,ay; 4

gj;Jg;ghl;oy; thdpay;

4.1. Kd;Diu
r';f fhyj;jpy; thH;e;j kf;fs; thdpiy mwpita[k;/ nfhs;epiy
mwpita[k;/ thH;t[ epiyapid cila mwpita[k; bgw;wpUe;jdh;. ,d;W
tsh;e;J tUk; gy;ntW JiwfSs; thdpiy mwptpaYk; xd;W. thdpiy
khw;w';fs; Fwpj;j bra;jpfs; clDf;Fld; bjhptpf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,j;jifa
bjhHpy;El;g tsh;r;rp ,y;yhj mf;fhyj;jpnyna gHe;jkpHh;fs; thdpiy
gw;wpa mwpt[kpf;fth;fshf tps';fpa[s;sdh;.

gHe;jkpHh;fs; tpz;zpny kpd;Dk; tpz; kPd;fisa[k;/ jphpa[k;

nfhs;fisa[k;/ nfhs;fspd; epwk;/ totk; Kjypatw;iwg; gw;wpa
mwptpida[k; bfhz;oUe;jdh;. bre;epwkhf ,Ue;jjhy; brt;tha; vd;wdh;.
Mdhy; ,d;iwa Muha;r;rpahsh;fs; brt;tha;f; nfhspy; kz; brk;ik
epwkha; ,Ug;gij btspg;gLj;jp cs;sdh;. btz;ik epwKila nfhs;
bts;sp vdg;gl;lJ. ,d;W bts;spf;nfhspy; bts;spj; jhJ ,Ug;gij
mwptpay; Ma;t[ g[yg;gLj;jpa[s;sJ.

,d;iwa thdpay; mwp"h;fs; tp";"hd tsh;r;rpapy; fz;lwpe;jtw;iw

,uz;lhapuk; Mz;LfSf;F Kd;ng mwpe;Js;sdh; vd;gij gj;Jg;ghl;od;
_yk; cyfj; njhw;wk;/ Nhpad;/ re;jpud;/ thdtpy;/ ,o/ kpd;dy;/ kiH
nfhs;/ bghGJ/ gw;wpa thdpay; bra;jpfis ,t;tpay; vLj;jpa[k;g[fpd;wJ.

4.1.1. thdpay;

tpay; vd;Dk; brhy;Yf;F mfyk; vd;gJ bghUs; tpad; > tpahd; >
thd;kpf mfd;w btspaplk; vd;gJ bghUs; thy; vd;gJ (thy; + ik =
thd;ik) thd; vdj; jphpe;J J]a ,lk; vd;Dk; bghUspy; tpRk;ig
czh;j;jpw;W. vdnt thd; vd;gJ mfd;wJ. xsp bghUe;jpaJ.
cauj;jpypUg;gJ vd;Dk; bghUis czh;j;JfpwJ. thdpany cyfpd; Kjy;
mwptpay; MFk;.
 192

tpz;Liuf;f mwpa mhpajha;

tphpe;jthd thd btspbad epd;wid
mz;lnfhofs; thdpy; mike;jd
mtw;wpy; vz;zw;w ntfk; rikj;jd
vd;W ghujpahh; ghoajw;F Vw;wthW ,d;iwa cyfk; tpz;iz nehf;fpr;
brd;W bfhz;nlapUf;fpwJ. bgUfptUk; kf;fs; bjhiff;nfw;g ,d;W
g{kpapy; ,Uf;f ,lkpy;yhky; tpz;zpy; tPLfl;o thGk; mst[f;F mwptpay;
cyfk; Kd;ndwpf; bfhz;nl tUfpd;wJ.

thd;btspapy; Nhpad;/ el;rj;jpuk; epyt[/ nkfk;/ thdtpy; fhyepiy/

kiHg;bghHpt[/ nfhs;fs; nghd;wit cs;sd. Vwj;jhH fp.K. 350,y; thH;e;j
fpnuf;f nkij mhp!;lhl;oypd; thdtpay; bfhs;if mz;l btspahdJ
(Universe) epyk;/ ePh;/ fhw;W/ beUg;g[/ vd;Dk; ehd;F jdpg;bghUl;fspd;
fl;likg;ng vd;gjhFk; vd;W TWfpd;whh;. Rkhh; 5000 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dh;
fpnuf;f ty;Yeh;fSk;/ ,e;jpa ty;Yeh;fSk; thdpay; gw;wpa bra;jpfis
Kjd; Kjypy; mwpe;jdh; vd;W Jiurhkp Twpa[s;shh;. thd; + ,ay; =
thdpay; MFk;.
ed;ik/ bgUik/ mHF/ typik/ neh;ik/ cah;t[ vd;w mog;gilg;
bghUz;ikfSila thd; vd;Dk; brhy;/ mKjk;/ njtUyF/ thDyF
vd;gtw;iwf; Fwpg;gJld; thd; kz;lykhfpa tpRk;gpd; - Mfhaj;jpd; -
,ay;g[/ mjpypa';Fk; fhw;W/ nkfk; Mfpatw;wpd; jd;ik
vd;gdtw;iwa[k; Fwpf;Fk;.1
tsp kz;lyj;jpy; Vw;gLk; btg;gk;/ fhw;W/ <ug;gjk;/ btg;gj;jpd;
epiy Mfpatw;why; Vw;gLk; khw;w epfH;nt thdpiy MFk;. r';f fhyj;jpy;
thdpiy gw;wpa bra;jpfisg; g[yth;fs; jk; ghly;fspy; ghoa[s;sdh;.
thdpiy gw;wpa Ma;t[ kpfg; gue;j gug;g[ MFk;. mjpy; xt;bthU ehSk; g[jpJ
g[jpjhf epfH;e;J bfhz;nlapUf;Fk;.
thdpiy khw;w';fs; gw;wp kpfg; gH';fhyj;jpypUe;nj Ma;t[ bra;ag;gl;l
nghjpYk; 17 Mk; E]w;whz;Lg; gpd;ng ,e;j Ma;t[ mwptpay; hPjpapy;
mike;jJ2
vd;W mwptpay; gw;wpa bra;jpia mwpaKofpwJ.
 193

tpz;btsp Ma;t[fspy; Kjd;ik bgw;W tps';Fk; ehLfs;/ mbkhpf;fh

kw;Wk; u\;a MFk;. ,t;tpU ehLfSk; tpz;fy';fis tpz;zpy; Vtpg; gy
rhjid kw;Wk; nrhjidfisr; bra;jd. g{hpffhhpd; bfh;kd; ol;nlht;
nghd;w tpz;btzp tPuh;fs; tpz;zpy; brd;W gy Ma;t[fisr; bra;jdh;.
fp.gp. 476 Mz;oy; ghlypg[j;jpuj;jpw;F (ghl;dh) mUnf FRkg[uk; vd;Dk;
rpw;W]hpy; thH;e;j Mhpag;gl;lh xU fzpjnkij Mthh;.

mth; thdtpay; bjhlh;ghf vGjpa Mhpag;gl;oak; vd;Dk; E]y;

thdtpay; Muha;r;rpf;F kpft[k; gaDs;sjhf mike;Js;sJ vd;w
bra;jpiaa[k; mwpa KofpwJ. thdpy; Vw;gLk; epfH;t[fs; kw;Wk;
khw;w';fisg; gw;wp md;iwa neuj;jpnyna mwpe;J bfhs;Sk; mst[f;F
mwptpay; tsh;e;J bfhz;nl ,Uf;fpwJ.

4.1.2. mQtpd; mikg;g[

,d;iwa mwptpaywp"h;fs;/ mQtpd; mikg;g[k;/ mz;lj;jpd;
mikg;g[k; xnu khjphpahf ,Uf;fpd;wd vd;W Ma;t[fshy; bka;g;gpj;Jf;
fhl;oa[s;sdh;. ‘mz;lj;jpy; nghyj;jhd; gpz;lj;jpYk;’ vd;gJ ekJ ehl;oy;
tH';fp tUk; xU gHbkhHp. ,e;j gHbkhHpapd; cz;ikjhd; mwptpay;
Muha;r;rpahsh;fs; mz;lj;jpYk;/ cyfj;jpYk; 92 tifahd mQf;fs; cs;sd
vd;W Twpa[s;sdh;. ,e;j mQf;fs; xt;bthd;Wk; xt;bthU tpjkhf cs;sd.
,itbay;yhk; xd;W nrh;e;J mQj;jpus;fs; Mfpd;wd. ,g;gog;gl;l mQj;
jpus;fshd nrh;f;ifg; bghUs;fs; VG ,yl;rj;jpw;F nkYk; cs;sd vd;W
mwptpay; mwp"h;fs; TWfpd;wdh;.
gpug";rk; (Universe) vd;gJ nfhlhd nfho. mz;l';fis (Galaxies)
bfhz;ljhFk;. Xh; mz;lk; vd;gJ Rkhh; gj;jhapuk; nfho Nhpad;fis
my;yJ el;rj;jpu';fs; ml';fpa mz;l';fspd; nfhlhd nfhoapd;
bjhFg;ng gpug";rk; vdg;gLk;3
vd;W gpug";rj;jpidg; gw;wp TWfpd;wdh;. ,jidna khzpf;fthrfh;.
mz;lg; gFjpapd; cz;ilg; gpwf;fk;
msg;gUk; jd;ik tsg;bgUk; fhl;rp
xd;wDf;F xd;W epd;W vHpy; gfhpd;
E]w;W xU nfhoapd; nky;gl tphpe;jd
 194

,y; EiH fjphpd; mQg;g[iuar;

rpwpa Mfg; bghpnahd; bjhpapd; (jpU.th.1-6)
vd;ghh;.
nfhof; fzf;fpy; tpz;bghUs;fSk;/ tpz;kPd;fSk;/ mz;lbtspapy;
Rw;wpj; jphpfpd;wd. ,e;j nguz;lj;jpd; ,af;f';fs; aht[k; fl;lisg;go
rl;l';fspd; mst[f;F cl;gl;Lr; rPhpa Kiwapy; ,a';FtJ
khzpf;fthrfiu trg;gLj;jpaJ nghy bfg;siua[k; trg;gLj;jpaJ4
vd;W mwptpay; mwp"h; bfg;siua[k;/ khzpf;fthrfiua[k; xg;gpl;Lf;
Twpa[s;shh;. bfg;sh; Twpa mwptpay; bra;jpiaj; jhd; khzpf;fthrfh; jk;
ghly; thpfspy; kpf mHfhff; Twpa[s;shh;.

mQtpd; eLg;gFjpiar; Rw;wpg; gy tl;l';fspy; btt;ntW epiyfspy;

kpd;Jfs;fs; ,iltplhJ Rw;wpr; Rw;wp tUfpd;wd. ,jidf; fUj;jpy; bfhz;L
jhd; ghujpahUk;/
,ilapd;wp mQf;fbyy;yhk; RHYbkd
,ay; E]yhh; ,irj;jy; nfl;nlhk;5
vd;W Twpdhh;.

4.1.3. cyfj; njhw;wk;

,e;j cyfnk (Uinverse) Ik;bgUk; g{j';fshy; Mfpajha;f; TWfpd;wJ.

gz;ila ,yf;fzkhfpa bjhy;fhg;gpak;. ,jid/
epyk; jP ePh;tsp tpRk;bghL Ie;Jk;
fye;j kaf;fk; cyfk; (bjhy;.kug[.635)
vd;w E]w;ghtpd; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
cyfk; vd;gJ ehk; thGk; g{kpia kl;Lk; Fwpf;fhJ. ,e;j
mz;lrhuru';fisna Fwpf;Fk; bjhlf;f fhyj;jpy; ,e;j mfpyj;ijg;
gw;wpa jtwhd fUj;Jfns kdpjh;fsplk; ,Ue;jd. re;jpud;/ Nhpad;/
beUg;g[ ,tw;iwf; flt[s;fshff; fUjp tHpgl;ldh;. fp.K. 6 Mk; Mz;L
Kjy; gFj;jwpt[ Kiwapy; rpe;jpf;fj; bjhl';fpdh;. ,Jnt mwptpaypd;
bjhlf;fk;.6
,aw;ifahdJ Ik;g{j';fshy; MdJ cyfpy; epyKk; bghGJnk
Kjw;bghUshFk;. ,it rhh;e;j gpw fUg;bghUl;fs; vdg;gLk;.
 195

,k;khjphpahd mog;gil mwpt[ ek; jkpH;bkhHp jtpu cyfpy; ntW ve;j

bkhHp ,yf;fpa';fspYk; fhzg;gLtjhf bjhpatpy;iy.
ePUk; epyDk; jPa[k; tspa[k;
khf tpRk;bghL Ie;Jld; ,aw;wpa (kJiuf;.453-455)
vd;w thpfspypUe;J cyfkhdJ Ik;g{j';fshy; MdJ vd;w fUj;jpid ek;
gz;ila jkpHh;fs; gy E]whz;LfSf;F Kd;dnu mwpe;jpUe;jdh;.

cyfj;jpd; njhw;wk; gw;wpa fUj;J gy mwptpay; mwp"h;fshy;/

g[tpapay; mwp"h;fshy; Ma;t[f;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;Lg; gy;ntW g[jpa
jfty;fshf ehs;njhWk; tH';fg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. ,t;t[yfkhdJ ePh;/
epyk;/ fhw;W/ jP/ Mfhak;/ tpz;kPd;fs; vdj; njhd;wp tsh;e;J gpd; Xuwpt[aph;
bjhl';fp Mwwpt[ caph;tiu caph;fs; njhd;wp tsh;e;jd. ,itbay;yhk;
epfHg; gy ,yl;rk; Mz;Lfs; MfpapUf;ff; TLk;. ,t;thwhfg; g[tpapay;
khw;w';fSf;F Vw;g caph;fspd; njhw;wkhdJ epfH;e;jJ.
,j;jifa cyfj; njhw;wk; gw;wpa g[tpapay; rpe;jid kJiuf; fh";rpapy;
,lk;bgw;Ws;sJ.
X';F jpiu tpad; gug;gpd;
xyp Ke;ePh; tuk;g[ Mf
njd; J]';Fk; cah; rpika
kiy ehwpa tpay; "hyj;J
ty khjpuj;jhs; tsp bfhl;g (kJiuf;.1-5)
vd;W cyfg;gug;g[ njhd;wpaij TWk; mwptpay; rpe;jid mike;jpUg;gijf;
fhzyhk;. ,jpy; ePh;g;gug;g[ Kjypy; njhd;w mjd;gpd; epyg;gug;g[
flypypUe;J btspg;gLtJ vd;w Fwpg;g[ cs;sJ. cyfk; nkw;fpy; ,Ue;J
fpHf;F nehf;fp NHy;fpwJ vd;Wk; mjdhy; fhw;W nkw;nehf;fp tykhfr;
RHy;fpwJ.
mz;l btspapy; Rw;Wk; cyfk; gw;wpa[k;/ nkiy ehl;odh;. fz;lwpe;j
jw;Fk; gy E]w;whz;LfSf;F Kd;ng/
RHd;W Vh;g;gpd;dJ cyfk; mjdhy;
cHe;Jk; cHnt jiy (Fws;.1031)
vd;W ts;Sth; cUz;ilahd bghUs; jhd; RHYk; vd;gJ mwptpay;
cz;ik. ,jid ve;jf; fUtpa[k; ,y;yhj fhyj;jpnyna czh;e;J jk; Fwspy;
TwpaJ tpag;g[f;FhpaJ.
 196

kz; jpzpe;j epyDk;

epyd; Ve;jpa tpRk;g[k;
tpRk;g[ ijtU tspa[k;
tspj; jiya jPa[k;
jP Kuzpa ePUk; vd;wh';F (g[wk;.2)
epyk;/ ePh;/ beUg;g[/ fhw;W/ Mfhak; ,itfspd; mikg;gpid
,g;nghJ ,Uf;ff; Toa mwptpayhh;fs; tpaf;ff;Toa tifapy;
,aw;ifapdJ. mikg;gpidf; fz;lwpe;J bjhptpf;fpd;w mstpw;F
,aw;ifapdJ mwpthdJ mth;fsplk; ,Ue;Js;sikiaf; fhzKofpwJ.
X';F jpiu tpad; gug;gpd;
....................
tpadhz;kP bdwp bahGfg;
gfw;bra;a[k; br";"hapWk;
,ut[r; bra;a[k; btz; jp';fSk;
ik jPh;e;J fpsh;e;J tps';f
kiHj;bjhHpy; cjt khjpu'; bfhGf;fj;
bjhLg;gpd; Mapuk; tpj;jpaJ tpisa (kJiuf;.1-11)
ngnuhiria cila Ke;ePh; vd;W miHf;fg; bgWk; fly; cah;e;J
tUk; miyfis cilaJ. kpFe;j gug;gpidg; bgw;wJ. mj;jifa flny
cyfj;jpd; g[w vy;iyahf ,Uf;fpd;wJ. njd; TLfs; bjh';Ffpd;w cah;e;j
kiy cr;rpfSk; ,e;j cyfpy; cs;sd. ,t;thW flYk;/ kiya[k; ,ize;J
mfd;w cyfkhfj; njhw;wk; bgw;wd. ,j;jifa cyfpy; thdKk;
cs;slf;fkhapd.

mt;thdpy; fhw;W tyg;gf;fkhfr; RHd;wJ. mfd;w tpz;kPd;fs;

jk;Kiwg;go RHd;wd. gfw;bghGijr; bra;a[k; rpte;j NhpaDk;/ ,utpy;
btspr;rj;ij cz;lhf;Fk; btz;zpyt[k; Fw;wkpy;yhJ xspe;J epd;wd.
ntz;oa fhyj;jpy; kiH bghHpe;jJ. mjdhy; jpirfs; brHpe;jd. tpijjj;j
tpijfs; Mapukhf tpise;jd vd;gija[k;/ thd;btspapy; fhw;W ,lkpUe;J
tykhf cyifr; Rw;wp tUfpd;wJ. mj;jifa RHw;rpahy;jhd; tlfpHf;F/
bjd;nkw;Fg; gUtf; fhw;Wfs; njhd;Wfpd;wd vd thdpay; Fwpj;j
bra;jpfis ,t;thpfs; eaKw vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ.
 197

4.1.4. cyfpd; RHw;rp

ekJ r';f ,yf;fpakhd kiygLflhk; Xh; bra;jpiar; brhy;fpwJ.
mjw;FKd; cyF vd;why; me;juj;jpy; bjh';FtJ vd;W bghUs; mg;go ,e;j
cyfk; me;juj;jpy; bjh';fpf; bfhz;L RHy;tjhy; khwhj Xh; Xir Vw;gLfpwJ
vd;W ,d;iwa tp";"hdk; bjhptpf;fpwJ.
fzpjnkij gpj;jnfhu!; xU fUj;ij btspapl;lhh;. cyfk;ntfkhfr;
RHy;fpwJ. Vwj;jhH kzpf;F 1050 fy; ntfj;jpy; RHy;fpwJ. mjhtJ 24
kzp neuj;jpy; jd;id 25/000 iky; Rw;wst[s;s jd;id xUKiw
Rw;wpf;bfhs;fpwJ. Mfnt mjw;F RHw;rp cz;L mjidf; nfl;fyhk;
vd;W bjhptpj;jhh;. ,k;Kotpid mth; bjhptpf;Fk; Kd;ng cyfk; ey;y
,irapid (Hormonic Sound) cilaJ vd;W ek;kth;fs;
bjhptpj;jdh;.7
,nj fUj;jpid kiygLflhk;. kiya[k;/n rhiyfSk;/f hLfs;
brwpe;j tsKk; ,t;t[yfk; vd;Wk; Fiwahj ,dpa ,irapid vGg;gpf;
bfhz;nl RHy;fpwJ vd;W TWfpwJ.
kiya[k; nrhiya[k; kug[fy; fhdKk;
bjhiyah ey;ypir cyfbkhL epw;g (kiygL.69-70)
,t;thpa thpfspd; _yk; ,e;j bra;jpid mwpe;J bfhs;s Kofpd;wJ.

4.1.5. thdk;
thdbtsp vd;gJ beoa gug;gst[ kpFe;j gy;ntW gz;g[fisg;
bgw;w Twhfj; jpfH;fpwJ. ,jd; beLik fUjp thd; vd;Wk; rpwg;g[g; bgah;
Nl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

kz;zpypUe;J ghh;f;Fk; nghJ tpz; ePykhfnt bjhpa[k; MapDk;

thdk; ,Us; kakhdJ vd;gijf; fz;lwpe;J brhy;fpwJ. ,jid/
jpUkiHj; jiy,a ,Us;epw tpRk;gpd; (kiygL.1)
vd;w thpfspd; _yk; g[ydhfpwJ.

thdj;jpd; vy;iyia ,t;tst[ vd;W tiuaWj;Jf; Tw ,ayhj

tz;zk; gue;J tphpe;J fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Mfhaj;jpd; fz; vz;zw;w
tPz;kPd;fs;/ nfhs;fs; gutpr; rpjwp ,a';Fk; btl;lbtsp bfhz;lJ
vd;gjid/
 198

bgUey; thdj;J tltapd; tps';Fk; (bgUk;ghz;.302)

vd;w thpfspd; _yk; g[yg;gLfpwJ.

jd;id bghHpe;J ehd;F g{jKk; jd;dplj;nj mfd;W tphpjw;Ff; fhuzk;

thdk;. mt;thdj;jpd; ,Uis tpG';fpg; gfw;bghGijj; njhw;Wtpg;gjw;fhf
Nhpad; njhd;Wfpwhd;. vd;gij/
mfy; ,Us; tpRk;gpy; gha; ,Us; gug;g[ (bgUk;ghz;.1)
vd;w thpfs; _yk; mwpayhk;.
gUt thdj;Jg; ghkiH fLg;gf; (bgUk;ghz;.190)
vd;w thpfspy; g[if NH;e;J fhzg;gLk; bfhl;oy;fs; fhh;fhy Mfhaj;jpy;
fhzg;gLk; Kfpy;fSf;F ctikahff; Twg;gLfpd;wd.
thd;njha; eptg;gpd; jhd; te;J va;jp (jpUKUF.288)
tiu g[il eptg;gpd; thd;njha; ,";rp (kJiuf;.92)
. . . . . . . X';F cah; ede;jiy
mfy; ,Uthdk; (bgUk;ghz;.291)
vd;w thpfspd; _yk; thdj;jpd; cauj;ijg; g[yth;fs; Rl;oa[s;sdh;.
ed;ddpd; kiy cr;rp thidj; jPz;Lk; mstpw;F kpf caukhdJ vd;gija[k;
Twpa[s;sdh;.

4.1.6. thdtpy;
Nhpadpd; xspr; rpjwy;fs; jhd; VG tz;z';fshff; fhl;rpaspf;fpd;wd.
mitjhd; thdtpy;yhFk;. kiHbga;tjw;F Kd;Dk; bga;j gpd;Dk;
thdtpy;iyf; fhzKoa[k;. Nhpadpd; xsp btz;ikahdJ. me;j xspr;
rpjwypd; gadhf btz;ikahd xspf;fjph;fs; gphpe;J VG tz;z';fshfj;
bjhpfpd;wd.

btz;ik vd;gJ xU jdp epwkd;W VG epw';fs; Kiwg;go nrh;e;j

fyit jhd;. btz;ik vd;gij epa{l;ld; vd;w nkiyehl;L tp";"hdp
ep%gpj;Js;shh;. fjputdpy; VIBGYOR vd;fpw tz;z';fs; cz;L vd;gij
,d;iwa mwptpay; bjhptpf;fpwJ. ,jidna gj;Jg;ghl;oy;/
vy;iy bry;y VGh;g[ ,iw";rpg;
gy;fjph; kz;oyk; fy;nrh;g[ kiwa (Fwp";rp.215-216)
 199

vd;W ghLfpd;wJ. ve;j tp";"hdpa[k; beU';f Koahj nfhog; gpufhrkha;

xsptPRk; Nhpaid br';fjpnuhd; vd ek; Kd;ndhh;fs; miHj;jdh;. rptg;g[.
tz;zk; rpjwhJ vd;gij Kd;dnu brhd;dth;fs; ehk; gy bgah;fspy;
miHf;fg;gLk; gfytd; tz;zk; VG cilatd; fUePyk;/ btsph;ePyk;/
Cjh/ gr;ir/ k";rs;/ Mu";R/ rptg;g[ ,ij tpsf;fnt VG Fjpiufs; g{l;oa
ujj;jpy; gtdp tUtij FwpaPlhff; Fwpj;Jj; je;jdh;. mjpny rptg;g[ tz;zk;
kpFjpahf ,Ug;gjhy; br';fjpnuhd; bjhlh;g[ila thdtpy;ypd; epwk; VG
vd;gija[k; mwpe;jpUe;jdh;.
kiH bga;a[k; nghJ thdtpy; njhd;W neuk; fhiy neukhf ,Ue;jhy;
mJ nkw;Fj; jpirapy; bjhpa[k; khiy neukhf ,Ue;jhy; fpHf;Fj;
jpirapy; bjhpa[k;.8
ePiur; Rke;J tUfpwJ nkfk; me;j nkfj;jpny ePh; jptiyfs; epiwe;J
,Uf;fpwJ. me;j nkfj;jpny eph; jptiyfs; epiwe;J ,Uf;fpwJ. me;j ePhpd;
Jspfspny fjputdpd; xspgl;L gpujpgypf;fpwJ. ePh; jptiyfspd; cs;ns
brd;W xsp btspna tUk; nghJ VG tz;z';fs; epuk;gpa thdtpy;yhf
fhl;rpaspf;fpwJ vd;w El;gkhd cz;ikia/
,U Ke;ePh;f; Fl;lKk;
...................
br";"hapw;Wj; bjwy; my;yJ
gpwJ bjwy; mwpahh; epd; epHy; thH;nthnu
jpUtpy; my;yJ bfhiytpy; mwpahh; (g[wk;.20)
vd;w ghly; ekf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;LfpwJ. ,ij g{uz gpujpgypg;g[ (Total
Reflexion) vd;gJ mwptpay; mwp"h;fspd; bghJthd fUj;jhFk;.

4.1.7. thd;btspapy; kpjf;Fk; nfhl;ilfs;

btz;zpyt[f;Fr; bry;Yk; tpz;btsp gw;wpa bra;jpfs; ,d;W
kpFjpahff; fhzg;bgWfpd;wd. mwptpayhsh;fs; ,uz;L ,yl;rk; fpnyh
kPl;lUf;F mg;ghy; cs;s re;jpuid mila xnu _r;rpy; bry;y KoahJ vd;W
vz;Qfpd;wdh;. Mjyhy; tpz;btspapd; ,ilapy; xU thdbtspj;jsk;
mikj;J tpz;btspg; gazpfs; m';nf j';fp gpwF btz;zpyt[f;Fr;
bry;yyhk; vd;W mwpt[Wj;jpa[s;sdh;. ,f;fhyj;jpy; bjhiy nehf;Ff;
fhl;rpfisj; bjspthf;f thdpy; braw;iff; nfhs;fis cUthf;fp
 200

,Uf;fpd;wdh;. ,jd; mog;gilapy; ghh;j;jhy; thd;btspapy; kpjf;Fk;

nfhl;ilfis mikf;f Koa[k; vd;gJ g[ydhfpwJ.

,j;jifa nfhl;ilfs; gw;wpa bra;jpfs; gj;Jg;ghl;oy;

fhzg;bgWfpd;wd. ,f;nfhl;ilapidr; rpWghzhw;Wg;gil/
X';F vapy; fjtk; cU_r;Rty; brhwpt[k;
J]';F vapy; vwpe;j bjho tps';F jlf;if (rpWghz;.80-81)
vd;w mofspd; _yk; gz;ilf;fhyj;jpy; tpz;btspapy; gazj;ij bra;J
cyfpd; gy;ntW gFjpfSf;Fr; bra;tjw;Fk;/ ntWntW kz;ly';fis
miltjw;Fk;/ nghh; g[hptjw;Fk; chpa fskhft[k; jkpHh;fs;
gad;gLj;jpa[s;sdh; vd;gJ g[ydhfpwJ.

4.2. Nhpad;
Nhpad;jhd; ,t;t[yf thH;f;iff;F caph;ehoahf mikfpwJ. kdpjd;
Kjd; Kjypy; fz;L mjpraj;jJk;/ tz';fpaJk; vz;zw;w #Ptuhrpfis
,d;Wk; thH itg;gJ Nhpad;jhd;.

g[jd;/ bts;sp/ g[tp/ brt;tha;/ tpahHd;/ rdp nghd;w nfhs;fSk;/

rpwpa nfhs;fSk; Nhpaid ikakhff; bfhz;L Rw;wp tUfpd;wd. ,jidr;
Nhpa kz;lyk; my;yJ "hapW kz;lyk; vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdh;.
Nhpadila ika btg;gpeiy 14,000,000 C MFk;. ,jDila FWf;fst[
13,96,000 fp.kP Nhpad; g{kpapypue;J 14 nfhona 97 ,yl;rk; fp.kP J]uj;jpy;
,Uf;fpd;wJ vd;Dk; Nhpa mstpid mwptpay; fs";rpaj;jpd; tHp mwpayhk;.
NhpadplkpUe;J btsptUk; btg;gr; Rthiyfs; g{kpia te;jila vl;L
epkpl';fs; Mfpd;wd.

Nhpad; btspg;gLj;Jk; btg;gj;jpy; xU g';F kl;Lnk g{kpia

te;jilfpd;wJ. mjdhy; jhd; g{kpapy; Nhpadpd; btg;gk; Fiwthfj;
bjhpfpd;wJ. Nhpad; g{kpiatpl 28 kl';F <h;g;g[ tpir mjpfkhff;
bfhz;ljhFk;. mjhtJ g{kpapy; xU fpnyh vila[s;s bghUs; Nhpadpd; 28
fpnyhthf ,Uf;Fk;. Nhpa kz;lyj;ijr; nrh;e;j nfhs;fs; jk;ikj;jhnk.
Rw;wpf; bfhs;tJld; Nhpaida[k; Rw;wp tUfpd;wd. thdpy; ,yl;rf;fzf;fhd
el;rj;jpu';fspy; NhpaDk; xd;whFk;.
 201

Nhpad; jhd; ekJ Mw;wypd; ika ciwtplk;/ btg;g mQf;fU

gpizthy; Nhpadpd; ikaj;jpy; Mw;wy; cz;lhfpwJ9
vd;W Nhpadpd; Mw;wy; gw;wpf; TWfpd;wdh;.

nfhs; vd;why; cUz;il vd;W bghUs;. thdpy; cyt[k; nfhs;fs;

vy;yhk; jplg;bghUshy; Mdit. tpz;kPDk;/ fjputDk;/ jplg;bghUs;
my;y. tspfspd; Tl;Lr;nrh;f;if vdnt mtw;iw nfhs; vd;nwh kw;iwa
bghUspnyh Fwpf;ftpy;iy. tpz;kPd; vd;nw Fwpj;jdh;. fjputDk; xU
tpz;kPd;jhd;.

g{kp Nhpaidr; Rw;wp tUtJ rkPgj;jpa fz;Lgpog;g[ ,jidg;

gl;odg;ghiy md;nw mwpe;J Twpa[s;sJ.
ePdpw tpRk;gpd; tyndh;g[ jphpjU (gl;odg;.67)
,jidna ef;fPuh;/
cyfk; ctg;g tyndh;g[ jpUjU "hapW (jpUKUF.1)
vd;W ghodhh;.

g[tp ikaf; bfhs;if mhp!;lhl;oy; Apg;ghf; fpul!; jhykp nghd;w

mwp"h;fshy; vLj;Jiuf;fg;gl;lJ. ,f;bfhs;ifiag; gy
E]w;whz;LfSf;Fg;gpd; “nfhg;gh;dpf;f!;” vd;w mwp"h; btspapl;lhh;. ,J
,uz;L fUj;jhf;f';fshy; gj;Jg;ghl;oy; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ. Kjd; Kjypy;
g[tpia ikakhff; bfhz;L Nhpad;/ re;jpud; kw;Wk; gpw nfhs; kPd;fSk;
NHd;W te;jhff; fUjg;gl;lJ. mjd; gpd;dh; Nhpaid ikakhff; bfhz;L
nfhs; kPd;fs; RHd;W tUfpd;wd vd;W Twg;gl;lJ. ,t;tpU fUj;J
ntWghLfisa[k; gHe;jkpHh;fs; rpe;jidapy; bfhz;L ,yf;fpa';fisg;
gilj;Js;sdh;.
bte;bjww; fdypbahL kjp tye;jphp jUk; (bgUk;ghz;.17)
vd;Dk; thpfs; g[tp ikaf; bfhs;ifiaf; (Geocentric Theory)
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.
thy;epw tpRk;gpy; nfhs;kPd; NH;e;j
,s'; fjph; "hapW (rpWghz;.242-243)
,jd;_yk; Nhpaidf; nfhs;kPd;fs; Rw;wp tUfpd;wd vdf; fUjpa[s;sJ
bjhpatUfpwJ.
 202

,utpy; JUt kPidf; bfhz;L jpirawpe;j jkpHh;fs; gfypy; ehd;F

jpirfisa[k; mwpaf; fjputdpd; Jizia ehodhh;fs;. rhpahd jpiria
tiuaWf;f Kad;w rpw;g ty;Yeh;fs; Nhpad; rpj;jpiu khjk; gj;J ehl;fSf;F
nky; cr;rpf;F tUk;. md;iwf;F ,uz;L nfhy;fis el;L mjd;go jpirfis
mwpe;J itj;jpUj;jdh;.
tphpfjph; gug;gpa tpad;tha; kz;oyk;
,Unfhy; Fwpepiy tGf;fhJ Flf;F Vh;g[
xU jpwk; rhuh miuehs; mkaj;J
E]ywp g[yth; Ez;zpjpy; fapwpl;L (beLey;.73-76)
,jd;_yk; Nhpa xspapd; eLtpy; xU nfhypidr; br';Fj;jhf epWj;jp
mjidr; Rw;wp tl;lk; mikj;J epHy; tpGk; mstpidf; bfhz;L
fhyj;ija[k;/ jpiriaa[k; fzpf;Fk; cj;jpiaa[k;/ mwpe;jpUe;jdh; vd;W
Kd;ndhh;fs; jpirfis bjhpe;J bfhs;s ifahz;l Kiw thdpay; mwpt[
El;gj;jpw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhfpwJ.

thdbtspapy; kpfg;bghpa tpz;kPdhdf; fjputid jkpHh;fs; kpft[k;

nghw;wpdh;.
fha;rpde;j fjph;r; bry;td;
neh; g{z;l khm nghy (gl;odg;.122-123)
vDk; thpapy; "hapw;wpd; fha;rpdj;jhy; KWfpa KJntdpw; gUtk; vd
fjputdpd; tl;lg;ghij fzf;fpid Twpa[s;sdh;.

btapypd; bfhLikiaj; jh';f ,ayhJ tpwypah; tUe;J tij

ey;Y]h; ej;jj;jdhh;.
btapy; cg;g[w;w btk;guy; fpHpg;g
ntdpy; epd;w btk;gj tHpehs;
fhiy "hapw;Wf;fjph; flht[Wg;g (rpWghz;.8-10)
vd;w ghlypy; czh;j;jpa[s;sdhh;.
vy;iy jFed; gy;fjph; gug;gpf;
Fy;iy fhpat[k; nfhL vhp ieg;gt[k;
mUtp khkiy epfH;j;jt[k; kw;Wmf;
fUtp thdk; flw;nfhs; kwg;gt[k; (bghUeh;.233-236)
 203

vd;w thpfspy; "hapW fjph;fisg; gug;g[jyhy; f";rFy;iy jPa;e;J nghapd

kuf;bfhk;g[fs; gw;wp vhpe;jd. kiyfspy; gha[k; mUtpfs; tw;wpg;nghapd
nkf';fs; fly; ePiu Kfe;J bry;Yk; epiyia kwe;jd vd;w bra;jp
,lk;bgWfpwJ. ,jd; tHpg; gz;ilj; jkpHh;fs; "hapw;W kz;lyj;ijg;
gw;wpj; bjspthf mwpe;jpUe;jdh; vd;gJ btspg;gLfpwJ.
gt;t kPkpirg; gfw;fjph; gug;gp (bghUeh;.135)
Nhpad; jd; fjph;fis Kjypy; flypd; kPJ gug;gj; njhd;wpa gpd;dh;
thdplj;nj bry;fpwJ.
Fzfly; tiug;gpd; Ke;ePh; ehg;gz;
gfy;bra; kz;oyk; ghhpj; jh';F (bgUk;ghz;.442)
Nhpaid ed;F Muha;e;j mwptpay; mwp"h;fs; fjputd; xU jplg;bghUs;
my;y vd;nw TWfpd;wdh;. fjputdpy; fhzg;gLk; jhJg;bghUl;fs;
vhptjhnyna ekf;F btg;gKk;/ xspa[k; fpilg;gjhff; TWfpd;wdh;.
. . . . . . . . . . es; ,Us;
myhp tphpe;j tpoay; itfpdph; fHpkpd; (kiygL.196)
vd;w thpfspy; Nhpad; fjph;fshy; ,Us; eP';fp gfy; bghGijj; je;J
cyfj;jpid xspur; bra;fpwJ vd;w bra;jp ,lk;bgWfpwJ.

4.2.1. Nhpa fpufzk; (Solar Eclipse)

Nhpa fpufzk; vd;gJ NhpadJ xspia ekJ g{kpapd; re;jpud;
kiwf;Fk; nghJ Vw;gLk; xU epfH;t[ ,jid/
ghma;g; gfy; bra;thd;
ghk;gpd; tha;g;gl;lhd; bfhy; (kiygL.bt.1)
vd;w thpfs; Nhpa fpufzk; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.

4.3. re;jpud;
re;jpud; g{kpapypUe;J Rkhh; _d;W ,yl;rj;J 85 Mapuk; fpnyh kPl;lh;
J]uj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ. re;jpud; gUkd; g{kpapd; gUkdpy; Ik;gjpy; xU
g';fhFk;. re;jpud; jd;idj;jhnd Rw;Wfpd;wJ. ,t;thW xU Kiw Rw;wp
tUtjw;F 29½ ehl;fs; Mfpd;wd. g[tpf;F kpfkpf mUfpy; ,Uf;Fk; xnu
Jizf;nfhs; re;jpudhFk;. Vwf;Fiwa 3,84,000 fp.kP bjhiytpy; cs;sJ.
,jd; Rw;wst[ 10927 fp.kP gug;gst[ 37,943,000 r.fp.kP tpl;lk; 3476 fp.kP MFk;
vd;Dk; re;jpudpd; mikg;g[ Kiwapid mwpe;J bfhs;s KofpwJ.
 204

re;jpuDf;F nrhkd; vd;w Xh; bgah; cz;L. mjhtJ FSik vd;W

mh;j;jk;. rkPgj;jpa mwptpay; mwp"h;fs; flypy; ,Ue;J gpa;j;J vwpag;gl;l
xU fpufk; re;jpud; vd;Wk; flypy; cs;s fw;fSk;/ re;jpudpy; cs;s fw;fSf;Fk;
kpFe;j xw;Wik ,Ug;gjhf ,g;nghJ xg;g[f; bfhz;L ,Uf;fpd;wdh;.

jp';fisg; gw;wpa mwptpaw;bra;jpfs; ek; ,yf;fpaj;jpy; epiwaf;

fpilf;fpd;wd. mJ gjpide;J jpd';fs; nja;e;J tsUk; vd;gij
Kd;ndhh;fs; mwpe;jpUe;jdh;. bgsh;zkp/ mkhthir vd;gija[k;
mwpe;jpUe;jdh;. ,jid/
khf tpRk;gpd; btz;jp';fs;
_ite;jhd; Kiw Kw;w (g[wk;.400)
vd;W <uhapuk; tUl';fSf;F Kd;ng Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdh;.
cnuhfpdp mRtpdp Kjy; vz;zg;gl;l el;rj;jpu';fis ehd;fhtJ ,lg
uhrpapy; kpft[k; gpufhrkha; tps';FtJ ,e;j kPd; rw;Wr;
bre;epwKilaJ. thdj;jpw;fhzg;gLk; ,UgJ xsp kpFe;j
el;rj;jpu';fSs; xd;W.10
re;jpuDf;F mUfpy; nuhfpzp el;rj;jpuk; vg;nghJk; eP';fhky; ,Uf;Fk;
vd;W bjhpe;J itj;jpUe;jdh;. jd; fhjyid gphpe;J jhd; kl;Lk; jdpj;jpUf;f
epyt[ fhjypnahL vg;nghJk; eP';fhky; ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W TWfpwJ.

ghz;o khnjtpapd; fl;ohpd; nky; fl;lg;gl;oUe;j jPiur; rPiyapy;

cnuhfpzpa[k;/ epyt[k; ,ize;jpUg;gJ nghy; Xtpak; jPl;lg;gl;oUe;jij/
g[JtJ ,ad;w bkGF bra;gl kpirj;
jpz;eepiy kUg;gpd; MLjiy Mf
tpz; thh;g[ jphpjUk; tP';Fbryd; kz;oyj;J
Kuz; kpf rpwg;gpw; bry;tndhL epiy,a
cnuhfpzp epidts; nehf;fp beLJapuh (beLey;.159-163)
vd;w ghly; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
thdpy; gy tpz;kPd;fSf;F ,ilna ghy; nghy xspiaa[ila
KGbtz; jp';fs; nghd;W mwp"h;fSf;Fk;/ ghprpyh;fSf;Fk; eLtpy;
ey;ypaf;nfhld; tPw;wpUe;jhd; vd;w bra;jp
gy;kPd; eLtz; ghy;kjp nghy (rpWghz;.219)
vd;w thpfspd; _yk; mwpayhk;.
 205

vz; ehs; jp';fs; totpw;F Mfp (bghUeh;.11)

vd;w thpfspd; _yk; fhyj;ij mwpe;J mwptpf;Fk; jpwidj; jp';fs;
bgw;Ws;sJ vd;w bra;jp/ ,lk;bgWfpwJ. epyt[ ,utpy; jpir fhl;Lk;
fUtpahft[k; tps';FfpwJ vd;gij/
k';Fy; thdj;Jj; jp';fs; Va;f;Fk; (bgUk;ghz;.480)
vd;w ghlypd; _yk; mwpaKofpwJ.

flypy; miyapd; ntfk; mjpfkhf ,Uf;Fk;. kjpepiw ehspYk;/

kjpkiw ehspYk; mjhtJ mkhthir/ bgsh;zkp ehl;fspy; gujth; flypy;
kPd; gpof;f bry;tjpy;iy vd;w jp';fs; Fwpj;j mwptpay; bra;jp
btspg;gLfpwJ.
ghapUk; gdpf;fly; ntl;l"; bry;yhJ (gl;odg;.92)
epyt[ mile;j ,Us; nghy
tiy cz';Fk; kzy; Kd;wpy; (gl;odg;.82-83)
vd;w thpfspd; _yk; mwpayhk;.

4.3.1. re;jpu fpufzk; (Lunar eclipse)

re;jpud; g{kpapd; gpd;dhy; fle;J bry;Yk; nghJ g{kpahdJ Nhpadpd;
fjph;fis epytpd; kPJ gLtjpypUe;J kiwj;J tpLtjhy; re;jpu fpufzk;
Vw;gLfpwJ. ,jid/
. . . . . . . . . rpWnfhl;L
FHtpj; jp';fs; nfhs; neh;e;jh';fp
Rwt[ tha; mike;j RUk;g[ NH; Rlh;Ejy; (bgUk;ghz;.383-385)
,t;thpfshy; re;jpu fpufzj;ijj; jp';fs; nfhs; neh;jy; vd ghoa[s;sJ
bjspthfpd;wJ.

4.4. nkfk;
flypy; ,Ue;J vGk;gf; Toa fUKfpy;fs; tyg;gf;fkhf kl;Lnk
NHd;W thdj;ij vl;Lk; vd;w mwptpay; Ma;it thdpay; Mrhd; eg;g{jdhh;
jkJ Ky;iyg; ghl;ony vLj;jf; fhl;Lfpwhh;.
ghokpH; gdpf;fly; gUfp tyndh;g[
nfhL bfhz;L vGe;j bfhL";bryt[ vHpyp (Ky;iy.5-6)
 206

vd;W nkf';fs; flypy; ,Ue;J tyJ gf;fk; kl;Lnk vGe;J thid mila[k;
vd;gJ Kjd; Kjypy; ehk; brhd;d bra;jp vd;gij mwpayhk;.

4.4.1. kiH nkfk;

ePh; Mtpahf nkny brd;W nkfkhf khwpg; gpd; kiHahfg;
bghHpfpwJ. ,J Fsph;e;j gotj;jpy; RU';fp ePh;j; jptiyfshf nkfj;jpy;
kpje;J bfhz;oUf;Fk;. nkf';fs; vdg;gLtJ gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd
ePh;j;Jspfs; my;yJ gdpj;Jfs;fs; xd;W Toa epiyapy; fz;Qf;Fg; g[ydhff;
Toa tifapy; g{kpf;F nky; cs;s g";R nghd;w cUt';fshf ,Uf;fpd;wd.
ePh; jput epiyapypUe;Jjhd; nkny Mtpahfr; bry;fpwJ.
Nhpa btg;gj;jpd; fhuzkhfg; g{kpapYs;s ePh;g; gug;gpypUe;J ePh;
Mtpahd tz;zk; cs;sJ. Fwpg;gpl;l btg;gepiyapy; ve;j mst[
ePuhtpia cilajhapUf;Fnkh me;epiyia mile;j fhw;W rw;Wf;
Fsph;r;rpaile;jhy; ePuhtpapd; xU gFjp ePh;j; JspfshFk;. mjhtJ
ePhpd; ciwepiyf;F nkyhd btg;g epiyapy; ,t;thW epfH;e;J ePh;j;
Jspfyhd nkfk; cUthFk;11
vd;Dk; bra;jpiaf; fiyf; fs";rpak; tHp mwpayhk;.

fly; ePuhdJ Mtpahfp nkbyGe;J gpd; Fsph;e;j fhw;why; kPz;Lk;

kiHahf tUfpd;wJ. ,ij fij totpy; Ky;iyg;ghl;oy; brhy;ypa[s;sdh;.
jpUkhy; thkd totk; vLj;J cyfse;jJ nghd;W fhpa nkfk; ePiu Kfe;J
bfhz;L nkbyGe;J kiH bga;fpwJ. ,jid/
ede;jiy a[yfk; tis, nekpbahL
tyk;g[hp bghwpj;j khjh';F jlf;if
ePh; bry epkph;e;j khmy;nghy (Ky;iy.1-3)
vd;W eg;g{jdhh; kiH njhd;Wtjw;fhd mwptpaw;fhuzj;ijf;
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.
mjdhy; Fzfly; bfhz;LFlfly; Kw;wp
,ut[k; vy;iya[k; tpspt[ ,ld; mwpahJ
mtYk; kpira[k; ePh;j; jpus;g[ <z;o
..............................
rpjuw; bgUk; bgay; rpwj;jypd; (kJiuf;.239-244)
 207

vd;w thpfspy; fly; ePiu Kfe;J epyg;gFjpfspy; cs;s ePiua[k; Kfe;J

fUnkfbkdj; jpuz;L kiHiag; bghHpe;jJ vd;w g[tpapay; rpe;jid
mwpayhk;. ,nj fUj;jpid/
cuf;fly; Kfe;j gUt thdj;J (bgUk;ghz;.483)
vd;w thp giwrhw;WfpwJ.

fly; ePh; Mtpahf khwpg;gpd; kiHahf tUk; nghJ cg;g[j; jd;ik

eP';fg; bgw;W ekf;F ey;y kiHePh; (Refresh water) fpilf;fpwJ. ,e;j
bra;jpia ef;fPuh; g[Jg;bgay; vd;Dk; mHfpa brhy;yhlypy; mwptpay;
Twpid kiwj;J itj;Js;shh;.

g[Jg;bgay; vd;gjw;F g[j;jk; g[JkiH vd;gijtpl cg;g[j;

jd;ikapypUe;J khw;wk; bgw;Wg; g[Jg;gpf;fg; bgw;w ePh; vd;gij/
bgha;ah thdk; g[Jg;bgay; bghHpe;bjd (beLey;.2)
vd;w mwptpay; rpe;jidnahL Twpa[s;shh;.
thd; Kfe;j ePh; kiyg;bghHpat[k;
kiHg; bghHpe;j ePh; flw;gug;gt[k;
khhp bga;a[k; gUtk; nghy (gl;odg;.126-128)
vd;w thpfspy; flypy; ,Ue;J ePiu Kfe;J nkfkhdJ kiHiaf; bfhz;L
te;J epyj;jpw;F jUfpd;wJ. mjhtJ thdk; ePiu nkfkhf Kfe;J kiyapd;
kPJ bghHpfpd;wJ. kiyapd; bghHpe;j ePh; flypy; brd;W nrh;fpwJ. ,e;j ePh;r;
RHw;rpia (hydrological cycle) ,t;thpa thpfs; tpsf;FfpwJ.

4.4.2. ,o/ kpd;dy;

thdj;jpy; njhd;WtJ ,o kpd;dyhFk;. ,uz;L xnu neuj;jpy; jhd;
njhd;Wtd nghy ,Uf;Fk;. Mdhy; mit xd;wd; gpd; xd;whf btspg;gLk;.
kpd;dy;jhd; Kjypy; tUk;. gpd; ,o njhd;Wk;. mjhtJ xspf;Fg; gpd;
xypahFk;.

1752 Mk; Mz;L bg";rkpd; ~gpuh';fspd; vd;gth; kpd;diy

Muha;r;rpapd; _yk; tpsf;fpf; fhl;odhh;. tsp kz;lyk; bfhe;jspg;ghf
cs;snghJ kpd;drhuk; bfhz;l nkf';fspypUe;J jpObud Vw;gLk;
typikahd kpd;gha;r;rypd; fhuzkhfj; njhd;Wk;. ngbuhsp kpd;dy;
 208

vdg;gLk;. ,jd; tpisthf cz;lhFk;. ngbuhyp ,o vd;Wk;

tH';fg;gLfpwJ vd;W gy mwp"h;fs; Ma;t[ bra;J Twpa[s;shh;fs;.

,j;jF ,oa[k;/ kpd;dYk; kpd;dhw;wiy bgw;Ws;sjhy; kf;fs; mjw;F

m";rpdh;. ,o/ kpd;dy; ,tw;wpd; bray;ghLfisf; Fwp";rpg;ghl;oy; fgpyh;
bjspt[wr; rpj;jhpj;Js;shh;.
epiw ,Uk; bgstk; Fiwgl Kfh;e;J bfhz;L
........................................
KuR mjph;e;jd;d ,d;Fuy; Vw;bwhL (Fwp";rp.47-49)
vd;W Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;.

nkf';fs; fly;ePh; tw;Wk;goahf ePiu Kfe;J ,oj;J/ kpd;dp/

bgUkiH bga;jJ. Tjph;fhy kiH vd;gjhy; ,oa[k; bkd;ikahf ,Uf;Fk;
vd;gjid KuR mjph;e;jd;d vd;W Rl;o KuRk; rpwpJ KH';fpdhw; nghy vd;W
Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh;. ,o/ kpd;dy; gw;wp/
fhiy thdj;Jf; fL';Fuwl bfhz;_ (mfk;.174)
vd;w thpfs; fhiy neuj;jpy; ,of;Fk; ,o fLik tha;e;jJ vd;W
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.
epiwfly; Kfe;J cuha;epide;J ePh;Jsk;g[k; ePh;
bghiw jtph;g[ mirtpa; bghHpe;jd;W thdk; (ghpghly;/ 6-12)
vd;W ,okiHiaa[k;/
tspbghU kpd;bdhL thd; ,Us;gug;gp
tpsptpd;wpf; fpisbahL nkd;kiH Kw;wp (ghpghly;/ 12-12)
vd;W kpd;dy; kiHiaa[k;/ ,yf;fpa thpfs; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wd.
vwpe;J cUk; ,we;j Vw;W mU";brd;dp
ey;ypaf;nfhldpd; kiyapy; ePz;l _';fpy; ku';fs; ,Ug;gjhy; ,o
Xir mg;ghy; bry;Yk; vd;W Twpa[s;sdh;.
beLtiu ,ak;g[k; ,o ckpH; jH';F Fuy; (kiygL.310)
vd;w thpfspy; ahidia jhf;f g[yp gha;e;jhy; me;j ahidia ,o Xir
nghy KH';Fk; vd;W Fwpg;gpLtjd; _yk; ,onahiria gjpt[
bra;Js;sdh;.
gfy; bgay; Jspapd; kpd;D epkph;e;jh';F (bgUk;ghz;.484)
 209

vd;w thpfspy; kiHj;JspfSf;F ,ilna kpd;dy; kpd;dpaij

mwpaKofpwJ.
kpd;dhky; ,o tpGkh? (gHbkhHp)
kpd;dy; Vw;glhky; ,o Vw;glhJ vd;gij ek;Kd;ndhh;fs; bjspthf
mwpe;jpUe;jdh;. kpd;dy; vd;gJ xsp vd;gjida[k;/ ,o vd;gJ xyp
vd;gija[k; mth;fs; ed;F mwpe;jpUe;jdh;. xspapd; ntfj;ij tpl xspapd;
ntfk; mjpfk; vd;gjhy; kpd;dy; vd;gJ tpiuthf ele;J Koe;J tpLfpwJ.
,o - xyp vd;gjhy; ekJ fhJfSf;F jhkjkhf te;J fpilf;fpwJ vd;gij
mwpe;jpUe;jdh;. mjdhy;jhd; “kpd;dhky; ,o tpGkh?” vd;W mwptpay;
rpe;jidnahL brhd;dhh;fs;.

4.5. nfhs;/ bghGJ

r';f ,yf;fpaj;jpy; Kjw;bghUshfr; Rl;lg;gLtd epyKk;/
bghGJkhFk;. ,it jiytd;. jiytpapd; mf thH;tpd; epiyfis vLj;J
tpsf;Ftjw;F xU cj;jpahfg; gad;gl;ld. ,t;cj;jpKiwiar; r';f
,yf;fpak; KGtjpYk; fhzyhk;. ,jd; _yk; ehSk; bghGJk; kf;fs;
thH;tpy; ,iHnaho ,Ue;jd vd;Wk; ,aw;if mwpt[ bfhz;L thH;e;jdh;
vd;Wk; mwpayhk;. ,jw;F cjhuzkhFk;.
xz;Rlh; cUg;g[ csp kG';f rpdk; jzpe;J
brd;w "hapW/ ez;gfy; bfhz;L
FlKjy; Fd;wk; nru FzKjy;
............................
gfy; cU cw;w ,wt[ tu (kJiuf;.545-549)
vd;w thpfisf; Twyhk;.

,jd; _yk; jpirfs; gw;wpa mwpt[k; gfy; bghGJ vd;gJ fpHf;fpy;

njhd;wp nkw;fpy; KotJ vd;Wk; mjpypUe;J ,uthdJ njhd;Wk; vd;w
mwptpay; bra;jpfSk; ,lk;bgw;wpUg;gij mwpayhk;.

nfhs;fs; vd miHf;fg;gl;l gy;ntW el;rj;jpu';fs; gw;wpa[k; mf;fhyj;

jkpHh;fs; ed;F mwpe;jpUe;jhh;fs;. jhnd xsp jUgit “ehs;kPd;” vd;Wk;
Nhpadplk; ,Ue;J xspia bgWgit “nfhs;kPd;” (fpufk;) vd;Wk;
miHf;fg;gl;ld. ,J kl;Lk; ,d;wp nuhfpzp/ mUe;jjp/ fhh;j;jpif vd;gd
 210

gw;wpa bra;jpfisa[k; Rl;oa[s;sdh;. mUe;jjp el;rj;jpuj;ij tlkPd; vd;Wk;

kfel;rj;jpuj;ij kfbtd;kPd; vd;Wk; miHj;jdh;.

4.5.1. bts;sp (Venos)

bts;sp vd bgah; bgWk; ,jid Rf;fpud; vd;W miHf;fpd;wdh;.
fpuf';fSf;Fs; kpft[k; xspa[ilaJ Rf;fpud; MFk;. ,J bts;is epwKila
nfhshjyhy; bts;sp vdf; fhuzg;bgah; bgw;W tps';Ffpd;wJ.
NhpadpypUe;J g[jDf;F mLj;jgoahf Rf;fpud; mike;jpUf;fpwJ.
NhpaDf;Fk; mjw;Fk; cs;s 9.92 nfho fpnyh kPl;lh; MFk;. Rf;fpud;
Nhpad;/ re;jpud; Mfpatw;iwj; jtpu kw;w el;rj;jpu';fisf; fhl;oYk;
gpufhrkhdJ. thdpy; mjpfhiyapYk;/ khiyapYk; gpufhrkhfj;
njhd;WtJ Rf;fpud; jhd;.12
thdpiw tpRk;gpd; nfhs;kPd; NH;e;j
,s';fjph; "hapW vs;Sk; njhw;wj;J
tps';F bghw;fhyj;jpy; (rpWghz;.242-244)
vd;w thpfspd; _yk; bts;is btnsbud;W ,Ug;gjhy;jhd; mjw;F bts;sp
vd;W bgah; itj;jdh; vd;gija[k;/ Rf;fpud; nfhs; btz;ik epwKilaJ
vd;gija[k; ek; Kd;ndhh;fs; etPd bjhHpy; El;gf; fUtpfs; ,y;yhj
fhyj;jpnyna Jy;ypakhf mwpe;J itj;Js;sJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

bts;sp vd;w nfhs; kPd; jhd; ,a';Fk; jpirkhwpj; jpirapy;

njhd;wpdhy; jPa epkpj;jkhFk; vd;Wk;/mjdhy; MWfspy; bts;sk; bgUFk;
vd;Wk; nfhs; gw;wpa mwpt[ ,lk;bgw;wpUg;gij/
fy;fha[k; fLntdpbyhL
,U thdk; bgah; xspg;gpDk;
tUk; itfy; kPd; gpwHpDk;
bts;sk; khwhJ tpisa[s; bgUf (kJiuf;.106-109)
vd;w thpfspd; _yk; mwpayhk;.
tirapy; g[fH; ta';F btz;kPd;
jpir jphpe;J bjw;F VfpDk; (gl;odg;.1-2)
bts;sp/ nfhspd; tHpj;jlj;jpid itj;J ehl;od; thH;t[k;/ jhH;t[k;
fzpj;jdh; fPH;thdpy; tps';fpj; njhd;Wk; bts;sp vd;Dk; nfhs; kPd; jhd;
epw;ww;Fhpa jpirahfpa tlf;fpd; fz; epy;yhky; bjw;Fj; jpirnehf;fpr;
 211

bry;Yk; epiy Vw;gl;lhy; ehl;oy; kiH bga;ahJ vd;wdh;. ,jd; _yk;

kiH bga;a[k; gUtj;jpy; bga;ahikf;Ff; fhuzk; nfhs;epiy jphpjy; vd;gJ
mwpag;gLfpwJ.
Xjpk tpsf;fpd; caph;kpirf; bfhz;l
itFW kPdpd; igaw;njhd;Wk; (bgUk;ghz;.317-318)
thdpy; ,J fhiyapnyh my;yJ khiyapnyh jhd; fz;Qf;Fj; bjd;gLk;.
mjpfhiyapy; fhl;rpf;F njhd;Wk; bts;spiaj; jhd; tpobts;sp vdf;
TWfpd;wdh;.
bts;sp njhd;wg; g[s;Sf; Fuypak;gg;
g[yhp tpoay; (g[wk;.385)

4.6. tpz;kPd;fs;
el;rj;jpu';fs; tpz;kPd;fs; vdg;gLk; mfd;w thdpy; vz;zw;w
nfhlhd nfhof;fzf;fpy; tpz;kPd;fs; ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,e;j el;rj;jpu';fis
ehk; fzf;fpl KoahJ. thdj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; el;rj;jpu';fs;. gfypy; fz;Wf;F
bjhptjpy;iy. Vbdd;why; gfy;bghGjpy; tspkz;lyk; Nhpa xspiar; rpjwr;
bra;tjhy; ekf;Fj; bjhptjpy;iy. el;rj;jpu';fs; ,utpy; ,Ug;gJnghyg;
gfypYk; ,Uf;Fk;.
cyfpd; Kjy; tpz;btspg;gazpiag; gw;wpa jkJ fUj;Jf;fisr;
brhy;Yk; nghJ thdk; Kw;wpYk; fUikahf cs;sJ. ,e;jg;
gpd;dzpapy; el;rj;jpu';fs; kpfg; gpufhrkhft[k; kpfj; bjspthft[k;
bjd;gLfpd;wd13
vd;fpwhh;.

tpz;kPd;fs; bgUk;ghYk; Tl;lkhfnt ,Uf;fpd;wd. kiHapy;yhj

btl;l btspahd. thdj;jpy; ,utpy; vz;zw;w tpz;kPd;fs; bjspthff;
fhl;rpaspf;Fk;. tpz;kPd;fspd; xs;spa jd;ikapidj; njth;fSld; xg;gpl;L/
kPd;g{j;jd;d njhd;wyh; (jpUKUF.169)
ef;fPuh; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.

4.6.1. kfbtz;kPd;
kfk; vDk; ehs;kPd; tise;j Efj;jonghy; tps';Fk; tpz;kPd;
Tl;lkhFk; g[fhh; efhpy; jp';fSf;Ff; nfhapy; ,Ue;Jk; mwpag;gLfpwJ.
 212

kfk; vd;Dk; bgaUila el;rj;jpuf; Tl;lj;jpy; Ie;J gpufhrkhd

el;rj;jpu';fs; cs;sd. mit btl;lhpths; nghy ,Ug;gjhfj; jkpHUk;/
gy;yf;Fg; nghd;W ,Ug;gjhf kw;w tUk; TWth;. ,e;j mhpthspd;
ifg;gpoapy; ngbuhsp bghUe;jpa xU el;rj;jpuk; cs;sJ. mjw;F
buFy!; (Reguleus) vd;gJ bgah;. kf el;rj;jpuf;Tl;lk; rpk;kuhrpapy;
cs;sJ.14
kiH eP';fpa kh tpRk;gpy;
kjp nrh;e;j kfbtz;kPd; (gl;odg;.34-35)
M';fpyj;jpYk; rpk;kuhrpapd; ,g;gFjpia mhpths; (Sickle) vd;nw
miHf;fpd;wdh;.

kiH khR eP';fpa bghpa Mfhaj;jpy; jp';fisr; nrh;e;J tps';Fk; kfk;

vd;Dk; btz;zpw ehs; kPdpy; totj;ijg; nghd;w bgha;if cs;sJ vd;gJ
g[ythpd; thdpiy mwpt[f;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lhfpwJ.

4.6.2. mUe;jjp (rpWkPd;)

,J totj;jhy; rpwpaJ Mjyhy; rpWkPd; vd;W bgah; bgw;wJ. fw;gpw;F
xg;gw;w ,yf;fzkha;j; jpfH;gts;. mUe;jjp. mUe;jjp el;rj;jpuj;Jld;
mg;bgz;iz xg;gpl;Lf; fhl;Ljy; kug[. mUe;jjp el;rj;jpuj;ij gfypy; ghh;f;f
KoahJ. ,k;kPd; tlf;Fj; jpirapy; fhzg;gLk;. ,jid/
bgUey; thdj;J tltapd; tps';Fk;
rpWkPd; g[iua[k; fw;gpd; eWEjy; (bgUk;ghz;.302-303)
vd;w thpfspy; gue;j thdj;jpy; tl jpirapy; njhd;Wk; mUe;jjp el;rj;jpuk;
vd;gij mwpa KofpwJ.

4.6.3. fhh;j;jpif kPd;

mfypU tpUk;gp dhmy; nghy
thypjpd; tphpe;j g[d;bfho KRz;il (kiygL.100-101)
mfd;w thdj;jpy; njhd;Wk; fhh;j;jpif tpz;kPd; nghy KRz;il bfhoapy;
btz;zpwkhd kyh;fs; kyh;e;J fhl;rp je;jd vd;gij ,e;j thpfspd; _yk;
mwpayhk;.
 213

fhh;j;jpif tpz;kPd; M';fpyj;jpy; g;sao!; (Pleiades) vd

tH';fg;gLfpwJ. btW';fz;fshy; ghh;f;Fk; nghJ MW tpz;kPd;fs;
kl;Lk; g[yg;gLk;. bjhiy nehf;fp bfhz;L ghh;j;jhy; bfhj;jhfg; gy
tpz;kPd;fisf; fhzyhk;. ,J tphpe;j tpz;kPd;jpus; (Open cluster)
vd thdtpaypy; tH';fg;gLfpwJ15
vd gue;j thdj;jpy; njhd;Wk; fhh;j;jpif tpz;kPd;fs; gw;wpa bra;jp
,lk;bgWfpwJ.

4.6.4. ehs;kPd;/ nfhs;kPd;

,aw;ifapy; njhd;Wk; khw;w';fisa[k; mwpe;jpUe;jdh;. ehs;kPd; (Star),

nfhs;kPd; (Planet) gw;wpa Fwpg;g[fSk; cs;sd.
ePdpw tpRk;gpd; tyndh;g[ jphpjU
ehs;kPd; tpuha nfhs;kPd; nghy (gl;odg;.67-68)
vd;w thpfspd; _yk; ,aw;if xsp bfhz;lJ ehs; kPd; vd;Wk;/ Nhpadplk;
xspiaf; bfhs;Sk; kPd;fs; nfhs;kPd;fs; vd;Wk; mwpe;jpUe;jdh;. "hapw;wpd;
xspiaf; bfhz;L xsph;td jp';fs; brt;tha;/ g[jd;/ tpahHd;/ bts;sp/ rdp
vd;gdthFk;.

4.7. bghGJfs;
jl;gbtg;gepiy ,ut[/ gfy; neu mst[ ,it Mz;L Kw;Wk; xnu
khjphp ,Ug;gjpy;iy. fhyj;Jf;Ff; fhyk; ntWgLk; ,e;j
ntWghl;ilbahl;o Mz;ilr; rpy ,aw;iff;fhyg; gFjpfshfg;
gphpf;fyhk;. mt;thW gphpf;fg;gLk; gFjpfs; gUt';fs; vdg;gLfpd;wd.

r';ffhyj; jkpHh;/ Mz;Lfis MW gphpt[fshfg; gphpj;jdh;. mit/

fhh;/ Tjph;/ Kd;gdp/ gpd;gdp/ ,sntdpy;/ KJntdpy; vd;gdthFk;. ,it
bgUk; bghGJfs; vdg; bgah; bgw;wd.

MW bgUk; bghGJfshfg; gphpj;jhw;nghynt xU ehisa[k; MW

gphpt[fshfg; gphpj;jdh;. mit itfiw/ fhiy/ ez;gfy;/ Vw;ghL/ khiy/
ahkk; vd;git ,it rpWbghGJfs; vdg; bgah;bgw;wd.
 214

,sntdpy; (rpj;jpiu/ itfhrp)/ KJntdpy; (Mdp/ Mo) fhh;fhyk;

(Mtzp/ g[ul;lhrp) Tjph;fhyk; (Ig;grp/ fhh;j;jpif) Kd;gdpf;fhyk;
(khh;fHp/ ij) kw;Wk; gpd;gdpf;fhyk; (khrp/ g';Fdp) Mfpad
itfiw - ,ut[ 2 kzp Kjy; fhiy 6 kzp
fhiy 6 kzp -10 kzp
ez;gfy; 10 - 2 kzp
Vw;ghL 2 kzp - 6 kzp
khiy 6 kzp - 10 kzp
ahkk; 10 kzp - 2 kzp.16
ek; Kd;ndhh; Vwj;jhH ehd;Fkzp neuk; bfhz;lij xU
rpWbghGjhff; bfhz;ldh;.
fhh;fhyk; gw;wpa Fwpg;ghf jpUKUfhw;Wg;gilapy; Fwpg;gpLk; nghJ
fhh;fhyj;J Kjy; kiHiag; gw;wp/
fhh;nfhs; Kfe;j fk";Ny; khkiH
ths; nghH; tpRk;gpy; ts;ciw rpjwp
jiyg;bgay; jiy,a jz;eW'; fhdj;J
,Us;glg; bghJspa guhiu kuhmj;J
cUs; g{e;jz;jhh; g[uSk; khh;gpdd; (jpUKUF.7-11)
Kjy; kiHahdJ epiwe;j ePh;f;fUit cila fhpa nkf';fspy; ,Ue;J
tsg;gk; bghUe;jpa bghpa bghpa kiHj;Jspfis Kjypy; rpjwp tpGfpd;w
kiHapd; jd;ik g[yg;gLfpd;wJ.
Tjph;fhyk; gw;wpa Fwpg;ghf beLey;thilapy; Fwpg;gpLk; nghJ
,utpd; eLahkk; gw;wpa ehl;fhyf; Fwpg;g[k; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. rpWbghGjpd;
TWfshd fhiy/ khiy gw;wpa fhyepiyf; Fwpg;g[fs; Rl;of;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd. ,jid/
khiy md;dJ Xh;g[d;ika[k; fhiyf;
fz;nlhh; kUSk; tz;L NH;epiya[k; (bghUeh;.90-97)
vd;w ghly; Fwpg;ghy; fz;lwpayhk;.
ez;gfy; vd;Dk; cr;rpf;fhyk; gw;wpa Fwpg;g[fshf/
vd;g[ vGe;J ,a';Fk; ahf;ifah; ez;gfy; (jpUKUF.129)
ez;gfy; me;jp eil ,il tpy';fypd; (bghUeh;.47)
gistha;f; Td fez;gfw; FHwt[ (gl;odg;.268)
vd;w thpfspd; _yk; mwpaKofpd;wJ.
 215

Tjph; fhyj;jpy; Fsph;r;rpahdJ/ kdpjh;fisa[k;/ tpy';Ffisa[k;

thl;o tijf;Fk; mj;jifa Fsph;r;rpia mstpLk; Kfkhf/
Fd;W Fsph;g;gd;d Tjph;g;ghdhs; (beLey;.12)
vd;w moapy; Fsph;r;rpapd; msthfnt (Quality Scale) bfhs;sy; jFk;.
Vbddpy; Fd;W czh;r;rpaw;wJ. m';'dk; czh;r;rpaw;w Fd;Wk; FspUkhW
Tjph;fhyk; epytpajhf ef;fPuh; mstPL bra;Js;shh;. Fsph;r;rpia mstpLk;
fUtpfs; ,y;yhj NHypy; njhd;wpa ef;fPuhpd; Tw;W mwptpay; ghh;itf;F
ek;ik tHpelj;Jfpd;wJ.

kiHf;fhyKk;/ gdpf;fhyg; gUtkhf ,Uf;Fk; NHypy; bghGij

mwpa KoahJ ,ut[. gfy; vJbtd mwpahj; jLkhw;wk; epfH;fpwJ. ,y;Yiw
bja;tj;ij khiyapy; tHpgl ntz;Lk;. gpj;jpfk; vdg;gLk; g{ kyh;tijf;
bfhz;L khiyf;fhyk; te;J tpl;lJ vd mwpfpd;wdh; vd;gij/
brt;tpaUk;gpd; ig';fhw; gpj;jpfj;J
mt;tpj HtpH;gj'; fkHg; bghGjwpe;J (beLey;.40-41)
vd;w thpfspd; _yk; mwpayhk;.

fhy';fSf;F Vw;wgo jl;gbtg;gepiy khWk; jd;ik bfhz;lJ.

etPd cyfpy; kf;fs; fhyr; NHYf;F Vw;wgo j';fisj; jftikj;Jf; bfhs;tJ
nghyr; r';ffhy kf;fSk; ntdpw; fhyj;jpy; bjd;wy; fhw;iw kpft[k; tpUk;gpg;
gpd;g[ Tjph;f;fhyj;jpny mtw;iw tpLj;Jf; fhw;W tuf;Toa gFjpfisj;
jhHpl;L milj;Js;sdh;. ,jid/
ntdpw; gs;spj; bjd;tsp j%ck; (beLey;.6)
bjd;tsp vd;gJ fhw;W tPRk; jpirf;Fwpg;g[. ,jdhy; r';ffhy kf;fs;
jl;gbtg;g epiyia mwpe;J mjw;F Vw;g cly;eyk; ngQk; mwptpay;
czh;t[ilath;fsha; thH;e;jpUe;jjw;fhd rhd;WfSk;
fpilf;fg;bgWfpd;wd.

4.7.1. bghGJ mwpe;J TWnthh;

r';f fhyj;jpy; bghGJ mwpe;J TWtjw;bfd;nw gyh; ,Ue;Js;sdh;.
,th;fs; bghGijf; fzpg;gjw;Ff; FWePh;f; fd;dy; vd;w ehHpiff; fUtpiag;
gad;gLj;jpa[s;sdh;. ,jid ehHpif tl;oy; (ePh; fofhuk;) vd;Wk;
miHj;Js;sdh;.
 216

flhuk; vd;w xU ghj;jpuj;jpy; ePiu KGika[k; epug;gp. mjd; moapy;

Jisapl;L me;ePh; xGFk; fhyj;jpd; mog;gilapy; bghGijf; fzpj;J
kd;dh;fSf;Ff; Twpa[s;sdh;. ,th;fs; ehHpif fzf;fh; vd;W
miHf;fg;gl;ldh;. ,jid/
bghGJ mse;jwpa[k; bgha;a khf;fs;
FWePh;f; fd;dy; ,idj;bjd;W ,irg;g (Ky;iy.55-58)
vd;w thpfs; ekf;F vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wd.

gz;ilj; jkpH; kd;dh;fs; Kf;fhyj;ija[k;/ czh;e;J j';fspd;

bghGijg; bghd;nd nghy; fhj;Jg; nghw;wpa[s;sdh;. mth;fs; bghGjpd;
mUikia ed;F czh;e;Js;sdh;. ,e;jf; fhyj;jpy; ,ij ,ijr; bra;a
ntz;Lk; vdg;gFj;J Muha;e;J fhyk; jtwhky; j';fspd; tpidfisr; bra;J
cs;sdh;. ,j;jifa tpidiar; bra;jth;fisj; bjhy;fhg;gpah; mwpth; vdf;
Twpdh;. ,jid/
kWty; bra;jp _tiff; fhyKk;
bewpapdhw;wpa mwptd;
vd tUk; bjhy;fhg;gpa E]w;gh bkhHpa[k; ,j;jifa epiyia kJiuf;fh";rp
kJiu khkd;dhpd; nguitf;F me;jzh;. g[yth;/ mwp"h; vdg; gyh;
te;jpUe;jdh;. mth;fSs; xU Jiwapdh; brd;w fhyj;jpy; ele;j epfH;r;rpfis
ed;F gapd;W mjd; fhuz';fis mwptpay; fz;nzhL bjhpe;J
itj;Js;sdh;. ,d;W elf;fpd;w epfH;r;rp ,g;go ,e;jg; bghGjpy; jhd; epfH;
ntz;Lk; vdf; Twpdh;. ,J kl;Lkpd;wp vjph;fhyj;jpy; vd;bdd;d epfH;r;rpfs;
elf;fg; nghfpwJ vd;gjidg; gw;wp cWjpahff; TWk; ,ay;gpida[k;/
bgw;wth;fs;. ,j;jifath;fs; g{nyhfj;jpy; thH;gth;fspd; Kf;fhyr;
bray;fs; kl;Lkpd;wp vy;yh epy';fspYk; elf;fpd;w bra;jpfisa[k;
mwptpanyhL czh;e;Js;sdh;.

mth;fspd; iffspy; vg;nghJk; Kf;fhy';fisa[k; Cfpj;J mwpe;J

TWk; Muha;r;rp E]y;fs; ,Ue;jd. ,jid/
brd;w fhyKk; t%ck; mkaKk;
,d;W ,tz; njhd;wpa xGf;fbkhL ed;F czh;e;J
thdKk; epyDk; jhk; KGJ czUk;
 217

rhd;w bfhs;iff; rhah ahf;if

Md;W ml';F mwp"h; brwpe;jdh; (kJiuf;.477-481)
vd tUk; mofs; _yk; g[ydhfpwJ. ,jpypUe;J gz;ilf; fhyj;jpy;
jkpHh;fspy; Kf;fhyk; czUk; tp";"hd nkijfs; gyh; ,Ue;jdh; vd;Wk;
,th;fs; jkf;bfd thHhky; gpwh;f;bfd thH;e;Js;sdh; vd;gija[k;
mwpayhk;.

4.7.2. ey;y neuk;

mHfpa tot[ila gy njh;fis cila ,s";nrl; brd;dpapd;
g[jy;td; fhpfhy; tstd;. ,td; KUfidg; nghd;w rpdj;ij cilatd;.
KUfidg; nghd;w mHFilatd;. ,td; jha; tapw;wpy; ,Ue;J gpwf;fpd;w
neuk; te;jJ. Mdhy; mJ ey;yneuk; md;W. Mjyhy; mtid mt;td;id jd;
tapw;wpnyna fhj;jpUf;f itj;Jg; gpwF ey;y neuk; te;jJk; mtidg;
bgw;bwLj;jhs;. ,jid/
. . . . . . . . . btd;nty;
cUtg; g~nwh; ,isnahd; rpWtd;
KUfw; rPw;wj; JUbfG FUfpy;
jha;tapw; epUe;J jha bka;jp (bghUeh;.129-132)
vd;Dk; thpfs; g[yg;gLj;Jk;. ,jd;_yk; fUtpnyna rpwg;g[g;
bghUe;jpath;fs; j';fs; jhapd; tapw;wpypUe;J gpwf;f ntz;oa neuj;jpy;
gpwf;fhky; ey;yneuk; tUk; tiu fhj;jpUe;J gpwg;ghh;fs; vd;w ek;gpf;if
cz;L. mt;tifapy; kf;fs; g{kpapy; njhd;Wk; nghnj mth;fsplk; thdpay;
mwpt[ epiy bgw;W tpLfpd;wJ. vd;gJ g[ydhfpd;wJ.

4.8. bjhFg;g[iu
thdtpay; ty;Yeh;fshf tps';fpa jkpHh;fs; cyfj;njhw;wk;/ thdk;/
"hapW/ jp';fs;/ Ik;g{j';fs;/ ,o/ kpd;dy;/ ehs;/ bghGJ/ kiH/ nfhs;fspd;
khw;wk;/ ,af;fk;/ tps';Fk; jpir/ jl;gbtg;gk; nghd;w gy mwptpay;
fUj;Jld; rpe;jpj;Js;sdh;.

kiH bghHpjy;/ g";rk; Vw;gly; nghd;wtw;iw Kd;djhfnt mwpa[k;.

jpwDilath;fshft[k; thH;e;Js;sdh;. thdpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wj;ijj; jd;
mwpthy; czh;e;J mth;fs; gjpt[ bra;Js;sik ek;ik tpaf;f itf;fpwJ.
 218

mth;fs; TwpaJ cz;ik vd;W ,d;iwa mwptpayhsh;fspd;

fz;Lgpog;gpd; _yk; ,d;W ehk; czh;fpnwhk;. mwptpay; cyfk; ,d;W
vt;tst[jhd; Kd;ndwp ,Ue;jhYk; mjw;fhd goepiyfs; gy E]W
tUl';fSf;F Kd;nd ek; Kd;ndhh;fs; TwpapUf;fpd;wdh;.

jkpHh; tpz;zpd; nfhs;fisa[k;/ fhw;W kz;lyj;ija[k;/ mtw;wpd;

,af;f';fisa[k;/ fhy mst[fisa[k; mstpl;lwpa[k; thdpay; mwptpaiy
mwpe;J itj;jpUe;jdh; vd;gjw;F gj;Jg;ghl;L rpwe;j rhd;whFk;.
 219

rhd;bwz; Fwpg;g[fs;

1. md;dpjhkR/ jkpHpay;/ g.37.

2. v!;.fe;jrhkp/ rpWth; fiy mwptpay; brhy; mfuhjp/ g.355.
3. ,uhk.jpahfuh#d;/ thdpaYk; n#hjplKk;/ g.78.
4. bg.Jiurhkp/ jkpHhpd; thdpay; jpwd;/ g.22.
5. ghujpahh;/ gh";rhyp rgjk;/ g.206.
6. e.Rg;g[bul;oahh;/ jkpHpy; mwptpay; bry;tk;/ g.274.
7. rptghujp/ Md;nwhh;fs; je;j mwptpay;/ g.42.
8. v!;.rutzfnz\;/ gpug";r ,ufrpa';fs;/ g.157.
9. gp.V.nkndhd;/ thdpiy khw;w';fs;/ g.3.
10. fiyf;fs";rpak;/ bjhFjp 2/ g.318.
11. fiyf;fs";rpak;/ bjhFjp 8/ g.796.
12. v!;.rutzfnz\;/ gpug";r ,ufrpa';fs;/ gf;.51-52.
13. tp.bfhknuht;/ be";ir <h;f;Fk; thdtpay;/ g.98.
14. fiyf;fs";rpak;/ bjhFjp 8/ g.12.
15. g.Iak;bgUkhs;/ jkpHf thdtpay; rpe;jidfs;/ g.30.
16. kh.,uhrkhzpf;fdhh;/ gj;Jg;ghl;L Muha;r;rp/ g.557.