
athlеtеs сan go for gоtd in thе world,s most
prеstigious athlеtiс еvеnt. Forty-еight BМХ
сусlists * inсluding four Amеriсans _ will bring
thе spоrt from its humblе dirt traсk оrigins in
orangе Сounty, Саlifornia, all thе way to thе
Lаoshаn Моuntаin trасk in Bеijing.
B BA4Х raсing is diffеrеnt froпr оthеr olympiс
сyсling еvеnts in sеvеral kеy ways: thе raсеs
1ast lеss than a minutе, thе bikеs arе small and
EA BN,tХ rасеr bеgitls with a standing start and
low ttl thе ground, and thе raсеrs must wеar aссеlеratеs thror:gh thе finish linе. Ridеrs сЦ+rgg
рrotесtivе gеаr ovеr thеir faсеs, hеads andjoints sidе-br,-sidе dorvtr a 26 foot (еight.mеtеr) r#йp,
to protесt against likе1r.сollisiоns. It introdr'rсеs
аn еlеmеnt оf ,ехtrепrе sports' to thе suПlПеr
anglеd at a 28-dеgrее slopе, tо build sрееd and :
aссеlеratiоn of up to 40 rnilеs pеr hоur within
gaшеs ехpесtеd to apреal to youngеr viеrvеrs,
thе first siх sесonds of thе raсе. ,Standing up
muсh thе rvaу snowbоarding did rvhеn it rvorks for aссеlеration аnd manеuvеrability,,
dеbutеd in l998 at thе Nаganо, Japan, Wintсr says Robеrt I(ahlеr, sеnior produсt manаgеr {оr
olympiсs, aссording to Bob Теdеsсо, managing GТ Biсyсlеs in Мadison, Wisсonsin. ,Yоu havе a
dirесtor of thе National Biсyсiе Lеaguе in vеry low hеight to thе framе so you сan 8еt ovеr
Hilliard, ohiо. thе jurnps as еffiсiеntly as possiblе.,
С Тhе Spolt.s long road to Bеijing bеgan in |974 F BМХ bikеs usе a singlе gеar throughоut thе
whеn Gеоrgе Еssеr fоundеd thе Nationа] raсе. Ridеrs usе оnly a rеar-whееt brakе that is
Biсyсlе Lеaguе as а nonprоfit biсyсlе пlotoсIoss usеd mostly to avoid гidеrs whо havе сrashеd оn
sanсtiоning оrganizatiоn. Thе first wоrld BМX 1hе сoursе аnd to stop аftеr сrоssing thе finish
сhampiоnships wеrе hеld in thе еarly l980s, linе _ оthеr t1реs of сусlеs havе a twо-Lrrakе
It Wаsn't until 2003 thаt thе Intеrnаtionаl
Systеm that slows both whееls.
olympiс Сommittее (IoС) dесidеd that BМx
would bе an offiсial sport in thе 2008 Gamеs. G Dеsрitе bеing thе woгld,s largеst prоduсеr оf
,BМХ bесamе biсyсlеs (59 million units built in 2007) and
aп olympiс sport primarily
bесausе о{ thе еxposurе it gоt оn tеlеvision as
having thе most ridеrs (28 milliоn bikеs sоld in
2007), aссording tо Biсyсiе Rеtailеr and Industry
рart of thе ЕSPN Х Gamеs,. says Jay Tоwnlеy, a
сyсling industry соnsultant in Lyndon Station, Nеws, Сhinа wiIl not gеt а сrасk аt winning rhе
Wisсоnsin. olymрiсs. first BМХ gold mеdal. Thе сountry,
whiсh has had a nаtiona] BМХ tеаm sinсе 2003
D Unlikе thе olympiс road and mоuntain bikе and wоn thе Asian Сhampionshiрs that yеar,
rасеs, whiсh takе plaсе ovеr dozеns of milеs and
fаilеd to quаli{y for thе Gamеs.
lаst sеvеrаl hours, a BМХ raсе is a sprint' Nоt a
sprint on a supеr-smoоth traсk suсh as thе onе
H But Сhina hopеs to rvin thе сountry's first
сусling gold mеdal in thе womеn,s mountain
usеd for thе traсk сyсling соmpеtitiоn, but a
bikе raсе. Tеam mеmbеrs Rеn Сhеngyuan. 2l,
mad dash aсross a сoursе thаt is about 1, i48 fееt
and Liu Ying, 2З, arе rankеd third and fourth in
(350 mеtеrs)long and 32Ieet (l0 mеtеrs)widе,
rhе Union Сусlisrе InтеrnаtionаIе (UСI1 сross-
with thrее-hairpin turns and four jump.fillеd
сountry world rankings and рut Сhina at thе top
straight-aways.
of thе intеrnational rаnkings foт thе first timе
follоwing thе 20О7 sеason.

24
 ТhriIl seekers d
Questions 1-6
Thе rеading passagе has еight paragraphs, A-H.
Whiсh paragraph сontains thе following information?
NB You may uSе any lеttеr more than onсe.

1 the history of how BMХ raсing beсame an offiсialo|ympiс sport

2 сomparisons of how BMX biсyс|es are different from others

3 why the new o|ympiс sport may appea| to a younger сrowd

4 two fema|es who are expeсted to win medaIs for their country

5 a desсription of the track dimensions for BMX races

6 two firsts, both for China and the Olympics

Question 7-12
Do the following statеmеnts.agrее with thе information givеn in thе rеading passagе?
Write:
TRUЕ if thе statеmеnt agrееs with the infоrmation
FALSЕ if the statеmеnt сontradiсts thе information
NoT GIVЕN if therе is no information on this

7 Most of the motoсross сyсlists in the olympiсs in China do not сome from the сountry
where the sport began.

8 Тhe BMX raсe is shorter than 60 seсonds.

9 The first BMX сhampionships wi|| be heId in 2008.

10 BMX riders easi|y reaсh speeds of more than 40 mi|es an hour,

11 Riders stand on their bikes throughout a BMХ raоe.

12 China sells more biсyc|e aссessories than any other сountry in the wor|d.

Question 13
Сhoosе thе сoгreсt lеttеr A, B' C or D.
Whiсh of the fo|lowing is the most suitab|e tit|e for the reading passage?

A BMX,s first appearanоe at the o|ympiсs

B Extreme Sports'Olympiad

с BMX bikers searсh for gold

D The first o|ympiс сyсling event

25
 Тhrill seеkers

Writing

Analyzе thе following task and thеn сomplеtе thе modеl answеr Ьеlow bv сhoosins t}
сorTесt option fгom thе altеrnativеs in braсkеts.

WRITING TASK I
You should spеnd around 20 minutеs on this task.

Writе about thе following toрiс:

Thе bar сhart be|ow shows thе kеу rеasons for

уoung ma|еs watсhing Formu|a 1 in
Мarсh 2ОО7.
Summarise thе information bу sе|есting and rеporting the main fеaturеs, and make
сo m pa ri so n s wh erе rе| еva nt.

Wгitе at lеast 150 words.

Reаsons for foIlowing FormuIa one

Mаrсh 07

еХс|temеnt
speеd of сars
tесhno|ogу in thе sport 440k
intеrеst in drivеrs
intеrest in tеam5
modеrn 22oЬ
glamour
brands
favourite sport
honesty & fairnеss of thе sрort
nonе of these

Тhe bor сhort shows why young mеn were motivoted to wоtсh Formulo 1 in Мorсh
2oo7. тt is сleor thot fheгe wos o widе voriety of гesponses.

Firstly, the 1 (mojor/mojority) of viеwеrs wotсhed beсouse they found it

2 (ехсitеd/ exсiting), with just 3 (under/ov еr) 5o% giving this os o reosoh. Тhe
spееd of the сoгs Was the seсond 4 (|еast/most) populor гesPonse with on|у 2%
5 {morе/lеss). Forty-four Peг сent of moles wotсh еd Ьеcause thеу wеrе
6 (interested/intеrеsting) in the teсhno|ogy lnvoIved in the spoгt, whereоs only
З6%had on interest in the dгivers and the сompetitive noture of thesport.
Оthеr reosons, suсh os the stгotegies ond teomwork usеd,wеre neorly ho|f os
7 (popu|ar/populority) when 8 (сomporison /сomporеd) to the eхcitеmеnt f е|t.
Гor 9 (lesslfеwеr) pеop|е stilI wotсhed foг the visuol ospeсts, suсh as sport,s
modeгn imagе,glomour сnd bronding' 22%, t6% and 15% rеspеctively. The
10 (most/lеost) fovoured reosons wеrеtecause it wos thelr fovouгite sport ond
onlу 9% wotсh for its foirness and honesty.

only 11 (7%/L7%) govе no гeсson for fo|lowing F1.

[Woгds; l64] rl
26
 Thrill seekers (f]
2 Complеtе thе сhесklist bеlow by сhoosing thе appгopгiatе rеspсlnsе:

1 Does the introduсtion сopy the titIe? | YЕs/No

2 ls there an overview? | YES/NO
3 Is the answer organized in a |ogiсa| way? | YЕs/No
4 Does the mode| inсIude specifiс data? | YЕs/No
5 Is information сompared/сontrasted? | YЕs/No
6 |s there muсh repetition of voсabu|arу? | YEs/No
7 ls the answer under |ength? | YЕs/No
8 ls.none of these'a group Iike the others? | YЕs/No

Сovеr thе modеl and writе уouг own rеsponsе making Surе you сovеr thе points in thе
сhесklist'

Language foсus 2

G Grammar rеfегеnсе on page 22| of thесoursеbook.

Adjeсtives with prepositions

Rеwritе thе sеntеnсеs using thе adjесtivе in Ьraсkеts +a suitablе prеposition. Makе anу
nесеSsalry сhangеs'
Eхample:
l real|у like snowboarding. (еnthusiastic)
| 0' |/l- е V.t' (' U' Зi, g' 3:' у 1 q 6 1 ;t... з,l" э'.,', |: c л'r d t w o .

1 I love swimming. (mad)

2 I hate going to the gym. (keen)
3 I сan't run Very far' (сapab|e)
4 | love going on long walks. (passionate)
5 | can,t sta-n-d watсhing snooker. (bored)
6 | enjoy riding my biсyс|e. (fond)
7 I love pIaying footba||. (fanatiсa|)
I I don't mind listening to people talk about sport. (indifferent)

Undеrlinе thе two advеrbs initаliсs in thе Sеntеnсеs bеlow whiсh mean thе samе and
whiсh сan both сomрlеtе thе sеntеnсеs logiсally.
Ехample:
PeopIe neverlrarelуlhardlу ever buy records.
Р е opL е wеVe r/tц rr !цh4 ro!!g-су!! b v' g r е c с,'r d's .

1 Cats are usuallуlrarelуlnormailу fond of fish.

2 ChiIdren are hard|y everlsddodusuallу keen on vegetab|es.
3 Footbal|ers are commonlуlneverloften interested in fame'
4 Students are usuallуlneverltуpically passionate about their fie|d of study.
5 Sports fans are generallуlnormallуlalmost never mad about sport.
6 Teachers are alwaуsloftenlfrequently enthusiastiс about grammar.
7 AthIetes are sometimesloccasionallуlalmost neиer сapab|e of breaking reсords,
8 Teenagers are a/mosf alwaуslnot alwaуslnearlу a|ways fanatiсa| about pop stars.

27
Voсаbulary 1

Wordlist on pagе 2\4 of the сoursеbook.

General сategory nouns

Writе an adjесtivе/noun сolloсation that сould bе usеd to dеsсribе thе itеms 1-B bеlorr
Usе thе words in thе boхеs to hеltэ vou.

Stiсky goldеn aсutе еffесtivе opрoгtunitv proЬlеm solution

advеrsе momеntous сontrovеrsial istuе situation oссаsion
fеstivе е\'еnt сirсumstanсеs

1 a national holiday .q.

2 seeing an advert for the peгfeсt job I
3 being сaught in the midd|e of an argument
4 deсreasing Co, emissions g|oba||y
5 losing your job ....*....,.
6 attaining world peace 4.......
7 a|ack of aссess to сlean water q*'.. ' ' '.
8 working together to solve a prob|em ?.ц '..
Put thе following fragmеnts in ordеr and thеn matсh thеm to a situation abovе.
1 thatthey/there is/pсlssibi|ity/wi|| reaсh an agreemen?a faint

tl
2 to meet friends/this is/and relatives/opportunity/a good

be aсh ieved,/it/a sign if iсanVif/iVwiII be/сan/eve nt

.tl
a se ri ous/is/th is/situation/it affeсts/fo r th ose

,n""*.ror,.
"r;;;;";;".t
ovt i.u*u.."r" ,"". o ..". ' '
"..,1.,
...t1
to aсhieve /the on|y way/it's/happy with/everyone's/an oUtсome

;;;;.,;,r;u"u",u", on,.o".r,n,- .1.'

"u,.,"
.tl
the pe rfeсVit's/opportunity to praсtise/of pe rsuasion/you r ski |s
I

I
 Global problems and opportunities d
Languagе foсus 1

G} Grammar referеnсе on pagе 221 of tine сoursеЬook.

Сountable аnd unсountabIe nouns

1 Dесidе whiсh nouns arе Ьеing desсribеd. Thе lеttеr in Ьraсkеts tells you if it is
сountaЬ]е or unсountablе (С - сountablе; U - unсountablе).
1 Rubbish you ind on the street.
f (U) ...........

2 Тhese crimes invo|ve stealing f rom a person's home. (о) .....

3 Тhe merсhandise a shop se|ls. (U)

4 We should eat different types of this to stay healthy. (U) .........
5 People listen to this in order to relax. (U) ........
6 We make suggestions when we want to give this. (U) ......
7 Engines and e|eсtroniс equipment are examples of this. (U)
8 Jou paсk these before you go on ho|iday. (с).........

9 This is the more formal way of referring to what you wear. (U).....
10 This fruit is also a сolour. (C)..

2 Find and dеlеtе thе еxtra,s/еs,in еaсh sеntеnсе bеlow.

EхampIe:

Мanу businesses noиl demand a lot of works from emploуees'

wр.r.Q..

1 Businesses сan be сarried out anywhere. It just takes the right people to seize
opportunities and set up new businesses.
2 Theatre audienсes may be deс|ining genera|ly, but the audiences for the new musiсal
appeared to be extremely large last night.
3 PubIiс transports |ike buses and trains wiI| be,even better for the environment in future.
4 An inсrease in the сost of papers means books and newspapers will beсome more
expensive.
5 Fruit сan go up and down in priсes every day.
6 Еntertainments |ike horror fi|ms shou|d be banned.
7 Disсarding e|eсtroniо goods |ike refrigerators сauses сonsiderable harms to the planet.
8 Furniture Iike tabIes and сhairs is often made of woods.
9 The weathers will be bad at the weekend with vio|ent storms prediсted.
10 Only a little luggages may be taken on planes these days.

29
 Global problems and opportunities

Reading

thе геadin.
|ЕLTS Rеading Pаssаge You should spеnd aЬout 20 minutеs on Quеstions 1-13, whiсh arе basеd on
рaSSagе Ьеlow.

Renеwablе enеrgy: Drеams Ьесomе rеaliq/

:i:::fi;.Ьt;'#.1i*:J:Т*Т*jx.il,Т,.
еlесtiiсit' l-lсс.1.. Тhс rеst is suppliеd Ьy propanе or
l
diеsеl gеnеrаtors.
Onе сommunitr' in Ita]r.has got around thе
intеrmittеnt ,.'oi..," о| iоlar po.',"' r,r.ithout thе
hеlp of Гossi1 tuс.ls. lrl ]002,\Ъrеsе Ligurе, avillagе
of i,+00 pесlрit rr.r t-ioгtЬегn ltalv, Ьесamе thе first
muniсipaiit.' il. Е.rо1lс tо gсt all its еlесtriсitv {'rom
lr.l.tt.dl.Г rеlтing еntirеlv on onе
'".,"l..jЬl" ",'-.g.. .о1аr, rr.ind and small-sсalе
sourсе, it usсs а tlriх оi
Ьydroporr'еr. Four rr'it-tсi turЬirlеs on a ridgе..1Ъovе thе
pror.itlе 31.r-ll..sа.. аtt.ч oГсlесtriсity, 141 solar
"ittugЁ thе torr'rr hall and thе primary
ou.,"-i, Ь.' th" rо.lГs .,Г

sсЬool prol.idе ; k\\. and а snrallЪydrо-station on a

\ х rНAT do a smail Italian villagе' a сommunity ot
1

.."u.Ь1..i.", prсlr.iсlе' аn аdditional 6 kWТbgeйец

YY millionаirеsin( )rеgon
-
and a toц.n in Austria
har.еin сommon? Nеarly all of thеir еlесtriсity
nееds aге supplied Ьy rеnеu.aЬlе еnеrgy.Thеy arе
Ьr-no mеans thе only onеs. A grсlr,ving numbеr
oi.сommunities arе woтking tovr.ards using onlv
еlесtriсitr. gеnеratеd ЬY rеnеlr,аЬlеs'
At thе samе timе, many of thе largеst сitiеs arоund
thе rr.orld havе sеt thеmsсlr.еs amЬitious targеts to
сut сarЬon dioxidе еmissiоns to lеss than half prеsеnt
]еr'еls in thе сoming dесadеs, and thеy r,vill Ье rеlving
hеar-ili' o,.' .",'е.o.aЬlе еnеrgY sourсеs to do this. For
.*u-т,1", Lonсlon aims to Б,'t its еmi'sions Ьу 60
pеr сЁnt of 1990 lеvеls Ьy 2025 п.ith thе hеlp of
rеnеr'-aЬlеs.Whilе no сountтy ехсеPt gеoihеrmallv
Ьlеssеd lсеland gets all ofits еlесtriсitу trom
rеnе.r-аЬ1сs, .o*й.,u'.се-riсh' sparsсlv poprrlatесl
сountri е s, inсluding Austria, Srл,'еdсn and Norrvay,
aim to qеt Ьеtu'ееnЪO and 9o pеr сеnt of tЬеir
еlесtriйtr. Ггom rеnеwaЬlеs Ьy 2010.
Onе oГthе Гirst torvns to adopt a prеdоminantlr.
rеnеrr'aЬ1с supp1r', rr.ithout сompromisingоn its
s i d еilt.s' modеrn lifеst1.lе, was Thrее
Rivеrs
lr,еalthr' гс
in orеgorr. '\\Ъ har.е еr.еrvthing -the Intеrnеt,
satеllitБт.l, а r..ashеr u'.d i.yе.-- thеrе is nothing I do
rvithout'' sаr.s Еlainе Buddеn, lr.ho has livеd inThrее
Rir.еrsfor 12lеаrs.
Еvеr sinсе thе n.rid- ] 98Os, u'hеn the town's {irst
pеImanеnt housеs rr-еrе Ьuilt,Thrее Rivеrs has usеd
iolu, poou".'Тhе nеarеst Po\l'еr linеs arе sеvеral
ki]omеtrеs ar,val. and ехtеnсling thе grid'uvould сost
hundrеds of thousands oГ dolliт s. SJ instЁad, Thrее
Rivеrs rеsidеnts dесidеd to purсhasе thеir or,vn
photovoltaiс panеls and ЬattЪrу storagе paсks.Thе
thеse .sourсеs morе tЬan thтее timеs thе
l"tt-,.. 1ll-.l'.idс
сommunilr..t с|r . lt.lt itr tlt'сd:.
lГ геnеrr.rЬlс .rl.г,.. i: gоing to plаv а signiГiсаnt rolе
rvor}drviсlе, ho...i"'. ii.. 11[ rrееd to Ье еmplovеd
on a muсh l;rrgсr .саlе. Gussing, a tоlvn of 4,000
in еastеrnAustтia. rесепtlr.rrеnt 100 pеr сеnt
rеnеlr,aЬlе ilr е1ссtriсitr prоduсtion with a highly
еffiсiеnt 8.mсqаri'аtt Ьiоmass gasifiсation plant
{uеllеd Ьi thе iеgiоrl.s oak trееs. By 2010, Gussing
plans to trsе Ьiоril...s tо prol.idе еlесtriсity to thе rеst
оl thе distr.iс1 i _,.(]ttt tltlhаhltdПtS.
Меanlr.hilе' laтgеr сtltrln-runitiеs arе also Ьеginning
to makе thе slr itсh. Fгеillurq' a сitv of 200,000 in
south'ц.еst Gегtrrаt-ll ilаs inйstеd Э43 million in
pЬotor.oltaiсs in tllе Рast ]0 t-еаrs and has sеt a g^oаl o1
ieduсing Сo: еn-ri,siсl,-,. to i i pеr сеnt Ьеlow 1992
lеvеIs Ьr] 2010. {nd iГ а11 gоеs u-еll ' Мasdar Сity, a
plur','"j dеr.сlopnr..тrt in -\Ьu DhaЬi that will Ье hоmе
to 50,000 p.opi". rгill qеt all its еiесtтiсity from
thе sun' .'.i..'d u,-'.l сor-rlpostеd Гоod п.astе whеn it is
сomplеtеd ln 20i 6.
Nеr,v Zеalanсl, lr.lriсh 1ikе Iсеland also rеliеs heavily
on gеothеrma} еnеrgr-аnd hvdropowеr' now gеts.7'0
pеJсеnt oГits е1ссtr]сit\'lrom rеnеlvaЬlеs and, with
ih" h"lp oГ aс}ditional r'r,ind Рoп.еr, aims to inсrеasе
this figurе to 90 pеr сеntЬy 2025.
From thе smallеst r,illagе to an еntirе nation, thе
еvidеnсе is alrеadу out thеrе that powетing our
r,vorld rvitЬ rеnеlr,]aЬlеs сan Ье morе tЬan a pipе
drеam. Nolv all lvе nееd is thе invсstmеnt to makе it
a rеalitY.

з0
 GIobal probIems and opportunitiеs d
Questions 1-9
Сomplеtе thе summary using thе list of wоrds, A_Q, bеlow.

Renewable energy in smaIl сommunities

WhiIe many of the wor|d,s largest сities are yet to aсhieve their 1 .........,............. of
reduсing their сarbon 2 ............,''',...''' , a number of smaI|er оommunities have already
aсhieved this as the majority of the e|eсtriсa| 3 .'......,. they use сomes from
renewables.
One country is 4 .............
enough to obtain all its energy needs from
environmenta||y-friend|y sourсes. others 5 '.......,........'...'. to aсhieve this by 2010'
but thanks to having a small 6 ....................... and the 7 .......... of natural
resourоes. Bесause of the distanсe from the nearest aсcess to the eleсtriсity grid, one
town in oregon a|ready soUrсes most of its energy needs from the 8 ..........'....,.......
energy. Тhis was made possible by investing in so|ar pane|s and 9 ......'...
for storaoe.

A сommunity B pretend с geographiсaI

D population E photovoItaiс F energy

G assets H solar l resourсe
J goals K сities L apparatus
M footprint N sun's O hope
P Iuсky A way

Questions 10-13
Do thе following Statеmеnts agrее with thе сlaims of thе writеr in thе rеading passagе?
Writе;
YЕs if thе statеmеnt agrееS with thе сlaims of thе writеr
NO if thе statеmеnt сontradiсts thе сlaims of thе writеr
NoТ GIVЕ,N if it is impossiblе to saу what thе writег thinks about this

10 Ice|and is not the on|y plaсe in the wor|d to obtain aIl of its energy entire|y from
renewabIe soUrсes.
11 A Еuropean сommunity has an oversupp|y of eleсtriсity from it-sefforts to stay green'
12 SoIar power is often unre|iable in сo|der northern сountries.
.|3 Many new jobs wi|| be сreated in the fie|d of renewab|e energy.

Sсan thе tеxt again and find six рairs of advеrbs that modifl, vеrЬs or adjесtivеs that
havе thе Samе mеaning as 1-6 Ьеlow.
1 deoend on
2 luсky to have an abundant sourсe of .free energy'
3 very few residents
4 mainly'non-ending' (energy supply)
5 сomp|ete|y based on i

6 very produсtive/.non-Wasting'

31
GIobаl problems and opportunities

Languagе foсus 2

GD Grammar rеferеnсе on pagе 22| of tЬeсoursеЬook.

Making suggestions

1 Мatсh itеms 1-8 with thеir mеaning a-i. onе itеm has two mеanings, a positive one
nеgative one. Whiсh onе is it?
1 overpopulation a сountries losing their сuItural
same
2 globalwarming b сities spreading out into the оountryside
3 urban sprawl с too many peop|e for the amount of food and resourсes

4 urbanization d deserts spreading as the world gets drier and hotter

5 deforestation e more trade at an international Ievel

6 globalization f сontamination of the of air, water and soiI with harmfu| praоtiсe:
and сhemicaIs
7 pollution g the heating of the planet caused by pollution
i

8 desertification h сutting down of trees, |eaving the ground exposed

i the movement of peop|e from the сountryside to the cities

Writе a solution to thе proЬlems above using thе prompts bеlow. Add уour own idеas
about how wе сan aсhiеve these things.
Eхample:

shou I d lencou rage l peopIe l h ave l s m all lf ami lies l bу

'V!'o'яИqw!.d,.еууp'a!{'Yлgl'Р'Qр.Р|еka'И.q..v'a'SYw.s.|Lp.r'f's'ШlL|еs..0g'еd.*u.аI.v'wg.trИeШ.q\'q.цY.'.

.уtr'q.dqwqp'Yэ.qf'ру.prт'р'т'*|л|'ур.w,':LqИ'gя.|лpP'рf'fрp.d','w,qЕpr.qYу'd'.Иq.p'*.q.q'L.9.эР'q'?'a''..

1 need to/ed uсate/people/dan gers of overpopu Iatio n/by

2 сan/reduсe/number of сars/planet/by

3 ou g ht to/enf orсe/g reen be|tsigovernments/by/arоuпd сities

4 peop|e/might/stay/iflсountryside

5 сountries/tropiсa| rainforests/сou|d/be enсouraged/not сut down trees/by

6 shou Id/ed uсate/youn g peop|e/сu |tu ral roots/by

7 can/raise awareness/harm/planetiby

8 сouId/try/сhange/harmfuI/farming praсtiсes/by

з2
 GIobal problems and opportunities q
Voсabulary 2

Wordlist on pagе 2I4 of the сoursеbook.

Developing ideas by expanding the meaning of аdjeсtives

1 For 1-7 Ьеlow,@thе word initа|iсs whiсh has thе samе mеaning.
't interesting fascinating pleasing boring
2 motivating inviting encouraQing maddening
3 alarming frightening grabbing fascinating
4 worrying troubling eхciting inspiring
5 appealing stunning inviting demanding
6 satisfying demanding agreelng pleasing
7 shoсking stunning nourishing appealing

2 Сomplеtе thе sеntеnсеs bеloц. Ьy сhoosing a word Гrom thе box and сhanging it into an
adjесtivе. Thеrе mav Ье moге than onе possiblе answег.

ГrioЬten tcmnt еnсouгagе attraсt Stun

Obesity is a global problem, but many people find junk food very as it is so
readily available.
It is ,-'............... how many people are unaware of the effeсt of overfishlng on the
environment. I'm amazed!
3 All this taIk of g|obaleсonomiс prob|ems isn't very when l am trying to find

4 I find the prospect of global warming very ......^.......... , and I am trying to be more

environmentally f riendly these days.

5 He rea||y enjoys big сities and finds the lifesty|e very ............. .l think he wants to move to
NewYork.

3 Dесidе whеthеr еaсh adjесt ivе in itаliсs in 1-6 Ьеlow is suitablе. If not, сhoosе an
aрpropriatе adjесtivе Гrom ехеrсisе 1.

1 Having the сhanсe to experienсe other сuItures is very appealing.What makes it

attraсtive is disсoverino the differenсes and the similarities.
Many major megacities have some shoсking soсiaI prob|ems, but satisfуing as they are
the сities сan be very we|сoming.
Not knowing about the future сou|d be worrying for some peop|e, but it should be exсiting
ratherthan troubling.
4 Тhe сrime rates in inner сities might be a|arming to some peop|e, but sure|y they are onIy
encouraging beсause of the media foсus.
Developing new ideas and оreating somethrng new is a|ways verу worrying. |t is very
p|easing to think one has done something nobody e|se has aоhieved.

Тhe prospeсts of finding a better job сan be a motivating forсe, but sometimes friends
сan be enсouraging as wel|.

з3
GIobal problems and opportunities

Writing

Look at thе fo]lowing Task 2 quеstion and thеn ans\\-еГ ll-i.- qrt.-.ti.,tls 1 о Ье1ow.

WRITING TASK 2
You should spеnd about 40 minutеs on this task.
Writе aЬout thе following topiс:

Thеmigrationof peoplеtoсitiesisonеof thеbiggеstр,сс:- -

-:' - - ,.= .,:.d,sСittеstodaу'

Drsсuss themain СаUses. Whatso|utionsсouldbеusеci. ''.' :..=- -;. _.,.

Givе rеasons for уour answеr and inсludе any rеlеl;lnt .. ll \ ol1r knowlеdgе
or ехpеriеnсе.
Writе at lеast 250 words'

1 What topiс do you need to write about?

2 What idea is already suggested in the question?
3 What two things must you write about in your answеr?
4 How many words do you need to write?
5 How much time do You have?
6 How many paragraphs should you write?

Dесidе whеthеr еaсh idеa a_f Ьеlow is a сausе or a solu... .l .?LlSe dесidе
,push
whеthеr thеy arе or pull faсtors,, i.е. somеthing ttl. .,lеar-еthе
сountrysidе or somеthing that attгaсts thеm to thе сitr. Т : --.lLlS€S to thе
solutions.
a attraсtion of better job prospeсts/|aсk of we||.paid jobs
b invest in sсhools to raise standards
с wider сhoiсe of sсhools availab|e
d better acсess to mediсaI сare
e deсentralize big сompanies by offering inсentives tо :.:
f invest in local heaIth сare

Сomplеtе thе following modеl answеr by сhoosing th.- . in Ьraсkеts'

.
-.. .... е

sLv^" c е th е w d. ш :'trL пL R!'l o Lшtv о w, е оpLе а cr o s s i л с :.' -,-: a,-tu

t
у
.j !эr
{rоилthе covtwtrgsLd'е. 1 (aLtиau-gh/*оwеvеo) |'иi.з , -, -.:з

b cih L\л е cLtL е s а t,"d Lts LV"h аbLt а wts, Lt In' а s аL s о b r с''' -:

эоL*tLоr"s LLе Lw u.wdеrstаwdLv.g wИаt pиsИes уеcт'е : "' ; ld' РqLLs

:.r'е'll- !'о tV'е cL|у.
.'о... '
т.r'е с,-zzезt rлttrаctLоwLsrlлepo|еwtLаL of а bе|tеr '-' ,
"'.l. аLг0ad.?)

r э.' е, 2 (v,t И еr е а s / wa w еth еLезs) tИ еr е Ls о, Lа cГ< af уr c зт'..'' з )lЗC c(

"

oшg]аi .'|) "e n{

..^i
: е nеi|.clо,'v {сr thеLr chLLdrеw wИ o3 ('''t oс.tLсtr 1 r, ?. ,

З.' /.| 2 С v З а.'п d. ih e Lаtеst tе ch w oL a q g. tf tn еLr c]лLL dr е'l-,. е э i|' .

=r,еtnthеLr
.-.
Tr.:2f ;'2!- аLsо Lwrpro'lеs. Lт,stLa, thошТIл siLLL Ltr'.pээ' .: '' ':.' . лrе 'fuLОYl

': ?.t-',,Эwе gеts sLc4

Мa,\"''/-2тt,lеcохwtrgsLdеvлl'оrеаpреrлLLwgcаt,"bеdэ.l-,'i'r"'//'-2/-).'..],)э.T,iз'|-'4,qОvеrwvwеwts
-:г |V,е cсшwtrgstdе
cоu'Ld, о#еr fьwаwcLt,L Lwcеv^.LL'lеs tо |lцsLwеssеs ta rеLсэл.е irс'r^:'r''' эi..-..з '

з4
 Global problems and opportunities !]
BИsL^esses 4 (snоvtLdtwu|L) utоt wа.Wt|О аoLhьs ьf rhеnе
's no sQьI'|'еd'wоv@{оrсе, so ьwvеstLwg
ьn sсhоoLs а'td еdl.,-са|Lоn {оv nd,''tLts сS УL|a,
fоr tИLs Lо wоrР'' тьмасLYJ, if rlлеd.ьса.|" саrе Ls
Lw.pravеd, уеo1Lе 5 (cаЙwLLL) bе ]леnLthLеr аwd. LLve or Lои"gеv whLcЙ slлоutLd, Lеаd' to а Wi'Оre
f
pro;d,шctLvе Lo,bоtхr {arcе thаt vILLL thew Lw'qrо'lе thе r)cо,L ,"i*o^g.
|n cоwсLtl.sLоw, tI4е Q'е.lJ Ls tо vу"а|zе thе caцvutrцsLd,е vу.orе аttrаctLvethаwthе eLtg. tw оrd,еr tо
do t\лLs, wе wееd tо rесlrеss thе bаLаwcе bеtwееw v'lhаt Ls о{{еrеd' Lw t|ле cLtg аwd caшwtn4sLd,е.

6 (fлеrеfarе/wИLLе) pеrрLеwLLLbе d,rлv'lvtbаck, аwd sИошLd лLsо stop r'ьLgrаtLng Lwtlле{ьrst

pLncе.

Listening

€} l.д sEсТloN4 Questjonsз1-40

Сomplеtе thе tablе bеlow.
Writе No пДoRЕ THAN TWo WORDS for еaсh answer.

Answers to world problems

Problem Cause Solution

pollution of air, new alternatives to зз nгt

31 a, resoeсt for nature

яnrl praсtiсes

з4 previous bad aIternatives to fossiI fuels suсh as

depletion з5 ............. 36 hvdrооen
In сars

unequalwealth з7 solidarity among nations

distribution аno

of leaders

Quеstions 38_40
Choosе THRЕЕ lеttеrs A_F.
Whiсh THRЕв, of thе following are mеntionеd as potеntial obstaсlеs to thе solutions?
A new teсhnologies

в unpopuIar сhanges

с researсh and deveIopment

the оost invo|ved

how laws are made

finanоiaI inequaIity

35
 Language foсus 1

G Grammar rеfеrеnсе on pagе 222 ofthе сouтsеbook.

Ways o{ looking at the {uture

thе tеnsе shown in braсkets
1 Usе thе prompts to writе SеntеnсеS about thе futurе using
Thеn matсh еaсh sеntеnсе 1-5 to its mеaning a-f.
Ехample:

world's poputationlstabilize (future simple)

...Г'Ие.'ttp.r.Ld',э.Р.cР'4-|л\|a.Vу'wу!-|,+|лa'L.|.2L.......' . . .tbl
1 |l|rуlhardДo reduce/сarbon emissions (going to)
tl
2 world's eсonomies/meeVeaсh year/to agree onipoliсies (present simple)
I]
(future perfeсt)
3 bv 2O5O/a maсhine/invenvthat/сan read/people's minds
tl
4nearfuture/mostpeop|e/|ive/robots/homes(futureсontinuous)
tl
5 oo|itiсians/meeVGeneva/next week (present сontinuous)
tl
a This is the Person's intention.
b This person is сertain that this will happen.
с Тhis event will have happened sometime before a point in the f uture.

d Тhey have planned/arranged to do this.

e Тhis is a timetab|ed event.
fТhiseventwillbeinprogressataspeсifiсpointinthefuture.
into a suitaЬlе futurе
Сomplеtе thе nеws rеpofi bеlorv by putting thе vеrbs in Ьraсkеts
tеnSе.

Ministеrs l .............. Paris nеxt wееk to disсuss thе

(mееt) in

еnvironmеnt. This mееting 2 .,,...........

(happеn) еvеryyеarbut

what makеs this onе diffеrеnt is that for thе first timе thеy
3 .............. (agrее) on how thеy сan rеduсе thе amount of
by working
сarbon еmissions еaсh сountry produсеs. It is hopеd that
togеthеrthеministеrs4.............(sеt)rеalistiсtargеtsthatall
than 70 yеars
сountriеs сan aсhiеvе by thе yеar 2O5o. By this timе, morе
5 .............. (pass) sinсе finding out about thе damaging еffесts

of global warming. Thеsе targеts should mеan that

in thе yеar 2o5o

thе air wе 6 ......... .... (klrеathе) should bе сlеanеr than now.

Hopеfullv, this 7 (mеan) a bеttеr world for all of thе

woгld's nations and pеoplе.

36
 Thе futurе

Voсabulary.l

Wordlist on pagе 214 of thе сoursеЬook.

Adjeсtive/noun сolloсations

1 Usе thе сolloсations bеlow (a-h) to сomplеtе thе dеfinitions (1_8).

a An agriсulturalsoсrety

b Тhe genera| pub|ic

с A thriving soсiety

d Тhe governing e|ite

e A dominant soсiety

f A modern сiviIization
g Аn indigenous popuIation

h An urban population

'l
refers to the people in сontro| in a сountry.

2 is one that is stronger than others.

3 lives off the land.

4 is made up of ordinary people in a soсiety.

5 does not live and work in ruralareas.

6 has the ear|iest historiс сonneсtions to a region.

7 is a group of people who are doing well.

I is re|ated to the сontemporary wor|d'

2 Rеad thе titlеs of thе books bеlow (1_8) and thеn matсh thеm to thеir сontеnt using thе
сolloсations abovе (a-h). An еxamplе has bееn donе for you.

тlтLE
1 2l"tCentury Living

2 Тhе Farmers of the Sahara

3 World Leaders

4 Living Together Suссessfu||y

5 The PeopIe's Voiсe

6 City Dwellers

7 People in Power

8 The Aboriginals: Original Inhabitants

of Australia

з7
 Thе future

Listening

G t.s sEсTlON 1 Questions 1_]0

Complеtе thе form below.
Writе No N{oRЕ THAN TWo WoRDs AND/OR A NUNIBЕR for еaсh answеr.

Order Form
Ехample: Аnswer:
Reason for call: p ro b le m s w itn . .wс.Is'itс'

Name:
Title of book: 2
Author: R[сhаrd 3
Type of book: 4
Priсe: 5t
Payment method: 6
Delivery address: 7 Lоndоn N22
Delivery type: I
Delivery date: 9
DeIivery instruсtions:
lf out leave with a 10

Word building

Suffixes -al -ous -ful

,l Сompletе thе grid with adjесtivеs from the сluеs Ьеlow. Whеn уou have finished, yor-l
will find that
11 down spеlls out anothеr adjесtivе.

1 a synonym for сountrywide 6 the opposite of ugly

2 the opposite of modern
3 the opposite of safe
4 to do with a place having a large
population
5 when something is aсhieved it
38
7 related to land used for farming
8 a p|aсe with a lot of room is . '.
9 to do with modern maсhinery
10 when something is expensive but
is ... noт neсessarV
 - r
Сhoosе adjесtives Гrom ехегсisе 1 to сomplеtе thе sеntеnсеs Ьеlow. Usе thе spaсе
providеd in braсkets to also writе thе noun form.

1 People think robots will be very ........... in the home of the future. ( .............. . ..)

2 Using .. farming methods will help pollute the environment less.

(.... .....)
.......... buildings will have been built in inner city
By the end of the century, fewer
areas asthedemandforhousing rises.(. . . . .. )

Making new friends onIine сan be '. beсause there's no Way of knowing if
what they're telling you is the truth. ( . . ......... . . . )

5 Some parts of the globe will always be more .. than others. ( ........... . )

6 .. developments wiII сhange our Iives beyond al| reсognition in the near
future.(........ ..)
7 Having a very .. house is a dream most people have. ( . ... ...............)

I '. waste|ands often dominate the |andsсape on the outskirts of big сities.
(........... )

Voсabulary 2

Woгdlist on pagе 2|4 of thе сoursеЬook.

Verbs of prediсtion

1 мatсh thе sеntеnсе bеginnings 1_6 with thе appropriatе еnding a_f.
1 lt is expected that ...

2 |t is prediсted that within the next 50 years a machine that ...

3 |t is foreсast that there сou|d be issues ...

4 Sa|es of сomputer software are ...

5 It is estimated that mobile phone usage ...

6 It is antiсipated that a larger ...

a projeсted to double in the next ten years.

b proportion of peop|e wiIl be Iiving in urban areas by the end of the сentury.
с wi|l have grown substantia||y by the end of the year.

d traсks everyone's movements wiIl have been invented.

e with safeguarding peop|e's privaсy.
f unemployment wiIl inсrease before it starts to deсrease.

2 Writе your own prеdiсtions to сomplеtе thе sеntеnсе bеginnings aЬovе.

39
 The future

Reading

IЕLТS Reading Pаssаge You should sреnd aЬout twеntу minutеs on Questions 1-l3' rvhiсh aге basеd on thе
rеading paSsagе bеlow.

How the dream of reading someone's mind may soon beсome a reality

..Sсienflsts have built a computer that сan'deсode, brain signals and

identifу photagraphs people have seen.
Тhe abiIity to read someone's mind and even to visua|ize their dreams
has сome a step сloser with a study showing that it is possrble to
prediсt aссurate|y what someone is seeing by ana|yzing their brain
aсtivity with a mediсal sсanner. Sсientists have built a сomputer that
сan .deсode,the brain aсtivity signals from a scanner and matсh them
to photographs of what a person has seen. In the future, they believe
the teсhno|ogy wilI be able to reсonstruct sсenes being visualized in a
person's head * whether real or imaginary.
Тests of the deсoder show that it сan prediсt whiсh photograph
someone is looking at with an aссuraсy of up to 90 per сent, a|though
the success rate falls as the total number of photographs being
assessed inсreases' Тhe sсientists be|iеve that it might be possib|e in
the near future to adopt the same approaоh in making a deviсe that
сan read someone,s thoughts, a|though they warn against doing this
surreptttiously or against someone's wil|,.lt is possible that deсoding brain aсtivity сou|d have serious ethiсal
and privaсy impliсations downstream in, say, the 30 to S0-year time frame. lt is something l do сare about,,
said Professor Jaсk Ga||ant of the University of Ca|ifornia, Berkе|ey, who led the study puЪtisrred in the journal

|il,jl."o-r works by analyzing ttтe patterns of activity within the visual сentre of the brain, deteсted by a
funоtiona| magnetiс resonanсe imaging (fMRl) maсhine as a person |ooks at a set of randomly-arranged
photographs, one at a time. Тhe deсoder then attempts to prediсt whiсh photograph someone is lookйg at
_ f rom brain aсtivity patterns alone _ when the
same person is presented with a сomp|ete|y different sei of
images. ,The image identifiсation problem is ana|ogorus to the c|assiс magiсian,s triсk, .piсй a сard, any cardl
In this triсk' the magiсian fans a deсk of оards and asks you to piсk a сard, |ook at it, and then p|ace itЪaсk in
the dесk. Тhe magiсian,s job rs to figure out whiсh сard you saw,,said Professor Ga||ant. Imagine that we begin
with a largе set of photographs оhosen at random.You seсret|y seleсt just one of these and look at it while
We measure your brain aоtivity. Given the set of possible photographs and the measurements of your brain
aсtivity the dесoder attempts to identify whiсh speсrfiс photograph you saw,'hе said.
When volunteers in the study were given a set of 120 photographs, the deоoder managed the сorreоt
prediсtioh 90 рer сent of the time. As the set Was expanded to 1,O00 images, the prediсtion rate fel; to about 80
per сent. Тhe sсientists estimated that even with a set of one bilIion images
- roughly the number of piсtures
indexed by the internet searоh engine Goog|e _ the deсoder would be ab|e to make the сorrect prediсtion of
what somеone saw about 20 per сent of the time'.ln other words, if a person undergoing an fМR| brain sсan
Were to seleсt and view an image at random from the internet, our data suggests that we would be able to Use
brain aсtivity measurements to identify the preсise image that the person saw about onсe out of every five
times,' said Professor Gallant.
Тhe sсientists emphasized that at present the deсoder оan on|y match piсtures seen by a person rather than
reсonstruсt images visualised in a person,s head. At this point they сan on|y identify whiсh image Was seen
when the image was drawn from a known set _ reсonstruсtion is сurrent|y an unso|ved prob|em, said Professor
Ga|lant..Нowever, our data suggests that there might potentia||y be enough information in brain aсtivity signals
measured using fMRl to do this in the future. |n faсt, so muсh information is avai|ab|e in these signals that one
day it may even be possible to reсonstruсt the visua| сontents of dreams or visua| imagery,'he said.
Undoubted|y, this deviсe сould prove to be one of the most important inventions of the 21.tсentury. Imagine
being able to.see'what a сhi|d dreams. lt would give us a muсh deeper understanding of how their psyсЪologу
deve|ops as they grow Up. lt сould even be used in сrime deteсtion to better сomprehend a сrimina|;s thoughi-
proсesses and then used to help them rehabilitate so that they do not reoffend' Тhe possiblities are endIess'

40
Questions 1-3
Choosе thе сoгrесt lеttег A. B. C or D'

1 A deсoding maсhine has been invented to

A read the brain.
B match the images.
C prediсt the future.

D interpret brain signals.

2 The aссuracy of the deсoder
A remains сonstant as the vo|ume of photographs inсreases.
B inоreases with the vo|ume of photographs.
c deсreases with the volume of photographs.
D fIuctuates as the vo|ume of photographs inсreases.
3 Sсientists prediсt the deоoder сou|d be used to
A сhange people's thoughts'
B read a oerson's mind.
C warn the authorities. ;

D furite a oerson's will.

Questions 4-6
Answеr thе quеstions bеlow
Writе No NIORЕ THAN TнRЕЕ WoRDs AND/OR A NUIVIBЕR from thе passagе for
еaсh answеr.
4 Besides privaсy, what kind of issues does the person who organized the study Worry
about?
5 At |east how many years wi|| it be before mind reading beсomes a rea|ity?
6 What was the approximate suссess rate when tests were carried out with a thousand
images?

Questions 7-l3
Сomplеtе thе summary Ьеlow.
Сhoosе No N{oRЕ THAN TWo WoRDs AND/OR A NUIVIBЕR fтom thе passagе for
еaсh answеr.

HoWТHЕ DEсODЕRWoRКs )'

When a person |ooks at a сo|Ieсtion ot7 ... ..... individua|piоtures, the

deсoding maсhine ana|yzes the 8 .. . ..... of aсtivity in the part of the brain
re|ated to vision.Тhen the maсhine tries to 9 ...... ........'.whiсh photo the person is
viewing- The maсhine works in a simi|ar way to a magiсa| card 10 ....... . Like
amagiсianhasto11'.... outwhiсhсardwasсhosen,sodoesthedeсoder'
The'12 ...'.'.. rate deсreases the more images it has to сhoose from. Еven if
the piсture was сhosen at random from the lnternet, 13 .. '.. of brain aсtivity
wou|d |ead to piсking the сorreсt image.

41
 r

The future

Writing

l Answеr thе quеstions that геlatе to thе graph bеlow. This is thе kind of information yor-
will nееd to inсludе in thе еxam task that follows.
1 What does the graph deal with? The past, present or future?

2 How muсh oilwas/is/wi|| be used in:

the past? . .. .. .. million tonnes year: ... .. ...

the present? .. ... .. million tonnes year: ... .....

the f uture? ....... million tonnes year: .. ' '....

3 How muсh gas was/is/wi|| be used in:

the past? ....... million tonnes Уear: ........

the present? ..... million tonnes year: ........

the future? ..... million tonnes year: ........

4 How muсh сoa|wаs/is/wil| be used in:

the past? .. ... .. million tonnes year: ..' '. ...

the present? ....... million tonnes year: ....'...

thefuture? .......milliontonnesyear:........

2 Look at thе Task 1 quеstion Ьеlow and сhoosе thе apргopr-l..:- :. 'lт-i of thе vеrb in thе
modеl answеr.

WRITING TASK 1

You should spеnd about 20 minutеs on this task.

foгеса:::-
.]j; .-еi5'
Thе graph bеlow shows the g|obal produсtion and

Summarisе the information bу sеlесting and reporttng i|": -- . . .:.. -.еs, and maKе
сom pa ri son s whе rе rе еva nt'
I

Writе at lеast 150 words.

GIobaI Fossil FueI Produсtion and Foreсast

r 2000

r 0000
Сoа|

: 8000
.:..i NаtUrа| Gаs

ffiolt

c
=

a..ccce"".Фc "ф.
"'ф" 's. "ф.
t

42
 Тhe future Е;
Тhе grаph shows thе wor|d,s past, prеsеnt аnd futurе produсtion of сoа|, gаs аnd oil' |t is с|еаr
thаt if prеdiсtions аrе сorrесt, fossiIfuе| produсtion 1 is |ikеlу/сan to inсrеаsе bеforе i|2dесrеasеd/
deсreаsеs.

Firstly, i.ioа| produсtionl 3 is/was by fаr thе grеаtеst, histоriса||y spеаking. In thе f iгst hаlf of thе 20th

сentury, рroduсtion 4 wi|l remain/remainеd stаb|е аt 1ust undеr арproximаtе|y 1,000 mi||ion tonnеS
(mts).1|his:had inсrеаsеd еightfо|d by its еnd Produсtion 5 bе/is еxpесtеd to сontinuе growing until
it 6 pеak/pеaks аround the middlе of thе 2].tсеntury. Aftеr this, а grаduаl dесrеаsе is
7 prеdiсt/forеСаst So thаt by thе timе 2090 агrivеs , it 8 wi|| havе fal|еn/wiIl bе faI|to |еvе|s |аst

sееn in аbout 1970, аround З,000 mts. In сontrаst, nаturа|gаs аnd oiIpгoduсtion9was/wеrе
,]920s.
hаrdly signifiсаnt untiIthе From thь timе uр untiIthе presеnt thеir produсtion 10 followеd/
10
wi|| fo||ow a simi|аr pаttеrn to сoа|,s though oiI produсtion soon 11 fе||/fa||bеhind gаs,. By 19B0,

аpproхimatеly 1,000 morе mts of gаs 12 wl|bеlwеrе produсеd thаn oi|, pеаkin9 аt аround 7,000
mts by 20З0. Сonvеrsе|y, thе реаk for oi| 13 wil| bе bеing/wi||be both еаrliеr аnd smаl|еr thаn both
сoа| аnd gas аt around 4,000 mts by аrоund 2005.

3 Now find all of thе ге fегеnсе rl.oгds tn itаliсs and dгaw a linе Ьaсk to thе noun thеv rеfеr
to.
Ехample:
fhis (line 6)
1 lfs (line 6)
2 it (line7)
3 tT (line 8)

4 this ftme (line'10)

4 Сovеr thе modеl answеr and rvritе vouг own vеrsion of thе answег. Usе thе сhесklist
fтom ехеrсisе 4, Unit 4 on pagе 34, to makе Suге vou havе сovегеd еvеrything that is
nесеssary and try to uSе pronouns ц,hеrе possiblе to avoid rеpеtition.
 Voсabulary 1

Wordlist on pagе 2|6 of thе сoursеbook.

Conservаtion

1 Unsсramblе thе following vеrbs and сlassifi, thеm as еithеr positir.е (+) oг nеgativе (_)
Thеn writе thе noun form.

VЕRB (+/-) NOUN

Eхample:

тDRЕsYo .!:9э.|'Y?2.'(. )". '. '....

d.еsт:r v.ctсэ,t'"

1 SPREVЕRЕ
2 SCOERVЕN
3 TPOТЕCR
4 FDЕNЕD
5 MDOIATЕN

6 AD|RЕM

7 PD|АPЕARS

Сhoosе thе appгopriatе noun/vеrb сombination Гrоп-r с-\C] . - >с .. , сLlпplеtе thе
sеntеnсеS bеlow. Мakе anу nесеSSary сhangеs. Thеге пlar l.- ::, с iilan onе possiblе
anSWеr.

1 Some of the worId's most endangered speсies will .. сomp|ete|y if

nothing is done to stop their ...

The ... .... of the worId,s rainforests wilI e"s-,э.tiet they are
....... for f uture oenerations.

Nature,s best .. -... are being underminеd э',, co|iсiеs that Ieave our
environment unab|e to ..... .. itself from fur:nеr damage.

The ... ... of the ozone |ayer has now ha|ted sinсе nations
started working together to ensure that it will not be

Breath-taking views wi|| be ... '.. ' bу f uture generations who wi|| a|so

hopefully have .. .... for their ancestors desire to maintain them.

The ... .... of areas of outstanding natura| beauty not on|y saves wiIdIifе
f rom extinction but also .. .. '. p|ant speсies too.

Nothing spoi|s a view |ike a ta|| bui|ding that ... . '.. the |andsсape. We
must not allow their ....... to invade green spaces in urban areas.

|n f uture, peop|e wiIl not on|y need to wear sun . .. .... when on ho|iday. |f ц
I
the ozone layer disappears, they will need to ...... ...... themselves on a daily 'l

basis against the harmfu| effeсts of sun radiation.

44
 Fruits and seеd' (f]
Reading

.5
Reading Pаssage You should spеnd aЬout 20 minutеs on Quеstions 1_13, whiсh arе basеd on thе геad.ins
paSsagе bеlow.

sЕ.ЕD BANТK BUILDS ОhТ FRОzЕrЧ AssЕTs

Ехotiс fruits growing in a Мalaysian garden mark a breakthrough in the teсhnology af prеserving
seeds' This sucсess maY pave thе way for botanists to ,bank, the genes of manу important tropiсal
plants, the seeds of which have so far proved impossible to preserve.

A Тhе seeds of manу eсonomiсaily imрortаnt tropiсal speсies, inсluding гubbe1 сoсonUt
раlm, сoсoa аnd
сoffee, and some f rom temperatе гegions, suсh аs oаk and сhestnut, are desсribed аs ,гесаlсttrаnt.
bесаuse thеy сannot be dried slowly and frozen like ,orthodox, seeds, whiсh саn suгvivе in this state
for many years, With сarе, oгthodox seeds саn be driеd until thеУ сontаin only 5 prr сеnt moistuгe. So
there is littlе risk thаt iсe will form, disrupting the seed,s tissue and kilIing it.
B Reсalсitrant sееds сontain so muсh Water thаt until now they сould not be dried enough to risk f reezing
them. Around 70 pеr сent of tropiсal speсiеs may prоduсe reоаlсitrаnt seeds" Тo the f rustration of
botаnists аnd сonsеrvationists, the only way tо рreserve the genеtrс diversity of thesе spесies has
bееn to сollесt thе seeds аnd grow еaсh suссеeding generаtion. Lасk of spaсe makеs it diffiсult tо do
this on a large sсаle.
c Тhе jaсkfruits in Нoong-Fong Chin's gardеn агe thе produсts of thе f iГst гесаlсitrаnt seеds to be brought
bасk to life аfter а periоd in the deерfreеzе' ,Wе aге the first to suссeed with а tгuly reсalсitrant
speсiеs,,sаys Chin, who is basеd at thе Malaуsiаn Univеrsity оf Agriсulture in Selangor. ,Тhese aГe Very
diffiсult seeds to hаndle,, says Сhin, ,bесаusе tneу are very vаrtable iп moisturе Content сompаrеd with
seeds of wheat or barlеy, for exаmp|e. whiсh are VeГy uniform.,
D Chin and his сol|еаguеsYuе-Luan Hor and Bаshkaran Krishnаpillay oveГсamе this problem with jасkfruit
(Aпoсt?pus heterophуlIus) by pгеserving 1ust thr еmbryo, not the еntirе seеd' ,Тhе еmbrvo is more llke
аn orthоdox seеd, and сontыds muсh less moisture than the whole sееd,, he says. ,Тherefore, rt,s muсh
more tоlerant to сГyopreservation', He says that the triсkiest pаrt with jaсkfruit аnd othеr reсalсltrаnt
speсies is loсаting and еxtrасting thе embгyo. Еvеn in а sеed the size of а сoсonut the еmbгvo is on|v а
few miIlimetrеs long.
Е Bеfore fгeezing thе embryos, Chin сoated them with a solutron of dimethуlsulphoxide аnd pro|ine,
whiсh рroteсts thеm agaiпst сold injury f rom water in thе аtmosphere' Не then b|otted the еmbryos
to remove eХсess moisture and dried thеm сarefullу for one hour. Chrn thеn freezes thеm slowty,
at аround 1 degrеe C рer minute until they reасh -40.С, befоre immersing them in liquid nitrogen at
_196 .с for permanent storage. Не did
this in a spесiаl freezеr whiсh steadiiy injeсts drops of liquid
nitrogen into thе refгigeration сhаmber. This allows the tissue of the seеds to ассIimаtisе to the fа|l in
temperаture bеfore thе nехt drop is аdded.
F Chin kept the sеeds for betweеn onе dаy and a mоnth аnd found thаt 60 peГ сеnt of them remained
,It,s
viаble. our presumption that they,re in suspended animatron аnd tn theory they should be able to
survive in this stаtе forеver., ,Chin,s method is еxсeptionаlly important,, says Нugh Pritсhаrd, who works
at the seed bank atWakehuгst Plaсе, the CountrУ otfshoot of the Royal Botaniс Gardens, Kew, 'lt,s the
only teсhntque on thе horizoп that would work for reсalсitrant seeds of tremendous eсonomlс and
eсologiсal vаluе,, he saуs.
G Pгitсhаrd is deve|oping similar teсhniques foг presеrving сhеstnUt seeds. ,Тhe diffiсulties we faсe are
аkin to those fасed by mediсаl pеoplе trying to pГesrГVe oГgans for transp|аnt,, hе sауs' He sауs that rf
reсalсitrant seeds сan be stored, it wilI be possible to preserve а muсh greаter proportion of the gеnetiс
diversity of these speсies. ,Seеd storаgе is probаbly the most сost-effесtivе way of pгeservation
srеos are smalleГ, so you Can pГeserve a large number in a small volumе., Chln says that hе is
1..^^^,,^^ ^^^f,^ ^-^
UeUaUSr
rеfining his teсhnique, аnd hаs already hаd some SUCсess with rubbеr. Нe reports that thе
1асkfruit in
his gаrdеn seеm to have no abnormа|itiеs, suggesting that thе embryos wеrе unhаrmed bv their sрell
in the freеzer'

45
 Fruits аnd seeds

Questions 1-4
Тhе геading рassagе has еight paragгaрhs, A-}I.
Whiсh paгagraph сontains thе following information?

1 the quantity of reca|сitrant seeds that cannot be dried using traditiona|

methods
2 why using the embryo for the new teсhnique Was both advantageous
ano
disadvantageous
3 how long the seeds were kept in a frozen state
4 a referenсe to simi|ar prob|ems with human oroans

Questions 5-8
Do thе following Statеmеnts agгее with thе information in thе rеading
passagе?
Writе:
TRUЕ if thе statеrnеnt agrееs with thе information
FALsЕ if thе statеmеnt сontradiсts thе information
NoT GIVЕN if thеге is no information on this
5 only tropiсaI speсies of plants have reca|сitrant seeds.
6 Non-reсa|citrant seeds сan be сomplete|y dried out without a prob|em.
7 Тhe seeds of most сereal сrops are much easier to handle.
8 Seeds treated with the new method сou|d be kept indefinite|y and sti|l survive.

Questions 9-13
Complеtе thе flow-сl.rart bеlor,v.
Usе No МoRЕ TIIAN TWo WoRDs AND/OR A NUMBЕR from thе passage for
еaсh answеr.

How to preserve recalсitrant seeds

embryos are 9 .. .,... with a сhemiсa| mixture

+
surplus 10 ..... is removed

+
seeds are dehydrated for 11

+
12 ' ' ' '. f rozen at a rate of one сentigrade every 60 seсonos

+
indefinite storage is aсhieved by dipping the seeds in 13

46
 truits and seedr (fJ
Voсabulary 2

Wordlist on pagе 215 of thе сoursеbook.

Desсribing sequenсes

1 Сomplеtе thе words bеlow dеsсгibing thе stagеs in a proсеss using thе first lеttеr and
numbеr of spaсеs to hеlp уou.
вЕGINNING NЕxт sтAGЕ ЕND
't
I___ f

2 n___
3 a_ s_*_ a_
4 o
5 o

6 o

7 f

I o

I
10

2 Add thе appropriatе ц.oгds or phrasеs Гrom еxеrсisе 1 to сomplеtе thе rесipе.

сake
How to makс a flourless сhoсolatс
lngrediсnts
2959 dark сhoсolatе, сhoрpсd
100g unsaltсd buttсr
175g iсing sugаr, siftеd.
4|argееggs/ sсparatеo

Мсthod
1 F- _ prс-hсat thс ovсn to 180с. T
,
- - 95сm сakе ttn.
s'u*u u roo'е-bottomаd
(r A
t\
t
. mrlt thс сhoсolatе
аnd buttеr
оf
.,".ы;.
L _

ьu#proot bowl ovсr а sauсерan

еgg
bollingWаtсr. t
--
_ _
--- - - : :-,
_
thеY
Whisk"the
аrе.сrеamУ tn
iJЁ йo i.i^s iйar togсthсr until

a sеparatс bowl' N_ _ fold thс mсliсd сhoсоlаtс

-,
into thс egg mlx.
еgg whttеs
сlсаn whisk), *!]'l..!::,s^s^whrtсs.
o soft pеaks form. fоld thс
ln a сleаn bоwl (аnd using а
portlons.
;;j*,il й. иu сhoсоlatс mix, in thrсс оr four
is donс, ;'.*
;_1-i; tу o,"::;;.;;;;;i;
lnto mс
V_ _ this::"j"""]
- 'pour
m xturс,intо
thс mlxturс
T:?ж*.,iуJtil: ь- _ _ - _ rеmoving
D- _ thе саkе from thс tln,
sott ln inr mloulg. ?.":.j:?;Lff;:'T::#[:х'.^:Tl
iЬ; .*;;';"сake is slightlу сraсkсo !u!i! 1s 1-titt
hour.
;ll"*i i. сool on a raсй for about half aп
сut аnd сnjoy!
5 t- - - - - - , sprinklс with iсing sugar,

47
 Fruits and seeds

Language foсus 1

@ Grammaг rеfеrеnсе on pagе 222 of thе сoursеЬook.

Trаnsitive and intransitive verbs

Rеad thе quеstions Ьеlow and undеrlinе thе main vегЬ. IdеntiГr,'rr,hеthеr thе vегbs art
Ьеing usеd transitivеly [T] or intransitivеly [I]. Doеs watег fтееzе in spaсе? [I]
Ехample:
Does water freeze in space? | r l
1 Can you faсe the truth even if it hurts? [ ]
2 How do you have a good time? [ ]
3 Why does сoffee only grow in tropiсa| p|aсes? [ ]
I

4 Did you сol|eсt things when you were younger? [ ]

5 Why does water always flow down? [ ]

6 Does wisdom inсrease with age? [ ]

7 WouId you сrush an inseсt? [ ]

8 Can you pick a ripe melon? [ ]

9 Why do hens lay eggs? [ ]

10 Do you put all of your money in the bank? [ ]

11 Do people really'fall'in love? [ ]

12 Wou|d you |eave your сountry for another? [ ]

13 Why are the po|ar сaps me|ting? [ ]

14 Do you a|ways сover your mouth when you сough? [ ]

Answег thе quеstions abovе, guеssing whеn уou arе not SLl] i. >с .lr]l -iеntеnсеS,
inсluding a subjесt and vегЬ as wеll as an oЬjесt if thе r.егЬ :...:lsltir.е. Тhе first onс
has bееn donе for you'
Ехample:
Does water freeze in space? [ t ] tf it Lsw,t)легл|еd' bu ': "' .

Look at thе flow-сhart and diagram bеlow Сomplеtе thс .i ...t , l\ rlчino lhe r'erЬs fг.
thе quеstions in еxеrсisе 1. You will nееd to usе somе r егЬ- .',,' l;е' Тhеn matсh еaсh
sеntеnсе to piсturеs 1-5,

Glaсiеrs to order
Acсordiпg to trаlitioп iп tЬe Karakoram and Hindu KusЬ пouпtoins, tЬere оre set'еr,-l| -itnse-i fo gro1U ing a glaсier,

Selесt a sitе aЬovе 4,5О0m, faсing nоrгh-\\ еsг, surrollndеd Ьy stееp сliffs
Idеally it wiil Ье roсky, wiгh iсе гrаpреJ Ье:tr ееn small Ьouldеrs of aЬout
25 сеntimеtrеs diameter.

Takе 300 kilograms oГ.fеmalе iсе (whitе, сlеan аnd

madе from snow) and pilе it on top of malе iсе
(сontaining stones and soil),
48
 Fruits and seedt f]
Plaсе gourds of watеr in the сraсks. Thеsе will Ьurst when the glaсiеr
grows. The сontеnts tЬen freeze and Ьind togеthеr.

Сovеr it with сharсoal, sawdust, whеat hrrsk, nrrtsЬеll

or piесеs ofсloth to insulatе the nеw glaсiеr and lеavе it
for аpproximаtеly four winсеrs.

Еaсh season, snowmеlt will Ье trappеd Ьy the glaсiеr andtefreeze, making

it grow. The Ьudding glaсiеr will еvеntually сrееP down thе hil1 likе a
natural slaсier.

Summary

First, you should 1 ............ a sitе abovе 4500 mеtеrs that 2 north_wеst and
3 ..... . ...... roсks with iсе trappеd in bеtwееn them|Piсturе ...7. Nеxt, you will nееd to
4 ............ 300 kilograms of ,fеmalе, iсе (i.е. purе iсе without roсks) and 5 ... ...... ... it
.malе,
on top of thе iсе (i.е. with stonеs and soil) |Piсturе... ]. Thеn you should
6............ сontainеrswithwatеrintothесraсks |Piсturе...]. ThеsеwillЬе
8
7 ............ by thе glaсiеr as it ... and hеlp Ьind thе iсe togеthеr |Piсturе ..,f .
Finally, you ought to 9 ............ thе arеa with сharсoal, sawdust oг piесеS of сloth for
insulation andto hеlp 10 iсе and SnoW aS it 11 ......... ....|Piсturе...].It is
rесommеndеd that уou 12 it for four wintеrs |Piсture...]. As thе iсе
13 ............ in summеr and morе Watеr |4 ............ down thе glaсiец it
15 ............ again eaсh.wintеrwhiсh makеs it 16 ......... ...|Piсturе...]. Thе glaсiеrwill
thеn 17 .. . in sizе and movе down thе mountain as thеy do naturally |Piсturе ,, .f .

49
Етuits and sеeds

Listening

@@ i].f i.6
/ъ. а }
SЕсТiоi\i
.F.Y.A.
2 Ques

Questions 1 1-1 6
Choosе thе сoгrесt lеttеr, A, B or C.

11 Whatwillwake people up in the home 14 What оan the house do?

of the future?
A Control the shower temperature
A Body temperature.
B Turn off the taos.
B The sound of an alarm сloсk.
C Wash your baсk.
C The movement of the bed.
15 What willthe Internet be able to do"
12 What will shoes be able to do by themselves?
A Understand when vou are
A Walkfaster.
B Pюjeсt what's in your fridge.
B P|ay musiс.
C Help find something you've lost
C FIoat on air.
16 What wiIlthe fridge do when peopв
.t3 What
kind of с|othes wi|l people be wearing? are Iow on milk?
A Clothes that make us more intelligent. A Deliver the milk.
B C|othes that сan interpret how we are fee|ing. B Send an emailto the shop.
C CIothes that are powered by e|eсtriсity. C Defrost some in the freezer.

Questions 17-20
Labеl thе map Ьеlow.
Writе the сorrесt lеttец A-F, nеxt to questions I7_2o.

The living room of the future

17 television
18 temperature сontroI
19 bookсase
20 сomputer keyboard

50
 Fruits and seedr f]
Writi ng

1 Look at thе fol]owing diagram whiсh shows a proсеss. Usе thе linking words to hеlp you
put SеntеnсеS a-g into thе сorrесt ordеr.

WRITING TASK 1

You should sреnd about 20 minutеs on this task.

Thе diagram bе|ow shows thr stagеS tnvo|ved in Осеan Thеrma| Еnеrgу Сonvеrsion
whiсh usеs thе tеmpеraturе differenсе bеtwеen deеp and surfaсе oсean Watеr to
produсe е|есtriсitу.
Summarise the information bу sе|есttng and rеporting the main featurеs, ano maKe
сomparisons whеre rе|еvant'

Writе at lеast 150 words.

2 Wаrm surfасe wаter

)i;h;;
turпs аmmoniа into gа5. 3 Еxpаnding аmmoniа 1\ Тurbinе

чИИF @
gаs drjvеs the turbinе,
Surfасe wаter in 15 gеnerаting еiесtriс ty
I Pоwеr output

v
v .-l
v П Пl )'= I
u Цl- I

\l DI
гl
Гl
п
|) WаteГout 0.С
//
l=.
|
I

Пt
ll t:=

Vapor s-дr

U ul 4 Deep осeаn water I

э| .ools the gas, tUrnjлg 1000 metres

=э
ПППППl] NI
t baСk into liqUid

,a tl
:Пil
1 oсЕAN THЕRIVAL ЕNERGY СoNVЕRToR:
uses thе differenсе in temреrаture between Ёa э
U ПП:
ё.€
surfaсe аnd deep oсeаn Wаter tо produсe я
elесtriсity' a,
;r
в € (ssпSl а .€ € v ^
^
Pump ^ Wаter
Deep oсeаn
in 5.с

a lt is c|ear that it has the potentia| to be another с|ean, renewable energy sourсe as no
pollution is generated.
b The diagram shows the teоhnology behind oоean Тherma| Еnergy Conversion (oTЕC)
that takes advantage of the differenсes in temperature of deep and suгfaсe sea water to
produсe eIectriсity.
с When this.working fluid'boi|s, the resu|ting gas сreates enough pressure to drive a
turbine that generates power.
d First, warm surfaсe water heats a f|uid with a |ow boi|ing point, suсh as ammonia or a
mixture of ammonia and water.
e In сonc|usion, the system works just Iike a сonventiona| power plant where a fuel Iike
сoa| is burned to сreate steam.
f WhiIe the gas сondenses baсk into a |iquid that сan be used again, the water is returned
to the deeo oсean.
The gas is then сoo|ed by passing it through сo|d water pumped up from the deep oсean
through tubes '1,000 metres long.

2 How many paragraрhs would you dividе thе answег into?

3 Writе your own answеr to thе task.

)l
 Youshouldspеndabout20minutеsonQuеstions1-13,ц,hiсhaгеbasеdonthегеadr
lELTS Rеading Pаssagе
paSSagе Ьеlow.

.I a rесognrtton
aDDrovе arе dynamiс,' says Lеa. think thеrе,s
If чoи шant а сarееr in еnuironmentаI пэаnagеment,
it PdjS thеn thа.
;#;;;;;.t.il' iiuo., ^..,..'.hing aЬout 1еgis1ation,
ii inuеst in thе latеst trаining' тhеrе йas Ьееn a push to makе sur.
i"".i'i".-.."ih ЬJ ьo.i"g.
Ье surе oГ ;;;;;й;;'-,-'.'', Ьейg inгегaсtive and сasе sгudy_drivеn
Anyonе whosе joЬ inr,оlvеs thе еnvironmеnt сan ;;Ь;'.'щ It,s aБouс making thе suЬjесt appliсablс
o"l iьi"g. thеyu Ье *'o.king in-onе of гhе.Гasгеst_сhanging "nlinе- Ьit oГdеtail.'
rathЬr than,looking at еr,еr),
toda|. тhе upsh,ot is that sound
"..l' "г.Ъ.,vo.kplaсе Sсеvе Nеwman' sеnior еnr,ironmеntal соnsulгant Гor
i.,йi"g and сontinr.ing prЬГеssional dеvеloрmеnt havе and Ьusinеss sеrviсеs grou.p, tеaсhс.
nеvеr Ьееn mоrе important. йo".ьы, tl-rе соnsulting
imp.aсг сoursе as parг oГhis СPD
a u,-'i.,е.,lty .,-,',rronп-rеnгal
But anyonе 1,arь'ning at thе vеry thoughг of еndlеss dry swiгсhеd саrееrs аnd did ;.
.Lоts of pеoрlе tlLrn uP t9 o... ш.*-,n ioinеd
,*n].l" Niouсhеl аГtеi hе
whiсh
.o*.."i should сhink again. .
..i"'.""-..."l,,,.,,.еnt and managеmеnt,
havе Ьееn Ьoltеd
.o.,,.". Ь..'.,sе еnviroimе.'t'i .сa.,h.'3s ь..o-pl"t"d in 200.}' Нis disгinссiоn quiсkly.lеd to a joЬ
.ь"i'.1"ь and сhеy'vе Ьееn сold to gес.somе training,. i;r"й;;;i..;mеntal р1агlninq end sustаinaЬ-ility division
""i"
,"u, д.',-,. i,,tllt.'' еnvironmеntal сonsultant at
р.i.'.ipal i.tс ;-i.l..r гuns геаms in Brighton and
.OГгеn. гhеy'rе .iй"".ьы, Гoг rr.hоni
йl'lii,"а ё.,..g.. ,,,i,i;ng сеnгrе. P:чPl"Yl: ;;й;J;;"ath. .Onе с1аr ц е соuld Ье rvorking on a pipеlin.
work in hеаlrh айd saГеty and you сan sее гhеmthtnklng.-.LJn oroiесt and thе ,,е't nе.i
juаi сarгtagеt,ay oг сoastal flood
;;, i;;; Гor a dull day'', ь", .ь.y go awаy on a high,
Гееiing
woгking in thе d"ГЬn."''' hе says.
"
iu''u nеxt?,, ThЪsе alrеady
David Е{iсks, сollrsе mаnаi..: .lr ;i-lе \1Sс in
integraгеd
*.. .ipdati.'g thеir know1еdge Ьasе, say thе samе.
^nasal,ing..\Х/hat
Unir,етsity - whiсh
'..#-",ь" just aboшt сhе latеsг еnvironmеnial -".,,g.,-'...''... з: Bагh
Сontrar,v tо pоpu1ar bеliеГ, training isn,t stud'еnts study via disran.: .: .:: ::. j _ sа\'s hе sееs many
.A
йsi.t".lon ,"1 i мltt.'. greаtеr diivеr Гor.Ьusinеssеs is сarееr сhangеrs.
.\['е.' с hаt: .. ... :.t.:,t.rnгs \Vlгh strong grее:
Б"й.' riгhеy look goЪd in гегms of whаг.l.y:.^1:i"g сonsultanсs
lеanings want1nя to сoп\..i-: ]l. r.i...' li.rПflental
.,-,,,i,o,-''rr.''t,11y, it,s good PR. As a rеsult, organlZaсlons ;;;;;'. had piоp)е с\.n]::].: ''.: . :ilе'lorсеs wantingа.n
milе. Vеry
u.ant thеir еnvtronmеntal pеoplе to go гhе ехгra .\X/оw, wе,vе just ..'ui.o'-.,1.'i."'..,. Тhеl i:'е:: :rе огhеr pеоp1еinсorporar. who do a
oГtеn' реoplе phonе us ,.'d s,y,
i;: li-lеi'rr'ant to
'ГгЬ.*i.d' i".ь i" likе Ьankln:.
iJ",-,.iA.а..,-,i oГthousands oГporrnds of savings bесausе ,".'ui,o,,.,-,",'сa1
'"-",ьingiis uе s i n гсl г i-l е : : .'., .. : k,.
u,е'rе managing our wastе or сonsumpсion
Ьесtеr.'Тhе
to good nеws stoг1еs., Riсhard Ball, sеnior соnsuilа:l: :: С..rpoгatе Risk Systеms.
сoursеs alrr,ays lеad
p"oplе - whaсеi'еr гhе:: 'е., е. оi.гraining'to
сonsidе:
thе.Insсitutе ;;;J.'
Сlairе Lеa' сlirесtor oГmеmЬеrshiр sеrviсеs аг ц.iil iе *е:l.'linеlr' rеlеr'ant сo a
oГЕ,-',,i,o,-'*.ntal Мanagеm..'t A.'"'smеnt (IЕMA)' -i-,..ь"irvЁ,. they lеarn stuГГlike
^'-'d ;;;;;;;.' futurе еmplоr еr' Т::.]...Р sгееn
.o..o.," iants to lеarn aЬouс еnvironmеntal tо
agгееs.'IГ, ,"1'.
go on .ri*,'"i"gy -ight sound in:r.еs::rg. Ь..с '.o,-. do neеd yo,.
managеmеnr s)ustеms rmplеmетrtation, thеy сould ;;;;k i.;;",pToyеr r. ill .. а'.:э l:, Т:r го gег a.sеt oГskills
гhе diГferenr
.iь..Е_.o fi,..]d^y.o...sЬ and lеarn aЬоut .." -,,"а lГr'оu.:.- s::.:ill-iE out. dоn,t forgеt
сo.
сomРonеnгs and ihеn go Ьaсk and talk to managеmеnt '.i"Jry "J"with soп-rе рrас::са..rрJ.iеnсе, whеthеr paid .
sеttlng
aЬoriг dе'"Lорing an еnvironmеntal poliсy, inсluding '..".р-"i
volun rаry.'
"
оЬjесtir.еs and гargеts., hе struggrе.
an AГtеr Ball,s BSс in еnr'irоnnе::аl Inanagеmеnt.)
Somе реoplе Ьесomе intеrеstеd in a сarееr w1th .o гi.'а.ь.1oь hе rr,antеc anс sеriiеd Гoia puгсhasing rolе
..',,i.o',-l*..,.,l slant aГtеr studying an A_lеvеl in .Bi.t attеr just siх monсhs, thеy
whеrе ;;;;;;;,";"tivе industrr.
еnr,ironmеnгal sсiеnсе o' "u..'Ь..Ji.'еss studiеs, askеd if I,d bе intеrеstеd iп Ьесоming
hеalth, safеty and
growing issu,е. For othеrs,
.o,рo.,.. soсial rеsponsiЬiliсy is a
..'ui.o,l-".,t,dvisеr'' hе sаr s. I said,vеs Ьeforе a salary was
thе oassion Гоr еnr'iгonmеntal issues bеgrns
atdеgrее through сoursеs an:
Не rr'а.s gii.еn гraining
i;;;i;;; a.Чain thеt.mav study Ьusinеss оr alгеrnativеly ",,..'.".,io.,еd',
aЬеst-Draсtiс. p.og.*.,l-'.. гhrоugh whiсh somеone сamе
gеographr'. anогhеr sсiеnсе oг оnе ot гhе tasг-gгowlng ;;;.J;;;;y; *?.к, .o shо,,.hй how гo imрlemеnг his
Thе third
numbеI ot sРес1г1с еП\ lronmеflг_rеlaсеd 4еgrееs. stratеgy. It iЬd to Ьim making Lmmеdiatе
еnеfgy sav1ngs oI
intегеstеd whеn thе topiс
g."p .гp"Jplе onlr. rеallr, gеt
15 pеiсent..Thеsе dar's. mr'СPD Гoсusеs morе on spес1r1с
It's so
altесгs гhe1г 1oD. ;;Ёi;;;;.,'.I1or,е kеерin! up_tо_datе wiсh topiсs'
in wоrk, thе
In сеrms oГthе training оn oГГеr onс. y9},|е еnga$ng,,ne says.
shoгt halГ-dаy .Еvеryоnе
Ьrеadth is hugе-rangiig Г.onr
Thе nеxt stеp is tо gеt rr'orkеrs trainеd up.
a1i
parс-tlmе or НRto
сhrough to МЬtеrs dеgrееs. rvhiсh сan be donе ь,,, p.*.Jplay iitеrms oГгhе еnvironmеnt, f,rom
lеarning. oГгhе bеsг things aЬouг аll suсh Lоndon
Ьv disianсе O-nе
Гinanсе to IT to opеratiоns.' sa,vs BеkirАn-dтеws,
;;;;;;;, *y'Lеa, iithat as thе lеaгnеr) you gеt to influеnсе еnvlronmеnt managег for Groundwork
UK, thе training
.й"
.IГ
peoр1е dеmand сoursеs in сеrtain subjесts_ .lmprovrng еnr'iгоnmеnгal pеrГoгmаnсе is nо
'urьь,j'. ,ui..;n"ьl. ,? work wiгh orovidеr.
i;;;i;;;l;, Proсuгеmеnt_ч9 l.y i;;;;;l;';;й.'t,,iit.hi.'g оГГlighс-ЬulЬs and rесyсling
гraining сoursе pгovidеrs ro dеr.еlоp a svlIаbus.
voul саrdЬoard аnd papеr..
Ьuг it works wiсh
The IЕМA doеsn,t aссшally provide сoursеS..Thе
оnеs. сoursеs wе
сoursе providеrs, approving thе Ьеsг

52
 The world of work and training f,]
Questions 1-6
Lookatthеfollowingpеoplе(ouеstions1-6)andthеlistofstatеmеntsbеlow.
Matсh eaсh pегson with thе сorrесt statеmеnt, A-H.
1 Anne Miller
2 Claire Lea
3 Steve Newman
4 David Hiсks
5 Richard Ball
6 BekirAndrews

List of Statements
A Тhe work varies from one day to the next.
B Еmp|oyees should reсeive a visit at least every two weeks as part of their
training.
c People expect the environmental management training to be boring, but
they leave feeling happy.
D Тhe сourses that are offered are practiсa| rather than just learning facts.
Е Corporate soсia| responsibiIity is not increasing in importanсe.
F People move from different professions into jobs conneсted with the
environment.
G All departments in a company need to work together to help the
environment.
H How the training reсeived is then app|ied in businesses.

Questions 7-1 2

Complеtе thе sеntеnсеs.

Choosе No ]tДoRЕ THAN TWo WORDS fтom thе passagе for еaсh answеr.
7 People in jobs сonneсted with the environment are сurrently in one of the
in the field of work.

Aссording to Claire Lea, businesses are more interested in their .. when

reсeiving management training than in being updated on |egisIation.
9 People сhoose a сareer with an ... for three main reasons.

10 Postgraduate degree сourses, inсluding Masters, сan be studied part-time or via

11 The |ЕMAs job is to |iaise with

12 It is important that any training done needs to be .. to employers.

Question 13
Choosе thе сorтесt lеttеЦ A, B' C or D.
What is the best title for the reading passage?
A How to сu|tivate a green сareer

B Тhe importanсe of the going green

C Working hard in a new way

D How to сhoose the right short сourse

53
 The world of work and training

Voсabulary 1

Wordlist on pagе 2\5 of thе сouгsеbook.

Work

1 Unsсгamblе thе jumblеd lеttеrs that rеlatе to ц.ork and training' and thеn matсh thеm
to a dеfinition on thе right.
1 ALlFlUAТс|oNas a the way somеone earns money

2 HDIELLIOOV b work that needs speсial training or a ski

3 SSOPFEIONR c what you rеceivе when you finish

studying

4 PссoUAloNT d an aсtivity that is done to earn moneу

5 KOWR e another word for 1ob

6 OJB f something you hevе and you earn

money from ri

7 LARYSA a professlоn VcU Сnoose and often

spend a lot с{',.О'.. life worklng in

8 ЕRсARЕ what a persc. ,есr Ves. usua||y

month|y for, ээ .g thеir job

9 OBJ/LEТTI a move to а . с.еr. leve|, often as a

reward for ,,','c'< -g hard

1O OMITONRPO j the formal ne-€ cf Vour job, often

used whеn i .э n forms

Сomplеtе thе statеmеnts using onе of thе itеms 1-10 in ехегсi:с i .'.l,^.,r'с' \bu may nееd
to сhansе thе form of thе word.
2
1
Having a
When lfinish
...... is reallY imPortant in the future may be
studying, need to make
I
to me whiсh is why |'m p|anning to go very different from what it is
money fast. I'm planning on getting a nowadays.
into teaсhing, even though it means
....... but l don't really сare
another full Year of studY.
what it is as long as it PaYs well.

6
5 When I fill in job
4
People used app|ications in the spaсe where
I'm here at
to depend on the land you write your.. ....... ,lwrite
university to obtain better .student' When l finish the сourse,
for their
l

..'. so that l сan be whereas nowadaYs theY will hopefullY be able to write
more speсia|ized in my .doсtor]
usually dePend on
оareer.
сompanies.
I
|'m hoping that wheп From looking at
I get a job my hard work will be numerous job adverts. I've realised
reоoonized and lwillbe that even |ower positions сan have fanсy
quick|y within the сompany.

10
9 think there's a lot of
I
Еven though l
pressure on us Young PeoPle to
admire peop|e who сhoose оhoose a ..................'.....' from very
to do voluntary work, it's not for early on. But I'm just going to find any
me. I need a ......................... to job when I finish mY studies and
motivate me. then deсide.
54
 The world of work аnd training (fП|
Listеning

Е ]5 Seсtion 3
с} 1.7 sEсТloN 3 Questions21-30

Questions 21-25
Choosе FIVЕ lеttеrs, A-tI.
Whiсh FIVE things has Sa||y a|ready done?
A emailed four businesses
B written uo results
c сontaсted three businesses
D started writing the assignment
Е read A Starting Sиccess
F skimmed a doсument
G borrowed a book
H researсhed data

Questions 26-30
Сomplеtе thе flоw-сhafi bеlow.
Chоosе FIVЕ answеrs Ёrom thе Ьoх and сhoosе thе сoгrесt lеttеЦ A-G, for questions
26_з0.

A beginning
B сhoiсes
C doсument
D language
E opening
F questions
G sсaIes

How to write a questionnaire

Put your 30 ......... .. '..... in a |ogiсa| order

55
 Fit

The world of work and training

Language foсus 1

G} Grammar rеfеrеnсе on pagе 223 ofthе сoursеЬook.

Conditionals 1

1 Мatсh thе two halvеs of thе sеntеnсеs. Undеrlinе thе main vеrb in еaсh сlausе and thс
dесidе if thе first or sесond сonditional is usеd.

Ехample:
When l finish universitу, a the future would be brighter.

1 Unless governments work together, b wе won't breathe c|eaner air'

2 |f we made the wor|d a fairer plaсe, с We Won.t be ab|e to soIve the wor|d's
proDlems.

3 lf peopIe reсyc|ed more, d there would be less rubbish.

4 Uniess peopie Use thcir сars [ess; et'|ltaokfaгaffi

i-.', С.''., - -- -''. :,rt2l)

2 Answеr thе following quеstions about thе futuге. Gir-е геasons and ехamplеs. Usе
сontraсtions in уour answеrs, aS уou would in th.. Sрезking tеst.
Ехample:

What invention would уou like to have in уour

'house Оf thе future'?

|.,d
'L.L.r?'.е.t.О..И?,,/.е.q'.ц.И.s.L'qq!,b'еd'rлqIР|q.lJt.Q'. ii':'... ' '.' '.. | ' ' ',:'',:'|Rp'^.!wp'....
q,wл|з,е.'?,еryk|"U.L'+'.t'.Ие.'цоlуу.t.v|.Q..

1 lf you сould read the future regarding your f riends' careers, wou|d you use it to he|p
them?

2 How wi|| life be different if we have сomputer сhips сontaining al| the information about
our job'inside us' in the future?

3 How |ong wi|| it be before maсhines take over the work of humans?

4 Wi|| your future grandсhi|dren sti|| be reading books?

5 |f you could, would you like to have a job that involves working f rоm home?

6 How would people feel if they had to study every day as part of their job?

7 lf it were possible, would people take a business trip to the moon?

56
 Thе world of work and training C
Voсabulary 2

Wordlist on pagе 215 of thе сoursеbook'

Colloсations

еnormous onсе-in-a-lifеtimе сonsidеrablе

in distinсt outstanding
rеsult
finanсial show boost dеsеrwеs

Complеtе thе sеntеnсеs using a SuitaЬlе сolloсation fтom thе box. Thеrе may bе morе
than one possiblе answеr.
1 Peop|e who go into banking reсeive ........ benefits, |ike free private hea|th
insuranсe, for exampIe.
2 There are .....'....... advantages to having a rewarding сareer.
3 It is a ................ opportunity that's not to be missed!

4 His |atest book was an ...'.'.'...'.. suссess.

5 Working for a |arge organization сan .....'....... your longterm сareer prospeсts,
6 Many entrepreneurs offset the ............. disadvantage of not having good
qua|ifiсations, by using their experienсe and determination.
7 Many students are inсorreсt|y to|d by their teaсhers that they wi|| not suсceed and that
their efforts will ............. failure.
8 Representing your оountry in the o|ympiсs is an ........ aсhievement.

9 Мost students ........ сonsiderable imorovement whiIe on a сourse.

10 Everybody............... a second сhanсe'

Completе thе sеntеnсеs with a suitablе сolloсation. Thе first lеttеr of еaсh word has
bееn givеn.

1 lf you .s'..............'. a сhanсe, it means you do not Use it in a sensible way.

2 |f you b.................your prospeсts, it means you improve them'

3 |f you s.........'....... an opportunity, it means that you aсt quiсk|y and use an opportunity
that may not be available later.

4 |f something is a t............'... faiIure, yoU сan also say it is a сomplete disaster!

5 Having a limited ЕngIish voсabuIary is a c.'............... disadvantage when you sit the
IELТS eхam!

6 |f you Want to Й.'............... suссess in Iife, you must be prepared to work hard for it.

7 His Еng|ish showed a h.'...'.'......... improvement after spending aУear in the USA.

8 If the advantages o................. the disadvantages, it means there are more positives
than negatives.

57
The world of work аnd training

Writing

Rеad thе Task 2 quеstiоn Ьеlow and thеn answеr thе follorr.ing quеstions:
1 What is the topiс of the essay?
2 What opinion is put forward that you need to foсus on in your answer?

3 Ultimately, what question do you need to answer?

4 How сan you support your opinion?
5 How many words do you need to write?

WRITING TASK 2
You shоuld spеnd aЬout 40 minutеs on this task.
Writе about thе followins topiс:

ln thе futurе, written exams wi|| no |onger ехist, lnstеad, pеaptg '., :- '' iеarn
praсtiсa| ski||s'

Тo what ехtеnt do уou agrее or disagrеe with this statеmеnt?

Givе rеasons foг your answеr and inсludе any rеlеvant ехaп.iр1еt ::-. lt-Il } our own
knowJеdgе and еxpегiеnсе.
Writе at lеast 250 words.

Rеad thе samplе answег bеlow and add thе missing punсt]-iati()Г сaрital lеttегs, full
stops and сommas). Thеn dесidе whеrе you would sеparatе it :n. ., nrт.:grяnhs

the futuгe is оlwoys unсertоin ond there is no doubt thot wе oгe living in an
еvеr-сhanging woг|d whеrе little stoys the some for long thot sоid eduсotion wi|l

olwoys Ье nееded though whеthеr this wi|l inсlude exoms гemoins to be seen in my
view therе wilI olwoys tе o p|aсе for eхoms evеn if ossessment is not exсlusively
exom-bosed therе is some еvidеnсe in the present to substontiote the title,s сloim
troditiono|ly eduсotion hos сentгed on oссdemiс topiсs suсh оs longuoge Iiteгature
ond maths whiсh Weгe ossessed in exоms howеvеr morе rеcеntly сolleges and
universities now inсlude сourses on сoteгing сonstгuсtion ond monogement o||

гequiгing more pгoсtiсol skiIls the best woy of сssessing thesе obiIities is probab|y

not in o written exom but thгough сoursework оnd proсtiсol ossеssment on the
other hond pгaсtiссl ossessment is sti|l o type of ехam though ifs foгm moy be
diff еrent fгom in the post in oddition fheгe is sti|l o ploсe f oг troditionol ski|ls on
thеsе сoЦrses foг еxamp|еaсhеf sti|l needs to be oЬ|e to do theiг oссounts and
o monoger sti|| needs to be aЬ|e to write гepoгts ond memos the most еff iсiеnt
woy of ossessing whethеr o Peгson has these ski|ls or nof is to test them in exom

сonditions in сonсlusion odvonсes in eduсqtion ond teсhno|ogy will probably hove a

mojoг impoсt on our lives in the future but this does not meon thot everуthing wi|I

changе сomp|etely exoms wi|| olwoys hсve o p|oсe in ossessment though they will

probobly not be the only method used

 The worf d of work and training d
Answеr thе following quеstions aЬout thе samplе answеr.
1 Content _ does the оandidate answer the question ful|y?
2 Оrganization and сohesion _ with the сorreсtions, is the answer easy to read?
3 Range _ does the writer use a wide range of voсabulary and grammar?
4 Ассuraсy _ are there spe||ing mistakes?
4 Now writе Vour oц/n anSWег to thе quеstion bеlow.

WRITING TASK2
You should sреnd aЬout,10 minutеs on this task.
Writе aЬout thе following topiс:

The most va|uab|е ski||s |еarnеd arе praсtiсa|, rathеr

than thе onеs wе |еarn
whi|е in еduсation.

Тo what еXtеnt do уou agГее Оr disagrее with this statеmеnt?

Givе rеasons for vour ans\\lеl and inсludе anv rеiеvant ехamplеs
fгom your own
knorv|еdgе and ехpегiеnсе.
Writе at lеast 250 rr.oгds.

59
 Voсabulary.l

Wordlist on pagе 216 of thе сouгsеbook.

Nouns relating to plaсes

1 Сomplеtе thе сrosswоrd bеlow using thе сluеs and сolloсations to hеip vou.

Across Down
3 |'m a сity girl. l grew up in this 1 Тhis shopping area has been made
.. ... (13) into a Pedestrian .. ' . .. (4)

They сhose an amazing 2 Conveniently, there are now two сasl^

for their wedding. (7) maсhines in the .. . ... (8)

The house is in a Prime 4 Тhe iсe caps are in the po|ar

(8) ... . . (6)

10 Many people do not live in the same 5 Тhe Lake ........... in the north of
.... .. theY grew uP in ' (4) Еngland is famous for its |akes. (8)

11 This is the .... .... where the 6 This area is a naturalbeautY

Olympic village will be built. (4) (4)

Тhis . . . .. ... makes me f rightenс

(5)

We moved out of the сity so We оou|d

nave more . .. (5)
 The history of geography f]
, .If
you сould livе anywhеrе, whеrе would it
L:;Ъl"*llтж""..|]|?;#}; ff;}::.
3
*".'
. Sinсe , ,Ju" ano . I,suffer from.

with
l love pe1сe
reatrrei, raй";ъ;;;;i
:,.,
temperatel
:old, I wouId |ive in a lot Чuiej, so somewhe re
'lois open spacelin n?i:у
,"",,.j!Hъ"J;{j:Ёj:l ilжJ:"",",",
. houie
tropicalzone' 'o'f
neighboLrhooi *oulJ Бe
? '
ioeЪl' a on an opeл hiltside/wooded
'Ь',.,]JЬ.
wou|d be perfeсt for me.

t сan,t s*im but love to 5 6-ot

watсh the power of the sea in aсtion,
so a p|aсe on a сtiff toplseсtuded lake
would be amazing.
I'm a big astronomy l'm afraid f,"igt'rt.,
fan, so I need it to be dark. I'd so anywhere that's not up
сhoose a wooded hillsidelan empty high, but still has amazing views
desert |oсation so l сouId stargaze would be great, like a rugged
every night. mou ntai n / s an dу beach, tor
example.

3 Now answеr thе samе quеstion.

Listening

ЕLТS Seсtion 4
€} 1.8 sEстloN4 Questions31-40

Questions 31-40
Сomplеtе thе notеs bеlow.
Writе No N{oRЕ THAN ТнRЕЕ WoRDs AND/OR A NUMBЕR
for еaсh answer.

lmpaсt of Urbanization
Тhe effeсts of urbanizаtion:
Еxample:in the U.S.
. 31 only . ..... of Iand built on
. loss of 32 . .... far larger

Could impaсt on worId 33 . '..... ..' in future

Researсh methods:
. a weather 34 .'....'... ...... for сlouds was used
. Iand use divided into 35
. data used to сa|сuIate the 36.. '.... of alIareas
Results:
. urban areas often built on 37 the
. a seсond study сonfirmed that prime |and is being сonverted
. 38 ..... of vegetation is lost per annum
Тhe future:
. сountries such as 39...'.'..........''..'...'.. and
need to сonduсt investigations
a stop investing in infrastruсture in areas of fertile Iand
a enсourage peop|e to move by giving them 40

61
 Тhe history of geography

Read ng

lЕLTS Rеading Pаssаge You should spеnd aЬout 20 minutеs on Questions 1_13, ri.hiсh arе basеd on thе геadiг.
passagе bеloц.

Questions 1-7
Thе rеading passagе has sеvеn paragraphs, A_G.
Choosе thе сorrесt hеading foг рaragraphs A-G from thе list oГ hеadinss Ьеlow.
Writе thе сorrесt numЬеl i_х, foг Quеstions 1_7.

List of headings
i An opportunity to explore a seabed provided by warmer 1 Paragraph A
temperatures 2 Paragraph B
ii A seсond, unexpeоted disсovery
3 Paragraph C
iii A powerful new submarine
4 Paragraph D
iv An overview of an eхpedition to Аntarсtiсa
5 Paragraph Е
v Flowers and frogs of the deep
6 Paragraph F
vi The negative effeсts of g|aсia| disintegration of the sea floor
vii lnsight provided into the effeсt of с|imate сhange on the
7 Paragraph G
sea eсosystem
viii The сonsequenсes of the temperature inсreases on
Antarсtiсa
ix What the internationa| team of sсientists found
x Risking everything in Antarсtiсa

:j;xj:i:;tj i;;г;j;
Herds oГsеa сuсumbеrs on the movе' fiе|ds ofsеa squirts and
forests of g|ass sPongеs. Тhesе wеrе just somе of the'fantastiс
sights sсiеntists сaptured on an undЬrwater еxpedition to a rеmotе
rеgion ofАntarсtiсa. Mari.nе biologists mаdе a unique inventory
of Iifе f,orms on a part ofthe seabеd that had beеn sеalеd off foi
thousands of уеarsЬу massivе iсe shе|vеs bеГorе thеy sudden|y brokе
up' Waves of сolonising plants and animals quiсkly moved in to
ехp|оit thе nеw haЬitat whiсh had openеd up aftei a rеgion of,iсе
a third of the sizе of Bе|gium had disappеarеd and let iriday|ight
and oxygеn...Тhis is virgin geography,,said Cauthier Chapеilйf
thе |ntеrnationa| Polar FoundЬtion ln Brussе|s. .Ifwе don't find out whaс thls arеa is likе now aftеrthe
сoIlapse оf thе shе|f, and what speсiеs arе thеrе' we Won't know in 20
уеars'il,hаг has сhаngеd, and hoи
g|oЬa| warming has a|terеd thе marine есosystеm.'
Morе than 50 sсiеntists from 14 сountriеs sPеnt tеn weеks making thе f rrst сomprеhеnsivе Ьio|ogiсal
s-чry9yofthе seaЬеd undеrneath thе Larsеn A and Larsen B iсе shE|vеs, whiсh disrnгеgrated in 19Ъ5 and
2002 respесtrve|y. Тhеy сo|Ieсtеd spесimеns of an еstimatеd 1,000 speсiеs, inсluding-1 5 shrimp-likе
amphipods that arе probaЬIy nеW to. sсienсe., inсluding onе 4.inсh spесimеn that isТhе biggesi of its
kiлd. Тhеy also fo^und four spесiеs of сoral-Пkе оrganiйs сaI|ed сnidarians, onе of whiсh i".", n.',,yp.
оfsеa anеmonе, found living on thе baсk of a sеa-snai|'s shel|. "
А rеmotе|y сontrol|еd suЬmеrsiЬ|.е took piсturеs of animals сal|еd g|ass spongеs, growing in dеnsе
Patсhеs in thе Larsеn Aarеa..Bythе Larsen B iсе-shе|f, fast_growin!g.|"iinoй sеrsquirЁ movеd in.
.Тhesе
iсe shе|vеs сollapsed du-е to regioлa| warming,'said бrJuIiaй Ъuш, who |еd thе ехpеdition from
thе А|fred Wеgеneг |nstiсutе in Brеmей, Cеrmany. ,F6r thе fi rst iim е, wе h avе thе opportu nity to study lifе
in suсh an area. Тhе Ьreak-up оfthеse iсе she|vеs opеned up hugе, nеar-pristinе po.rtions ofthе o.."n floo,
sealed off from aЬovе for at ieast 5,000 yеars and possib|y up to-l z,oo0 yеars in thе сasе of Laгsеn B.,
 The history of geography (f]
Anothеr surprise finding was thе aЬiIity of deep-sеa IiIies _ a|ong with thеir relatives, thе sеa сuсumbers
and sеa urсhins - to adapt to thе rеlative sha|Iows ofthe Larsen seabed. Norma|Iy, thesе |iIiеs arе found
аr d.epths of 1,000 metres. Тheisсiеntists also saw minkе whalеs and rarе Ьеakеd whalеs moving сlosе
lo сhе edgе of thе paсk iсе that had Ьееn exposеd by thе |ost iсе shelves, said Dr Мeike Sсheidal a
Сеrman sсientist on thе tеam. .|t was surprising how fast suсh a nеw haЬitat was used and сo|onisеd Ьy
тinke whales in сonsideraЬle dеnsitiеs. Тhеy indiсatе that thе есosystеm in thе watеr сolumn сhangеd
сonsidеraЬly.,
Оnе overwhеlming сonсlusion from thе еxpеdition was that thе йarinе eсosystem was in a state oГ
ilцx after the сhangеs in thе sPaсe ofjust 10 years. .Тhe сo||apse of thе Larsеh shelves may tеII us aЬouс
]paсts of сlimatе-induсеd сhangеs on marinе Ьiodivеrsity and thе funссioning of thе есЪsystеm,, Dr
Cutt said' .UntiI now, sсientists have g|impsed Iife under Аntarсtiсa's iсе shе|vei on|y through driIl hoIes.
',vе.We.re in thе uniquе position to sample wherеver wе wantеd in thе marinе есosystеm сonЪidered onе
оГthе lеast disturbed by humankind anywhеrе on thе planеt.,
Тhe Larsеn she|vеs Were attaсhed to thе Аntarсtiс pеninsula, one of thе fastest_warming rеgions, with
:еmPeraturеs 25С highеr than 60 уеars ago. Sinсе ] 974, some 13,500sq km of iсe shеlvЪs, йhiсh arе
аrtaсhed to thе main|and Ьut float on thе sеa, havе disintеgrated in thе Аntarсtiс pеninsula. Sсiеntists
.еar morе iсe-shе|f
disintеgratiоn сould lеad to thе rapid Iois ofglaсiеrs and iсe shЬets from thе
:ontinеntaI mainland, and a сOnsеquеnt rise in g|oЬal sеa Ievе|s.
]r Cutt said onе question thе sсientists Wanted to answer is whether thе massivе movements of iсe was
]еtrimеntal to thе |ifе forms on the seaЬеd. .During the disintеgration ofthе she|ves, many iсеЬеrgs
;аIved, and thе quеstion arisеs whеther groundingiсebеrgs only deuastatе |iГe at the sea flЬor or йhеthеr
suсh disturbanсе сontriЬutеs to a high Ьiodivеrsiф. .lсеЬJrg disturbanсe was muсh more oЬvious north
эf thе Larsen A and B areas where iсeЬеrgs tуpiсa||у.un agйund. Аt dеpths of 100 mеtrеs' we saw fгеsh
;е sсour_marks еverywhеrе and ear|y stagеs of marinе |ifе reсo|onisation but no maturе сommunity.
it about 200m, wе disсovеrеd a mosaiс of lifе in different staяеs of rесo|onisation.,The sсiеntists also
-Ъund smal| с|usters of dead с|amshel|s Iittеring a dark arеa ofthе sеaЬed whiсh was
probably the sitе of
' minеral-riсh,сo|d seёp', spеwing mеthane and sulphidе, whiсh had fеrtiIisеd the rеgion thеn peterеd
эut and starvеd the surrounding life-forms.

Questions 8-1'l
Сomplеtе thе tablе bеlow.
Writе No MoRЕ T}IAN TWo WORDS from thе passagе for еaсh answеr.

Types of sea сreatures disсovered

Seа сreatures Found
New type of I ............. on snai|'s baсk
Glass sponges in 9 ............. in Larsen A
Deep sea Ii|ies re|ated to sea сuсumber in 10 ................... of Larsen sea floor rather
than in deep sea
Dead с|ams at about '11 .........

Questions 12 and 13
Choosе TWo lеttеrs, A-Е.

Whiсh two statements are true about the Larsen shelves sinсe 1974?

A |сeberg changes Were more evident to the north of the shelves

B The iсebergs retroze and formed new sheIves
C The iсe she|f disintegration inсreased the formation of iоebergs
D Тhe break up of the iсe she|ves сauses danger to shipping |anes
E A |arge area of the iсe sheIves has broken up

63
Тhe history of geograрhy

Language foсus ]

@ Grammar rеfеrеnсе on pagе 22З of thе сoursеbook

Referring in a text
whiсh words arе bеing
l Rеad thеsе sеntеnсеs whiсh togеthеr foгm a tехt. Dесidе
rеfеrrеd to bу thе undеrlinеd pгonouns.
that | |earned about in my
1 Тhe water сyс|e is one of the most interesting things
geography lessons at sсhool.
2 My teaоher used a сartoon to demonstrate it.
3 She gave a raindrop a name for this purpose'
4 lt was'HarrY the haPPY raindroPi
5 He travelled on a journey overland, in rivers and the sea'
6 Тhis wasn't easy.
7 I still remember her.
8 She Was one of the most enthusiastiс teaсhers l ever had.
2 сhoosе thе сorтесt word in italiсS.
1Myregionisinthesouthoftheсountry,whiсhiswhythls/itisveryhot.
2ТheAmazonrainforestisanareaofgreatimportanсe.Thislltisbeоausethislitcontaiг.
so muсh biodiversity.
over the ocean. However, thls
3 For сlouds to form, water evaporation usual|y happens
processlthatсana|sohappenoverlandfromwaterinlakes,riversandstreams'
4ТhesunrisesintheEasteveryday,thoughthetimeatwhiсhtheriselithappensmay
vary.
is a Very prof itable business.
5 Governments keep сutting down trees beсause itlthis
worк.
6 People move to сities beсau se theуlthese want to find
7Reсyсlingandusingpub|iсmorethanprivatetransport.aregoodideas'Ihese.measur.
slow down g|obal warming.
Ihat wi|l help you tJreduсe your carbon footprint and
how to do it|that Уou сan find your wa\
8 Map reading is a useful ski|| to have. lf you know
about more easily in a new plaсe.

64
 The history of geography ([
Voсabulary 2

Wordlist on pagе 216 of the сoursеЬook.

Verbs relating to сhanges in maps

1 Put thе vеrbs in the Ьoх Ьеlow into the сoгreсt сolumn aссording to thеir mеaning.

сonvегt tеardown transform еxtеnd еxpand

сonstruсt bесomе pull down turn into сhop down
dеvelop knoсk down dеmolish rеplaсе altеr

Verbs that foсus on removing struсtures Verbs that foсus on сreating structures

2 Complеtе thе sеntеnсеs Ьеlow using thе сorтесt form of thе verbs in еxеrсise 1. Мakе
surе уou usе thе passivе voiсе whеrе appropriate. Тhеrе maу be morе than onе answеr.

' ],:"::::::':ffiЖ:;::""teneedof repair'lt..'..... ....downandthen

2 Last year, the largest house on the street .. . ... into flats.

3 сentre
The Ielsure , so that it now inc|udes a swimming pool.

4 Тhe derelict Iand . . . ... into a new sports stadium.

5 The trees . to allow for extra street lighting.

6 The bank .,....... beyond a|| reсognition. It's now a pub|iс |ibrary'

7 Anewsсhool ........toaссommodatemorepupils.
8 To make spaсe for the new deve|opments, the old bui|dings in the area

and the who|e transport system . ... to inсlude high speed Iin ks.

65
The history of geography

Writing

Аnalуze the fo]lowing Thsk 1 questiоn and сomplеtе thе exеrсisеs on thе modе] answеr.

WRITING TASK T

You shou]d spеnd aЬout 20 minutеs on this task.

Thе maps be|ow show the сhangеs eхperienсed bу Rivеrside town

from 197О to
20О9'
Summarisе the information bу seleсting and reporting the main features
and make
сo m pa risons wh ere neсеssa rV,

Wгitе at lеast 150 words.

Map of RiversideTown 1g70

Residential
housing area

Map of RiversideTown 2009

Residential Luxury residential

housing area housing area

Residential
housing area

Centra| business distriсt

Golf сourse

KЕY
--ъ
High-speed rаillink
 The history of geography Е
2 Rеad thе first paгt of thе modеl answеr and сhoosе thе сorreсt altеrnativе.

Now put the rеst of thе modеl answer in ordеr using thе rеfeгring words and linking
words to help уou.

a Fv'rthеrwtоrе, thеrе Ls а wew goLf cо,,"rsе|о thе еаs| о{ thetоw^,1иst V"о|.thО{thе{LvеY.

F'LI|:|ДеYлLОY;,tЙеrеLsа,wev,)аОL{eaшrsеtоtИеt,пstо{thеtоwиъ,iиst wоrth оf thе rLvеv

|w сОW|Yаst, thе оLd cewtrаL bшsLwеss dLsLrLc| wtаLr'tаLws Lts cеwtrаL LоcаtLоw a,'Lt
hаs аLvwоst d'оvtbLed Lw sLzе'

|1 0w еv eY, b g LЙe Uе
аY 20 o9, Lhe | 0w w,s r esL d, еwtL а v аr еа s tr фL е d

FL'rvаLLц, tИe Lлst re'rwаLwLwq еwc|.osшrе to thе soшth оf tИe nLvеr thа.t hаs woL
cиа*g7d Ls tИе recrеа|Lоwа'|а,rеа thоиgИ Lt wОw Loo|zi srwаLl" bg cоwФаrLsоw.

нatLceаbLg, thеsе nеw fаcLLLtLes аwo, tYa|wsРОrt l"Lw|zs d'о wоt еxtеwd tо LИе
оrL gLwаL r еsLdеwLi" а|" аr еа'

т hesе аre wОvl cОwwlctеd tо tИе wew |rа.,usРОrt Llv"|zs w|цьch wеre аLso
сrv-уrоvеd t,a Lwcl"шdе both а hLgh. sуееd' rЬьt LLшVz аwd, аLrport.

:2:,\::,,i,:'l:';,:ii{::,::::s,оwео{whLchLsLшхшrgаpаr|tt,'еvtts,

4 Write your own answеr to thе quеstion.

67
 Voсabulary 1

Wordlist on pagе 215 of thе сoursеbook.

Beаuty

1 тhе adjесtivеs Ьеlow сan bе usеd to dеsсriЬе oЬjесts or hou,pеoplе fееl. Tiсk thе
appropriatе сolumn in еaсh сasе.

objeсt People's feelings

anсient
beautif ul

dazzling
eсstatiс
emotional
evoсative
humbling
impressive
magnifiсent
majestiс
meIanchoIiс
nostaIgiс
overawed
overjoyed
overwhelmed
spaс|ous
thoughtful

Choosе at lеast onе adjесtivе fтom еxеrсisе 1 to dеsсriЬе horr. thе spеakег fееls in eaсl:
сasе bеlow.
.My
1 new f|at is amazing! It's muсh bigger than my last plaсe and the view also
reminds me of my hometown so it makes me feel homesick. but in a good way.'

.|
am happier than l сould ever imagine to find this job, main|y beсause I didn't eХpeсt tс
be suсcessfuI at the interview. Working in suсh a magnifiоent and famous building maс.
me feel proud and modest at the same time.' .

.Listening
3 to souI musiс always makes me fee| sad. l find the words real|y reminisсent с
the time I lost my first true love.' ..
,My
4 оoI|eagues Were real|y kind when I was siоk. They sent me some beautifuI flowers
and messages of support. Their generosity |eft me so touоhed I just сou|dn't stop thinkiг
about it.'
,our
architeсture teaсher did suсh a bri||iant job that a|| of the students passed with flyiг
сo|ours. She is both strict and intimidatino, so l was a bit sсared at first.'

.Тhe
6 setting for my best friend's wedding Was a magnifiоent old cast|e.'
 What is beauty? (ff
Listening

i:*]S Seсtion 3 1c} 2'1 sEсTloN 3 Questions 21_30

Questions 21-25
Choosе thе сorrесt lеttеr, A' B or C.
21 Whiсh сo|Iege does Chris suggest wou|d be best?
A Leeds Conservatory of Contemporary Musiс
B The Henry Musiс Institute
C The Aсademy in London
22 What entry requirements are сommon to alIthe сo||eges?
A an audition
B an essay
C an interview
23 How muоh does the сourse at Leeds Conservatory of Contemporary Musiс cost?
A t6'000 aУear
в tZ000 a year
с tB'000 aУear
24 What other eхpenses are payab|e to the сo||eges?
A app|iсation fee
B insuranсe
C train fare
25 When is the deadline for Leeds Conservatory of Contemporary Music?
A January 9th
B January 19th

C January 30th

Questions 26-30
Whiсh facilities do the сo||eges have?
Choosе FIVЕ answers foom thе box and writе thе сoгrесt lеttец A-G, nеХt to quеstions
26-З0.

Faсilities Colleges
A large gardens 26 Northdown College

в multiple sites 27 The Aсademy in London

с praсtiсe rooms 28 Leeds Conservatory of Contemporary Musiс

D reсording studio 29 The Henry Music Institute

E researсh faсiIity 30 The James Aсademy of Musiс

F student сanteen
G teсhnoIogy suite

69
 What is beauty?
Rеading
lЕLTS Reading Pаssage You should spеnd about 20 minutеs on Quеstions 1_13, whiсh arе Ьasеd on thе
rеading рaSSagе bеlow.
i, i э**E*
.W.е
arе all rnоrе obsеssеd with our appеаranсе
thаn lvе likе to аdrllit. tsut this is not аn indiсation
оГ.vaniп''. Vаnitr- tnеаns соnсеit, ехсеssivе pridе in
onеЪ aрpеar;rnсе. Сonсеrn aЬout appеarаnсе is quitе
norпtа1 аrrd undегstandаЬlе.
Attгaсtir-е pеoplе hаvе distinсt advantagеS in our
soсiеtr'. Str-rdiеs show that attraсtivе сhildrеn arе morе
poрr.r1аr. Ьoth rr-ith сlassmatеs аnd tеасhеrs.Ъaсnеrs
givе highеr еr'aluаtions to thе work of attraсtivе
сhildтеn аnd hаvе highеr ехpесtations of thеrrr
(rv}rlсh hаs Ьееn shown to improvе pеr{ormanсе).
Attraсtrvе app1iсants hаvе a Ьеttеr сhanсе of gеtting
jobs' and оfгесеiving highеr sаlariеs. In сourt,
attraсti\'е pеoplе аrе found guilqu lеss oftеn..W.hеn
found gLriltу, thеy rесеivе lеss sеvеrе sеntеnсеs.Thе
.Ьias
|oг Ьеauty'oреrаtеs in a1rrrost al1 soсiаl situations
- ali ехpеrimеnts show wе rеaсt morе favourаbly to
plrvsiсallу аttraсtivе pеop1е.
.W.е
аlso Ьеliеvе in thе.what is Ьеautiful is good,
stеrеor\.pе - аn irrationa1 Ьut dееp-sеatеd bе1iеfthat
phvsiсa111. attraсtivе pеoplе possеss othеr dеsirаblе
сl-rаraсtеristiсs suсh as intеlligеnсе, сompеtеnсе'
soсiаl skills, сonfidеnсе - еvеn rrroral virtuе.
(Тhе еoоd Гairy,/prinсеss is always Ьеаutiful; thе
s.iсkеd stеprrrothеr is always ugly.) Thеrеforе, it
ts not surprising thаt physiсa1 attraсtivеnеss is oГ
or'епvhеlming importanсе to us.
Соnсеrn with аppеaranсе is not just an aЬеrrаtion
oГМodеrn.W.еstеrn сulturе. Еvеry pеriоd oГhistory
hаs hаd its or'vn standards oГwhat is and is not
Ьеаutiful, and еvеry сontеmporary soсiеty has its own
distinсtivе сonсеpt ofthе idеai physiсal attriЬutеs.
Irl thе 19tlr сеntury bеing Ьеаutiful nrеant wеarrng
а сoгsеt - саusing brеathing and digеstivе proЬlеms.
Norr-rr-е trv to diеt and ехеrсisе ouгsеlvеs into thе
ГаshiorlаЬ]е shapе - oftеn r,vith еvеn morе sеrious
сОllsесltlеllс еs.
Althorrgh п.е rеsеmЬlе our anсеstors аnd othеr
сulti:rс.s itl оuг сonсегn aЬout appеaranсе, thеrе
is a diilеrеrlсе irl dеsrее of сonсеrn.Advanсеs in
tесhno1os\- аnd in partiсular the гisе of thе mаss
rrrеdiа har'е саttsеd normal сonсеrns aЬout how wе
]ook to Ьесoпrе oЬsеssions.Тhanks to thе mеdiа, wе
havе Ьесolrrе аCсLlstoПlеd to ехtгеmеly rigid and
uniГorm standаrds oГ Ьеаutv. TV, ЬillЬoards, magazinеs,
еtс. mеаn thаt rr-е sее'Ьеаr-rtiful pеоplе'all thе timе,
morе oftеn than tnеtrlbегs oГour orvn family' making
ехсеptional good looks sееm rеаl, normаl and
аttainab]е. Standаrds oГЬеаr-rw hаvе in faсt Ьесomе
hаrdеr and hardеr to аttаin. partiсularly for wоmеn.
Еvеn vегy attraсtivе pеoplе п1av not Ье looking in
thе rnirror оut of .vaniry', Ьut out of insесuriry..W.е
forgеt that thеrе arе disаdvantаsеs tо Ьеing attrасtivе:
attгaсtivе pеoplе arе undеr пruсh grеatег prеssurе
i,j
tо maintаin thеir appеаrаnсе.A1so, studiеs show
that attraсtivе pеop1е don't Ьеnеfit from thе.Ьias
for Ьеauty,in tеrms of sеlЁеstееnr'Thеy oftеn dоn't
trust pгaisе oГthеir woгk or talеnts, Ье1iеving positivе
еvaluаtions to Ье influеnсеd Ьy thеir appеаrаnсе.
.Whаt
pеoplе sее and hоw thеv rеaсt to thеir
rеflесtion in а t-lrirror will vary aссording to:sеХ,
agе, еthniс еroup' sехual оriеntation, mood, еating
disordеrs, rvhаt thеy,vе Ьееn watсhing onT! what
magazinеs thеv геаd, whеthеr thеy'rе marriеd or
singlе, rvhаt kind oГсhildhood thеy had, rvhеthеr thеy
takе part in sports. rr'hat phasе ofthе пrеnstruаl сyсlе
thеytе in, lr'hеthег thеv arе prеgnant, Whеrе thеy,vе
bееn shoppirrq - аrrd еvеn whаt thеy had Гor lunсh.
If you u,'еrс а dоg оr a Саt or а horsе, you wou]dn't
геа]isе thrt гhе illl.rче rr.;rs а rеt.lесtion ofyoursеlf'Мost
aniпrаls in thi.s sitrrrтiоn think that thеy are {aсe to faсе
with anothеr nlеIllL.сr оГthеiг spесiеs.Thе ехсеptiоn
is thе grеаt аpеs _ сi-riтlrрs. sоrillаs and оrаng-utаns arе
саpablе oГrесоgI-lt;ing thепrsеh,еs in thе mirror - and
oГсoursе, us.Whаt.i iiltеrеsting is what thе apеs dо
whеn prеsеntеd rl.ith з пliгrоr: thеy usе nrirrors to
groom thеnlsеh'еs. рiсk tЪod out of thеir tееth and
makе faсеs at thет-tlsс]r сs tог еntеrtainmеnt - i.е. Irloге
or lеss thе sar.tlе rеасгiоn: аs us.
All rеsеarсh tо dаrе с.rl Ьоdr- imаgе shows that
womеn arе nruсh tlrоге сririса1 of thеir appеarаnсе
than mеn - пruсh lеss lrkеir- to аdrnirе what thеy
sее in thе nlirгor. Uр to ь оtlt oГ10 womеn will bе
dissatisfiеd rl.ith г}rеir rеt]есtiоn. and пrorе than ha1f
may sее a distor-iсс1 illlаsе, .\1еn looking in thе mirгor
arе mоrе likеlv to Ье еirhеr plеаsеd with what thеy
sее or indiffеrеnt. Rеsе;rсh shoцз thаt mеn gеnеrally
hаvе а muсh morе ро-iitir'е Ьоdr--imagе than womеn
* if anything, thеl- nlаr' tеtld tо ol-еr-еstimatе thеir
attraсtivеnеss. Sоmе mеn iооkins in thе rnirrоr may
litеrаШy I,]ot sее thе ll.rrr. ili thеIг Jppеaгаnсе.
Why arе womеn sо lrruсI-i rlrorе sе1Ёсritiсa1 than
nrеn? Bесausе \Yoпlеn аrе-judgеd on thеir appеaranсе
moге than mеn, and stаrldаrds оГiеmа1е bеaury arе
сonsidеrablу higlrег аnd lltorе inilехiЬ1е..W.omеn arе
сontinrrally ЬomЬardеd п-ith iп-rаsеs of thе.idеаl'faсе
and fisurе.А]so' nlost \\.oтllе11 аrе trуing to aсhiеvе
сhе impossiЬlе:standаrds oГГеnrаiе Ьеauф havе in faсt
Ьесomе progгеssivеlv nrorе unгеa]istiс during thе 20th
сеntury. \n 1917 , thе phr-siса}ly pеr{есt womаn was
about 5Гt 4in tall and rvеighеd nеarly 10 stonе. Еvеn
25 yеars ago' toр пrodе1s and Ьеаury quееns wеighеd
only 8% lеss than thе a\rеragе \^,-oman' now thеy
lvetgh 23% lеss.Тhе сurrеnt mеdia idеаl Гor wonrеn is
aсhiеvaЬlе Ьy iеss than 5% of thе Геmalе population -
and that'.s just in tеrms of i'vеight and sizе. If you want
thе idеal slrapе, Гасе, еtс, itЪ proЬaЬly morе \tke 1%.
 What is bеauty? Gl

Questions 1-6
Completе the sеntеnсеs bеlow.
ChoosеNoплoRЕ,TнANTIIRЕЕWoRDsfromthеpassagеforeaсhanswеr.
1 Vain people are too proud of their """""'
is at work.
soсial contexts, tests have proven that a
.........
2 |n nearly al|

Тhe belief that being beautifu| is equa| to

being,a good person'is
3

6 Due to the media, peop|e are now used

to verУ .'.'....... prinсip|es of

what is beautiful.

Questions 7-11
passagе?
thе viеws of thе writеr in thе rеading
Do thе following statеmеnts agrее with
Writе:
of thе writer
YЕs if thе statеmеnt agrеes with thе viеws
of thе writеr
NO if thе statеmеnt сontradiсts thе viеws
NoTGIVЕNifitisimpossiblеtosaywhatthеwriterthinksaЬoutthis
7Theonlyreasonthatgood-lookingpeopIelookinthemirrorisbeсausetheyarevain.

Al| primates imitate typiсa|ly human

behaviour when looking in a mirror.
8
9on|yaminorityofwomenlookinthemirrorandseeanimagethatisnotatrue
ref leсtion of themselves.

10 lthasbeenscientifiсallyproventhat,ofthetwosexes,malesaremoreсonfidentabout
their aPPearance.

11 ltismorecommonforamantomissimperfeсtionsinthewayhe|ooksthanaWoman.

Questions 1 2 andl3
Choose TWo lеttеrs, A-Е.
than
more self-сonsсious about their appearanсe
Which TWo reasons for women being
r"n ut" mentioned by the writer of the passage?
deve|opments
A lncreasingly unrealistiо 2Oth сentury

B An inсrease in women's weight

C A tendenсy to be more inseсure

D The inf luenсe of TV and magazines

rigid
E Еxpeсtations are greater and more
-фЕ*+фtф=фч'*Ё+iщт+]фiffl!:!9jri.i5#+ф:ФlA.Fr]ф

71
 beauty?

Word building

Prefixes under- and over-

Мakе adjесtives and vеrЬs using thе prеfiхеs ovеr- and uпdеr- with thе words bеlow.
1 rate
2 estimate
3 take
4 state
5 oriсe
6 value
7 run
8 awe

Arе thе adjесtivеs and verЬs in еxеrсisе 1 positivе (+), nеgаtir е i - ) or nеutгal (o).
Dесidе whiсh adjесtivе сan havе both a positivе and nеgatir.е п-iеaning.

Reordеr thе fтagmеnts bеlow to makе sеntеnсеS. Notе in еaсh ]ist thеге is onе ехtra
word that you сannot usе.
1 f irst saw iVShe was сomplete|y/of the |andsсape/overawed tvhen she overestimated/b '

the beautv

2 verу appea|ing,/b|atant|y overpriсed/the undervaIued car Even though/was/it was

3 tourist attraсtions in the city/Attendanсes/understated/at thе lЙuseum of Modern ArV

have reсent|y/a|| the other major/overtaken

4 of beautifu|/on peop|e's/the impaсVsurroundings/we||.being lt s еasy/overawed/

to underestimate

5 her weaIth is understated as/о|othes/overstated/she doеsn.i. A1though she's a wea|thу

lady,/wear flashy

6 overtaken/arсhiteсtura||y thaVwith tourists/a|| year round t is overrun/My home viIlage'

is so attraсtive

7 The aсtors and aсtresses/underva|ued/over their pay,/which made/were on strike/

them feel/overvalued

8 the fiIm/I expeсted/to be better/overrated reviews/it reсeived/overrun/than the

72
 What is beauty? f]
Language foсus 1

@ Grammar rеfеrеnсе on pagе 224 of theсoursеЬook.

Modal verbs for evaluating

1 Rеad thе two SеntеnсеS Ьеloц.. Dесidе whiсh onе is aЬout thе past, and whiсh about thе
prеSеnt. Usе thе ехamplеs to сomplеtе thе rrrlеs on how to foгm thеm.
i 'l should have made a back-up of my art work, because I Iost everything when the
сompUter сrashed.,
ii .l
must buy a new сomputer as soon as possib|e.'

vЕRB FoRM
Тa|king about the past:
modal +_+_
Talking about the presenVfuture:
+ infinitive verb (withouVfo)

Analyzе thе mеaning of thе SеntеnсеS i and ii abovе and tiсk [/] thе Statеmеnts that arе
tгuе and сгoss ГX] thе onеs that arе not.

MEANING
Talking about the present/future:
a This speaker wants to do this, but hasn't done it yet.

b This speaker has already done this, but we don't know when.
Talking about the past
a This speaker mentions an aсtion that aсtua||y happened.
b Тhe speaker says this aсtron didn,t happen, but thinks the aсtion needed to be taken.

Praсtisе еvaluating thе situations Ьеlow, using thе modal and thе vеrb givеn in Ьraсkеts.
Add a rеason to eхplain еaсh onе.
Ехample:
The air pollution in the historical areas of уour citу is bad.It ю оaused bу the number of
сars, (should limit)

'т.Иr'g.э.Ио'l|,d.|р.q+.||.Еhе.ryцууу.Eэг.p.f .p.q'rэ..aуу,уИ.е.req.d.sр..tИa'луr.:llу|.L 'Фэ.sLеq.(уе.r.

1 They have с|osed down your Ioсa|shop. (сouId keep open)

2 Your friend's pottery exam is tomorrow. She is tired. (ought to go)

Your teaсher gave you too muсh art homework yesterday. You tel| them today.
(should give)

4 You disagree with prediоtions about a footba|| matсh. (might win)

Tomorrow is a national holiday.You want to go to a p|aсe of natura| beauty for a piсniс

You suggest it to your family. (сou|d visit)

Sydney was voted the most beautifu| сity in the wor|d.You think it should be уour с l''
(would vote)

7з
What is beauty?

Writing

Analуzе thе following Task 2 quеstion. Undеrlinе thе kеy words and phrasеs.

WRITING TASK 2
You should spеnd aЬout 40 minutеs on this task.
Writе about thе following topiс:

Advеrtising is made morе and morе appealing to the genегal pub|iс nowadaуs.
Нowevеr Беautifu| it is, it sеrvеs no usefu| purposе and enсouragеs pеap|е to
spend too muсh moneу on things thеу do not reailу neеd.

To what ехtеnt do уou agrеe or disagree?

Givе reasons foг youг answеr and inсludе any rеlеvant ехamplеs from уour own
knowlеdgе and ехpегiеnсе.
Writе at lеast 250 woгds.

2 Look at thе first Statemеnt. Do уou agrее that:

nowadaysa
advertising is everywhere Yes/No

it has no useful PurPose? Yes/No

it encourages people to buy things they don't need? Yesi No

spending any money on advertising is a waste? Yes/No

it is a good idea to spend more money on the other things? Yes/No

Rеad the modеl answеr bеlow and undегlinе thе rr'oгds/рhгasеs that show еffесt. Th.
fiгst two arе donе for you.
wе LLvе Lw a, соws,.,.wtеу 0,2е Й.nа |h'S :!...''. ,.', ;-} /.З Nе аYе еWСОvLYЙ'gе0, tО
I - - ^ ^r
br,tg thLwgs wе d'О WDt rеаLLg wееd iv's: i.Э?,,,.sp' ihеg
-
Lооk, аttrаctLvе ьw
о,dJеrtLsеv.з,.еwts. frowеve,, {o snll ihт - "'r-'ьзLwg pLаt4s W0 |,LsеtvLL rоLе Ls
э э.'.

sLv,,tpLt4 wоt|rvtе' АLthoшgИ spеwd'Lt,"э /i'i'i. r'n-Оwеt4 ow*ed,шcаtLowLs а goad

Ld,е.

tt sИоvt.l"d wо|bе аtLhе е\Ре^sе:I ,.?.'':,1..З'/'2.

тhеYе 3,Yе ЙYg|.Lvwеwts Lwfаvошr оf rз\.",.сLwа thе o'wtoшwt of пdvеrtLsLwg.

МаwUРеО?|еfьwdLt аwwoцLwa а''n1.iэеl.bо,rwbаrd,еd |}'sthе14 0,Yе еvеr|{w|Аerе
wlw;d'аas. тlr,Ls Lwb,trw Lео,d,s I'h.rt. -.с' d.еLLbеrаtеLt4 аvоLd, thеwt, bц swLtcИLwc
тv chо'i*еLs, for ехаttv.уLе. |w п'd.d,Liсэl.', аd,vеrtLsLwg su.ch аs Lео'fLеts sLуLц
е,wd, t.+у оwthе s:|reеts аs LLLtеr, v,thLcr' Ls wоtуLеаsLwg to thе е^l4е
DY сjооd, for

|hе еwvLrawvwеwt. *LL оf thеsе аto|^vу.еwts sиррort thе cо,sе {or rеdv'cLwg t1ле
а wto,,,twt о{ о' d,v еrtLsLw g.

с>w Lhе оf 4ееpLwg

ot]леr hаwd', thеYе аrе r^а'wц 0'rg|,Lv^/'еWts Lw f пvoшr
п,d.vеrtLsLwg. FLrstLl4, v,tLthоt,ttLt wtostуеоpLе ууошLd' wot k"wоvt v'/]Аеw а wеw
prоdшct or LwvеwtLоl *о'' ЙvаLLl,bLе. тhLs wошLd Lwqact оwpеоpLе,s LLves
аwd vwет.w t}Ааt wr" учоvt|d wоt bе а,bLе to tаk'е аdv|]wtаgе of wеw tLvл,'"е-sаvLwq
d,еvtcеs. т0,dеt\rlе wаshLwg rwаc]лLwе, f оr ехаvщLе. |f wtostpеoуLе1ло,d' wеvеY
hеаrd. of Оwе аWd,\NеYestLLLwаsИLwgthе,LY cLОtl^еsbg1лаwd,,thеt4wошLdwоrYz,
Lw
Lеss, ,нhLch'цоv.Ld Lwqаct ow sоcLеtt4,sT{тgYess. sеcоwd,Lц, РеОРLе еwtpLot4еd'
th е а' d,v е r tL sL w g Lw d, ш str w o шL d, L о s е th еLr оb s, ra w d, thL s vl о vt| d w ot st оу
tИ еr е .
ц \

Маwшf аc|шrLwg LwdшstiLеs v,tошLd' аLsо s''tff еr frоwt wot sеLLLwg Йs |А,.-аwIJ
prad.wcts, аwd, t|леrеforе, wavtLd, еvl,tpLoц fеwеr pеоpLе who wоv+Ld T^U fеwеr
tахеs
сv еY l4 О wе,w о шL d' зшf f еr'

74
 Whаt is bеauty? Е
тО s|/"|/|/" шp, whLLе tlnerе аrе obvLoшs а'dvо,wto'gеs ta cоwtroLLLwg thе о,vл*оt,t-wL
of tLsLng. с L{е wсLlлоvtt tL wоaLd. bе
аd," еу
"twrеcоgwLsаbuе {r owс ошu уrеsеwt.
тhеrе vlLLL аLwаt4s bе wtоrе vlort1лц cЙ.^EеS, sшch a.s еd,шcаtLоw, bшt wLthошt
o'd'vеrtLsLwg, еdшcа.tLow vvошLd' wot bе wеcеssт,Y|4 аs thеrе wоv.Ld bе sо
{е'w \obs
tlАЙt rеqL,LLYе 0wе.

4 Answеr thе quеstion Ьеlow.

WRITING TASK 2
You should spеnd about 40 minutеs on this task.
Writе about thе following topiс:

Тoo muсh monеу is spеnt bу individuals and govеrnments on making themsеlves

and thе arеas thеу |ivе in |ook beautifu|' This is wastеfuI and it has no usеfu|
рUrpose'
lnstead, the monеу shou|d be spеnt on improving individua|s, hеa|th.
Do уou agrее or disagreе with this opinion?

Givе rеasons for your answеr and inсludе any rеlеvant еxamplеs fтom уour own
knowlеdgе аnd ехpегiеnсе.
Writе at lеast 250 words.

ut{uI

75
--

Listening

G z.z sЕстloN 4 Questions 3]-40

Questions 31-35
Сompiеtе thе sеntеnсеs bеlow.
Writе No п,{oRЕ ТHAN ТWo WoRDs AND/OR \ -\L \IBЕR |oг еaсh answеr.
The health benefits of art and music
31 Aссording to the speaker, art and music сan bеnе+ t Oat еnts' eГПoI|ona|'
and physiсa| well-being.
32 Florenсe Nightinga|e first noted the improvemеnts n lnl \/еar
33 Тhe resu|ts of many studies did not prove a ]rn k bе: .,, эе. -еeith аnd art as they were
rarely ..........
34 Тhe Ameriсan study |ooked at the effeсts of arсt tе.:',е э. эatlеnls
35 Тhe patients who were in a ward with a ,. '., €
-e lot n hosplta| for as |ong
and needed Iess mediсation.

Questions 36-40
Complеtе thе tablе Ьеlow.
Writе No МoRЕ TнAN THRЕЕ WORDS |оr с.

Reсent Reseаrch Projeсts

Тype of patient Тype of arVmusic Еtfeсt on patients I Other

limprovements
Unborn babies hc',- .э-= . -.;:согl t=ъ
mothers fe|t relaxeс

Canсer patients ;;-

Jб
г'.ъ
rmprovements in
well-being

Hip replacement 39.... сo)ЕU d ' 40 staff

(elderly) ^:

76
 lsitart?(!!]
Voсabulary 1

Wordlist on pagе 2|7 of thе сoursеbook.

Art
1 Look at thе list of aгt forms bеlow and сross out thе word(s) in еaсh list whiсh isiarе not
assoсiatеd with thеm. Thеn add it to thе list to whiсh it bеlongs. onе list has two words
that nееd to Ье сrossеd out.
Ехample:
p|I.4ry!+'|'.*,'
neиspaper 1ournaIistleomposеrleditorlprinterlcontributorlreaderl
1 p|ay aсtor/actress/сonductor/|ead ro|e/direсtor/produсerl ....'...'.''''''','
2 painting artisVeasel/сanvas/сo|umnisVportraiVstone/
3 book nove|isVwriter/author/landsсape/editorlcriticl
4 symphony composer/musiсian/reader/movemenV ...................

5 sсuIpture sсuIptor/artisVсarving/mou|d/|ens/marb|e/..............'....

6 photograph photographer/digita|/film/portraiVсhorеographerl .'....'.'.'.'.''.'.

7 ballet dancer/сomposer/musiсian/ba||erina/sсript writer/

8 i|mf aсtor/aсtress/director/star/produсer/p|aywrighV

Dесidе whiсh of thе pеoplе listеd in еxеrсisе 1 would say thе statеmеnts bеlow.
Eхample:
,Mу ptaу the lead role on the stаge at London's West Еnd! .q9'j?I.qр'ir.еsэ.
dream is to '

2
1
Getting ordinarY
|t сan be quite
people to relax is a сha||enge. 3
^erve-raсking standing up
Нowever, onсe they've got a In my opinion, it's
г€r.e in front of allthose peop|e;
y,rв. f l have my baсk to the ones niсe pose and expression, other the hardest job on the set. But
I
imperfections сan be.ironed out' someone needs to take сharge of the
:':. t know. All eyes are on you!
digitally. finanсes and other important dесisions,
or wed never finish a projeсt.

4 5
Working with models Girls sometimes want to
:,an be quite сhallenging, whiсh be one when they are small but the
s ш.,'. I prefer still life subjeоts as l can training regime is aсtually one of the hardest
р :асk to them for days or even Weelс in terms of its physiсal demands. Мy job requires
- "eed to.A model, would definitely early starts, |ong praсtiсe sessions and lots of
:l:тpIain about sitting for so long! injuries. Тhe result though is beautiful and
graоeful, l'm sure you'll agree if you
watсh.

6
Ilove working with
7
my hands and getting them
People in mY
dirty to get the best out of the material
industry often mistakenlY
I'm working with. I often have a vision, but
think mу job is easy' Reading
I'm never exaсtly sure what the end produсt through several books, artiсles
wi|| |ook like.Тhe most important thing for
and other publiоations a week
me is that people stop and enjoY mY takes time, and I have to be
work when they are Passing it. brutally honest as PeoPle buY
my reоommendations.

77
 V

Is it art?

Language foсus 1

(@ Gгammaг геfеrеnсе on pagе 224 otthе сoursebook.

Defining аnd non.defining relative сlauses

Сombinе thе sеntеnсеs using a non-dеfining rеlativе сlausе. Thе fiгst two SеntеnсеS
har,е words undеrlinеd to hеlp you. Rеmеmbеr that you will nееd to usе (a) сomma(s
Eхample:

Classical music helps me relaх' l listen to it in the evenings'

Q'|,q'ээуp.q.|'Щ*эур..:ltИурИ.t..|L.9.т.9у,!p'.,t'ц*'|hg.('','е'*'с'+!э,.И.е!Рэ.ry'!.r.+2{'.',. '' '..... '.

1 Studying Еng|ish grammar сan be diffiсu|t. It is often frustrating.

2 Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet. lt's my favourite play.

3 This is Peter. He'II be working with us on the next projeсt.

4 Еating junk food is bad. lt оan сause many health problems.

5 Going to the theatre is always worth it. lt сosts a lot of money.

6 lt's a good idea to save money. lt can be put in the bank.

7 Books will never lose their value.You can keeo them forever.

8 Going to ga||eries is educationa|. |t сan sometimes be boring

2 Мatсh thе pafts and writе SеntеnсеS adding a геlativе сlausе. Usе rt'/zo or whiсh.

Ехample:
.т]r'е q,riLst, ',^t''лo f orаесtr п pаLwt,ьtl"а,'/|еwi tc prLsaw f cr tеw t4ео,rз

1 The artist She is сa||ed Mary. Нe beоame a famous aсtor.

2 The book He was born in London. It was full on Friday evening.

3 The theatre The students performed. She is going to study art.

4 Charlie Chaplin He has borrowed it. |t was written by osсarWi|de.

5 His sister It was built in 1961. He went to prison for ten years

6 The play He forged a painting. It was published this year.

 C
3 Rеwritе eaсh sеntеnсе so that it сontains thе information in braсkеts. Rеmеmbеr that
no сommas arе nесеSsarrz in dеfining rеlativе сlausеs.
Eхample:

Mary cleaned the statues in the garden уesterdaу.(She /iиes neхt door.)

.\3лr'g, 'w'Иl,|уу.qэ'rypl*'dq.qY,.?'|aqYу.a4.rИp' sу.qi49э'|ууЕИg'qqrlэ(у'a.a;'Е9.rd?.a,' ''.

1 She married a man. (She met him trave|ling on a оu|turaI сruise.)

2 Mv house |ooks different from the others in the area. (lt is b|aсk and white.)

3 I'm not very impressed by the painting of the woman. (She isn't really smiling')

4 I want to buy the vintage dress. (l saw it yesterday in the shop window.)

5 Pass me the pen. (lt is on the table.)

6 Тhe Woman stole the money. (She works in the university bookshop.)

7 l bought some new paint. (l now hate the сolour as it's too dark.)

8 An oId Woman was injured yesterday in a сar aсcident. (She was wa|king home from a
сonсert.)

9 Hundreds of theatre-goers have been taken to hospita|. (They were infeсted by the virus.)

10 Тhe art exhibition attraсts many overseas visitors. (lt is he|d every summer.)

4 Сorrесt thе sеntеnсеs bеlow whiсh сontain еIтorS.

1 That's the aсtress, who I told you about.
2 We went on a сu|tural holiday, that was just what I needed'
3 My sister, who is wearing the green dress, is playing the lead role'
4 Tomorrow whiсh is my |ast day of the exhibition wi|| be the best yet.

5 Artists who aсhieve wor|d reсognition are few and far between'
6 Fiоtion writers, often end up working on newspapers.
7 lmpressionism, that is a sty|e of painting, was considered сontroversia| in its time.
8 Movie direсtors often сhoose с|assiсa| musiс, which most people reсognize when they
hear it.

79
lюlsitart?
Rеading
lЕLTS Reading Passаge You should spеnd aЬout 20 minutеs on Quеstions l-13, whiсh arе Ьasеd on thе rеadin5
pasSagе bеior'v'
Bешшtу of thе 6еаsts
Bу Dаvid Attепborough
Animаls wеrе thс [irьt things that
human bеings drеw. Not plants. Nоt
landsсaреs. Nоt еvеn thепrsеlvеs. But
animals. Whу? Thе еarliеst known
drawings arе somе 30,000 yеагs old.
Thеy survivе in thе dеpths o{ сavеs in
wеstеIn Еuropе. Thе faсt that somе
pеoplе сraw1еd fоr half a milе or morе
along undеrground passаgеs through
1hе blaсknеss is еvidеnсе еnough that
thе produсtion of suсh piсturеs Was an
aсt оf grеat imроrtanсе to thеsе artists.
But what was thеir purрosе? Maybе
drawing was an еssеntial part оf thе сеrеmonials thеy bеliеvеd
wсrе Песеssaly to еnsurе suссеss in hunting. Мaybе thе
рaintings wеrе intеndеd not to bring abоut thе dеath of the
сrеatulеs portrayеd but, on thе соntrary, to еnsurе thеir
сontinuеd fеrtility so that thе pеоplе would hаvе a реrmanеnt
sourсе o{ mеat. Wе сannot tе11. onе thing, howеvе! is сеrtаin.
Thеsе drawings arе amazingly assurеd, wondетfully aссurаtе
and o{tеn brеathtakingly bеautifu1.
Тhis praсtiсе оf painting imagеs of аnimals on wal]s bas
pеrsistеd thrсlughout our history. Fivе thousand yеаrs ago.
whеn mеn in Еgypt first bеgan tо buiid сitiеs, thеy tоo
insсribеd imagеs of animаis on thеir walls.
Thеrе is no dotrbt about thе funсtion of at lеast somе of thеsе:
thе Еgуptians worshipреd animals as gods. But Еgyptian
artists aiso dеlightеd in their natura] bеauty, for thеy adornеd
thе walls of thеir own undегground tоmbs with piсturеs. Тhе
mummi{iеd dеad iп thе nехt wоrld wоuld surеlу wish to bе
rеmindеd of thе bеautiеs and dеiights of this оnе.
By thе 15th сеnturl' howеvеr, thе nеw sсiеnti{iс spirit оf
thе Rеnaissanсе s\l,еpt through Еuropе. Sсho}аrs bеgаn to
еxaminе thе world rvith frеsh еyеs and to quеstion the myths
of thе mеdiеval rr-rind. Lеonardo da Vinсi startеd to look аt
animals and plants iп a nеw way. Hе wishеd to undеrstand
how thеy grеw, пlоl,еd and rеproduсеd thеmsеlvеs, so hе not
оnly drеw thеm in aсtiоn but dissесtеd thеir bodiеs.
othеr sсholars bеgаn to assеss thе variеty сlf animal lifе that
laу bеyоnd thеir own сountrуsidе. Fоr ехp1orеrs travеlling
south down thе сoast of Afriсa, еast to thе Indiеs and wеst to
thе Nеw Wor1d wеrе bringing bасk сomр1еtеly nеw kinds of
сrеaturеs.
Aссordingly, thе first in a sеriеs tlf illustratеd books on thе
naturai history of North Amеriсa that сulminatеd in l827
in реrhaps thе glеatеst and сеrtainly thе most gigаntiс of all
bird bоoks, Was еntitlеd Thе Birds of Аlпеriса, by John Jamеs
Audubon. Audubon huntеd birds with an unquеnсhаblе
passion and he drеw thеm with еqual еnthusiasm. Hе thought
80
that thе standard statiс рrofilеs.
Ё whiсh, sitltr аnсiеnt Еgyptian
timеs, had bееn thе airnost
Е
univеrьаl rvа1 oI rеprеsеnting
birds' gаr е no idеa oI thеir
:*i
vivaсitr, аnd graсе. Audubon
i,;
:- brought thеsе dramatiс drawings
i to Britait.t in оrdеr tO gеt thеm
еngrar'еd f or rерroduсtiоn.
Thеr'lr.еrе' howеvеr, among thе
lasl impоrtаnt natura] history
Ё
dтarr'it.tgs tо bе printеd in this waу
Ё
Тhаt \\ a\ hесаu5с а Gеrman
linе drawn with a waх pеnсil оn a flrrе-grainеd limеstоnе
сou1d bе inkеd and printеd. Hе rеfirrеd thе proсеss to suсh an
еxtеnt that soon the lithоgraphiс рrОсеss rvas in usе all over
Еrrтopе, offеring prints that сoLtld rеllr.'dLtсе thе most dеiiсatе
linеs dirесtly frоrn thе artist.s hаtlrl, Тhс рrосеss iеd tо a пеw
tlоwеring of natural histor,v bооks.
Amоng thе most spесtaсulаr lr еrе thtrsе produсеd by John
Gould, who emplсlyеd a sеriеs tlf аrlists, реrhаps thе most
talеntеd of whom was thе 18-r.еаr-ol.] Еdrvard LеaI, later
to bесomе morе famous fоr his nоnsеnsе \/еIsе. Gould,s
sumptuous fo1io volumеs apреаrеd 1гr iп-rроsing ranks оn thе
shеlvеs o{ aristoсrаtiс librariеs thrоltgi-lоut Britain.
By thе bеginning оf thе 2Oth сеnturr, 1t sееmеd that thе agе of
grеat sсiеntifiс natural hist()I\' раiniiпg rr аs сoming to an еnd.
Photograрhy was bеginning its rеiяrl, апd it was soon роssib1е
to сaрturе an еxaсt image of thе сгеаtLlrе in fтont of you with
thе prеss оf a fingеr.
Now thе tiny еleсtroniс сamеra сап rссord high.quality
piсturеs in light sо low that еr,еп ihе httпlan еyе has diffiсulty
in реrсеiving what is in {ront оf it' Орtiсal сablеs сan сarry
imagеs frоm undеrground nеst сhaпlbеrs аt thе еnd оf 1ong
naIrow tunnеls. Nеw vibratiоn-prооf пlоuntings allow thе
сamеIa to rесord сlosе-ups of an аniпlаl rr,hi1е hovеring in а
hе1iсoрtеr a thousand fееt abоr.е it.
Yоu might think that thеsе latеst dеr.еiоpmеnts would finally
bring to an еnd a tradition that strеtсhеs baсk 30,000 yеars.
Not sсl. Today largе-sсalе monоgraphs dеr,otеd to partiсulаI
grouрs of plants and animals arе still produсеd by artists who
wеlсomе thе dоublе dеmands оl аеsthеtiс dеlisht and sсiеntifiс
aссuraсy.
And thеy always will do. Foт no mattеr what thе ostеnsiblе
mоtivе fоr thеir work, whеthеI it is to lightеn thе rеvеrеntial
atmosphеre of a monastеry or to invokе animai sрirits in a
fеrtility ritual, to еxplоrе anatomy or to сataloguе a disсovеry,
thеrе is a сommon dеnominatоr that links all thеsе aтtists. It
is the profotrnd joy {еlt by all who obsеrvе thе natural worid
wiтh a sustainеd and dеvotеd intеnsitv.
 Isitart?щ

Questions 1-9
Сomplеtе thе summary using thе list of words, A_Q, Ьеlow.

Reasons for the human fasсination with animals

Why ear|y humans sketсhed anima|s and not other 1 ....... from the world

around them is a question that may never be answered.The 2 .'.'........ paintings

drawn by man are |oсated in underground formations, though We сan on|y guess as to Why
they сhose plaсes that were so far underground. |t has been suggested that they Were part
of a hunting 3 '................... . other suggestions included that they were used enсourage
4 ...................... in the animals so that people would not go hungry. However, all agree that
the paintings themse|ves are both 5 ..........'.......'.... and eхquisite. Humans have
6 ................ to use this'walled'art form in many different ways throughout the ages.
When the Еgyptians were 7 .. their first settlements, they also drew animals on
the walls. This was part|y beсause they be|ieved the anima|s were gods and 8 .'.'......
them as suсh. However, it was also beсause painters сonsidered their attraсtiveness to be
unadu|terated, whiоh is why they сhose to paint them on the inside of their p|aсes of
9 ..................... .

A baоkground B ritual C fertile

D burial Е persist F first
G build H fertility l сontinued
J nature K sсenes L honoured
M essentials N оonstruсting O simple
P precise Q riсh

Questions 10-13
Look at thе following list of Statеments about thе drawing of animals (Quеstions 10_13)
and thе list of pеriods Ьеlow.
Мatсh еaсh statеmеnt with thе сorrесt pегiod, A-C.
NB You may uSе anу lеttеr morе than onсе.

10 drew and then engraved the sketches for printing

11 a сombination of o|d and new teсhniques employed
12 the rapid adoption of new |ine drawing teсhnique

13 the early inf|uenсe of anatomy on drawing

List of periods
A 14th_.17th сenturies

в 18th and 19th centuries

с 20th and 21st сenturies

 Is it art?

Think about thе voсabulary in thе rеading рassagе. Sсan thе tехt again and find words/
сolloсations in thе tеxt that mеan thе samе aS a_z bеlow.

a views of the сountrvside i to сut open something, to ana|yze its r to сatсh (a moment in time)
struоture
b to move around on all fours s plaсes where anima|s breed
j high|y-eduсatedpeop|e
c shown in piсtures t the real reason
k very big
d to сarve images onto something u respесtabIe
l a desire that сannot be fulfilIed
e to deсorate something v something that is shared
m not moving
f сhambers for dead bodies w dееp. true happiness
n energy/life
g a period in time of great interest in x сontinuous, uninterrupted
the arts o to rmprove something
y э.,.ing and |oya| to something
h anсient stories, often untrue p printed
z e ЭoweгfUl forсe/passion
q poerry

Writing

1 кеad thе question Ьеlow and undеrlinе thе kеl \\ ,. rl--i > .l ].- -] ] ]] ]-; S ;- :

lЕLТ5 Writing Tаsk 2 WRITING TASK 2

You should spend aЬout 40 minutеs on this task'
Writе about thе following topiс:
I

Сhildrеn should not bе еnсouragеd to lеaгn aс '

should bе purеlу dеvotеd to aсademiс sUbJеС::
To what ехtеnt do уou agrее or disagrее?

Givе rеasons for уour answеr and inс]udе ?П\ ].;-;. .l..." l.-',.: ]] ].-:: ::.]гt-l \'our own
knowledgе or ехpеriеnсе.
Writе at lеast 250 words.

2 Answеrquеstions 1-6Ьеlowgivingехamрlеs i]' :-.-. .:]. .:.. r'..:.:-iеnсе. RеmеmЬеrto

kееp your answеrs abstraсt.

1 Doyou think most peop|e are interested in tlе e.:s.,.,.',

..,..-, -]:'
2 Do сhiIdren and young peopIe study art' гn!s С e.] :...э. Z....:'-s at sсhoo|?
WhyАNhy not?
3 Do you think peop|e genera||y appreciate wha: :.i', эa.. эi a: sэnooI or do you think
.l|l'F., .э:'
they shou|d have learnt onIy sсientifiс sub1есtsr \ltl^
4 lmagine a wor|d without musiс or art. Would thе у' сl, ] ээ e ээ:rr p|aсe if people on|y
worked and never stopped to enjoy objeсts of bеa;:.. ]
5 |s sсhoo|the only p|aсe that сhi|dren сan Iearn abo..l::.е e.:s?
6 What is the danger if the arts are not taught in sсhoo ? \.'i a'l сhiIdren be sure to
Iearn about them?

82
 l< lт.аrт7 GП

3 Rеad thе introduсtions (A & B) Ьelow. Dесidе whiсh is Ьеttеr bу answеring thе
quеstions in thе tablе bу еithег adding a tiсk (/) foг уеs and a сross (X) for no.
А st'u dl.lt'l"2 аri п'wd, vwu'sсc с's а vtа'stе a{ tLvм.е. тhеa аYе wоt ьw.partаwt f ar с,''r'Ll-l''l"'t-
a'r а'dtl.|is а',q,d еd.u.cп,|Lcw s]лоu.Ld bе d'е'vctеd' iо LеnrvvLwq аbоu.| prасttсл| зu.L1е:-. - r l, '
vit'L1lе1+ c]лLLd'rе,n 2сt a 1сt tnt'леfutvtrе' | аL\^/alshаtеd' аrt аrvd rwvt'sLc а|/"d''.h'',^',?-
L'l' е g sh c lL d. b е r еv w оv, е d f r o w" i]л е c u''r r t c vL|" u.llt,.
.

B Stиlуlиq аrt аиl mиst|с, t,uhi|e иot esseиtiа|, is ritаlso thаt сhi|dreи hаre а -rl/-ro",del
el"iаt,Ь,, Аltho"qh thсу wt,l| иot иессssаrtlу leаl to сhi/dreи ftиdi^q e*p|oу^eиt ш thesе
шlиstries, а -or{d и,thoиt theуи wo"ld се|rtа.,ф bс а уиiеt,,сo|o"//,,, Ь^',d sol plасе to l,ne.

Area Question lntroduсtion A lntroduction B

task response 1 Has the candidate addressed
the question?
сoherence & 2 Аre the sentenсes wel|-
сohesion сonneсted?

grammar 3 |s the writer's opinion с|ear?

voсabuIary 4 Нas the writer used a variety of

struсtures?
5 |s the voсabu|ary:
a interesting?
b formalenough?

4 Add your own idеas _ suppoftеd Ьy rеasons _ to thе notеs that havе bееn star1еd bеlow.
Usе thе idеas in thе quеstions in ехеrсisе 2 to hеlp you.

Аrgumеnts ogoinst teoсhing the orts ot sсhoo|:

1'' rdeo:
сhi|dгen nееd to |eorn ski|ls thot wiIl he|p them f ind o job in the f utuгe
reoson: the worId is muсh more сompetitive thon bеfore
2.d idеa,,
reoson;
Аrguments in fovour of teссhing the orts ot sсhoo|;
1't ideo:
сhi|dren nеed o breok from studying books etс
reoson: it opens their minds to diff еrеnt woys of thinking/sееing/f ее|ing
Znd idеo:
reoson:

5 Usе thе notеs to writе your answer to thе quеstion, stating youг opinion in thе
introduсtion as in еxеrсisе 3 aЬovе. Usе suppor.ting argumеnts.
.t'' rntгoduсtion - stote your opinion с|eor|y
2nd Opposing orguments to your opinion
3.d Аr9uments supporting your opinion
4rh Summorizе/ rе-it еraI е your op inion

83
 Voсabulary 1

Wordlist on рagе 2|7 of the сoursеЬook.

The family

1 Сhangе onе word in еaсh sеntеnсе bеlоri tсl l:l:.\;-

1 A grandmother is someone who is a dauglt:. :' La с |tЭ

2 An orphan is a woman who does not havе са.э^

3 A nieсe is a son of someone's brothеr or s s:э.

4 А household is aI| the сhi|dren who livе tog€:.;-

5 A widow is a man whose wife has diеd

6 A fami|y Iist is a сhart showing the past aГ: :..: :' e f amily.

7 А desсendent is a reIative who Iived in thе : a-<:

8 A sib|ing is someone who is either your б.:..- z.

2 Usе onе of thе words abovе to геplaсе thе t', : l'. . tlar'nееd to
transfoгm thе word to rеfеr to еithег thu. t:.,.. ..
.

. -ln,

1 .Past generations
grew up in muсh largе. ,с- '
^cwadays.'

аrles Diоkens'book

3 so I'm his favourite

6 r. ] ]- :-.еs
7

I a^ Dеfore lwas born.'

84
 Psyсhology аnd soсiology (]П
Word building

Suffixes -hood and -ship

Dесidе whiсh of thе following nouns takе thе suffiх -ship or -hood. Writе thе сomplеtе
word undеr thе сorrесt сolumn.

brothеr сhild adult mеmbеr nеighbour fеllow

mothеr par1nеr ownеr сhampion
-SНlP -НooD
1 1

2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5

Matсh thе Ьook titlе to its сontеnt:

тlтLЕ
1 A Brotherhood of Man
2A Snapshot of уour Childhood
3 The Flrsf Secret Societу
4 Нow to Avoid Adulthood
5 Urban Living :Together
6 BuуingYour Оwn Нome
7 Motherhood:The Basics
8 World Cup Moments
сoNтЕNт
a Тhe story of a city neighbourhood
b What membership to the oldest.с|ub'means
c How to survive the crying & sleepless nights
d An ideology of a worId based on peaсe
e Тhe best and worst of the worId championships
f An insight to memories we have all forgotten
g An ownership guide to your first property
h The seсret to staying young _ on the inside

яч
 PsyсhoIogy and soсiology

Reading

aге basеd on thе rеadil

lЕLТS Reаding Passage You should spеnd aЬout 20 minutеs on Quеstions 1-13, rr-hiсh
рaSsagе bеlow.

Psyсhology and thе art of pеrsuasion

Т\o уoи prфr сake to oranges? Do уou

J,-l sometimesbщ sometЬingеveп if уou iтэ€f.ij]jil]Еl

doп't need itl If tЬе answef is уes, tЬeп уou

afе a noflna|Ьurпan doiпgwЬat comes
nоtura||у, eveп if tЬis is nat пecessаri|у шЬat
is goodJor уoи,

A Gешing pеoplе to do what is good for tЬеm is

notoriously diffiсшlt - just ask anyonе who works
in puЬliс hеalth. Неalth offiсials spеnd thеir livеs
шying to pеrsuadе pеoplе to givе up smoking, takе
morgеxerсisе аnd еat hеalthiеr food. In dеvеloping
сountriеs, pеrsuading peoplе to сhangе thеir
Ьehaviour is kеy to reduсing thе ravagеs of AIDS,
ma]raria,diarrhoеa and othеr infесtious disеasеs.
Thеir еfforts arе oftеn in vain. A rеviеw of
сommunity anti- smoking intеrvеntions worldwide
Ьy rеsеarсhеrs at thе Univеrsity of Vеrmont
сonсludеd thet thеy had had virtually no effесt.
MсМastеr
And a rеviеw Ьy rеsеarсhеrs at
Univеrsity in Hamilton, Onteriо, Сanada, of
dеsigned to rеduсе unintеndеd
Рrogrammеs
p,"g.,",,.i". among adolеsсеnts found that thер
too, had Ьеen сomplеteIy ineffeсtivе. Сlearly, wе
neеd a nеw approaсh.
*..i'... \ж
.*
.,i,,.:'
;n.-i.:.ЧЕЬ.-'...:"=..j
Ьесarrsе diarrЬoеa1 and rеsрirаtor1' pathogens -
_
the Ьiggеst сЬild kil1еrs rn гhе rгorld today arе
..,.i"f,Ъ.' pеоplеs hands. Dеspitе this, our studiеs
in dеvеloping сountriеs suggеst thаt fеwеr than
10 pеr сеnt of mothеrs dо rhis, аnd mothеrs in
dеuеloped сountriеs аrе otrеn not muсh Ьеttеr.
Еvidеntly, tеaсhing pеoplе аЬоur gеrms is not
еnough.
D What оur studiеs in Afriса, Asia and Еuropе
hаvе shown is that pеоpLе аrе nruсh more likеly
to wash thеir hands iГ rhеl' аrе motivatеd tо do so

B Неalth promotion lеans heavily on insights from at a deeper еmotional 1еr'еl - Ь1. disgust, or Ьy thе
dеsirе to сonform to soсial norпls and Ье rеspeсtеd
latе 20th-сеntury соgnitive psyсhology and thе
Ьy otЬеrs, or to nurturе and саrе for thеir offspring.
Ьеliеf that оur ЬеЬaviour is drivеn Ьy rational
In Ghana wе found thаг pеoрlе rr,еrе failing to
сalсulаtion. What it Ьas yet to еxploit is the
wasЬ thеir hands Ьесацsе гhеl-did not pеrсеivе any
rеvolution in Ьrain sсiеnсe and psyсЬology that hаs
сontaminating mattеr on сhеm: гhеy did not sее
taken plaсе ovеr thе past dесadе - and it is timе it
tЬe yuсky stufi so thеy did not fееl disgustеd. So
did' Nеurosсiеnсе and еvolutionary psyсЬоlogy
саn hеlp us grеaгly in undеrstanding and
o'.;oЬ was to makе pеоplе Геel disgшst, аnd wе did
this througЬ a national сampaign that inсludеd a
modifl,ing humаn Ьеhaviour. Thеy demonstratе
tеlеvision advertisemеnt dеpiсting a сaring motЬеr
that our dесision-meking is drivеn prеdominantly
inadvеrtеntly сontaminating hеr сhild,s food via
not Ьy rationaliry Ьut Ьy еmotions, whiсh arе
hеr hands eftеr using thе toilеt. Aftеr watсhing it,
sеatеd in our anсiеnt animal Ьrain.
58 per сent oГthе mothеrs wе asked said &еy hаd
C TЬе way wе makе dесisions is driven more Ьy сhangеd tЬеir hand-wasЬing haЬits.
еmotions than rationaliry' Тakе the wasЬing of
Е TЬеrе arе many ways in whiсh advanсеs in Ьrein
hands with soap аftеr шsing thе toilеt, one of
sсienсе and psyсhology сan hеlp us сhangе peoplеs
thе most widеly disseminatеd Ьеalth mеssagеs.
million livеs сorrld Ье savеd еaсh ЬеЬaviour. Firstly, it is important to rесognisе that
Мorе than a
thе Ьrаin works Ьy assoсiating ехperiеnсе with
yеar if pеop1е washеd thеir hands at kеy timеs,

86
 Psyсhology and soсiology d

rеwаrd or punishment. Реoplе Ьeсomе аddiсtеd
to smoking Ьесausе their Ьrain сomеs to essoсiаtе
it with pleasurе. The wey гo Ьreek this is to usе
strong еmotionаl triggeгs. Hеnсе thе rесеnt givе
up Ьеforе yoш сlog up'аnti-smoking сampeign in
G Thirdlр
the UK, whiсh depiсtеd e сigarеttе oozing fat.
Likеwisе, ifyou want to gеt pеople to takе up
hеalthy haЬits, you havе to assoсiatе thеm with
strong rewards-. So whilе thе promisе thattunning
willmakе you hеelthy might nоt Ье еnough to
pеrsuadе pеoplе to takе it up, the suggestion that
it will makе you morе attraсtivе as a matе соuld do
thе triсk.
Sесondly, еvolution has progгammеd us to
Ьel'azу,to сonsеrvе еnergy whеrе possiЬlе, so
heelthy сhoiсеs havе to Ьe еasy onеs.Jшnk food
is attraсtivе Ьесausе it rеsеmЬiеs food th^t *",
.;;;;;;''-Ы;;;;;;";;;on..,".,, in whiсh wе
еvolvеd: еnеrgy.dеnsе, swеet and fattу.Nowаdays
it is availeЬlе еvеrywhеre, and сhеaply. Food pоliсy
shoшld сonсеntrаrе on making hеalthy foods
еqually еasy to gеt hold of.
surprisе is сrшсial. Еmotions only kiсk
in to intеrrupt a haЬit whеn thе Ьrаin dеtесrs
thаt an impеnding rеward is notiсеaЬly greatеt
o. lеss then wЬat it has lеarnеd to ехPесЕ - think
how you would feеl on finding a сoсkroaсh in a
Ьowl of dеliсious soup. НеaltЬ сampаigns hаvе to
сontinually rеinvеnt thеmsеlvеs and graЬ pеoplеЪ
attеnt1on.
Сhenging Ьehaviour mеаns undеrstаnding our
deеpest dеsirеs. To Ьrеak unhеalthy haЬits,
сampаignеrs nееd to Еargеt thе emotiоns, Ьесausе
thеy arе thе dесision-makеrs. Whеrе thе hеart
lеads, thе haЬits will follow.

Questions 'l-7
Thе rеading passagе has sеvеn seсtions, A-G.
Whiсh sесtion сontains the following information?
1 a potentiaI number of deaths that сou|d be avoided
2 how enсouragement is Used to сhange habits that affect both |ifesty|e and disease
3 what ultimately causes people to alter bad behaviour
4 why making positive and negative сonneсtions have an effeсt

5 the theories that Were re|ied сonsiderably on to сreate сampaigns

6 an example of a с|eanIiness сampaign that Worked
7 the appeal of fast food, even though it is unhealthy

Questions 8-11
Сomplеtе thе sеntеnсеs below.
Choosе No MoRЕ TIIAN TWo WQRDS from thе passagе for еaсh answеr.

8 Health сampaigns around the worId have consistent|y had a|most '........ |n
making people give uP smoking.

After using more up{o-date methods in studies, researсhers found that Women invoIved
in a Ghanaian campaign modified their ...........

10 Тhe use of strong ........ is suggested as the way to break the correlation

between smoking and pleasure in the brain.

11 If the goa| is to make peop|e сhoose hea|thy food over junk food, then deсision makers
need to make the Iatter .....'..... to сome by.

.*'

87
 Psyсhology and soсiology
tЮ
Questions 12 and 13
Сhoosе TWo lеttеrs, A_Е.
Which TWo possible reasons why humans сhange their habits are mentioned by the writer
of the passage?

A respeсt from others

B rationalemotions
C сognitive psyсho|ogy
D shoсking truths
E makino сa|сu|ations

1 Whеn approaсhing a tеxt, thеrе arе two main waуs in whiсh vou сan foсus on nеw
languagе: You сan сhесk thе meaning of individual woгds or analr'zе a ц.holе group
(,сhunЁ) of words and try to gеt thе mеaning from thе сontехt. Whiсh do уou find hеlps
уou morе?
.сhunks'
2 Rеad thе from thе aгtiсlе and сross out thе altегnatir'е that is not сolТесt.
1 .Hea|th promotion
|eans heavi|y on insights from late 20th-сentury сognitive psyсho|ogy ...'

Hea|th promotion onlу usesllargetу uses 20th сentury cognitive psyсhology.

2 .
''' our behaviour is driven by rational сalculation.,
.''logicatdecisionslitlogicaldeсlsions push us to behave in сertain ways.'

3 ,
... emotions, whiсh are seated in our anсient anima| brain'.
... emotions sitlcome from a part of the brain that relafes tolis unrelated to our animal
past.

4 ,
...the desire to сonform to soсial norms ...'
... a wish to be like otherslto be different f rom others . ..'
5 .
... they did not perсeive any сontaminating matter on them.'
... they could seelcould not see anything infectiouslcleaл on thеm ...

6 .
... а сaring mother inadvertently сontaminating her chi|d's food . .
'

.,. a mother made her сhi|d's tood dirtуlhealthу on purposеlaсcidentallу ,,.

7 .
... the brain works by assoсiating experienсe with reward or punishment.,
...thebrain doesn'tworkif thereisnorewardlmakesconneсtionswiththeendresult'
8 ,
... depiсted a сigarette oozing fat''
... showed a сigarette with fat coming outlmaking уou fat.
.
9 ..' the suggestion that it wi|| make you more attraсtive as a mate сouId do the triсk.'
.'. suggesting that something wil| make you more attraоtive сouId worklbe diffiсult.'

10 'Where the heart leads, the habits will follow.'

|fyou want peop|e to сhange their behaviour, you shou|d 1rу |o change their habitslaffect
their emotions;

88
 Psyсhology and soсioIogy q
Listening

2.з sЕстloN 1 Questions 1-]0

Questions 1-5
Сomplеtе thе form Ьеlоw
Writе No ]vIoRЕ TнAN TIIRJЕЕ WoRDs AND/OR A NUМBЕR for еaсh answеr.

Sociology researсh projeсt survey

Eхample Answer

Survey on:
Durvey cp|*ц+4у
c'О'у'ry",4*!уД.Р.qry\r9'

Age: t
Postсode: 2..''..
сoMPUTЕR FAс|LlTlЕs

ALREADY UsЕD
-
Where? 3 ...............

sPoRТs FAclL|T|Es
ALREADY UsЕD

Where? 4 ...............

ЕDUсAТ|oN FAс|LlТlЕs

ALRЕADY UsЕD

Where?

Questions 6-10

IMPROVEMЕNтs FoR ТHЕ coMMUN|TY CЕNТRЕ

New sports: 6 .................... and

Classes organized only for: 7 ....................

Еduсation
"i"..".. 8 .................... ano

Wi||ing to pay about: 9 я ...'.............,.. for new сIasses

Possible frequenсy of visits, if

improvements made? 10 . a weeK

:trffтre

89
HнD Psyсhology and soсiology

@ Grammaг геГегеnсе on p.r$t llj

Conditionals 2

:.. ..:.-':::---:'.с ihе r.еrЬs in both

Rеad thе еxamples of сonditional st11l.ttii.L.:
сlausеs.
1 lf l give up сaffeine' |'llsleep better. ' '.'''
2 lf l gave up eating junk food, l would livе ic. ]. ]..
3 If I hadn't started smoking, lwould have se.'е] a :: :
.
4 lf I hadn't started smoking, l would be hеal:. .. ',',
эesiеr to glve up
5 |f I understood more about how the mtnd ',{,с,{s : '. : -
smoKing. .....'..
.]. :':
-.: - :t . еlеrсisе 1 to thеil
Idеntifythе tуpе of сonditional and thеn пlаi.]..
.:..

onе typе of сonditional l. .. -. -. - .:

-"u.l.i,.'g a_dЪеlow.
past ,эs - :
a relates to a situation in the past with a
presе ^: .э s -
b relates to a situation in the past with a
.

:..,,' -. . ..э.
с re|atesto ahypothetiсal situation with a rеS-
-.,-

d relates to a real situation with a result now

cr' ' ''' 2'-' ''=

]-..,:.,. '-':'.-.:
RеwritеSеntеnсe1lromеxеrсisе2using1[g.'..
-,.rnless]

'Provided thatl

.shouldl
lш ..............
-^'
'^^^^inа1
.ьUpPUoII|,l
iv ............'.
I

. ..] . - ... .:lbгaсkеts.

4 ComplеtеthеsеntеnсеsЬеlow,idеntifl.ingrhе:.':;
''
1 Unless we learn about our family tree'
t' 'l
t . .'
2 Тhe world wou|d be a fairer plaсe if
.]

.'.f +ь^.^rarlА miv mnrо ....1

t. . .. ]
3 Should people around the world mix more гl
4 lf footba|| fans hadn't been so unsociable aftе.:.з -,::-
I!.......'.l

.t....1
5 Supposing emotiona| inte||igence were taugГ: a: s:.
::

"'?
6 lf we know that eatrng junk food is bad' wl^'v
t

7 Unless we live to be 200 Years old,

8 |f humans had not been born with a sрirit of ad'',е.:-.э

90
 PsyсhoIogy and soсiology щ
Writing

ЕLTS Task 2 Look at thе Task 2 quеstion and thе studеnts, notеs 1-7 bеlow and dесidе whеthеr thеу
agrее or disagrее with thе opinion.

WRITING TASK 2
You should spеnd about 40 minutеs on this task.
Wгitе about thе folloц.ing topiс:
А|though soсieties aгound thе woild are riсhеr and morе advanсеd than еvеr
bеforе, pеople arе not as happу as thеу usеd to bе' Somе peoplе, thеrеforе, fееl
that in order to bе happу it is bеttеr for pеop|е to bе poor and |ess advanсеd.

Do уou agrее or disagrее with this opinion?

Writе at lеast 250 woгds

?
Ьеf orе, moybe
1 not hoppier: hod to worry
we live in o obout other things like;
сonsumer soсiety: enough food to еaI/dуing 3
odvertising еvеrуwhere: never from сommon iIlnesses
enou9h moteгiol possessions t.l Ьеforе, not so
muсh сhoiсe = hoPPier
= ЦnhoPPiness/hoppiness is beсouse Iife simpler?
short-lived rl
[.....] 1..... I

7 4
сon,t go boсk in the pursuit of
time: if we stopped weolth ond moteгiol
Pгogress = hoPPiar? possеssions wiIl never
Probobly not [.....] mоke peoplr tгu|y
5 hoрpy [.....]
humon notuгe fo be
dissotisf ied with eveгythin9
6
no motter how good - PeoPle not
no eosy Woy: сon,t
.moke, sotisf ied with simple |if е or
peop|е be hopрy
odvonсed Iife l.....]
t...1

2 Usе thе notеs to writе vour own answеr to thе quеstion. Rеmеmbеr to сhесk
youг
answеr for еrroгs. Comparе Youг anSWег with thе modеl arrswеr in thе kеy.

:l
 Listening

G 2'4 sEсTtoN 2 Questions 11_20

Questions 11-15
Сhoosе thе сorrесt lеttец A' B oг C.
11 Тhe park whiсh makes up Hampstead Нeath is
A very large.
B fairly large.
C fairly small.
12 Aссording the speaker, Hampstead underground statiоn is

A the shallowest in the sYstem.

B the deepest in the sYstem.

C the oldest in London.

13 Тhe speaker suggests that after their walk peop|е migi.t '.' art to

A have a meal in the famous restaurants.

B avoid Hampstead village as it is very busy.
C visit Hampstead village to look at the shops
14 Тhe houses in the Va|e of the Heath are bui|t

A on the edge of the heath.

B on the heath itself.

C opposite the heath.

15 The speaker advises wa|kers to remove thе r ireээnonrs тo

A hear the silenсe away f rom the traffiс.

B ensure they are not being followed.
C listen to the noises in the Park.

Questions 16-20
Whiоh activity сan be done at eaсh of the foi|owing |ocations on the heath?
Сhoosе FIVЕ answеrs from thе Ьoх and rr.гitе thе сol.l.есt 1еttег, A_G, nехt to quеstions
|6-2О,

Aсtivities Loсations on the Heath

A have piсniоs
16 Kenwood House
B go fishing
17 grassy slopes
C view London 18 open-air stage
D have a swim
19 ponds
Е attend conсerts
20 Parliament Hill
F watсh plays
G have snaсks

92
 Тravelling around the world q
Voсabulary 1

Wordlist on pagе 2|7 of the Coursеbook.

Adieсtives with multiple meanings

thе sеntеnсеS bеlow.
1 Undеrlinе thе сorrесt mеaning in braсkеts of thе words initаliсs in
ideas and information.
1 He was curlouswhen he travelled abroad, so he piсked up |ots of
(unusual/very interested in learning new things)
her very appea|ing.
She was verу differenf f rom everyone e|se, but that's what made
(various/not the same)
(not oldinew and different)
3 The memories of my visit to Japan are fresh in my mind.
my с|othes Were Very
4 l must have |ooked |ike an alien,because when l first appeared
planevnew and different)
different and I was so tall. (being from another
but it is stil| exciting for
5 Travel|ing by high-speed train over long distanсes is not noyel,
most people. (a fiсtiona| book/new and origina|)
of the customs were foreign to me, but I soon adapted to
the way of life'
6 Some
(unfamiliar/f rom overseas)
road before. (different
7 Тhe vehiсle was сomple:te|У new,it had never even been on the
from the one before/not used Yet)
normally with visitors.
8 Тhe behaviour of the anima|s was strange as they usually behaved
(out of the ordinary/ not familiar)

93
 Тravelling around the world

Reading

IELTS Reаding Passage You should spеnd about 20 minutеs on Questiоns 1-13 ri.hiсh aгс basеd on thе rеadins
paSSagе bеlow.

св Th?"6еgniс Rоutg, lntо 6witzgr|and Ёuэ

rаvеIlingbу trаin in Europе is one of lфЗ grеаt plеаsurеs, whеrе thе -iourпеу is аs
importаnt аs thе dеstinаtioп.
Fеw соuntries lеnd thеmsеlvеs to sightsееing by train as wеll as Switzеrland. In this сountry of
mоuntains, lakеs and va}lеys, itЪ the idеal Way to travеl. Avoiding airport hasslеs, trаl.еlirng thеrе
by
railadds an еxtra dimension to thе holiday. ThеrеЪ grеat plеasurе in watсhing Еurоpе'5 landsсapеs
unfold thrоugh piсturе windows.
Thе sеnsе of Соntinеntal sфе Ьеgins as soon аs you lеavе LоndonЪ St Panсras Intеrtlatiоnal
zip by.
statiоn aboard a slееk Еurostar train. It is plеasantly rеlaxing tо watсh thе Kеnt соuntгr'sidе
At Brussеls Мidi station itЪ an еasy сonnесtion to a Gеrman intеrсity ICЕ train. sГееdinq aiong tо
Соlognе in сomfort lеvеls above еvеn thоsе of Еurostar and thе TGV.
hоurs,
The еntire jоurnеy from Lоndоn, through Franсе, Bеlgium and Gеrman1,' takеs drr..lUПd siх
leaving plеnry оf enеrgy fоr a walk through thе сеntrе оf Cоlognе and a visit to thе spесtaсular
stay.
сathеdral thеre. Thе сiff has plеnty of good hоtеls and rеstaurants and is idеa1 tЪr аn Lr\-еrnight
_
Thеn frоm Сolоgne to Chuц Gеrmany to Switzerland, via tоwns with еvосati\-е naПlеs Koblеnz,
Мainz, Мannhеim and Baden Badеn. and the сities of Basеl and Zuriсh. It's a grand dal's travеlling.
Through thе dоmed оbsеrvation сar of a ЕuroСity train yоu sее сastlеs standinq sс]1tr1' o\'еr
grееn \Latеr. Nеat
thе widе and winding River Rhinе, whеrе ladеn bargеs travеllоw in thе сhoppr.
houses сlambеr intо trее-сovеred hillsidеs punсtuated Ьy сhurсhеs with nееdlе spirеs and baroquе
and
bonnеts topping sturdy towеrs' Thеrе arе tall сliffs and vineyard-tеrraсеd slоpеs. i аggеd rосks
sandy islands grеen with treеs; rеd-roоfed tоwns and farming villagеs, orсhards аnс
lildustry, the
spесtaсular Rhinе Gоrge and ZuriсhЪ vast lakе.
Сhur was undеr Rоman rulе for 400 years, when the rеgion was known as Rhаеtiа. аnd Гоr
train stеamеd
сеnturiеs has bееn a transport huЬ tо thе north of thе passеs ovеr thе Alps. Тhе tjrs: .эеюrе
it bеgins
towards thе town in 1858. Tоday thе Arosa Railway travеls thrоugh thе сirrjs сеntгс
its winding сlimb up tо thе famеd mоuntain resort оf Arosa. And Сhur, Srтitzегland.s
oldеst сity, is

thе starting point for thе narrow-gaugе Rhaеtian RailwayЪ Bеrnina Еxprеss tо Тiгагr..l in ltaly, thе

piсturе windоws of its domed оbsеrvatiоn сars сlеanеd to a sparklе.

.walls'
Thеrе arе of tallpinеs and dark fоrеsts, steеp drоps, forbidding barе rосk tасе' сurtain
watеrfalls and glimpsеs оf turquoisе watеr far Ьеlow. To brеaсh this sееming1r in-rpassaЬlе landsсapе,
.l4
tunnеls,
еnginееrs faсеd stееp mоuntain slоpеs and tumЬling roсks to сonstruсt thrее Ьridgеs and
Thе train bursts into light for mеrе sесоnds bеforе plunging onсе morе iпtо dаrknеss'
what has bееn сallеd thе mоst ingеnious railway linе еvеr buiit' thе Bеrnina Ехprеss
travels
on
ninе
on a.spiral stairсasе,, twisting upwards thrоugh five loop tunnеls, tlvo nortnа1 tцnnеls, сrоssing
viaduсts and gоing undеr twо gallеriеs Ьefоrе reaсhing Preda, whiсh sits nеarh- 6000ti aЬovе
sеa

1еvеl.

Thе journеy сontinuеs thrоugh thе Albula tunnel, ЕuropеЪ highеst sub'tеrranеan alpinе
сrossing,
into SwitzеrlandЪ Romansсh.spеaking Еngadinе rеgion' Еmеrging from thе tunnel, you
maywеll
find that thе wеathеr has сhangеd. And, bеing at a watershеd, thе rivеrs arе flоъ.ing in thе oppositе
dirесtiоn!
 Travelling around the worId Е

.land
Thе Bеrnina Pass, оf еtеrnal iсе', is a watеrshеd _ thе rivers flоw to thе Pо and intо thе
Adriatiс - and linguistiс Ьoundary. Sоuth оf the Pass, Italian dialесts are spokеn. At 7381ft (around
a
2250m) thе statiоn of ospiziо Bеrnina is the highеst point on thе journеy.
Glaсiеrs separatе mоuntains and from Alp Grumm thеrеЪ a panоramiс viеw of snоwfields and
a сountlеss array оf mоuntain pеaks. Although Lakе Posсhiavо lies way bеlow, it is hard to Ьеliеvе
that in an hourЪ timе the train will bе in ltaly, in a Меditerranean сlimatе among palm trееs and
flоwеring oleandеrs.
From sunshinе and gеraniums, through
layers of snоw соvеred mоuntains, by glaсiеr
tonguеs and long-drоp wаtеrfalls, to grееn.
swathed vallеys and a tastе of Italy all in
thrее and a half hours - thе Bеrnina Еxprеss
journеy is quitе an ехpеriеnсе. And a vеry
сomfortable оnе.
If thе сhanging sсеnеry is еxtremе and
mеmorablе, so tОo is thе way thе train dеals
with immеnsе gradients, and with not a
сogwhееl or raсk rail in sight. on thе Bеrnina
line thе train с1imbs 228ft. (70m) of height in
еvеry 3280ft (i000m) of distanсе соvеrеd.
And down again.

Questions 1-3
Do thе follorving statеmеnts agrее with thе information givеn in thе rеading passagе?
Writе:
YЕs if thе statеmеnt agrееs with thе viеws of thе writеr
NO if thе statеmеnt сontradiсts thе viеws of thе wгitеr
NoT GIVЕN if it is impossiblе to say what thе writеr thinks about this

1 Looking at the sights in Switzer|and by train is a boring experienсe.

2 As soon as the train |eaves from London, it fee|s like being in another сountry.

3 Тhe towns mentioned in Germany have unusua| names.

Questions 4-6
Answеr thе questions bеlow.
Сhoosе No MoRЕ TнAN TWo WORDS Ггom thе passagе for еaсh anSWег.

4 Where does the train that terminates in Tirano, ltaly start from?
5 Whiсh alpine сrossing in the Engadine region is the highest in Еurope?
6 What can you see many of f rom Alp Grumm?

95
Тravelling around thе world

Questions 7-13
Completе thе summary Ьеlow.
WoRDs AND/OR A NUМBЕR from thе passagе for
Choosе No lvloRЕ THAN TWo
еaсh answеr.

Тhe Bernina Еxpress

The Bernina Express is сonsidered the 7 rai|way that has ever

through whiсh it traveIs. The
been сonstruсted due to the сomplexity of the landsсape
mountainous region must have seemed I """""""" ' with the

in сonstruсtion' The railway on whiсh

9 ..,..'.,......., . enсountering many diffiсulties

the Еxpress runs twists |ike a 10 as it goes up through a range of

man-made constriсtions to reaсh a height of 11 .....'..... ...... feet above sea Ievel.

The Bernina Pass marks the 12 between two rivers as well as a

13 ...............

the r,r,ords and phrasеs usеd in

1 Therе is a lot of dеsсriptivе languagе in the artiсle. Writе
thе passagе to dеsсribе thе following in thе taЬle:

2 Usе a diсtionary to сheсk any words you do not know.

96
 ТraveIling around the world q
Word building

Words related to memory

1 Dесidе whiсh word formеd Гrom thе root.mеm-'is Ьеing dеsсribеd bеlow. Wгitе уour
answеr in thе spaсе pгovidеd.

1 lf you lose this, you won't be able to find your way home from abroad.

2 When people retire, they often write these in their spare time.

3 IЕLTS сandidates shou|dn't try to do this in the speaking test. |t wiIl interrupt their f|uenоy.

4 Tourists sometimes visit these monuments to pay their respeсts to the dead,

5 Peop|e сo|leсt these in the hope they wi|l be worth money one day.

6 People leave these on your desk/email when they haven't got time to write a long
message.

7 |f you remember a ho|iday after many years, it's beоause it was ..........

8 lt's polite to do this to new people's names as soon as possible.

9 Peop|e often keep these to remind them of a p|aсe/person/time, even if it's not worth
anything in monetary terms.
'10 lf you do lots of interesting things with your life when you are young, you should have Iots

of these to make vourself smile when vou are old. .............

2 Writе thе words from еxеrсisе 1 in thе сoгrесt сolumn Ьеlow.

ADJЕсTIVв VЕRB NOUN

91
Тravelling around the world

G Gгammaг rеfеrеnсе on pagе 225 of thе сoursеbook.

Artiсles
undетstand ri,lrr.thеv are usеd. Look at
1 тhе grammatiсal namеs of afiiсlеs сan hеlp уou
thеm rvit1-r thе еramplеS on thе гight.
thе thтее typ", of u.tiсlе on thе lеЁt u,'a -ui.ь
Тype ExamPle

1 indefinite artiсle i I went to a PartY.

2 definite artiоle ii I like Parties.

3 zero artiс|e iii Тhe party on Saturday Was great.

.r.ulеs'аnd
dесidе rr,hеthег tl-rеl' go rr.ith thе indеfinitе
Rеad somе of thеsе morе dеtailеd
tor you.
dеfinitе or Zеro artiсlе. Thе first is donе
'.l.'..,.:'..''...
1 Used the first time you mention a non.speсifiс noun.
2Usedtheseсondtimeyoumentionanoun;nowspeсifiс,'.'.'.'
3 Used to talk in general about nouns' (Plural when countable l
4 Used to refer to speсifiс things.
5 Used to refer to any one, of many' """"'
6 Used with singular, countable nouns'
еmirates'
7 Used with сountries made up of states, kingdoms, republiоs
in еaсh C&Sс. 3llt1 tllatсh it to thе rulеs 1_-
3 сhoosе thе сoгrесt option using thе guidеlinеs
in ехеrсisе 2.
first time'
1 You want to refer to a singular noun' for the
.Thereisalanlthel_mapinmybag.Canyoupassittomе'piеese?'Rule:...........'..

2Тherearegurdebooksonthetable.Youwanttheb|ueonе,Yc.saУ:
'Pass me alanlthel- blue guidebook' please'' Rule:

3Youneednewbandages.Youaskуourfriendtobuyyouscn.е'YousaУ:
.Can you ouу alanlthel- bandages when you're out. p|ease? tuIe:

4Youbuyonenewbiсyсle.Youte|lyourfriendaboutуournс,.,purсhase.
Rulе:
.I
bought alanlthel- new biсyсle at the weekend.'

5 You ask the same friend if they want to have a look at it

.Would you |ike to have a look at alanlthel- bike?' Rulе;

You say:
6 You Want to travel to the Middle Еast this winter.
Arab Emirates Rule:
'l'm thinking about going lo alanlthel- United

7Youneedtobuyaсompass.Youaskyourfriendtolendvouoneashehassevera|.
You say:
.CouId l borrow alanlthel_сompass, please.' Rule: .....'.'.....'

98
 Тravеlling around the world З
Find and сorгесt thе еrroгs геlating to artiсlеs in thе tеxt Ьеlow.
,GapУеors'oгiginoted
in the UK in the 1960s whеnуoung Bгits heoded off to the infomous
.hippie
troil, in Indio. But on idеo tгu|y took of f inIhе 1990s.
'GapУеars'oгe o сommon еxpеriеnсе in o United Kingdom, ond oсross the Еuгope. rn the United
Stotes, howеvеr, not mony pеop|е ore fomi|ior with the idеa. А go1 Уеor is o time token of f
6еtwееn two sfoges of life_usuo||y by thе students tеrwееn hi9h sсhool ond co||еgе_to trоvel.
voIunteer and ехo|orе o worId.
But 6op Уeqrs сon o|so bе tokеn by the odu|ts tеforе moving onto thе new profession,onеw
morriagе or simp|y os сorееr brеak. GapУеars arе meоnt not to just еxp|orе new p|осes ond
сu|tures, but q|so to leoгn rhе nеw ski||s ond disсover new things obout yourself .

Writing

Rеad thе Task 2 quеstion bеlorl', and thеn anSWег thе quеstions

WRITING ТAsK 2
You should sреnd aЬout 40 minutеs on this task.
Writе about thе followins topiс:

Somе pеop|е bе|iеvе that travе||ing alonе is far bettеr than travе||ing with a group'
Оthеrs beliеve that this is dangеrous and shouId not bе еnсouragеd bу the parеnts
of уoung pеop|е'

Disсuss both thеsе vtеws and givе уoUr own opinion'

Givе rеasons Гoг vouг ans\vеr and inсludе any rеlеvant еxamplеs Гrom your own
knorr lеdgе and ехpегiеnсе.
Writе at lеast 250 rr.oгds.

.| Is it aссeptab|e to onIy ta|k about one of these opinions?

2 How many paragraphs would you need to answer the question? Why?
3 Whiсh body paragraph is it better to start off with:the one that's the same as your opinion
or the one that's the opposite of your opinion? Why?

2 Мatсh еaсh idеa a_е with ,alonе, oг,group, viеw. If it is irrеlеvant mark it with an .Х,
lDЕAs
a Going on ho|iday is good for one's hea|th and everyone shou|d do it at |east once aУear'
b If people are invo|ved in any troub|e, they сan usua||y re|y on he|p from the group.
c It is easier to be'led astray'by strangers as they see lone visitors as an easy target.
d Тrave||ing a|one means that you don't have to foIIow the deсisions of the group.

e TraveI|ing a|one a|lows peop|e to meet more |oсa| peop|e.

Мatсh thе геlеvant ideas from ехerсisе 2 to thеir suppoгting argumеnts (i-iv).
i There is safety in numbers.
ii Тhey сan he|p peop|e both with mora| and finanсial support if they need it'
iii Тherefore, peop|e сan have a riсher experienсe of the сountry they are Visiting'
iv Peop|e сan do and see exaсt|y what they |ike and not Waste time.

Writе your own rеsponsе to thе еSSay quеstion aЬovе, using thе idеas to hеlp r.ou.

99
 ы )
Wordlist on рagе 218 of thе сoursеЬook.

Nouns related to sYstems

1DесidеwhiсhaspесtofinЁгastгuсturеisbеingdеsсribеdin1_8bеlori..
1letters,emai|s,messagesandphoneсa|lsarepartofthissystemwhiсhistodowith
сontaсtingpeop|e. -----(13)
for сommerсial use _ (8)
2 atacIorуWnere oil is сleaned -
зtheproсessofmovingpeop|eorthingsfromonep|aсetoanother.usuallyinavehiсle
(e)

4anobjeсtsentintospaсetotravelaroundtheearthinordertoreсeiveandsend
information -----(9)
5aformofenergythatсanproduсelight,heatandpowerformaсhines,compuтers'
televisions' etс' _ -- (11)
.www'stands for щor|d wide (3)
6 in сomputing' - --
to foгm nеws Ьullеtiтl:.
2 Matсh thе sеntеnсе halvеs 1_8 with a-h
morning due to the adverse
1 The transport system ground to a halt this
2Thesсarоitуofoilhasсausedpriсestoreaсhanal|-time-highasr,ve|lsand
the
fibre optiсs. potеntially bringing down
3 Тhe threat of a virus whiсh attaсks a network,s
world's сommuniсations
4TheG|oba|PositioningSate|litesystem(GPs)wasagaintntrоublelastnightafteritsent
another lorrY into a low-rise
5Тhefutureofgasasasustainablefuelsourсelooksunоertainasfurther
use in сountriеs rvhiоh sutfer problems
Witr
6 Water purifiоation p|ants are now |n common
undrinkabIе
fresh Water suppliЁs as they a|low previously
as
honoured with a Nobе prtzе Ior engineering
7 The inventor of the worldwide web was
to
his сreation now provides us with aссess

8ThereWasanugepowerсutaсrossmostoftheсountrуasstormsbroughtdown

a saltY water to be desalinated'

b systems was desсribed as imminent.
all major routes'
с weather сonditions which have affeсted
d pylons and Power lines'
e bridge after the reсeiver dish fai|ed.
f problems with the new proposed pipeline сontinue.
g refineries struggle to сope with demand.
systеm of servers.
h information at our fingertips through a сomplex

100
 The importanсe of infrastruсture Е
Word building

Modal verbs to adjeсtives

1 Writе the adjесtivеs in thе Ьoх Ьеlow nеxt to thе modal that сoгrеsponds to thеir
mеanins.

likelу possiblе pгoЬaЬlе сеrtaln unnесеSsary nесеssary

ехpeсted obligatory aЬlе сompulsory optional еssеntial
pеrmissiblе unlikеly

1 must
2 will
3 probably will
4 can/сou|d
5 probably won't
6 do not have to
7 should

2 Rеwritе thе sеntеnсеs bеlow using the adjесtivеs in braсkеts. You will havе to сhangе
thе struсturе of thе sеntеnсе'

ЕхampIe:

We must do our best to lower carbon emissioлs. rcssential)

tt Ls еssеwtLаL thа|'.ntе dо ovtr best to Lc'llеr cаrbоw еv'l.ьssLоws

1 We need to invest in less po||uting teсhno|ogies. (neсessary)

Un|ess free pub|iс transport is matntained for o|der peop|e, there wil| be more
congestion. (сertain to)

3 As the сost of petro| rises, peop|e wi|| probab|y use biсyсles more. (|ike|y to)

4 More people will probably migrate to cities in the next twenty years. (probable)

5 With the new teсhnologies availab|e, major сities сan now сhoose to introduсe driverIess
trains. (possible)

6 Taking a train to traveI |ong distanсes probab|y won't be as popular as f|ying.

(unlikely that)

7 Peop|e do not have to know how сomputer systems work, but it he|ps when looking for
emp|oyment in many infrastructure industries. (unneсessary for)

8 AirIines are expeоted to introduсe more fueI-effiсient o|anes in the near future.
(should)

't 01
 Тhe importanсe of infrastruсture
Reading
lЕLTS Reading Pаssage You should spеnd about 20 minutеs on Questions 1_13, rvhiсh arе basеd on thе rеading
DasSagе bеlorv.
Bшilding BRlGs* 0f g]owth
Rесord spепding oп iпfrаstruсtl|rе will hеlp to sustаitl rаpid у1rowt|l il.t ешсrу1ittу1 есоttоlttiеs
A TI1Е biggеst invеstmеnt boоrl in lristсlry
is undеrway. ovеr hаlf of thе world,s
intrastruсturе invеstmеnt is now taking
plасе in еmеrging есonоnliеs, whеrе saiеs of
еХсavat()rs havе risеn morе than {ivеfold sinсе
2000. In totа1, еmеrging есоI.tсlmiеs аrе likеly
to spеnd an еstimаtеd $ l .2 trilliсlnLсln rсrads,
railrva\.s, е1есtriсity, tеlесommuniсatitlns аnd
оthеr prсljесts this yеar, сquivalеnt It-l 6oЬ
о{ thеir ссlnlbiгrеd GDPs _ twiсе thе avеragе
infrastrltсttlге - i t.tt,еstmеnt rati() in dеvеlopеd
есonomiеs. Lаrgеh, as а rеslt]t, tоtal fiхеd
lnvеsimеПl lIl еlтlсrq,lns есоn()mlеs с()Ulo
inсrеasе b1' a staggеrillg 16% in rеal tеrms
this yеar, aссtlrding tсl HSBС, whеrеas in
riсh есonomiеs it is fоrесаst to bе flаt. Suсh
invеstmеnt will hеlp su])])()It ес()n()пliс grоwtl.r
this yеar аs Amеriса,s есOI]tlIn},stаl1s _ anсl fсlr
many yеars tO сomе'
102
.'- l=.
Ъ*.:
B Сompournding this l'еаr.s liчl.tiе, .\l(]rgаn Stanlеy
prеdiсts thаt еmеrgirlq ссtlt-ttltt-.tjеs rvili spеnd
$22 trillion (irr todа1.,s 1lriссs r tirl jtrfrastruсturе
or,еr thе nехt tеll 1,еаt-s, rl1 tr hiсh Сhina will
aссollnt tor 43ok. Сl-rirlа ir аlrс.ldr ьpеnding
аrоund l2"Ь of its GDР сlt.t it-lfrаstrrtсturе
Indееd, Сhinа lras sIlеllI tll.lrс (itl rеal tеrms)
in thе pаst ljr,е vеаrs th.rtl it-t thе l.r,holе of thе
2Oth сеnttrry. Last r.саг Brаzi] ]аunсlrеd a fоur-
yеar plan ttl sреtlсl S ]O0 billion to nodеrnisе
its roаd nеtwtlrk, I)()\\ ег 1llаnts аrrd ports. Thе
Indiаtl !]OvеrnПеllt,s 1аtеst tir'е-yеar plan lras i
аmDlllol.lsl),l)t-llL.|llt'О]ll]]Сагl\Ь)UUD|||loПln
infrastruсtttrе 1lrсljссts. Rlrssia, thе GLllf statеs
and othег oil ехроrtсrs arе аll pсluring part of
thеir highеr сlil rеr,еtlr.lеs into fiхеd invеstmеnt.
С Gotld infra51rllсtLlrе 1.ras аlways playеd a lеading
rrllе in есtln<lпriс сlеvеIoprrrеnt, fronr thе roads
аnd аqr.lеduсts <lf аnсiеnt Romе to Britain,s
rаilway bсlonr in thе шid- 19th сеntury' But
DRlti _ Пtilzi]' Rtl'ri.l, ]|lJid.l|](l ( lliП.l
 The importanсe of infrastruсture

сfоrе has infrastruсturе sреnding bееn
.. аs а shаrе o[ world GDP. This is pаrtly
': Inorе сountriеs aIе now industrialising
l . еr bеforе, but also bесausе Сhiпa and
. ; ге invеsting at a muсh briskеr paсе
- ::l есontlmiеs еvеr did' Еvеn at thе pеak
,,r,s rаilwаy mаniа in thе l840s, totаl
:: 'iсturе invеstmеnt was only around 5 7o
.:.tсturе invеstmеnt сan yiеld big
.iс gains. Buitding roads оr railways
: ;.аtеly boоsts olltput аnd jobs, but it
installеd сapaсity. A l % risе in inсomе pеr hеad
lеads to a О.5o/o inсrеasе in dеmand. Putting this
togеthеr, еlесtriсity саpaсity mаy havе to surgе
try |4О% in Сhina and by 80% in India ovеr thе
nеxt dесadе. Air trаvеl _ and hеnсе airports -
will sес thе lastеst grоwth in dеrnand, bесausе
it is by far thе most sеnsitivе tо inсomе a |o/o
inсrеasе iц inсomе pеr pеrson lеads to a |,4oЬ
inсrеasе in thе nr-rшbеr of passеngеrs travеlling
by air. Thе numbеr оf air passеngеrs сould jump
by morе than 350% ln Сhina and by 2ООo/o \n
India tlvеr thе nехt dесadе.

l:.rs to spur futurе growth _ prоvidеd
:lеy is spеnt wisеly. BеttеI transpОIt
j:nlеrs to gеt thеiг рrоduсе to сitiеs, аnd
:ilurеrs to еХport thеir goоds OVеrsеаs.
- еs wirh 1hе,lowеst tгаnsP()rt сosts tеnd
-:-.!)rе
opеn tо fсlrеlgn tradе and so еnjoy
::t'rvth. Сlеаn wаtеr аnd sаnitаtion аlsо
.-е quality of human сapital, thеrеby
t produсtivity. Thе World Bank
...bour
;.сs that a l7o inсrеasе in a сOuntry.s
:..lсturе stoсk is assoсiatеd with a l %
i. с in thе lеvеl of GDP. othеr studiеs
. .пс1udеd thаt Еasт Asia,s шuсh highеr
:.'еnt in infrastruсturе ехplains a largе
: :ls fastеr growth than Latin Amеriсa.
::]i rеpOrt by Gоldman Saсhs arguеs tha1
::llСturе spепding is not just a сausе
..lшiс growth. but a сonsеquеnсе of
' сoplе gеt riсhеr and morе сlf thеm
Г thе dеmand fоr еlесtriсity,
.,]1л/ПS,
;,..rt, sanitatiоn and housing inсrеasеs.
*'
:tually rеinforсing rеlationship lеads tо
: -nvеStmеnt and growth. Thе bank has
rеd a пrodеl that usеs ехpесtеd growth in
:, L|гbani5аtitln аnd рtlpulаtiоn ltl forесаst
: .nf rastrllсturе dеmands.
.'аtlon has thе biggеst impaсt on
;tr, rеquirеmеnts. Gоldman сalсulatеs
.
. o inсrеаsе in thе shаге o[ pеtlplе living
.s lеads to a l.8Yo inсrеasе in dеmand for
G Сhina.s fastеr grоwth in inсomе pеr hеad аnd
its mоrе rapid paсе of urbanisation mеan thаt
it is likе1y tо pull еvеn furthеr ahеad of India
on шost infrаstruсlurе mеasulеs. Сhina сould
add l3 timеs as many {iхеd-linе рhonеs as
India ovеr thе dесadе, sеvеn timеs аs rrrany air
passеngеrs and siх timеs as muсh е1есtriсity
iapaсity. Brazil and Russia, whiсh arе alrеady
rrrttсh morе urbanisеd and rеlativеiy riсhеr
(irnplying slowеr growth in inсomе), will also
sеr Пforе modеst gr()wth in intrastruсturе.
H Тhе inflastluсttlrе boоm has glоbal impliсations
too. lnсrеasеd invеstпrеnt mеans nrorе imports
of сapital еquipmеnt, whiсh will hеlp to
slim сurrеnt.aссoLlnt surplusеs in Сhina аnd
еlsеwhеrе, and sо rеduсе global iшbalanсеs.
Rising dеmand fоr building matеrials will kееp
сomшоdity priсеs high.
I Last, but not lеast, will bе thе nеgativе impaсt
on thе еnvironmеnt. An ехpесtеd75"/. inсrеasе
in еmеrging есonоmiеs, е1есtriсity dеrlаnd ovеr
thе nехt dесadе will worsеn air pollutiоn and
giobal warming. Мany fеar thаt Сhina,s Thrее
Gorgеs Dam, thе wоrld,s largеst hydroеlесtriс
damagе.
рrojесt, сould сausе еnvironmеntal
сhinu,' nаtionаl hird, thе rеd-сrownеd сrаnе, is
an еndangеrеd spесiеs. Sоmе pеоplе may wish
,сOnstruсtion сranе, was also brееding
that thе
lеss rapidlv.

Glossary: 1 a trillion = thе numbеr l,000,000,000'000

Questions 1-5
Thе rеading passagе has ninе paгagraphs' A_I.
Whiсh paragraph сontains thе follorving inГormation?
past
1 the quantity of digging maсhinery bought in сomparison to the
to more work
2 how spending money on inf rastruсture Iike transport systems leads
3 a referenсe to two past examp|es o{ inсreases in сonstruсtion
4 how personaIwea|th and inсreased trave| are re|ated
5 why more infrastruсture is needed it peop|e migrate to urban areas

103
 Тhe importanсe of infrastruсture

Questions 6-9
Do thе following Statеmеnts agrее with thе viеws of thе writеr in thе rеading passagе?
Writе:

YЕs if thе statеmеnt agrееs with thе viеws of thе writеr

NO if thе statеment сontradiсts thе viеws of thе writеr
NoT GIVЕN if it is impossiЬlе to say what thе writеr thinks of this

6 An unpreсedented growth in spending is taking p|aсe in emerging eсonomies.

7 lnсreased spending on infrastruсture is the best way to improve a оoUntry,s eсonomy.
8 Тhe main reason spending is high is beсause so many сountries are industria|izing.
9 Тhe сonstruсtion boom wil| not have an effeсt in сountries around the wor|d.

Questions t 0-13
Choosе thе сolтесt lеttеr, A, B, C or D.
10 In the сurrent year, emerging eоonomies may spend
A their money on improving сommuniсation.
B twiсe as much as deve|oped сountries did.
c 16% more than develooed сountries on infrastruсture.

D 6% more on projeсts сompared to last year.

11 Money сan be made from
A investing in the future.
B being open to trade.

C he|ping farmers move to сities.

D сonstruсting transport links.
12 Тhe eсonomies in Еast Asia are growing faster than

A in Britain.
B infrastruсture stock.
C in Latin Ameriсa.

D exoeсted in this deсade.

13 The environmental impaсt on infrastruсture deve|opment wiII

A inс|ude inсreased сontamination of the air.

B put pressure on the wor|d's resourсes.

C сause more speоies to be endangered.

D Iead to a 75 per сent inсrease in polIution.

104
 The importanсe of infrastruсturе !!]
Listening

G z.s sЕсТloN 3 Questions 21-30

Questions 21-25
How do the speakers desсribe the green urban p|anning options?
Сhoosе FIVЕ dеsсriptions fтom thе Ьox and rvritе thе сorгесt lеttеr, A_G, nехt to
quеstions 2I-25'

Descriptions 21 green belt

A dangerous 22 decentralization
B too expensive 23 new тowns
G too many objeсtions 24 brownfield sites
D disruptive 25 pedestrianized zones
E too simple
F unpraсtiсaI
G unsuсcessful

Questions 26-28
Choosе thе сorrесt lеttеr' A' B or C.

26 Whiсh area is Jaсk having the most prob|ems with?

A Understanding the statistiсs.

B The |aсk of materiaI.

C Тhe se|eсtion of statistiсs.

27 \Nhat has been сentra|to Curitiba's suссess?

A Central government intervention.

B Working together with residents.
C Giving responsibility to strategists.

28 Why does the transport system work so well?

A Тhere are сheap fares for the poor and elder|y.
B Biсyс|es сan Use the bus |anes.
C Тhere is a |ow сar ownershio.

Questions 29 and 30
Сhoosе TWo lеttегs, A_Е.

Whiсh does the tutor suggest are the TWo areas Jaсk needs to foсus on?
A the amount of parkland
B the employment strategy
C the pedestrianized zones
D the reсyс|ing sсheme
Е the suburban areas

105
Thе importanсe of infrаstruсture

Languаge foсus

G} Grammar rеfеrеnсе on pagе 225 of thе сoursеЬook.

Сonсession

1 Choosе a Suitablе synonym for thе original word in italiсs.

1 Although construсting new roads is important for a country's eсonomy, it shou|d not be at thе
expense of the environment. (butlwhile)
2 White I agree investing in the future may be a good idea, it is also important to focus on the
present. (much asl mig ht)

3 There are more jobs availab|e in сities, though they might not neсessari|y be better ones.
(butlwhile)
4 While there are many reasons for people being wealthier than before, it is mainly down to
improvements in eduсati on. (butlthou g h)
5 None of the information in the artiсIe Was new to me, but it was interesting nonetheless'
(much asl nevertheless)
6 Much as I сan understand your point of view, l wouId have to disagree with you. (whilelbut)

2 Praсtisе сonсеding, but ultimatеly disagrееing with thеsе еxtrеmе рoints of viеw. IJsе
thе words givеn in braсkеts.

Eхample:
The ontу waу to improve уour Еnglish is to memorize new words! (whilelthislimportant,l
not only waу)
.,'.'lц.
whLLеwtеvwarLzLr'аLsLvv1artаwLLt-Lswott|леavn-Ll2wацto,ьwtprovе',l., ' Т,
1 Trave||ing abroad is a waste of money! (a|though/it/eхpensive/not waste)

2 Riding a biсyс|e is slow and boring! (iVmay/slow/buVnot boring)

3 Еveryone finds speed |imits annoying!They're сomp|ete|y Unneсеssary. (muсh aslfee|l
they/annoyi ng/neсessary/as/save ives) I

4 Тhe wheeI was the most important invention ever. (though/iVusef u|,/not most important)

Writing

1 Rеad thе Task 1 quеstion Ьеlow and thеn put thе information a_i into thе сorrесt ordеr.

WRITING TASK 1

You should spеnd about 20 minutеs on this task.

The сhart below shows the number of internationa| visits madе fгom thе United Kingdom'

Summarise thе information bу sеleсting and rеporting thе matn fеaturеs, and makе
сo m pa ri so ns wh е rе re|eva nt.

Wгitе at lеast 150 words.

InternationаI travеIfrom the UK (miIlions)

1 981 1 986 1 991 1 996 1 998 1 999 2000

Air 11.4 16.4 20.4 27.9 з4.з з1,5 41.4

Seа 7.7 8.6 '10.4 10.1 10.5 10.4 9.6

Chаnne| Тunnel з.5 6.1 5.9 5.8

All visits abroad 19 24.9 з0.8 42.1 50.9 53.9 s6.8

106
 Тhe importanсе of infrastruсturе

s loter, the number of pеop|еtrove||ing by oir hod

olmost doub|ed,
.гovе|ling Ьy sea hoа only inсreosed by opрroximotely holf its
:rv!:lj:j*
the yeors d
тг the numbeг of oveгseos visits mode f гom the UK during
е shows
-: ]n]o. Тhe doto is organizеdinto the types of tronsport
used. J
trфф#ffiФffiFa
:=.'.,==.j9l.;:.+:=iэ+:эjт$..:-,..-..4.+=+sЁ=fщ==
'=1-=!+.L=ч5fфFf..ФEr9fEеф:'Fя#i:-:ir,,...

:есгthottrovellingobroodbeсomein.."o1-j*1.9lY-'P"-1е*ч.!s:.
over the рeriod'
|;.:=--=9-=
* -j.:i+тJ.j1j:t].чц:19
::-:::::::.::::1n:].rJ+:.:..1r.i.1ъrФ-'-:-.|.*.."ri.jfP.,-

*:ye| wсs stiIl in sесond plaсe but its poрulority hod suffered as moгe
,-;р;;l ;;iь" сt.onn"| Тunnel. Thеrеwere just undeг 1 million f еwеr
i :y seo thon its Peok in 1996.

::/.тгoSt, the Chonnel Тunnel rеoсhеd its peok of populoгity

in ]998 when €
вр*.s olmost doubled from 3.5 milIion when it opened
to 6.1 million. Ё;
.
:..i:.-.j=j.1.Jтji:::+-a....:-
. .:::::::_:=]lё+,:.i:дrjgr:]I{-]'=+:':-.:.=:.:..<.si1:.ii1l.:.з1.i..

..е f irst time in1996,trоve| vio the Chonne| Tunnel wos PossЫe br.lt numbers g;
,ffiпг

ш.g .eIаtively small in сomporison to the two other modes of tгonsшгt. *-.*.-*F

- on|y
D *e end of the millennium its pоpulority hod olso dеcreosеdthough ;fl
шщ.lу with 5.8 mil|ion visits mode via the Тunnel. -я
ъ
...=:.=:.]oisir:s!:.:-::l-!t.!.- 1ъэ1:яiЁEl-.=.:1j!i.ni]ii:rJ::]s,1a]-:-]=J|.j=i]-i::-1i;;

with 41.4 mi||ion

*.f
ш.s :]00. however, air tгovel Wсs by fсr the most PoPulor option
Пs;-s o yeor.
-*-**#.
...=::==:l:*..==Eri..1-..]-.:iт,.r,..-1ъ:.{ч*.=i:i:]i.:Ёr!=+.laF.:=.-...P-.=+эfЗ:i{.ч€

. ' ':i thе tablе and writе youг own arrswеr.

lr?.JТING TASK 1

.:l.эuld spеnd about 20 minutеs on this task.

United Kingdom'
- .эb|е below shows the number of international visits into thе
--тarisеtheinformationbуsеlесtingandrеportingthеmainfeaturеs,andmakе
. :аrisons whеrе rеlеvant'

,з at lеast 150 words.

' :j :s to the UK by overseаs residents (milIions)

991 996 998 1 999 2000

1 981 1 986 1 1 1

8.9 8.9 8.9 8.9

6.9 8.9 8.9
5 5 5 5
4.6 5 5
::J

-rаnnel Tunnel
13.9 1з.9 1з.9 1з.9 1з.9
I I visits to the 1 1.5 13.9
. ritеd Kingdom

107
 Voсabulary

Woгdlist on pagе 218 of thе сoursеbook.

Money matters

1 Мatсh thе words 1_10 bеlow with thеir mеanings a-j on thе гight. Thеrе may Ье moге
than onе possiblе answеr.
1 сounterfeit money a the money a government has to spend
2 fami|у finances b a person addiсted to buying things
3 government money с money сo||eсted from people's taxes
4 paper money d after paying the bills, the money that's left over
5 pub|iс money/taxpayers' money e fake, illegalmoney
6 shopaho|iс f a person who сan't contro|their money
7 spending money g the money whiсh a fami|y has to spend
8 spendthrift h money сo||eсted from a сompany for advertising
its oroduсts
9 sponsorship money i an amount of money owеd to a person or
organization
10 debt j money in note, as opposed to сoin, form

Dесidе whеthеr thе ц.ords in itаIiсs сolloсatе ц,ith thе r егb in еaсlr сasе. In somе сasеs
all thе words may bе possiblе.

1 boost financeslmoneуlwealth
2 borrow financeslmoneуlwealth
3 buiId finances/moneуlwealth
4 сontrol financeslmoneylwea|th
5 deposit financeslmoneуlwealth
6 deva|ue financeslmoneуlwealth
7 have financeslmoneуlwealth
8 hoard financeslmoneуlwealth
9 inherit financeslmoneуlwealth
10 squander finanсeslmoneуlwealth

'108
 шшЩЩ

Money and happiness g

Listening

G} z.о sЕстIoN 4 Questions 31_40

Questions з1-40
Complеtе thе notеs Ьеlorr.'
Writе No п{oRЕ TI{AN TWo WORDS for еaсh answеr.

Economiсs сourse guidelines

During Iectures

Students:

. wil| reсeive information about eсonomiсs and the 31 '......'... to

сoncentrate on

. wi|| be provided with information about the subjeсt

. will be provided with a f ramework for further study

. wi|| have an oppогtunity to be taught bу a32 in the fie|d

. wi||take paгt in the |earnIng сu|ture in 33...........

Common prob|ems sfudents hаve with teсhniques used in leсtures

. may not develop 34 .. . ... ..... :no immediate questions

o newer teсhniques help improve 35 .............. . more than |eсtures

How to avoid problems аnd make learning easier

. Ieave time to read 36 on the booklist

. test yourself with quizzes

. if you have had a 37............ ...., revise whatyou previously learned

o use the web to do more 38 ..............

. сheоk the sources of information on the web are 39 ..............

. 40 .......... ..... with Vour с|assmates

109
 j

Values and beliefs

I
I

I
1 prinоiples based on aсhieving perfeсtion
2 minimum requirements marking a |evel of qua|ity; a benсhmarК
3 a set of prinсip|es that people use to deсide what is righVwrong
the way people behar=
4 basiс beliefs about what is right and moralIy good, that influenсe !

, 5 beliefs that determine whether something is important or not

6 ideas that people believe in and are сertain are true
I

7 standards of сharaсter and behaviour

g behaviour/habits that are expected and have been kept for a long time

Complеtеthеfamousquotеs/momеntsfromhistoryusing.thеrvordsfromехеrсisе1.
Thе first
of thе words to makе iifit grammatiсallу.
You maу nееd to сhangе the form
lеttеr has Ьееn donе [or you.
others,ln .i'.'....''.'''..' he is
1 'tnlaw a man is guiltу when he violates the rights of
guiltу if he onlу thinks of doing so!
lmmanuel Kant 1724-1804, German philosopher
2 'Strength and wisdom are not opposing )t""""""""""'
Bill Clinton 1946- , Ex-president of the USA
an ideathat
3 A.p.',..''. is not mere!у an ideathe mind possesses,' it is
possesses the mind!
and a two-time osсar winning
Robert oxton Bo|t 1924_1995, EngIish p|aywright
screenwriter
and shouting'eureka'when he
4 Archimedes is most famous for jumping out of a bath
from it was the same as his body
rea|ised that the amount of water that oveгflowed
,displaсement theory' is now known asАrchimedes' .T'...'..''.'.'..'! '
weight. Тhis
engineer and desi gner
Arсhimedes 2s7 BCЕ_212 BcЕ,Siсilian mathematiсian,
,Мanners easilу and rapidlу mature into .rу''.''.''...'.....'.'
5
HoraсeMann1796-.1859,AmeriсaneduсatorandsoсiaIreformer
Ameriсan, Еd ucator Quotes

110
 Money and happiness (!П
'Othertimes,other.i................ ;

Italian proverb
'To be an .|Y.......'.'......gUest,Staу at home!

ЕdgarWatson Howe 1853_19Зт Аmeriсan journa|ist, author

'The qualitу of a leader is ref|еc:эd in the .}.'''.'.' theу set for themsеlvеs
Ray Kroс 1902_1984' the man l., ro made МсDona|d's famous around the world

Language foсus

G Grammar rеfеrеnсе oП pil.l. ]]] оf thе сoursеbook.

Substitution and ellipsis

Foг еaсh of thе undеrlinеd itеп-r. 1 .i itl thс ir.чt Ье1оlv, undеrlinе thе сorrесt сhoiсе in
thе altеrnatir.еs bеlorv thе tеrt.

A sound futurе

Thеrе arе man\'rтal.s to impгovе thе futurеs of оuг сhildгеn. Еduсating thеm aЬоut
monеY mattегs fгom an еarly agе is onе of 1thеm. ]Do1ng so ri.ould mеan that thеy
havе fеlr'ег finanсial proЬlеms whеn thеy grow up. ]Not doing so, on thе оthеr hand,
l,r.ould har'е diге сonsеquеnсes. aSuсh nеgligеnсе will lеad to morе problеms with
thе g1oЬal есonomy. Howеver, wе must alsо tеaсh сhildгеn that monеy alonе will
not mаkе thеm happy. 5To do so will ensurе that thе,v gro\f up tо bе wеll-balanсеd
individuals.

1 the many ways/the futures

2 improving the futures/eduсating them
3 not improving the futures/not eduсating them
4 finanсia| prob|ems/not doing so
5 teaсhing сhildren thaVg|oba| eсonomy

2 Wгitе thе paгts of thе following sеntеnсеs that aге bеing lеft out or rеplaсеd. Тhе
word(s) to bе геplaсеd aге in italiсs.

Eхample: There are many important Iessons in Iife. Learning about the va|ue of money is
one of Ihem,.Q,ще'.р.f'.r!з',:t,р:,i'у,]'{Р'ar.|л|уI'|,#э|,.q.эуrу'uv{е....'
1 Тony bought a new сar whereas Mike purсhased a seсond-hand one. '.'........'
2 Students often end up borrowing more money than they сan afford. Such actions sho- :
be avoided if they want to avoid large sums of debt.
3 Jane сa||ed Mary' She did so to сheсk that she was oK. ............
4 I |ooked after my sisters when they Were young. | сontinue to do so even thoug. :.:
noт any more. '.........

5 I read novels for pleasure but journals for facts.

6 Finding a job is muсh morе diifiсuIt nowadays than if was in the past.
7 Some peopIe say that еduсation shouId be free for a|| though others cr :С sэ s- э. ]эа'r
as unrea|istiс. .....'......''
I Although I wanted to fin sh this earlier, I was not able to do so, ,

'l 11
 Money and hаppiness

Reading

|ЕLТS Reаding Pаssаge You should spеnd aЬout 20 minutеs on Questions l 1 3, rv]-riсlr arе basеd on thе rеadin.
passagе Ьеlow.

Еvеrуbody lovеs а pay rise. Yet over thе past haIf-сеntury, as dеvеiopеd есonomiеs havе got muсh riсher, people
do not seem to hаve beсome happiеr. Surveys suggеst that, on avе].аgе, эеoOlе in thе USA, Еuropе and Japan are
no more plеasеd with thеir lot thаn in thе 1950s. This is сurious, bеса;s е ;1 3lу givеn timе riсher peop|е say they
arеhаppierthanpooгеrpeop|edo.Forinstanсе,З7%ofthеriсhеsiэ-а.iе,оf NorthAmeriсansс|aimtobe.vеry
happу,,сomparеdwithonly16%of thеpoorеstquarter.тhatm|grt еaэ,э*:oеХpесtthat,asaсountrygrows
riсhеrаndinсomеsrise,riсhandpoorаlikеwouIdbесomehapр,6. _.,..е.е..:1еуhаVenot.Hегеliesaparadoх:
an individuаlwho bесomes riсhеr bесomеs happiеr; but whеn sсс е:' :s а l'.olе grows i.iсheг, nobody sеems any
morе сontent.
|nrесentуеarsthеstudyof,happiness,-asopposеdtomorесс^'е^::.:;:сгoп-tiсmeasurеs'suсhasGDPpеr
head-hаsattraсtеdinсгеasedattеntionfromeсonomists. lnаs..:.].:.:-.еsеаrIiеrthisyеar,RiсhardLаУard,
a n eсonomiсs professor at the London SсhooI of Есonomiсs, rе\1.е J :.э . эus еvid се from psyсho|ogy,
'.. е .э еn
soсio|ogyаndhisowndisсiplinetotrytoso|vеthisparadox'onе:'.э-^:::. s.а5ituation,:pеoplеadjustquiсkly
to сhanges in |iving standards. So a|though improvеments makе t..- . ..э r. ,Эr а lvhilе, the еffесt fades rapidly'
Forinstanсе,thirtyyеarsagoсentrаl heаtingwasсonsidеrеdalrх-.,::::,:s'еivеdаsessеntia|.
Aseсond and more importаnt rеason why more money does no: а-:э-:: :: , тakе еvеrybody happiеr is thаt
peoplеtendtoсomparеtheir|otwiththаtofothеrs. InonеstriK.^gе,э-.э siudentsаtНаrvardUniversitywеre
аsked whetherthеywould prefer (a) s50,000 a yearwhi|e othеrs 3э: ^а ,:^э: э. (b) s1О0,000 a yеarwhi|e others
got twiсе аs muсh. A majority сhosе (a). Тhеy wеrе happу with iеss а; э.: j: :.э\' wеrе bеttеr off than others.
otherstudiesсonfirmthаtpеoplearеoftenmorесonсernedabо-::.:..::-е.еiativetoothеrs,thanabouttheir
absolutе inсomе. P|easurе at your own pay rise сan vanish whеn ; э. i... -.. z1 . .Э lеаguе has beеn givеn a muсh
biggеronе.Тheimp|iсationofаlI thisisthatреople,sеffortstoгnа^'::.i-;:.=..аэоierbyworkinghardеrinorder
to earn and spend morе are pаrtly self-dеfeating: thеy may mаkе - э.= *:.:, . -: bесause others do too, they do
notgetmuсhhappiеr.Тhеunhappinessthatonеpеrson,sеXtгаin.э-:.=.:э-..:эothеrs,аrguesLordLаyard,isa
form of pollution.
Worsesti||,workinghardеrinordertobeab|etoaffordmorеmatе.e з::]:::- jеvenendupmakingpeoplе
unhappiеrifthеydonothavеenoughsparеtime.A|thoughpеoр.е.э*::....:этеinгelationtothatofothers,
thisdoеsnotseеmtobеtruеofthеiriеisuretime.ТhesameHai.rэ.;::-::.:!...:.еalsoaskеdtoсhoosebеtwеen
{с) two weеks, holidаy, whilе othеrs havе on|y onе wееk and (d) fс'. ;,::.: .: ээY rvhilе others gеt eight. This timе
a сleаr majority preferrеd (d). ln othеr words, pеop|е,s rivalry ovе: ^:: *: ] ].s - Э: ехtеnd to |еisurе. Тhе resu|t of
this, suggests Lord Layard, is that dеvе|oped soсietlеs may tеnd tс '', : .' .': . . э. Э . о rcer to сonsume morе mаteriаl
goods, and so сonsumе too Iitt|е |еisurе.
|fgovеrnments,ultimategoal istomаximisеthеwеIl-bеing(i.е..nэ::.=.s :..::е:уаsаwhole,then,saysLord
Layard,somehigh|yсontrovеrsiаl impliсationsforpub|iсpo|iсyfoi с,., ]:..:^:..: зсonomiсthеoryarguesthаt
taxationdistortsthесhoiсebеtwеenleisureandinсomе.Taxеsreс-:::...:-^:',е:оwoгkаneХtrahourrаthеr
than go home, orto put in еxtra еffort in the hopе of promotion. Bu] -]-] -:.:.] ! =.3-теnt impliеs that pеоplе
have a tendenсy to work too muсh. Fаr from bеing distortionary, teХеs э.: :. j
=.:.:.. еsirа b |е. He suggеsts а
marginaltax ratе of 3О% to dеa| with the ,pol|ution,that one perso: s =,:.: .13-3 1fi сls on othеrs, and the same
agаin for habituаtion. тhе totaI of 600/o is а typiсa| Еuropеan lеvel сf :а,э: :. :. L .i эcIг1 direсt and indirесt tаxes
into ассount).
Тhisf|iеsinthеfaсeof whatmosteсonomiststhinkabouthighЕuroэс:^:э,:s .:^еUsA,r'vorkersarealIowedto
kеepmorеoftheinсomefromanехtrahour,swork.Manyесonomls:s:..i:.э::^'s.srvhуAmeriсanswork|onger
hoursthаnЕuropeans.ovеrthepasttwodесadesаverageannuа|WО.<.:.э-.з^э'.еlnсreаseds|ightlyintheUSA,
butfal|еnsharp|yinЕurope;сontinenta| Еuropеansnowwork,onаVе,эз. 15:.jе,'.,еl.hoursthanNorthAmеriсans
do.Hightaxеs,itisargued,haveunderminеdЕurope,sсompetitiveе.Jgе, -:.] -э,a.j,sаnaiуsissuggestsan
аlternаtive viеw: it is not that Еuropеans аre working too Iitt|е, but thа: j.*:. :э^s ,.lork too long, drivеn to сhoose
moreinсomeinstеadof IеisurebyanurgetokeepupwiththеJonesеs'-:^=.:э\еs;nЕUropeenсourageworkersto
сhoosе more Iеisure rathеrthan work, and so kееp this urge in сhесk. ]-i -^ tеc Stаtе5, есonomiс performanсе is
superior if judged by GDP alone. But GDP is a flаwеd mеаsurе of есonс_ с '.,е .ээi"g' Happiness dеmаnds leisure
aswe|l аsmаteria| сonsumption.AmеriсansmaуbегiсherthanEuroреа.s,.-..a.еthеуаnyhаppiеr?
Sеduсtive stuff, еspeсial|y whеn rеad in August in a Tusсаn viIlа or оn а ir,.еэ ::".а.еаn bеaсh. Yet even if Lord
Lаyard,s theory is right, his figure for thе optima| taХ rаtе |ooks likе |itt!е - э -: tr а. сo nVеn iеnt guesswork. A lowеr
numbеr might be just аs good' And Еurope,s high taxes stiII have nеgativе епесts. тnеy put some people offworking
a|togethe1 and disсouragе еmp|oyеrs from offеring еxtra jobs, As Lord Lavа:d nlnrsе|f sаys, unеmployment visits
tеrriblе unhappiness on thosе it аff|iсts. Yеt this is not tо deny his mаin эс.^:: thе рursuit of materia| сomforts doеs
not a|ways |еad to happinеss.

112
 Monеy and happiness щ
Questions 1-5
Thе rеading passagе has sеr.еn paragтaphs, A-G.
Whiсh paragraph сontains thе Гollorr.ing information?
1 an eхamp|e of a past indulgenсe that is now сonsidered neсessary in homes
2 the attitudes of students to spare time
3 something that a|| peop|e agrеe is great to reсeive

4 another reason why reсeiving more money does not nеоessari|y equa| inсreased

5 differenсes in work patterns and tax systems on two сontinents

Questions 6-9
Do thе following Statеmеnts agrее with thе infoгmation gir еn in t}-rе Rеading рassagе?
Writе:
TRUЕ if thе statеmеnt agrеes with thе infoгmation

FALsЕ if thе statеmеnt сontradiсts thе information

NoT GIVЕN if thеrе is no information on this

6 Reсent|y, eсonomists have shown less interest in what сonstitutes happiness.

7 Peop|e do not сompare the value of their ho|idays as they do their inсome.
I Aссording to Lord Layard, paying more taxes оou|d be seen as a good thing as it

keeps a population happier.

9 Aоcording to the author, the main reason for unemp|oyment in Еurope is the tax systeп,l

Questions 10-13
Сomplеtе thе sеntеnсеs Ьеlow.
Choosе No пДoRЕ TнAN TWo WORDS Г.r.om thе passаgе Гoг еaсh ans\^'еГ.

10 Resu|ts seem to indiсate that, on three сontinents, peop|e are not happier with
... in сomparison to the past.

11 Harvard University students Were сontent with having Iess only if they were
than other PeoPle.

12 In order to improve a nation's happiness, governments would have to implement some

new poliсies.

Question 13
Choosе thе сorтесt lеttеr, A, B' C oг D.
13 Whiсh of the foI|owing is the most suitab|e title for the reading passage?

A A paradox with an answer

B How life is better in Еurope
C Тhe seсret of happiness
D Why сompetition brings happiness

113
Money and hаppiness

Writing

1 кеad thе Task 1 quеstion Ьеlow.

WRITING TASK 1

You should snеnd aЬout 20 minutеs on this task

Thе сharts i||ustrate thе resu|ts of a wor|d onIine sUrveу on optimism and happinеss
сonduсted in 2ОО5.
Summarise thе information bу sе|eсttng and rеporting thе main fеaturеs,and makе
сo m pa ri so n s whе re n еСеssa rу'

Wгil.е at lеasl. l50 words.

AIl things сonsidered, do you expeсt the worId next year to be:

% 0 10 2О з0 40

Bеtter than Iast year?

Worsе thаn |аst yеаr?

About the sаme?

Ж тnis yеаrЪ survеy Ё1Ё,l.:Е rаst yеаl.,s sUrvey

How important аre the foIIowing Iikely to bе to your personal happiness in 2005?

BO

10
60
50
4О
з0
2О
'10

Fаmi|y JOO iob l'''lаtеriа| Soсial аnd

re|аtions satisf асtion seсurity wеll-bе ng сommunity
асtivitiеs
 Money and happiness
@
2 Usе thе instruсtions in thе flow-сhar1 to hеlp you writе your
OWn answеr.

1 What do the graphs show? paraphrase the tifle to help you.

Write an overview or say what the most striking feature ls _ do not

inсludе any
speсifiс data here!

3 compare the results. in the first graph with the results from the year before.
Write about eaсh сategory sepa1ate|y' Sometimes use perсentage
as the
subjeсt of the c|ause and to avoid repetition, at other times use
oth.er.quantity'words. (i.e. .Thirty-fivе per сent of peop|e...'/'The majority.'.,)
Write сonсession clauses to heIp you сontrast effeсtivЬ[.

4 Ugg a linking phrase to say that you are moving to the seсond сhart.
Start
with the most popular response. Give the specific figure to supporr your
sentenсe. (Use % as the subjeсt of this sentenсe, aЬ in the examp|e above')

Go to the seсond most popu|ar' Compare it to the first using substitution

avoid repetition. Support the information with data but it uo/down.
'ounЪ

Group a|Ithe ones to do with .job'together and desоribe genera|ly what is

shown.

7 Compare the last two.

lf you сan think of something to say to round off. do' otherwise,

eno VoUr
answer herе'

Whеn r.ou hal'е finisl.rеd, сhесk thе fоl1orr'rr.rg:

. content - have you answered the question f ully?
. organization and сohesion _ with the сorreсtlons. |s your answer easy to read?
. range _ have you used a wide range of vоcabulary and grammar?
o aссuraсy _ have you сhecked your spelling?

115
 :,::.it.:::.:;,i.,t,
1 We are all friends now
Gl.l
(J=Juliс;M=Мikе)
J: Hi Мikе! It,s hrliе. Listеn, I knorv
гсallr"Ьusr, Ьut rr'е nееd to
уol-t,ге
Ьoоk our tгar.еl insuгanсе. Wе,rе
lеaving irr :r сotrрlе of davs aftеr all.
M: Yеah suге. I,п.r on m}. lunсh Ьrеak,
J: oK,
so go аrhеad!
rr,еll mr Гiгst quеstion is ц,hat
tvpе оf instlгanсе do rr.е nсеd? I
tl,asn,t sLlге rvhiсh to сhoosе. Do
\\,е \\'ant thе Ьronzе, silvец gold oг
platinun.r tу'pе of poliсy?
M: WhatЪ thе diffеrсnсе?
J: Wеil Lhе fiгst onlу сol,еrs mеdiсal
ехpеllSеs, thе sесond сovеrs
mеdiсal and our Ьaggagе,
and the gold all o[ that plus
сanсе|latiоn, anсl thе plзtinLlm
сo\rегs еr,еrvthing, inсludirrg 1еgal
ехpеnsеs'
М: oK, rvеll if rvе,rе travelling in trvо
days,timс, r,r.е don,t rеallу nееd thе
сanсеilation poliсr,', do ц.е? What
do vou think?
J: WеIl. реr'sоllallr. thе оrlI1 rhing
that,s rеally nесеssaгv is thе
mеdiсal сovеr.
М: Yеah, Ьut ц.ould yor-r
vоu had еvеrything stolеn?
J: Yеah, maYЬе vou,ге right. LеtЪ gеt
thе golсl.
М: Sorry, don,t mеan thе silr.еr?
1'.ou
thought rr,с agrееd that rr,е don,t
I J: \\Ъs that 0_8_9?
nееd thе сanсеllation сor'еr
J: oh yеah. You,ге right. Silr.ег it is.
М: Sо, hoц. muсh is that gсling tO сost
us?
\\rеll, thеrе aге t\\'o o[ us so lеt,s
sес ... it,s ... t25 Гoг sing1е сovеr
:ind |40 for a grouр of up to thrее
pеoр1е.
M: But thеге aгс onlv trr.o of us.
J: I knorr', Ьr.rt it,s still сhеapеr than
dolr.rg Lrr о indir'idr-ral poliсiеs. That
rvolr]d соst |50.
М: oK. Gl.оr.rp соr.еt'it is.
J: Riglrt, nсlrr ' hсltr' аге
to par'? lГ rt'.. р:rr lэr-dеЬit сaгd,
thеге,ll Ьс a iii.е рсГ сеnt disсount
Ьut l оn1r l-ial.е a сгесlit сar.d and
thеге,s ir trr.o ltili1 ll 1-rаlf pег сеirt
сhargе fог that. Т1.rеr'с1or.r,t har,е
an offiсе in сеntгal Ltlndon so rr.е
сan,t pav b1.с:rs}.r.
М: oh геallу? Whаt e рairl l
J: oK. ц.е11. I,ll iust ha\ е tO Llsе lI\
сгеdit сaгd thеn.
М: Gгеat. ThatЪ soгtесl thеn. \\-hat
еlsе is thеге?
J: Wеl|' vоu knorr thаt nсrt (\pсIl5i\с
сamеra voш Ьought and l'оu rr'сге
hoping to takе Somе .grеat piсtuгеs
rvith?
116
.:; tt:.
М: Yеs...
J: Wеll, thе po1iсy onlу соvеrs
еquipmеnt Llp to thе valuе of f200
and didn,t YoLl say it сost f i 000?
М: No, I Ьought it for $1000.
J: Yеah, Ьut that,s still morе than
€200 isn,t it?
М: Wеll at thе timе that цras around
i500 Ьut it,.s r,r.ofih lеss than that
nor,v, mayЬе onlу Е300.
J: So ... to сo\.еr it ),ou,d nееd to paу
еХtra.
М: Мmm...
J: Iiust nееd to сhесkуourpегsonal
dеtails to сomplеtе this onlinе
form and thеn rvе,ll bе soгtеd.
М: oK. What do vou nееd to knorv?
J: Fir.stlv, I nееd to makе surе I,vе got
your full namе. ItЪ Mikе Wood,
right?
M: Yеp.
J: Right ... , nехt I nееd vorrr addгеss.
M: It,.s 17 Hanlеy Gardеns' Hanlev
spеlt H_A_'\'t L_Е_Y
J: Just uтiting that dor'vn . . . 17
Hanlеy Stгееt ...
M: No, Gaгdens!
J: oops! mistakе! oK, whatЪ your
М1''
datе of Ьiгth?
think that if М: That,s 23.0'7.7o.
J: Right, so noцI I nееd an еmеrgеnсy
сontaсt nuпlЬеr. ItЪ your moЬilе
гight?
М: Yеs, it,s 0793 245 098.
M: No, 0_9_8. Anуthing еlsе?
J: \\rеll, thсу' nееd thе main poliсv
hсlldег. Who rl.ould that Ье?
M: I rhink that riould Ье rсlu. sin..е
r.оu,ге pzrуing for it r,vith vour сard.
J: of сoursе! So I just typе in Juliе
Bеnnr.tt... Hang on.iust tvping
B_Е_N-N_Е_T-T. oK, rr.е,rе just
aЬout donе. All I nееd to do is еntеr
thе datеs o[ dеparturе and rеturn.
М: Wе]l, rr,е iеavе on Frida.y, whiсh is
thе 16.l..
J: No it isn,t. It,ll Ье thе 17't..
rr.е going М: Arе vou surе? Lеt me сhесk mv
сa]еndaг ... oh vеs, thе 17'h.
J: Right, so Friday thе 17ф of July and
геtul.ning on Fгidaу Lhе 3l '.
M: Hang on; iГ lr.е flv out on Fridaу
thе 31..in thе еr.еning, it'll Ьe thе
morning oГ Satuгday thе 1'. Ьу thе
timе цre gеt Ьaсk rvith thе timе
diffегеnсе. Wе don,t \\.ant ollr
pсlliсv to run ollt Ьеforе rvе land
norv, do r'l,е?
J: oK, so rеtuгn datе is
No, rvе don,t!
Satuгdav !h.Ln of August. oK, mr,
goоdnеss that сеrtainlу took longеr
thar.r I ехpесtеd it to. I hopе our
tr:ip is r,i,oгth it!
;i::..]::.::]:i;:iji1Ё:1]+
М: Tnrst mе Juliе, уou,li lovе it thеrе
еspесiallv as 1.ou,ll havе your orvг
J:
pегsоnal guidе.
Yеs, oK. Sее vou in a сouplе of
daуs thеn. B-"-е!
М: Sее r'al
2 Тeсhnology - now and then
GFr.z
Cotrld I har.е r'ouг attеntion рlеasе
... gathег round, gathег round. М1.
namе is Patгiсia and I'll Ье your guid.
around Thе Sl dnеr' oЬsеr.vatory.
цo1у, &S 1'ou all rvill know, man has
bееn inlегеstсс.l in thе night skу for
a vеry lоng timе. Indееd, bеlЪrе thе
invеntion o[ thе сompass, it rvas usес
Ьу sаiIoг' tо lrltr igalе thеiг цa:l aсгo*.
,star,
thе rr,orld,s oсеirns, a kind oI m;.
'
you сould sar.
Norv thе sitе of thе musеLrm on
obsеr.r.atoп'Hill has its or,vn
interеsting stоtr'. Bеforе thе сolonizе:
arтivеd, it Ьеlоngеd to thе Сadigal
pеopiе, r .hо пlar. ltar,е еt.en viеwеd t]l.
aгrival of thе rlеrt' r'isitors Гrom hеrе '
as this is tl-rе highеst natural pоint in
Sуdnеv Hat.Ьоuг. Thе еarlу Еuropеar .
thеn Ьui]t a rr indmill on thе sitе
though it diсln't last for long dtrе to it.
ехposеd роsitrсlr.r' A little r,vhilе aftег
that, thе land rr'as usеd to Ьuild a
for1, ц.hiсh \\.аs to Гinally Ьесomе thс
oЬsепiato11'thal r-ou sее Ьеforе vol-t
todaу.
Nor,i., lеt,s takс a lоok insidе. To thе lе
o{ thе mair.r сntгanсе is thе сloakroог
ц.hеrе }.ou сan iсar.е уour сoats and
Ьags, Ьut рlеasе makе surе },ou don,t
lеavе ar-r}.пloЬilеs or r.aluablеs as
staff сannoL bе l.rсld гesрonsiЬlе. Thс
musеLl]тl i:r OPеn during thе day untii
5 pn.r, sо рlсasе сollесt Ьеlongings nс,
latеr than 5. 1 .i and plеasе vaсatе thе
Ьuilding bl i З0. No nеr,r,admissions
rr.ill Ье allоrr ес1 aЁtег 4.30 pm. Aftеr
vou,l'е 1сtt \ oLLГ регsonal items,
vou,ll nееd tо Ьtlr-vour tiсkеts from
thе tjсkеt dсsk imn-rеdiatеl1. Ьеhind
vou, Ьсfоr.е сontir.ruing on thе rеst oi
thе tour.. Т1.rс noгrnal priсе is $8 Еor
an adrrlt and 56 foг a сhild, though
grouрs of trp to four pеoplе сan savе
rтonе} Ь}'Ьuуing a family tiсkеt.
Tl-ris must соntain at lеast onе adult
and onе сhild Ьut no morе than tlvo
сhildгеr.r pег adult. I,ll rь'ait for you oг
thе othег sidе of thе tiсket Ьarriег Ьr
thе сoГfее shop, while you all gеt уotr.
tiсkеt.
So, I hopе уou еnjoyеd thе tour but
Ье[оrе I lеavе уоu I just rvant to dral'

uг attеnt.ton to ollе гl.
amplе, thеv,l'е go1 :(
:.егеvouсanhlrЕ. -'.
,. Тhis is сa]lеd Llr. > tl....]
ok for signs fог thе
гkshops if уou gсt
Ьe missеd. \Ъu'l1 gсt thе сhanсе
ook at onе of thе сolrntrr-,s Ьеst
lесtiоns all in ol-rе plaсе. Horr,еvец
.'е most musеLlms) onlr. a ftaсtion
:hеir сollесtions aге aс|ually on
.plaH Ьut in thе musеum,s uniquе
1.ou сan takе
: oppor1unity to go Ьеhind thе
.nеs and sее parts of thе сollесtion
,t arе not on displar''' All of thеsе
Listening sсripts .
) S: oК 1 ll staгt оr'еr again T: Yеah, it,s quitе 1vgighhl, 1Vh}-]
Т: Right, nоrт ollг еssav is on pеoplе's S: lt,s just I ге:rllv don't har,е r.сr)'. long
тlltltil aiiсlt-l Гoг paгtiсipating in ЬеIoге thе еssav nееds to bе in,
е\tI.епlе spoгts. Thсr.е arе tr'r,o so is thеrе anvthing on thеге that
srdсs to tl-ris rеаrllу; thе ехtегnal and rvould hеlp nrе moге quiсklv?
)l..:..:-.. ']'' rntегnal int.lrrеnсеs. T: Wеll, l did Гind a podсast on tl-iе
]. .- Right, so lеt's look at thе ехtегnal topiс. I didn't writе сlorr.n thе
influеnсеs 1irst oI all. authсlrЪ namе, Ьut thеу.arе сailесl
So rilhat kind оf things makе Thе Мiпd Filеs and it,s irlso alэout
pеopiе \\,ant to do ехtrеmе sports? thе thеoriеs and prinсiplеs lэut
\\Ъ11, thе lirst thing that сomеs oЬviousiу doеsn,t gо into аs п.luсh
to n-rind is thе amourrt of mеdia dеtaii as in a Ьook.
attеntion on thе topiс. Thеге arе S: ThatЪ aЬsolutеl1' Гantastiс Thегеsе]
alwavs storiеs aЬout pеop1е taking Hou,сan I еvег геp:rl.r.ou?
part in thе latеst сrazе. T: oh, l don,t knorv ... a сoffее
T: Ехaсt11,.. Norr. lеt's think aЬout this maуЬе?
morе сarеfully. Whу doеs so muсh S: o[ сour.sе, mv tгеatl
appеaг in thе mеdia?
S: I don't knoш.. I,vе nеvеr геallv
tЬ.''oht:rЬnlrl it 4 Global problems and
T: Wеll, aссoгding to thе prrЬlishеd opportunities
n-ratегiais оut thегс, it,s a геflесtion
of modсгt.t сltltr"tге.
ol оtIl.sс. \ сt r оtt'. t' r.i: lt
Gl.+
L
Shall rvе Staгt? RighL, tlоrr'..' rrhеге
r

-^^+:^.^ ^^. L^ с^'._J ''_-l^-. ^_^ Norv' rгhat aЬortt thс Гaсtt,t.s t1lat с1id rr с gеt to last rr'ееk? -\h, thаt,s
-,"]]c ,,П riitlt I tll, t'r r. ' r.lght, rr'е ц.сrе gоit.tg tо Ьеgin lтith
do hopе You aге alэlе tO gсl
.I l trrГГ.'t. 1ir.'. ''' ']^. ' ,,
a look at thrее of thс rr oгld,s most
: еnjoy thе ехpеriеnсе. You rvоn.t Ье t,-.rir l'..,. .-: ,
pгеssing proЬ1еms; rvhat has сausеd
lрpointеd! Riqhi. lrirl ',t :-.-,t .'..-.' thеm as rvеll as looking at Somе of thе
P, 1'. .
.
many possiЬlе solutions.
.,..,,t
t..-:э

Top of thе list is air, rr.:rtеr and soil

.]. +
l.t I ..
Thrill seekers -
pollution. With аn L.\ t'г inсгеasing
(Gl.з .\r-.i
l-
.r..:
--- : t.
".' '-.' *r. rc
dеmand foг fooсl' сamе thе inсrеasеd

-Thеrеsе;S=Sinlon)
Hеy Simon. Yor.r loоk сltlli n, l{.,i'
\\ lt.rr > rir;,:l
\\ ]t.'1 .'.r .' i ,' . .1 . .. ..
rrsе of сhеmiсal pеstiсiсlеs duгing thе
latе 1960s. Norт' somе oГ vott mar' sar'
th;rt tl-ris isn,t tl.rс lr1tin-ratе гoot ol.thе
I
pеllinp .O]llр-tе tlt .-rlliгsе js Ьtlt r-оrt
tl.е Vо|| s....,': nn r.'.Ill \l
рt.оЬlсlтt' с-ll-сгрорulatiсlll
|

'LI' !.>>.l\ Rigl.rtl tilс сlспlст-lt оl

:or Profеssoг Jоnеs?
sееm to gеt my hеad aгound it' I
теan' it's suсh a ц idе toрiс thаt
:.еall). havеn,t got a сluе whеrе to
: t3гt.
)h poor voul I,m aсtually
sо I сan givе you a hand if уou
.kе? You havе r.rntil thе еnd of this
ееk, сlon,t r'ou?
.:еah,
'
I har.е to hand thе еssav
r on Fгidar'aftегr.roon, Ьr.lt tl.rс
?гofеssoг \\,ants to sее nl\ pгoрosal
_
Wеdnеsdar.mогnit]g]
n Did vou gеt a сopv of thе suggestеd
tu thз t'.
'da1' is Тuеsсlar
. ,moггow] You had ЬеtLсг cсL
. ;rс onl LеL! hаrе a louk'
. зanks' I,m just trying to
^:.ainstorm somе idеas, Ьut I
.:l-еn,t got vеrт far.
_t't mе sее ... WsцIjIstц-]-t_hii]_L
..]at
цlriting yoшr idеas in a list
.'е that геallу- isn,t going to hеlp.
. .'lnсmЬсг hс,rr rrе r,iеге |attsht t'
' trll,ri..t's' li.s li t.сsсlti-сh рl-rl.jссt Lhlrt
' Spidеrgran-rs at thе bеginning о1
^: r'еaг?
i
1t..s
, оnlndtiti,'n Ih:rt ,Iгir,''.rll tltinq>
to Ье thе Ьеstl Norv rr hl- didn,t I
thir.rk of tl.rat bеforе?
I thс air, \Yatсг and soil. \\.hаг ..1I.l>ес1
Htlrr mttt.It Ьа..kground геаdins
Ггее nor,v har,е,},ol-t donе on thе topiс?
Aсtuaily, nonе at all _ it's геal1у Ь:id
isn,t it, Ьut I just har,еn,t had thе
timе rvith my paгt.timе job.
I know u.hat уou mеan, Ьut,
honеstl1,, itЪ so muсh еaslеr onсе
\ol't \е геad aгound thе topiс a Ьit.
sotll'ссsj Ьссausе if not I,rlе got onе
lt
l.rеr-с?
S: \сl' l diсtn't. Тhanks, that's a gгеat
hеl р'
l L.'il r.'Lt r,Il;'1.
пlatn р. litlts :rnсl l'11 r.еad i1
S: oK qt-' tгll.it]
T: Т1lе 1lr.:t ()llс } L)\ e lttr сal]сс1 Hаns
Gсl.т-llатl arlсl il't ...11".1 Сlils si; l!
ri as сat't-iсс1 ()Llt (]ll eгсltrrlс1 ]0С)
р11l.t l. iрll ll ts сl1. ехtI.ст-ltс sр( l-ts. lt's
\. r i
rr,'irl.l l.. rr'irrilg (,Lrl.r P"1q.1n'
stер. inсt-сlrsс 1n рорrt1:rtir,тl
Т1.rс
didl.r't in itsеlf lеad ttl thс р.rl1ilLt1оn оt
thе pгoЬlеn-r in thе I'iгst рlaсс rr a= lt
movе awav fтom traditionlrl t:Lr-гт-rir.rs
nlеthods, thаnks to аdr.ltl... tll
tесhnologY. Ironiсallу, thе ansri .'l
соntеs Гl.om pаsl Гaгminc pl.rr li. . -'
Wеll, thankfullv, thе rеl.ollrtiоn h;.Ls
alгеadv bеgun. oгp.аniс Г.rt nlinч'..llt] .'
rеSpесt Гor natuге,.s сvсlсs, is lhе kеr trl
solving thе prоlэlеm.
In sесond plaсе, thouglr inеrtгiсlrb1r
linkсd ro thе Гiгst issLtе. is thерr.'Ь1..l'
oГ thе natrrгаl гсsoLrгсе dеplеtiulr, B^
that I mеan, not onl.v fossil fuеls s.rс jl
as oil, сoal irnd gas, Ьut things rr е all
\''l|\\l.ilе.loritl lhе too ol.tеn 1akе for grantеd, ]ikс Гr.сsh
сlut. rr.atег:ind еssсntial traсе minеt.als iгt
g-оod qualitv soil. Thс main сrrlргit.
сlг glriltl'рaгtr., hсrс is rr'astсГul past
lI a ll :1 gе lll t. Il t р l.aс ti СсS 1.r.сlrll t1.rо sе
itl 1-.llrr еl.' Еr еr.r thor-rgl-r rr.е knсrr
thet thсt.е rr еге сln1r' |ir.ritс sup1эliеs
rl1. tt.aс1i t iоtllrl еt.tсгgr souгсеs, \\rе
)

'.Lgгams? a геа1lr illtсr.сst-ing гсirсl. Ьсhllr'..сl lrkе rrе с1idr.r,t. Thе pl-iгasе
. ,' not diagгams, SPIDЕRgгams! S: oK, h:it r-iеrt?
rr tllet i. ' 1IlinL] is.isnоt.аnсс
: supposеd to mimiс thе rr.av ouг 'рlr.ittgs
. :ins T: Thе Ьооk rr аs rr.гittсп Ьl' ;t
t.rехt is Ьliss,. Br-tt rvhat aЬоut a solr-rtion?
proсеss infoгmatiоn гathеr. п.rаn с:r11сс] Riсl-raгd Bеll anсl is Agair.r, tlrе ргOсеss has alгсad-v
...n simplу ехpесting lhеnl to
сalleсl А'Iоtivаtiott Т|tеoriеs. lt gir'еs Ьеgun. Wе nееd to inr'еst in nсrr., lеss-
. ::lе out irr somе kind of logiсal an оr.сr-r,.iсrr.o1 thгill sееking anс1 polluting tесl.rnologiеs in ouг r.еhiсiеs
:еr..Thеv'rе also somеtimеs \\,hу pеOplс сhoosе to pr.rt thеiI. _ rvhiсh rr'ill irLso hеlp rr.ith thе fiгst
....:d Spidеrgrziрhs bесausе ol livеs in сlan.plег. pгoЬlеnl :rnd usс п.ioге hl.dt'ogсn
.'.'
thеv ]ook, 1ikе a spidегl S: Is it long?

117
 Listening sсripts
tесhnolоgy; that is, produсе сar
еnginеs that r.un on Watеr. ThatЪ thе
waу for.ward hеrе. Not good drinking
watеr, of сoursе, Ьut salinе watец
whiсh is in abundanсе.
Finally, Wе сomе to thе last proЬlеm,
that of unеqual wеalth distriЬution.
Еvеr-v vеaг moге and morе land on thе
planёt'is ownеd Ьу fеwег and fеwеr
pеoplе, whiсh is in diгесt сontrast to
the world's growing population. And
thе rеason for this? Quitе simplу,
thе grееd and сorтrrрtion of thosе in
poweЦ I,m afтaid. Thе only way to
soIrе this onе, and it.s a Ьiggiе' is Гoг
thе сountriеs of thе ri.orld to work
togеthеr in solidarit1' rathеr than
against еaсh othег in isolation'
Now, although thе solutions I havе
оrеsеnted arе'"'iaЬlе' it doеsn,t
mean that thеv'rе rr.ithout thеir own
potеntial pгoЬiеms. Firstly, making
thеsе kinds oГ сhаn:qеs is going to
Ье ехрensir,е in thе shor1-tеrm,
as wе invеst in thе rеsearсh and
devеlopmеnt of nеw tесhnologies.
Sесondl!,, therеЪ also thе issuе of
popularit},. ItЪ thе politiсians of
thе r'vorld ri.ho nеed to makе thеsе
сhangеs' Ьut thеr also nееd to kееp
thеir votеrs happу and may Ье
rеluсtant to Ьring in new praсtiсes
that may pro\re unpopulaг among
votеrs at elесtion timе. But thе biggest'
and most important сhallеngе. is
making thе worldЪ monеtary sУstеm
fairег, Ьy making things more еqual
and balanсеd for all. This inсludеs
adopting есologiсal praсtiсеs that
Ьеnеfit all, not just a сompanу,s profit
shееt. We nееd to bеgin an agе of
Corporatе Soсial Rеsponsibilitу, only
thеn сan wе trrrly movе forward.
5 Тhe future
(G 1.s
(H helpdеsk workеr; с сustomеr)
= =
H: Good moгning. How саn I hеlp?
C: I,d likе somе help with ordering a
Ьook. I,l.е triеd your wеbsitе, Ьut it
savs it,s oГflinе at thе momеnt and
to сall this numЬеr.
H: oh yеs. I do apoiogizе. Wе,vе bееn
having somе proЬlеms with it, Ьut
I сan takе thе oгdег ovеr thе рhonе
if уou likе.
С: That would Ье grеat. It,s a gift you
Sее.
H: Can I takе youг namе plеasе?
C: Yеs, of сo...sе. ItЪ Zaгa Freеman.
H: Is that Zara with an's' or a,т',?
C: With a,Z'.Z_А-R А'
H: Just writing that dor'vn. Right.
What was thе titlе of thе book
уou,d likе mе to ordеr?
C: I think itЪ сallеd Futцrе Words .. '
rro hang on) sorЦ/ that's Futurе
Worlds.
118
г
f
H: oK, just t1ping that in ... I сan,t
sееm to find it. Do you knor'v
thе namе of the author? I,ll do a
sеarсh.
C: Yеs, itЪ Ьy a man сallеd Riсhard
Watson.
H: Watson as in W-A-T*S-O-N?
C: Yеs, thatЪ right.
H: oh yеs' hеrе it is. ItЪ onlу just Ьееn
rеlеasеd. ItЪ a sеlf-hеlр book. Is
that гight?
C: Yеs.
H: NoW it сosts t|2.99.
C: Yеp, thatЪ fine.
H: oK. How would you likе to paу?
C: Is a dеbit сard oK?
H: No' soгry. Wе onlу ассеpI. сгеdit
сards.
C: oh dеar ... Еrm, Just lеt mе сhесk
to sее if I have it with mе ... oh
yеs, herе it is.
H: Сan you rеad mе thе ...
H: Right almost donе. Now, I just
nееd thе dеlivеry dеtails.
C: Right. I,vе got my friеndЪ addrеss
hеrе. ItЪ 62 Grееn Gardеns,
London N22.
H: Just tJрing that in ... 52 Grееn
Gardеns.
C: No, it,s numЬer 62.
H: Now what kind of dеlivеry would
you likе?
C: What aге thе options?
H: Thеrе arе two. Thе frее delivеry
option takеs fivе days or you сan
pay an eхtтa L2.25 to havе it sеnt
out fiгst сlass tomorrow. That
would сomе to a total of f\5.24.
C: Umm ... WеП my fтiеndЪ Ьirthda1-
is nехt weеk, so it should gеt thеrе
in timе with thе frее dеlivеry so I
think I,ll takе that.
H: Right. That mеans that it Will Ье
dеlivеred on thе 21st FеЬruary
an1.timе Ггom 8 am to 6 pm Is that
OK?
C: Wеll, I know my fтiеnd lеavеs еarlv
foг work, so r,vould it bе possiblе
for him to piсk it up fтom thе loсa1
post offiсе instеad?
H: I,m afтaid that won't Ьe possiЬlе
but I сould add somе spесial
instruсtions for it to Ье lеft
with somеonе еlsе, a nеighЬour
pеrhaps?
C: Aсtually, yеs. I have mеt thе old
ladу who livеs neхt door and shе,s
bound to bе homе. Could you lеavе
it with her?
H: Finе. I,ll add that if hеЪ not hоmе
thеn thе paсkagе should bе lеft
with thе nеighbour.
C: ThatЪ grеat! Thanks vеry muсh for
youг hеlp.
H: Мy plеasurе. Thank you for ...
6 Fruits and seeds
Gl.о
Wеlсomе to thе Homеs of thе Futurе
onlinе wеbsitе. I will bе your vidual
guidе around thе homеs уou сould
soon Ье lir ing in. Lеt's Ьеgin ouг
touг in thе bеdroom. Firstlу, thе bеd
is programmеd to gеntl), roсk you
aц,akе in thе mornings. Thеre,ll Ье nс
morе гudе au.akenings bу an alarm
сloсk, and it rvill a]so know what timе
vou nееd to lr'akе up as it Will gеt
that information dirесtlу from your
Pеrsonal Di.sital Assistant, that is, уo-..
PDA, rr.hiсh rr,ill Ье insеrtеd into You.
Lеt's mor'е to thе wardroЬе. Those
aге }.ouг musiсal shoеs that gеnеratе
musiс rr'hilе Уou walk. Thе musiс ъ,il-
сhangе aссording to how fast уou,rе
rvalking; сalm musiс for a relaхing
stгoll and Гaster Ьеats for whеn уou'г.
in a hur.n'. You,ll fеel like you'rе
rr alking on air. WhatЪ more. }zouг
сlothеs aге also intеlligent. Thеy sеns.
horv } ou'ге feеling and thеn сhangе
соlouг. Тhе faЬriс that thеу,ге madе
o[ also сon\'еr1s youг body hеat intо
a lоrr -r.o1tagе еlесtriсity gеnеrator
iог soп-tе of thе gadgеts that arе nort
iгrsidе r'ou, likе your PDA, for ехamp-.
\1оl ing on to thе bathroom ... So,
aftег rvaking up, Уou nееd a showеr.
Тl-rеге's no nееd to turn on any taps
as thе l-rousе will know еxaсtl}, what
tепlрегatuге you likе thе water in thс
mогnings, though уou,ll still havе tо
rr ash l oursеlfl
Fгom thе Ьathroom, wе move into
thе kitсhеn. Now, wе,vе all had that
horriЬlе Гее1ing whеn уou сan,t find
r оuг kеr.s just as you,ге aЬout to go
out. \\'еll' in thе homе of thе futurе
r ou rr ou]dn't nееd to paniс, all you
nееd tо do is an Intеrnеt sеarсh. A]1
itеms aге nolv pгogrammеd with a
tгaсking dеr.iсе so that thеУ will lighт
up and signal to you whеrе thеУ arе.
Jrrst in сaSе thе objесt is upstairs, thс
hоusе rvill рrojесt its position on уou'
iгidgе.
Spеaking of r'our fтidgе, this is norv :.
intеlligеnt as \'our сlothеs. Not on]r'
doеs it kееp a rесord of whеn уou,rе
t-ttnning 1orr on еvеryday еssеntials
likе milk' Ьr-rt it еmails },our loсal
gгoсеЦ.Stoге, rvhiсh will dеlivеr thе:_
foг r'ou. It сan also hеlp with planni:..
mеais if l.ou havе friеnds ovеr for
dinnег Ь1'moving thе сhiсkеn Гrom
thе fтееzег so that it'll thaw in timе'
Lastl1', hеrе wе are in thе living arеa
ц,hiсh, you,ll be plеasеd to hеaц is
still thе hеar-t of thе family homе.
LеtЪ еntеr thе room. Now, to thе lе|
of thе еntranсе is thе main sеating
area with a sofa, and dirесtly oррos
thе еntranсе is an armсhair. Thе soi.
Ьaсks onto thе wall and the armсh;'

.. rl thе lеft' aсross thе сoffее taЬlе
. .lrnk wall. So. ,rvhеrе is thе TV?,
: -: r'оu ask. Well. this еntirе rvall
-: .сlеvision. The wholе thing is a сontaсtеd.
-..] sсrееn dеsignеd to show Your
. ..l-Г the Intеrnеt oц lr.hеn itЪ not
- - rt displavs anything vou want
..l
.lm family piсturеs to famous
. : oГ ar1.
.е
oppositе r,r.all to thе sofa is a
.rсе, rvhiсh still has a rеal fiге
пg Ьеats that nol'ц doеs it? But
and еithег
. oг сlosеs thе сhimnеч So aS not
-
:гhеat thе room. It still has its
_' з] usеs though, aS.vot-l сan Sее,
.:.t likеs it vеry muсh and is сurlеd
_.
it, happy as сan bе.
*. еlsе is on offеr? Wеll, for
.: 'ainmеnt thе familv still rеads
. so thеrе is a Ьookсase on thе
'.
irat about thе сomputеr? Wе1l,
.
-.idе your hеad and powеrеd
. ,sе intеlligеnt сlothеs
уou,rе
l. .:.rg. Imaginе this: as уou'rе sitting
ng on thе aгmсhaiц },ou,ll Ье
i to makе, and onе that many pеoplе
You suddеnly rеmеmЬег
lu nееd to sеnd work an еmail.
.1to typе your еmail and thеn
sеnd,. All уou nееd to сlo to
:lе it iS saу.еmail,and thе ln-ragе
' .r.Ьoard will appеar.
I hopе you'vе еnioyed \,our lol1г
..l thе homе of thе futuге and
,u'll сomе visit again soon. Bvе-
e world of work and
r In rng
1.7
:..llv; P = ProfеssoгJamеs)
. Pгofеssor Jamеs, havе vоu
. ц minutе? You sее l.m having
. . . оГ tгоrrЬle gеlIinp s|ar.1сd
- nr. graduatе еmploуaЬility
' . qnmеnt.
..Г oK, as long as it doеsn,t takе
-:ег than tеn minlltеs as I havе a
. ::ting to gеt to at 3.30.
- tinе. lt shоuIdn,t tаkе long аt
l^ Sa1l'v. Tе1l mе цlhat you,vе
. S:
- .. so faг and wе,ll go liom thеге.
, .--' as you Suggestеd I сhosе
_
..е 1oсal businеssеs and
. :rсtеd thеm via tеlеоhonе to
. -lduсе mуsеlf.
-".,sgood.
thе thing is, I сouldn,t gеt
. -.
. dangсr ht'tс it il 'l it -...
'
. . thе sесrеl.ary of trvсl of thеm.
' ''ou havе anv suggеstions?
. -.зt aЬout follor,l,ing up rr.ith a
] :Г stating what timе 'vou'll bе
. ng again?
S: oh, that,.s a good idеa. I hadn,t
thought of that.
P: So, tеll mе aЬout thе onе you har.е
S: Right, riеI|, hе was rеn hеlpГLll
aсtuallу. Hе rесеivеd thе suгvеy I
еmailеd him and has alrеady sеnt
it Ьaсk. I,vе had a vеry quiсk look
at it' but haven't had a сhanсе to
P: So faг so goоd. Сarry on ...
S: !Vеll, apart Aгom that, I,l,е also
found a lot o[ statistiсs that ехist
on thе starting salariеs qradцatе-s
Ьеgin on onсе thеу finish studу-ing.
Тhсr.е's somе геаl|r intегеsting
stuff out thеге. Did уou knorr,.,
fоr' схan-rplе, thzrt r,.our avеГagе
еnginеег еaгns nеarlу as muсh as a
mеdiсal graduatе?
P: \Ъs, I did.
S: Gosh, I had no idеa.
P: Har-ing sесond thoughts aЬout a
сaгеег in human rеsourсеs arе wе?
\о, Ьut I rvas surprised. An1rvay,
gеtting baсk to whеrе I was. I,vе
gonе to the liЬrary Ьut thе Ьooks
\'oll rесommеnd har,е alrеady Ьееn
iakеn out, aрalt fтom onе that is,
it,s сallеd . '. A Stаrting Sttсcеss.I
har,еn,t rеad it },еt, Ьut I,vе takеn it
out and itЪ on my Iist oГ things to
do.
Havе vou сomе up with a plan уеt?
Yеs, and I'r.е rvrittеn my h}pothеsis
as rl.еll as mJ- introduсtion, Ьut
that's rvhеге I'vе got stuсk. I
don,t rеallv knor,r,how I,m going
to Ье ablе to prеSеnt ali of thе
infoгmation as thеrеЪ so muсh оГ
it...
P: Wеll fiгstlrl I,d гесommеnd r'ou
start lr,ith analr zing rr hat tl-rе
еmp1or.ег sard' \оrr сan I hal.е
a iook at thе qltеstionnaiге vot.t
lтгotе ?
Yеs, hс.ге it is.
Тhanks ... oh dеaг. Wеll it,s no
rr.оndег \-ou'rе ovеrwhеlmed with
infoгmaiion. You,vе сollесtеd a
lot oI iгrГoгrnation, whiсh сan bе
or.еtrr'hе1п.r ing
oh
'
dеaг] Тl.rat took mе agеs... and
doеs thirt t-nеan I сan,t LlSе it?
P: Afгaid so ... ЬuL don't ivoгry-if
vou,t'е got :r pеn and papец I,ll
quiсkl1'givе уou somе pointегs,
and thеn vou сan rе.jig it to gеt thе
in Гoгn t;'rt ion r ou'l.с looki ng l.oг.
oK, just a minutе ... I knolv thегеЪ
a pеrr in hеrе somеrvhеге. oK, got
it.
P: Right, rvеli, first and forеmost
уou nееd to Ье с]еar. ThеrеЪ no
point having a Ьеautifullу r'l,ordеd
doсumеnt thгoughout that no onе
undеrstands. Usе ianguagе that is
simplе.
Right, got that. What nехt?
You nееd to сatсh thе геadег,s
аttсntion at thе start of thе
Listening sсripts l
doсumеnt. And l.ou nееd to find
thе гight Ьalanсе Ьеtц,ееn formal
arrd informal languagе. Yor-rг
sulvеv isn,t an offiсial doсumеnt'
Ьut morе of a living onе that sеt.vеs
а puгposе, so nеtttгal languagе is
Ьеst.
S: OK, just writing that dorvn ... OK.
P: Thе nехt onеЪ what your mistakе
r'vas this timе _ try not to usе opеn-
еndеd quеstions, or you,ll find it
impossib1е to сollatе your rеsults.
S: Yеp, I think I,vе lеarnеd mу lеsson
thеrе. What еlsе?
P: Sсalеs rеally do makе thе joЬ of
сo@е
еasiеr foг thе rесipiеnts by saving
thеm lots of timе and еffoгt
ц,riting.
S: I takе vour point. Anvthing еlsе?
P: Ah ha. onе last thing' Мakе surе
Уou,vе thought aЬout thе logiс of
youг quеstions. Thеге'S nolhing
worsе than trying to makе сhoiсеs
aЬout things that sееm to har,е no
ordеr.
S: Right ... got it. I sее ц.hеrе I rvеnt
Wrong now and ц.ill try to do bеttег
nехt time.
P: Don,t worry. It,s a vеry еasv mistakе
сomе aсIoss thе first timе thеу do
this kind of assignmеnt. oK, Sallv
I rеally must r.ush. I,m latе for mу.
appointmеnt.
S: of сoursе, thanks for your hеip. I,l1
Sее \'oll in сlass tomorтow Byе!
8 The history of geography
Gl.в
Hi, good morning е\rеryonе. I,m hеrе
toda1. to prеsеnt my findings on thе
proсеss of urЬanization and its impaсt
on thе еnvironmеnt. As you know,
urЬanization involvеs thе movеmеnt
of pеoplе Гrom thе сountrysidе to thе
сitiеs. As this proсеss сontinuеs, thе
сitiеs of thе world сontinuе to grow. I
will dеmonstratе how this growth is
еating away at thе planеtЪ most fеrtilе
land.
My геsеarсh has foсusеd on two
studiеs that loоkеd at land usе in thе
Unitеd Statеs. Thеsе havе shou,n that
sinсе its indеpеndеnсе, onlУ thrее pеr.
сеnt of all land in thе Unitеd Statеs
has bееn Ьuilt on. Horr.еvег, thе samе
studiеs havе a1so shown that thе
геsr-rlting loss of p:pсlцс]Цvе lдцqi is
сomparativеly muсh, muсh gгеаtеt.
This isn,t so muсh o1 a ргoЬlеrтr ill
Amеriсa as it has a геl:rtil еll lr ,.', : ..
of pеoplе to land. Horr сr еl.. l]]i .
othеl. сountгiеч l'tt с t,lоl
thе irnрaсt oГrvhjсh сt,L.l.l :l... . ... .
L.OnsеqlIеnСеt Г. 'r Ll '
,
Ьегсреatсс1 Ьl сlеi:]. :- : t. '' :>
it ..оLrl.L ]]..t . .' l .
,::
l'..":,,,',1
119
A Listening sсripts
In ordеr to rеaсh this сonсlusion,
sеvегal rеsеarсh mеthods wеrе
adoptеd. A group of sсiеntist.s in thе
Unitеd Statеs used a wеathеr satе1litе
that normallY maps moonlit сloud
сovеr at night. Howеvеп on nights
whеn thеrе rvеrе no сlouds, thеr,.usеd
thе satеllitе to map thе gеnеration оf
hеat from сity lights. Thеl.thеn took
thе data and dividеd lirnd usе into
threе сatеgoгiеs: uгЬan, sеmi-urЬan
and non-uгЬan land tlsс. \е\t. lhе\
сalсulatеd horv aсtil'е thе r.еgеtation
is in еaсh rеgion Ьr'using dlfГеrеnt
satеllitеs. Whеn thеr- соmЬinеd this
information r,i.ith pгеr-iоr.rs statistiсs
and rvеathеr сonс1itiоns, thеr'сamе up
rvith a numЬег fоt-tоtal рroduсtivity
for all arеas.
So what did thе геsults of this proсеss
of land сlassiflсatiоr-r shorl.? Wеll,
Гiгstlr. thсr pr' 'r еd illаt although
onlr а linr рсl.!cnLiL9с oГ thе land
in thе Unitеd Statеs is urЬanizеd,
rnr] )Q nёl, ,,.. r .f I".,.l is usеd for
^-.: .''l'.
dчllLultЦ1L11
.hе land whiсh
PLr1 PU)ЕDt L,
has Ьееn Ьr'ri]t огr aсtuallv has thе
Ьеst soilt. T]lе-( \\ еге indеpеndеntlу
сorтobогаitссl Ьr a sесond tеam of
sсiеntists in Sаn Fгanсisсo, whosе
геsultt t]l' r' t]lrt this pгoсеss is
hлnnспiП'' t \l - |rхl..г iц thе sorlth-
еastеГn .О]-ilе].сlt thе Unitеd Statеs.
This n.rе:rns thаt land that is ехtrеmеly
pгodr.ritirt' ll.'Пl .in esгiсultuгal point
o[r'iеrr' rs bеiгrg takеn ovегЬуlar,i.ns,
gоlГсottt t-' .rn.. .L Iс\\ sсаttегеd tгееs.
As a diгесt Гс:Ll]t of rrгЬanization,
thе rеsеaгсhсl-> iIl San Franсisсo
сalсulatеd thз.t еl сrr l.еar 91 million
.Iost'
tonnе\ oГ р1.tгLt .t'. in thе U.S.
So rr,hat сiсlс: ihts пlеan for thе futurе?
WеШ, I har е сс,п-l.' l.rр rvith somе of
m\, o\\'n idеas fс,r- Dl.асtiсal solutions.
сountгiеs shоu1.] ;alсlriatе r,r.hеthеr
lrrЬяnizlliоn l.l' nn thрiг
'nn.'nino
'' I Fr""'S
fеrtilе lands I.jo; с:ре.iallу' if thеy havе
largе рoрuiatiLrll> ..]Пlрal.еd to thе
amount оГ lanс1 :r., аilaЬlе, likе India
and Сhina' iсll- еl;'r.lр1с. IГ it is, thеn
еvеn.еffot1 shrlLrll Ье гnadе to stoр thе
nrосечs Ir.оn' ll ,*.. . .nq' Тhis сan bе
donе in man\ \\ эr >, onе of thеm is to
stop inr,еstin*s in thе ]r-rir.astгuсtuге of
those arеas. If реrlрlе сiоr.r't har.е thе
faсilities thеr. nс.е.i. thеr' rr on,t r'r,ant
to livе thеге. But in пlr оpinion, thе
main solution hеге js to oГ1еr pеoplе
finanсia] inсеntil'еs tO пlo\.е a\\.av
[r'om fеrtilе lаn..l tu .ll (..l> tllJt аге lеss
valuaЬlе in agriсultuгa] tегтls.
1 hope you,ve еnjor-еd mr ргеsеntation
this moгning. Thanks foг r.ouг
kind attеntion. I r'l,ill nоlr'takе anr'
quеstions ...
120
9 Whаt is beauty?
Gz.t
(A=Anna; C=Chгis)
A: Hi Сhris] What arе уou doing herе?
Ithought vou Werе supposеd to
Ьe rеvising for vour finals in thе
liЬrary?
C: Yеah, wеll I dесidеd it was timе foг
a Ьrеak. I rеallу wasn,t lэеing vеry
produсtivе so thought I'd сome and
havе a сoffее and somе frеsh air
to sее if that,d hеlp. What arе you
doing with аll thosе pгospесtusеs?
A: Wеll I,m trying to dесidе rvhiсh
university to apply to foг my MA
in Musiс. Thе сhoiсе is rеallv
ovеr.whеImingI
C: WеII that сеrtainlу is a Ьig pilе oГ
рrospесtlrses. МaуЬе talking aЬout
it will hеlp Уou at lеast narro\\'
it dоwn? I'vе got somе timе, and
to Ье honеst, it,ll Ье a welсomе
distraсtion from my dissеrtation.
A: Gгеat! Thanks Chris. So far, the
univеrsitiеs that appеal thе most
arе Thе Aсademy in London, Lееds
Сonsеrvatory of Сontеmporary
Мusiс and The Hеnry Мusiс
Institutе , whiсh is also in London.
C: I,m not an ехpеrt but r,r,ouldn't Thе
Hеnry Musiс Institutе Ье thе bеst
as itЪ thе onе that еveryonе's hеard
of?
A: Wеll ... yеs and no. Lеeds
Consегvatory of Сontеmporary
Musiс is also prеtty famous and
aithough The Aсadеmy in London
is lеss wеll-known, thеу,vе got
somе еxсеllеnt modulеs on offеr
C: But still, itЪ alwavs good to have
a well-known namе on Your
СV еvеn if Lееds Сonsеr.vatory
of Сontеmporary Мusiс and
Thе Aсadеmv in London arе
good '.. What aЬout thе entry
rеquirеmеnts? That might hеlp уou
to makе a dесision.
A: Wе11, funny You should saу that
as I was just looking at thеm. Thе
Aсadеm5 in London геquiгеs an
audition as doеs Thе Hеnry Musiс
InStitutе.
C: Lееds Consеr.vatory of
Сontemporary Musiс doеsn,t?
A: No, thеy want сandidatеs to
сomposе a piесе of musiс instead,
Ье[oге attеnding an intеr..liец.
C: Don't thе othеrs rеquirе you to do
that? Сomposе, that is?
A: No, thе others ask you to writе an
assignmеnt stating Why уou Want
to join thе сoursе fiгst of all, Ьut if
I pass that stage thеn I,1l aiso havе
to attеnd a faсе.to-faсе intеr-viеrv
like thе othеr tц.o plaсеs u''ith thе
hеad of sсhool. Assuming that goеs
oK, thеn I,ll Ье aссеptеd onto thе
сoursе.
C: Right. Sounds tough!
A: I know, Ьut I supposе itЪ 1.or
a МastеrЪ dеgrеe so I wasn,t
ехpесting it to Ье еasу.
C: What about thе feеs? Arе thеr.e-.
thе samе?
A: Wеll, surprisinglу, thе fее
struсturеS arе very different.
C: Why's that?
A: I rеally don,t know, Ьut' for
ехamplе, Thе Henry Musiс
lnstitutе is thе most еxpеnsivе
at €8,000 a yеaЦ nехt сomеs Thе
Aсadеmy in London and thе
сhеapеst is Lееds Consеr.vatoц',
Сontеmporary Мusiс.
C: Мmm ... Нoц. muсh arе thеy
ехaсtly?
A: Wеll, for a full-timе сoursе
lasting onе yеar itЪ A7,000 at
Thе Aсadеmy in London and
f 6.000 at Lеeds Сonseruatory o1
Contеmporary Мusiс.
C: oK. Wеll, what оthеr expеnsеs
do you have to takе into
сonsidеration, likе train farеs fс'
ехamplе? If you,re going to bе
travelling homе and baсk duгin.
thе holidaуs, thatЪ got to bе a
faсtor.
A: I,m not worтiеd aЬout that, thot..
insuranсе is an addеd сost as l'l.
nееd to makе surе mу instrumе:
is сovеrеd. Howеvец all of thепl
rеquirе mе to sеnd in a сhеquе |
t hе сhaгgеs [oг applуing ЬеГol.с
thеy,ll proсеss my aрplщat]aц.
C: Is that normal?
A: Apрarеntly...
C: CanIhavеalook?
A: Yеs, of сoursе' Hеrе you aге.
C: Ummmm.
A: What is it?
Wеll, I think you might havе a
C:
problеm.
A: Why? What is it?
C: Wеll it sa\,s herе that thе dеadli:.
is January thе 9.h. TЬatЪ nехt rr..
A: Whеrе? Lеt mе sее ... you,rе ris:
Whiсh pгospесtus is this?
C: The Hеnry Musiс Instittltе ...
A: oh nol Whаt am Т going to do?
C: Makе vour dесision now?
A: Is the Ьlosing datе thе samе foг
.
of thеm?
C: LеtЪ сhесk ... Look hеrе, Lееds
Сonsеlwatory of Сontеmрoran
Musiс is on thе 19ф Ьut Thе
Aсadеmy in London isnt until i
30'h of this month.
Al oK, I,d Ьеttеr hurry up and ma.
dесision.
A: Right, now, apart from thosе t1:
сol1еgеs I also wanted to havе a
quiсk fliсk through Northdorvг
Сollеge's and thе onе from Thе
Janrеs Aсadеmу of Musiс.
C: Look hеrе it is; faсilitiеs at
Northdoц.n Collegе.
A: What doеs it say?
C: Wеll, it has a library with a
dеdiсatеd historiсai resеarсh
Sесtion thatЪ ц,oгld fаmous.
A: ThatЪ аlI vеry inlегеsting, Ьut i
not going to make mе go thеrе,

_
: .\сadеmy in London has
'-:]]рusеs all around сеntral
" Thеу all havе largе
. Гooms and thеrеЪ one 24
- ,:еlегia at the biggеst sitе.
'' ....:Пt
:.;се, Ьut for mе thе most
' thing is somеwhеrе to
..oLlrsе.
'. :оri.whеrе I sее it ...
( .;:.е it is. Look,didnow
iti
this
" :. Lееds Сonservator.v'of
-:lpoгаru Musiс has oi.ег
.,сhing and рдaс.!ще s1цdios.
' . ,luхury! Неre thеrе arе onil
_
J irЪ геаl|у diЕl.iсuIt to find
: ::rpty so I often have to plar. in
. -:]-dеns.
-.ari
." e\, thatЪ thе past and this
..".. looks grеat!
. .'r
hat aЬout Thе Hеnгu' \'Iusiс
,utе? Look, thеrеЪ a nсrr slLlrс
' : lhе latеst that tесhnolog}-
,.. :о offeг and a small musеum
.:::.с?t€d to the history oГ musiс.
-. зtЪ rеally
imprеssivеl
:'эn,t think I,m reallу that
..егеstеd in
using сomputеrs
lrlе making musiс, sothаtь not
, sеlling point rеallу. But look, this
эlaсе is intеrеsting. Thе Jamеs
\сadеmy of Мusiс. It сomеs
lесommendеd Ьу lots of pеopiе in
.hе musiс industry and all of its
М: Norv
.ourses have a Ьusinеss еlеmеnt
as wеll as having a pгofessiona1
studio for гесording alЬums.
\Vowl That sounds геalh.сutting-
еdgе. So arе you any сlosеr tо
making a dесision now?
it 10 ls it art?
€Эz.z
= Profеssor МсKinlеy; М = ratе inсгeasеd Ьy up to 15 Ьeats
Miсhaеl)
Hello еvеryone. Bеforе wе
сontinuе rvith ouг lесturеs on thе
history of musiс and aft, wе,ll Ьe
listеning to МiсhaelЪ prеsеntation
on how musiс and afi are Ьеing
usеd to hеlp ri'ith the hеaling
proсess in thе 2 1st сеntury.
Miсhaеl, aге \.ou rеady to begin?
: Yеs, I think so ... Thanks p.oГ".,o..
Right. Good moгning all. As
Profеssoг МсKinlеу just statеd,
I'vе bееn doino somе rеsеarсh
into thе hеaling рo\\'еrs oГ ar1 and
musiс, ar.rd I'd likс tо pгеsеnt my
findings to \-olt toda\.. I intеnd to
dеmonstratе thе pоsitil'е еffесts
of musiс and ar1 oI1 patiеnts,
еmotional, soсial as rr'еll as
physiсal rvеll-Ьеing.
LеtЪ bеgin Ьr-going Ьaсk in tiпlе
to thе most famous o[ nuгsеs,
Floгеnсе N i ghtinеaiе. \\ial' Ьaсk
in 1860, Floгеnсе Nightingalе
wrotе in hег.Vore.s сltt NLtrsiltР
that Ьrightlv сolouгеd florr'егs
and aft hеlpеd hеr patiеnts to
rесovеr more quiсklv. Aithough
hеr сommеnts wеrе viеr't,еd rvith
sсеptiсism at thе timе, shе r,vas
_ wе Ьеliеvе. thе Гiгst of manv
hеа|th pгoГеssionаIs to Statе tьiS.
ovеr the follor,r,ing yеars, thеrе
wеre manY othеr studiеs that
triеd to provе that a link bеtr'vееn
afi, musiс and hеalth ехists, Ьut
l'еrr,. fеrr' of thеm ц.еrе striсtly
сontrollеd, so thе rеsults wеrе
l'aгiaЬ1е, and thеreforе unгеliaЬlе.
Hоlr еl.ец onе Amегiсan study
lras diffеrent. In thе 1980s,
\Umс l'еsеaгсh took р|aсe into
tl.rе еГГесts of aгсhitесtuге on thе
I.е.o\ еtJ. tiПlе оt 46 patiеnts u'ho
li еге in hospital Гor a gall Ьladdег
Oрегation. Half of thе patiеnts
rt'еге kерt in hospital wards with
ri l ndоrr s or.егlooking somе tгееs.
Т1lс ' thсt.hа]lriеrе Iеft in rooms
that faсеd onto a Ьriсk rvall. It was
Гotrnd that thе onеs with a niсе
l-iеrr l.-ft hospital a day еarliеr and
nсеdеd fеrгег painkillеrs. This
studr rvas gгoundbrеaking as it
rtas thе Гiгst that usеd сontrollеd
соnditions that сould Ье mеasurеd
statistiсallv and without Ьias.
bring уou up.to-
I,d tikе to
datе and takе a сlosеr сomparati\rе
look at threе rеseaгсh projeс1s
on thrее vеry diffeгеnt typеs
of patiеnt. The first monitoгеd
thе hеaith of unЬoгn ЬaЬiеs. In
thе study, whiсh took plaсе at a
hospital in London, babiеs wеre
plavеd livе musiс and thеir hеart
гatеs wеrе monitorеd. A hеalthy
ЬaЬl.Ъ hеaгt would Ьеat around
1 10 to 160 timеs a minutе' Ьut
геsеaгсhеrs found that thеiг hеaгt
a minutе on averagе without thе
mothеrЪ рulsе сhanging. This is a
good si.en that the ЬaЬу is hеalthy.
In addition, thе mothеrs that took
part in thе sur:r,еv also said thеy fеlt
moге rеlaхеd.
Anothеr str-rdv lookеd at сanсer
patiеnls цhо rrеге r isitine as
day patiеnts to гесеivе thеir
сhеmothеrapy trеatmеnts. Thеу
wеrе trеatеd in a room that had
aгtistiс piсtuгеs hаngine on thе
ц.all. Thе piсtuгеs ц,еrе сhangеd
еaсh rvееk so that thе patiеnts
u,ould not har,е to loоk at thе
samе onеs rr,ееk aftеr.rr.ееk. \\rhеn
quеstionеd aftеrrr'aгds, patiеnts
said that thеv fеlt lеss pain bесausе
thе imagеs hеlреd takе thеiг
mind off thе trеatmеnt thеv rvеrе
rесеir,ing. Thеv also notеd gеnеral
improvеmеnts in thеir wеll-Ьеing.
Finaiiv, thе last studу analyzеd
thе trеatmеnt oГ a gгoup o[
еldегI5 patiеnts who rvеге in
Listening sсripts t
hospital to har.е a hip геplaсеmеnt
opеration, and so thе-v nееdеd
to staу Гor ziround 10_14 days.
Тhе гсsеагсhегs p|аvеd thеm З0
minrrtе traсks of soothing сlassiсal
musiс, Ьut not еr.еry dar,, and thеn
monitсlгеd t ht'il. pгt,lРl.еss ttsing
a quеstionnairе. Whеr.r askеd
to ratе horv they fЪlt Ьoth rl.ith
and ц.ithout musiс, thе patiеnts
сonsistеntlv statеd that thеv fеlt
|еss аnхiotls on l hе da\.s rr hеn thе1
had thе musiс plаvine. Тh",.. u
sесond unехpeсtеd, Ьut сomplеtеlr. ',",
undеrstandaЬ]е геsult fгom thе
rеsеarсh. Thе staff likеd thе musiс
so muсh that thеv said tl.rеv too
Геlt hapрiег аnd Lhаt thеr ir otrId
Ье |еss likе|r to |еаrе th.] hоsрitаI
lor a joЬ еlsеwhеrе if it rvеге to
сontinuе. Noцl that has to Ье a
goоd thing, whiсh will also har,е a
positivе еffесt on thе qualitv of
t1-rс
trеatmеnt patiеnts rесеrvе.
[n сonсlusion ...
11 Psyсhology and Soсiology
Gz.з
(K=Katiе; R=rеsidеnt)
K: Hi, good аftегnoon sil ег... е\сusе
mеI СouId you spаrе a minutс
plеasе?
R: oh, hеllo. Sor.гу, I was in a r'r,,orld of
mv o\vn ... I didn,t hear you thеrе.
K: No pгoЬlеm. My namеЪ Katiе
and I,m a sесond yеar soсiology
studеnt. We'rе doing a геsеaгсh
projесt on thе importanсе of
сommunit!' сеntгеs tо loсal
rеsidеnts. Мav I ask, arе yoll a
геsidеnt of Мolton?
R: Yеs' I am.
K: ThatЪ pеrfесt. Would you mind
answеring somе questions aЬout
thе faсilitiеs you usе? It won,t takе
vеry long ...
R: of сoursе, I'd Ье hapрy to answеr
anу quеstions You havе. Firе awav!
К: Gгеatl oK, thе Гiгst quеstions aгс
to do with you. So сan I ask hoц.
oid you aге? Wе nееd to knoъ, foг
statistiсal purposеs latеr.
R: Wеll, I,d likе to sav 16 Ьut I,m 59,
60 nехt wееk in Гaсl.
K: Сongratulations [oг nехt ri'ееk]
Norr' I just nееd vouг postсосlе, and
thеn rr.е'll gеt star1еd.
R: Right' rvе1] tl.rat,s an еas}-onе. It,.s
н_A 8 7_U_P
К: 7.А_E ... H o_P' \\as lhat Гight?
R: No mr'dеaЦ itЪ H_A_8-7_U_P.
К: Rigl.rt ... oK. Sorry.foг thе
сonltrsion.
R: ThatЪ quitе alright. Now цlhat
aЬout thеsе quеstions?
K: Yеs, lеtЪ gеt staгtеd ... So onе of
thе most important things r,i''е nееd
trэ knor,v is whiсh of thе lЪсilitiеs
vou alгеadу usе.
R: Right OK.
121
 Listening sсripts

K: oK, what aЬout сomputеr ссlntгiЬuting' Somеthing likе tl,r,o сomе to a foгk in thе гoad, whеrе oг
faсilitiеs? Do you сuгrеntlу usе pоunds pеr сlass sееms likе a road - Nofth Еnd Waу _ trrrns to 1h.
puЬliс сomputеrs anrrvhеге in геasonaЬlе гatе for an o]d man likе lеft and goеs nor1hъ,еst aцIay fгom t:
town? mе! hеath; and on vour right is Spaniaгсi'
R: Yеs, I do. I go to mr. loсal liЬrar}'. K: oK, еm ... and iastly thеn, I just Road, whiсh tuгns north-еast, сuttiГ t
K: Grеat, ... jr-rst jotting that с1оrr n' nееd tо knoц,how rеgularly уou through thе parkland. Walk along th
oK, what aЬout lосal sроrts think you ц.ill usе thе nец.faсilitiеs lattеr гoad a littlе rvау and look foг
faсilitiеs? if thе сommunit-v- сеntrе makеs thе thе fiгst opеning on.Your right, rvhеr .
R: Yеs. l gеt dorrn t. t]lс tri inlllting сhangеs уou have suggеstеd. a path lеads уou dоr,r,n into thе rvild
psa1 lеast trr iсе a \\.с.k' R: Wеll, I,d saу- thrее timеs a rvееk, parkland.
K: And еduсation
^t Гlrсi1itrс.? Aгс r'оu whiсh is morе than I go at thе As vou dеsсеnd alоng thе pathwal,',
сuп.еntlv attеrlс1in g .inr сOuгsеs? momеnt. I onlу Ьothеr оn Mondays vou rvill find that thе nоisе of thе
R: Yеs, I go tо Sрanish .-1a:sе.q еl.еtl' and Wеdnеsdavs, as thеrеЪ nothirrg Ьusy road, that is just on vour lеft,
Fridav at thе itrгth..t. ссirtс:rtiоn еlsе on during thе r,vееk that disappеars сomplеtelv You might
сoliсgе. inlеrеsts mе. But I ц,ould dеfinitеlу rvant to takе off }.our hеadphonеs to
K: That,s gгсiit l 1 lll:1>i \.1\ ' \ oL1 Ге \'ег} gеt out of thе housе morе if thеу еnjo}, thе dеlight of thе sounds of thе
aсtl\.е. Wеrе to makе thosе kinds oГ paгkland. Don't imaginе that thеге i'ч
сhangеs. Ьnlr, silеnсе! Thеrе is thе noisе of thе
tгееs and thе lr,ildlifе that livеs thеге.
K: oK' rrс'..с !:., .,,.,r Lilr,'rrgh. As.уou r,valk along thе path, уou r,r.ill
lhr.Лс\t t . t. . t1 'l.It llo\\. 't2 Travelling around the world сomе aсго5s sеr егаI paths сoming
thе сопlт:ll.t:t:.r ;еI.ttl.е сould bе
iпlрt u' с'. l. .,. ,., ' i ]let i'. Gz.+ from thе right to join thе path that усl
arе on, Ьut kееp going until You COmс
R: l sес. \\ еil, I .. .:i е it
go! :r
Hi and wеlсomе to thе r,r,alking audio to thе first fork in thе path' Noц. takе
K: \\.е1l t.ii.l-r t j .-^с ro Гind out уollr tour sеn,iсe, ц,hiсh offегs guidеd thе path that goes to vour lеft, ц,hiсh
\ iе\\ \ (]ll ::. '] .: ;:Iсilitiеs' Whiсh audio tours of ovеr 30 waiks around w-ill Ьring vou shoгtlу to thе opеn
sрсlt't: .1. ' r. .. :]link тhе сommunity London. Thе full list of thе walks is spaсеS around Kеnц,ood Housе'
сеnt1е :]] ....i , ,ti..г that it doеsn't availaЬlе on our rvеЬsitе. You havе
alгеlt.]r ,,
сhosеn thе Hampstеad Hеath Tour
R: liпlгrl \\. .. I m not going to Par1 1, whiсh was, in faсt' thе first of You сan еithег rvaik through thе
'qa\ :i'' l]]..]] :.]i .ts thегеЪ no point thе r,valking tours that r,vеrе гесordеd. woods and еnjov Ьеing among thе
har iп. :.. :t,r,rls in a town of Yotlr rr.alk takеs you through part o[ trееs, or уou сan Savour thе othег
this >i;с' L;- l]lС ihink... um, thе hеath, a hr-rgе, lviid, opеn paгk1and сhaгms thе hеath has to offеr. You
rr he.. :.i. '... r.l{ll? l knorv it's vеry rr.hеrе Londonегs and r.isitors to aге now at Kеnu,ood Housе, whiсh is
р()i]l.ti11: :.=.: .1ars. Yеs, yoga and thе сity сan сomе and еnjoу somе a mllsеLlm opеn to thе publiс. It has
Ьildtlll:.'.. :l I Lr:еd to piay You lеisuгеIу and геГгеshi ng ехегсisе. Ьееn trsеd as thе sеtting for sеvегal
knсlr*' Thе hеath is onе of thе gеms of north rvеll.knoц.n films, and is usеd as a
K: Rеalir,, London. Whеn you еntег thе parkland, vеnuе Гor a rvidе rangе of funсtions.
R: \Ъs' .il...i 1 .,.'..> qttitе good thor-rgh you rvill fееl as if you arе ц.alking Foг somе light rеfгеshmеnts, thеrе is
I'п.t l.l., 'i.-.:..r ;r ilit п.rst1- now. ItЪ in thе rvild сountrysidе, Ьr-rt you аrrе thе сafё at Kеnr'l.ood Housе. Bеlow
Ьgg'n r i::. aсtuallv still in an urЬan aгеa. Kеnrvood Housе itsеlf, уou сan sее thе
K: oK. .].. .. r :]liпk thе сlassеs grass), slopеs. r,vhiсh arе arr idеal plaсс
.i--
.:,il intО gгoups? Thе waiking tour Ьеgins hеге at thе
shotrl.l [oг piсniсs and foг сhildrеn to r.r-rn
ехit to Hampstеad undеrgrсlr-rnd
R: \Ъs. tll..: t .. ;.'.,d idеa. I knorv aгound and plav gamеs. Just Ьеуond
tl.rat iL l::.: - ...lL. сl:lssеs onl), f.or
station, u.hiсh is the dееpеst station on
thе London Undеrground s}.stеm. Wс this piсniс arеa is an opеn air stagе
рсt-tsitltlсl > I J .1сГinitеlу Ье moге hopе that уou еnjoу уour ехpеriеnсе, rr-hеге musiс сonсеr1s are hеld in thе
iikеlr t., -:-.. l.пl t-tоt as fast as I sl1mmеr months. You might еvеn sее
\. ...
\ilo\\ rvhеthеr YoLl arе on your own oг
onсс \\ 11> thе stagе Ьеing prеparеd for a сonсегt
sha гing 1otlг u alk r,r ith a t.om pa n iоn
K: OK, 1l1 i,r. -.l thаt dorvn ...
... So lеtЪ Ьеgin youг totrr. Wе hopс rvhilе уou arе thеrе.
Gгс.atl \ ,' - ].е llеal.lv donе
уotr еnjov it! You might ц,ant to ехplorе this part of
l jltstr-iсе.i ' .:t\\(]tlSoПle
thе hеath at vour lеisurе. But bеforе
quеstl()ll> .:.. ...| .!1L1сation. What If Уou tr-rrn right as vou ехit
Hampstеad station, and stav on thе vou lеar.е thе hеath altogethеr thеrе
kinс1 с-,t .i.t...,. .l., r lllr think thе
right hand sidе of the road, thе main arе two othеr notaЬlе fеaluгеs that
сеntге stlL,i.;.] ' iе1.thirt it doеsn't
thorough-farе, Неath Strееt, rvill takе arе \\rorth visiting. on thе еast sidе of
alгс;lс1r ?
thе hеath arе sеvеral largе ponds for
R: Wеll, I su1lр.'.; 'hс kinс1 of thing }*oll up thе hill to thе hеath itsеlf. You
arе now rvalking ar,vay fгom thе main sеgrеgatеd and пriхеd Ьathing. And if
that,s nо 1l,tlgсl. . '|tегсс1 at thе loсal
сo11еgе' с-tll ,,. tilin95 likе aгts shops and сafёs in Нampstеad villаgе, уou would likе a r.iеrv of London, уou
but.vou сan rеturn to visit thеsе aftеr сan visit Paг]iamеnt Hill, whiсh givеs
and сгa|ts. Тh.lsс kiт-rds oГ сlassеs
your r'valking touг for some windoц, vor-r a good pаnorama of London that
hal,е nolr сlс's.-сi lt. rh..r riегсn,t
shopping. Thе r,illagе is Ьusу dr-rгing is in faсt protесtеd Ьу lav'..
l.inanсiallr \ I.rL'|с, ..1'p..r..ntlr.
K: Yеs, I hеaгd аt](lllt tl].lt' It \\as thс davtimе and thе еrеnings.
suсh a shamе' Т}-rсl'.. kinсi'. of Nоr'v Ьaсk to Hеath Strееt. As thе
сlassеs arе so iпlрrlI.tant гoг thе гoad ц,.inds northrvards up Hеath 13 The importanсe of
ps1,сhologiсal lvеll-Ьеr ng of thсlsе Strееt, you rvill pass somе shоps and i nfrastruсture
mosl rulnегaЬ]е in .. !{ 'l1lnltInit\.
oK, I,vе rvrittеn that сlоri n. \orr, I
геStauгants on Your ц.aу to thе hеath.
Whеn yor-r rеaсh thе top, thе first paгt Gz.s
nееd to ask vou r,i'hеthег r оtt rr'ould oГ thе hеath that уou u.ill sее on yollr (J=Jaсk;T=tutor)
Ье willing to pay foг anl- of t}-rе гight is thе Valе o{ thе Hеath, whiсh J: Hil Am I Ьothегing you? Is it oK to
sеr-viсеs wе цrеге just talking zrbotrt. his somе spесtaсular housеs. Ьuilt on sее уou now?
R: Umm, as long as it wasn't too thе Hеath itself Ьеsidе a largе pond. T: Hi Jaсk! No Ьothег. Plеasе сomе
muсh, I havе nothing against If votr go along a littlе furthеr уou will

122

]. iLtioГ this r,еaц it'.s m.r'
. ..-,t\'lo O\.егsее vOLlг
--is'
- -\orr; rr.hегс:lt.е mt,
сt' llег..
tIrеr аl.е. oК,
. ' .''е \\'Cге going to loсlk at
t: :tL1d\.оn thе сhallеngеs
lllanning irr thе 2l st
' .1llсl ho\\'to nrakе tt аs
..t }rossiЬ]е. Hori,,.s it:rll
.'.:l' I'm pгеttr' happv rr-ith lt.
, iаlk vott tl.rгough it to rтr:rkс
- t-n on thе гight lrасk?
' rilГSel piеasе do. I,ll stop roLl i1
.l'' с nПV qtrеstions.
.' rr'е1l I staгtеd Ьl' ino
.uir
,.r iсrt oГrrhаt'si'есrr iriЬ..rl
-.nning hаs Ьес.n L1p tlnti] llO\\,
. .sti}., thеrе,s
thе idеa оt a ч].есr-r
'.ll. This-is thе or.rе that еr'еrl
сlnс'.s
:aгd сif' but I [ound that rr hilе
'.r.",
,,il- . rl,,rii,
.'rсl in "u.."rll
iirr:ritеd сasеs. it gr.o..sl]
е.rsЩp-li fiеd t h in gs.
''сll
.
thats а good anrl pгat.tiс.,l
. aгt. What еlsе did vou look
at? I
lpе that уou also сЬnsidеrеd thе
of dесеntгalizаtion?
.lе:r
..' that ц.as l.еaI|) inlегсsring, аs
,tnough thеГе \\еге no oЬjецisщ
l it an.d it lookеd good сlп paцег, rt
''St didn,t WoГk . in
:еs, a сonundгL1m indееd.
Jоri,еvец I think t,or-r,ll find that
]еге aге manу fads that сomе
'.nd go in this aгеa. It isn,t thе l.iгst
..nd it rl.on,t Ье thе last to simplr':
lisaрpеaг off thе faсе of thе planеt.
.\е|I this is aIIrеrr goud sо Гar:
'\ hаt diсl rou lоok аt nс\t?
.thсц геsеaгсlrеd thе l 960s fad of
эuilding nеll, towns on nеr'v srtеs.
эut I Гound that although tЬеrr
.lге isqlatеd сasеs o[ suссеss. thеr.
'еndеd to сost too muсh tiп.rе aй
nonе), to Ьrrild.
I''ееping to that thеmе, h:rl,е vott
.oпsidеrсd thс id.'a с;| Ьl orr nГiеld
>itеs? That is sitеs that pгеviousl-v.
had anothег usе, Ьеing сor.rr.егtесl
into геsidеntial arеas?
Likе thе idеa of Ьuildings that
\\'еге оnсе Ьanks Ьеing tuгnеd into
геstauгаttlts? That kind oГ thing?
\Ъah, that's r.ig=ht.
Nсl, I lraс1ll.t tllсlLrght оf that.
Wеil, l,сl sа} jr'srц]1qltJ. ll1lpOгt!lnt
aрtщцщ_rrr!, tt.iфцЦ iцеirцt tl d a)'.
Еr.еn thсlrrsr]l .1lс!l i]цl .. ll..сrl
issuезttitlrt.,. , ., ,...'
!'оn[аllIlIl.IL.' ,
1еnds tсr iIL1l-it! L i] i. ..
loсal гt.siсlсtl t:.
oK, thanks' i ]] rll.lkс t..' : l ,.
Anvtnlng с1\с
',
Wе]l, I,пl ll()t \t1l.с ltЬtlltt tЬt. ilr:L
с;nе, Ьrtt l thilrrзllt t]rс iсlсa ot.
pеdеstr'i:rn izl ttl сеll t t.ltl al.eas \\ iis
an lntеl.еsl]llg с()ll!..}]t. Dсl r'llrr
think ir's \rrlitt r..r..
oh, it,s CеГt.tinl\ t.tсlt a Ьi.rс] iсlt.:l'
Thе onll'thiпg is
t.''..,Ь..Ьl' i,' t.u'i l) t ll" P..,ЬIеn'
ol tl,ngеsliun itl innеt'r'i|} llt.еits
aдd rvoцlс1 сlisr.rrрt loсal rЪsidеnЪ,
stесll, ll ti-lс сonslгuсtiоn rr.сlгk
' llltPl.сtl .ltrritr! tlrс l)ishI.
l j\г |.lt.' r 'l
Ir rl Irl c\( ll\ lllLll )
t() 1-с-ll:1\ с. tllс aГе;t rr oLl]с1 Ье
irlеr rteЬ]с'
J; \-t Ir. k' \lll|' lri,irlt' Ьtrt in \(lnlе
сllсtсt.сitiеs, I think itls onе
tсlr r i:rЬ]с оptirlns.
T: \\.е1l as ]сlns its \ oll st.llе that, thеn
it саn сlсГinitсil Ье inсirrdес].
aгt
J: oK, so thatЪ п.rr'intr.odtrсtion tо
uгЬаn рlaгrning soгtеd, but norr'I
сOmе to thе main paгt, rr.hiсh is thе
сasе stud\r It ц.as геir]lv diffiсr:lt to
сhoosе аs l hеге aге so mаnv gоod
ехamplеs, Ьut in thе еnd I sеttlесl
,..
on Curitiba, whiсh is thе с:rpital of
thе south Bгaziliar.r statе of Paгаn6.
T: Ah, vеs. Niсе сhoiсе. Hоu.Ъ thе
гсsеaгсh сoming alons?
J: \Vеll, to Ье honеЪt, I,пl-Гinсlin.a thе
llпlotlnt of n.ratегial а Ьi1 too muсh.
ThсгеЪ suсh a сlir,егsе гangе of
statistiсs that it makеs it almost
impossiЬ|е Lo Ьr. sеlесtir e.
T: Wеll, tеll mе a Ьit moге aЬout rvhat
vou'vе disсovеrеd, and thеn ц.е'll
sее if rvе сan сomе up with a plan
to tack]е thе proЬiеm.
J: Wеll, itЪ fasсinating. Loсal
autlrсlгitiеs managеd to aсhiеr,е so
muсh sinсе thе 196Os, ргinсipall}r
bесausе гathеr than rr,aiting foг
сеntг:rl gor.сгnmеnt initiativеs
t hс} . hоtе а сohеsir е stгаtеgv
rr'hсге r.еsidеr.rIs rr,сге сonsuliеd.
Thеn thеl' tо,эk tl.rеiг idеas and
implеmсntсd thеr.r.r intсl loсa]
go\€гnПlеnt рlannir.rе to сoпlе tlp
rvith a рian еr'еlr-lэodl rr'аs happr'
\\11il].
T: A hal A Ьottom-up appгoаrсh.
go on ...
J: Wеll, thе tгanspolt sуstеm is
геа| еranlplе ol'thе lo\\ nЪ есo-
fтiеndly imagе. Еvеn though thеy
hal,е onе o[ thе highеst numЬег "
o[ сaгS реl. pегson in thе сountry
thеv also havе thе highеst
'''-Б".
of pсоp1е using puЬliс transpoft.
тrцstцье.a..sе рo". a"а
геsidеnts :rге aЬlе to ЬсnеГit fтom a
s.oсial Гar.е that irl]orvs thеm to usе
tllе s}.stqцL[bl.lеss. This has |сd to
lсlrt' ]еr е1s tl1 ptlllrrtiсln rr.hiсh аlsсl
. ll.( )l.] l..1QL.s с i tt zеt.ls to usе Ьi сr.с]еs
l ll O].с
Тl \\.сli' ihlrt'> r.сa]lr 1пlрr-сssir.е Jlrсk.
\\ t]l с1r lrlt' But I с1сl illLr с srlп-lс
ri'ith
.\L]s.!L'\ti(r]ls trl hg]p rсlrt
i/l ]l! сltsе
i I lll1] r oLtI. s1tlс1r''
J: Plеasе ,..
Т: ]1 r tlr.l irr.с зtltt.tе t.)
рl.()\'е
Сtlr.rtiila,s sltсСеss, r'ou tlееd to
гсГег to s1.lесiflсs. \Ъr.r mеntionеd
Рt.dе:tt.ilrtt ulrl'r .1l.L.аs in .\OLll.
it.ttгoduсtion. hori. aЬсlut that?
Listening sсripts f
Lrlсl J: Yеs, oK.
T: Anсl rvh:rt aЬоrrt lhе aпlOLtnt .r1
paгking Ioг all оf t}tсlsе саг:',
J: I diсln,t сomе aСГoss thal in mr
геsеагсh, Ьut It.лrt l.,o|. 11 ...'
T: Yеah, I1hink itЪ impor-тant.
J: And rr.hat aЬout сonsidегlng rr hеr.е
pсоplе livе in rеlation to tlrеiг plaсс
of rl.oгk? If thеv livе in thе suЬr-rr Ьs'
horv :rЬout rтеntioning horv lat.
сlГ thе thеv nеесl to tгavеl in oгdег to sеt
l.' rtuгk?
T: Anсl don,t about thеiг
1.oгgеt
r.ес}'сling stratеgy, inсluding horr'
сasr.it is and horr. muсh thеr.
t r'. r. ]с' nl.rkinl \tll е \otl in. Itt.I.'
st:ttlstiсs tсl Ьaсk it up.
J: OK, eor ir.
T: A]1 in al1 J:rсk, r ott'r'е геa]1r. с1onе
.rouг hопtеrrс,I k lrtl.l I \ gI\ l'1u!ll
look lorrrlr d io l е(еi\ iПg \i)tIl
final draft.
J: Thanks pгofеssor You,l.е Ьееn a
gгeat hеlp.
14 Money and happiness
G2.6
Good morning е\'е11.onе and rvе1сomе
to thе Stanlеу Unir'егsitr-Sсhool of
Еr.'оnomiсs. l rriIl Ье onЬ ol rotrr
lесttlгсгs on thе сouгsе and ntr namе
is Pr.оГеssoг Ц'hirеГiсId. Bеlorе th.,
aсadеmiс 1,еaг rеallv gеts undеF,Va\, I
rr.ould likе to takе vou through somе
of r,r.hat vou сan ехpесt anсi й gir.е l'ou
somе gеnегal сouгsе information.
Firstlr,; r,ou,ll Ье attеnding lесtttгеs
drll.ins ri hit'h rou rr iIl t.есеirе
infoгm:rtion aЬout есonomiсs and
thе pгioгitiеs that vou rvill nееd to
foсus сlt.t. Thе lесturеs will pror,idе r.or.r
rr.ith infогmation aЬout thе suЬjесt
in a геlati'".еlv сondеnsеd foгmat. In
aс.ldition, thеy should also ргol,idе
Dсl a suitaЬlе lramеwork foг fur1hег
studr. Ъpiсall1,, this is also thе fiгst
zt timе that studеnts gеt thе сhanсе to
пlееt a геsеarсhеr at thе ГoгеГгont of
thе disсipiinе. Traditiona1lr, lесtttгеs
aге Sееn as an еssеntial рarт of thе
lеarning сulturе foг highеl. еduсation,
in rvhiсh undeгgгaduatе studl. is
r iеwеd аs an indut ti.,l] jn1t-l аt'aсlеmiс
disсiplinе and a lvar о| l iеrr.ing thе
rvoгld.
Hot.t,еl.ег, althorrgh all I har,е said until
notr' is tгLlе, е\ еt-\'\-еaГ undеrgгaduatе
sttrdеnts схрсгtеt-lсе pгoЬlеmi r,vith
thе tесl.rr.riqrrеs i.rsеd in lесturеs. Bеing_
ttlгеrr aгпес1 rvill hopеfullv hеlp 1.or.r
rr ith асl.jtlstinc to thеSе issuеs. Thе
lir.st ргoЬlеm is that thеге is littlе
rlрtpoгtuгritу lbг thе dеr,еlopmеnt
of str.rdеnt undеrstanding. That is,
il r'оu misшndегstand sоmеthing,
thеге is no immеdiatе oppoгtunitу tо
аrsk. Sесondlr,', rvlrеn nеrvег tеaсhing
appгoaсhеs are usеd, suсh as pгoЬlеm-
soIr.ing, lе:rгning outсorтlеs aге
impгovесl. Horvеvег, thеsе rr,il] still not
12з
rrtliili
 Listening sсripts

rеplaсе thе validity of listеning and

lеarning Еrom an ехpеrt.

NoW beforе уou Start despairing thеre

arе sеvеral things that you сan do in
order to mаkе thе lеaгning proсеss,
and сonsеquently уour student lifе at
thе univеrsity, easiег.
First and foremost, bе prеparеdl You
will Ьe given a rеading list. Don,t just
throw it away or forgеt about iu makе
surе you lеave еnough timе to go
thгough аll itеms on it. onсе уou'vе
donе that, an idеal thing to do would
Ье to test yoursеif on thе сontеnts.
Prеparе a mini quiz rr.hilе rеading, and
so Ьaсk to it bеfoге thе leсture and
iust сhесk r.ou klolr.the answеrs. Now
To. .o't of 1.o.', this rvon,t Ье thе first
time that vou'ге studr'ing есonomiсs,
but you mar har е takеn a gарJеaг or
had a pегiod of timе rr.orking. If this is
so, and еr'еn if it isn,t in faсt, it always
makеs Sensе to go Ьaсk and refrеsh
vour mеmoп'on those rеlеvant
ihеoгiеs r'ou lеarrеd aЬout bеfore, as
we,ll dеfinitеlr'Ье rеfегring to thеm.
oK. Thеrе'ге just a сouplе morе idеas
I,d likе to suggеSt Ьеforе I,ll takе anу
quеstions \.ou mav have. We arе luсkу
еnough to Ье lil.ing in a digital age,
so usе rеsourсеs likе thе weЬ to do
somе е\tra Ьaсkground rеsearсh.
Thеге,s no shoпagе of inforтnation
nor,vadar.s, Ьut iust Ье sure that уou,re
using rеliaЬ1е геsourсеs. Finally, and
this is an impoгtant onе: makе suге
you disсuss idеas rvith your pеers.
Thеу aге in thе samе boat as you are
aftеr all, and r'ou rvill probably find
that it hеlрs makе vour lеarning more
memoraЬlе. .{1l in all, takе сhargе of
your lеarтring and 1.ou will find that
уou suссееd. \orv, do you havе anу
questions Ьеfoге \\'e go on to ...

124
 i=:i.,i;'*

\ ouг own definitions on the lines proйdеd to help Ьuild

Writing Tаsk 2
i oсaЬulary.
сh сlге
rl сost-сIТeсtir.е
no L.nsuге
I
tast-рaсеd
:сial r.nес}ranisеd
еmеnt sресiaiization

- зmotionаl Ьridgеs Unit 3

:anionshiр Reading

dozеns
ехpoSu1.е
:hold Гound
hun.rЬ]е
.at l-^-

пl aпоеur'гaЬilitv
P ГеSt ] c].JLl s

r: iгrllt'iIr

nditional
.bеing
\\'гiting Тask l

dir еr.s jlr

ting Task 1 g1amоrtl

motlvatе
rеsponsе
sIгatеgy
visual aspесt
it2
rding Unit 4
luer Reading
:]е еmissions
]1natе еmploу
!е entlге
:iгiсal еntirеlv
ution fossil fuеl
\.е gеnегatе
]е gеothermal
.fathег
'1amеntэ] intегmittеn1
plant
nеntous геnerr.aЬlе
:ladiс гidgе
spaгsе1v рopulatеd
- сеssirrr.l sr'i,itсh
rsitior.l Lz1Гgс.t

Writing Task 2
]Sе
Ьеnеfiсial
finanсial inсеntivе rrlilt*

inl.raЬitan t

125
 Wordlist
laЬour foгсе stеadilу
latеst IempеraIе
mrgrate tolеrant
potential tгemendous
produсtive
prospeсt
rеdrеss thе Ьalanсе uniform
ге1oсаtе variaЬ1е
skilled
Writing Task 1
vital
Ьoi1
сondеnsе
Unit 5
сonvеntional
Reading
genегate
pгеssuгe
adopt (аn apрrоaсh l
ii
pump
аnaiogous
suгfaсе
ana].vsе
сompгеhеnd
Unit 7
deсode
Rеading
dеtесt
appliсaЬlе
deviсе
Ьrеadth
do.'r.nstтеam
сomрonеnt
emphasise
сorрoratе soсial геsponsiЬi1ity
еthiсa]
distinсtion
figuге orrt
dr-v
lmagrnaП
dуnamiс
impliсatiоn
еngаg1ng
indех
gеnuinеly
ргес1sе
impiemеnt
ргеdiсt
rnсorporаtе
гandomlr
integratеd
гесonstгLrсl
intегaсtivе
геhaЬilitatе
lеaning
sCannег
rесognition
undеrgo
slant
Writing Task I sound
еightfo1d sustainaЬilitv
haгdlv upshot
histoгiсallr- sреakrng yawn
signifiсant
Writing Task 2

advanсe
Unit 6 assеssmеnt
Rеading
еffiсiеnt
abnoпna]itl
еxс1usivеly
Ьгеakthrough
(a majoг) impaсt on (somеthing)
сonserr/ationist
mеmo
есologiсal
praсtiсal assеssmеnt
еxсeptionallу
suЬstantiatе
еХtгaсt
frustration
Unit 8
handlе Rеading
overсomе
altег
pгеser.Vе
anse
prеsumption
Ьiоdivегsitу

126
 StеГс.ot\'ре
f
uni toгm

t.аlf

\]t-tLlе

Writing Task 2
аnnсlr'ing
зt г}l.. еrtlеll<" nГ

сlс.]iЬеl.atе]l

рlсe-'ing to thе е\'е

Г()]е

,a,ar]^

Unit 10
Rеаding
asSLll.еo
Ьr.rng aЬоut
сulnlinatе
dr:tmat1с
1irnсtion
horrer
:s Тask l intеnd
]ti\'еlv landsсapе
аЬlс lightеn
L.tltге motrvе
mvth
rnal nonsеnsе
obsеrr.е
ostеnsiblе
passiсln
pегсеlvе
регmanеnt
рeгs]st
pofiгa\
ргl llt
: с.teПCe pгofound
rеГinе
геpГеsеnt
stгеtсh baсk
is[iеd sustainеd
. - -l urrqlrеnсhaЬlе

Writing Tаsk 2
-i1vе
vital
lегеnL
ll,еll-rotrndеd

.t mеdia
Unit 1'l
Reading
addiсtсd
]е
adolеsссnt
:геssivеh
adr.anсеs
:mblе
эрpl.oасh
:. сl
assoс]atе
.еstееm
Ьгс:rk a haЬi1

'n
2j
 Wordlist
сonser.ve intensе
сontaminating manifold
сruсial paгtiсipatе
dеpiсt undisputable
dеteсt
(widеly) dissеminatеd Unit 13
ехploit Reading
impending amЬitiouslу
inadvеfiеntlv сompound
сonsеquеnсe
insight endangеred
kiсk in forесast
lеad gа1n
modifu goods
nur1uгe imЬa]anсе
offspгing impliсation
rеsemblе mutually
revolution pour
unintеndеd ratio
viпuallr rеinfoгсe
геvеnuе
Writing Таsk 2
sanitation
сonsumет sосiеtr
slim
сon\]nсе soп1еonе
staggеring
matеfia] рossеssions
stall
рuгsult surge
shoпlir'еd
surplus
urЬanisation
Unit 12 yiеld
Rеading

Unit'14
еtеrтral
Reading
еvoсatl\'е
aЬsolutе
faсе
affliсt
famеd
alikе
foгЬidding
as opposеd to
grand
сontenI
1mmensе
сonvеnlеnt
impassaЬlе
сonvеntional
ingеnious
сuгrous
mеmoraЬlе
disсiplinе
orсhaгd
distoгt
pass
fade
spaгklе
flawеd
spесtaсuiar guesswork
spiral impliсation
sturdv infliсt
vast
lot
watеrsЬеd
paradox
winding
striking ехamplе
Writing Task 2 tеnd
approaсhaЬle шndеrmine
fall йсtim to urgе
inеvitably wеll-being

128
 8 Bennett
9 (thе) 17th(of)July
10 (thе) lst (of) August
ary 1, pаge 4
Languаge foсus 2, pаge 9
.nturous 2wisе 3сonsсiеntious
ггy 5сreativе 6сalm 7talkati\.е I
miс 9 reliaЬle 10 loval 1 gеtting up/to gеt up
сiaЬlе 12 rеspесtaЬ1e
2 еmailing
3 talking
4 to havе
;гeativе/talеntеd 5 totry
;rеativе/talеntеd 6 going
irardworking 7 сooking/to сook
;aring 8 being
supportivе 9 playing/to plаy
аdventurous 10 writing/to writе, spеaking/to speak

2
ing, pages 6-7 students,own answеrs.
2viii 3х 4ii 5vii 6v
геrall) fitnеss (lеvеls) Voсabulary 2, page 10
mpanionship
Е,ostpatiеnt(s,) wеli-bеing I
эuild еmotional Ьridgеs
FALSЕ 12 NoT GIVЁN 13 TRUЕ
fu-чrv
nd 2rесreational 3ехotiс
ntial 5unwilling 6r',,ary
сial rrse fall fluсtuatе
soar plummеt to bе еrratiс
guage foсus 1, page 7 roсkеt drop
grow plungе
inсrеase dесrеasе
3takes, a 4are,Ь

, am looking d
5 want b
{ amЬ
э mееt up a lеvеl off hit a pеak hit a low
6 dont havе to a rеmain flat rеaсh a pеak dip
1 isb stabilizе rеaсh a high rеaсh the
E wants Ь lowеst point
9 dontuse a
0 iike a
I had с 2
2 nееd Ь See цnderlinеd vеrЬs aЬovе.
!3 amsearсhing d
l{ goa 3
l5 love Ь A small сhange ...
l6 isЬ gradually
t7 has Ь slightly
l8 listеn a slowly Ьut surеly
l9 сhat a steadily
20 are waiting d slowly
A fast сhange ...
quiсkly
Listening, page 8 swiftly
drastiсally
Sесtion 1
rapidlу
|B 2С 3A 4A гadiсally
5 17 Hanley Gardеns
6 2з.07.70 4
7 0793 245 098 only the following vеrbs сan Ьe modifiеd using an advеrЬ:
risе, groщ inсreasе, fall, drop, dесrеasе, fluсtuЪtе, dip

129
 Answer Кey

J 8 I,m surе I didnt lеarn suсh thinss ...

1 The numbеr of peoplе using thе Intеrnеt 9 '.. suсh things whеn l wasзt sсhЪol!
inсreasеd dramatiсallv in the 90s. 10 ... until |94| that it Ьесamе ...
2 The popularitу of геading nеwspapеrs onlrne
grows steadily еaсh уear.
3 Thе amount of timе spеnt sееing fтiеnds faсе-to- Word building, pages 16-17
faсe is gradually deсlining.
I
1 unimporlant
Writing, page 11 2 inspiring
Task 1 3 dangеrous
4 minor
5 dеmotivating
1
1 illustratеs 2 inсгеasеd 3 grew 4 was 5 rose 6 was
6 сonstruсtivе
7 reсеivеd 8 gгеrr 9 had 10 reсеivеd 1 1 еxpеrienсеd
7 appеaling
12 soarеd
8 invaluablе
9 Ъizarre
2
10 Ьеnеfiсial
b 2
I invaluaЬle/important
3 2 Ьizarте/woгthlеss
Horiеr ег; ln сonlгast. 3 dеtrimentalidangеrous
4 appеaling/unappealing
J important
6 Ordinary
7 сonstnrсtivе
8 major
Voсаbu|аry 1, pаge 1 2 9 motivating/inspi гi n g appеaling
10 motivating /inspiгing
I
1 shapе 2 dеtегioratе 3 attraсt 4 fostеr
5 damagе 6 еnhanсe 7 aсhiеvе 8 promotе Languаge foсus 2,page 17
2 I
1 attraсtion 2 dеtеrioration 3 rэromotion ||,/] 2|х1 3Г/1 4|'/1 5|х1 6|/1 7 |/1 s|х|'/]
4 dеstгuсtion 5 aсhiеvemеnts 6 shaping/shapе
7 fosteгing 8 еnhanсеmеnts 2
I hardly еvег еnjol еd sсiеnсе сlassеs.
2 alwaуs did mr'homеrr oгk
Listеning, page 13 3 nеvеr attеndеd'usеd to attеnd spoгts lеssons.
Seсtion 2 4 oftеn atе mr lunсh outdooгs.
|IС |2B t3в 14A 15с 16F 5 sеldom ц'еnt,usеd to so to thе library.
178 18D 19C 20А
Voсаbulary 2, page .l8
Reading, pages 14-15 1 advanсes 2 poрulaгitl- 3 pгir.aсv 4 сontaсtaЬlе
5 availaЬilitу 6 сonl'еniеnt 7 fashion 8 sophistiсation
1 NoT GП/Е\ 2 FALSЕ 3 TRUЕ 4 TRUЕ 5 TRUЕ 9 prеdiсtivе 10 litеraсr. 11 rеr'oiution
6TRUЕ 7NOТGI\ЕN 8с 9A 10с 11B 12 с 13с
Writing, pages'18-19
Languagе foсus 1, page 16
1
Studеnts, own idеas.
I
1 werе not aЬlе 2
2 has Ьееn
3 invеntеd Arguments
4 has Ьееn taught
.
5 had They savе us timе rvhiсh \\'е сan usе to do othеr thinss.
6 thought AdvаnIаgе
7 hеlpеd/has hеlpеd . Pеoplе are Ьeсoming lеss and lеss aсtivе whiсh lеads to
8 havе had health proЬlеms suсh as obesit1'. Disаdvаntаgе
. Thеy takе joЬs aц,av from real pеoplе. Disаdvаntаgе
1 I havе Ьесome usеd to ... . Thеy also сгеatе joЬs Ьoth on thе sidе of invеnting
2 I have spokеn to ...
and design, to manufaсturing and sa7es, Аdvапtаgе
3 My wiГе hasn't usеd ...
4 ... shе has had somе с]assеs. Ехamples
5 ... our сhildrеn havе reсеir,еd ...
(Suggestеd answеrs. Studеnts' answers may vary')
6 ... thе}, askеd mе who ...
. things that save us timе: washing maсhines - Wе no
7 ... who invented thе сomputer .
longer havе to spеnd hours washing сlothes bу hand,
 Ansl,tеr ке\ t
- .:.-J\\.avеs _ savе us timе when сookins' сars _ mеan Wе 7 golf, a golfег
-- :.uallv gеt to plaсеs moге quiсkJу 8 tеnnis, a tеnnis plar'ег
. .'\'.
havе morе timе foг: sеeing friеnds and family, 9 sсuba, a (sсuba) dil.еr
. :..lng. еntегtainmеnt 10 lifting, a wеight liftеr
" spеnding long hours in fтont of сomputеЦ not walking as
2
: сarlpuЬliс transport instеad' spеnd a iong
-iсh, take
.::-rе watсhing TV instеad of doing somеthing morе aсtive
1 snowЬoarding
. сash maсhinеs _ fewеr staff in banks, faсtoriеs - morе 2 Formula l raсing
3 waterskiing
:aсhinеs than реople 4 martial arts
. faсtoriеs сan,t bе run without pеoplе, shops sеll the 5 show-jumping
goods that arе produсеd also еmploy pеoplе to do it, new 6 parkour/freе-running
positions in enginееring and dеsign neеdеd to invеnt nеw
:есhnologiеs, jobs in rеsеarсh and devеlopmеnt of new
:есhnologiеs Word building, pagе 21
3 I
\Vе areliving in an age of fast-paсеd dеvelopmеnt. [b] 1 find pеoplе doing parkour thrilling.
Thanks to tесhnologiсal advanсеmеnts, new inventions arе 2 find travеlling eхсiting.
;onstantly Ьeing produсеd that arе supposеd to hеlp us. [fl 3 get annoyed WitЫЬy sports fans.
Howevеr' maсhinеs are now oЁtеn сhosеn ovеr humans as 4 find watсhing сirсus pеrformеrs eleсtrifуing.
thеy arе morе сost-еffесtivе. [fl In spitе of this, I сomplеtеlу J find еxtrеme spoгts сhallenging.
agrее that theге arе morе adr.antagеs than disadr.antagеs. 6 am fasсinatеd Ьy people doing martial arts.
7 find going for a long run rеfrеshing.
Тhе main argument against using maсhinеs is that thеr.
8 gеt eхhaustеd ехеrсising еvеry day.
lakе away joЬs fтom humans. [a] Еxamplеs inсludе morе
;ash maсhinеs and lеss staffin banks. In faсtoгies, fеrvег
pеoplе arе rеquired as thе produсtion linе Ьесomеs
2
1 motir.atеs 2 еntеr1ainins 3 exсited
more mесhanized. Businеssеs takе thesе mеasurеs [Ь]
Ьесausе uitimatеlу maсhinеs savе сompanies moneу.
4 thrjllеd 5 fasсinatеs 6 йtеrеst
7 irтitating 8 сha11еngе
;d] In addition, not only doеs inсreasеd tесhnology and
mесhanization rеplaсe joЬs in thе workplaсе Ьut also in
our daily livеs. [a] For instanсе, in thе past Wе would visit Listеning, pages 21-22
our nеighbours and fтiеnds, [fl whеrеas nowadays people
еither jump in their сar or simply piсk up thе phonе. [с] As Sесtion 3
a rеsult, wе havе bесome lеss aсtivе and proЬlems linkеd to
rhis' suсh as oЬеsitу, arе on thе inсгеasе. I
1А
[fl Howеvеr' it has not all bеen nеgative. [b] First of all. 1

ri.е havе morе fтее timе availaЬlе Ггom housеhold сhorеs 2 aсademiс.
thanks to maсhines likе washine maсhinеs. \raсuum 2l с
сlеaners and dishwashers. This Ьeans wе should havе 22 A
more timе availaЬlе for lеisurе aсtivitiеs and seeing fгiеnds 23 media
and family. [d] Мorеovеr, tесhnologу doеs not onlv takе 24 сulture
joЬs away from people but thе wholе pгoсеss from dеsign to 25 psyсhologiсal
рroduсtion and salеs aсtually сrеatеs joЬs. [e] In ordеr to do 26 сompеtition
thеsе joЬs, pеoplе nееd training whiсh leads to morе joЬs 27 Сrossing Boгders
in еduсation and pеoplе having morе highly spесializеd 28 200/two hundred partiсipants
сaгееrs. 29 Мotivation Thеoriеs
30 Thе Mind Filеs
To сonсlude, [fl although we may do lеss than in the past,
tесhnology has givеn us thе potеntial to rеaсh new hеights
that would not havе prеviously been possible. We сannot Languagе foсus 1, pagе 23
turn Ьaсk timе so wе should сonсеntratе our еfforts on
еnsuring that wе all rесеivе a higher lеvеl of spесialization 1
in thе workplaсe, [fl whilst not letting oursеlves Ьесomе noun
less healthy and aсtivе. popularity
risk
4 еasе
StudеntS,olvn idеas. impoгtanсе
diffiсulty
strеsS
eхpеriеnсе
advеnturе
Voсabulary 1, pagе 20 adjeсtive
popular
I risky
еasy
1. boхitlg, abaхеr important
2 пrnnino э n]nnрr diffiсult
3 footЬail, a ГootЬallеr/footЬall playеr stressful ,ilAc
4 saddlе, a horsе гidеr/joсkеr' ехpеriеnсеd

r
5 fishing, a fishеrтnan advеnturous
6 pool, a srr'immеr

t{l
li
HD Answer Kеy
2
сomparative
more popular
1 No 2YЕS 3YЕ,S 4YЕS sYЕS 6No 7No 8YЕS
riskiеr
3
еasiеr
Studеnts'own answеrs.
morе imрortant
morе diffiсult
moге strеssful Language foсus 2, page 27
morе eхpеriеnсеd
morе adventurous 1
superlative 1 I'm mad aЬout swimming.
thе most popular 2 l'm not kееn on going to thе gym
the riskiest 3 I,m not сapаЬlе oГ r-unning vеrnlоng
Iaг.
thе еasiеst 4 t,m passionatе aЬout going on WalKs.
thе most impoftant i r s"i Ьorеd with watсhing snookеr.
the most diЁЁiсult 6 I,Ь Гond o[ гiding mу Ьiсусlе.
thе most strеssГul 7 T'm [anatiсal aЬout plaуing lootball.
thе most ехрегiеnсеd 8 I,m indiffеrеnt to pеoplе talking about sport.
thе most adr'еntuгous
2
2 1 usuallу/normally
1 Skiing ls еasrег '.. 2 hardly еver/sеldom
I
2 '..ts thе mоst ехсiting... 3 сommonly/oftеn
i 3 ...is mоге thгiiling .... 4 usuallу/tурiсallу
4 ... is thе safеst sрort ... 5 gеnегallу/noгmallу
-

5 ... aге thе most dan8еrous... 6 oftеn/frеquеntly

6 ... аге ohеn lеss haгmfu] than otheг... 7 somеtimеs/oссasionallу
7 olr.mрiс аthlеtеs arе thе fittеst ... 8 almost alwaуsinearlv alrvaYs
8 ... ls thе nеrr'еst craze ...,
9 ... is n.roгс ехсiting ...
10 ... a Ьiggег lung сapaсitу.

1 Pеoplе hal е morе diffiсultу with ехtremе Sports' . Voсаbulary 1, page 28

2 Dlr-е.гs й ,-'-'o."l1"ss fеar of dгowning than pеoplе
"
think. 1
3 Boхеrs fееl lеss pain than most pеople. 1 fеstivе oссasion
4 Childгеn lеaгn tЪ surf with more еasе than 2 goldеn оppor1unitv
adults 3 stiсkу situation
5 Ехlгеmе sрofls aге ехpеriеnсing morе popularitу 4 сontrovеrsiai issuе
than еr ег bеГoге. 5 advеrsесirсumstanсеs
6 Aсtir.е реoр1е arе lеss stressеd than non.aсtivе
pеople' 6 momentous еvеnt
7 Gеnегallr ' pеоplе nееd morе advеnturе in thеir 7 aсuteproЬlеm
1il'еs. 8 еffесtivе solution
8 Baliеt геquiгеs morе Strеngtn than manу pеoplе
rеalizе 2
womеn. I Thеrе is a faint possiЬilit1'that thеу will reaсh an
'
than
9 меn har.е п-toге intеrest in сomЬat sportspеoplе
1o Aiьi;. har е fеrr'еr hеalth issuеs than agrееmеnt. [3]
rr'ho do not е\егс1sе. , iъ;;;oodЪpp".t""itr.to mееt Гriеnds and
rеlativеs. [1]
a signifiсant еvеnt. [6]
3 If it сan Ьe aсhievеd' it ц.illfoгbеthosе
Reading, pages 24-25 4 This is a sеrious situation it affесts. [7]
of our
1с 5 This burning issuе affесts thе prospесt
planеtЪ survival. [4]
2F 6 itЪ thе onlу waу to aсhiеl'е an outсomе
3B еvеryone,s happy With. [8]
4FI ? i/' ti'; iуp" oi,iir;utiorrtйat сan havе a profound
5D еffесt on somеonе. [5]
6A 8 i;'th" pеrfесt oppйt''''it'' to pгaсtisе уour skilis
7 TRUЕ ofpеrsuasion. [2]
8 TRUЕ
9 FALSЕ
10 NoT GIVЕN Language foсus 1, page 29
11 NoT GIVЕN
12 NoT GIVЕ.N 1
134 i li..", 2 goods 4 fruit
Ьurglariеs 3 .5 pu;iс 6 adviсе
i...ьr"йlЁ.ь""r.ei 8 suitсases 9 сlothing 10 orangе

Writing, Pages 26-27 2

Task 1 1 Business
1 majoritу 2 eхсiting . 3 ovеr 4 most
5 lеss 6 intеrеstеd 2 audiеnсе (seсond)
7 popular 8 сompared 9 fеwеr |olеas| || 7О/о 3 transPort

1з2
 paper
4
.) priсе
Voсabulary 2, page 33
6 еnteftainmеnt
1,
harm
t wood l fasсinating
9 weathеr 2 еnсouraging
luggagе 3 frightеning
4 trouЬling
5 inviting
ng, pages 30-31 6 plеasing
7 stunning
IJ
2М
3F 2
{P 1 atl"raсtivе/tеmpting
50 2 stunning
6D 3 enсouraging
7G 4 fтightening
8N 5 attraсtivе/tempting
9L
0No 3
l YЕS 1 сorтесt
2 NoT GIVЕN 2 stunning
3 NoT GIVЕN 3 сorrесt
4 fгightеning
1 rеly hеavilу on
5 satisfying
2 geothеrmally blеssеd 6 сorreсt
3 sрaгse|у populatеd
4 prеdominantlyrenewaЬlе Writing, pages 34-35
5 rely еntiгеlу on
6 highlу еffiсiеnt Task 2

Language foсus 2, page 32 1 thе proсеss of the migration of pеoplе to сitiеs

2 it is one of thе biggest proЬlеms and exists already
I 3 сausеs and solutions
GloЬalization is sеen as both a positivе (е) and nеgati\'е (a) 4 at lеast 250
oссulтenсе. 5 vou aге adr.isеd to spеnd 40 minutes
|c 29 3Ь 4i 5h 6a,е 7f 8d 6 aЬout 4 or 5: 1=introduсtion, 2=Causes, 3=solutions,
4=vour сonс1usion
2
(Studеnts'answеrs may vary in thе sесond sentenсes.) 2
A a сausе; a puil faсtoг/сalrsе; a push faсtor
l Wе nееd to eduсatе pеople about thе dangеrs of B a solution
ovегpopulation Ьy plaсing advеrts in thе mеdia
and teaсhing сhildrеn when theу arе at sсhool
с a сausе; a pull faсtor
D a сausе; a pull faсtor
2 Wе сan reduсе thе numЬеrs of сars on thе planеt Е a solution
by improving puЬliс transport systеms and
F a solution
inсreasing taхes on private vеhiсlеs.
3 Govеrnmеnts ought to enforсе grееn Ьеlts clЬ, dlf
around сities Ьу сrеating laws that do not
allow сonstruсtion in thеm. 3
4 Pеoplе might stay in the сountrysidе if morе I Although
businеssеs deсеntralizеd their offiсеs, i.е. thеy 2 whereas
Werе not in thе сity сentre. would
3
5 Countriеs with tropiсal rainforеsts сould bе 4 will
еnсouragеd not to сut down thеir trееs by othеr 5 will
govеrnmеnts paying them a taх to maintain 6 Therefore
thеm.
6 Young pеoplе should Ье еduсatеd aЬout thеir
сultural roots by lеarning aЬout thе past flтom thе Listening, page з5
еldеrs in thеir сommunitiеs.
7 We сan raisе awaгеnеss of thе harm done to the Sесtion 4
planеt Ьy reporting thе proЬlеms in thе mеdia 31 watеr, soil (in any order)
and еnсouraging pеople to be more environmentally- 32 traditional farming
friеndlу whеn thеу havе a сhoiсe. 33 organiс farming
8 We сould trт and сhangе harmful farming praсtiсеs 34 natural resourсе
Ьy rеviеrr,ing ехampleJГrom thе past (likJйe 35 managеmеnt (praсtiсеs)
Amегiсan Dust Bowl of the 1930s) and taking positivе 36 tесhnology
stеps to avoid making thе samе mistakes again. з7 greеd, сorпrption
38 B.l
39 D} (in anу order)
40 F,,

133
fp Answer Key

Reading, pages 40-41

1D
2С
Language foсus 1, page 36 3B
4 еthiсal
I эJU
1 I,m going to try hard to rеduсe my сarЬon 6 80 pеr сent
еmissions. Ia] 7 тandomly aгrangеd
2 Thе worldЪ most pori'еrful есonomies mееt еaсh 8 pattеrns
yearto agrее on poiiсies. [е] 9 prеdiсt
3 Bv 2050, a maсhinе rvill havе bееn invеntеd that 10 triсk
сin rеad pеoрlе's minds. [с] I I figure
12 prеdiсtion
[n the nеar Гuturе, most peoplе will bе living with 13 measurеmеnts
гobots in thеiг homеs. lfl
Politiсians arе mееting in Gеnеva next wееk. [d]
Writing, pages 42_4з
2 Task I
1 arе mееting rr ill mееt/will Ьe mеeting
2 happеns
3 arе going to rvill agrее
All thrее; past prеsеnt and futurе.
4 will sеt/aге going to sеt (Studеnts, ans\\-егS mal'diffеr dеpending on yеaг
5 will har.е passеd
sеlесtеd to illustгatе 3 timе pеriods.)
6 Ьreathе'.rr'ill Ьгеathе/will Ье Ьreathing
All figurеs arе apprохlmatе.
7 will mеan
2 500mts,1960'1000mts,2010 1000mts,20:
3 600mts,i960 7500mts,2010 3500mts,205
Voсаbu|ary 1, pagе 37 4 1700mts, 1960 11000m1s,2010 7500mts' 20r

I 2
|d 2e 3a 4Ь 5h 69 7с 8f 1 is likеly
2 dесrеasеs
2 3 was
1'f 2a 3е 4с 5Ь 6h 7d 8g 4 геmainеd
5 is еxpесtеd to
6 pеaks
Listеning, page з8 7 foreсast
Sесtion1
8 will havе fal1еn
9 was
I Zara 10 followеd
2 Futurе \\.oгlds ll fell
3 Watson 12 wеrе
4 sеlf.hеlр 13 will Ье
э Iz'у>
6 сrеdit сaгd(s) 3
7 62 Grееn Gardеns 1 its (20.h сеnturr')
8 foее (dеlir еn ) 2 it (Produсtion)
9 2|''FеЬгuaп. 3 it (Pгoduсtiоn)
10 nеighЬour nеighbor 4 this timе (1920s)

4
Word building, pages 38-39 Studеnts' own ans\\.егs.

I
1 national 2 tradrtronal 3 dangеrous 4 populous
5 suссеssful 6 Ьеautiful 7 agriсultural 8 spaсious
9 teсhnologiсal 10 luхuгious 11 industrial
Voсabulary 1, pаgе 44
2
1 suссеssful [suссеss] 2 traditional ltradition] 3 spaсious 1
[spaсе] 4 dangеrous [dangеr] 5 populous [population] l pгеsеrvе (+) prеsеr-vation
6 teсhnologiсal Itесhnoiog1.] 7 luхurious [luxury] 2 сonsеruе (-) сonsеr.vation
8 industrial Iindustrr'] 3 pгotесt (+) protесtion
4 defend (+) dеfenсе
5 dominatе(-)dominatiorr/dominanсе
Voсabulary 2, page 39 6 admirе (+) admiration
7 disappear (-) disappеaranсe
I
lf 2d 3е 4a 5c 6Ь 2
1 disappеar/disappеaranсе
2 2 prеsЪrvatior/presеrтеd, protесtion/protесted
Studеnts'oWn ansWеrs. 3 dеfеnсеs/dеfеnd
4 dеstr-uсtion/dеstroYеd

1з4
 Answer Кey
admirеd/admiration Ьеtween them. [Piсturе 1/ Nехt r-ou lгill nееd t,-, { : ..
сonsетvation,/сonsеrves -'..-:
300 kilogгams oГ.Геmalе'iсе (i.е. рurе iсе i.h''... . ..
: dominatеs/domination oR dominanсе and 5 ф it on top of thе ,malе, lсё (i е. rt ith
'.
3 protесtion/proteсt stо;lеs з:l;
sot|).[Picturе 2] TЬenyou shouid 6 Dut сontainеr> -,\ 1:]]
watеr into thе сгaсks. [Piсturе fl Thеsе rr.i]l Ье 7 сilshе;
ding, pаgеs 45.46 Ьy the glaсiеr as it 8 grows and Ьelp Ьind thе iсе togстhе:.
lPiсrurе 3J Finallу, you ought to 9 сovеr tЬе аrеa ri ilh
t сharсoal, sawdust or pieсes of сloth for insu]ation and t.,
|B 2D 3F 4G 5FALSЕ 6FALSЕ 7NOTGIVЕN hеlp 10 сollесt iсe and snow as it ll falls. [Piсturе Jj Itis
i TRUЕ r-есommendеd that you |2|eave it for fouг u,intеrs. 7Рjс::.
9 сoatеd 1o moisturе 11 one hour 12 еmЬryos 4J Аsthe iсe 13 mеlts in summеr and morе watеr 14 flo,,l s
':
[3 liquid nitrogen
down thе glaсiеa it 15 f.".,"'ugui';;;й;;;;;
makеs it 16 grow. [Piсturе 5/ Thъ glaсier will thеn'-Ъi.Ё-
17 inсreasе in size and move down thе mountain as thе\.do
nal.uгalIy. [Piсturе 5]

Voсаbularу 2, page 47 Listening, page 50

I Seсtion 2
Beginning 1IС 12 B l3B 14A 15с 16B 17A 18с 19F
-nitially 20D
iгst
Neхt stage
:hеn Writing, page 51
:]ехt
assoon as
Task 1

)nсe
aЕtеr I
Ьеforе b,a,d,с,g,f,e
iollowing that
aftеr that 2
rvhen The task would Ье Ьest divided into 3 paragraphs:
rvhеrе 1 An introduсtion and gеneralizatiЪn _
Еnd 2 The main desсгiptron
finally 3 Thе сonсlusion
2 3
Fiтst Students'own answers.
Тhеn
After that
Following that
Nеxt
onсe Rеading, pages 52_5з
Whеn
Beforе
1с
Finally 2D
3A
4F
Languagе foсus 1, pages 48.49 5FI
6G
7 fastеst-сhangingaгеas
1
I Сan you faсе thе tгuth еvеn if it huгts? ГTl 8 rеputation
2 How do you hа.vе a good timе? ГT] 9 environmental slant
10 distanсе learning
3
lVhy doеs сoffее only grow in tropiсal plaсеs? [I] 1 1 сourse providеrs
4 Did you сollесt things whеn you Werе youneеr? [Ц
5 Whу doеs wal.еr alwaуs flow down? [I] 12 (genuinelу)rеlеvant
6 Doеs wisdom inсrеase with agе? [I] 13A
7 Would you сr.ush an insесt? [i]
8 Can you p[с\ a ripе melon? [T] Voсabulary.l, page 54
9 Whу do hеns la}, eggs? [T]
10 Do you But all of your monеy in the bank? [T]
1
Do peoplе rеally .fall, in lovе? [I]
qualifiсations с 2 livеlihooda 3 professionЬ
11
1
l2 Would you leave },our сountry Гor anothеr? [T]
4oссupationе,f 5workd 6joЬf 7salaryh 8сarееrg
13
t4
Whу arе thе polar сaps mеlting? [I]
Do you a1rvavs сovеr your mouth whеn you сough? [T]
9 job tit]е j 10 promotion i

2 2
I joЬ 2 pгofеssion 3 Work 4 qualifiсations
Students' o\\'n answеrs.
5 livеlihood 6 oссuрation 7 promotеd 8 joЬ titlеs
9 salary 10 сarееr
3
First, you shou1d 1 piсk a sitе abovе 4500 mеtеrs that
2 faсеs nor1h-wеst and 3 has roсks with iсe tгapped in

135
 Answer Key
2
Listening, page 55 ih" f,,..,."is always unсеrtain and therе is no doubt that
Sесtion 3 wе arе living in an еvеr-сhanging world wherе littlе stays
thЪ iame foilong. That said, еduсation will always Ьe
2| С\ nееded, though йhеthеr this will inсlude еxams rеmains
to
22 Dl ь" In mj, view, thеrе will alwаys bе a рlaсe for ехams
2з г } in anу ordеr '""".
еvеn if assеssЬent is not ехсlusivеlу еxam-Ьasеd.
24 Gl
25 н, Thеrе is somе еvidеnсе in thе presеnt to suЬstantiatе thе
26D J^й'
tiii;ъ Traditionaily, еduсition has сеntтеd on aсadеmiс
27A^ iopi.s,,,.h as languagе, litегatuге and maths whiсh wеrе
28с u,Ъe,,"d in eхams. Howеvеr, morе rесеntly, сollеges and
29G univеrsitiеs now inсludе сoursеs on сatеring, сonstruсtion
30F ;;а;;;;g".ent, all rеquiring morе pтaсtiсal skills. Thе Ьеst
way of asйssing thesе aЬilitiеs is proЬablу not in a Writtеn
еxam Ьut throu-gh сoursеwork and praсtiсal assеssmеnt.
Language foсus 1, page 56 on thе othеr hand, praсtiсal assеssmеnt is still atуpe of
tь""gh its foim maу bе diffеrеnt.frоm in the past.
I "'uй,
i"_u.йiii""ltherе is still a plaсе foт trаditional skills on
1 с_firstсonditiona1 thеsе сoursеs. For eхamplе, a сhеf sti]l nееds to Ье ablе
2a-sесondсonditional to do thеir aссounts, u.,d u.unugеr still nееds to bе ablе
3d-sесondсonditional t;;;й;"р"rts and mеmos. Thе most еffiсiеnt waу of
4Ь_firstсonditional assеssing whethеr a person has thеsе skills or not is to tеst
thеm in exam сonditions'
2 In сonсlusion, advanсеs in еduсation and tесhnology
1 If I сould rеad thе futurе rеgarding mу friеnds, сareеrs,
*ii p.obaЬlyЬuu" u major impaсt on our livеs in thе
I'd hеlp thеm Ьr '''
2 If wе hut'. .o.pl'tеr сhiрs сontaining all thе
f";;;, but tЬi' does noi mеan that еvеrуthing will сhangе
сompletеly. Ехams will alrvar-s hal'е a plaсе in assеssmеnt
information aЬout ouг joЬ insidе us, ...
iй""Ъй tйЬу will probablv not bе thе onlу method usеd.
3 I think it rvill Ье ... Ьеfoге maсhinеs takе ovеr thе work
of humans, Ьесausе '..
4 I thinlJdon't think mv futurе grandсhildrеn will Ье
3,4
studеnts,own answеrs.
reading Ьooks, Ьесausе ...
5 Yеs I rйuld-'No I wouldn,t iikе to have a job that
involvеs rr oгking from homе, Ьесausе ...
6 If thе-v had to stridy еvеry day as part of their joЬ,
pеoplе rvould fееl ... , Ьесausе ...
z ^tf
it ц,еrе possib1е, pеoplе would take a Ьusinеss trip to VoсabuIary 1, pagеs 60-61
thе moon, Ьесaцsе '..
1

Voсabulary 2, page 57 Aсross

3 nеighЬourhood
1 8 sеtting
1 fi nanсial/сonsidеrablе/enormous 9 loсation
2 finanсiai/сonsidегaЬlеiеnorтnous 3 onсe-in-a-lifetimе 10 arеa
4 еnormous 5 Ьoost 6 distinсt/сonsidеrable/еnormous 11 sitе
7 rеsцlt in 8 outstanding/еnormous 9 show 10 desеrves Down
2
I zone
1 squandеr
2 viсinitу
2 Ьoost
4 region
3 sеizе
5 Distriсt
4 total
6 spot
5 distinсt
7 plaсе
6 aсhiеr.е
8 spaсе
1 nusе
2
8 outъ,еigh
1 tropiсal
2 with lots оf opеn spaсе
Writing, pages 58-59 3 opеn hillsidе
4 сlifftop
Task 2 5 an emptу dеsеr1
6 sandyЬеaсh

1 Thе topiс is ц'гittеn ехams and praсtiсal skills. 3

7 The opinion put Гоrrtard is that thеy will no Students'own answers.
lonsеr еxist in thе futurе.
3 UltЬatelу, уou nееd to dесidе whеthеr you
agreе or disagтee.
Listening, Page 61
4 Using relеvant rеasons and ехamptеs. - Seсtion 4
э Thе йinimum is 250. You will iosе marks if you 31 3/threе a/alpеr cenIlpеrсеnt
writе lеss than 250. 32 produсtivе land

136
 .-оd suppliеs
s*:еllitе Writing, pagеs 66-67 -
l thrее сatеgoriеs Task I
'-tal produсtivity
:еst soil(s)
: 1/ninеty-onе million tonnes I
india, Сhina Studеnts'own idеas.
:inanсial inсentives
2
1 illustratе
ing, pagеs 62-6з 2 that
3 was
4 to thе south oГ
5 north of

3
c,g,f,a,е,b,d.
4
F! ':: enеmone Students,own answеrs.
l :.:.sе patсhеs
Ш| ..-аtir'е sha]lows
П -.l0 mеtrеs/m
ц {l. еrtnеr order
i Е J ''
Voсabulary 1, page 68
nguage foсus 1, pаge 64
1

anсient
1 things = the watеr сyсlе and othег topiсs
] it = thе water сусlе Ьеautiful
3 shе = my tеaсhец this purpose = to dеmonstrate dazzling
4 it=anamе
i Ц" = Haгry the happy raindrop
есstatiс
5 this = the journеy emotional
7 hеr = my tеaсher
8 shе = my tеaсhеr evoсativе
humbling
lit lmprеsslvе
2 This, it ^^: A^^** /
3 this proсеss rrraЁrlrlrLЕlll
-^ t
4it majеstiс /
эlt
6 they mе1anсholiс
7 Thеsе mеasurеs nostalgi.^
8it
or егarч'еd

Voсabulаry 2, page 65 оl'еrjоr'еd

or-егrr.hеlmеd
1
VerЬs that foсus on геmoйng struсtures: spaсrous
геplaсe, knoсk'doц.n, pull down, dеmolish, сhop doъ.n, tеaг thoughtful
oown' oеmol1sh
Verlrs that foсus on сreating struсtures: 2
сonvеrt, transform, ехtеnd, expand, сonstгuсt, bесomе, Suggеsted answers.
turn into, altец dеveiop 1 mеlanсholiс/nostalsiс
2 ovеrjoyed/есstariс
2 3 nostalgiс/melanсholiс
1 was torn/was knoсkеd/was рullеd, (was) replaсеd 4 thoughtful/ovегwhе]med
2 was сonvеrted/was turnеd into/was transformеd 5 ovеrawеd
3 was eхtеndеd/was ехpanded 6 еmotional/ovеrawеd
4 was dеvеIopеd/wаs tгansfoгmеd
5 werе сhoppеd down/torn down
6 was transformеd Listеning, page 69
7 was сonstrlrсtеd
Seсtion 3
8 wеrе knoсkеd down/wеrе puilеd down/wеrе dеmolished/
Wеrе toгn dolvn, was dеvelopеd/was transformed 2|B 22С 2з^ 24А 25B 26Е, 27B
28С 29G 30D

1з7
 Answer Key
You shouldnt havе given us so muсh homеwork
Reading, pages 70-71 vеstеrdav beсause I didn,t havе timе tо watсh TV!
l appearanсе ivlanсhеiter United might not win thе matсh as thеy
2 bias for Ьеauty havеn,t beеn playing wеll.
3 iгrational, but dееp-seatеd J Wе сould visit thе сountrysidе sinсe it'll be a national
4 ideal physiсal attributеs holiday tomoгrow.
5 dеgree ofсonсеrn 6 Sуdnеy would not havе won if more pеoplе had voted
6 rigid and unifoгm for my сity.
7NO
8 NoT GIVЕN Writing, pages 7415
9NO
10 YЕS Task 2
|| YЕS
ff A}
inеitherordеr 1
Studеnts,own answеrs.

Word building, page 72 2

r,2
ovеr-/undегrate(d) (-)
1
2 ovеr-/underеstimate(d) (_)
3 overtakе (o)
4 over/undеrstatе(d) (_/+)
э over-/undегpriсe(d) (-/+)
6 ovеr./unden'alue(d) Both
7 ovеrrun (_)
8 ovеrarvе(d) (+)
3 lеads thеm to deliЬеratеlу avoid thеm, by switсhing TV
1 Shе li'as сomplеtеly ovеrawed Ьy the Ьeauty of the
landsсapе rl,hеn she first saw it. (overеstimatеd)
2 Еvеn though thе сar was vеry appеaling, it was
Ьiatantlr' ol'еrpriсеd. (undегvaluеd)
3 Attеndanсеs at thе Мuseum of Мodern Art havе
rесеnth.or.егtakеn all the othеr major tourist
attraсtions in the сity. (understatеd)
4 It,s еasr' to undеrеstimatе thе impaсt of Ьеautiful
suггoundings on peoplеЪ wеll-Ьeing. (ovеrawеd)
5 A1though shеЪ a wеalthy ladу, hеr wеalth is understatеd
as shе doеsn,t wear flashy сlothes. (ovеrstatеd)
6 Мl homе rillage is so attraсtivе arсhiteсturally that it
is or-егпrn rгith tourists all уear round. (overtakеn)
7 The aсtoгs and aсtrеssеs wеrе on strikе over thеir pay,
rr'hiсh madе them fеel undегvaluеd. (overvalued)
8 I ехpесted thе film to bе bettеr than thе overratеd
rеr.iЪlr's it rесеivеd. (ovеrгцn)
Language foсus 1, page 73
1 сontrolling thе amount of adl-еrtising, lifе without it woult
The first sеntеnсе (i.) is aЬout thе past and thе seсond (ii.)
is aЬout thе pгеsеnt.
vЕRB FoRм
Talking about thе past:
modal + havе 'past partiсiple
Talking aЬout the prеsеnt/future:
modal + infinitir'е r.еrb (without ro)
Studеnts'own answers.
3
Wе livе in a сonsumеr agе and this oftеn mеans Wе are
enсouraged to Ьuy things we do not rеally neеd. Howеvец
to say that advertising plaуs no usеful role is simply not
truе.Although spеnding morе monеy on еduсation is a
good idеa, it should not Ье at thе еxpеnsе of advеrtising.
Therе are argumеnts in favour of rеduсing the amount of
advеrtising. Мany people find it annoying and fеel
Ьombardеd as thе}, arе еvеr},whеrе nowadays. This in turn
сhannеls, for ехamplе. In addition, advеrtising suсh as
lеaflеts simplу еnd up on thе strееts as litter, whiсh is not
plеasing to thЪ еуe or good for the environmеnt. All of
ihes" uig,'-еnts supрort thе сase for rеduсing thе amount
of advеrtising.
on thе other hand, thеге arе manу arguments in favour of
keeping advеrtising' Firstlу, without it most peoplе y9чld
not know whеn a nеrv produсt or invention was availablе.
This would impaсt on pеople's lives and mеan that wе
would not Ье ablе to take advantagе of nеw timе-saving
deviсеs. Takе thе washing maсhinе, for еxamplе. If most
people had nevеr heard oГ onе and wеre still washilg their
ЬlotЬ"' by hand, thеy rr,oцld rvork lеss, whiсh woЧld iщpaс
on soсieiy,s progrеss. Sесondiу, pеoplе еmployеd in the
advеrtising industrу rr,ould losе thеir joЬs, and it would no
stop therе. Manufaсturing industriеs чoчld 1lso suffer
йЬ not selling as man}.рroduсts, and thеreforе, would
еmplo), fеwеr people who rvouid pa}, fеwеr taxеs. Еvеryonе
would suffеr.
To sum up, while therе arе oЬr'ious advantagеs to
Ье unrесoЕnisaЬlе from our prеsеnt. Therе will always be
more worйy сausеs, suсh as еduсation, but without
advertising, еduсation would not Ьe nесessar}, as thеrе
would Ьe so fеw jobs that геquiге onе.
4
StudеntЪ own answеrs.

2
IVIЕANING
(i.) Talking aЬout thе past:
a|X1 Ъ|/1 Listеning, pagе 76
(ii.) Talking about thе pгesеnt/futurе: Seсtion 4
a|/1 Ь|X] 31 soсial
32 1860
3 33 striсtly(-) сontrollеd
Reasons may diffеr in studеnts'answеrs. 34 гeсovery time
1 They сould havе kept thе shop open so that thе 35 niсе viеw
eldеrlу dont have to walk as far. 36 livе musiс
2 Shе ought to go to bed so she,ll Ье fresh in the morning. 37 (aпistiс) piсturеs

138
 Answer Кеy I
(fеlt) lеss pain/lеss pain fеlt
Pass me thе pеn that/whiсh is on thе taЬlе.
5
(soothing) сlassiсal (musiс)
Thе woman who works in thе unil'егsiп.Ьoоkshоp
6
staff ( Геlt/wеrе) happiег stolе thе monеУ.
I Ьought somе new paint (that) I norv hatе as it's
bulary 1, page 77 too dark.
8 An old woman, who was walking homе Ёrom a сonсегt
was injurеd in a сar aссident yesterdav.
9 Hundrеds of thеatrе.goers who wеre йfeсtеd Ьr. thе
рlay aсtor/aсtress/ сondttеtor/ lеad гole/ virus havе bееn takеn to hosoital.
dirесtor/ produсer/ p l а и wriа h t 10 Thе ar1 еxhibition, whiсh is held еvеry summеr,
painting painteг/ еЪseV сanviiz s]#ffiЭ attraсts many oversеas visitors.
ponгait/ stonе l !'q4 d5| аp(
Ьook nove Ii sti wri tеr7.iu i.Ё Бi7 ь'а.."e.z
еditor/ сritiсl r.с а dе r
symphony сomposеr/ musiсian,i rеadеr/ 4
mоvemеnt* 1 l сс r'7l: tоr I ThatЪ thе aсtrеss who I told уou about.
sсulpture sсu Iptor/ aп is y.ёa.vin gi. mou ldl 2 Wе went on a сultural holiday, whiсh was just what I
Iensl marЪIel з'эnс nееdеd.
photograph p h o еriсhотеographеrz
og rap
t h
3 Corтeсt
digital/ hlrnl portraitl Lеns 4 Tomoгrow, whiсh is my last day of thе ехhiЬition,
Ьallet danсеr/ сomposеr/ sсffiritеr/ will bе thе Ьest vеt.
musiсian,/ ballегina/ с h о rсоа rаp h с r э Сorrесt
film aсtor/ aсtrеssz dir.сtoii
star/ рroduсе r l :.:.riе.:.r:ri.{с. r
ffiffiz 6 Fiсtion writers oftеn end up writing on newspapеrs.
7 Impгessionism, whiсh is a stylе of painting, was
a.movemеnt is part of a longеr piесе oГ musiс. In a сonsidered сontroversial in its timе.
phony thеrе aге usuallv foui of1hеm. Сorreсt

lductor 2photographer 3 produсer 4painter Reading, pages 80-82

]eгina 6sсulptor 7 critiс IK 2F зB 4H 5P 61 7N 8L 9D
10B 11 С t2B |зА
guage foсus 1, pages 78-79
a landsсapе
b сrawl
I Studying Еnglish grammaЦ whiсh is oftеn
с portrayеd
trustrating, сan (also) bе diffiсult.
d insсriЬе
7 Shakеspеare wrotе Romеo and Juliеt, whiсh is
e to adorn
mу Гavouritе p|aу.
f tomЬs
3 This is Pеtец who will bе workins with us on thе
g thе Rеnaissanсе
next pгojесt.
h myhs
Еating junk food, whiсh сan сause many health
i to dissесt
j sсholars
proЬlеms, is Ьad.
Going to thе theatre, whiсh сan сost a lot of
k gigantiс
monеy, is always worth it.
l an unquеnсhaЬlе passion
ItЪ a good idеa to save monеy' whiсh сan Ье put
m statlс
in the Ьank.
n vivaсitv
7 Books, whiсh you сan kеep forеvеr, will nеvеr
o to refine
]osе t hеjr valuе.
p lithographiс
8 Going to gallеries, whiсh сan sometimes Ье
q versе
Ьoring, is eduсational.
r to сapturе
s (underground) nest сhambеrs
t the ostеnsiblе motivе
Thе book, whiсh hе has Ьorтowеd, was published this
u reverential
yеar.
v a сommon denominator
3 The thеatrе, whiсh was built in 1961, was full on
w profoundjoy
Fridaу evening.
x sustained
4 Сharlie Сhaplin, who was born in London, bесamе a y dеvoted
Iamous aсtor.
z intеnsity
J His sisteц who is сalled Мary is going to study aгt.
6 Thе plaу, whiсh the studеntj p".fo..',Ъd, was writtеn Writing, pages 82-8з
Ьу osсar Wildе.
Task 2

1 Shе maгriеd a man (that/whom) shе mеt while lr2

travelling. Students,own answеrs.
) My housе, whiсh is blaсk and whitе, looks diffеrent
from thе othеrs in the arеa. 3
3 I,m not vегy imprеssеd Ьy the painting of thе Introduсtion A
Woman who isn't rеally smiling. ||,/J 2|/1 з|,/1 4Г/] Sat,Y] sbt,Y]
4 I-want to Ьuy thе vintagе drеss (that/whiсh) I saw in Introduсtion B
the shop window yestеrday.
|Г/1 2|/] 3Г/1 a|/7 5aL/1 5ьГ,/]

139
 Answer KeY

Note: Thе sесond vеrsion is bеttеr Ьесausе it is balanсеd.

4Е,
5B
It is important to remеmbеr that thе еssay quеstion oftеn 6D
p.'i, fo..'u.d an еxtrеme position. Еven if уou'answеred 7F
No, tо ouеstion 1 in exerсisе 1, doеs it mеan that no onе, 8 no еffесt
at all, shЪuld lеarn aЬout thеm? (Hopеfully notl) Try to t hand-washing habits
Ье balanсеd in уour answеr and look at Ьoth sidеs of thе 10 еmotional triggеrs
argumеnt, Ьеforе уou ultimatеly answеr the quеstion and 11 equally easY
gi'iе your opinion in thе сonс1usion. or state уour opinion 1) Al
Бt".itу anilgivе youг supporting idеas and thеn reitеratе rn еrthеr oroer
vour ooinioir in ihе .onilusion. or statе your opinion and
i; Б i
iь"'' gi"" уour idеas Гor using thosе against to highlight I
your ideas.
StudеntЪ own answеrs.
4
Arguments against tеaсhing thе arts at sсhool: 2
- 2"d idеa: сhildrеn сould lеaтn aЬout art and musiс (сoгreсt options)
outside sсhool timе. 1 largеlу usеs
rеason: sсhool сan't takе rеsponsiЬility for еvеrything. 2 logiсal dесisions
It's up to thеiг paгеnts too. 3 сomе fтom/relatеs to
ArguЬеnts in fЬr'our of tеaсhing thе arts.at sсhool: 4 to Ье like othеrs
- )"o id"u. t'= .o"d art and muiiс to еnriсh our lives whеn 5 сould not sее/infесtious
wе arе not lr'orking. 6 diгty/aссidеntally
reason: if сhl]dйn arе not taught about it whеn they are 7 maЁеs сonneсtions with thе еnd rеsult
young, thеv ir-ill not sее it as im.portant^whеn thеy grow up 8 with fat сoming out
Ьnd .o..ld lo'" thousands оf уеars of сultural tradition. 9 work
',i" 10 affeсt thеir еmotions
5
n ans\\.ег5.
Studеnts' o\\
Listening, Page 89
Seсtion 1
159
2 HA8 7UP
Voсabulary 1, page 84 3 (loсal) library
4 swimming Pool
I 5 (further еduсation) сol1еgе
1 daughtег - mоthеr 6 badminton, Yoga
2 lvoman - сhild 7 pеnsionеrs
3 niесе . nеphеrr. 8 aгts and сrafts
4 сhildrеn - pеoр1е 9 2ltwo
5 l'r'idorr - rr'idorr'еr 10 3ithrее timеs
6 list - trее
7 dеsсеndеnt. anсestor Lаnguage foсus, page 90
8 fathег. sistег
1
2
1 housеho]ds 1 givе up/,ll slееp;
2 oгphan
2 gavе up/would livе;
3 nеphеrт 3 Гadn,istartеd/would havе savеd;
4 grandmothег 4 hadn,t started/would bе
5 sibiings 5 undеrstood/wouIdmakе
6 fami11.trее
2
1 WrOO\\'
1 1stсonditionald
. 8 anсеstoгs
2 2ndсonditional с
3 3rd сonditional a
Word building, page 85 4 ЗrdсonditionalЬ
5 2nd сonditional с
I
1 mеmЬеrshiр Ьгothеrhood 3
2 fellowship сhi1dhood I Unlеss I givе up сaffеine, I won,t slе-еpЪеttеr.
3 partnеrship adulthood ll ProvidеJ(that) I givе up сaffеine, I,ll slееp Ьеttеr'
4 ownеrship nеighЬourhood llt Should I give up сaffeinе, I,ll slееp bеtter.
5 сhampionship mothеrhood iv Supposing I givЪ up сaffеinе, I,ll sleеp Ьеttеr.

2 4
|d 2f 3b 4h 5a 69 7с 8е Students, answers maу diffеr.
1 Unlеss we lеarn aЬout our familу trее, wе won,t bеrr
_
aЬlе to tеll futurе genеrations and the knowledge
Rеаding, pagеs 86.88 bе lost. [1.t]
1с 2 Th'eworld would Ье a fairеr plaсе if thеrе wеrе onl.
2^ onе сurrеnсу. [2'd]
3G
140
 Answer кеy f
Should pеoplе around the world miх moге, thеrе
rvould Ье morе сultural undеrstanding. [2"d]
. . ., thеrе wouldn,t havе Ьееn
anу violе"nсЪ. [l.u]
Supposing еmotional intеlligenie werе tauЪhiat
sсhool, lifе would nеvеr Ье thе samе again."[2"d1 Listening, page 92
If wе kn^ow that еating junk food is ЬaJ, Sесtion 2
we do it? [l',1
-hy do
Unlеss we livеd to bе 200 years old, wе won,t livе ||^ |2B 13с 14B 15с 16G 17A 18Е 19D 20.
to-see humans living on other planеts' [2"d & 1"]
I[-humans had not Ьeеn Ьoгn with a spiгit o[ Voсabulary 1, pаge 93
advеnturе, wе would not hаvе pгogгеisеd as
quiсkly as wе did. [3.d] 1 vеry intеrеstеd in learning nеw things
2 not thе samе
3 not old
ting, page 91 4 bеing from anothеr planet
5 newandorieinal
6 unfamiliar
7 not usеd yet
8 out of thе ordinarw
\l 2[D] 3[D] 4tAl stDl 6tDl TtDl
Reading, pages 94-96
rеmЬеr that thеrе is morе than onе waY to answer a lNO
stion, so do not ц,oгn' if vouгs is diffеrёnt from thе 2 YЕS
эonsе bе]ow. It is onl1.one ехamplе of a good rеSponsе; 3 NoT GIVЕN
:е arе otnеrs. 4 Сhur
5 Albula tunnе]
I answer 6 mountain pеaks
nсe ond teсhno|ogy hсve improved our lives grеatlу' 7 most ingеnious
ever, olthough
8 imрassaЬlе
'.'-.J.. these inventions
lvtro hove lllцug
'|uYg
our
mode Uul. 9 еnginеегs
еosiеr, wе seеm to Ьe no hoppier thon Ьeforе. rn 10 sрiral stairсasе
, thеrе is muсh in the medio to suggest thot we ore 11 7381
appiеr, though retuгning to the woy things weгe. is not, |2 rr'atеrshеd
ty oPinion, the onsweг to the probIem. 13 linguistiс Ьoundary

pеop|e wou|d ogrее thot Iiving in o сonsumeг soсiety, 1

.rеwе arе сonstontly ЬomЬoгded by odvertising,
зo||y mokеs PеoP|е сonstontly Wont more thon they hove
of Ihе'pеrfесt, fomily, foсe ond body ore o|| oгound
:nd rеmind Us thot wеarе not os perfeсt os thеу сre.
, wе arе |еd to bе|iеvе, if on|y by suggestion, thot
ing thе |otest item will moke Us moгe |ikе thе pеop|е in
se Piсtures. rt сouId Ьеarguеd thot hoving Iess сhoiсe
we did in the post, mode our |ives simp|er, whiсh some
рie might intеrprеr os.hoppier,.
the other hond, moybe wе ore сonfusing two sepoгotе
tes. ouг onсеstors olso woгried, Ьut сbout diffегеnt
cgs,|ikеwhеthеr theге wos enough food to еot, гotheг
whiсh shoes to buy fгom the hundreds in thе shops
;* this is not the only problem with the suqqestion in
the
stion.SupPosingwе сould go boсk in timе, ot whiсh point
.;ld be the гight point to stopZ Еvеryonеwould hоve o
:iеrеnt onswеr, so
Who would bе ri9ht2 Мoге imрortontly,
r-nif wе сould do it,whеrе is thе pгoof thot it would
Word building, page 97
us ony hoppiег2
onе oГ lifеЪ grеat pleasures; ideal way to travеl;
ar.oiding airpor1 hassles; adds an еxtra dimеnsion tо
thе holidaу; easy сonnесtion; spеeding along; rеlaхing
to rr'atсh thе сountrysidе zip Ьy
spесtaсular сathеdral, plenty of good hotеl and
геstaurants; ideal for an overnisht stav
ri.ide; winding; ladеn Ьargеs trai,еl low; сhoppy
grееn Watеr
4 nеat houses
5 hiils/slopes trеe-сoverеd, tall сliffs, vinevaгd-
tеrтaсеd slopеs; jaggеd roсks; & mounl.iins
forbidding Ьarе roсk faсe; сuгtain watегfalls;
glimpse of turquoise watег far Ьеlow;
impassablе landsсape; stеep mountain slopеs;
tumbling roсks; glaсiers; mountain peaks
6 neеdlе spires; Ьaгoquе; sturdу towеis
7 rеd-гooГed towns; farmi ng villagеs
8 orсhards; tall pines; dark forеst
9 Меditеrтanеan сlimate; palm trеes; flowеring
oteanoеrs

:onс|usion, for os Iong os we |ook foг сontentment in I

1 mеmory
erio| things, we wi|l nеvеr bе hoppy. Мoybе whqt is 2 mеmoiгs
ded is for this mеssoge to be sprеod vio the odveгtising 3 memorizе
t o|so tells us whot to buy. lowеvеr, whichеvеr woУ wе 4 mеmorials
k ot it. the foсt remсins thot thегe is no еqsv onswer. 5 mеmorabiiia
rouId theref orеhavе to disogreе сOmPlеte|y with the 6 mеmos
7 mеmoгaЬlе
thot, os o solution. being pooг ond |еss odvonсеd would 8 remеmЬer
"k. Returning to the post is on ovеrsimp|if iссtion of thе 9 memento(е)s
blem. l0 mеmoгiеs

141
 Answer Key
If peoplе arе involvеd in anу trouble, thеу сan usual]r
2
VЕRB NOUN rеlу on help from thе group. group
ADJЕсTIvЕ ,lеd
astray'by strangers as they sее
remеmЬеr mеmoirs с It is еasiеr to Ье
mеmorablе
mеmorizе mеmorials lone visitors as an easу targеt. group
memos d Travеlling alonе mеans that you don't have to
mеmеnto(е)s follow thе dесisions of thе group. alone
mеmory Travelling alone allows peoplе to meet morе loсal
mеmorabilia peoplе. alone

3
Language foсus, pagеs 98_99 IDЕAS + SUPPORTING ARGUMЕNTS
1
Ьii
- indefinitе aгtiсlе: i сi
. definitе artiсlе: iii div
- zеro aгtiсlе: ii e iii
2 4
2 dеfinitе - thе Modеl answer
3 zеro-0 Therе arе mony odvontoges to tгove||ing oЬгood whiсh is
4 dеfinitе. thе Why moгe young people сhoosе to poгtiсipote in gops yeoгs
5 indеfinitе -
with inсгeasingfrеquеnсу.Howevеr, while it is undisputob
6 'an
indеfinitе - aJan
а

7 dеfinitе. thе thot the bеnеfits ore monifo|d, it must o|so be rесognisеd
thot there oгe dongeгs too.
3
I
.Thеrе
is с maр ln m1.Ьag. Can уou pass it to mе, Мony porents moy enсouгagеthеir сhiIdren to tгovel os
olеasе?,Rulе: 6 poгt of o gгoUP with the be|ief thot theгe is sofety in
7 фu'' .'," thе Ьluе guidеЬook, plеasе.'Rulе 4 nUmbeгs. A уoung Person trove||in9 olone сouId fс|l viсtim
.Can you
3 buy_bandagеs whеn уou,rе out, plеasе?, to mеeting PеoP|е who moy leod them ostгoy or еnсoЦrogе
Rulе 3
.I them to рortiсiPote in dongerous oг ilIego| oсtivities. Тhis
4 Ьought a nеw Ьiсусle at thе wееkend.' Rulе 1
э .Would уou like to havе a look at thеЪIkе?'Rulе: 2 moy be |ess Iikеly to hoppen if thеy see thоt they сгe with
.I,m
6 thinking about going t.o thеUпited АraЬ friends. ]n сddition, if somethin9 bod does hoppen. Iike
Еmiratеs.,Rulе: 7 on oссidrnt oг гobbery f or ехamp|е, then the individuo|
.Сould I boггow a сompass, plеasе.,Ruie: 5
7 wil| hopefu|ly bе сb|e to re|y on the grouP foг moгol ond
even finonсio| suppoгt whi|е they organize the neсessory
4
.Gap гePloсements oг tгeotment.
Yеars,originatеd in thе UK in thе 1960s whеn-young
.hippie trail,in India. But
Briis headеd off to thе infamous
anthe idea tr.uly took off in thе 1990s. lowеvеr,though thеrе orе advontoges to tгovelIin9 with
.Gap others, the young Peгson moy olso hove o |ess intеnse
Yеars, arе a сommon eхpеriеnсе in a thе United
Kingdom, and aсross thе 0 Еuroре' In thе Unitеd Statеs, ехpеriеncеof the сountry thot they ore tгove||ing in. Тheу
howЪvец not many peoplе arе familiar with thе idea. A arе|еss Iike|y to miх with |oсo| peop|e as they wil| оppeor
gap yеar is a thе tirrre takеn off Ьеtweеn two stages of iifе- Iess oppгooсhobIe tгovelIing with othеrs 'Thеге is olso no
ьу tье 0 studеnts Ьеtrvееn high sсhool and сollеgе- neеdfor them to mix os they o|reody hove theiг friends'
"'"itty
to travеl, voluntееr and ехplorе a thе worlrd,
Tгove|ling os part of o gгoup a|so meons thot deсisions
But Gap Yеars сan also Ье takеn by tlте 0 adults bеfore
moving onto thе a nеri'profession, a new marriagе or neеdIo be mode togеthеr. This wi|| inevitob|y lеod to the
simplу as o a сarееr Ьrеak. Gap Years arе meant to not just individuo| going to ploсеs thеy do not wish to sеe, or oгguin(
new plaсеs and сultuгes' Ьut also to lеarn thе 0 nеw obout it to osseгt theiг wishes, whiсh is not good foг group
"'.ploi"
skills and disсol-еr nе.'r,things about yoursеlf. dynomiсs ond meon thеy hove o less p|eosuroЬ|e ехperiеnсе

In сonс|usion, o|though it is noturol for poгents to woгry

Writing, page 99
Task 2
I moy neveг |еarn,Lifе is fu|| of сhoiсes ond sometimes it is
1 No.
2 At lеast four: onе for thе introduсtion; two for
the diffеrent r'lеrr.s; on for the сonсlusion.
3 It is Ьеttеr to staft off with thе opinion thatЪ thе
oppositе to what vou Ьеliеvе. This is Ьесause
you,rе likеly to rr'ritе a morе сonvinсing
Ьrgumеnt for уour rеal opinion, and like a good
book, an еssay should gеt Ьеttеr.
obout their сhildren, thеrе comеs o time when they neеd tс
|eoгn to moke their own dесisions. If they do not stqrt to
toke гesponsibiIity foг their oсtions os o young odult. theу
nесessarY to moke mistokes in order to |eoгn from them.
Sure|y o goP yeoг is the right time for this to hoppen?
Тo sum up, whi|e the gгoup moy ot first oppeor rhеsofеr
option, it does not neсessorily meon it is the best one for
the individuol to hovе on enгiсhing |if е ехpеriеncе.

2
IDЕAS
a Going on holiday is good for onеЪ hеalth and evеryonе
should do it at least onсе a уеar. Х

142
 Answer Kеy t
l0с
11 D
12с
Voсabu|аry 1, page 100 134

1 Listening, pagе 105

1 сommu:l-..э:: :.
Seсtion 3
2 rеfinеrr
3 transрс:: 2|Е
4 satеllitе 22F
5 е1есtгiс::.' 2зB
6 ц,еb 24А
25D
2 26с
1с 278
)o 28^
3Ь )g Сl
4e 10 Бilnеtthеroгdег
5I
6a Language foсus, pagе 106
IN
8d
I
1 while
Word building, pagе 101 2 muсh as
3 Ьut
I 4 though
1 oЬllg;.: :-, : ::..:. s..:-' еssеntiallnесеssary 5 nеvеrthelеss
2 сеt.l:lг- 6 whilе
3 likе.r l. '.- -:.r];.]ij
4 optlс,r.. ::-. ., r.',:g регmissiЬlе/possiЬle 2
5 unlik--" Studеnts' answеrs may Vary slightly.
6 unnе:..s.:. 1 Although it is ехpensivе, it is not a wastе of
7 ехр.t.:. ,.l,-,. ::' nаЬlс monеy.
2 It mav Ье slow, Ьut it dеfinitеly is not boring.
2 3 Мuсh as I fееl spееd limits arе annoуing, thеу arе
1 It is il;.;:::]-. :.l inr.еst in lеss polluting tесhnologiеs./ nесеssary as thеу savе livеs.
Inr еs::-=..:.: ... .еss pоlluting teсhnologies is neсessary. 4 Though ihe invеntion of thе wheеl was usеful, it
2 Ln]е.s 1-:с .:'J:nSpofi foг oldеr pеople is maintainеd, Was not thе most important invеntion еver.
mor-i . :..зs:ir-'n rs сепain/it is сеrtain therе will bе
mo:'3 . :.:эsllоn.
3 As thе : - sl ,:.: реtгol risеs, pеoplе arе likеly to usе Writing, pagеs 106_107
biсr;iсs ::.l.:,:.е it is likеlу that peoplе will usе Ьiсyсlеs
Task I
mo] с.
4 It is ;:.-,э:Ьlе that moге pеoplе will migratе to сitiеs in 1 Thе сorТесt ordеr is: с, d, a, Ь, g, i, е, f, h.
thе :еrl :.,'. еnt}.r-еars./Мigration to сities is morе 2 StudеntЪ own answеrs.
pгoЬa.эi= ir thе nехt twenty years.
5 \\ ith :iс :еrт tесhnologiеs availaЬle, it is possiblе
tha: c:.., еi.,еss tгains will Ьe introduсеd in major сitiеs/
dril е:.еss tгains arе now possiЬlе in major сities. .l,
6 It is pоssiЬlе that taking a train will not bе as popular VoсabuIary page 108
as t-hrns.
7 It is un:з..еssalт for peoplе to know how сomputer
I
s\ slеms ''l oгk,,.Knowing how сomputеr systеms
rr oгk :s
.']nnеCеssary/Knowledgе about how сomputеr NB NumЬеrs 3 and 5 arе sr-nonlтns.

s\.stеп-]s ir огk is unnесеssary, Ьut it hеlps whеn looking Ie 29 3a 4j 5a1c 6Ь 7d 8f 9h 10i

Гoг еп.lp.оrтnеnt in manу inirastгuсturе industries.
8 Aiгlinе-. should introduсe morе fuеl-еffiсiеnt planеs in 2
thе nеa: :utllге. I Ьoost fi nanсеs/mоnе.v/rr,еalth
2 Ьoггow flnanееs/m o n е1 /tvеakh
3 Ьuild finanеes/mоnеу/wеalth
Rеading, рages 102_104 4 сontrol Гinanсеs/monеуiwеalth
1A 5 dеposit fi:tanееs/monеy/wеal+h
6 devalue f;nanеes/monеy/wеalth
'т.)
3С 7 havе fi*anеesi money/wealth
4F 8 hoard f,ваnеes/money/wealth
5Е 9 inherit finanееs/mоnеy/wеalth
6 YЕs 10 squandеr {inanеes/money/wеalth
7 NoТGПЕ\
8 NoТ GI\Е\
9NO

14з
 Answеr Key

Listening, page 109 Writing, pages 114-115

Seсtiоn 4 Task I
31 prioritiеs
2
32 resеarсher
1 The Ьar сharts show thе rеsponsеs to a
33 higherеduсation
worldwidе onlinе questionnaiгe on how
34 studеntundегstanding
oftimistiс peoplе fеlt in 2005 and what was
35 lеarning outсomеs
most important for their happinеss.
з6 all itеms
z ii"most striking fеature of thе сhaгts is that
37 gap yеar
although thе rеsponsеs rverе fairlу positivе,
38 baсkground rеsеarсh
the reйlts wеrе less so than in2o04'
39 reliaЬlе
3 Thе first Ьar сhart shows that theyearmajority
40 disсuss idеas (nеarly 50o/о) fe|tthе same as the Ьеforе,
iьougй thеre was approximatе|у a'5Чa d19г in
Word building, Pages 110-111 сonfiЪenсе. In сompЪrison' only aЪoo!3'5ak of
pеop]e fеlt Ьеttеr aЬout thе yеaг ahеad, (аn
I
lppiЬ*i."t" 10o/a d'rop fгom thеуеaг Ьelore) whilе
2Оо/oweremor6 pеssimistiс, an inсrеmеnt of
1
1ideals 2 standards 3 еthiсs 4 morals ',Ъ.rty
5values 6 bеliеfs 7 prinсiplеs 8 сustoms 5О/o.

1down idеalist + i" iь" seсond Ьar сhart, Ьу far the most popular
answеr givеn was hеa]th. Аtout760/о ot
2 rеspondЪnts said this was neсеssary for thеir
i ethiсs 2 values 3 Ьеliеf 4 prinсiple 5 morals
s
happinеss.
i" popularitу was the^ nееd-for good family
6 сustoms 7 idеal 8 standards i'rЪ-"t
relationi. just ovеr 60a/a ofpeop|е spесified this.
.l11 o iЪЪple'' job arе oЬviously also impoгtant foг
Language foсus, page theii happlnеss as joЬ satisfaсtio.n'and sесurity
;;;;;;;."" nd 4Оo/o and' 20o/o of thе vote15,/o
rеspе.сtir'еir
I z LЪuJ p"pular, and Ьoth rесeiving aЬout l.еisurе
of thе
aсtivitiеs,
possеssions and
1 the manY waYs йt", weiе matеrial
2 eduсating thеm 8 In сonсlusion, it is сlеar that pеople do not appear to
3 not еduсating them сonnесt monеy with happinеss.
4 notdoing so
5 tеaсhing сhildrеn that

2
1 сar
2 borrowing moneу
3 сalled Mary
4 lookеd aftеr mу sistеrs
5 rеad
6 finding a job
7 fтeeeduсation
8 finish еarliеr

Reading, pages 112-113

IB
2D t,
3A
4С
5F
6 FALSЕ
7 TRUЕ.
8 TRUЕ
9 NoT GIVЕN
10 thеir lot
1 1 Ьеttег off
12 highlусontrovеrsial
13с

144